Filed 4/30/14 Helping Hand Tools v. San Diego Air Pollution Cont. Dist. etc. CA4/1 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION ONE 

STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

HELPING HAND TOOLS, 

 Plaintiff and Appellant, 

 v. 

SAN DIEGO AIR POLLUTION CONTROL 

DISTRICT HEARING BOARD, 

 Defendant and Respondent; 

TODD T. CARDIFF, 

 Objector and Appellant. 

 D063313 

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2012-00094152-

 CU-TT-CTL) 

 APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, William S. 

Dato, Judge. Affirmed. 

 Law Office of Todd T. Cardiff and Todd T. Cardiff for Plaintiff and Appellant and 

for Objector and Appellant. 

 Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, and C. Ellen Pilsecker, Chief Deputy 

County Counsel, for Defendant and Respondent San Diego Air Pollution Control District 

Hearing Board. 
2 

 Helping Hand Tools (HHT) and its trial counsel, Todd Cardiff (together, 

Appellants), appeal a judgment ordering them to pay $6,000 in sanctions under the 

California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), which authorizes the imposition of 

sanctions against a party and its counsel for asserting a frivolous CEQA claim. (Pub. 

Resources Code, § 21169.11.) As a result of settlements that occurred while this appeal 

was pending, Appellants have substantially recast their issues presented. They now ask 

us to determine only whether (1) the trial court correctly identified the decisionmaking 

body to which HHT should have appealed a district's determination that a project was 

exempt from CEQA, and (2) "[w]hether sanctions were properly awarded against 

Appellants . . . when they based their action on published case law." We conclude the 

trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining these issues, and will affirm. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

Statutory Context 

 This appeal arises in the context of regulatory approvals issued by a local air 

pollution control district. We therefore begin by providing a brief overview of the 

complex statutory framework governing those entities. 

 The Legislature has enacted "an intensive, coordinated state, regional, and local 

effort to protect and enhance the ambient air quality of the state." (Health & Saf. Code, 

§ 39001; further undesignated statutory references are to the Health & Safety Code.). 

"Local and regional authorities have the primary responsibility for control of air pollution 

from all sources other than vehicular sources." (§§ 39002, 39025, 39037, 40000.) 
3 

 The San Diego County Air Pollution Control District (District) is the local 

authority for San Diego County. The San Diego County Board of Supervisors (Board of 

Supervisors) is ex officio the District's elected governing board. (§§ 40100, 40100.5, 

subd. (e).) In that capacity, the Board of Supervisors sits as the Air Pollution Control 

Board (APCB). The APCB (i) establishes the permit system (§ 42300); (ii) adopts 

District rules and regulations and the District's annual permit fees (§§ 40725, 42311); 

(iii) appoints the Air Pollution Control Officer (§ 40750), who appoints District personnel 

subject to the direction of the APCB (§ 40751) and is authorized to issue Authorizations 

to Construct (ATCs), which are prerequisites to constructing or modifying stationary 

sources of air contaminants (§ 40752); and (iv) has the authority to issue orders of 

abatement against those in violation of permit conditions (§ 42450). 

 The APCB also appoints the members of the San Diego County Air Pollution 

Control District Hearing Board (Hearing Board), which is an independent body that hears 

appeals of the District's permit decisions. (§§ 40800 et seq.) The Hearing Board has five 

members, none of whom may be District officers or employees. (§§ 40800, 40801, 

40803.) 

The Project's History 

 This lawsuit arose from efforts that began in 2007 to upgrade the turbine in a 

power plant in Escondido, California that was originally approved in 2001. Real parties 

in interest Escondido Energy Center, LLC and Wellhead Electric Co., Inc. (together, 

Wellhead), through a predecessor in interest, applied to the District for an ATC to allow 

the turbine upgrade. The District issued an ATC authorizing the upgrade in July 2008, 
4 

but because the turbine replacement did not immediately occur as anticipated, the District 

extended the ATC several times through 2011 and approved the transfer of the ATC from 

the predecessor in interest to Wellhead. 

 In 2011, Wellhead applied to the District to change certain conditions in the ATC, 

including to allow Wellhead to retain the existing "selective catalytic reduction" (SCR) 

system. On December 20, 2011, the District approved the requested modification, but 

neglected to address the request regarding the SCR system. Wellhead requested that the 

District correct the oversight regarding the SCR system, as well as make other technical 

adjustments to the ATC. The District did so on January 19, 2012. The District also 

found the revisions to be exempt from CEQA. Accordingly, the following month, the 

District filed with the county clerk notices of exemption (NOEs) for the December 20, 

2011 and January 19, 2012 ATC modification approvals. 

HHT's Challenges to the Project 

 In the meantime, HHT's executive director, Rob Simpson, asked the District to 

place him on its public interest list and to provide a copy of any existing or proposed 

permits for the Escondido power plant. On January 19, 2012, the District provided 

Simpson a copy of the December 20, 2011 and January 19, 2012 ATCs. 

 On February 16, 2012, HHT's attorney, Cardiff, wrote to the District to complain 

of a lack of public notice regarding the ATC revisions and to "demand[] the right to 

appeal the ATC . . . to the Hearing Board." Cardiff's letter continued, "In addition, an 

appeal to elected officials must be available to challenge" the District's NOEs. Later in 

the letter, Cardiff asserted "environmental determinations under CEQA must be available 
5 

for appeal to elected officials. (Pub. Res. Code § 21151(c).) Thus, the permit and Notice 

of Exemption . . . must be able to be appealed. Therefore, [the District] should permit my 

Client to appeal the ATC to the Air District Hearing Board (aka County Board of 

Supervisors)." 

 The District's counsel responded by e-mail the following day, disagreeing with 

Cardiff's challenges to the project, but explaining HHT's appellate rights as follows: 

"If[,] however, your client desires to appeal these actions, the procedures for doing so are 

set forth in District Rule 25 . . . . Additionally, please note that the elected decisionmaking body for the Air Pollution Control District is the San Diego County Board of 

Supervisors, sitting as the Air Pollution Control Board." 

 On February 21, 2012, HHT filed a "petition for hearing board action" challenging 

the January ATC and February NOEs. On March 12, HHT amended its petition to the 

Hearing Board to clarify that HHT also challenged the December 20, 2011 ATC. 

 On March 15, 2012, the District filed an answer and memorandum of points and 

authorities in opposition to HHT's petition to the Hearing Board. In it, the District argued 

the merits of HHT's petition, but also argued the Hearing Board lacked jurisdiction to 

hear appeals of CEQA determinations. 

 The following day, HHT filed a complaint and petition for writ of mandamus in 

superior court seeking to set aside the ATC and NOEs. The complaint named the 

District, its director, the Hearing Board (which the complaint alleged was "made up of the 

members of the [County Board of Supervisors]"), and Wellhead. (Italics added.) In its 

cause of action for declaratory relief, HHT alleged a controversy existed because HHT 
6 

contended "CEQA determinations such as exemptions must be available to be appealed 

to an elected body for a final decision pursuant to Public Resources Code section 

21151(c)," whereas the District contended the "Hearing Board does not have jurisdiction 

to hear the appeal of the Notices of Exemption." 

 The Hearing Board heard HHT's appeal on March 22, 2012—the last possible day 

it could have timely heard the matter. (§ 42302.1 [hearing boards must hear appeal and 

render decision within 30 days of request for hearing].) The Hearing Board heard 

argument and testimony regarding whether it had jurisdiction to hear the CEQA appeal. 

Ultimately, however, the Hearing Board never took action because quorum was lost after 

two members left to attend other engagements and the chairman disqualified himself after 

he concluded he could not resolve the matter in an unbiased manner because of HHT's 

pending lawsuit against the Hearing Board. 

Trial Court Proceedings 

 On April 25, 2012, Wellhead answered HHT's superior court complaint by, among 

other things, admitting HHT's allegation that "the Notices of Exemption were appealable 

to the San Diego County Board of Supervisors, the elected decisionmaking body of the 

APCD, pursuant to Public Resources Code section 21151(c)." 

 Two days later, HHT filed an amended complaint and writ petition. Among other 

things, the amended pleading alleged HHT had exhausted its administrative remedies by 

pursuing the appeal to the Hearing Board, and clarified that the Hearing Board "is made 

up of the members appointed by" the Board of Supervisors. (Italics added.) 
7 

 In their answers to the amended complaint, the District, its director, and Wellhead 

asserted HHT had failed to exhaust its administrative remedies with respect to the NOEs 

because they "could have been appealed by HHT to the San Diego County Board of 

Supervisors, the elected Governing Board of the [District], pursuant to Public Resources 

Code section 21151(c), but that HHT failed to do so." 

 The parties briefed the merits of HHT's claims to the trial court. The Hearing 

Board also moved for an award of sanctions against HHT under Public Resources Code 

section 21169.11, which authorizes the trial court to impose sanctions against a party and 

its counsel for asserting a frivolous CEQA claim. The focus of the Hearing Board's 

motion was that HHT's claims against it were frivolous because the Hearing Board took 

no action regarding the ATC or the NOEs due to the loss of quorum. 

 The District, its director, and Wellhead also filed a motion jointly seeking 

sanctions against HHT for bringing a frivolous CEQA claim. Their motion argued 

HHT's CEQA claim was frivolous because HHT failed to exhaust its administrative 

remedies by appealing the NOEs to the District's elected governing body, the Board of 

Supervisors. 

 HHT opposed both sanctions motions primarily on the ground that it was not 

required to appeal the NOEs to the Board of Supervisors because that board was not a 

decisionmaking body under CEQA because it did not have jurisdiction to approve, deny, 

or modify the permit. 
8 

 The trial court heard the merits of the case and the two sanction motions on 

October 4, 2012. In a subsequent minute order, the court ruled against HHT on the 

merits of its claims regarding the ATC, and concluded HHT failed to exhaust its 

administrative remedies for its CEQA claims by failing to appeal the NOEs to the Board 

of Supervisors. Based on its conclusion that the Hearing Board "had nothing to do with 

the CEQA notice of exemption," the court granted the Hearing Board's motion for 

sanctions and ordered HHT and Cardiff to pay the Hearing Board $6,000. The court 

denied the other parties' motion for sanctions. The court entered judgment on 

November 28, 2012. 

 HHT appealed the judgment on the merits, and HHT and Cardiff appealed as to 

the award of sanctions. On appeal, the parties resolved their dispute on the merits, 

leaving unresolved only HHT and Cardiff's appeal on the sanctions award. 

DISCUSSION 

 As a result of the parties' settlement, Appellants now ask us to review the propriety 

of the sanctions award by determining (1) "[w]hether the Hearing Board is the proper 

body to consider CEQA on administrative appeal," and (2) "[w]hether sanctions were 

properly awarded against Appellants . . . when they based their action on published case 

law." 

A. Guiding Legal Principles Regarding Sanction Awards 

 Public Resources Code section 21169.11 provides that "[i]f the court determines 

that a [CEQA] claim is frivolous, the court may impose an appropriate sanction, in an 

amount up to ten thousand dollars ($10,000), upon the attorneys, law firms, or parties 
9 

responsible for the violation." (Pub. Resources Code, § 21169.11, subd. (b).) The statute 

defines " 'frivolous' " as "totally and completely without merit." (Id., subd. (c).) 

Although we have not found any cases further construing the phrases " 'frivolous' " or 

"totally and completely without merit" in the specific context of section 21169.11, courts 

interpreting the same phrases in other statutory contexts have applied an objective 

standard, asking if any reasonable attorney would agree that the position is totally devoid 

of merit. (E.g., Levy v. Blum (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 625, 634-635 [Code Civ. Proc., 

§ 128.5]); Chitsazzadeh v. Kramer & Kaslow (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 676, 683 [antiSLAPP provision of Code Civ. Proc., § 425.16, subd. (c)(1)]; People v. Smith (2013) 216 

Cal.App.4th 947, 951 [Sexually Violent Predator Act, Welf & Inst. Code, § 6608, subd. 

(a)].) Generally speaking, a contention is not frivolous if it is "arguable," even though it 

"lacks persuasive force." (Guillemin v. Stein (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 156, 168 

(Guillemin).) 

 We ordinarily review an award of sanctions under the deferential abuse of 

discretion standard. (Optimal Markets, Inc. v. Salant (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 912, 921.) 

"Assuming some evidence exists in support of the factual findings, the trial court's 

exercise of discretion will not be disturbed unless it exceeds the bounds of reason." 

(West Coast Development v. Reed (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 693, 698.) "But where a 

question of statutory construction is presented in the course of the review of a 

discretionary decision, such issues are legal matters subject to de novo review." (Optimal 

Markets, Inc. v. Salant, at p. 921.) 
10 

B. The Hearing Board Is Not the Proper Body to Consider CEQA on Administrative 

Appeal 

 Appellants contend the trial court abused its discretion in awarding sanctions 

because it misinterpreted Public Resources Code section 21151, subdivision (c), which 

provides that "[i]f a nonelected decisionmaking body of a local lead agency . . . 

determines that a project is not subject to [CEQA], that . . . determination may be 

appealed to the agency's elected decisionmaking body, if any." The guidelines 

implementing CEQA define a "[d]ecision-making body" as "any person or group of 

people within a public agency permitted by law to approve or disapprove the project at 

issue." (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 15356.) 

 Appellants argue the Board of Supervisors—admittedly an elected governing body 

of the District—nevertheless is not a decisionmaking body because it does not have the 

authority to approve or disapprove a project. In doing so, Appellants rely heavily on No 

Wetlands Landfill Expansion v. County of Marin (2012) 204 Cal.App.4th 573 (No 

Wetlands). The trial court found No Wetlands distinguishable. We do too. 

 In No Wetlands, the Marin County Environmental Health Services (Marin EHS) 

issued a permit for expansion of a landfill after certifying as complete an environmental 

impact report (EIR) prepared under CEQA. (No Wetlands, supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 577.) An association of local residents claimed a right to appeal Marin EHS's 

certification of the EIR to the Marin County Board of Supervisors under Public 

Resources Code section 21151, subdivision (c). (Id. at p. 579.) The county refused to 

hear the appeal on the basis that Marin EHS was acting as the designated representative 
11 

of the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) and not 

on behalf of the county. (Id. at p. 579.) The residents sued and obtained a writ of 

mandate ordering the defendants to vacate the EIR certification and to allow an 

administrative appeal to the board of supervisors. (Id. at p. 580.) The defendants 

appealed to the First District Court of Appeal, Division Four, which reversed. 

 Our colleagues explained that under the statutory scheme at issue before them—

the Integrated Waste Management Act (Waste Act) (Pub. Resources Code, §§ 40000 et 

seq.)—the "Board of Supervisors has no power to approve or disapprove the project at 

issue and thus is not an elected decisionmaking body empowered to hear plaintiffs' 

appeal." (No Wetlands, supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 584.) But there are material 

differences between the Marin County Board of Supervisors' role under the Waste Act 

and the San Diego County Board of Supervisors' role under the laws governing air 

pollution control districts. Although a "county's board of supervisors may designate a 

local enforcement agency under the Waste Act to inspect, issue permits, and enforce 

regulations at solid waste landfills," (id. at p. 581; Pub. Resources Code §§ 43200, 43203, 

subd. (a)), the "local enforcement agency is not, however, authorized to issue a[] . . . 

permit under its own power." (No Wetlands, supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 581; Pub. 

Resources Code §§ 44007, 44009, subd. (a)(1).) Instead, the local enforcement agency 

must submit the proposed permit to CalRecycle for the state agency's consideration, and 

the local agency may issue a permit only with CalRecycle's concurrence. By contrast, the 

District, through its Air Pollution Control Officer—an APCB (aka Board of Supervisors) 
12 

appointee—independently issues ATCs and permits to operate without review or 

approval by a supervising state agency. (Health & Saf. Code, §§ 40750, 40752.) 

 The appellate process for permit decisions under the Waste Act also differs 

dramatically. Although the Waste Act and air pollution control district laws both 

authorize local governing bodies to appoint members of a hearing board to hear appeals 

of permit decisions, local hearing board decisions under the Waste Act are subject to 

further appeal to CalRecycle. (Pub. Resources Code, § 45040, subd. (a).) There is no 

similar appellate oversight for air pollution control district hearing boards. 

 Given the material distinctions between the powers vested in local agencies under 

the Waste Act and air pollution control district laws, we are not surprised the No 

Wetlands court concluded a county board of supervisors is not a decisionmaking body 

under the Waste Act. International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union, Local 

35 v. Board of Supervisors (1981) 116 Cal.App.3d 265 (International Longshoremen's) 

provides a good example of why that conclusion does not extend to air pollution control 

districts. 

 In International Longshoremen's, the San Bernardino County Board of 

Supervisors, acting as the governing board of the county's air pollution control district, 

authorized the reconstruction and expansion of an alkaline mining plant for which an EIR 

had been prepared and certified. (International Longshoremen's, supra, 116 Cal.App.3d 

at p. 268.) The board required the plant to comply with a district rule regarding certain 

emissions, but further provided that if the plant could not meet those requirements using 

best available techniques, the district would amend its rule to allow whatever emissions 
13 

level the plant could achieve using the best available technology. (Id. at pp. 268-269.) 

The board of supervisors (acting in that capacity) later certified a supplemental EIR that 

addressed certain modifications to the plant expansion. (Id. at p. 269.) Later, the board, 

as the governing body of the air pollution control district, held a hearing at which they 

approved a rule change that was drafted in such a way as to allow increased emissions 

only from the alkaline plant. (Ibid.) In adopting the rule change, the board determined 

the action was categorically exempt from CEQA. (Ibid.) The union representing a 

majority of the plant workers and an environmental protection group sued to challenge 

the categorical exemption. (Id. at p. 270.) The trial court found the lawsuit untimely 

under CEQA, but the Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division Two reversed. 

 After finding the lawsuit timely, the court examined the merits of the CEQA 

claim. (International Longshoremen's, supra, 116 Cal.App.3d at pp. 270-276.) The 

court concluded the board of supervisors, acting as the governing board of the district, 

failed to properly consider the required factors under CEQA. (Id. at pp. 275-276.) 

Accordingly, the court reversed with directions to issue a writ of mandate commanding 

the board to set aside its rule change and to conduct further proceedings in conformity 

with the requirements of CEQA. (Id. at p. 277.) 

 Appellants attempt to distinguish International Longshoremen's on the basis that 

the board of supervisors engaged in rulemaking as opposed to administrative project 

approval. We are not persuaded. Rather, the case persuasively demonstrates how 

sweeping an elected air pollution control board's authority is, effectively allowing spotlegislative approvals of projects. Moreover, although the International Longshoremen's 
14 

court reversed the specific rule amendment, it did not do so on the basis that the board 

was without the power to change it, but rather, on the basis that the board needed to apply 

CEQA more thoroughly. 

 Based on our reading of CEQA, No Wetlands, and International Longshoremen's, 

we conclude the Board of Supervisors, sitting as the APCB, is the District's elected 

decisionmaking body within the meaning of Public Resources Code section 21151, 

subdivision (c). Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding 

HHT was required to appeal the NOEs to the Board of Supervisors instead of the Hearing 

Board. 

 Appellants also contend they were excused from appealing to the Board of 

Supervisors because the District lacked a specific rule or procedure specifying how such 

an appeal is to be taken. On this record, we are not convinced. First, Appellants assert—

without any supporting authority—that "Public Resources Code section 21151 does not 

provide an independent basis for appealing a CEQA determination to the Board of 

Supervisors." As we just explained, however, we conclude it does. Moreover, as a result 

of Appellants' admitted failure to attempt an appeal to the Board of Supervisors, the 

record is silent as to whether the Board of Supervisors' rules and procedures specifically 

address appeals of CEQA determinations made by the District. This point was not lost on 

the trial court: 

"Mr. Cardiff: There's nothing in the record that shows that the 

Board of Supervisors has ever considered a [sic] appeal of a CEQA 

decision for an ATC." 
15 

"The Court: Mr. Cardiff, that's why I asked you the question 

whether you tried to do that. Because if you did, if you had made 

inquiry to the Board of Supervisors, to the clerk, to somebody, and 

you were told [']no, you can't do this,['] then I think that becomes 

more of a concern. But you didn't do that." 

The record's silence in this regard is fatal to Appellants' challenge. (E.g., Estrada v. 

Ramirez (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 618, 620, fn. 1 ["It is the burden of appellant to provide 

an accurate record on appeal to demonstrate error. Failure to do so precludes an adequate 

review and results in affirmance of the trial court's determination."].) 

 Moreover, the inverse of Appellants' assertion was true—there was something in 

the record that showed the Hearing Board had never considered a CEQA appeal: one 

member of the Hearing Board stated at the hearing that in his 20 years on the board he 

could not remember ever hearing a CEQA matter. 

C. Appellants' Purported Reliance on No Wetlands Does Not Render the Sanctions 

Award Improper 

 Appellants assert throughout their briefing that their reliance on No Wetlands

rendered their CEQA claim against the Hearing Board arguable and, thus, immune from 

sanctions. (See, e.g., Guillemin, supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at p. 168 [a contention is not 

frivolous if it is "arguable," even though it "lacks persuasive force"].) We are not 

persuaded. To begin with, Appellants could not possibly have relied on No Wetlands at 

the time they filed their petition with the Hearing Board—No Wetlands had not been 

decided by then. Nor could appellants have relied on No Wetlands when they filed the 

initial complaint in superior court—No Wetlands still had not been decided (a point 

Appellants curiously concede in their opening brief). 
16 

 All the while, Appellants conducted themselves as if they were entitled to appeal 

the NOEs to the District's elected decisionmaking body. They did so in their initial 

demand letter, which expressly identified the Board of Supervisors as the elected 

decisionmaking body for the District. In response, the District's counsel immediately 

notified Appellants the elected decisionmaking body for the District is the Board of 

Supervisors sitting as the APCB. The District reiterated the Hearing Board's lack of 

jurisdiction in its response to HHT's Hearing Board petition. HHT's executive director 

testified before the Hearing Board that HHT's response to being notified that the Hearing 

Board lacked jurisdiction over CEQA appeals was to file a lawsuit, not an appeal to the 

Board of Supervisors. HHT's original complaint similarly invoked its right to appeal 

"CEQA determinations such as exemptions . . . to an elected body for a final decision 

pursuant to Public Resources Code section 21151(c) . . . ." The trial court identified 

Appellants' persistent pursuit of their appeal to the wrong board as part of the basis for 

sanctions. Under the circumstances, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its 

discretion in doing so.

 Additionally, although we decline to invoke formally the doctrine of judicial 

estoppel (as respondents have requested), Appellants' inconsistent positions further 

establish the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding Appellants did not act 

reasonably under the circumstances. 

 Finally, because we have concluded the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

awarding sanctions on the basis that it did, we have not considered the alternative bases 

proffered on appeal by the Hearing Board. 
17 

DISPOSITION 

 The judgment is affirmed. The Hearing Board is entitled to costs on appeal. 

McINTYRE, J. 

WE CONCUR: 

HUFFMAN, Acting P. J. 

O'ROURKE, J.