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[Congressional Bills 105th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 511 Introduced in House (IH)]

105th CONGRESS
  1st Session
                                H. R. 511

To amend the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 
 to improve the management of the National Wildlife Refuge System, and 
                          for other purposes.

_______________________________________________________________________

                    IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                            February 4, 1997

Mr. Young of Alaska (for himself, Mr. Dingell, Mr. Saxton, Mr. Tanner, 
 and Mr. Cunningham) introduced the following bill; which was referred 
                     to the Committee on Resources

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL

 
To amend the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 
 to improve the management of the National Wildlife Refuge System, and 
                          for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; REFERENCES.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``National Wildlife 
Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997''.
    (b) References.--Whenever in this Act an amendment or repeal is 
expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other 
provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or 
provision of the National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 
1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd et seq.).

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    The Congress finds the following:
            (1) The National Wildlife Refuge System is comprised of 
        over 91,000,000 acres of Federal lands that have been 
        incorporated within 511 individual units located in all 50 
        States and our territories.
            (2) The System was created to conserve fish, wildlife, and 
        other habitats and this conservation mission has been 
        facilitated by providing Americans opportunities to participate 
        in wildlife-dependent recreation, including fishing and 
        hunting, on System lands and to better appreciate the value of 
        and need for fish and wildlife conservation.
            (3) The System includes lands purchased not only through 
        the use of tax dollars but also through the sale of Duck Stamps 
        and refuge entrance fees. It is a System paid for by those 
        utilizing it.
            (4) On March 25, 1996, the President issued Executive Order 
        12996 which recognized ``wildlife-dependent recreational 
        activities involving hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and 
        photography, and environmental education and interpretation as 
        priority general public uses of the Refuge System''.
            (5) Executive Order 12996 is a positive step in the right 
        direction and will serve as the foundation for the permanent 
        statutory changes made by this Act.

SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.

    (a) In General.--Section 5 (16 U.S.C. 668ee) is amended to read as 
follows:

``SEC. 5. DEFINITIONS.

    ``For purposes of this Act:
            ``(1) The term `compatible use' means a use that will not 
        materially interfere with or detract from the fulfillment of 
        the purposes of a refuge or the overall mission and purposes of 
        the System specified in sections 4(a) (2) and (3), 
        respectively, as determined by sound resource management, and 
        based on reliable scientific information.
            ``(2) The terms `conserving', `conservation', `manage', 
        `managing', and `management', when used with respect to fish 
        and wildlife, mean to use, in accordance with applicable 
        Federal and State laws, methods and procedures associated with 
        modern scientific resource programs including protection, 
        research, census, law enforcement, habitat management, 
        propagation, live trapping and transplantation, and regulated 
        taking.
            ``(3) The term `Coordination Area' means a wildlife 
        management area that is acquired by the Federal Government and 
        subsequently made available to a State--
                    ``(A) by cooperative agreement between the United 
                States Fish and Wildlife Service and the State fish and 
                game agency pursuant to the Fish and Wildlife 
                Coordination Act (16 U.S.C. 661-666c); or
                    ``(B) by long-term leases or agreements pursuant to 
                the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act (50 Stat. 525; 7 
                U.S.C. 1010 et seq.).
            ``(4) The term `Director' means the Director of the United 
        States Fish and Wildlife Service.
            ``(5) The terms `fish', `wildlife', and `fish and wildlife' 
        mean any wild member of the animal kingdom whether alive or 
        dead, and regardless of whether the member was bred, hatched, 
        or born in captivity, including a part, product, egg, or 
        offspring of the member.
            ``(6) The term `person' means any individual, partnership, 
        corporation or association.
            ``(7) The term `plant' means any member of the plant 
        kingdom in a wild, unconfined state, including any plant 
        community, seed, root, or other part of a plant.
            ``(8) The terms `purposes of the refuge' and `purposes of 
        each refuge' mean the purposes specified in or derived from the 
        law, proclamation, executive order, agreement, public land 
        order, donation document, or administrative memorandum 
        establishing, authorizing, or expanding a refuge, refuge unit, 
        or refuge subunit.
            ``(9) The term `refuge' means a designated area of land, 
        water, or an interest in land or water within the System, but 
        does not include navigational servitudes or Coordination Areas.
            ``(10) The term `Secretary' means the Secretary of the 
        Interior.
            ``(11) The terms `State' and `United States' mean the 
        several States of the United States, Puerto Rico, American 
        Samoa, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the insular possessions of 
        the United States.
            ``(12) The term `System' means the National Wildlife Refuge 
        System designated under section 4(a)(1).
            ``(13) The terms `take', `taking', and `taken' mean to 
        pursue, hunt, shoot, capture, collect, or kill, or to attempt 
        to pursue, hunt, shoot, capture, collect, or kill.''.
    (b) Conforming Amendment.--Section 4 (16 U.S.C. 668dd) is amended 
by striking ``Secretary of the Interior'' each place it appears and 
inserting ``Secretary''.

SEC. 4. MISSION AND PURPOSES OF THE SYSTEM.

    Section 4(a) (16 U.S.C. 668dd(a)) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating paragraphs (2) and (3) as paragraphs 
        (5) and (6), respectively;
            (2) in clause (i) of paragraph (6) (as so redesignated), by 
        striking ``paragraph (2)'' and inserting ``paragraph (5)''; and
            (3) by inserting after paragraph (1) the following new 
        paragraphs:
    ``(2) The overall mission of the System is to conserve and manage 
fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats within the System for the 
benefit of present and future generations of the people of the United 
States.
    ``(3) The purposes of the System are--
            ``(A) to provide a national network of lands and waters 
        designed to conserve and manage fish, wildlife, and plants and 
        their habitats;
            ``(B) to conserve, manage, and where appropriate restore 
        fish and wildlife populations, plant communities, and refuge 
        habitats within the System;
            ``(C) to conserve and manage migratory birds, anadromous or 
        interjurisdictional fish species, and marine mammals within the 
        System;
            ``(D) to provide opportunities for compatible uses of 
        refuges consisting of fish- and wildlife-dependent recreation, 
        including fishing and hunting, wildlife observation, and 
        environmental education;
            ``(E) to preserve, restore, and recover fish, wildlife, and 
        plants within the System that are listed or are candidates for 
        threatened species or endangered species under section 4 of the 
        Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1533) and the 
        habitats on which these species depend; and
            ``(F) to fulfill as appropriate international treaty 
        obligations of the United States with respect to fish, 
        wildlife, and plants, and their habitats.''.

SEC. 5. ADMINISTRATION OF THE SYSTEM.

    (a) Administration, Generally.--Section 4(a) (16 U.S.C. 668dd(a)), 
as amended by section 3 of this Act, is further amended by inserting 
after new paragraph (3) the following new paragraph:
    ``(4) In administering the System, the Secretary shall--
            ``(A) ensure that the mission and purposes of the System 
        described in paragraphs (2) and (3), respectively, and the 
        purposes of each refuge are carried out, except that if a 
        conflict exists between the purposes of a refuge and any 
        purpose of the System, the conflict shall be resolved in a 
        manner that first protects the purposes of the refuge, and, to 
        the extent practicable, that also achieves the purposes of the 
        System;
            ``(B) provide for conservation of fish and wildlife and 
        their habitats within the System;
            ``(C) ensure effective coordination, interaction, and 
        cooperation with owners of land adjoining refuges and the fish 
        and wildlife agency of the States in which the units of the 
        System are located;
            ``(D) assist in the maintenance of adequate water quantity 
        and water quality to fulfill the purposes of the System and the 
        purposes of each refuge;
            ``(E) acquire under State law through purchase, exchange, 
        or donation water rights that are needed for refuge purposes;
            ``(F) plan, propose, and direct appropriate expansion of 
        the System in the manner that is best designed to accomplish 
        the purposes of the System and the purposes of each refuge and 
        to complement efforts of States and other Federal agencies to 
        conserve fish and wildlife and their habitats;
            ``(G) recognize compatible uses of refuges consisting of 
        wildlife-dependent recreational activities involving hunting, 
        fishing, wildlife observation and photography, and 
        environmental education and interpretation as priority general 
        public uses of the System through which the American public can 
        develop an appreciation for fish and wildlife;
            ``(H) provide expanded opportunities for these priority 
        public uses within the System when they are compatible and 
        consistent with sound principles of fish and wildlife 
        management;
            ``(I) ensure that such priority public uses receive 
        enhanced attention in planning and management within the 
        System;
            ``(J) provide increased opportunities for families to 
        experience wildlife-dependent recreation, particularly 
        opportunities for parents and their children to safely engage 
        in traditional outdoor activities, such as fishing and hunting;
            ``(K) ensure that the biological integrity and 
        environmental health of the System is maintained for the 
        benefit of present and future generations of Americans;
            ``(L) continue, consistent with existing laws and 
        interagency agreements, authorized or permitted uses of units 
        of the System by other Federal agencies, including those 
        necessary to facilitate military preparedness;
            ``(M) plan and direct the continued growth of the System in 
        a manner that is best designed to accomplish the mission of the 
        System, to contribute to the conservation of the ecosystems of 
        the United States, and to increase support for the System and 
        participation from conservation partners and the public;
            ``(N) ensure timely and effective cooperation and 
        collaboration with Federal agencies and State fish and wildlife 
        agencies during the course of acquiring and managing refuges;
            ``(O) ensure appropriate public involvement opportunities 
        will be provided in conjunction with refuge planning and 
        management activities; and
            ``(P) identify, prior to acquisition, existing wildlife-
        dependent compatible uses of new refuge lands that shall be 
        permitted to continue on an interim basis pending completion of 
        comprehensive planning.''.
    (b) Powers.--Section 4(b) (16 U.S.C. 668dd(b)) is amended--
            (1) in the matter preceding paragraph (1) by striking 
        ``authorized--'' and inserting ``authorized to take the 
        following actions:'';
            (2) in paragraph (1) by striking ``to enter'' and inserting 
        ``Enter'';
            (3) in paragraph (2)--
                    (A) by striking ``to accept'' and inserting 
                ``Accept''; and
                    (B) by striking ``, and'' and inserting a period;
            (4) in paragraph (3) by striking ``to acquire'' and 
        inserting ``Acquire''; and
            (5) by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
            ``(4) Subject to standards established by and the overall 
        management oversight of the Director, and consistent with 
        standards established by this Act, enter into cooperative 
        agreements with State fish and wildlife agencies and other 
        entities for the management of programs on a refuge or the 
        management of parts of a refuge.''.

SEC. 6. COMPATIBILITY STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES.

    Section 4(d) (16 U.S.C. 668dd(d)) is amended by adding at the end 
the following new paragraph:
            ``(3)(A)(i) Except as provided in clause (ii), on and after 
        the date that is 3 years after the date of the enactment of the 
        National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, the 
        Secretary shall not initiate or permit a new use of a refuge or 
        expand, renew, or extend an existing use of a refuge, unless 
        the Secretary has determined that the use is a compatible use.
            ``(ii) On lands added to the System after the date of the 
        enactment of the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement 
        Act of 1997, any existing fish or wildlife-dependent use of a 
        refuge, including fishing, hunting, wildlife observation, and 
        environmental education, shall be permitted to continue on an 
        interim basis unless the Secretary determines that the use is 
        not a compatible use.
            ``(iii) The Secretary shall permit fishing and hunting on a 
        refuge if the Secretary determines that the activities are 
        consistent with the principles of sound fish and wildlife 
        management, are compatible uses consistent with the purposes of 
        the System under subsection (a)(3)), and are consistent with 
        public safety. No other determinations or findings, except the 
        determination of consistency with State laws and regulations 
        provided for in subsection (m), are required to be made for 
        fishing and hunting to occur. The Secretary may make the 
        determination referred to in this paragraph for a refuge 
        concurrently with the development of a conservation plan for 
        the refuge under subsection (e).
            ``(iv) A new use of a Coordination Area first made 
        available to a State after the date of enactment of the 
        National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 may not 
        be initiated or permitted unless the Secretary determines that 
        the use is a compatible use.
            ``(B) Not later than 24 months after the date of the 
        enactment of the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement 
        Act of 1997, the Secretary shall issue final regulations 
        establishing the process for determining under subparagraph (A) 
        whether a use of a refuge is a compatible use. These 
        regulations shall--
                    ``(i) designate the refuge officer responsible for 
                making initial compatibility determinations;
                    ``(ii) require an estimate of the timeframe, 
                location, manner, and purpose of each use;
                    ``(iii) identify the effects of each use on refuge 
                resources and purposes of each refuge;
                    ``(iv) require that compatibility determinations be 
                made in writing and consider the best professional 
                judgment of the refuge officer designated under clause 
                (i);
                    ``(v) provide for the expedited consideration of 
                uses that will likely have no detrimental effect on the 
                fulfillment of the purposes of a refuge or the purposes 
                of the System specified in subsection (a)(3);
                    ``(vi) provide for the elimination or modification 
                of any use as expeditiously as practicable after a 
                determination is made that the use is not a compatible 
                use;
                    ``(vii) require, after an opportunity for public 
                comment, reevaluation of each existing use, other than 
                those uses specified in clause (viii), when conditions 
                under which the use is permitted change significantly 
                or when there is significant new information regarding 
                the effects of the use, but not less frequently than 
                once every 10 years, to ensure that the use remains a 
                compatible use;
                    ``(viii) require after an opportunity for public 
                comment reevaluation of each fish and wildlife-
                dependent recreational use when conditions under which 
                the use is permitted change significantly or when there 
                is significant new information regarding the effects of 
                the use, but not less frequently than in conjunction 
                with each preparation or revision of a conservation 
                plan under subsection (e) or at least every 15 years;
                    ``(ix) provide an opportunity for public review and 
                comment on each evaluation of a use, unless an 
                opportunity for public review and comment on the 
                evaluation of the use has already been provided during 
                the development or revision of a conservation plan for 
                the refuge under subsection (e) or has otherwise been 
                provided during routine, periodic determinations of 
                compatibility for fish- and wildlife-dependent 
                recreational uses; and
                    ``(x) provide that when managed in accordance with 
                principles of sound fish and wildlife management, 
                fishing, hunting, wildlife observation, and 
                environmental education in a refuge are generally 
                compatible uses.
            ``(4) The provisions of this Act relating to determinations 
        of the compatibility of a use shall not apply to--
                    ``(A) overflights above a refuge; and
                    ``(B) activities authorized, funded, or conducted 
                by a Federal agency (other than the United States Fish 
                and Wildlife Service) which has primary jurisdiction 
                over the refuge or a portion of the refuge, if the 
                management of those activities is in accordance with a 
                memorandum of understanding between the Secretary or 
                the Director and the head of the Federal agency with 
                primary jurisdiction over the refuge governing the use 
                of the refuge.
            ``(5) Overflights above a refuge may be governed by any 
        memorandum of understanding entered into by the Secretary that 
        applies to the refuge.''.

SEC. 7. REFUGE CONSERVATION PLANNING PROGRAM.

    (a) In General.--Section 4 (16 U.S.C. 668dd) is amended--
            (1) by redesignating subsections (e) through (i) as 
        subsections (f) through (j), respectively; and
            (2) by inserting after subsection (d) the following new 
        subsection:
    ``(e)(1)(A) Except with respect to refuge lands in Alaska (which 
shall be governed by the refuge planning provisions of the Alaska 
National Interest Lands Conservation Act (16 U.S.C. 3101 et seq.)), the 
Secretary shall--
            ``(i) propose a comprehensive conservation plan for each 
        refuge or related complex of refuges (referred to in this 
        subsection as a `planning unit') in the System;
            ``(ii) publish a notice of opportunity for public comment 
        in the Federal Register on each proposed conservation plan;
            ``(iii) issue a final conservation plan for each planning 
        unit consistent with the provisions of this Act and, to the 
        extent practicable, consistent with fish and wildlife 
        conservation plans of the State in which the refuge is located; 
        and
            ``(iv) not less frequently than 15 years after the date of 
        issuance of a conservation plan under clause (iii) and every 15 
        years thereafter, revise the conservation plan as may be 
        necessary.
    ``(B) The Secretary shall prepare a comprehensive conservation plan 
under this subsection for each refuge within 15 years after the date of 
enactment of the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 
1997.
    ``(C) The Secretary shall manage each refuge or planning unit under 
plans in effect on the date of enactment of the National Wildlife 
Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, to the extent such plans are 
consistent with this Act, until such plans are revised or superseded by 
new comprehensive conservation plans issued under this subsection.
    ``(D) Uses or activities consistent with this Act may occur on any 
refuge or planning unit before existing plans are revised or new 
comprehensive conservation plans are issued under this subsection.
    ``(E) Upon completion of a comprehensive conservation plan under 
this subsection for a refuge or planning unit, the Secretary shall 
manage the refuge or planning unit in a manner consistent with the plan 
and shall revise the plan at any time if the Secretary determines that 
conditions that affect the refuge or planning unit have changed 
significantly.
    ``(2) In developing each comprehensive conservation plan under this 
subsection for a planning unit, the Secretary, acting through the 
Director, shall identify and describe--
            ``(A) the purposes of each refuge comprising the planning 
        unit and the purposes of the System applicable to those 
        refuges;
            ``(B) the distribution, migration patterns, and abundance 
        of fish, wildlife, and plant populations and related habitats 
        within the planning unit;
            ``(C) the archaeological and cultural values of the 
        planning unit;
            ``(D) such areas within the planning unit that are suitable 
        for use as administrative sites or visitor facilities;
            ``(E) significant problems that may adversely affect the 
        populations and habitats of fish, wildlife, and plants within 
        the planning unit and the actions necessary to correct or 
        mitigate such problems; and
            ``(F) the opportunities for fish- and wildlife-dependent 
        recreation, including fishing and hunting, wildlife 
        observation, environmental education, interpretation of the 
        resources and values of the planning unit, and other uses that 
        may contribute to refuge management.
    ``(3) In preparing each comprehensive conservation plan under this 
subsection, and any revision to such a plan, the Secretary, acting 
through the Director, shall, to the maximum extent practicable and 
consistent with this Act--
            ``(A) consult with adjoining Federal, State, local, and 
        private landowners and affected State conservation agencies; 
        and
            ``(B) coordinate the development of the conservation plan 
        or revision of the plan with relevant State conservation plans 
        for fish and wildlife and their habitats.
    ``(4)(A) In accordance with subparagraph (B), the Secretary shall 
develop and implement a process to ensure an opportunity for active 
public involvement in the preparation and revision of comprehensive 
conservation plans under this subsection. At a minimum, the Secretary 
shall require that publication of any final plan shall include a 
summary of the comments made by States, adjacent or potentially 
affected landowners, local governments, and any other affected parties, 
together with a statement of the disposition of concerns expressed in 
those comments.
    ``(B) Prior to the adoption of each comprehensive conservation plan 
under this subsection, the Secretary shall issue public notice of the 
draft proposed plan, make copies of the plan available at the affected 
field and regional offices of the United States Fish and Wildlife 
Service, and provide opportunity for public comment.''.

SEC. 8. EMERGENCY POWER; PRESIDENTIAL EXEMPTION; STATE AUTHORITY; WATER 
              RIGHTS; COORDINATION.

    (a) In General.--Section 4 (16 U.S.C. 668dd) is further amended by 
adding at the end the following new subsections:
    ``(k) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Act the Secretary 
may temporarily suspend, allow, or initiate any activity in a refuge in 
the System in the event of any emergency that constitutes an imminent 
danger to the health and safety of the public or any fish or wildlife 
population, including any activity to control or eradicate sea 
lampreys, zebra mussels, or any other aquatic nuisance species (as that 
term is defined in section 1003 of the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance 
Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (16 U.S.C. 4702)).
    ``(l) Nothing in this Act shall be construed to authorize the 
Secretary to control or regulate hunting or fishing of fish and 
resident wildlife on lands or waters not within the System.
    ``(m) Nothing in this Act shall be construed as affecting the 
authority, jurisdiction, or responsibility of the several States to 
manage, control, or regulate fish and resident wildlife under State law 
or regulations in any area within the System. Regulations permitting 
hunting or fishing of fish and resident wildlife within the System 
shall be, to the extent practicable, consistent with State fish and 
wildlife laws, regulations, or management plans.
    ``(n)(1) Nothing in this Act shall--
            ``(A) create a reserved water right, express or implied, in 
        the United States for any purpose;
            ``(B) affect any water right in existence on the date of 
        enactment of the National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement 
        Act of 1997; or
            ``(C) affect any Federal or State law in existence on the 
        date of the enactment of the National Wildlife Refuge System 
        Improvement Act of 1997 regarding water quality or water 
        quantity.
    ``(2) Nothing in this Act shall diminish or affect the ability to 
join the United States in the adjudication of rights to the use of 
water pursuant to the McCarran Act (43 U.S.C. 666).
    ``(o) Coordination with State fish and wildlife agency personnel or 
with personnel of other affected State agencies pursuant to this Act 
shall not be subject to the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. 
App.).
    ``(p) Nothing in this Act shall be construed as requiring or 
prohibiting fishing or hunting on any particular refuge except pursuant 
to a determination by the Secretary in accordance with this Act.''.
    (b) Conforming Amendment.--Section 4(c) (16 U.S.C. 668dd(c)) is 
amended by striking the last sentence.

SEC. 9. STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.

    Nothing in this Act is intended to affect--
            (1) the provisions for subsistence uses in Alaska set forth 
        in the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (Public 
        Law 96-487), including those in titles III and VIII of that 
        Act;
            (2) the provisions of section 102 of the Alaska National 
        Interest Lands Conservation Act, the jurisdiction over 
        subsistence uses in Alaska, or any assertion of subsistence 
        uses in the Federal courts; and
            (3) the manner in which section 810 of the Alaska National 
        Interest Lands Conservation Act is implemented in refuges in 
        Alaska, and the determination of compatible use as it relates 
        to subsistence uses in these refuges.

SEC. 10. REORGANIZATIONAL TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS.

    (a) Reorganizational Amendments.--The Act of October 15, 1966 (16 
U.S.C. 668dd et seq.), is amended--
            (1) by adding before section 4 the following new section:

``SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    ``This Act may be cited as the `National Wildlife Refuge System 
Administration Act of 1966'.'';
            (2) by striking sections 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10;
            (3) in section 4 (16 U.S.C. 668dd)--
                    (A) by striking ``Sec. 4.''; and
                    (B) by redesignating that section as section 2 and 
                inserting immediately above the text of the section the 
                following new heading:

``SEC. 2. NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM.'';

            (4) in section 5(1), as amended by section 3 of this Act, 
        by striking ``sections 4(a)(2) and (3)'' and inserting 
        ``section 2(a)(2) and (3)''; and
            (5) in section 5(12), as amended by section 3 of this Act, 
        by striking ``section 4(a)(1)'' and inserting ``section 
        2(a)(1)''.
    (b) Conforming Amendments.--
            (1) Section 12(f) of the Act of December 5, 1969 (83 Stat. 
        283) is repealed.
            (2) Section 5(b) of the Act of January 3, 1975 (88 Stat. 
        2123; 16 U.S.C. 459j-4) is amended by striking ``Administration 
        Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 668dd-668ee),'' and inserting 
        ``Administration Act of 1966,''.
            (3) Section 320808(7) of the Recreational Hunting Safety 
        and Preservation Act of 1994 (16 U.S.C. 5207(7)) is amended by 
        striking ``section 4'' and inserting ``section 2''.
                                 <all>
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