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WO 

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA 

Michael Heffley, 

Plaintiff, 

v. 

Commissioner of Social Security 

Administration, 

Defendant.

No. CV-15-08241-PCT- JZB

ORDER 

 Plaintiff Michael Heffley seeks review of the Social Security Administration 

Commissioner’s decision denying him social security benefits under the Social Security 

Act. (Doc. 1; Doc. 17.) For reasons below, the Court will affirm the Commissioner’s 

decision. 

I. Background 

 On February 1, 2012, Plaintiff filed an Application for disability insurance 

benefits. (AR1

 at 143-46.) Plaintiff asserts disability beginning on December 3, 2010. 

(Id. at 143.) Plaintiff’s Application was initially denied on September 20, 2012 (id. at 41), 

and upon reconsideration on May 8, 2013 (id. at 54). On June 10, 2013, Plaintiff 

requested a hearing. (Id at 84-85.) After holding a hearing, Administrative Law Judge 

(ALJ) Joan G. Knight denied Plaintiff’s request for benefits in a decision dated July 16, 

2014. (Id. at 18.) On August 26, 2015, the Appeals Council denied review of the ALJ’s 

 

1

 Citations to “AR” are to the administrative record. 

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decision, making the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the Commissioner of the Social 

Security Administration. (Id. at 1-5.) 

 Having exhausted the administrative review process, on October 29, 2015, 

Plaintiff sought judicial review of the ALJ’s decision by filing a Complaint in this Court 

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). (Doc. 1.) On March 14, 2016, Plaintiff filed an Opening 

Brief, seeking remand of this case to the Social Security Administration for an award of 

benefits. (Doc. 17.) On April 27, 2016, Defendant filed a Response Brief in support of 

the Commissioner’s decision. (Doc. 22.) On May 10, 2016, Plaintiff filed a Reply Brief. 

(Doc. 23.) 

II. Legal Standards 

a. Standard of Review 

 The Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), provides for judicial review of the 

Commissioner’s disability benefits determinations. The Court may set aside the 

Commissioner’s disability determination only if the determination is not supported by 

substantial evidence or is based on legal error. Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 

2007); Marcia v. Sullivan, 900 F.2d 172, 174 (9th Cir. 1990). “‘Substantial evidence’ 

means more than a mere scintilla, but less than a preponderance; it is such relevant 

evidence as a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 

Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007); see also Reddick v. Chater,

157 F.3d 715, 720 (9th Cir. 1998). 

 In determining whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision, the 

Court considers the record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and that 

which detracts from the ALJ’s conclusions. Reddick, 157 F.3d at 720; Tylitzki v. Shalala, 

999 F.2d 1411, 1413 (9th Cir. 1993). The ALJ is responsible for resolving conflicts, 

ambiguity, and determining credibility. Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 

1995); Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 750 (9th Cir. 1989). The Court “must 

uphold the ALJ’s decision where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational 

interpretation.” Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039. “However, a reviewing court must consider 

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the entire record as a whole and may not affirm simply by isolating a ‘specific quantum 

of supporting evidence.’” Orn, 495 F.3d at 630 (quoting Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 

F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006)). The Court reviews only those issues raised by the party 

challenging the ALJ’s decision. See Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 517 n.13 (9th Cir. 

2001). Moreover, the Court reviews “only the reasons provided by the ALJ in the 

disability determination and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which he did not 

rely.” Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1010 (9th Cir. 2014).

b. The ALJ’s Five-Step Evaluation Process 

 To be eligible for Social Security benefits, a claimant must show an “inability to 

engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable 

physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has 

lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 

U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A); see also Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999). A 

person is under a disability only: 

if his physical or mental impairment or impairments are of 

such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy. 

42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(A). 

 The ALJ follows a five-step evaluation process to determine whether an applicant 

is disabled under the Social Security Act: 

The five-step process for disability determinations begins, at the first and second steps, by asking whether a claimant is engaged in “substantial gainful activity” and considering the severity of the claimant’s impairments. See 20 C.F.R. § 

416.920(a)(4)(i)-(ii). If the inquiry continues beyond the 

second step, the third step asks whether the claimant’s 

impairment or combination of impairments meets or equals a listing under 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 1 and meets the duration requirement. See id. § 416.920(a)(4)(iii). If so, the 

claimant is considered disabled and benefits are awarded, 

ending the inquiry. See id. If the process continues beyond the third step, the fourth and fifth steps consider the claimant’s “residual functional capacity” in determining whether the claimant can still do past relevant work or make an adjustment to other work. See id. § 416.920(a)(4)(iv)-(v). 

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Kennedy v. Colvin, 738 F.3d 1172, 1175 (9th Cir. 2013). “The burden of proof is on the 

claimant at steps one through four, but shifts to the Commissioner at step five.” Bray v. 

Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1222 (9th Cir. 2009). 

Applying the five-step evaluation process, the ALJ found that Plaintiff is not 

disabled and is not entitled to benefits. (Id. at 18.) At step one, the ALJ found that 

Plaintiff meets the insured status requirements of the Social Security Act through 

December 31, 2015, and Plaintiff has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since 

December 3, 2010, the alleged onset date. (Id. at 12.) At step two, the ALJ determined 

that Plaintiff has the following severe impairments: “degenerative disc disease of the 

cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine; degenerative joint disease of the feet; osteoporosis; 

status post orchiectomy with groin pain; and left hip degenerative changes (20 CFR 

404.1520(c)).” (Id.) 

At step three, the ALJ found that “[Plaintiff] does not have an impairment or 

combination of impairments that meets or medically equals the severity of one of the 

listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (20 CFR 404.1520(d), 

404.1525 and 404.1526.).” (Id. at 14.) At step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff “has the 

residual functional capacity to perform a range of sedentary work as defined in 20 CFR 

404.1567(a) except: [Plaintiff] can frequently climb ramps and stairs and can 

occasionally climb ladders ropes and scaffolds. He should avoid concentrated exposure to 

extreme cold, wetness and vibration and should avoid even moderate exposure to 

hazards.” (Id.) The ALJ determined that Plaintiff could perform his past work as a 

manager/distribution warehouse. (Id. at 18.) Given that finding, the ALJ concluded that 

Plaintiff is not disabled under sections 216(i) and 223(d) of the Social Security Act. (Id.) 

III. Analysis 

Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in weighing the medical opinion evidence, 

discounting Plaintiff’s symptom testimony, and failing to rely on a hypothetical from the 

vocational expert in determining that Plaintiff can perform his past relevant work. (Doc. 

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17.) The Court addresses these arguments below.2

a. Weighing of Medical Opinion Evidence 

i. Legal Standard 

 The Ninth Circuit distinguishes between the opinions of treating physicians, 

examining physicians, and non-examining physicians. See Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 

830 (9th Cir. 1995). Generally, an ALJ should give greatest weight to a treating 

physician’s opinion and more weight to the opinion of an examining physician than to 

one of a non-examining physician. See Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1040-41; see also 20 C.F.R. 

§ 404.1527(c)(2)-(6). If it is not contradicted by another doctor’s opinion, the opinion of 

a treating or examining physician can be rejected only for “clear and convincing” 

reasons. Lester, 81 F.3d at 830 (citing Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418, 422 (9th Cir. 

1988)). “If a treating or examining doctor’s opinion is contradicted by another doctor’s 

opinion, an ALJ may only reject it by providing specific and legitimate reasons that are 

supported by substantial evidence.” Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1012 (quoting Ryan v. 

Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1198 (9th Cir. 2008)). 

 An ALJ can meet the “specific and legitimate reasons” standard “by setting out a 

detailed and thorough summary of the facts and conflicting clinical evidence, stating his 

interpretation thereof, and making findings.” Cotton v. Bowen, 799 F.2d 1403, 1408 (9th 

Cir. 1986). But “[t]he ALJ must do more than offer his conclusions. He must set forth 

his own interpretations and explain why they, rather than the doctors’, are correct.” 

Embrey, 849 F.2d at 421-22. “The opinion of a non-examining physician cannot by itself 

constitute substantial evidence that justifies the rejection of the opinion of either an 

examining or a treating physician.” Lester, 81 F.3d at 831 (emphasis in original) 

(citations omitted). 

ii. Dr. Brad Hayman’s Opinions 

 

2

 In the “Statement of Issues Presented For Review” section on page three of Plaintiff’s Opening Brief, Plaintiff references the ALJ’s “failure to follow the Appeals Council’s remand order.” (Doc. 17 at 3.) However, there is no mention of a “remand 

order” in the remainder of Plaintiff’s Opening Brief or in his Reply Brief. Therefore, the Court will disregard Plaintiff’s reference to such an order. 

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 Plaintiff complains that the ALJ failed to provide specific and legitimate reasons 

supported by substantial evidence for the weight given to Dr. Hayman’s opinions. (Doc. 

17 at 9.) 

 On June 24, 2013, Dr. Hayman, Plaintiff’s treating podiatrist, completed a Medical 

Source Statement of Physical Ability to Do Work-Related Activities. (AR 456-57.) Dr. 

Hayman opined that Plaintiff suffers from “severe painful arthritis of the right 1st

metatarsal phalangeal joint.” (Id. at 456.) Dr. Hayman further opined that Plaintiff can 

occasionally and frequently lift and/or carry less than five pounds, can stand and/or walk 

for less than one hour, can sit for eight hours, needs to elevate his right leg/foot for 30 

minutes every hour, can never climb, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl, and is 

unlimited in reaching, handling, fingering, feeling, seeing, hearing, and speaking. (Id. at 

456-57.) Dr. Hayman stated that Plaintiff does not use an assistive device, and he opined 

that Plaintiff does not have any environmental restrictions. (Id. at 456.) Dr. Hayman 

further opined that Plaintiff’s limitations are “perpetual unless [Plaintiff] has the 

recommended surgery.” (Id. at 457.) 

 The ALJ gave Dr. Hayman’s opinions little weight because those opinions are 

inconsistent with Plaintiff’s statements regarding his daily activities and other portions of 

Plaintiff’s testimony and/or his other reports in the record, including the amount Plaintiff 

can lift, and that his pain was reduced with medication, orthotics and limiting the amount 

of time on his feet. (Id. at 16-17.) The Court finds that the ALJ’s citation to Plaintiff 

having good pain control with medication and staying off of his feet, alone, is an 

insufficient basis to discount Dr. Hayman’s opinions. However, the ALJ cited to 

evidence that directly contradicts relevant portions of Dr. Hayman’s opinions, which the 

Court does find sufficient. More specifically, Plaintiff testified and/or reported in other 

portions of the record that he exercises for an hour on a daily basis, sees a personal trainer 

two to three days a week for an hour, he was digging and working on irrigation systems 

during the time he alleges to have been disabled, he is able to lift 15 pounds, and he can 

shop. (Id. at 174-75, 370, 450, 686, 725, 936.) This evidence directly contradicts Dr. 

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Hayman’s opinion that Plaintiff can stand for less than one hour during an eight-hour 

work day, can carry less than five pounds, and can never climb, balance, stoop, kneel, 

crouch, or crawl. The Court finds these inconsistencies to be sufficiently specific, 

legitimate, and supported by substantial evidence. Morgan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 

Admin., 169 F.3d 595, 602-03 (9th Cir. 1999) (an ALJ can properly discount the opinion 

of a treating physician because it is inconsistent with other evidence in the record). 

iii. Dr. El-Harakeh’s Opinions 

 On June 24, 2013, Dr. El-Harakeh, a pulmonologist, completed a Medical Source 

Statement of Physical Ability to Do Work-Related Activities form. (AR 454-55.) Dr. ElHarakeh opined that Plaintiff suffers from asthma and shortness of breath. (Id. at 454.) 

Dr. El-Harakeh further opined that Plaintiff can occasionally and frequently carry 20 

pounds, uses a cane (although it is unknown to Dr. El-Harakeh whether it is medically 

necessary), and, based on Plaintiff’s report of bone pain, Plaintiff can stand and/or walk 

less than one hour. (Id. at 454.) Dr. El-Harakeh also opined that Plaintiff can sit for less 

than one hour during an eight-hour workday, can occasionally climb, balance, stoop, 

kneel, crouch, and crawl, and is unlimited in reaching, handling, fingering, feeling, 

seeing, hearing, and speaking. (Id. at 454-55.) Finally, Dr. El-Harakeh opined that 

Plaintiff has restrictions in temperature extremes, chemicals, and dust. (Id. at 455.) 

 The ALJ gave specific and legitimate reasons supported by substantial evidence 

for giving Dr. El-Harakeh’s opinions little weight. (Id. at 13, 17.) First, the ALJ stated 

that Dr. El-Harakeh is a pulmonologist, and his opinions regarding Plaintiff’s restrictions 

in walking, sitting, and performing postural functions outside of those related to asthma 

are, as stated on the form, based on Plaintiff’s allegations of pain and not objective 

medical evidence. (Id. at 13, 454.) Further, the ALJ found that Dr. El-Harakeh’s 

opinions were rendered when Plaintiff was suffering from an acute period of illness, and 

that Dr. El-Harakeh’s opinions are inconsistent with his own treatment notes and other 

medical evidence in the record. The ALJ cited to Dr. El-Harakeh’s treatment note dated 

only a few weeks after his opinions, which states Plaintiff reported significant 

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improvement, and a record dated July 22, 2013, which indicates Plaintiff’s pulmonary 

function test was within normal limits. (Id. at 487, 726-27, 935.) These reasons are 

specific, legitimate, and supported by substantial evidence. See Tommassetti v. Astrue, 

533 F.3d 1038, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008) (An ALJ may properly discount a treating 

physician’s opinions because the opinions are inconsistent with treatment records, 

conclusory or inadequately supported, or based on Plaintiff’s reasonably discounted 

subjective symptoms). 

 Plaintiff argues that Dr. El-Harakeh’s opinions are “both consistent with his 

treatment notes and the opinions of Drs. H[a]yman and Zastrow.” (Doc. 17 at 11.) 

However, Plaintiff only references one of Dr. El-Harakeh’s treatment records indicating 

Plaintiff was suffering from fatigue since January 2013. Further, Dr. El-Harakeh’s 

opinions are inconsistent with those of Dr. Hayman with regard to the amount of weight 

Plaintiff can lift, the length of time Plaintiff can sit, and Plaintiff’s abilities to climb, 

balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl. (Id. at 454-55, 456-57.) 

 Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ erred by finding Plaintiff’s testimony that he 

uses a recliner for hours during the day is consistent with Plaintiff’s ability to sit as a 

primary position. (Doc. 17 at 10-11.) However, Plaintiff appears to concede in his 

Opening Brief that he is “largely unimpaired in regard to sitting . . .” (Doc. 17 at 9.) 

And, notably, Dr. Hayman, one of the physicians Plaintiff argues should be given more 

weight, opined that Plaintiff can sit for eight hours during the work day. (Id. at 457.) 

Further, even if the ALJ could not reasonably conclude that Plaintiff’s ability to sit 

throughout the day is supported by Plaintiff’s statements regarding how long he uses a 

recliner, the ALJ gave other reasons for discounting Dr. El-Harakeh’s opinions, which 

the Court finds are specific, legitimate, and supported by substantial evidence. For the 

reasons above, the Court finds that the ALJ’s treatment of Dr. El-Harakeh’s opinions is 

free of harmful error and supported by substantial evidence. 

iv. Jed Zastrow’s Opinions 

 On March 4, 2014, Plaintiff’s Chiropractor, Jed Zastrow, completed a Pain 

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Questionnaire. (Id. at 458.) Mr. Zastrow opined that Plaintiff has pain in his right 

scapula, lower back at his SI joints, and his feet, the pain is aching stabbing, and burning, 

increased activity, stooping, and driving longer distances makes the pain worse, the pain 

keeps Plaintiff from “picking up stuff, bending, squatting, standing for long periods,” and 

reaching for things with his right arm, and “chiropractic helps, but nothing can take the 

pain away completely.” 

 The ALJ gave Mr. Zastrow’s opinions little weight. (Id. at 17.) Because Mr. 

Zastrow is considered an “other source” under Defendant’s regulations in effect at the 

time, the ALJ was only required to give germane reasons for discounting his opinions. 

20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(d)(1), 416.913(d)(1); Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th 

Cir. 2012) (An ALJ may discount testimony from “other sources” if the ALJ “gives 

reasons germane to each witness for doing so”). 

 The ALJ found that Mr. Zastrow’s opinions regarding Plaintiff’s pain are not in 

the form of specific functional limitations and are inconsistent with the treatment records, 

citing to records where Plaintiff stated his pain is mild and he was doing yard work as 

recent as 2014. (AR 17, 561-64, 571.) These reasons are sufficient and supported by 

substantial evidence. Molina, 674 F.3d at 1111. 

v. Non-examining Agency Physicians’ Opinions 

 Finally, Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ erred in her assessment of the non-examining 

agency physician’s opinions. (Doc. 17 at 12.) Plaintiff’s argument has no merit. First, 

the ALJ gave specific reasons for giving “some weight” to the non-agency physician’s 

opinions, including that other evidence in the record (Plaintiff’s statements to his 

physicians) supported a conclusion that Plaintiff does have increased pain while standing 

and walking. (AR 16.) Second, as Plaintiff appears to concede, any error in including 

greater limitations in the RFC than opined by these physicians is harmless. (Doc. 17 at 

12); Stout v. Comm’r, SSA, 454 F.3d 1050, 1055 (9th Cir. 2006) (harmless error is a 

mistake that is “nonprejudicial to the claimant or irrelevant to the ALJ’s ultimate 

disability conclusion.”). Plaintiff also generally asserts that the ALJ rejected all of the 

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medical opinion evidence, and, therefore, the ALJ’s decision is not supported by 

substantial evidence. (Doc. 17 at 5, 11-12.) However, Plaintiff fails to cite to any 

authority that the ALJ is required to give a certain number of medical source opinions full 

weight. Further, as stated above, the ALJ gave “some weight” to the state agency 

reviewing physicians, and included in the RFC the environmental limitations opined by 

those physicians, which are greater than the limitations opined by Plaintiff’s treating 

podiatrist. Likewise, the ALJ gave “partial weight” to Dr. Bendheim’s opinions. The 

ALJ explained the controverting medical evidence in the record and the basis for the 

weight given to each opinion source. (AR 16-17.) 

b. Plaintiff’s Symptom Testimony 

i. Legal Standard 

 Plaintiff also argues that the ALJ erred in evaluating Plaintiff’s symptom 

testimony. (Doc. 17 at 14.) An ALJ engages in a two-step analysis to determine whether 

a claimant’s testimony regarding subjective pain or symptoms is credible. Garrison, 759 

F.3d at 1014-15 (citing Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1035-36). “First, the ALJ must 

determine whether the claimant has presented objective medical evidence of an 

underlying impairment ‘which could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other 

symptoms alleged.’” Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1036 (quoting Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 

F.2d 341, 344 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc)). The claimant is not required to show objective 

medical evidence of the pain itself or of a causal relationship between the impairment and 

the symptom. Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1282 (9th Cir. 1996). Instead, the 

claimant must only show that an objectively verifiable impairment “could reasonably be 

expected to produce his pain.” Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1036 (quoting Smolen, 80 F.3d 

at 1282); see also Carmickle v. Comm’r, SSA, 533 F.3d 1155, 1160-61 (9th Cir. 2008) 

(“requiring that the medical impairment ‘could reasonably be expected to produce’ pain 

or another symptom . . . requires only that the causal relationship be a reasonable 

inference, not a medically proven phenomenon”). 

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impairment that could reasonably be expected to produce her pain or other symptoms, the 

ALJ must “evaluate the intensity and persistence of [the] symptoms” to determine how 

the symptoms, including pain, limit the claimant’s ability to work. See 20 C.F.R. § 

404.1529(c)(1). General assertions that the claimant’s testimony is not credible are 

insufficient. See Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 750 (9th Cir. 2007). The ALJ must 

identify “what testimony is not credible and what evidence undermines the claimant’s 

complaints.” Id. (quoting Lester, 81 F.3d at 834). 

 In weighing a claimant’s credibility, the ALJ may consider many factors, 

including, “(1) ordinary techniques of credibility evaluation, such as the claimant’s 

reputation for lying, prior inconsistent statements concerning the symptoms, and other 

testimony by the claimant that appears less than candid; (2) unexplained or inadequately 

explained failure to seek treatment or to follow a prescribed course of treatment; and (3) 

the claimant’s daily activities.” Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1284; see Orn, 495 F.3d at 637-39. 

The ALJ also considers “the claimant’s work record and observations of treating and 

examining physicians and other third parties regarding, among other matters, the nature, 

onset, duration, and frequency of the claimant’s symptom; precipitating and aggravating 

factors; [and] functional restrictions caused by the symptoms . . . .” Smolen, 80 F.3d at 

1284 (citation omitted). 

 At this second step, the ALJ may reject a claimant’s testimony regarding the 

severity of his or her symptoms only if the ALJ “makes a finding of malingering based on 

affirmative evidence,” Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1036 (quoting Robbins, 466 F.3d at 883), 

or if the ALJ offers “clear and convincing reasons” for finding the claimant not credible. 

Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1160 (quoting Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1036). “‘The clear and 

convincing standard is the most demanding required in Social Security Cases.’” 

Garrison, 793 F.3d at 1015 (quoting Moore v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 278 F.3d 920, 924 (9th 

Cir. 2002)). 

ii. The ALJ did not err in evaluating Plaintiff’s symptom testimony. 

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osteoarthritis, nerve damage and problems with bones in his feet. (AR 165.) Plaintiff 

claims due to pain in his groin, he is unable to stand or sit for more than a few minutes, 

due to pain in his feet and hip, he can only walk one to two blocks and stand for 15 

minutes, due to a spine injury he cannot bend or lift, and he was prescribed a cane, which 

is necessary for him to use when outside the home. (Id. at 31, 34, 174, 198, 204.) 

 The ALJ discounted Plaintiff’s statements regarding his impairments because: (1) 

with regard to his foot, hip, and back pain, his allegations of disabling pain were 

inconsistent with his reported daily activities and other objective medical evidence in the 

record; and (2) with regard to Plaintiff’s groin pain, Plaintiff has not pursued additional 

treatment beyond the Lyrica prescribed to him and he worked successfully for three years 

while he had the condition. (AR 15-16.) 

 The Court finds the ALJ’s reasons are clear, convincing, and supported by 

substantial evidence. The ALJ cited Plaintiff’s statements regarding his activities, 

including exercising daily for an hour, digging irrigation systems during the time he 

alleges disability, and shopping on his own, and going to dinner or movies up to three 

times a week, which directly contradict Plaintiff’s statements regarding his disabling foot, 

hip, and back pain. (Id. at 15, 174, 202, 370, 921, 936.) The ALJ further cited to specific 

objective medical evidence that contradicts the severity of Plaintiff’s pain in his foot, hip, 

and back, including records showing great toe strength and extension, no nerve deficits 

identified in his feet bilaterally, and he was observed to walk normally without a cane and 

gait was normal showing no ataxia or unsteadiness, even though Plaintiff alleged he 

requires the use of a cane to ambulate, MRIs and X-rays showing only minor 

degenerative changes, and, a physical examination finding normal range of motion, no 

tenderness, no spasms, and straight leg raise tests were negative. (Id. at 364, 366-67, 

370-72, 466, 714, 730, 830, 922, 924.) The ALJ may discount symptom testimony based 

on inconsistencies with the medical record and Plaintiff’s daily activities. Thomas v. 

Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 958-59 (9th Cir. 2002). 

 Moreover, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s treatment of his groin pain with 

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medication was conservative, and Plaintiff’s ability to work in his past job full time for 

three years with his groin pain belies his claim that his groin pain is disabling. (AR 16, 

29-30, 32.) The Court finds these reasons are clear, convincing, and supported by 

substantial evidence. Thomas, 278 F.3d at 958-59 (the ALJ may consider a Plaintiff’s 

work history in assessing credibility); Parra, 481 F.3d at 751 (“evidence of ‘conservative 

treatment’ is sufficient to discount a claimant’s testimony regarding severity of an 

impairment”). 

 Plaintiff argues generally that the ALJ erred in assessing Plaintiff’s credibility 

because Plaintiff had four foot surgeries, which are not conservative and routine. (Doc. 

17 at 14-15.) However, as noted above, the ALJ cited to specific objective medical 

records and Plaintiff’s own statements that were inconsistent with Plaintiff’s claims of 

disabling foot, hip, and back pain. Further, Plaintiff does not dispute that the treatment 

for Plaintiff’s groin pain was conservative, or that Plaintiff was able to work for three 

years with the groin pain. For these reasons, the Court finds that the ALJ provided clear 

and convincing reasons supported by substantial evidence for discounting Plaintiff’s 

symptom testimony.3

c. Vocational Support for Plaintiff’s Ability to Perform Past Work 

 Finally, Plaintiff complains that the ALJ erred at step four of the sequential 

process because Plaintiff suffers from both exertional and non-exertional limitations, but 

the ALJ did not pose a hypothetical to the vocational expert who testified at the hearing. 

(Doc. 17 at 12-13.) 

 “[A] claimant will be found to be ‘not disabled’ when it is determined that he or 

 

3

 Plaintiff asserts, for the first time in his Reply, that “[i]f this Court affirms Defendant’s denial of [Plaintiff’s] claim, it will result in a denial of due process as the ALJ’s credibility determination is contrary to Defendant’s newly published SSR 16-3p.” (Doc. 23 at 9.) However, as Plaintiff notes, SSR 16-3p did not become effective until 

March 2016, almost two years after the ALJ’s decision at issue in this case. (AR 18.) 

Further, although the SSR states that “we clarify that subjective symptom testimony evaluation is not an examination of an individual’s character,” it states that in assessing an individual’s description of his or her impairments and symptoms, Defendant will consider the consistency between the individual’s statements and other record evidence. 

SSR 16-3p, 2016 WL 1119029. Here, the ALJ identified numerous inconsistencies 

between Plaintiff’s statements and other record evidence. 

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she retains the RFC to perform: 1. the actual functional demands and job duties of a 

particular past relevant job; or 2. the functional demands and job duties of the occupation 

as generally required by employers throughout the national economy.” SSR 82-61, 1982 

WL 31387. The regulations further provide the following: 

(2) Determining whether you can do your past relevant work. We will ask you for information about work you have done in the past. We may also ask other people who know about your work. (See § 404.1565(b).) We may use the services of vocational experts or vocational specialists, or other 

resources, such as the “Dictionary of Occupational Titles” and its companion volumes and supplements, published by the Department of Labor, to obtain evidence we need to help us determine whether you can do your past relevant work, given your residual functional capacity. A vocational expert or specialist may offer relevant evidence within his or her 

expertise or knowledge concerning the physical and mental demands of a claimant’s past relevant work, either as the 

claimant actually performed it or as generally performed in the national economy. Such evidence may be helpful in 

supplementing or evaluating the accuracy of the claimant’s description of his past work. In addition, a vocational expert or specialist may offer expert opinion testimony in response to a hypothetical question about whether a person with the physical and mental limitations imposed by the claimant’s 

medical impairment(s) can meet the demands of the 

claimant’s previous work, either as the claimant actually performed it or as generally performed in the national 

economy. 

(3) If you can do your past relevant work. If we find that you have the residual functional capacity to do your past relevant work, we will determine that you can still do your past work and are not disabled. We will not consider your vocational 

factors of age, education, and work experience or whether your past relevant work exists in significant numbers in the national economy. 

20 C.F.R. § 404.1560(b). Although an ALJ may rely on a vocational expert’s testimony 

at step four to determine whether a Plaintiff can perform past relevant work, the ALJ is 

not always required to do so. Matthews v. Shalala, 10 F.3d 678, 681 (9th Cir. 1993) (“In 

the instant case, since Matthews failed to show that he was unable to return to his 

previous job as a receiving clerk/inspector, the burden of proof remained with Matthews. 

The vocational expert’s testimony was thus useful, but not required.”). Further, “the best 

source for how a job is generally performed is usually the Dictionary of Occupational 

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Titles.” Pinto v. Massanari, 249 F.3d 840, 845 (9th Cir. 2001). 

 Here, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff has the RFC to “perform a range of 

sedentary work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(a) except: the claimant can frequently 

climb ramps and stairs and can occasionally climb ladders and ropes and scaffolds. He 

should avoid concentrated exposure to extreme cold, wetness and vibrations and should 

avoid even moderate exposure to hazards.” (AR 14.) During the hearing, the vocational 

expert classified Plaintiff’s past work as a “manager distribution warehouse, 185.167-

018, SVP-6, sedentary as described in the DOT, but [Plaintiff] describes this more of a 

light working level.” (Id. at 37.) 

 The DOT includes the following description for “manager/distribution 

warehouse,” 185.167-018: 

Directs and coordinates activities of wholesaler’s distribution 

warehouse: Reviews bills of lading for incoming merchandise and customer orders in order to plan work activities. Assigns workers to specific duties, such as verifying amounts of and storing incoming merchandise and assembling customer 

orders for delivery. Establishes operational procedures for verification of incoming and outgoing shipments, handling and disposition of merchandise, and keeping of warehouse inventory. Coordinates activities of distribution warehouse 

with activities of sales, record control, and purchasing departments to ensure availability of merchandise. Directs reclamation of damaged merchandise. 

. . . . 

STRENGTH: Sedentary Work - Exerting up to 10 pounds of force occasionally (Occasionally: activity or condition exists 

up to 1/3 of the time) and/or a negligible amount of force frequently (Frequently: activity or condition exists from 1/3 

to 2/3 of the time) to lift, carry, push, pull, or otherwise move objects, including the human body. Sedentary work involves 

sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required only occasionally and all other sedentary criteria are met. 

. . . . 

Climbing: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

. . . . 

Exposure to Weather: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

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Extreme Cold: Not Present - Activity or condition does not 

exist 

Extreme Heat: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

Wet and/or Humid: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

. . . . 

Vibration: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

Atmospheric Cond.: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

Moving Mech. Parts: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

Electric Shock: Not Present - Activity or condition does not 

exist 

High Exposed Places: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

Radiation: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

Explosives: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

Toxic Caustic Chem.: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

Other Env. Cond.: Not Present - Activity or condition does not exist 

DICOT 185.167-018 (G.P.O.), 1991 WL 671292. 

 In his Opening Brief, Plaintiff does not contend that he is unable to do his past 

relevant work based on the RFC assessed by the ALJ. (Doc. 17.) Further, Plaintiff 

appears to concede that if there is no conflict between the DOT description of Plaintiff’s 

past work and the assessed RFC, the ALJ may rely entirely on the DOT in determining 

that Plaintiff can perform his past relevant work. (Doc. 23 at 4) (“If Mr. Heffley were 

found capable of a full range of sedentary work, the ALJ could rely on the [DOT] 

alone.”). Rather, Plaintiff appears to argue that the ALJ erred in failing to pose a 

hypothetical to the vocational expert during the hearing to determine whether Plaintiff 

can perform his past work because Plaintiff asserts that the assessed RFC contains 

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limitations that conflict with the vocational expert’s classification of Plaintiff’s past work 

as sedentary. (Doc. 17 at 12-13.) 

 Plaintiff’s argument lacks merit. First, Plaintiff does not cite to any authority to 

support his claim that the ALJ was required to pose and rely on a hypothetical to the 

vocational expert to determine whether Plaintiff could perform his past relevant work at 

step four. In his Reply, Plaintiff argues that the limitations regarding climbing and the 

additional environmental limitations assessed by the ALJ are not addressed by the DOT 

and, therefore, the ALJ was required to obtain “vocational expert testimony to provide 

insight as to what impact these limitations would have on either [Plaintiff’s] ability to 

engage in his past relevant work as a distribution warehouse manager . . . or alternative 

work in the national economy.” (Doc. 23 at 5.) To support this argument, Plaintiff cites 

to SSR 83-14. However, SSR 83-14 does not require the use of vocational testimony at 

step four. See SSR 83-14, 1983 WL 31254. 

 Further, Plaintiff does not identify any “obvious or apparent” conflict between the 

RFC and the DOT’s description for the manager/distribution warehouse classification. 

See Gutierrez v. Colvin, 844 F.3d 804, 808 (9th Cir. 2016) (“For a difference between an 

expert’s testimony and the Dictionary’s listings to be fairly characterized as a conflict, it 

must be obvious or apparent. This means that the testimony must be at odds with 

the Dictionary’s listing of job requirements that are essential, integral, or expected. This 

is not to say that ALJs are free to disregard the Dictionary’s definitions or take them with 

a grain of salt—they aren’t. But tasks that aren’t essential, integral, or expected parts of a 

job are less likely to qualify as apparent conflicts that the ALJ must ask about.”). Instead, 

Plaintiff generally asserts that the climbing and environmental limitations assessed by the 

ALJ in the RFC would impact whether Plaintiff could perform past work because work as 

a distribution warehouse manager is “obviously” done in a work environment containing 

concentrated exposure to extreme cold and “likely containing ramps and stairs.” 

However, Plaintiff does not cite to any authority to support these assertions. And, as 

stated above, the DOT description for manager/distribution warehouse does not indicate 

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that it requires climbing ramps and stairs or exposure to extreme cold, wetness, vibration, 

or hazards. 

 Because Plaintiff has failed to show any “obvious or apparent” conflict, the ALJ 

had no duty to inquire further of the vocational expert during the hearing. Further, 

Plaintiff has not argued or shown that he cannot perform his past relevant work as 

generally performed. Therefore, the Court finds the ALJ’s conclusion that Plaintiff can 

perform his past work to be free of harmful legal error and supported by substantial 

evidence. 

 Accordingly, 

IT IS ORDERED that the Commissioners’ decision is affirmed. 

 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment 

accordingly and terminate this case. 

 Dated this 28th day of March, 2017. 

Honorable John Z. Boyle 

United States Magistrate Judge

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