FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

JUNE 6, 2001

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

* Honorable Alfred T. Goodwin, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by

designation.

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 99-14906

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 98-00470-CIV-ORL-22A

HARRIS CORPORATION,

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

Cross-Appellee,

versus

HUMANA HEALTH INSURANCE 

COMPANY OF FLORIDA, INC., a Florida

corporation,

Defendant-Appellee, 

Cross-Appellant.

________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(June 6, 2001)

Before HULL, RONEY and GOODWIN*

, Circuit Judges.
2

PER CURIAM:

Two health insurance plans provided coverage for the same individual. The

district court held that the plan of the Harris Corporation (“Harris”) was primary,

and not entitled to recover its expenditures on behalf of that individual from the

plan of Humana Health Insurance Company of Florida, Inc. (“Humana”) . After

review, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Margaret Shallenberger, a Harris employee, enrolled in the Harris plan on

November 4, 1991. At that time, she was already enrolled in the Humana plan as

the wife of an employee of the City of Ft. Lauderdale, whose coverage under

Humana had commenced in 1990. On May 23, 1992, Shallenberger became ill and

qualified for and elected to purchase long-term disability benefits in connection

with her Harris employment. On July 1, 1994, she became entitled to Medicare A

and B coverage based upon her disability and illness. She died on December 4,

1995. 

From the time Shallenberger became eligible for Medicare coverage in July

1994 through her death in December 1995, Harris paid approximately $780,

267.88 in benefits on her behalf and recovered approximately $13,643.99 from
1 Although it appears that Harris also paid all benefits on behalf of Shallenberger after

she became ill in February 1992 and before her Medicare eligibility in July 1994, Harris does not

seek reimbursement from Humana of any amounts paid prior to Shallenberger’s Medicare

eligibility in July 1994.

3

various providers.1 Harris first submitted a claim for reimbursement of these

expenditures to Medicare, which declined to pay and noted Shallenberger’s

dependent coverage through Humana. Thereafter, Harris submitted a claim for

reimbursement to Humana, which Humana declined to pay, and this litigation

commenced.

Harris and Humana each had specific language in their respective health

plans intended to define the priority of benefits when benefits appeared to be

available under two or more plans. The Harris plan did not contain an “internal

coordination of benefits” paragraph, but contained an explanation of

“nonduplication.” The nonduplication provision did not deal with the situation of a

Harris covered employee who was also entitled to benefits under a plan in which

her spouse was an employee beneficiary. 

The Humana plan, however, contained a “Coordination of Benefits

Provision,” which included: “1. A plan which does not contain a coordination of

benefits provision is considered to determine its benefits before a plan which does

contain a coordination of benefits provision.” Thus, under this language, the
4

Humana plan would have the advantage if a dispute arises with another plan not

having a “COB” provision.

In interpreting the relevant plan language, the district court noted that, “as

regards Harris employees, there is nothing in the Harris plan that states that other

plans (such as Humana’s) are primary under any circumstances.” After concluding

that the Harris plan contained no “coordination of benefits provision,” and that the

Humana plan did contain such a provision, the court held that the Harris plan is

primary. Accordingly, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of

Humana and entered a take nothing final judgment against Harris. 

On appeal, Harris does not challenge the district court’s findings with

respect to the plain language of the above provisions in the two insurance plans

and the priority of payment established by those provisions. Instead, Harris

contends that the Medicare Secondary Payer statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b),

operates to reverse the priority of payment created by those provisions. As such,

Harris contends that the district court erred in dismissing count one of its amended

complaint for double damages against Humana under the Medicare Secondary

Payer statute, and in granting summary judgment in favor of Humana based upon
2 The dismissal of count one of Harris’s amended complaint is reviewed by this Court de

novo. See Galindo v. ARI Mutual Ins. Co., 203 F.3d 771, 774 (11th Cir. 2000). This Court also

reviews de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment, applying the same standards as

the district court. Harris v. H&W Contracting Co., 102 F.3d 516, 518 (11th Cir. 1996). “The

moving party has the burden of demonstrating that there is no genuine issue as to any material

fact, and a summary judgment is to be entered if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could

find only for the moving party.” Hilburn v. Murata Elec. North America, Inc., 181 F.3d 1220,

1225 (11th Cir. 1999).

5

the priority created by the plan language without regard to the Medicare Secondary

Payer statute.2

II. DISCUSSION

On appeal, Harris claims that the Medicare Secondary Payer statute makes

Humana primarily liable for the costs of Shallenberger’s health care and entitles

Harris to double damages from Humana arising out of its expenditures on

Shallenberger’s behalf. Thus, Harris contends that the district court erred with

regard to the Medicare Secondary Payer statute in: (1) dismissing count one of its

amended complaint and (2) finding Humana secondary to Harris and granting

summary judgment in favor of Humana.

A. The Medicare Secondary Payer Statute

Prior to 1981, Medicare coverage was generally primary to coverage under

an employee health benefit plan. Baptist Memorial Hosp. v. Pan American Life

Ins. Co., 45 F.3d 992, 996 (6th Cir. 1995). “As a cost-cutting measure, however,

Congress eventually enacted a series of amendments designed to make Medicare a
6

‘secondary’ payer with respect to such plans. These amendments have been

codified as 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b), which is referred to as the ‘Medicare as

Secondary Payer’ (‘MSP’) statute.” Id. (quoting Health Ins. Ass’n of America v.

Shalala, 23 F.3d 412, 414 (D.C. Cir. 1994)); see also Perry v. United Food and

Commerical Workers District Unions, 64 F.3d 238, 243 (6th Cir. 1995)(“In the

MSP statute Congress made Medicare coverage secondary to any coverage

provided by private insurance programs. It did so in order to lower Medicare

costs.”). 

In order to make Medicare secondary to such private insurance plans, the

MSP statute provides that a group health plan may not “take into account” the fact

that an individual or that individual’s spouse, who is covered by the plan by virtue

of the individual’s current employment status, is entitled to benefits under

Medicare in covering claims. 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(1)(A)(i)(I). Specifically, 42

U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(1)(A)(i)(I) provides:

A group health plan –

(I) may not take into account that an individual (or the

individual’s spouse) who is covered under the plan by virtue of the

individual’s current employment status with an employer is entitled to

benefits under this subchapter under section 426(a) of this title, ...

42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(1)(A)(i)(I). Thus, the MSP statute prohibits private insurers

providing coverage as a result of an individual’s current employment status from
7

making Medicare primary to its coverage for that individual or that individual’s

spouse. Instead, Medicare is the “secondary payer” with respect to claims by an

individual who is entitled to benefits under Medicare and also covered by private

insurance as a result of the current employment status of that individual or that

individual’s spouse. The MSP statute contains no similar provision with respect to

private insurance plans covering such individuals for reasons other than current

employment status. Thus, private plans covering such individuals for reasons other

than current employment status of that individual or that individual’s spouse may

make their coverage secondary to Medicare when those individuals are

simultaneously eligible for Medicare.

The MSP statute provides a private cause of action for double damages

against insurance carriers covering individuals by virtue of such current

employment status that fail to provide for payment primary to Medicare consistent

with the statute’s mandate. 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(3)(A). Specifically, the statute

provides:

(A) Private cause of action

There is established a private cause of action for damages

(which shall be in an amount double the amount otherwise provided)

in the case of a primary plan which fails to provide for primary

payment (or appropriate reimbursement) in accordance with such

paragraphs (1) and (2)(A).
8

42 U.S.C. § 1395y(b)(3)(A); See also Baptist Memorial Hosp., 45 F.3d at 998

(“Where a hospitalization plan that is primary to Medicare under the MSP statute

fails to provide for primary payment in accordance with the statute, a private cause

of action exists for damages ‘in an amount double the amount otherwise

provided.’”).

B. Private Insurers Vis-A-Vis Medicare

We first apply the MSP statute to each private insurer vis-a-vis Medicare. 

Because Shallenberger’s coverage through Humana after July 1, 1994, when she

became eligible for Medicare, was the result of her husband’s then current

employment status with the City of Ft. Lauderdale, the MSP statute makes

Humana’s coverage primary to Medicare. Humana does not dispute its primary

status vis-a-vis Medicare. 

In contrast, because Harris covered Shallenberger during the same time

period as an inactive former employee and not as a result of her current

employment status (or that of her spouse), the MSP statute did not prevent Harris

from making its coverage secondary to Medicare or, in other words, in making

Medicare the primary as opposed to secondary payer of her benefits vis-a-vis

Harris. The parties do not appear to dispute Harris’s claims that its plan contains a
9

provision to this effect. Thus, after Shallenberger became eligible for Medicare,

Harris became secondary vis-a-vis Medicare.

These priorities of each insurer vis-a-vis Medicare appear clear under the

MSP statute. 

C. Parties’ Contentions

The issue in this case, however, addresses what effect, if any, the MSP

statute has on reordering the priorities of Harris vis-a-vis Humana under the factual

circumstances of this case. Harris contends the MSP statute not only reorders the

priorities between private insurers and Medicare, but also between private plans

once a covered individual becomes eligible for Medicare. Specifically, Harris

argues that Humana became the primary payer as between the two private

insurance carriers by virtue of the MSP statute because the statute requires Humana

to pay in advance of Medicare, but allows Harris to pay after Medicare. Thus,

Harris argues that it may maintain a private cause of action for double damages

against Humana for its failure to reimburse Harris according to its primary status

under the MSP statute. 

Humana responds that the MSP statute was designed to save money for the

Medicare program by establishing the priority of payment as between Medicare

and private insurance carriers under certain circumstances. Humana claims that the
10

MSP statute simply does not apply to determine the relative payment priority as

between private insurance plans only and that the coordination of benefits terms of

the plan documents control the priority of liability as between private carriers. 

Where Humana has refused to pay because of the terms of Harris’s and Humana’s

private plans and has not refused to pay Shallenberger’s medical expenses as a

result of her Medicare eligibility, Humana argues that the statute does not affect its

priority with respect to Harris and that Harris may not bring a private cause of

action against it under the MSP statute.

D. The Sixth Circuit Decisions

In accepting Humana’s argument in this regard, the district court relied on

two Sixth Circuit cases directly on point. In Baptist Memorial Hosp. v. Pan

American Life Ins. Co., 45 F.3d 992 (6th Cir. 1995), Horace Thomas, a retired

postal worker, was simultaneously covered for hospitalization by three separate

entities. Blue Cross/Blue Shield provided coverage in connection with Thomas’s

former federal employment. Thomas was also covered by Pan-American as a

dependent of his wife by virtue of her current employment. Id. at 993. Finally,

Thomas was enrolled in Medicare. Id. 

After an automobile accident, Thomas was hospitalized for several months,

incurring a hospital bill of almost $600,000. Blue Cross/Blue Shield refused to pay
11

the bill, claiming that Pan-American’s dependent coverage was primary. PanAmerican likewise refused to pay the bill, claiming that Blue Cross/Blue Shield

was the primary payer as Thomas’s former employer.

The hospital brought suit against both Blue Cross/Blue Shield and PanAmerican, seeking a determination as to which insurer was primary. Id. Medicare

was not joined as a party and the hospital apparently never demanded payment

from Medicare. Id. Although the coordination of benefits provisions of both plans

demonstrated that the Blue Cross/Blue Shield coverage was primary to the PanAmerican coverage, the district court entered summary judgment against PanAmerican. The district court found that Pan-American became primary to Blue

Cross/Blue Shield by virtue of the MSP statute. While Pan-American was not

permitted to make Medicare primary to its coverage for Thomas because his

coverage was based upon his wife’s current employment status, Blue Cross/Blue

Shield was permitted to do so and had done so. Based upon this priority under the

MSP statute, the district court found Pan-American primarily responsible for

Thomas’s hospital bill.

On appeal, the Sixth Circuit reversed, finding that the MSP statute had no

impact on the priority as between solely private insurers and did not trump the plan

language adopted by the private insurers as to priority:
12

What difference does the MSP statute make as far as priority of

payment obligations between Blue Cross and Pan-Am is concerned? 

None at all, in our view, on the facts presented here. In precluding

Pan-Am from making its coverage secondary to the coverage provided

by Medicare, Congress did not purport to preclude either Pan-Am or

Blue Cross from making the Pan-Am coverage secondary to the

coverage provided by Blue Cross.

* * *

Medicare has no dog in this particular fight. Medicare has never been

asked to pay anything, as far as we know, and has not been made a

party to the lawsuit. Congress manifested no interest whatever in who

would pay first as between private insurance carriers such as Pan-Am

and Blue Cross. The sole interest of Congress, as far as the statute

discloses, was to provide that Medicare would not have to pay ahead

of private carriers in certain situations. Where that interest is not

affected – and it does not seem to be here – we see no reason why the

pertinent contractual provisions should not be enforced in accordance

with their terms. 

Baptist Memorial, 45 F.3d at 996 & 998 (emphasis in original). 

In holding that the MSP statute did not affect the private contractual

provisions adopted by the carriers, the Sixth Circuit noted that the National

Association of Insurance Commissioners had developed a coordination of benefits

rule specifically designed to adjust the private priorities to take into account the

rules of the MSP statute regarding the primary status of certain plans vis-a-vis

Medicare. Id. That provision operates to resolve the circularity involved where a

primary payer under the coordination of benefits provisions is secondary to

Medicare under the MSP statute and the secondary payer under the coordination of
13

benefits provisions is primary to Medicare under the statute. Id. It does so by

reversing the private order of priority so that the payer primary to Medicare under

the MSP statute is also primary to the other private carrier under the private

coordination of benefits provisions. Id. Where Blue Cross had not adopted such a

provision and where the coordination of benefits provisions in place made Blue

Cross primary, the court held that the MSP statute did not reverse the order of

priority and did not provide a private cause of action to recover double damages. 

Id. 

The Sixth Circuit revisited the impact of the MSP statute on the priority of

payment between private insurance carriers in Perry v. United Food and

Commerical Workers District Unions, 64 F.3d 238 (1995). As in Baptist

Memorial, the insured individual in Perry was eligible for Medicare benefits as a

result of his disability and was simultaneously insured by two separate private

insurance plans: (1) by the insurance plan of his former employer as a former

employee and (2) by the insurance plan of his wife’s current employer as a

dependent. After the insured’s large hospital bill went unpaid, the executor of the

insured’s estate filed suit in state court against both private insurers, Medicare, and

the hospital. After the case was removed to federal court, both the hospital and

Medicare were dismissed as defendants. 
14

As in Baptist Memorial, the district court entered summary judgment against

the insurance plan sponsored by the wife’s employer despite the fact that the

coordination of benefits provisions showed that the insurance plan of the insured’s

former employer was the primary payer. The district court found that the MSP

statute: (1) made the wife’s employer’s plan primary because it was primary to

Medicare under that statute, and (2) authorized a private cause of action against

that plan for double damages. Id. at 241.

Again, the Sixth Circuit reversed. Relying on Baptist Memorial, the court

held that the MSP statute does not affect the “contractual regulations under which

one insurer’s coverage is secondary to that of another” “when no claim is being

asserted against Medicare.” Id. at 244. The court noted that the wife’s insurer

“never contended that Medicare was the primary payer” and even conceded that its

obligation was primary to that of Medicare. Id. at 243. Further, the court noted

that the plan denied payment of the expenses only because it concluded that the

insured’s estate was not legally obligated to pay the hospital bill and not for any

reason related to the insured’s Medicare coverage. Id. at 244. Thus, the court held

that where the fiscal integrity of the Medicare program was not jeopardized, the

MSP statute had no application to the obligation of the wife’s employer’s insurer to

pay the hospital bill at issue. Id.
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E. Analysis

We find the thorough analysis of the Sixth Circuit regarding the intent and

limited operation of the Medicare Secondary Payer statute persuasive, and adopt

the reasoning set forth in Baptist Memorial Hosp. v. Pan American Life Ins. Co.,

45 F.3d 992 (6th Cir. 1995) and Perry v. United Food and Commercial Workers

District Unions, 64 F.3d 238 (6th Cir. 1995) with respect to the applicability of the

MSP statute to coverage disputes solely between private insurers. 

Both Sixth Circuit cases are directly on point with respect to the facts of this

case. As of July 1, 1994, Shallenberger was eligible to receive Medicare benefits

as a result of her disability. Shallenberger was also covered by Harris between

July 1, 1994 and her death in December 1995 based on her status as a former

employee of Harris. Thus, Harris was entitled to make its benefits secondary to

Medicare under the MSP statute. During the same time period, Shallenberger was

covered as a dependent by Humana based on her husband’s current employment

status with the City of Ft. Lauderdale. Thus, Humana was primary to Medicare

under the MSP statute. Harris has sued Humana claiming that Humana is

responsible for Shallenberger’s medical expenses as a result of its primary status

vis-a-vis Medicare.
3 In addition to relying on its coordination of benefits provision to deny coverage,

Humana also argues that Harris cannot obtain reimbursement from Humana because: (1) Harris’s

plan documents do not allow it to act as subrogee for Shallenberger for claims arising out of a

disabling illness; (2) Harris is estopped from denying primary coverage after informing

Shallenberger that it would continue to be primary to Medicare through 1995; and (3) Harris’s

notice to Humana of Shallenberger’s claims almost one year after her death was untimely under

Humana’s plan documents. 

16

As in Baptist Memorial, Medicare is not a party to this case and the fiscal

integrity of the Medicare program is not at risk. The instant suit is between solely

private insurance plans and involves their priority vis-a-vis one another in

connection with the payment of Shallenberger’s medical expenses. As in Perry,

Humana has never claimed that Medicare is the primary payer of Shallenberger’s

medical expenses in contravention of the priority created between it and Medicare

under the MSP statute. Indeed, Humana has denied coverage based upon legal and

equitable defenses to Harris’s claim for reimbursement unrelated to

Shallenberger’s Medicare eligibility.3

 Because it is only the priority as between

these two private insurance plans that is at issue in this case, the respective priority

of the two insurers is not affected by the MSP statute. While Harris was free to

alter the coordination of benefits of its plan to align the priority of its liability visa-vis Medicare with the priority of its liability vis-a-vis other private insurance

plans, the MSP statute was not enacted to address such private priorities and does
4 Harris also urges the Court to adopt the holding of a New York State case rejecting the

Sixth Circuit decisions regarding the MSP statute. See Cooperative Health Insurance Fund v.

Blue Cross and Blue Shield, 654 N.Y.S.2d 895 (N.Y. App. Div. 1997). First, the facts of that

case appear slightly different from the facts of Baptist Memorial and Perry which are on all fours

with the facts in the instant case. Even assuming that the New York case is indistinguishable

from the instant case, the New York case summarily rejects the Sixth Circuit holdings regarding

the inapplicability of the MSP statute to private payer disputes without any analysis. This

summary conclusion by one state court does not appear to provide a sound basis for rejecting the

thorough and persuasive analysis of the Sixth Circuit cases.

17

not operate to reprioritize the obligations of private insurance plans where the

liability of Medicare is not at issue. 

Contrary to Harris’s argument that the Sixth Circuit cases are wrongly

decided, the reasoning of both cases appears thorough and persuasive.4

 Harris does

not dispute that the MSP statute was designed only to lower Medicare costs. 

Where Medicare’s liability to pay health care expenses is not at issue, it follows

that the statute would not operate to rearrange the priority of payment as between

purely private insurance plans. 

Furthermore, this conclusion does not render the private cause of action in

the MSP statute superfluous. Indeed, both Baptist Memorial and Perry

acknowledged the existence of such a private right of action in cases involving the

failure of an insurance plan to make its coverage primary to Medicare as required

by the statute. See Baptist Memorial Hosp., 45 F.3d at 998 (“Where a

hospitalization plan that is primary to Medicare under the MSP statute fails to
5 Harris also argues that the district court’s finding that the MSP statute applies only

when the “fiscal integrity” of the Medicare program is jeopardized “flies in the face of the plain

language of the statute – which contains no such limitation.” The plain language of the statutory

provision creating the private cause of action does expressly state that the cause of action exists

when a plan fails to provide for primary payment “in accordance” with the Medicare as

Secondary Payer provisions. Because those provisions dictate only the liability of private

insurance plans relative to the Medicare program, it appears completely consistent with the plain

language of the provision creating the private cause of action that such a cause of action exists

only where a plan has failed properly to provide for its liability vis-a-vis Medicare. In all such

cases, the fiscal integrity of the Medicare program that the MSP statute was designed to protect,

would be at issue. Thus, the finding of the district court and the Sixth Circuit that the fiscal

integrity of the Medicare program must be in jeopardy in order for the private cause of action to

exist is not contrary to the plain language of the statute. 

18

provide for primary payment in accordance with the statute, a private cause of

action exists for damages ‘in an amount double the amount otherwise provided.’”);

Perry, 64 F.3d at 244 (“Although § 1395y(b)(3)(A) provides for ‘a private cause of

action’ for double damages when a primary payer does not pay benefits in

accordance with the MSP statute’s provisions, this language is irrelevant outside

the scope of the MSP statute.”).5

 For example, if Humana had been

Shallenberger’s only private insurer and had denied a timely claim for benefits

based solely on her eligibility for Medicare, it appears that the MSP statute would

afford Shallenberger a private cause of action for double damages against Humana. 

Further, it appears that Harris could assert a private cause of action for double

damages against Humana acting on behalf of Shallenberger if Humana was

primary to Harris under the private coordination of benefits provisions, Humana

asserted no coverage defenses to Shallenberger’s claims, and Humana refused to
6 Harris also argues on appeal that the district court erroneously entered a “final, takenothing judgment” in favor of Humana – even assuming that Harris was the primary payer –

because the amount of Harris’s liability as the primary payer and Humana’s liability as the

secondary payer remained to be apportioned. After review of the record, we find that this

argument lacks merit. Further, Humana has purported to file a “cross appeal,” urging affirmance

of the district court’s entry of judgment in its favor on alternative grounds. In light of our

19

pay Shallenberger’s medical expenses solely based on her eligibility for Medicare. 

A private cause of action for double damages in these contexts serves Congress’

interest in the fiscal integrity of the Medicare program by deterring private insurers

primary to Medicare under the statute from attempting to lay medical costs at the

government’s doorstep. 

Under the particular facts of this case, however, the MSP statute does not

appear to allow Harris to assert a private cause of action against Humana for its

failure to reimburse it for Shallenberger’s medical expenses. Humana has never

claimed that it was not required to pay Shallenberger’s claims because Medicare

was responsible for them. Indeed, Humana appears to concede that it is primary to

Medicare under the MSP statute with respect to Shallenberger’s expenses. Instead,

Humana has refused to reimburse Harris for the medical costs relying on Harris’s

status as the primary carrier under the plain language of the two insurance plans

and asserting other legal and equitable defenses to coverage. Thus, the plain

language of the insurance plans governs the priority of payment as between the two

insurance companies in this case.6

 
affirmance of the district court’s dismissal and summary judgment orders, any “cross-appeal” is

moot. 

20

III. CONCLUSION

In sum, it appears that the district court correctly: (1) dismissed Harris’s

claim against Humana under the MSP statute and (2) relied on the plain language

of the two insurance plans and disregarded the MSP statute in determining the

priority of obligations as between Harris and Humana in granting summary

judgment with respect to Harris’s remaining claim. 

AFFIRMED.