FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC UIT May 28, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 07- 13648 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D. C . Do c k e tNo . 0 5 - 0 0 1 1 9 - C R - F T M- 2 9 - DN F U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s C A R L O S A N D R E S G O N Z A L E Z , a .k .a . A n d y , F I D E L G O N Z A L E Z , D e f e n d a n ts - A p p e lla n ts .

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe M i ddl e D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( M ay 28, 2008) B efo re C A RN E S , B A R K E T T an d P R Y O R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M:2

C ar l os G on za l ez appeal s hi s c on vi ct i on s f or conspi ra cyt o d i stri bu t e m ore tha n 1000 m a r i

j ua napl a nt s , 21 U . S . C . §§ 841( a ) ( 1) , 841( b) ( 1) ( A ) ( vi i i ) , 846, a nd p o s s e s s io n w ith in te n t to d is tr ib u te 1 0 0 o rm o r e m a r iju a n ap la n ts , 2 1 U .S .C . § 84 1(a) (1), (b)( 1)(B )( vi i ), and F i del G on za l ez appeal s hi s c on vi ct i on and sent ence f orc ons pi r a c yt o di s tr i but e m or e tha n 1000 m a r i j ua napl a nt s , 21 U . S . C . §§ 84 1(a) (1), 84 1(b)(1)(A )( vi i i ), 84 6. F i del and C ar l os ea ch chal l enge evi dent i ary ru lin g s . F id e l a ls o a r g u e s th a t th e r e w a s am a te r ia l v a r ia n c e b e tw e e n h is i ndi c tm e nta nd the e vi de nc e a ttr i a l , i ns uf f i c i e nte vi de nc e t o s upporthi s c onvi c t i on, a n d as e n t e n c i n g e rr o r . W e a f f i rm. I . B AC KG RO UN D F i de l a nd C a r l os w e r e i nvol ve d i n the c ul t i va t i on, di s tr i but i on, a nd s a l e of m a r i j ua na . C a r l os l i ve d i n M i a m i w i th G i l be rt o P e r e z . C a r l os tr a i ne d P e r e z about the cul t i vat i on of m ar i

j uana pl ant s and i ntrodu ce d P er ez t o F i del . P er ez harves t ed three cr op s, ea ch cont ai ni ng 50 t o 6 0 m ar i j uana pl ant s. F i del and C ar l os pai d P er ez b a s e d o n th e a m o u n t th a t P e r e z p r o d u c e da n d r e ta in e d “th e b a la n c e ” o f th e p r o f its . F i d el an d C arl o s tran sp o rt ed th e m ari j u an a t o N ew Y o rki n 3 0 -p o u n d i n crem en t s. P e r e z la te rr e c e iv e d m o n e yf r o m C a r lo s a n d F id e l to p u r c h a s e tw o h o m e s in H om e s t e a d. F i de l he l pe d c onve rtthe hom e s i nt o gr e e nhous e s , a nd F i de l a nd C ar l os del i vere d m ar i

j uana pl ant s t o the tw o l ocat i on s. P er ez and C ar l os’ s f ather,3

J o s e H e rn a n d e z , c u ltiv a te d th e p la n ts a n d h a rv e s te d th r e e c r o p s to ta lin g 1 2 0 p la n ts . H e rna nde z a l s o a s s i s t e d othe rgr ow e r s i n ha rve s t i ng t e n a ddi t i ona l c r ops , thr e e of w h i ch i n v o l v ed a t o t al o f 1 5 2 p l an t s. P er ez i ntrodu ce d C ar l os t o O sval do A l on so, w ho l at erperf orm ed el ec tri ca l w o rkan d i n st al l ed ai r co n d i t i o n i n g i n th e m ari j u an a g reen h o u ses. A l o n so p u r c h a s e d ah o u s e in H o m e s te a d th a t F id e l h e lp e d c o n v e rt in to ag r e e n h o u s e in w hi c h A l ons o ha rve s t e d tw o c r ops t ot a l i ng 132 m a r i j ua napl a nt s . F i de l , w ho o b s e rv e d th e f

ir s t h a rv e s t a n d to o kp o s s e s s io n o f th e c r o p , d iv id e d th e p r o f it w ith A l on so. W i th p rofi t s f

rom the fi rs tho use, A l on so pu rc hase d a se cond ho m e, w he r e he ha rve s t e d tw o a ddi t i ona l c r ops t ot a l i ng 132 m a r i j ua napl a nt s . F i de l a nd C arl o s t o o kp o ssessi o n o f th e m ari j u an a, an d C arl o s p ai d A l o n so fo r th e cro p s. In the m eant i m e, C ar l os re crui t ed Ignaci o C arbaj al i n M i am i and i ntrodu ce d h im to F id e l. C a rb a

ja l p u r c h a s e d ah o m e th a t F id e l a n d C a r lo s h e lp e d h im to c onve rti nt o am a r i

j ua nagr e e nhous e . C a rba j a l ha rve s t e d tw o c r ops t ot a l i ng 108 p l an t s an d d i v i d ed th e p ro fi t s w i th C arl o s. F i d el tran sp o rt ed C arb aj al t o assi st o th ers p eri o d i cal l y t o h arv estth ei r m ari j u an a cro p s. C arbaj al i ntrodu ce d C ar l os t o h i s c ou si n, E rnes t o C as t i l l o, w ho cul t i vat ed the m ar i j uana i n C arbaj al ’ s M i am i ho m e and hel ped h arvestm ar i j uana attw o o ther M i a m i gr e e nhous e s . A tone ha rve s t , C a s t i l l o s a w F i de l a nd C a r l os ove r s e e i ng the4

op er at i on . W hen C as t i l l o i nq ui re d w hen h e w ou l d p ai d for the harvest s, C arbaj al a nd hi s f a the rt ol d C a s t i l l o tha tF i de l c ontr ol l e d the m one yi n the m a r i j ua na ope r a t i on. A ft erse vera l cr op s w er e s t ol en fr om the M i am i ho m es , C ar l os and F i del m ove d the i rope r a t i ons t o C ape C or a l , w he r e the yc ont i nue d t o pr ovi de m one yf or i ndi vi dua l s i n the m a r i

j ua nane tw ork t o pur c ha s e a nd c onve rthom e s i nt o m a r i j ua na g r e e n h o u s e s . T h e G o n z a le z e s a s s is te d P e r e z to p u r c h a s e ah o m e th a t P e r e z u s e d to ha rve s t14 m a r i

j ua napl a nt s . C a r l os pr ovi de d C a rba j a l w i th m one yt o pur c ha s e one C ape C oral ho m e, i n w hi ch he harvest ed three cr op s t ot al i ng 76 pl ant s. C ar l os then a s s is te d C a rb a

ja l to p u r c h a s e as e c o n d h o m e , w h e r e C a rb a ja l h a rv e s te d 2 1 p la n ts . C arl o s h el p ed C arb aj al ’ s fath er p u rch ase a h o m e i n w h i ch F i d el h el p ed t o h arv est 15 t o 17 pl a nt s . C a r l os a l s o ope ne d hi s hom e t o J os e P e naP upo, w hom C a r l os p a idto h a rv e s t b e tw e e n 1 1 5 a n d 1 2 0 p la n ts . C ar l os re crui t ed A rm ando G ar ci a i n C ape C oral and u se d A l on so t o con vert G a r c i a ’ s hous e i nt o am a r i j ua nagr e e nhous e . G a r c i aha rve s t e d be tw e e n 40 a nd 50 m a r iju a n ap la n ts , a f

te rw h ic h C a r lo s c o lle c te d th e s u b s ta n c e a n d p a idG a r c ia 2 4 , 0 0 0 d o l l ars. G arci a th ereafter assi st ed o th ers t o h arv estfo u r o r fi v e cro p s. C a r l o s a l s o r e c ru i t e d h i s u n c l e , C a r l o s He rn a n d e z , t o p a rt i c i p a t e i n two ha rve s t s t ot a l i ng 124 pl a nt s . F i de l vi s i t e d H e rna nde z on one oc c a s i on t o obs e rve5

the m a r i j ua na . P e r e z a nd C a rba j a l a l s o vi s i t e d H e rna nde z t o a dvi s e hi m about grow i ng m ar i

j uana. A f t e rE rne s t o C a s t i l l o w a s a rr e s t e d i n C a rba j a l ’ s hom e , F i de l a nd C a r l os p r o v id e d C a s tillo w ith m o n e yto h ir e a n a tto rn e y . C a s tillo e v e n tu a llya g r e e d to as si stl aw enforce m entt o d i sc ov erm ar i j uana greenhou se s i n M i am i . C as t i l l o l at er e xpr e s s e d a n i nt e r e s ti n a s s i s t i ng author i t i e s i n C ape C or a l . C a s t i l l o i de nt i f i e d f our ho m es thathe had h elped con verti nt o g re enho uses . A utho ri t i es pl ac ed a gl ob al po si t i on i ng tra ckeron C arbaj al ’ s vehi cl e and tra cked the vehi cl e t o sever al other h o m e s in C ap e C o r a l. B as ed on i nform at i on ac cum ul at ed du ri ng the i nv es t i gat i on , C ape C oral offi ce rs and D rug E nforcement A dm i ni stra t i on agent s e xecut ed w arrant s on seven ho m es vi si t ed by C arbaj al and sei ze d 6 91 m ar i j uana pl ant s. A l tho ug h n ei ther F i del no r C ar l os w as arre st ed, thei r nam es w er e di sc ov er ed i n the cont ac tl i st s of s ei ze d ce l l ul art el epho nes, and sever al i nd i vi du al s, i ncl ud i ng A rm ando G ar ci a, w er e t aken i nt o c us t ody . W he n the author i t i e s s e a r c he d G a r c i a ’ s hous e , the ydi s c ove r e d a p h o to g r ap h o f

C a r lo s s ta n d in g in w h a t ap p e a r e d to b e ar o o m o f m a r iju a n ap la n ts . A u th o r itie s la te ra rr e s te d G ilb e rto P e r e z a n d O s v a ld o A lo n s o , a n d th e ya g r e e d to c oope r a t e i n the i nve s t i ga t i on. F i de l a nd C a r l os w e r e i ndi c t e d f orc ons pi r a c yt o di s tr i but e m or e tha n 10006

m a r i j ua napl a nt s , 21 U . S . C . §§ 841( a ) ( 1) , 841( b) ( 1) ( A ) ( vi i i ) , 846, a nd pos s e s s i on w i th i nt entt o d i stri bu t e 100 or m ore m ar i j uana pl ant s, 21 U . S . C . § 8 41 (a )( 1), ( b) ( 1) ( B ) ( vi i ) . B e f

or e tr i a l , C a r l os f

i l e d am ot i on i n l i m i ne t o e xc l ude the p h o to g r ap h s e iz e d f

r o m G a r c ia ’s h o u s e . T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt w ith h e ldaru lin g u n til af t erthe go vernm entl ai d a foun dat i on for the evi dence. A ttr i a l , G i l be rt o P e r e z , J os e H e rna nde z , A rm a ndo G a r c i a , O s va l do A l ons o, C a r l os H e rna nde z , I gna c i o C a rba j a l , J os e P upo, a nd E rne s t o C a s t i l l o t e s t i f i e d about th e irp a rtic ip a tio n in th e c u ltiv a tio n a n d h a rv e s tin g o f m a r iju a n aa n d th e ir i nt er ac t i on w i th F i del and C ar l os. Jose H ernand ez t es t i fi ed thatF i del “ control l ed the m on ey ” i n the m ar i

j uana op er at i on . G ar ci a t es t i fi ed thatthe ph ot og raph se i ze d f r om hi s hom e de pi c t e d C a r l os s t a ndi ng a m ong m a r i j ua na“ pl a nt s tha tl ook l i ke the o n e s th a t I h a d in m yh o u s e .” O n cross -e xam i nat i on , C as t i l l o d eni ed thathe had t ol d p ol i ce thatC arbaj al l e d the m a r i

j ua naope r a t i on i n C ape C or a l . T he gove rnm e ntc ont i nue d thi s l i ne of i nqui ryon r e di r e c te xa m i na t i on a nd a s ke d C a s t i l l o t o na m e the l e a de rof the m a r i j ua naor ga ni z a t i on, t o w hi c h C a s t i l l o a ns w e r e d tha the di d notknow . T he gove rnm e ntthe n a s ke d C a s t i l l o w ho he “ be l i e ve d” w a s the l e a de rof the or ga ni z a t i on. F i de l obj e c t e d a nd a r gue d tha tthe que s t i on ha d be e n “ a s ke d a nd answ er ed” and thatC as t i l l o’ s opi ni on w as “ i rr el evant . ” T he di stri ctcourt7

o v e rru le d th e o b

je c tio n s , a n d C a s tillo a n s w e r e d th a t th e le a d e rw a s “[ p ]o s s ib ly F id e l.” T he j uryf

ound F i de l gui l tyof

c ons pi r a c yt o di s tr i but e m or e tha n 1000 m a r i j ua napl a nt s . T he j uryf ound C a r l os gui l tyof

both the c ons pi r a c yc r i m e a nd p o ssessi o n w i th i n t en tt o d i stri b u t e m o re th an 1 0 0 m ari j u an a p l an t s. T h e j u ry al so m a de s pe c i f

i c f i ndi ngs aboutthe qua nt i tyof m a r i j ua nai nvol ve d i n F i de l ’ s a nd C arl o s’ s cri m es. B e f or e s e nt e nc i ng, F i de l obj e c t e d t o the pr e s e nt e nc e i nve s t i ga t i on r e porta nd a r gue d tha t , be c aus e he w a s a c qui tt e d on the pos s e s s i on c ha r ge , the m a r i j ua na s e iz e d in C ap e C o r a l s h o u ldn o t b e in c lu d e d in th e c a lc u la tio n o f h is s e n te n c e . F i del al so obj ec t ed t o h i s bas e off ense l evel . F i del re as se rt ed these obj ec t i on s a t se nt enci ng . T he di stri ctcourtov errul ed the obj ec t i on s and st at ed thatthe j ury foun d b ey on d a re as on abl e dou btthatF i del w as gu i l ty of aconspi ra cythat i nv ol ved m ore than 1 00 0 m ar i j uana pl ant s. T he di stri ctcourtse nt ence d b oth F i del and C ar l os t o 1 20 m on ths of i m pri sonm entand fi ve ye ar s of s up ervi se d rel ea se . I I . STA N D A R D O F R EVI EW W e app l y f

ou r s t andards of re vi ew i n thi s app ea l . W e r evi ew evi dent i ary rul i ngs f ora n abus e of

di s c r e t i on. U ni t e d S t a t e s v. K e nna r d, 472 F . 3d 851, 854 ( 11th C i r . 2006) , c e rt . de ni e d, 127 S . C t . 3004 ( 2007) . W e r e vi e w de novo8

c ha l l e nge s t o the s uf

f i c i e nc yof

the e vi de nc e a nd vi e w the e vi de nc e i n the l i ght m os tf a vor abl e t o the gove rnm e nt . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. F utr e l l , 209 F . 3d 1286, 1288 ( 11th C i r . 2000) . W e a l s o r e vi e w de novo the appl i c a t i on of the s e nt e nc i ng gui de l i ne s a nd e xa m i ne r e l a t e d f i ndi ngs of

f a c tf orc l e a re rr or . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. H um ber, 25 5 F . 3d 13 08 , 13 11 (11th C i r. 20 01 ). O bj ec t i on s or argum ent s thatar e notr a i s e d i n the di s tr i c tc ourta r e r e vi e w e d f orpl a i n e rr or . U ni t e d S t a t e s v. E doua r d, 485 F . 3d 1324, 1343 ( 11th C i r . 2007) ; U ni t e d S t a t e s v. E va ns , 478 F . 3d 1332, 1338 ( 11th C i r . ) , c e rt . de ni e d, 128 S . C t . 257 ( 2007) ; U ni t e d S t a t e s v. D e nni s , 237 F . 3d 1295, 1300 ( 11th C i r . 2001) ; U ni t e d S t a t e s v. H a rne s s , 180 F . 3d 1 2 3 2 , 1 2 3 4 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 9 ) . I I I . DI S CUS S I ON C a r lo s a n d F id e l G o n z a le z r a is e f iv e s e p a r a te is s u e s f

o ro u rc o n s id e r a tio n . A l l f a i l . W e a ddr e s s e a c h a r gum e nti n turn. A . T he P ho tog raph of

Carlos G on zalezW

as A dm iss i bl e. C ar l os ar gu es thatthe di stri ctcourterroneou sl y a dm i tt ed i nt o evi dence a ph ot og raph thatdepi ct ed hi m surr ou nd ed by m ar i j uana pl ant s. H e c on t ends that th e g o v e rn m e n t d idn o t au th e n tic a te th e p h o to g r ap h a n d it w a s u n d u lyp r e ju d ic ia l. W e di sa gree . T he di s tr i c tc ourtdi d notabus e i t s br oa d di s c r e t i on bya dm i tt i ng the9

ph ot og raph i nt o evi dence. T es t i m on y f rom A rm ando G ar ci a thatC ar l os w as f e a tur e d i n the phot ogr aph a nd s t a ndi ng a m ong w ha tappe a r e d t o be m a r i j ua na p l a n t s p r o v i d e ds u f

f i c i e n ti n f o rma t i o n t o au th e n t i c a t e th e p h o t o g r ap h . Se e Fe d . R. E vi d. 901( a ) , ( b) ( 1) . G a r c i a ’ s l a c k of know l e dge aboutthe phot ogr aphe ra nd the da t e of the phot ogr aph di d nota f f e c ti t s a dm i s s i bi l i ty . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. C l a y t on, 643 F . 2d 1071, 1074 ( 5th C i r . U ni tB 1981) . T he pr oba t i ve va l ue of the ph ot og raph ou tw ei gh ed any prej ud i ce cr ea t ed by i t s a dm i ss i on because i tprov i ded p h y s ic a l e v id e n c e o f

C a r lo s ’s in v o lv e m e n t in th e m a r iju a n ac o n s p ir a c ya n d h is a c tua l pos s e s s i on of

m a r i j ua na . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. T i noc o, 304 F . 3d 1088, 1120 (11th C i r. 20 02 ).

B . T es t i m ony R egardi ngFi del ’s L eaders hi p W as A dm iss i bl e. F i de l a r gue s , f

orthe f i r s tt i m e on appe a l , tha tthe di s tr i c tc ourts houl d ha ve e xc l ude d t e s t i m onyf

r om E rne s t o C a s t i l l o tha tF i de l w a s “ pos s i bl y ” the l e a de rof the conspi ra cybecause the go vernm entdi d n otes t abl i sh thatC as t i l l o p osse ss ed f i r s tha nd know l e dge of

the m a tt e r . T hi s a r gum e ntf a i l s . C a s t i l l o t e s t i f

i e d tha the

“ kn ew ” F i del and C ar l os, he ob se rved them ata m ar i j uana harvest , he re ce i ved m o n e yf r o m F id e l a n d C a r lo s to h ir e ad e f e n s e a tto rn e y , a n d h is c o u s in to ldh im thatF i del control l ed paym entof w orkers i n the m ar i j uana harvest i ng bu si ness . S ee F e d. R . E vi d. 602. B a s e d on C a s t i l l o’ s c um ul a t i ve know l e dge aboutthe10

co n sp irac y, th e a d m issio n o f C as ti ll o ’s testim o n y d idn o t p re ju d ice F id el’s subst ant i al ri gh t s. S ee U ni t ed S t at es v. M ori arty, 42 9 F . 3d 10 12 , 10 19 (11th C i r. 20 05 ). C . T

he r e W as N o V ar i anc e B e tw e e n Fi de l ’s I ndi c tm e nt

and th e E v ide n c e I

n tr o du c e d

A t T r ia l. W e r e vi e w a n a r gum e ntof m a t e r i a l va r i a nc e vi e w i ng the e vi de nc e i n the l i ghtm os tf

a vor abl e t o the gove rnm e ntt o de t e rm i ne w he the rar e a s onabl e tr i e rof f a c t c o u ldh a v e f

o u n d th a t as in g le c o n s p ir a c ye x is te d b e y o n d ar e a s o n ab le d o u b t. U ni t e d S t a t e s v. C a s tr o, 89 F . 3d 1443, 1450 ( 11th C i r . 1996) . W he n a n a r gum e nt o f m a te r ia l v a r ia n c e is r a is e d f o rth e f ir s t tim e o n ap p e a l, w e r e v ie w f o rp la in e rr o r . U n ite d S ta te s v . D e n n is , 2 3 7 F .3 d 1 2 9 5 , 1 3 0 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 1 ) . T o b e r e v e r s ib le e rr or , the f

a c t s pr ove d a ttr i a l m us tm a t e r i a l l ydi f f e rf r om the f a c t s a l l e ge d i n the i nd i ctm entand the defendantm ustsuff ersubst ant i al prej ud i ce as a r es ul t . U ni t ed S t at es v. W ei ss m an, 89 9 F . 2d 11 11 , 11 14 (11th C i r. 19 90 ). F i de l ’ s a r gum e nttha tam a t e r i a l va r i a nc e e xi s t e d f a i l s . T he gove rnm e nt in tro d u ce d ev id en ce th at w as co n sisten t w ith th e c o n sp irac y c h ar g ed in F id el’s in d ic tm e n t. F id e l a n d C a r lo s w e r e c h a r g e d w ith “k n o w in g lya n d w illf u lly c o m b in [ in g ], c o n s p ir [ in g ], c o n f e d e r a t[ in g ] a n d a g r e e [ in g ] w ith e a c h o th e ra n d w ith othe rpe r s ons . . . t o pos s e s s w i th i nt e ntt o di s tr i but e m or e tha n one thous a nd ( 1000) m a r i

j ua napl a nt s ” be gi nni ng i n “ S e pt e m be r2001, thr ough a nd i nc l udi ng11

M ay17 , 20 05 . ” T es t i m on y pre se nt ed by nu m er ou s gov ernm entw i tness es e s tab lis h e d th a t F id e l a n d C a r lo s a c te d jo in tlyto r e c ru it a n d a s s is t in d iv id u a ls to pur c ha s e a nd c onve rthous e s i n H om e s t e a d, M i a m i , a nd C ape C or a l i nt o i ndoor m a r iju a n ag r e e n h o u s e s , to c u ltiv a te a n d h a rv e s t o v e r1 0 0 0 m a r iju a n ap la n ts , a n d to se l l the m ar i

j uana. D . Suf f i c i e nt E v i de nc e Suppor t

s Fi de l ’s C onv i c t i on. F i del ar gu es , for the fi rs tt i m e on app ea l , thatthere w as i nsuffi ci entevi dence to p r o v e h e c o n s p ir e d to d is tr ib u te m o r e th a n 1 0 0 0 m a r iju a n ap la n ts , b u t th is a r g u m e n tf

a i l s . Wh e n ad e f

e n d a n tf a i l s t o m o v e f

o raj u d g m e n to f

a c q u i tt a l , we w ill a f f irm h is c o n v ic tio n u n le s s “th e e v id e n c e o n ak e ye le m e n t o f th e o f f e n s e is s o t e nuous tha tac onvi c t i on w oul d be s hoc ki ng. ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. B i s c he l , 156 F . 3 d 1 1 4 8 , 1 1 5 0 (1 1 th C i r. 1 9 9 8 ). T est i m o n y fro m G i l b ert o P erez, Jose H ernand ez , O sval do A l on so, C ar l os H ernand ez , and Ign ac i o C arbaj al es t abl i shed thatF i del as si st ed i n the cul t i vat i on of ov er10 00 m ar i j uana pl ant s i n h om es lo c a te d in H o m e s te a d , M ia m i, a n d C ap e C o r a l.

E . Fide l W

a s C o rr e c tlySe n te n c e d

Fo rC o n s

p ir in gto D is tr ib u te Mo re T h a n 1 0 0 0 M

a ri j u a n a P la n t

s. F i de l a r gue s tha thi s s e nt e nc e w a s i m pr ope r l ye nha nc e d f orhi s i nvol ve m e nt w i th m o re th an 1 0 0 0 m ari j u an a p l an t s b ecau se w i tn esses d i d n o td i st i n g u i sh m a r i j ua nas e e dl i ngs f

r om m a r i j ua napl a nt s . H i s a r gum e ntf a i l s . T e s t i m ony12

s upport s the f

i ndi ng bythe j urytha tF i de l c ons pi r e d t o di s tr i but e m or e tha n 1000 m ari j u an a p l an t s. I V . CONCL US I ON T he conv i ct i on s of C ar l os G on za l ez and the conv i ct i on and sent ence of F i del G on za l ez ar e AF F I RME D.