PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 19-1746

JTH TAX, INCORPORATED, d/b/a Liberty Tax Service; SIEMPRETAX+ LLC,

Plaintiffs – Appellants,

v.

GREGORY AIME; WOLF VENTURES, INC., d/b/a Wolf Enterprises,

Defendants – Appellees,

and

AIME CONSULTING, LLC; AIME CONSULTING, INC.,

Defendants.

No. 19-1792

JTH TAX, INCORPORATED, d/b/a Liberty Tax Service; SIEMPRETAX+ LLC,

Plaintiffs – Appellees,

v.

GREGORY AIME; WOLF VENTURES, INC., d/b/a Wolf Enterprises,

Defendants – Appellants,

and

AIME CONSULTING, LLC; AIME CONSULTING, INC.,

Defendants.
2

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at 

Norfolk. Henry Coke Morgan, Jr., Senior District Judge. (2:16-cv-00279-HCM-DEM)

Argued: October 27, 2020 Decided: January 4, 2021

Before GREGORY, Chief Judge, DIAZ, and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed in part, reversed and vacated in part, and remanded with instructions by published 

opinion. Chief Judge Gregory wrote the opinion, in which Judge Diaz and Judge Richardson 

joined.

ARGUED: Amy Mason Saharia, WILLIAMS & CONNOLLY, LLP, Washington, D.C., 

for Appellants/Cross-Appellees. David Caldwell Hartnett, CRENSHAW WARE & MARTIN, 

PLC, Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellees/Cross Appellants. ON BRIEF: Bradley D. Masters,

Sarah Golabek-Goldman, WILLIAMS & CONNOLLY LLP, Washington, D.C., for 

Appellants/Cross-Appellees. W. Ryan Snow, CRENSHAW WARE & MARTIN, P.L.C., 

Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
3

GREGORY, Chief Judge:

Gregory Aime was a successful franchise operator of several tax preparation 

businesses under the umbrella of JTH Tax, Inc. and SiempreTax+ LLC (together, “Liberty 

Tax”). The relationship between franchisee and franchisor deteriorated, resulting in

litigation that culminated in a bench trial before the district court. Aime largely prevailed 

and was awarded a significant sum of damages. Both parties appealed. This Court vacated 

a substantial portion of the damages award but upheld the judgment in Aime’s favor. Upon 

remand, the district court recalculated damages based on our instructions. On Aime’s 

motion, the district court subsequently amended its judgment, increasing the damages 

award based on purportedly new evidence. Now, once again, both parties appeal.

Aime argues the district court erred by not awarding him more, and Liberty Tax 

argues the district court erred by awarding him too much. In general, we are sympathetic 

to the district court’s concerns about Liberty Tax’s bad faith conduct. We find no error in 

the district court’s denial of Aime’s arguments for reinstatement of much of the original

damages. But we do find error in the court’s conclusion that Aime met the standard for 

relief based on newly discovered evidence and in the award of nominal damages. We 

affirm in part, reverse and vacate in part, and remand with instructions to recalculate 

damages in accordance with this opinion.
4

I.

For purposes of factual background, we assume familiarity with the facts laid out in 

our prior opinion, JTH Tax, Inc. v. Aime, 744 F. App’x 787, 789–91 (4th Cir. 2018) (JTH 

Tax I), and provide only a summary exposition here.

A.

Aime operated nine tax services franchises under agreements with Liberty Tax. 

Those agreements included the condition that Aime maintain an Electronic Filing 

Identification Number (“EFIN”) from the IRS.1

 In January 2016, the IRS revoked Aime’s 

EFIN based on suspicions of fraud. Under the franchise agreements, Liberty Tax was 

entitled to terminate its relationship with Aime as a result. However, the parties elected to 

negotiate a new agreement instead, the “Purchase and Sale Agreement” (“PSA”).

Liberty Tax agreed to purchase Aime’s franchises back, and Aime agreed to apply 

for reinstatement of his EFIN. Liberty Tax also agreed to take charge of operating the 

franchises and pay for all associated expenses and liabilities, including rent and utilities. 

If Aime’s EFIN was restored by May 8, 2016, the PSA provided that he “shall have” the 

option to buy back the franchises—pursuant to a new purchase and sale agreement and 

subject only to Liberty Tax’s “standard sales and approval process.” If Aime successfully 

bought back the franchises, Liberty Tax would owe him any profits earned in the meantime. 

The PSA also authorized Liberty Tax to request that Aime work with his landlords to assign 

1 An EFIN authorizes commercial tax preparers to file their customers’ tax returns 

electronically and is required by law.
5

the leases for each franchise property to Liberty Tax, but such transfer was not immediate,

and the leases initially remained in Aime’s name.

Despite its obligations to Aime under the PSA, Liberty Tax immediately began to 

contemplate selling the franchises to another buyer. As the district court put it—making 

findings from the bench after trial—“the course of conduct of Liberty throughout the 

dispute and during the trial indicates that they never had any intention of recognizing 

Aime’s right to repurchase the business.” Meanwhile, Aime attempted in earnest to restore 

his EFIN status, but it soon became apparent that he would be unable to do so by the May 

deadline. Nevertheless, Liberty Tax’s CEO represented to Aime, through an employee, 

that Liberty Tax would extend the deadline for Aime’s EFIN reinstatement to the end of 

the year. Aime represented his acceptance and continued operating under the apparent 

understanding that he had until the end of the year to buy back the franchises.

The parties’ relationship soon deteriorated. Liberty Tax requested that Aime assign 

it the leases for the franchise properties, as provided for by the PSA, but the parties could 

not agree to terms for the assignment. At some point, Liberty Tax stopped paying its rent 

and utilities obligations. Eventually Aime changed the entry code used to access some of 

the properties, effectively denying Liberty Tax access. Liberty Tax sued in federal court, 

and Aime countersued. In September 2016, amidst the litigation, Aime received his new 

EFIN from the IRS.

B.

After a bench trial, the district court found that Liberty Tax breached the PSA first 

by failing to pay franchise expenses as required. Liberty Tax also breached the covenant 
6

of good faith and fair dealing. Further, the court gave effect to the disputed extension of 

the buyback deadline, finding that Liberty Tax had, in fact, extended the deadline to the 

end of the year. And because Aime’s EFIN was restored in September, the district court 

found that he would have invoked his buyback option if not for Liberty Tax’s breach. 

Therefore, in addition to owing Aime damages for the unpaid expenses, the court held that 

Liberty Tax owed lost profits damages. The court denied Aime’s remaining claims—for 

anticipatory breach, fraud, and punitive damages and attorneys’ fees—as covered by the 

breach of contract claim or as otherwise unavailable. The district court calculated the total 

damages as $2,736,896.17.

Both parties appealed. Liberty Tax challenged the district court’s judgment in favor 

of Aime and certain evidentiary rulings, and Aime challenged the denial of his fraud and 

attorneys’ fees claims. This Court affirmed the district court’s conclusion that Liberty Tax 

breached the PSA first such that Aime prevailed on his breach of contract claim. JTH Tax 

I, 744 F. App’x at 794. We also affirmed the denial of Aime’s other claims. Id. at 793–

94. However, we found error concerning the buyback extension deadline. Because the 

offer to extend the deadline came with no new consideration, the parties never reached an 

enforceable agreement. Id. at 791–93. And because Aime had not obtained a new EFIN 

by the May deadline, he could not be awarded damages based on the option to buyback the 

franchises. Id. at 794. Therefore, Aime was not entitled to lost profits, and we vacated that 

portion of the district court’s award. Id. We remanded for recalculation of damages. Id.

Upon remand, the parties agreed that the breach of contract damages totaled

$248,246.27—the amount of unpaid expenses and other liabilities. Aime argued further, 
7

however, that he was entitled to separate damages on his claim for breach of the covenant 

of good faith and fair dealing. Aime reasoned that, because the district court found that 

Liberty Tax had no intention of honoring the PSA from the start, Liberty Tax effectively 

breached the good faith covenant at the very outset of the agreement. According to Aime, 

because that breach occurred at a time when it was still possible that he would become 

eligible to exercise his buyback option, lost profits were “foreseeable” damages and he was 

entitled to the same damages previously awarded.

The district court awarded Aime the agreed-upon amount of damages on the breach 

of contract claim, but it denied Aime’s argument for damages flowing from the breach of 

the implied covenant for a number of reasons. Lost profits damages were not “reasonably 

certain” at the time of the breach, and Aime did not, in fact, subsequently meet the buyback 

deadline. Also, Aime’s argument essentially positioned a breach of the covenant as an 

independent tort claim, which Virginia law prohibits—the claim is effectively a claim for 

breach of contract. However, finding the outcome “troubling,” the district court did award 

Aime $5,000 in nominal damages to recognize that “[Liberty Tax] acted in bad faith 

throughout its negotiations with [Aime],” whereas “[Aime] acted in good faith during the 

period of the extension by continuing to pursue and ultimately obtain the EFIN.”

Aime filed a timely Rule 59(e) motion for reconsideration.

2

 Aime argued that the 

damages he sought under the breach of the implied covenant were not “lost profits” 

2 Aime labeled his motion as arising under Rule 54(b). Rule 54(b) provides for 

motions to reconsider interlocutory orders. The district court subsequently construed 

Aime’s motion as arising under Rule 59(e) because the order at issue adjudicated all 

(Continued)
8

expectation damages, as the district court had analyzed them, but rather were available 

under an equitable estoppel theory or as “disgorgement” damages. A few months later, 

while that motion was still pending, Aime filed a motion to amend the judgment under 

Rule 59(e) based on newly discovered evidence. Aime argued that new evidence of unpaid 

rent that Liberty Tax was liable for came to light based on a New York state court judgment 

against him.

The district court denied Aime’s motion for reconsideration seeking the original 

damages sum based on equitable principles. The court found the arguments procedurally 

barred—as they had not been raised in the course of litigation and conflicted with this 

Court’s mandate—as well as substantively meritless. However, the district court granted 

Aime’s motion to increase the judgment based on new evidence. It held that the damages 

would have been awarded as compensatory relief if they had been identified during trial, 

and that they were, in fact, newly discovered. Accordingly, the court amended the damages 

award upwards by $49,465.94.

Both parties now appeal the district court’s post-remand rulings to this Court.

outstanding claims in the case and resulted in a final judgment. Rule 59(e) motions are 

governed by a significantly higher standard than Rule 54(b) motions. See Am. Canoe Ass’n 

v. Murphy Farms, Inc., 326 F.3d 505, 515 (4th Cir. 2003) (“[Rule 54(b)] Motions for

reconsideration of interlocutory orders are not subject to the strict standards applicable to 

[Rule 59(e)] motions for reconsideration of a final judgment.”).
9

II.

Aime appeals from the district court’s denial of his post-judgment motion for 

reconsideration. Liberty Tax appeals from the district court’s grant of Aime’s motion to 

amend the judgment based on newly discovered evidence. Liberty Tax also challenges the 

award of $5,000 in nominal damages on Aime’s claim for breach of the duty of good faith.

We review a district court’s decision on a motion for reconsideration for abuse of 

discretion. Wojcicki v. SCANA/SCE&G, 947 F.3d 240, 246 (4th Cir. 2020). We review 

conclusions of law regarding the availability and calculation of damages de novo, and we 

review any relevant factual findings for clear error. Simms v. United States, 839 F.3d 364, 

368 (4th Cir. 2016).

A.

Aime contends that the district court mistakenly believed its hands were tied as to 

potential remedies in the post-remand damages proceedings. The court erred, he reasons,

when it concluded that disgorgement damages were unavailable. He urges us to find 

instead that disgorgement was the proper remedy for Liberty Tax’s breach of the good faith 

duty, lest Liberty Tax be rewarded for its dishonest dealings. But, as unfortunate as the 

outcome may be for Aime, his theory fails on two separate bases.

First, after years of litigation, a bench trial, an appeal to this Court, and a damages 

proceeding upon remand, Aime raised disgorgement for the first time in a motion to 
10

reconsider a final judgment.3

 Reconsideration is an “extraordinary remedy,” to be used 

“sparingly,” available on only three grounds: 1) an intervening change in controlling law; 

2) previously unavailable evidence; or 3) to correct a clear error of law or prevent manifest 

injustice. Pac. Ins. v. Am. Nat’l Fire Ins. Co., 148 F.3d 396, 403 (4th Cir. 1998). “Rule 

59(e) motions may not be used, however, to raise arguments which could have been raised 

prior to the issuance of the judgment, nor may they be used to argue a case under a novel 

legal theory that the party had the ability to address in the first instance.” Id. Yet that is 

exactly how Aime used his motion here. The district court properly concluded that Aime 

could have raised his disgorgement theory during the litigation, before this Court on appeal, 

or during the damages proceeding upon remand, but failed to do so. Therefore, on this 

basis alone, the district court properly denied the motion.

Aime protests that “[e]ven if [he] did not use the word” disgorgement “earlier in the 

litigation,”4 the district court was nevertheless obliged to grant his motion based on Rule 

54(c). That rule provides that the district court “should grant the relief to which each party 

3 Aime’s motion also raised equitable estoppel as a basis for reconsidering the 

judgment. That argument was essentially the same claim for future lost profits that the 

district court had considered and rejected at the post-remand damages proceeding. The 

district court rejected the theory as improperly raised and incorrect under Virginia law. 

Aime apparently concedes the issue, as his brief on appeal does not refer to equitable 

estoppel.

4 The issue is not merely a failure to use certain terminology, however. Aime had 

argued previously that he was entitled to lost profits as expectation damages. That is a 

different form of relief that would give rise to different damages. Aime acknowledged as 

much, calculating the amount of the potential disgorgement damages as less than the total 

lost profits. Aime improperly used a motion for reconsideration to raise a new damages 

theory for the first time.
11

is entitled, even if the party has not demanded that relief in its pleadings.” Fed. R. Civ. 

Proc. 54(c). Aime overstates its purview. Rule 54(c) clarifies that “the relief to which a 

claimant is entitled is not limited to the relief it requested in its original demand for 

judgment.” Gilbane Bldg. Co. v. Fed. Reserve Bank, 80 F.3d 895, 901 (4th Cir. 1996). 

This means only that the demand for relief included in the pleading does not control the 

options available to the district court—the entire pleading does. See Minyard Enters., Inc. 

v. Southeastern Chem. & Solvent Co., 184 F.3d 373, 386 (4th Cir. 1999); see also Cioffe v. 

Morris, 676 F.2d 539, 541 (11th Cir. 1982) (“Rule 54(c) creates no entitlement to relief 

based on issues not squarely presented and litigated at trial.”). Therefore, the rule has no 

bearing on Aime’s failure to raise his argument prior to a motion for reconsideration. If 

Rule 54(c) required differently, then Rule 59(e)’s stringent standard would be meaningless.

Second, Aime’s argument for disgorgement damages is precluded by the mandate 

rule. The mandate rule is a “more powerful version” of the law of the case doctrine. 

Invention Submissions Corp. v. Dudas, 413 F.3d 411, 414 (4th Cir. 2005). It requires a 

lower court to faithfully apply the mandate of a higher court, which is controlling as to all 

matters within its scope. Doe v. Chao, 511 F.3d 461, 464–65 (4th Cir. 2007). The rule has 

two dimensions: “First, ‘any issue conclusively decided by this court on the first appeal is 

not remanded,’ and second, ‘any issue that could have been but was not raised on appeal 

is waived and thus not remanded.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Husband, 312 F.3d 247, 

250–51 (7th Cir. 2002)). Here, both aspects of the mandate rule preclude Aime’s argument 

for disgorgement.
12

Aime’s disgorgement theory was as follows: Liberty Tax breached the contract by 

acting in bad faith immediately after its consummation, and Aime was prevented from 

suing at that point only by Liberty Tax’s deception, entitling him to disgorgement of 

Liberty Tax’s subsequent ill-gotten profits from the franchises. But Aime’s only 

contractual right to past profits from the franchises was an option, contingent on the

necessary condition that Aime first satisfy his obligation to regain a valid EFIN by the May 

deadline. Aime did not do so, and this Court held that the buyback deadline was not validly 

extended, meaning that “Aime wasn’t entitled to damages resulting from Liberty Tax’s 

refusal to sell back his former franchises.” See JTH Tax I, 744 F. App’x at 791–94. Aime 

could never have effected the option, so Liberty Tax’s gains from the stores were not, in 

fact, “ill-gotten.” Thus, because Aime’s argument for disgorgement is based on “Liberty 

Tax’s refusal to sell back his former franchises,” it contradicts this Court’s prior mandate. 

See id.

Moreover, as discussed above, Aime failed to raise his disgorgement argument to 

the district court during the litigation and to this Court on his previous appeal. The mandate 

rule “forecloses litigation of issues decided by the district court but foregone on appeal or 

otherwise waived, for example because they were not raised in the district court.” Volvo 

Trademark Aktiebolaget v. Clark Mach. Co., 510 F.3d 474, 481 (4th Cir. 2007). 

Consequently, Aime’s argument is procedurally barred by the mandate rule as well. See 

id. Aime responds that disgorgement did not “become relevant until remand” because 

previously, “Aime was awarded his full lost profits.” But this argument is self-defeating. 

It amounts to a concession that Aime raised a new legal theory to obtain the same damages 
13

that the district court and this Court denied him on his previous theory. “[U]nder the 

mandate rule[,] a remand proceeding is not the occasion for raising new arguments or legal 

theories.” Id.

The district court did not err in concluding that the Rule 59(e) standard and the 

mandate rule precluded Aime’s disgorgement theory.5

B.

Next, Liberty Tax argues that the district court abused its discretion by granting 

Aime’s motion to increase the damages award based on newly discovered evidence. It 

contends that Aime could have discovered the underlying evidence at issue during the 

litigation, meaning Rule 59(e)’s standard was not satisfied.

Where a motion for reconsideration is based on purportedly newly discovered 

evidence, the evidence must not have been discoverable prior to judgment by the exercise 

of reasonable due diligence. Boryan v. United States, 884 F.2d 767, 771 (4th Cir. 1989). 

The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating that the evidence meets this 

requirement. See id.; Pac. Ins., 148 F.3d at 403 (“[T]he party ‘must produce a legitimate 

justification for not presenting the evidence during the earlier proceeding.’”) (quoting 

Small v. Hunt, 98 F.3d 789, 798 (4th Cir. 1996)).

Here, upon remand, the parties stipulated to the damages that flowed from Liberty 

Tax’s breach of contract, including costs of unpaid rent. Then, in his post-judgment 

5 Further, Liberty Tax also argues, as the district court found below, that Aime’s 

argument for disgorgement damages fails on the merits under Virginia law. Because we 

find that Aime’s argument fails under Rule 59(e)’s standard and was barred by the mandate 

rule, we do not reach this question. 
14

motion, Aime raised a July 2018 state court judgment against him for unpaid rent on one 

of the franchise leases—the “Burnside property”—to justify an increase of the damages 

award. Aime submitted a declaration regarding his initial discovery of the judgment in 

2019, stating that he “could not have included the . . . judgment in my damage claim at trial 

in this case because it did not exist at the time.” Relying solely on Aime’s declaration, the 

district court granted the motion to amend the judgment. That decision amounts to error.

As the district court correctly noted, the judgment itself was not the “newly 

discovered evidence” at issue, given that it did not exist prior to the trial in January 2017. 

Rather, the question was whether the underlying unpaid rent qualified as newly discovered 

evidence that was not previously available to Aime during the litigation. However, even 

after making this correct observation, the district court’s analysis nevertheless considered 

only the judgment itself. It found that Aime met his burden under Rule 59(e) by submitting 

in his declaration “that he only discovered the default judgment entered against him on 

March 30, 2019.” But that statement does not provide any “legitimate justification” for 

not discovering and presenting the evidence of the unpaid rent during the litigation. See 

Pac. Ins., 148 F.3d at 403. Indeed, the declaration attests only to discovery of the judgment 

and makes no reference to Aime’s knowledge of—or attempts at discovering—evidence 

of the underlying unpaid rent. Therefore, the district court erred by concluding that Aime 

had met his burden to show that the evidence qualified as newly discovered. See id.; 

Boryan, 884 F.2d at 771.

On appeal, Aime argues, effectively, that this error was harmless. He contends that 

he did, in fact, exercise due diligence, and the unpaid rent on the Burnside property was
15

not discoverable because Liberty Tax failed to disclose it. Aime cites only one example of 

an affirmative act constituting his reasonable due diligence: a discovery request that 

“Liberty Tax produce all documents regarding rent at the stores for 2016,” to which Liberty 

never produced any documents in response.

This single request is an insufficient showing of due diligence to satisfy Rule 59(e)’s 

standard as an “extraordinary” remedy. Aime was aware of signs that Liberty Tax was not 

paying rent. See Boryan, 884 F.2d at 772 (affirming denial of Rule 59(e) motion where 

“sufficient indicia of the [evidence at issue] existed . . . such that it could have been 

discovered with due diligence prior to judgment”). One of Aime’s allegations from the 

outset of the litigation was Liberty Tax’s general failure to pay rent on the franchise 

properties as promised. Further, Liberty Tax points to a June 2016 state court action Aime 

filed regarding their dispute. In that complaint, Aime alleged “upon information and 

belief” that Liberty Tax was not paying rent on the Burnside property specifically. Thus, 

Aime believed rent was not being paid on the Burnside Property long before he received 

the default judgment in March 2019, the only fact attested to in his Rule 59(e) declaration.6

6 Aime responds that “[w]hen the [state] complaint was filed, there was no specific 

evidence that Liberty Tax had not paid rent at the Burnside Property,” and he believed his 

allegation only because “Liberty Tax had failed to pay rent at other stores.” That argument 

hardly helps him, though. The question under Rule 59(e) is whether the evidence existed

during the litigation, not whether Aime possessed it. Boryan, 884 F.2d at 772. Given his 

acknowledgment that he believed that Liberty Tax was not paying the Burnside property’s 

rent as early as June 2016, Aime then only had to use the tools of discovery to verify that 

belief. Because he did not put forward evidence showing that he attempted to do so, Aime 

cannot satisfy his burden to justify an amendment of the judgment.
Yet despite this awareness, Aime apparently did not use the tools of discovery to 

challenge Liberty Tax’s non-responsiveness.

7

 He did not seek an adverse inference on that 

basis. He did not contact the landlords directly—regarding the leases that he had secured 

and that remained in his name—to inquire whether rent had been paid. Nor did he ask any 

witnesses in depositions or at trial about Liberty Tax’s rent payments on the Burnside 

property, or lack thereof. These omissions undermine Aime’s purported due diligence.

In sum, in the declaration and now on appeal, Aime does not show he exercised 

reasonable due diligence during the three years of litigation to discover and present 

evidence of unpaid rent on the Burnside property. Therefore, the district court erred by 

granting Aime’s Rule 59(e) motion to increase the judgment.

C.

Finally, Liberty Tax challenges the district court’s award of $5,000 in nominal 

damages on Aime’s breach of the implied covenant of good faith claim.

After trial, the district court entered judgment for Aime on two counts: “Count 1” 

for breach of contract and “Count 2” for breach of the implied covenant. The court then 

awarded Aime compensatory damages without distinguishing between the two separate 

counts. On appeal, this Court vacated the lost profits portion of the award and remanded 

7 Albeit, the usefulness of this approach would have depended on whether the 

discovery request at issue actually required Liberty Tax to produce any response indicating 

its failure to pay rent. Liberty Tax argues that it did not. It argues it produced no documents 

in response because Aime’s request referred to documents concerning the payment of rent. 

Liberty Tax was not, in fact, paying rent, and so there were no responsive documents to 

produce. Aime may have been able to raise a meritorious challenge to this arguably 

duplicitous interpretation. But the time and place to pursue its fairness was before trial at 

the district court.
17

for recalculation. Then, upon remand, Aime emphasized that he obtained a successful 

judgment on these two separate counts. He argued that the lost profits damages vacated by 

this Court were linked to Count 1, breach of contract, but that he remained entitled to the 

same damages via Count 2, breach of the implied covenant. The district court rejected 

Aime’s argument, but found the outcome “troubling,” given Liberty Tax’s bad faith 

conduct throughout its dealings with Aime. Therefore, the district court awarded Aime 

$5,000 in nominal damages on his claim for breach of the good faith duty. While 

sympathetic to the district court’s concerns about rewarding Liberty Tax’s deception in this 

case, we find error in the award of separate damages to remedy the breach of good faith.

As the district court correctly noted, Virginia law does not recognize an independent 

cause of action based on the implied covenant; rather, a breach of the duty of good faith 

constitutes a breach of contract and therefore gives rise only to a breach of contract claim. 

See Charles E. Brauer Co. v. NationsBank of Va., N.A., 466 S.E.2d 382, 385 (Va. 1996).8

 

Further, nominal damages are only available under Virginia law when compensatory 

8 Charles E. Brauer Co. concerned the duty of good faith imposed by the U.C.C. 

466 S.E.2d at 385. However, Virginia law regards the U.C.C. duty and the common law 

duty as governed by the same rules. See Ward’s Equip. v. New Holland N. Am., Inc., 493 

S.E.2d 516, 520 (Va. 1997). The rule from Charles E. Brauer Co. has been widely applied 

in common law cases by the lower courts in Virginia. See, e.g., Carr v. Fed. Nat’l Mortg. 

Ass’n, 92 Va. Cir. 472, 2013 WL 12237855, at *4 (2013) (“It is well-settled that Virginia 

law does not recognize an independent cause of action for breach of the implied warranty 

of good faith and fair dealing, but it does give rise to a breach of contract claim.”); S. Bank 

& Tr. Co. v. Woodhouse, 92 Va. Cir. 402, 2016 WL 9527885, at *6 (2016) (collecting cases 

for the same); see also Morris v. Wilmington Sav. Fund Soc’y, 360 F. Supp. 3d 363, 369 

(W.D. Va. 2018) (“Plaintiffs must bring [a breach of the implied covenant] claim as part 

of a count for breach of contract, rather than as an independent tort.”); Stoney Glen, LLC 

v. S. Bank & Tr. Co., 944 F. Supp. 2d 460, 465 (E.D. Va. 2013) (same); Goodrich Corp. v. 

BaySys Techs., LLC, 873 F. Supp. 2d 736, 742 (E.D. Va. 2012) (same).
18

damages are unwarranted or unprovable. Kerns v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 818 S.E.2d 

779, 785–86 (Va. 2018) (“Nominal damages are ‘appropriate when there is a legal right

[. . .] that has produced no actual, present loss of any kind or where . . . some injury has 

been done but the proof fails to show the amount.’”) (quoting Town & Country Props., Inc. 

v. Riggins, 343 S.E.2d 356, 365 (Va. 1995)); cf. Crist v. Metro. Fund, Inc., 343 S.E.2d 308, 

311 (Va. 1986) (holding, in breach of contract case, that “we will affirm the judgment of 

the trial court denying compensatory damages but awarding nominal damages of $100” 

because “no actual damages can be recovered”).

Here, Aime’s purportedly separate claims for breach of contract and breach of the 

implied covenant were effectively one and the same. See Charles E. Brauer Co., 466 

S.E.2d at 385. Therefore, nominal damages were unavailable because Aime was awarded 

compensatory damages to remedy Liberty Tax’s breach of contract, regardless of the 

finding that Liberty Tax also breached the contract by breaching the implied covenant. See 

Kerns, 818 S.E.2d at 785–86. The district court erred by awarding an additional $5,000 as 

nominal damages.

III.

In sum, we affirm the district court’s denial of Aime’s motion for reconsideration 

of the judgment seeking disgorgement damages, and we reverse the district court’s grant 

of Aime’s motion to amend the judgment upwards based on newly discovered evidence 

and its award of nominal damages to remedy Liberty Tax’s breach of the implied covenant. 
19

Accordingly, we vacate the post-judgment increase in damages by $49,465.94 and the 

award of $5,000 in nominal damages from the damages sum and remand for recalculation.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED AND VACATED IN PART,

AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS