United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit 

___________________________

No. 20-3027

___________________________ 

Central Specialties, Inc.

 Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

Jonathan Large; Mahnomen County

 Defendants - Appellees

____________

Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Minnesota

____________ 

Submitted: May 11, 2021

Filed: November 24, 2021

____________ 

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, SHEPHERD and GRASZ, Circuit Judges. 

____________

SHEPHERD, Circuit Judge.

Central Specialties, Inc. (CSI), which won a contract to perform road work on 

state highways across three Minnesota counties, filed this action against Mahnomen 

County and its Engineer, Jonathan Large, after Large stopped two of CSI’s trucks 

for exceeding the posted weight limit on the road on which they were traveling. CSI 

asserted claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violations of the Fourth and Fourteenth 

Amendments and claims under state law for trespass to chattel and tortious 
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interference with contract. The district court1 granted summary judgment in favor 

of defendants, and CSI appeals. Having jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we 

affirm. 

I. 

In late 2016, CSI, a road and highway construction company, was awarded a 

contract by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) to perform road 

work on State Highway 59, which crosses three Minnesota counties: Becker, Polk, 

and Mahnomen. As part of its contract, CSI proposed certain existing county roads 

be designated haul roads, which CSI would use to haul material away from the 

project site. Although CSI was responsible for proposing haul roads, MnDOT 

retained the ultimate authority to determine which roads would be designated as haul 

roads. When a haul road is designated, it comes under the jurisdiction of MnDOT 

and is no longer under the purview of the county in which the road is located. 

However, counties retain an interest in the selection of haul roads because counties 

are responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of all county roads, and the specific 

uses of a given road can impact the road’s condition. When the haul road is released 

back to a county, MnDOT reimburses the county for the use, but additional expenses 

related to any deterioration of the road from its use as a haul road are difficult to 

ascertain, often leaving the county with the responsibility to pay for repairs. 

In April 2017, at a preconstruction meeting, CSI proposed the roads it wished 

to be designated as haul roads. CSI proposed that it use County State Aid Highways 

(CSAH) 5, 6, and 10, each with an 80,000-pound limit. Large, who as the County 

Engineer for Mahnomen County was responsible for the maintenance and upkeep of 

all county roads, objected to the designation of the specific CSAH as haul roads 

because they were already in generally poor condition and he did not believe they 

could sustain CSI’s proposed loads over the course of the construction project. 

1

The Honorable Michael J. Davis, United States District Judge for the District 

of Minnesota. 
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Large further objected to the designation of CSAH 5 and 10 as haul roads because 

they were scheduled to undergo extensive repairs later in 2017. MnDOT conducted 

testing of the roads based on Large’s stated concerns and confirmed Large’s belief 

that the roads were in generally poor condition, which could be exacerbated by use 

as haul roads. In an email with a county engineer from another county, Large 

expressed the necessity of an agreement between Mahnomen County and MnDOT 

for payment of damages sustained to haul roads during their period of designation 

because, without an agreement, he believed that MnDOT would not be able to hold 

CSI accountable for damages sustained to the haul roads and that Mahnomen County 

would ultimately be left financially responsible for any repair costs. In May 2017, 

MnDOT notified CSI that it would designate as haul roads portions of CSAH 5 and 

10 with a nine-ton weight restriction and CSAH 6 with a seven-ton weight 

restriction. MnDOT did not designate all of the roads CSI proposed to be used as 

haul roads.

After construction began, CSI notified both Large and MnDOT that it 

intended to use portions of CSAH 6 and 10 that were not designated as haul roads

as a return route for its empty trucks and that it would continue using the designated 

portions of CSAH 5 and 10. Large responded by reiterating to CSI that it needed to 

use designated haul roads for all truck trips, regardless of whether trucks were loaded 

or unloaded, noting that CSI did not have an agreement with Mahnomen County to 

use a non-designated route. Large also referenced ongoing construction on CSAH 

10. CSI then emailed the MnDOT Project Manager, asking him to designate the 

roads as to their legal limits or to direct CSI to not use the road. On July 17, 2017, 

the MnDOT Project Manager responded that MnDOT had already designated haul 

roads for the project and that if CSI chose to use alternate routes, the matter was

solely between CSI and the local road authority. Despite this directive, CSI stated 

that it intended to use the roads without any agreement with Large or Mahnomen 

County.

On the morning of July 18, 2017, the Mahnomen County Board of 

Commissioners approved a weight restriction to CSAH 10, lowering it from a 
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five-ton axle weight to a five-ton total weight limit. County officials posted signs 

with the new weight restrictions before noon that day, and Large spoke with the 

MnDOT Project Manager just before 1:00 p.m. to inform him of the change. Large 

asked the Project Manager to inform CSI of the weight restriction change, which he 

did via an email sent at 1:19 p.m. Shortly after 2:00 p.m., Large observed two CSI 

trucks driving on CSAH 10 in a work zone. Large was unable to ascertain whether 

the trucks were loaded or unloaded but concluded that even an empty truck would 

be in violation of the new, reduced weight restriction. Large, driving in a marked 

Mahnomen County truck, used his vehicle to block the road and motioned to the 

drivers to pull over. The drivers complied with Large’s request to pull over, after 

which Large called the local sheriff’s office, which told him that it did not have the 

capacity to handle the situation. Large then called the White Earth Tribal Police, 

who responded to the scene but determined that they did not have authority to cite 

the drivers. Finally, state troopers arrived and weighed the vehicles. The troopers 

cited the driver of the first CSI truck for exceeding the posted weight limit. This 

driver later testified that she pulled over when she came upon Large’s vehicle 

blocking the road. She stated that Large told her that she could not haul on the road, 

pointed to a sign showing the new weight restriction, and stated that she needed to 

wait until law enforcement arrived. The driver asserted that she and the second truck 

driver stayed at the location from 2:11 p.m. until 5:30 p.m. Large testified that he 

was at the scene for roughly one and a half to two hours before leaving and that law 

enforcement also permitted the trucks to leave. The driver of the second CSI truck 

testified that, while he and the other truck were stopped, he observed individuals 

changing the weight restriction signs along CSAH 10. He also observed other large 

trucks driving on the highway without being stopped by Large.

CSI then filed this action against Large and Mahnomen County, bringing 

claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth 

Amendments. Specifically, CSI alleged that Large violated the Fourth Amendment 

by exceeding the scope of his authority and detaining the CSI trucks for roughly

three hours and asserted that the County was liable as Large’s employer. CSI also 

alleged that Large violated the Fourteenth Amendment by depriving CSI of equal 
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protection and due process when he selectively changed and then selectively 

enforced the weight limits against CSI and by failing to give appropriate notice of 

the change in the weight restrictions, again asserting that the County was liable as 

Large’s employer. CSI also brought state law claims of tortious interference with 

contract and trespass to chattel, asserting that defendants interfered with CSI’s 

performance of its contract with MnDOT by changing the weight restrictions and 

enforcing them and that Large’s detention of the trucks was so significant as to 

amount to a trespass. 

Large and the County moved for summary judgment on all claims, which the 

district court granted. As to CSI’s Fourth Amendment claim, the district court 

determined that the defendants were entitled to qualified immunity because even 

assuming that Large had seized the vehicles, the duration of the seizure was 

reasonable and Large, with his responsibilities as County Engineer, had sufficient 

reason to investigate the trucks after witnessing what he believed to be the trucks in

violation of the posted weight limits. In addition to the absence of a constitutional 

violation, the district court also determined that it was not clearly established that 

only a law enforcement officer could request commercial activity to come to a brief 

halt to ensure compliance with local laws. As to the Fourteenth Amendment claims, 

the district court determined that defendants were entitled to qualified immunity on 

both CSI’s equal protection and due process claims. With respect to the due process 

claim, the district court concluded that CSI failed to show a constitutional violation 

because CSI’s assertion that it had no notice of the change in weight restrictions was 

unsupported, and regardless, CSI presented no authority recognizing a right to predeprivation notice in the context of the lowering of the highway weight limit. The 

district court also determined that it was not clearly established that a county could 

not change the weight restrictions on a road based on specific indications that its 

roads would be used for increased loads or traffic. With respect to the equal 

protection claim, the district court determined that CSI failed to demonstrate a 

constitutional violation because Large had a rational basis to stop the trucks given 

the road’s condition, the road’s lack of designation as a haul road, and CSI’s stated 

intention to use the road for hauling purposes. The district court also determined
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that it was not clearly established that every road restriction violation must be 

enforced and similarly concluded that CSI had presented no evidence of other 

companies that had been treated differently than CSI. 

Finally, the district court also granted summary judgment on CSI’s state law 

claims. As to the tortious interference with contract claim, the district court 

concluded that Large had justification to change the weight limits and stop CSI’s 

trucks. As to the trespass to chattel claim, the district court concluded that the 

duration the trucks were stopped was not substantial and that Large did not exercise 

the requisite degree of dominion and control over the trucks to sustain a trespass to 

chattel claim. CSI appeals. 

II. 

CSI asserts that the district court erred in granting summary judgment to 

defendants on each of its constitutional claims, asserting that the district court 

engaged in impermissible fact finding and ignored record evidence demonstrating

that Large intentionally violated CSI’s rights. “We review de novo the district 

court’s grant of summary judgment, ‘viewing all evidence and drawing all 

reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.’” Odom v. Kaizer, 864 F.3d 

920, 921 (8th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). “Summary judgment is proper when 

there is no genuine dispute of material fact and the prevailing party is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law.” Scudder v. Dolgencorp, LLC, 900 F.3d 1000, 1004 

(8th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). 

A.

“Qualified immunity shields officials from civil liability in § 1983 actions 

when their conduct ‘does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional 

rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Morgan v. Robinson, 920 

F.3d 521, 523 (8th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (citation omitted). While qualified immunity 

is most typically seen in the context of law enforcement, it also applies to other 
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government officials like Large. See, e.g., Thurmond v. Andrews, 972 F.3d 1007, 

1010-13 (8th Cir. 2020) (concluding county jail employees were entitled to qualified 

immunity on § 1983 claim alleging Eighth Amendment violation); Doe v. Flaherty, 

623 F.3d 577, 580, 586 (8th Cir. 2010) (concluding school principal was entitled to 

qualified immunity on § 1983 claims stemming from sexual abuse of student by 

basketball coach). In considering a claim of qualified immunity, we apply the 

familiar two-prong framework, first considering “whether the plaintiff has stated a 

plausible claim for violation of a constitutional or statutory right,” and second, 

“whether the right was clearly established at the time of the alleged infraction.” 

Kulkay v. Roy, 847 F.3d 637, 642 (8th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). “Courts are 

‘permitted to exercise their sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of 

the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first.’” Id. (citation omitted). 

CSI asserted claims under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments. Under 

the Fourth Amendment, CSI alleges Large unlawfully seized CSI’s trucks. See

United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113 (1984). Under the Fourteenth 

Amendment, CSI asserts that defendants deprived CSI of its due process rights when 

they changed the weight limits without sufficient notice, see Cleveland Bd. of Educ. 

v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 542 (1985), and that Large violated CSI’s equal 

protection rights by treating it as a “class of one” when he enforced the new weight 

restrictions against only CSI, see Barstad v. Murray Cnty., 420 F.3d 880, 884 (8th 

Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). 

Although CSI asserts that the district court made factual findings to determine 

that no constitutional violations occurred, we need not address that argument 

because our inquiry begins and ends with the clearly established prong. “A clearly 

established right is one that is ‘sufficiently clear that every reasonable official would 

have understood that what he is doing violates that right.’” Morgan, 920 F.3d at 

523. In determining whether a right is clearly established, the Supreme Court has 

“repeatedly” cautioned courts “‘not to define clearly established law at a high level 

of generality.’ The dispositive question is ‘whether the violative nature of particular 

conduct is clearly established.’ This inquiry ‘must be undertaken in light of the 
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specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition.’” Mullenix v. Luna, 

577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (per curiam). “There need not be a case ‘directly on point, but 

existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond 

debate.’ . . . [Q]ualified immunity ‘gives government officials breathing room to 

make reasonable but mistaken judgments, and protects all but the plainly 

incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’” Morgan, 920 F.3d at 524

(citation omitted). 

CSI simply presents no case that comes close to demonstrating that the rights 

it alleges were violated were clearly established. Under the unique circumstances of 

this case, we cannot say that it was clearly established that Large, a county engineer 

tasked with oversight of all county roads, could not prevent trucks that he had reason 

to believe were operating above the posted weight limit from passing over and 

damaging the roadway or could not call law enforcement to investigate compliance 

with the new, reduced weight restrictions. 

The dissent argues that by finding that any alleged constitutional violation was 

not clearly established, we have, in effect, sanctioned the deputization of county 

engineers to perform traffic stops. The record does not bear this out. Although 

Large impeded the CSI trucks’ progress on the highway, Large did not conduct a 

traffic stop or detain the drivers. See United States v. Dortch, 868 F.3d 674, 677 

(8th Cir. 2017) (“[A] person has been ‘seized’ within the meaning of the Fourth 

Amendment only if, in view of all the circumstances surrounding the incident, a 

reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave.” (alteration in 

original) (citation omitted)). Large motioned for the CSI drivers to pull over and 

called law enforcement for assistance, but there is no evidence in the record that the 

CSI drivers were not free to simply turn around and drive away before law 

enforcement arrived. Indeed, in his deposition testimony, Large acknowledged that 

he did not have the authority to perform a traffic stop, stating instead that his 

authority as County Engineer allowed him to close or control traffic on the highway

in question. See id. (“Only when the officer, by means of physical force or show of 

authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen may we conclude that a 
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‘seizure’ has occurred.” (quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 19 n.16 (1968)). 

Moreover, the record demonstrates that any detention or seizure occurred at the 

hands of law enforcement; it was law enforcement who cited one of the CSI drivers 

and who kept the same drivers on the side of the road until the ultimate conclusion 

of their investigation, a fact further evidenced by Large’s departure from the scene 

before law enforcement concluded their investigation and released the drivers. The 

record reflects that Large, as County Engineer with responsibility for oversight of 

county roads, merely prevented the CSI trucks from traveling on a county highway 

before the drivers complied with his request to wait for the arrival of law 

enforcement. The record does not support the dissent’s notion that Large’s conduct 

amounted to an unlawful traffic stop.

Nor was it clearly established that the defendants could not change the weight 

restrictions in response to CSI’s stated intention to use the CSAHs despite the lack 

of designation as a haul road or that Large could not seek law enforcement’s 

assistance in investigating CSI’s trucks’ weights after the weight limit change and 

CSI’s stated intention to use the roads despite the reduction in weight limit. To find 

that a right is clearly established, we must find “controlling Eighth Circuit authority 

placing the question beyond debate, []or a ‘robust consensus of cases of persuasive 

authority.’” De La Rosa v. White, 852 F.3d 740, 746 (8th Cir. 2017) (citation 

omitted). Far short of this standard, we find no cases considering this issue, or even 

cases considering remotely similar facts. We thus find that there was no clearly 

established right, and we therefore conclude that the district court properly granted 

summary judgment to Large on the basis of qualified immunity. 

Although the district court also granted summary judgment to the County, it 

did so on the basis of qualified immunity, to which the County is not entitled. See

Thurmond, 972 F.3d at 1013 (“Unlike the individual officers . . . , municipalities do 

not enjoy qualified immunity.”). However, CSI’s constitutional claims against the 

County fail for an independent reason, and we may affirm on any basis in the record. 

Interstate Bakeries Corp. v. OneBeacon Ins. Co., 686 F.3d 539, 542 (8th Cir. 2012)

(“We may affirm the judgment of the district court ‘on any basis disclosed in the 
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record, whether or not the district court agreed with or even addressed that ground.’”

(citation omitted)). In its amended complaint, CSI’s constitutional claims against 

the County are premised solely upon the County’s status as Large’s employer. But 

a county cannot be held liable solely based on a theory of respondeat superior. 

Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978) (“[T]he language of 

§ 1983, read against the background of the same legislative history, compels the 

conclusion that Congress did not intend municipalities to be held liable unless action 

pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort. In 

particular, we conclude that a municipality cannot be held liable solely because it 

employs a tortfeasor—or, in other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under 

§ 1983 on a respondeat superior theory.”). As CSI’s claim did not allege any policy 

or custom of the county related to Large’s conduct, this claim fails as a matter of 

law. We thus affirm the grant of summary judgment to the County on CSI’s 

constitutional claims. 

B. 

CSI finally argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment 

to defendants on its state law claims, asserting that the district court erroneously 

concluded that CSI did not present sufficient evidence to sustain a trespass to chattel 

claim and engaged in inappropriate fact-finding regarding the tortious interference 

with contract claim, an error which it compounded by resolving the factual disputes 

in favor of defendants. We are unpersuaded by each of CSI’s contentions. 

As to the tortious interference with contract claim, under Minnesota law, “[a] 

cause of action for wrongful interference with a contractual relationship requires: 

‘(1) the existence of a contract; (2) the alleged wrongdoer’s knowledge of the 

contract; (3) intentional procurement of its breach; (4) without justification; and 

(5) damages.’” Kjesbo v. Ricks, 517 N.W.2d 585, 588 (Minn. 1994) (en banc) 

(citation omitted). Tortious interference is a claim that is broader than a typical 

breach of contract claim, “in that the former includes ‘any act injuring or destroying 

persons or property which retards, makes more difficult, or prevents performance, 
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or makes performance of a contract of less value to the promisee.’” Cont’l Rsch., 

Inc. v. Cruttenden, Podesta & Miller, 222 F. Supp. 190, 198 (D. Minn. 1963) 

(quoting Royal Realty Co. v. Levin, 69 N.W.2d 667, 671 (Minn. 1955)). Thus, an 

explicit breach of contract is not required. Id. CSI asserts that it presented sufficient 

evidence to defeat summary judgment by demonstrating that defendants maliciously 

changed the weight limit and stopped CSI’s trucks to interfere with CSI’s 

performance of its contract with MnDOT. “A defendant may avoid liability, 

however, by showing that his actions were justified by a lawful object that he had a 

right to pursue.” Langeland v. Farmers State Bank of Trimont, 319 N.W.2d 26, 32 

(Minn. 1982) (en banc). “Ordinarily, whether interference is justified is an issue of 

fact, and the test is what is reasonable conduct under the circumstances. The burden 

of proving justification is on the defendants.” Kjesbo, 517 N.W.2d at 588 (citation 

omitted). 

CSI argues that justification “is a question of fact, which must go to a jury.” 

Appellant Br. 37. However, while the Minnesota Supreme Court stated that 

justification as a defense to interference with a contract is “ordinarily” a question of 

fact, it left open the possibility that, as here, cases may arise in which a court may 

determine that, as a matter of law, a defendant had justification for its alleged 

interference. Even when viewing the facts in the light most favorable to CSI, we 

agree with the district court that the record demonstrates that, as a matter of law, 

defendants had justification for their actions—the County and Large modified the 

weight restrictions on the roads due to Large’s longstanding concern about the use 

of the roads as haul roads given their condition, which was confirmed by subsequent 

testing, and Large’s concern that if CSI used a haul road without designation, the 

County would be left financially responsible for any damages to the roads. See

Kjesbo, 517 N.W.2d at 588 (“There is no wrongful interference with a contract 

where one asserts ‘in good faith a legally protected interest of his 

own . . . believe[ing] that his interest may otherwise be impaired or destroyed by the 

performance of the contract or transaction.’” (alterations in original) (citation 

omitted)). The record simply does not support a finding that Large and the County 

were unjustified in changing the weight restrictions. 
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Further, Large’s responsibilities as County Engineer included oversight of all 

county roads, which provided him with “a lawful object that he had a right to pursue”

in the form of ensuring compliance with the new weight restrictions. See Langeland, 

319 N.W.2d at 32. Although the record does support the inference that defendants 

were motivated by CSI’s statement that it intended to utilize non-designated roads, 

defendants’ protection of the interests of Mahnomen County does not undercut the 

justification for their actions, regardless of the consequences CSI complained it 

suffered in the form of project delays and related costs. See Spice Corp v. Foresight 

Mktg. Partners, Inc., Civil No. 07-4767 (JNE/JJG), 2011 WL 6740333, at *19 (D. 

Minn. Dec. 22, 2011) (“Every business decision is likely to have downstream 

consequences. . . . Mere knowledge that a decision might affect other parties’ 

contracts is not the same as intentional, unjustified interference.”). Because 

defendants were justified, as a matter of law, in changing the weight restrictions and 

stopping CSI’s trucks, the district court properly granted summary judgment to 

defendants on CSI’s tortious interference claim. 

As to the trespass to chattel claim, under Minnesota law, “[a] trespass to 

chattel may be committed by intentionally (a) dispossessing another of the chattel, 

or (b) using or intermeddling with a chattel in the possession of another.” Olson v. 

LaBrie, No. A12-1388, 2013 WL 1788531, at *3 (Minn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2013)

(quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 217).2 “‘Trespass to chattel differs from 

2

This opinion was designated as unpublished by the Minnesota Court of 

Appeals and may be used as precedent only in certain enumerated circumstances, 

pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 480A.08 subdiv. 3. However, when interpreting state law, 

“[if] the highest state court has not decided an issue we must attempt to predict how 

the highest court would resolve the issue, with decisions of intermediate state courts 

being persuasive authority.” Progressive N. Ins. Co. v. McDonough, 608 F.3d 388, 

390 (8th Cir. 2010). The Minnesota Supreme Court has recognized the tort of 

trespass to chattel as stated in the Restatement (Second) of Torts, see Herrmann v. 

Fossum, 270 N.W.2d 18, 20-21 (Minn. 1978), but we find no other authority from 

the Minnesota Supreme Court delineating the contours of a trespass to chattel claim. 

We rely on Olson as persuasive authority as to how the Minnesota Supreme Court 

would address a trespass to chattel claim; however, we note that Olson largely 
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conversion “only in degree”’ and ‘typically involves less than a complete divestment 

of the plaintiff’s possessory rights in his property.’” Strei v. Blaine, 996 F. Supp. 2d 

763, 792 (D. Minn. 2014) (citation omitted).

Dispossessing includes taking the chattel from the person in possession 

without his consent, obtaining possession of the chattel by fraud or 

duress, “barring the possessor’s access to the chattel,” or destroying the 

chattel while it is in another’s possession. [Restatement (Second) of 

Torts] § 221 (1965). “Intermeddling” means intentionally coming into 

physical contact with the chattel. Id. § 217 cmt. e (1965). Liability 

arises if the defendant dispossesses the possessor of the chattel, impairs 

its condition, quality, or value, or deprives the possessor of the chattel’s 

use for a substantial period of time. Id. § 218 (1965)[.]

Olson, 2013 WL 1788531, at *3. 

CSI asserts that it has offered sufficient evidence to defeat summary 

judgment, arguing that Large exercised control over the CSI trucks when he used his 

truck to physically block them from continuing and detained them for roughly three 

hours. But Minnesota law demands something more than the evidence CSI has 

presented; Large’s impeding the path of the trucks is not a sufficient exercise of 

control to sustain a trespass to chattel claim. Large did not dispossess the drivers of 

the trucks, nor did he bar the drivers of CSI’s trucks from access to their trucks or 

make physical contact with either truck. Large merely impeded their forward 

progress, and there is nothing in the record suggesting that Large forcibly detained 

the drivers. Although Large told the drivers to wait until law enforcement arrived, 

the record does not suggest that he used any force that would amount to trespass to 

achieve this aim, nor does the record reflect that the three-hour delay was caused by 

Large. Because Large did not exercise the requisite dominion and control over CSI’s 

trucks, the district court properly granted summary judgment in favor of defendants 

on the trespass to chattel claim. 

recounts the standards set forth in the Restatement, which the Minnesota Supreme 

Court has adopted.
III. 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court. 

GRASZ, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

There’s a new sheriff in town.

Today, the court holds that a local official in charge of road design and 

maintenance is entitled to summary judgment on a claim against him for exercising 

the authority of a law enforcement officer and making traffic stops and seizing 

vehicles and their drivers.3

 The holding implicitly cloaks such officials with nearabsolute immunity for their actions since there are no existing cases circumscribing 

or defining the scope of this newly discovered, unwritten law enforcement authority. 

Because this holding runs counter to precedent dictating qualified immunity is not 

available in this context,4 I respectfully dissent from those portions of the court’s 

3

The court claims Large did not make a traffic stop or detain the drivers, and

opines “there is no evidence in the record that the CSI drivers were not free to simply 

turn around and drive away before law enforcement arrived.” Ante, at 8. Putting 

aside the practical question of whether a truck that big could just “turn around” on a 

county road, the court’s characterization of the encounter is impermissible at the 

summary judgment stage. We are supposed to resolve all facts in favor of the nonmoving party. The driver of the first truck stopped by Large asserted that “Large 

used his vehicle as a roadblock to block CSI’s truck for [sic] continuing.” Decl. of 

Peggy Strommen, ¶ 1, ECF No. 74. After the driver stopped the truck, Large called 

law enforcement and told the driver she “had to wait until law enforcement arrived.” 

Id. at ¶ 2. She claimed she was “detained from 2:11 until 5:30 p.m.” Id. Viewing 

the facts in the light most favorable to CSI, this was in fact a stop and detention.

 4

The district court also wrongly determined Mahnomen County was entitled 

to qualified immunity. Qualified immunity is simply not available to a county. See 

Walden v. Carmack, 156 F.3d 861, 868 (8th Cir. 1998) (holding a county’s argument 

that it was entitled to qualified immunity was “without merit because a municipality 

may not assert qualified immunity as a defense”). However, I concur with the panel 

in its alternative ground for affirming judgment in favor of the County as to CSI’s 

constitutional claim. 
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opinion granting qualified immunity to County Engineer Jonathan Large as to CSI’s 

Fourth Amendment unlawful seizure claim and Fourteenth Amendment equal 

protection claim.

I. 

The court’s analysis of CSI’s Fourth Amendment unlawful seizure and 

Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claims against Large “begins and ends” 

with its qualified immunity analysis. Ante, at 7. But qualified immunity is not 

applicable here.

We have “held that an official acting outside the clearly established ‘scope of 

his discretionary authority is not entitled to claim qualified immunity under 

§ 1983.’” Johnson v. Phillips, 664 F.3d 232, 236 (8th Cir. 2011) (quoting Hawkins 

v. Holloway, 316 F.3d 777, 788 (8th Cir. 2003)). In doing so we “adopted the 

rationale [of the Fourth Circuit] in In re Allen, 106 F.3d 582 (4th Cir. 1997).” Id. 

The question, then, is what authority Large had as a county engineer. But 

first, it is important to identify what this inquiry entails and what it does not.

“In determining the scope of an official’s authority, and whether the act 

complained of was clearly established to be beyond that authority, the issue is neither 

whether the official properly exercised his discretionary duties, nor whether he 

violated the law.” Allen, 106 F.3d at 594. “Instead, a court must ask whether the 

act complained of, if done for a proper purpose, would be within, or reasonably 

related to, the outer perimeter of an official’s discretionary duties.” Id. 

And whether Large’s seizure of CSI’s trucks was “clearly established” as 

beyond his authority is not a function of finding similar cases involving road 

engineers making traffic stops. Rather, it entails reviewing the statutes governing 

county engineers in Minnesota. See Johnson, 664 F.3d at 239 (analyzing a city 

ordinance to determine whether an Auxiliary Reserve Police Officer had the power 
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to arrest or search incident to arrest and holding that because he did not, he was not 

entitled to qualified immunity); Allen, 106 F.3d at 595 (relying on the Supreme Court 

cases of Doe v. McMillan, 412 U.S. 306, 321–24 (1973), and Barr v. Matteo, 360 

U.S. 564, 574–75 (1959) (plurality opinion), for the proposition that “the scope of 

an official’s authority depends upon an analysis of the statutes or regulations 

controlling the official’s duties”). 

II. 

So, the task before us is to look to Minnesota law to see whether making traffic 

stops, enforcing traffic laws, or seizing and detaining vehicles and drivers to 

investigate potential weight limit violations is within Large’s discretionary 

authority. It is not.

To begin with, there is no statute giving a county engineer authority to stop 

and detain individuals. The governing statute provides, “The county board of each 

county shall appoint and employ . . . a county highway engineer who may have 

charge of the highway work of the county and the forces employed thereon, and who 

shall make and prepare all surveys, estimates, plans, and specifications which are 

required of the engineer.” Minn. Stat. § 163.07, subdiv. 1 (emphasis added). And a 

separate statute, Minn. Stat. § 163.02, subdiv. 3 provides, “The county board, or the 

county engineer if so authorized by the board, may impose weight and load 

restrictions on any highway under its jurisdiction.”

Nowhere is there the slightest hint in Minnesota law that a county engineer is 

a peace officer, a constable, or someone “charged with the enforcement of the law,

Green v. United States, 289 F. 236, 238 (8th Cir. 1923),5 so as to have authority to 

5

In Green, we explained that under the common law, four types of officials 

could conduct warrantless arrests in certain circumstances: a justice of the peace, a 

sheriff, a coroner, or a constable. 289 F. at 238 (citing 4 William Blackstone, 

Commentaries, *292).
-17- 

make arrests or seizures of persons on public highways. In Allen, the court noted 

that West Virginia law “narrowly circumscribes the powers of the Attorney General” 

of that state, and “that the Attorney General does not enjoy broad common law 

powers.” 106 F.3d at 595–96. So too does Minnesota law narrowly circumscribe 

the powers of county engineers. Indeed, Minnesota courts do not liberally construe 

an official’s authority to make investigatory stops. In State v. Horner, 617 N.W.2d 

789, 793–94 (Minn. 2000), the Minnesota Supreme Court held that even “special 

deputies” (in that case, water patrol officers authorized “to enforce water safety 

laws”) were not peace officers.6

 Id. at 793 (explaining “state law does not explicitly 

recognize a special deputy as a form of peace officer”). The court stated, “[W]e 

hesitate to liberally construe the definition of peace officer. . . . [I]t is a misdemeanor 

for anyone not a peace officer to perform an act reserved by law for licensed peace 

officers.” Id. at 794. The court further held that, as private citizens, the deputies had 

no authority to make an investigatory stop. Id. at 795. As a result, the court affirmed 

the suppression of evidence the special deputies had gathered. Id. at 796. 

If a water patrol officer authorized to enforce water safety laws does not have 

authority to make an investigatory stop under Minnesota law, then surely a county 

engineer does not. The Minnesota Supreme Court has described the duties of a 

county engineer: “The statute provides that he should have charge of the highway 

work of the county and the forces employed thereon[.]” State ex rel. Sprague v. 

Heise, 67 N.W.2d 907, 911 (Minn. 1954) (quoting State ex rel. Michie v. Walleen, 

241 N.W. 318, 318 (Minn. 1932)). “He is the highest authority in the county as to 

his official duties; all road work in the county must be done under his supervision; 

the success of his department depends on his engineering technique.” Id. (quoting 

same). 

6

Under Minnesota transportation law, “‘[p]olice officer’ means every officer 

authorized to direct or regulate traffic or to make arrests for violations of traffic 

rules.” Minn. Stat. § 169.011, subdiv. 56. And a “peace officer” is an official 

“licensed by the board” and “charged with the prevention and detection of crime and 

the enforcement of the general criminal laws of the state[.]” Pena v. Kindler, 863 

F.3d 994, 998–99 n.4 (8th Cir. 2017) (quoting Minn. Stat. § 626.84, subdiv. 1(c)(1)).
-18- 

Notably absent from the court’s description of the duties are any that relate to 

those of a peace officer. As a county engineer, Large is not charged with detecting 

crime and enforcing the general criminal laws of the state of Minnesota. And even 

as a private citizen, he had no authority to make an investigative stop. See Horner, 

617 N.W.2d at 795. 

Put simply, Large is not a law enforcement officer. When he stopped and 

detained CSI’s trucks and drivers, he possessed no warrant and had no authority to 

determine whether probable cause existed to seize CSI’s trucks. Indeed, he had no 

authority to make traffic stops, enforce traffic laws, seize vehicles that may be in 

violation of weight limits, or detain drivers or vehicles to investigate violations of 

the law. Consequently, the doctrine of qualified immunity has no application to a 

county engineer in this situation, and Large cannot avail himself of its protections. 

I cannot square the court’s contrary conclusion with our decision in Johnson, 

or the Minnesota Supreme Court’s decision in Horner. Accordingly, I respectfully 

dissent from the court’s opinion as to the Fourth Amendment unlawful seizure 

claim.7

______________________________

7

I also dissent from the court’s opinion on the equal protection claim. It is 

true that a class-of-one equal protection claim generally cannot, without malicious 

conduct, be used to attack an officer’s investigative decisions. See Engquist v. Or. 

Dep’t of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 602–04 (2008); Robbins v. Becker, 794 F.3d 988, 995 

(8th Cir. 2015). This is because such claims are deemed to be incompatible with the 

discretion held by law enforcement officers. See id.; Novotny v. Tripp County, 664 

F.3d 1173, 1179 (8th Cir. 2011). But this principle has no application where, as 

here, the defendant is not a law enforcement officer. As discussed in the context of 

the Fourth Amendment unlawful seizure claim, Large had no law enforcement 

investigative authority and, therefore, no investigative discretion. Consequently, the 

class-of-one exception does not apply to this case. Large thus is not entitled to 

qualified immunity on CSI’s Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claim.