J-A05010-16

 2016 PA Super 156

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellee

v.

SALIM WALLS,

Appellant No. 2222 EDA 2014

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence of July 1, 2014

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CP-0003034-2014

BEFORE: OLSON AND OTT, JJ. and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

OPINION BY OLSON, J.: FILED JULY 19, 2016

Appellant, Salim Walls, appeals from the judgment of sentence 

entered on July 1, 2014. In this case of first impression, we consider 

against whom retaliatory action must be taken in order for a defendant to be 

convicted of retaliating against a prosecutor or judicial official. We also 

consider for the first time the type of “harm” required to sustain a conviction 

of one accused of retaliating against a prosecutor or judicial official. After 

careful consideration, we hold that retaliatory action against any individual is 

sufficient so long as it is taken in retaliation for a lawful action taken by a 

prosecutor or judicial official in his or her official capacity. We further hold 

that the type of harm required for retaliating against a prosecutor or judicial 

official is the same type of harm required for retaliating against a witness, 

victim, or party. In those cases, our Supreme Court requires the infliction of 

distinct harm. With these determinations in mind, we conclude that while 
J-A05010-16

- 2 -

the evidence was sufficient to prove that Appellant took retaliatory action 

against an individual based upon the lawful conduct of a prosecutor 

undertaken in his or her official capacity, the evidence was not sufficient to 

establish the requisite element of harm. As such, we conclude that the 

evidence was insufficient to convict Appellant of retaliating against a 

prosecutor or judicial official. We also conclude that there was insufficient 

evidence to convict Appellant of making terroristic threats; however, there 

was sufficient evidence to convict Appellant of harassment. Accordingly, we 

affirm in part, reverse in part, vacate in part, and remand for resentencing. 

The factual background of this case is undisputed. At approximately 

6:00 p.m. on September 19, 2013, Philadelphia County Assistant District 

Attorney Kathryn Brown (“ADA Brown”) was shopping at a store located in 

Liberty Place Mall. At that time, she heard Appellant yell “Hey, ADA” from 

the store’s entrance. Appellant then called ADA Brown, identified himself by 

name, and shouted that ADA Brown prosecuted him, and ultimately sent him 

to jail, for a crime he did not commit.1 

Appellant then entered the store and threw his hat. He continued to 

yell that his incarceration caused his grandmother’s death as he approached 

ADA Brown. Ultimately, Appellant got to within one foot of ADA Brown and 

his voice took on a more serious tone. ADA Brown stepped back and told 

Appellant to get away from her. Store employees and customers intervened 

 

1 Appellant was mistaken as ADA Brown never prosecuted him. 
J-A05010-16

- 3 -

and escorted Appellant from the store. As Appellant was escorted out of the 

store, he shouted at ADA Brown that she caused his grandmother’s death 

and that she should be next. During the encounter, Appellant never made 

physical contact with ADA Brown and she sustained no injuries resulting 

from her interaction with Appellant. 

The procedural history of this case is as follows. Appellant was 

charged2 with retaliating against a prosecutor or judicial official,3 making 

terroristic threats,4and harassment.5 On July 1, 2014, Appellant proceeded 

to a bench trial. The trial court found Appellant guilty of all three charges 

and immediately sentenced him to an aggregate term of 111⁄2 to 23 months’ 

imprisonment. This timely appeal followed.6 

Appellant presents four issues for our review:

1. Was [] the evidence insufficient to support [A]ppellant’s 

conviction for retaliation against a prosecutor or judicial official 

 

2 The docket reflects that Appellant was charged via criminal information on 

March 25, 2014. The certified record, however, does not include a criminal 

information. Instead, it only includes an indictment by the Grand Jury of 

Philadelphia filed on March 17, 2014. 

3 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4953.1(a).

4 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2706(a)(1). 

5 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709(a)(4). 

6 On October 15, 2014, the trial court ordered Appellant to file a concise 

statement of errors complained of on appeal (“concise statement”). See

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). On November 3, 2014, Appellant filed his concise 

statement. On May 20, 2015, the trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion. 

All issues raised on appeal were included in Appellant’s concise statement. 
J-A05010-16

- 4 -

insofar as the Commonwealth failed to prove that [A]ppellant, by 

means of an unlawful act, harmed or attempted to harm [ADA 

Brown] in retaliation for anything [ADA Brown did] in her official 

capacity as a prosecutor? 

2. Was [] the evidence insufficient to support grading the offense of 

retaliation against a prosecutor or judicial official as a second 

degree felony, insofar as the [A]ppellant did not use or threaten 

to use force, violence, or deception? 

3. Was [] the evidence insufficient to support [A]ppellant’s 

conviction for [making] terroristic threats where the 

Commonwealth failed to establish that [A]ppellant threatened to 

commit a crime of violence or had a settled intent to terrorize 

[ADA Brown]? 

4. Was [] the evidence insufficient to support [A]ppellant’s 

conviction for harassment where the Commonwealth failed to 

prove that [Appellant] communicated threatening words with the 

intent to harass, annoy[,]or alarm [ADA Brown]?

Appellant’s Brief at 3 (internal citations omitted). 

In his first issue, Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to 

convict him of retaliating against a prosecutor or judicial official. As we 

describe in greater detail below, there are three components of Appellant’s 

sufficiency challenge. First, Appellant argues that the Commonwealth failed 

to prove that he targeted the appropriate individual as required by 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 4953.1. Second, Appellant asserts that the evidence did not 

demonstrate the harm contemplated by section 4953.1. Third, Appellant 

asserts that he did not commit an unlawful act as his conduct was a 

protected remonstrance under the Pennsylvania Constitution. 

“Whether sufficient evidence exists to support the verdict is a question 

of law; our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is 
J-A05010-16

- 5 -

plenary.” Commonwealth v. Tejada, 107 A.3d 788, 792 (Pa. Super. 

2015), appeal denied, 119 A.3d 351 (Pa. 2015) (citation omitted). “When 

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court is tasked with 

determining whether the evidence at trial, and all reasonable inferences 

derived therefrom, are sufficient to establish all elements of the offense 

beyond a reasonable doubt when viewed in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth[.]” Commonwealth v. Haney, 131 A.3d 24, 33 (Pa. 2015) 

(citation omitted). “The evidence need not preclude every possibility of 

innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, part, or none of the 

evidence presented.” Commonwealth v. Coleman, 130 A.3d 38, 41 (Pa. 

Super. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

No published opinion issued by this Court or our Supreme Court sets 

forth the elements necessary to convict a defendant of retaliating against a 

prosecutor or judicial official. The Crimes Code, however, defines the 

offense as follows: “A person commits an offense if he harms or attempts to 

harm another or the tangible property of another by any unlawful act in 

retaliation for anything lawfully done in the official capacity of a prosecutor 

or judicial official.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4953.1(a). Thus, the crime of retaliating 

against a prosecutor or judicial official has three elements. The 

Commonwealth must prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant: 

(1) acted in retaliation for the lawful actions of a prosecutor or judicial 

official done in his or her official capacity, (2) harmed, or attempted to 
J-A05010-16

- 6 -

harm, any individual, or that individual’s property, and (3) committed the 

harm, or committed the attempt to harm, via an unlawful action.

The parties agree that one element of the offense is that the defendant 

take some retaliatory action. The parties disagree, however, against whom 

that retaliatory action must be taken, what harm must be inflicted by a 

defendant’s retaliatory action, and whether Appellant’s conduct in the instant 

case amounted to an unlawful act. Specifically, Appellant argues that the 

retaliatory action must target the specific prosecutor or judicial official whose 

official conduct spurred the retaliatory action.7 In other words, Appellant 

argues that if a defendant retaliates because of a burglary prosecution, he 

must retaliate against the prosecutor or judicial official involved in the 

prosecution or adjudication of that offense. Appellant further argues that 

the word “harm,” as used in the statue, refers to a distinct harm. Finally, 

Appellant argues that his statement to ADA Brown was not a true threat, but 

 

7 This appeal challenges the sufficiency of the evidence needed to secure a 

conviction under section 4953.1 where the Commonwealth showed that 

Appellant, motivated by the official actions of one prosecutor, confronted a 

different prosecutor who had no involvement in the underlying case. In view 

of these circumstances, we refer only to the human target of Appellant’s 

conduct. We note, however, that section 4953.1 permits prosecution where 

the defendant takes retaliatory action against the property of an individual 

instead of the individual himself or herself. Additionally, we note that the 

defendant need not have been the subject of prosecutorial or judicial action. 

For example, section 4953.1 would allow for the prosecution of an individual 

who retaliates against a judge for actions the judge took against the brother 

of the individual or for actions the individual read about in the newspaper. 
J-A05010-16

- 7 -

was instead a protected remonstrance under Article I, Section 20 of the 

Pennsylvania Constitution. 

The Commonwealth, on the other hand, argues that the requisite 

retaliatory action can be taken against any individual – not just the 

prosecutor or judicial official whose protected actions motivate the 

retaliatory action. It further argues that any type of harm is sufficient to 

support prosecution under section 4953.1. Specifically, the Commonwealth 

argues that emotional or psychological harm is sufficient to find a defendant 

guilty of retaliating against a prosecutor or judicial official. The 

Commonwealth avers that, at the very minimum, Appellant attempted to 

harm ADA Brown. Lastly, the Commonwealth argues that Appellant’s 

statement was a true threat and not protected speech. 

This appeal requires us to interpret section 4953.1. “When interpreting 

a statute, this Court is guided by the Statutory Construction Act [] of 1972, 

1 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 1501–1991.” CitiMortgage, Inc. v. Barbezat, 131 A.3d 65, 

73 (Pa. Super. 2016). “Our paramount interpretative task is to give effect to 

the intent of our General Assembly in enacting the particular legislation 

under review.” Egan v. Egan, 125 A.3d 792, 795 (Pa. Super. 2015) 

(internal alteration and citation omitted). “[T]he best indication of the 

General Assembly’s intent in enacting a statute may be found in its plain 

language[.]” Watts v. Manheim Twp. Sch. Dist., 121 A.3d 964, 979 (Pa. 

2015).
J-A05010-16

- 8 -

Appellant argues that “the plain language of the statute criminalizes an 

attempt to harm a prosecutor in retaliation for something that prosecutor 

has done, in her official capacity, to the defendant.” Appellant’s Brief at 19. 

This, however, is not what the statute says. Instead, the statute 

criminalizes the infliction of harm, or the attempt to inflict harm, upon 

“another” for actions lawfully taken by “a prosecutor or judicial official.” The 

use of the word “another” does not limit the statute to cover only harms, or 

attempts to inflict harm, upon prosecutors or judicial officials, let alone those 

who prosecuted or presided over a case brought against a defendant. The 

plain meaning of “another” is “any other person.” Cf. Ocasio v. United 

States, 136 S.Ct. 1423, 1441 (2016) (Sotomayor, J. dissenting) (discussing 

the plain meaning of “another”). 

Furthermore, the statute’s use of the word “a” instead of “the” 

indicates that the harm, or attempted harm, need not be done to the specific 

prosecutor or judicial official whose protected actions motivated the 

defendant. Instead, all that is required is that a defendant retaliate against 

any individual for a lawful action taken by any prosecutor or judicial official 

in his or her official capacity. For example, if a defendant harms a 

prosecutor’s spouse in retaliation for a lawful action taken by that prosecutor 

in his or her official capacity, the statutory element requiring retaliation has 

been satisfied. Likewise, if a defendant harms a prosecutor in Pike County in 

retaliation for a lawful action taken by a different prosecutor in Greene 
J-A05010-16

- 9 -

County, the statutory element requiring retaliation has been satisfied. Thus, 

we hold that section 4953.1 does not require that retaliatory action be taken 

against the specific prosecutor or judicial official whose protected actions 

motivated the defendant. Instead, it is sufficient that the retaliatory action 

be taken against any individual in retaliation for the actions taken by any 

prosecutor or judicial official in his or her official capacity. In this case, 

Appellant retaliated against ADA Brown for actions taken by a different ADA, 

who prosecuted him for a crime for which he was ultimately imprisoned. 

Thus, the Commonwealth satisfied its burden of proof with respect to the 

first element of the offense. 

Next, we turn to whether Appellant “harmed” ADA Brown. The 

Commonwealth argues that “placing [ADA Brown] in fear and causing her to 

seriously reassess her career as a prosecutor” was “harm” under the statute. 

Commonwealth’s Brief at 11. Appellant, on the other hand, argues that such 

emotional and psychological distress is insufficient under section 4953.1. 

Section 4953.1 does not define the term harm and neither this Court 

nor our Supreme Court has defined the harm required under section 4953.1. 

When interpreting another section of Chapter 43 of the Crimes Code, 

however, this Court held that the term “harm” is ambiguous. Cf. 

Commonwealth v. Ostrosky, 866 A.2d 423, 428 (Pa. Super. 2005), aff'd, 

909 A.2d 1224 (Pa. 2006) (“[B]ecause of the context in which the word 

‘harm’ is used in the retaliation statute, we question whether the legislature 
J-A05010-16

- 10 -

intended that it include any conceivable kind of injury, loss, or damage, as 

described in the dictionary.”). Thus, we turn to other tools of statutory 

construction.

As all sections of Chapter 43 of the Crimes Code bear upon falsification 

and intimidation, they must be read in pari materia. See Commonwealth 

v. Gallagher, 924 A.2d 636, 638 (Pa. 2007) (citations omitted); 1 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 1932(a). Although no other section of Chapter 43 defines the term harm, 

our Supreme Court has defined the term under section 4953, criminalizing 

retaliation against a witness, victim, or party. We therefore find our 

Supreme Court’s analysis instructive as it relates to the definition of harm 

under section 4953.1. 

Our Supreme Court has held that the harm required under section 

4953 must be distinct from the threat. In Commonwealth v. Ostrosky, 

909 A.2d 1224 (Pa. 2006), the defendant was ordered to pay restitution in a 

civil case. When the defendant saw the victim in public, the defendant 

called him a pejorative term for homosexuals, threatened to assault him, 

and threated to rape his wife. Id. at 1226. As a result of these threats, the 

defendant was convicted of retaliating against a witness, victim, or party. 

That statute provides that, “A person commits an offense if he harms 

another by any unlawful act or engages in a course of conduct or repeatedly 

commits acts which threaten another in retaliation for anything lawfully done 
J-A05010-16

- 11 -

in the capacity of witness, victim[,] or a party in a civil matter.” 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 4953.

Our Supreme Court granted allowance of appeal to consider whether 

the evidence was sufficient to prove that the defendant harmed the victim. 

Commonwealth v. Ostrosky, 878 A.2d 863 (Pa. 2005) (per curiam). The 

Commonwealth argued that the harm was two-fold. First, the 

Commonwealth argued that being the victim of any crime was sufficient 

harm. In the Commonwealth’s view, it was sufficient for purposes of section 

4953 that the defendant harassed the victim. Second, the Commonwealth 

argued that the psychological harm to the victim was sufficient to satisfy the 

harm element of the offense. 

Our Supreme Court rejected both arguments. As to the first 

argument, it stated:

The Commonwealth’s claim that the element of harm can be 

satisfied merely by showing that an unlawful act was committed 

does violence to the plain language of the provision which 

requires both a showing of harm and the performance of an 

unlawful act. Such a construction would negate the need for a 

specific showing of harm, which is clearly contrary to language 

contemplated by the legislature. . . . [S]uch a construction would 

make the legislature’s use of the word harm in the statute mere 

surplusage as proof of the unlawful act itself would, per se, be 

considered harmful. The legislature, however, is presumed not 

to intend any statutory language to exist as mere surplusage 

and, accordingly, courts must construe a statute so as to give 

effect to every word. 

Ostrosky, 909 A.2d at 1232 (citations omitted; emphasis in original).
J-A05010-16

- 12 -

The same is true under section 4953.1. Section 4953.1, like section 

4953, requires not only that harm be done but also that the harm be the 

result of an unlawful act. The harm language in section 4953.1 would be 

surplusage if the mere commission of an unlawful act was sufficient to 

satisfy the harm requirement. Thus, for the same reasons expressed by our 

Supreme Court in Ostrosky, we hold that the harm required under section 

4953.1 is not satisfied by the mere showing of an unlawful act by the 

defendant.

Our Supreme Court also rejected the Commonwealth’s second 

argument which asserted that psychological harm sufficed under section 

4953. It explained:

We likewise disagree with the Commonwealth’s alternative claim 

that it independently demonstrated harm in relation to [the 

defendant]’s threat sufficient to sustain its burden of proof. . . . 

[S]uch a claim is, in essence, just another way of asserting that 

harm, per se, results from the commission of an unlawful act. 

The [victim] testified to feelings of concern and intimidation that 

resulted from [the defendant’s] threat [which] are feelings that 

one would expect to accompany any threat that was made. 

Again, if such a threat and its concomitant resulting feelings 

were sufficient to satisfy the retaliation statute, the requirement 

of some objective type of harm . . . would be unnecessary.

Ostrosky, 909 A.2d at 1233. 

This rationale refutes the Commonwealth’s claim that ADA Brown’s 

fear and reassessment of her prosecutorial career qualify as harm under 

section 4953.1. The statute specifically requires some objective harm 

separate and apart from intimidation and psychological harm that results 
J-A05010-16

- 13 -

from any unlawful act. Thus, for the same reasons expressed by our 

Supreme Court in Ostrosky, we hold that the harm required under section 

4953.1 is not satisfied by the mere showing of mental or psychological 

harm.

The Commonwealth attempts to distinguish Ostrosky in two respects. 

First, the Commonwealth notes that the witness retaliation statute 

specifically includes an alternative element of making repeated threats in 

lieu of causing harm. It also notes section 4935.1 does not include this 

alternative element. This argument, however, confirms our interpretation of 

the statute. “[A]n intrinsic aid to statutory construction is found in the 

maxim expressio unius est exclusio alterius. The maxim establishes the 

inference that, where certain things are designated in a statute, all 

omissions should be understood as exclusions.” Commonwealth v. 

Richards, 128 A.3d 786, 789 (Pa. Super. 2015).

The General Assembly included a pattern of threats as an alternative 

element in section 4953 but not 4953.1. By making this choice, the 

legislature clearly intended to outlaw threats (so far as there is a pattern) 

under section 4953 but not under section 4953.1. The failure to list a 

pattern of threats as an alternative element under section 4953.1 means 

that even a pattern of threats in retaliation for actions taken by a prosecutor 

or judicial official is not criminalized under section 4953.1 (although it may 

be illegal under other sections of the Crimes Code). It is not our duty to 
J-A05010-16

- 14 -

second guess this policy decision by the legislative branch. Instead, under 

the in pari materia and expressio unius est exclusio alterius cannons of

statutory construction, the failure of the legislature to include a pattern of 

threats in section 4953.1 means that threats – unaccompanied by retaliatory 

action and a distinct harm - are generally not included within the scope of 

conduct criminalized by that section. 

Second, the Commonwealth notes that section 4953.1 is satisfied 

when the Commonwealth proves the defendant “attempted” to harm while 

section 4953 requires actual harm. We agree that the plain language of 

section 4953.1 provides that if a defendant attempts to harm a prosecutor or 

judicial official, but fails, the harm element of the statute is satisfied. In 

other words, if the defendant shoots at an individual in retaliation for actions 

taken by a prosecutor but misses, he or she has “attempted” to cause the 

type of harm required by section 9543.1. We do not read the General 

Assembly’s expansion of the scope of criminal liability under section 4953.1 

to include “attempts” as an effort to negate the independent requirement of 

a distinct harm. Put differently, where criminal liability under section 4953.1 

rests upon an “attempt to inflict harm,” the Commonwealth must 

demonstrate that the defendant attempted to inflict a distinct harm – one 

that differs from the defendant’s unlawful act.

Next, the Commonwealth argues that, if Ostrosky is indistinguishable 

from the case at bar, we should find that Appellant’s threat harmed ADA 
J-A05010-16

- 15 -

Brown as contemplated by footnote 9 of that decision. In that footnote, our 

Supreme Court stated, “Contrary to the dissent’s assertion, this is not to say 

that one could never show that harm . . . resulted from a single threat. 

Rather, as noted, at issue here is whether, in all cases, a distinct showing in 

this regard is required.” Ostrosky, 909 A.2d at 1232 n.9. 

This argument is without merit. The Commonwealth failed to prove 

any harm which was distinct from the threat itself. As noted above, all 

threats cause concern and/or intimidation but such consequences are 

insufficient to prove distinct harms. There are certainly cases, albeit rare, in 

which a distinct harm results from a single threat. For example, if a woman 

miscarried as a result of being threatened for actions taken by a prosecutor 

or judicial official, she would have suffered harm under section 4953.1. In 

the case at bar, however, the threat resulted in no distinct harm.

Finally, the Commonwealth argues that even under our interpretation 

of the harm requirement, Appellant attempted to harm ADA Brown, i.e., he 

took a substantial step towards killing ADA Brown. Cf. 18 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 901(a) (defining criminal attempt). There is no support in the record for 

this assertion. Appellant never took a substantial step towards harming ADA 

Brown. He made the relevant threat as he was backing away from ADA 

Brown. He did not try to approach or harm her after he made the threat. If 

we were to adopt the Commonwealth’s argument, any threat to kill someone 

would also be attempted murder. Such an argument is nonsensical. Thus, 
J-A05010-16

- 16 -

we conclude that Appellant did not take a substantial step towards harming 

ADA Brown. 

As the Commonwealth failed to prove a distinct harm in this case, and 

failed to show that Appellant attempted to harm ADA Brown, we hold that 

the evidence was insufficient to convict Appellant of retaliating against a 

prosecutor or judicial official. As we conclude the evidence was insufficient 

to find Appellant harmed ADA Brown, we need not address Appellant’s 

argument that he did not commit an unlawful act or his claims relating to the 

grading of his conviction for retaliatory conduct. 

In this third issue, Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient 

to sustain a conviction for terroristic threats. “The elements necessary to 

establish a violation of the terroristic threats statute are: (1) a threat to 

commit a crime of violence; and (2) that the threat was communicated with 

the intent to terrorize[.]” Commonwealth v. Vergilio, 103 A.3d 831, 833 

(Pa. Super. 2014), appeal denied, 114 A.3d 416 (Pa. 2015) (internal 

alterations and citation omitted). Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the 

evidence related to both elements. 

We focus our attention on the second element. “The purpose of 

[section 2706] is to impose criminal liability on persons who make threats 

which seriously impair personal security or public convenience. It is not 

intended by this section to penalize mere spur-of-the-moment threats which 

result from anger.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2706 cmt. As this Court has stated, “the 
J-A05010-16

- 17 -

real issue [i]s whether the Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence to 

establish the required mens rea, not whether [Appellant] made the 

statements in the context of a heated discussion. Being angry does not 

render a person incapable of forming the intent to terrorize.” 

Commonwealth v. Walker, 836 A.2d 999, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2003), appeal 

denied, 853 A.2d 361 (Pa. 2004) (internal quotation marks and citation 

omitted). We must consider the totality of circumstances to determine if 

Appellant had the necessary mens rea. See Commonwealth v. Reynolds, 

835 A.2d 720, 730 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation omitted).

When two parties have an unplanned, heated confrontation, a threat 

made during the confrontation is often a spur-of-the-moment threat made 

during a period of transitory anger. For example, in Commonwealth v. 

Sullivan, 409 A.2d 888 (Pa. Super. 1979), the defendant called the state 

police and threatened to kill the local sheriff. Id. at 888-889. The next day, 

the defendant encountered the local sheriff on the street, and during a 

shouting match, Appellant threatened to kill the sheriff. Id. at 889. The 

defendant was convicted of two counts of terroristic threats – one count for 

each incident. On appeal, this Court reversed and found that the evidence 

was insufficient to find Appellant guilty on either count. As to the second 

count, involving the defendant’s encounter with the sheriff, this Court held 

that the threat was made as part of a chance argument on a public street 
J-A05010-16

- 18 -

and that the defendant did not have the settled purpose of terrorizing the 

local sheriff. See id. at 889-890. 

The Commonwealth argues Sullivan is distinguishable because the 

defendant in Sullivan was provoked. See Commonwealth’s Brief at 20-21. 

Although there was a shouting match between the sheriff and the defendant 

in Sullivan, there is nothing to indicate that the sheriff provoked the 

defendant. What we find instructive about Sullivan, however, is that, as in 

the case at bar, the defendant encountered an official in public, a heated 

confrontation followed, and the defendant made a threat during that heated 

confrontation. Thus, it was the chance nature of the parties’ meeting and 

the spontaneous anger that the encounter instilled in the defendant that 

links the facts in the present case to those before this Court in Sullivan. 

Just as Sullivan found the evidence insufficient to support a terroristic 

threats conviction, we do so here as well.

Contrast the present situation with In re B.R., 732 A.2d 633 (Pa. 

Super. 1999), which the Commonwealth relies upon in arguing that the 

evidence was sufficient to convict Appellant of terroristic threats. In B.R., 

the defendant, while talking with his friends outside the principal’s office, 

threatened to spray paint the security cameras in the school and bring a gun 

to school. Id. at 635. The defendant was convicted of making terroristic 

threats for this statement. This Court affirmed. In holding that the 

defendant’s statements were not spur-of-the-moment threats, this Court 
J-A05010-16

- 19 -

stated that because the defendant’s statements “were not the product of any 

heated verbal exchange or confrontation[,]” his statements could “not be 

characterized as a random spur[-]of[-]the[-]moment emotional outburst 

resulting from anger.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

In B.R., there was no heated confrontation. Instead, the defendant 

made his threat while talking with friends in a conversational tone 

unmotivated by a hostile encounter or circumstance. In this case, 

Appellant’s threat to ADA Brown was the product of a heated confrontation 

between Appellant and ADA Brown. Appellant made the threat at the 

conclusion of the confrontation as he was being led away from ADA Brown. 

The evidence shows that Appellant became enraged upon seeing the 

individual he (mistakenly) blamed for sending him to prison. This type of 

spur-of-the-moment threat, resulting from transitory anger, is not covered 

by the terroristic threats statute. 

The Commonwealth also argues that, at the very least, Appellant acted 

with reckless disregard of terrorizing ADA Brown. See Commonwealth’s 

Brief at 17. The Commonwealth ignores, however, that Appellant was not 

charged with violating section 2706(a)(3), which covers instances where a 

defendant acts with reckless disregard. Nor was Appellant convicted under 

section 2706(a)(3). Instead, Appellant was charged with, and convicted of, 

violating section 2706(a)(1), which requires a settled intent to terrorize. 

Thus, the Commonwealth’s argument that Appellant violated section 
J-A05010-16

- 20 -

2706(a)(3) is of no moment with respect to our review of the sufficiency of 

the evidence.8

Viewing the totality of the circumstances in the light most favorable to 

the Commonwealth, we hold that there was insufficient evidence that 

Appellant intended to terrorize ADA Brown. Instead, the evidence only 

supports the conclusion that Appellant made a spur-of-the-moment threat as 

the result of anger during a random confrontation at a local shopping mall. 

Appellant did not specifically threaten harm to ADA Brown presently or in the 

future. Instead, Appellant made a very brief statement that the trial court 

construed as a threat while being led away from ADA Brown. All of these 

circumstances indicate that Appellant made a spur-of-the-moment threat 

that does not evince a settled intent to terrorize. Thus, there was 

insufficient evidence to find Appellant guilty of making terroristic threats. 

Finally, Appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to convict 

him of harassment.9 “A person commits the crime of harassment when, with 

 

8 We acknowledge that this Court has used imprecise language when reciting 

the elements of the offense. In particular, we have conflated the elements 

of section 2706(a)(1) with those of section 2706(a)(3). See, e.g., Vergilio, 

103 A.3d at 833 (citation omitted). This Court explained the difference, 

however, in Commonwealth. v. Sinnott, 976 A.2d 1184, 1188 (Pa. Super. 

2009), rev’d in part on other grounds, 30 A.3d 1105 (Pa. 2011).

9 At trial, Appellant conceded the evidence was sufficient to convict him of 

harassment. See N.T., 7/1/14, at 33-39. As we find that Appellant’s 

sufficiency challenge lacks merit, we decline to decide whether a defendant 

waives a sufficiency challenge on appeal by conceding at trial that the 

evidence was sufficient. Cf. Commonwealth v. Murray, 836 A.2d 956, 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
J-A05010-16

- 21 -

intent to harass, annoy[,] or alarm another, the person . . . communicates 

to or about such other person any lewd, lascivious, threatening[,] or 

obscene words, language, drawings[,] or caricatures[.]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 2709(a)(4).

Appellant argues that he did not intend to harass, annoy, or alarm 

ADA Brown. This argument is without merit. Unless you are attempting to 

harass and annoy an individual, there is no reason to scream at someone 

that she should die. We agree that Appellant’s actions are exactly the type 

of behavior that the harassment statute was meant to cover. Accordingly, 

we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to convict Appellant of 

harassment. 

In sum, we hold that retaliatory action taken against any individual is 

sufficient to satisfy the first element of section 4953.1 so long as it is taken 

in retaliation for a prosecutor or judicial official’s lawful action in the course 

of his or her official duties. We further hold that the harm inflicted must be 

distinct from the unlawful action. We therefore reverse Appellant’s 

conviction on that count. We conclude that the evidence was insufficient to 

convict Appellant of making terroristic threats and therefore reverse that 

conviction. We conclude the evidence was sufficient to convict Appellant of 

harassment and therefore affirm that conviction. As our reversal of 

(Footnote Continued) _______________________

963 (Pa. Super. 2003), overruled on other grounds, Commonwealth v. 

Robinson, 970 A.2d 455 (Pa. Super. 2009) (en banc) (challenge to 

sufficiency of evidence waived by pleading guilty). 
J-A05010-16

- 22 -

Appellant’s convictions for retaliatory conduct and making terroristic threats 

convictions upsets the overall sentencing scheme, we vacate Appellant’s 

judgment of sentence and remand for resentencing. See Commonwealth 

v. Carter, 122 A.3d 388, 393 (Pa. Super. 2015).

Judgment of sentence affirmed in part, reversed in part, and vacated 

in part. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judge Ott joins this Opinion.

President Judge Emeritus Stevens files a Dissenting Statement.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 7/19/2016