[J-33-2020] [MO: Baer, J.]

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

WESTERN DISTRICT

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,

Appellee

v.

BRYAN HILL,

Appellant

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No. 36 WAP 2019

Appeal from the Order of the 

Superior Court entered February 22, 

2019 at No. 773 WDA 2017, 

affirming the Judgment of Sentence 

of the Court of Common Pleas of 

Allegheny County entered 

December 20, 2016 at No. CP-02-

CR-0007301-2016.

SUBMITTED: April 21, 2020

CONCURRING OPINION

JUSTICE WECHT DECIDED: SEPTEMBER 30, 2020

I join the learned Majority’s opinion in full. The trial court lacked discretion to 

deviate from the sentencing scheme mandated by law for Bryan Hill’s second conviction 

of DUI–general impairment under 75 Pa.C.S. § 3804(a)(1) (“Count 2”). Because that 

error implicates the legality of Hill’s sentence, it is non-waivable under this Court’s 

longstanding precedents. Commonwealth v. Vasquez, 744 A.2d 1280, 1284 (Pa. 2000). 

I write separately to highlight an independent basis justifying vacatur here, which may 

recur in similar cases where a defendant is convicted of multiple counts of DUI–general 

impairment arising from the same criminal episode. Specifically, where at least one of 

those counts implicates the mandatory sentencing provision at 75 Pa.C.S. § 3804(c)(1) 

based upon the motorist’s refusal of chemical testing consistent with the dictates of the 

Vehicle Code, any sentence for the lower-graded DUI offense must merge for sentencing 

purposes.
[J-33-2020] [MO: Baer, J.] - 2

As this Court “may sua sponte raise and address issues concerning illegal 

sentences,” Maj. Op. at 17 n.11 (citing Commonwealth v. Batts, 163 A.3d 410, 434 (Pa.

2017)), we may consider whether the sentence associated with Hill’s conviction on 

Count 2 must merge with his sentence for refusing a breath test under Count 1. “[T]his 

Court employs the same analysis in double jeopardy and sentencing merger cases.” 

Commonwealth v. Jones, 912 A.2d 815, 823 (Pa. 2006) (Opinion Announcing the 

Judgment of the Court (“OAJC”)). To that end, the Supreme Court of the United States 

has clarified that, “[i]n both the multiple punishment and multiple prosecution contexts, 

. . . where the two offenses for which the defendant is punished or tried cannot survive 

the ‘same elements’ test, the double jeopardy bar applies.” United States v. Dixon, 509 

U.S. 688, 696 (1993) (citing Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932)). 

“The same-elements test, sometimes referred to as the ‘Blockburger’ test, inquires 

whether each offense contains an element not contained in the other; if not, they are the 

‘same offence’ and double jeopardy bars additional punishment and successive 

prosecution.” Id.

Our General Assembly has codified a similar test for assessing merger, which 

provides:

No crime shall merge for sentencing purposes unless the crime shall arise 

from a single criminal act and all of the statutory elements of one offense 

are included in the statutory elements of the other offense. Where crimes 

merge for sentencing purposes, the court may sentence the defendant only 

on the higher graded offense.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9765.1 By its plain terms, the merger statute cabins a trial court’s discretion 

to impose a sentence for a lesser-included offense where a defendant also has been 

 

1 As described in Jones, the same-elements merger test enacted by the General 

Assembly in Section 9765 generally tracks the Blockburger test. See Jones, 912 A.2d 

at 818-19 (OAJC). However, because that “test applies only in the multiple punishment 

context as a rule of statutory construction, to be utilized only when the legislature has not 
[J-33-2020] [MO: Baer, J.] - 3

convicted of a greater-included offense arising from a single criminal act. As such, the 

failure to merge sentences where required, like the failure to impose a mandatory 

sentence, implicates the legality of the court’s judgment. See Commonwealth v. 

Andrews, 768 A.2d 309, 313 (Pa. 2001); Commonwealth v. Campbell, 505 A.2d 262, 265 

(Pa. Super. 1986) (en banc) (OAJC); accord Vasquez, 744 A.2d at 1284.

Here, it is undisputed that both of Hill’s DUI convictions arose from the same 

criminal act. Each conviction also required proof of the same underlying elements of 

DUI–general impairment under subsection 3802(a)(1) of the Vehicle Code—i.e., 

operating a vehicle “after imbibing a sufficient amount of alcohol such that the individual 

is rendered incapable of safely” doing so. 75 Pa.C.S. § 3802(a)(1). Compare id.

§ 3804(c)(1) (prescribing punishment for “[a]n individual who violates subsection

3802(a)(1) and refused testing of breath . . . or testing of blood pursuant to a valid search 

warrant”), with id. § 3804(a) (prescribing punishment for “an individual who violates 

section 3802(a)”). The only difference between the two convictions is that the greater 

sentencing range that is applicable to subsection 3804(c)(1) is triggered upon additional 

proof that a defendant refused chemical testing.2 Because the generic penalty for DUI–

general impairment under subsection 3804(a)(1) does not contain an element that is 

 

indicated whether punishment for separate offenses is cumulative,” Commonwealth v.

Baldwin, 985 A.2d 830, 836 (Pa. 2009), the General Assembly can depart from the test

to offer greater protections against successive sentences, such as when it “plainly 

indicated that cumulative punishment for inchoate crimes is specifically prohibited, 

regardless of whether those crimes would otherwise merge.” Commonwealth v. King, 

___ A.3d ___, 2020 WL 4140069, at *16 (Pa. 2020) (citing 18 Pa.C.S. § 906).

2 Though technically a sentencing enhancement, a defendant’s refusal to submit to

chemical testing under subsection 3804(c)(1) must be proven beyond a reasonable 

doubt. See Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 103 (2013) (“Any fact that, by law, 

increases the penalty for a crime is an ‘element’ that must be submitted to the [finder of 

fact] and found beyond a reasonable doubt.”) (citing Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 

466, 483 n.10 (2000)).
[J-33-2020] [MO: Baer, J.] - 4

absent from subsection 3804(c)(1), the sentencing scheme imposed upon Hill survives 

neither the same-elements test under the federal Double Jeopardy Clause nor the 

Pennsylvania merger statute.

Thus, while Hill’s current sentence for Count 2 must be vacated because it is in 

derogation of an applicable mandatory sentencing provision, it is apparent that any lawful 

sentence consistent with that provision necessarily would merge with his unchallenged 

sentence for Count 1. Accordingly, insofar as there is no available sentence that lawfully 

could be imposed for Hill’s conviction on Count 2, this Court’s determination that vacatur 

is warranted without a concomitant remand for resentencing is appropriate under the 

circumstances.