J-A25033-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

ROBERT S. GROFF,

Appellant

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IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 2007 MDA 2018

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 11, 2018

in the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County 

Criminal Division at No(s): CP-38-CR-0001186-2017

BEFORE: STABILE, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED JANUARY 13, 2020

Robert S. Groff (“Groff”) appeals from the judgment of sentence 

imposed following his convictions of ten counts of child pornography.1 We 

affirm.

On January 25, 2017, firefighters responded to a fire at Groff’s residence 

in Lebanon, Pennsylvania. While inside Groff’s home, one firefighter observed 

a stack of photographs, with the top photograph appearing to show a nude 

minor person. Police were contacted and dispatched to the home. Sergeant 

Harry Ward (“Sergeant Ward”) of the North Cornwall Township Police 

Department responded to the scene and was escorted inside the home by the 

firefighter who observed the photographs. Sergeant Ward investigated the 

photographs, then left the residence, secured the scene, and directed another

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1 See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(d).
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officer to obtain a search warrant. After obtaining the warrant, police officers 

searched the home and collected, of relevance to this appeal, hundreds of 

pornographic photographs and several male sex toys.

As a part of the investigation, Sergeant Ward interviewed Groff. Groff 

admitted to owning the photographs, and to pleasuring himself while viewing 

the photographs on the day of the fire. 

Groff was subsequently charged with 71 counts of child pornography, 

with each count corresponding to a single photograph. Groff filed a Motion in 

Limine to preclude admission of the male sex toys, in particular, one 

homemade masturbation device, and pornographic photographs other than 

the 71 to which the charges relate. Following a hearing, the trial court denied 

the Motion in Limine.

Following a jury trial, Groff was convicted of ten counts of child 

pornography. The jury determined that pictures 17, 32, and 64 through 71 

depicted child pornography. The trial court sentenced Groff to six months to 

two years, less one day, in prison. Groff filed a timely Notice of Appeal.2

On appeal, Groff raises the following questions for our review:

A. Did the Commonwealth fail to present sufficient evidence that 

the nudity in each photograph was depicted for the purpose of 

sexual stimulation or gratification of any person who might view 

such depiction, considering the Commonwealth improperly argued 

and based its entire case on the actions of [] Groff with the 

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2 The trial court did not order Groff to file a concise statement of errors 

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).
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photographs, and not the intent of the photographer when taking 

the picture?

B. Was it an abuse of discretion for the [t]rial [c]ourt to permit 

evidence and testimony, including sex toys, pornographic pictures 

(other than the 71 at issue in this case), a homemade sex device 

used for “male masturbation[,”] and testimony that [] Groff 

admitted to masturbating while looking at various pictures, to be 

presented to the jury for the purpose of establishing [Groff’s] 

sexual desire when looking at the images, despite that evidence 

and testimony being irrelevant for the purposes of determining 

whether the photographs at issue were “depicted for the purpose 

of sexual stimulation or gratification of any person who might view 

such depiction”?

C. Was it an abuse of discretion for the [t]rial [c]ourt to allow the 

Commonwealth to present the incorrect legal definition of a 

prohibited sexual act and then fail to properly instruct the jury 

after the jury specifically asked if they should apply the correct 

legal standard or that argued by the Commonwealth?

Brief for Appellant at 6-7 (issues reordered).

In his first claim, Groff alleges that the evidence was insufficient to prove 

that the photographs he possessed were child pornography. See id. at 24-

25. Groff argues that violation of the child pornography statute, 18 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 6312(d), requires proof that the photographer’s purpose for taking the 

photograph is the photograph viewer’s sexual stimulation or gratification. 

Brief for Appellant at 24-25; see also id. at 17-19. Groff claims that whether 

the viewer used the photos for sexual purposes is irrelevant. Id. at 17-19, 

24-25. According to Groff, the Commonwealth failed to produce evidence 

proving that the photographs Groff possessed were taken by the photographer 

for the purpose of sexual stimulation or gratification. Id. at 24-25.
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We apply the following standard of review when considering a challenge 

to the sufficiency of the evidence:

[W]hether[,] viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light 

most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence 

to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond 

a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh 

the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In 

addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by 

the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of 

innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt may be 

resolved by the fact-finder[,] unless the evidence is so weak and 

inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be 

drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth 

may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime 

beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial 

evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record 

must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be 

considered. Finally, the finder of fact[,] while passing upon the 

credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced, 

is free to believe all, or part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Melvin, 103 A.3d 1, 39-40 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation 

omitted).

Section 6312(d) states, in relevant part, that “[a]ny person who 

intentionally views or knowingly possesses or controls any ... photograph ... 

depicting a child under the age of 18 years engaging in a prohibited sexual act 

or in the simulation of such act commits an offense.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(d). 

“Prohibited sexual act” is defined, in relevant part, as “nudity[,] if such nudity 

is depicted for the purpose of sexual stimulation or gratification of any person 

who might view such depiction.” Id. § 6312(g). “The term ‘for purposes of 

sexual stimulation or gratification of the viewer’ permits the fact-finder to 

distinguish between depictions [prohibited under § 6312(d)] from nude 
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depictions taken for legitimate scientific, medical or educational activities, 

which are specifically exempt under § 6312(f).” Commonwealth v. Savich, 

716 A.2d 1251, 1256 (Pa. Super. 1998).

Moreover, an ordinary person can certainly understand what 

conduct is prohibited and would have no need to guess at the 

meaning of the term “nudity” under Section 6312(a). The “nudity” 

qualifier does not create a subjective standard requiring people to 

guess at its meaning. The content, focus and setting of the 

images create an objective standard which allows a person of 

common intelligence to know what images are prohibited under 

the statute. ... [C]ommon sense and human experience dictate 

that an individual of ordinary intelligence, not a mind reader or a 

genius, can identify whether a photograph of a nude child depicts 

“nudity” for the purpose of sexual stimulation or gratification.

Commonwealth v. Davidson, 938 A.2d 198, 213 (Pa. 2007).

In its Opinion, the trial court addressed this claim as follows:

[Pictures 64 through 71] depict a young girl performing 

gymnastics in the nude. ... It is common sense that this is not the 

normal mode of dress for children when they are engaging in this 

activity. The photographs show images of the young girl in 

various revealing poses, some with her legs and arms spread 

open, accentuating the child’s breasts and genital area. The 

circumstances of the photograph reveal that they were not taken 

for any family, artistic[,] or other legitimate purpose. We find the 

jury was justified in finding these to be provocative and prone to 

incite sexual stimulation or gratification of someone who might 

view them. 

[Picture 17] shows a smiling young girl standing with her 

shoulders back and her legs spread open so that her breasts and 

genital area are prominent. Her hand rests on her thigh[,] with 

her other hand held slightly behind her, draping a towel under her 

genital area. She is alone and there is no evidence of any family 

setting. [Picture 32] is another picture of a solitary young girl, 

sitting with her legs apart, one arm behind her such that her 

breasts and genital area are prominent. She is also smiling and, 

again, there is no evidence of any family or other legitimate 

activity evident in the photograph. Considering all of these 
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circumstances, it was a reasonable inference for the jury to find 

that the nudity depicted in these images was intended for the 

purposes of sexual stimulation or gratification.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, together with all reasonable inferences favorable 

to the Commonwealth, the evidence is clearly sufficient to find 

[Groff] guilty of all elements of the offense beyond a reasonable 

doubt.

Trial Court Opinion, 11/8/18, at 11-12 (paragraph break added).

We agree with the sound reasoning and determination of the trial court, 

as set forth in its Opinion, and therefore affirm on this basis with regard to 

Groff’s sufficiency of the evidence claim. See id.

In his second claim, Groff alleges that the trial court should not have 

admitted evidence of (1) the male sex toys, including the homemade 

masturbation device, (2) hundreds of pornographic photographs not depicting 

minors, and (3) Groff’s admission to police of using the masturbation device 

while looking at the pictures at issue. See Brief for Appellant at 17-21. Like 

in his first argument, Groff argues that this evidence is not relevant, because 

violation of the child pornography statute, Section 6312(d), does not require 

proof that the viewer used the photos for sexual purposes. Id. at 17-19. 

Groff claims that the evidence was unduly prejudicial, and that the prejudice 

was compounded when the Commonwealth was permitted to argue that this 

evidence proved what Groff had intended to do with the pictures. Id. at 20-

21.

The admission of evidence
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is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will be reversed

only upon a showing that the trial court clearly abused its 

discretion. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of 

judgment, but is rather the overriding or misapplication of the law, 

or the exercise of judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, or 

the result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or partiality, as shown by the 

evidence of record.

Commonwealth v. Tyson, 119 A.3d 353, 357-58 (Pa. Super. 2015).

“All relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by 

law.” Pa.R.E. 402. “Evidence is relevant if ... it has any tendency to make a 

fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence ... and ... the 

fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Pa.R.E. 401(a), (b). 

However, this Court may affirm the judgment of sentence, even though 

irrelevant evidence was admitted by the trial court, where the trial court’s 

error was “harmless.” Commonwealth v. Vucich, 194 A.3d 1103, 1110 (Pa. 

Super. 2018).

Harmless error exists where: (1) the error did not prejudice the 

defendant or the prejudice was de minimis; (2) the erroneously 

admitted evidence was merely cumulative of other untainted 

evidence which was substantially similar to the erroneously 

admitted evidence; or (3) the properly admitted and 

uncontradicted evidence of guilt was so overwhelming and the 

prejudicial effect of the error was so insignificant by comparison 

that the error could not have contributed to the verdict.

Id. (brackets and internal citation omitted).

Here, Groff was charged with 71 counts of child pornography, with each 

count relating to a single picture. See N.T., 3/21/18, at 30. The 71 pictures 

were submitted in two different mediums, digital and hard-copy, in Exhibits 2, 

3, and 4. Id. at 55-59. However, Exhibits 2 and 3 also contained pictures 
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of adult pornography and the male sex device. Id. at 48-54, 67, 79-81. 

Additionally, Exhibit 5 contained pictures of adult pornography and of the 

homemade masturbation device. Id.; id. at 74-76. The trial court also 

admitted into evidence testimony of Groff’s admission to masturbating while 

looking at the photographs at issue. Id. at 86.

We find that the adult pornography pictures, the picture showing the 

male masturbation device, and the testimony regarding Groff’s admission to 

masturbating while looking at the photos was not relevant to prove that the 

photographs of children contained “nudity [] depicted for the purpose of sexual 

stimulation or gratification of any person who might view such depiction,” and 

should have been excluded. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(g); see also

Davidson, 938 A.2d at 213 (stating that “[t]he content, focus and setting of 

the images create an objective standard which allows a person of common 

intelligence to know what images are prohibited under the statute.”). 

However, despite Groff’s concession that the 71 photos all showed 

naked children, see N.T., 3/21/18, at 27, 116, the jury acquitted Groff of 61 

of the 71 charges. If the jury had agreed with the Commonwealth’s argument 

that they should consider Groff’s intent in viewing the photographs for 

purposes of Section 6312(g), and not the photographer’s, it could have found 

him guilty on all counts. Therefore, it is clear by the jury’s verdict that it was

not influenced by the admission of the contested evidence, and were able to 

distinguish between photos that depicted child “nudity for the purpose of 
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sexual stimulation or gratification of any person who might view such 

depiction,” and child nudity that does not fall within Section 6312(g). 

Accordingly, we conclude that any prejudice to Groff was de minimis, and we 

deny Groff relief on this claim. See Vucich, supra.

In his third claim, Groff alleges that the trial court (1) improperly 

permitted the Commonwealth to make a material misstatement of Section 

6312, and (2) exacerbated the error by giving an inadequate jury instruction 

regarding Section 6312. See Brief for Appellant at 21-24. Groff argues, as

in his first and second claims, that whether a picture constitutes child 

pornography is determined by the intent of the photographer, not the viewer. 

Id. Groff states that the trial court permitted the Commonwealth to advise 

the jury that the intent of the photograph viewer is determinative, and that 

the trial court’s jury instruction did the same. Id. We will address Groff’s 

claim regarding the jury instruction first.

In order to preserve a claim that a jury instruction was 

erroneously given, the Appellant must have objected to the charge 

at trial. See Commonwealth v. Spotz, ... 84 A.3d 294, 318 n. 

18 ([Pa.] 2014) (citations omitted); Pa.R.A.P. 302(b) (“A general 

exception to the charge to the jury will not preserve an issue for 

appeal. Specific exception shall be taken to the language or 

omission complained of.”); Pa.R.Crim.P. 647(B) (“No portions of 

the charge nor omissions from the charge may be assigned as 

error, unless specific objections are made thereto before the jury 

retires to deliberate.”). As our Supreme Court has explained:

The pertinent rules, therefore, require a specific 

objection to the charge or an exception to the trial 

court’s ruling on a proposed point to preserve an issue 

involving a jury instruction. Although obligating 

counsel to take this additional step where a specific 
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point for charge has been rejected may appear 

counterintuitive, as the requested instruction can be 

viewed as alerting the trial court to a defendant's 

substantive legal position, it serves the salutary 

purpose of affording the court an opportunity to avoid 

or remediate potential error, thereby eliminating the 

need for appellate review of an otherwise correctable 

issue.

Commonwealth v. Parker, 104 A.3d 17, 29 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation 

omitted).

Here, following his recitation of the jury instructions, the trial judge 

asked counsel for the Commonwealth and Groff whether any corrections or 

additions needed to be made, and both sides responded “[n]o, Your Honor.” 

See N.T., 3/21/18, at 157. Accordingly, Groff did not make a specific 

objection to the trial court’s jury instruction at trial, and this claim is waived. 

See Parker, supra. 

We will next consider Groff’s claim regarding the prosecution’s alleged 

misstatement of law in his closing argument. 

It is well established that a prosecutor is free to argue that 

the evidence leads to guilt and is permitted to suggest all 

favorable and reasonable inferences that arise from the evidence. 

A prosecutor also may argue his case with logical force and vigor. 

Additionally, a trial court’s decision not to grant a new trial based 

on prosecutorial misconduct will not be reversed on appeal absent 

an abuse of discretion. 

Commonwealth v. Rios, 684 A.2d 1025, 1032-33 (Pa. 1996) (citations 

omitted). Moreover, in order to find in appellant’s favor, we must find that 

the misstatement of law prejudiced the appellant. See Spotz, 18 A.3d at 293 
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(declining to find in favor of appellant where the prosecutor’s misstatement of 

law did not prejudice the appellant).

Here, the prosecutor made a misstatement of law by stating that the 

jury must look at Groff’s intent in order to determine whether the pictures 

contained “nudity [] depicted for the purpose of sexual stimulation or 

gratification of any person who might view such depiction.” See N.T.,

3/21/18, at 131-33; see also 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6312(g); Davidson, 938 A.2d 

at 213 (stating that “[t]he content, focus and setting of the images create an 

objective standard which allows a person of common intelligence to know what 

images are prohibited under the statute.”). However, the jury acquitted Groff 

on 61 of the 71 charges, despite his concession that all 71 pictures depicted 

naked children. See N.T., 3/21/18, at 27, 116. Had the jury been persuaded 

by the prosecutor’s argument, it could have found Groff guilty on all 71 

charges. Accordingly, Groff was not prejudiced by the prosecutor’s 

misstatement of law, and we deny Groff relief on this claim. See Spotz, 

supra.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judge Stabile joins the memorandum.

Judge McLaughlin concurs in the result.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 1/13/2020