IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

May 12, 2005 Session

CATHY L. CHAPMAN, ET AL. v. RICK J. BEARFIELD

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Washington County

No. 8999 Jean A. Stanley, Judge

No. E2004-02596-COA-R3-CV - FILED AUGUST 16, 2005

Cathy L. Chapman, Brandon Chapman, Kaylan L. Chapman, and Dana L. Chapman (“Plaintiffs”)

retained attorney Rick J. Bearfield (“Defendant”) to represent them in a medical malpractice action.

During the course of this representation, Defendant filed an amended complaint repudiating a theory

of the case originally alleged. Plaintiffs later hired new counsel and filed a legal malpractice action

against Defendant. Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment, which the Trial Court granted

on the grounds that Plaintiffs’ expert’s affidavit was deficient technically and did not comply with

the locality rule. We vacate the grant of summary judgment. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Vacated;

Case Remanded

D. MICHAEL SWINEY,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CHARLES D. SUSANO,JR., and

SHARON G. LEE, J.J., joined.

John J. Bandeian, Bristol, Tennessee, and Donald K. Vowell, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the

Appellants, Cathy L. Chapman, Brandon Chapman, Kaylan L. Chapman, and Dana L. Chapman,

Minors, by and through their Mother and natural Guardian, Cathy L. Chapman.

Jason W. Blackburn, Johnson City, Tennessee, for the Appellee, Rick J. Bearfield.
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OPINION

Background

Plaintiffs retained Defendant to file a medical malpractice suit on their behalf. The

malpractice case arose out of the medical treatment and death of William Chapman, husband of

plaintiff Cathy L. Chapman, and father of plaintiffs Brandon Chapman, Kaylan L. Chapman, and

Dana L. Chapman. Defendant filed a complaint on Plaintiffs’ behalf in April of 2001 alleging that

William Chapman died as a result of pulmonary embolus, an event which the complaint alleged

would have been prevented but for medical negligence. In June of 2002, an agreed order was entered

allowing Defendant to amend the complaint in the medical negligence action. Defendant then filed

an amended complaint on Plaintiffs’ behalf alleging that William Chapman’s death “was, in fact, not

the result of a pulmonary embolus,” but was caused by “gastrointestinal upset, agonal emesis and

aspiration, an asphyxial death with no cardiac contribution and no contribution by the nonsubstantiated pulmonary thromboembolus to the left lower lobe.” 

Plaintiffs became dissatisfied with Defendant’s representation, retained other counsel,

and filed this suit against Defendant in July of 2004 alleging legal malpractice for, among other

things, alleging in the amended complaint “that there were no cardiac contributions and that no

pulmonary embolus was involved in [William Chapman’s] death.” Plaintiffs also sought a stay of

the legal malpractice suit pending final resolution of the underlying medical malpractice action. 

Defendant filed amotion for summaryjudgment supported byhis own expert witness

affidavit opining that he was familiar with “the standard of care required of attorneys located in the

upper East Tennessee area” and that he and the attorneys under his direction did not fall below or

deviate from the standard of care. Plaintiffs opposed the motion for summary judgment by filing the

expert witness affidavit of attorney Richard L. Duncan. Mr. Duncan stated in his affidavit that he

was “familiar with the standard of care for attorneys in medical malpractice cases in Tennessee.”

Mr. Duncan’s affidavit also stated that he had reviewed documents including specified pleadings and

“expert witness affidavits submitted by [Defendant]...” and opined that Defendant breached the

standard of care by repudiating in the amended complaint a theory supported by the evidence. Mr.

Duncan’s affidavit did not have attached to it the documents referred to by Mr. Duncan in his

affidavit. On October 5, 2004, only two days before the hearing on the motion for summary

judgment, Defendant filed his amended affidavit in which he referred to specific medical records and

written expert reports. Defendant attached copies of some, but not all, of the documents referenced

in his amended affidavit. 

The Trial Court heard argument on the motion for summary judgment on October 7,

2004. At the hearing, Plaintiffs requested additional time to supplement their expert affidavit. On

October 8, 2004, the day after the hearing, but before the Trial Court rendered its decision on

October 18, 2004, Plaintiffs filed Mr. Duncan’s amended expert affidavit with copies of the

documents referenced therein attached. Mr. Duncan’s revised affidavit also stated that he was
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“familiar with the standard of care for attorneys practicing medical malpractice cases in Tennessee...

including upper East Tennessee and other similar communities in Tennessee.”

The Trial Court entered its order October 18, 2004, granting Defendant’s motion for

summary judgment. The October 18 order, inter alia, denied Plaintiffs’ oral motion to supplement

their expert affidavit and refused to consider Mr. Duncan’s amended affidavit filed by Plaintiffs on

October 8, 2004. The October 18 order also found and held that Plaintiffs’ expert’s affidavit was

technically deficient as it did not have attached sworn or certified copies of all papers or parts thereof

referred to in the affidavit as required by Rule 56.06 and because it did not meet the “locality rule”

for an expert witness. The October 18 order also found and held, apparently with this ground not

having been raised by Defendant and therefore not addressed by Plaintiffs, that “[i]t does not appear

that Plaintiffs have suffered any actual injury” because a motion to re-amend Plaintiffs’ medical

malpractice complaint had been argued but not yet decided. In addition, the October 18 order denied

Plaintiffs’ motion for a stay. Plaintiffs appeal to this Court.

Discussion

Although not stated exactly as such, Plaintiffs raise seven issues on appeal:1) whether

the Trial Court erred in disallowing Plaintiffs’ expert’s affidavit because it did not meet the locality

rule for an expert witness; 2) whether the Trial Court erred in disallowing Plaintiffs’ expert’s

affidavit because sworn or certified copies of all papers or parts thereof as referred to in the affidavit

were not attached; 3) whether the Trial Court erred by not permitting Plaintiffs time to supplement

the affidavit of their expert witness; 4) whether the Trial Court erred in granting summary judgment

based upon Defendant’s expert affidavit; 5) whether the Trial Court erred in granting summary

judgment on the ground that Plaintiffs had failed to establish an actual injury; 6) whether the Trial

Court erred in not staying the legal malpractice case pending resolution of the underlying medical

malpractice action; and, 7) whether the Trial Court erred by holding Plaintiffs to a heightened

adherence to the Rules of Civil Procedure due to the fact that this was an attorney malpractice action.

In Blair v. West Town Mall, our Supreme Court recently reiterated the standards

applicable when appellate courts are reviewing a motion for summary judgment. Blair v. West Town

Mall, 130 S.W.3d 761 (Tenn. 2004). In Blair, the Court stated: 

The standards governing an appellate court’s review of a motion for summary

judgment are well settled. Since our inquiry involves purely a question of law, no

presumption of correctness attaches to the lower court’s judgment, and our task is

confined to reviewing the record to determine whether the requirements of Tennessee

Rule of Civil Procedure 56 have been met. See Staples v. CBL & Assoc., Inc., 15

S.W.3d 83, 88 (Tenn. 2000); Hunter v. Brown, 955 S.W.2d 49, 50-51 (Tenn. 1997);

Cowden v. Sovran Bank/Central South, 816 S.W.2d 741, 744 (Tenn. 1991).

Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56.04 provides that summary judgment is

appropriate where: 1) there is no genuine issue with regard to the material facts

relevant to the claim or defense contained in the motion, and 2) the moving party is
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entitled to a judgment as a matter of law on the undisputed facts. Staples, 15 S.W.3d

at 88.

* * * 

When the party seeking summary judgment makes a properly

supported motion, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to set

forth specific facts establishing the existence of disputed, material

facts which must be resolved by the trier of fact. 

To properly support its motion, the moving party must either

affirmatively negate an essential element of the non-moving party’s

claim or conclusively establish an affirmative defense. If the moving

party fails to negate a claimed basis for the suit, the non-moving

party’s burden to produce evidence establishing the existence of a

genuine issue for trial is not triggered and the motion for summary

judgment must fail. If the moving party successfully negates a

claimed basis for the action, the non-moving party may not simply

rest upon the pleadings, but must offer proof to establish the existence

of the essential elements of the claim. 

Blair, 130 S.W.3d at 763, 767 (quoting Staples, 15 S.W. 3d at 88-89) (citations omitted)).

Our Supreme Court also has provided instruction regarding assessing the evidence

when dealing with a motion for summary judgment stating:

The standards governing the assessment of evidence in the summary

judgment context are also well established. Courts must view the evidence in the

light most favorable to the nonmoving party and must also draw all reasonable

inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor. See Robinson v. Omer, 952 S.W.2d at

426; Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d at 210-11. Courts should grant a summary judgment

only when both the facts and the inferences to be drawn from the facts permit a

reasonable person to reach only one conclusion. See McCall v. Wilder, 913 S.W.2d

150, 153 (Tenn. 1995); Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23, 26 (Tenn. 1995).

Staples v. CBL & Assocs., Inc., 15 S.W.3d 83, 89 (Tenn. 2000).

We begin by addressing whether the Trial Court erred in disallowing Plaintiffs’

expert’s affidavit because it did not meet the locality rule for an expert witness. The “locality rule”

referred to by the Trial Court requires an expert to be familiar with the acceptable standard of

professional practice, or the acceptable standard of care, in that locality with “locality” being defined

as that community or a similar community. Defendant cites cases from this Court that have

interpreted the Tennessee Supreme Court’s opinion in Spalding v. Davis, 674 S.W.2d 710 (Tenn.
Spalding was overruled in part on other grounds by Meadows v. State, 849 S.W.2d 748, 752 (Tenn. 1993). 1

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1984) , to have held that the locality rule is applicable to legal malpractice cases as well as to 1

medical malpractice cases. Underwood v. Waterslides of Mid-America, Inc. 823 S.W.2d 171, 182-3

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1991); Anthony v. Felknor & Cunningham, C.A. No. 146, 1988 Tenn. App. LEXIS

601 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 30, 1988), appl. perm. appeal denied Jan. 3, 1989; Cleckner v. Dale, 719

S.W.2d 535 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986). See also Martin v. Sizemore, 78 S.W.3d 249, 273 n.14 (Tenn.

Ct. App. 2001) (citing Underwood and stating “Another panel of this court has stated in dicta that

the same locality rule that applies to physicians also applies to lawyers giving expert opinions in

legal malpractice cases.”) 

We acknowledge these cases, but respectfully believe they are based upon an overly

broad reading of the Supreme Court’s holding in Spalding v. Davis. In pertinent part, Spalding v.

Davis states:

The settled general rule in most if not all American jurisdictions is that an attorney

to whom the conduct of litigation is entrusted may be held liable to his client for

damages resulting from his failure to exercise ordinary care, skill, and diligence, or,

as it is frequently expressed, that degree of care, skill, and diligence which is

commonly possessed and exercised by attorneys in practice in the jurisdiction. 

Spalding, 674 S.W.2d at 714. Thus, Spalding speaks about “the jurisdiction,” not “the locality.”

The jurisdiction for a Tennessee attorney is Tennessee. We base this determination, in part, upon

the fact that Spalding discusses the “settled general rule in most if not all American jurisdictions...,”

which we can interpret only to mean that the “jurisdictions” referred to are the fifty states. Id.

(emphasis added). Spalding should not be read to create a locality rule in legal malpractice cases as

it instead creates a “jurisdiction” rule with the “jurisdiction” being Tennessee. 

We further base our determination that there is no locality rule in legal malpractice

actions on the absence of any statute creating such a rule. The locality rule applicable in medical

malpractice actions is a creation of statute. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115. This medical

malpractice locality rule is the only locality rule which our Legislature has enacted by statute. Our

Legislature specifically created the locality rule for medical malpractice cases, but did not create a

similar statute applicable to legal malpractice cases. Further, we note that this Court has recognized

that no locality rule exists in other types of professional malpractice actions. Underwood, 823

S.W.2d at 183 (finding “that the requirement that an expert be familiar with the local standard of care

is the exception rather than the rule. We find no cases that apply that exception to the standard of

care applicable to engineers and contractors in Tennessee.”). 

We hold that there is no locality rule for an expert witness in legal malpractice

actions, other than the expert witness must be familiar with the standard of care “which is commonly

possessed and exercised by attorneys in practice in the jurisdiction,” here Tennessee. Spalding, 674
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S.W.2d at 714. If Spalding created a “locality rule” for legal malpractice actions, the “locality” is

the State of Tennessee. 

We also note that Defendant’s affidavit states that he is familiar with the “standard

of care required of attorneys located in the upper East Tennessee area.” Frankly, we are unable to

accept that the “upper East Tennessee area” is a separate “jurisdiction” under Spalding. We further

note that the revised expert affidavit submitted by Plaintiffs, which the Trial Court refused to

consider, states that Plaintiffs’ expert also is familiar with the standard of care in the “upper East

Tennessee” area. We are just as puzzled as to what separate “jurisdiction” “upper East Tennessee”

is supposed to be, whether it is referred to in the Plaintiffs’ expert’s affidavit or in the Defendant’s

affidavit. 

In any event, such a determination is unnecessary as we believe Spalding holds only

that the expert witness in a legal malpractice case must be familiar with the standard of care of

attorneys practicing in the State of Tennessee. Therefore, the Trial Court erred in refusing to

consider Plaintiffs’ expert’s affidavit based upon the “locality rule.” Having acknowledged the

differing interpretations of Spalding, we respectfully suggest that the question of whether there exists

a locality rule, other than the “locality” being Tennessee, for expert witnesses in legal malpractice

actions is an appropriate issue for our Supreme Court to resolve.

We next will consider whether the Trial Court erred in disallowing Plaintiffs’ expert’s

affidavit because sworn or certified copies of all papers or parts thereof referred to in the affidavit

were not attached. In pertinent part, Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56.06 provides:

56.06. Form of Affidavits – Further Testimony – Defense Required. –

Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set

forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that

the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein. Sworn or certified

copies of all papers or parts thereof referred to in an affidavitshall be attached thereto

or served therewith. . . . Expert opinion affidavits shall be governed by Tennessee

Rule of Evidence 703.

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06. 

Tennessee Rule of Evidence 703 provides:

Rule 703. Bases of opinion testimony by experts. – The facts or data in the

particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those

perceived by or made known to the expert at or before the hearing. If of a type

reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or

inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence. The

court shall disallow testimony in the form of an opinion orinference if the underlying

facts or data indicate lack of trustworthiness.
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Tenn. R. Evid. 703. 

Rule 56.06 clearly states: “Sworn or certified copies of all papers or parts thereof

referred to in an affidavitshall be attached thereto orserved therewith.” Mr. Duncan’s first affidavit

did not have attached copies of papers or parts thereof referred to in his affidavit. Nor were such

copies served with it. Plaintiffs argue that because Tenn. R. Evid. 703 states: “If of a type reasonably

relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the

facts or data need not be admissible in evidence,” this somehow trumps the mandate contained in

Rule 56.06 that the documents must be attached. However, “need not be admissible in evidence”

and “shall be attached thereto” are two very different concepts. Documents may not need to be

admissible under Rule 703, but under Rule 56.06 they clearly must be attached. Mr. Duncan’s

affidavit did not have the documents attached or served with it, and therefore, the Trial Court did not

err when it refused for this reason to consider Mr. Duncan’s first affidavit. 

However we next must consider whether the Trial Court erred by not permitting

Plaintiffs time to supplement the affidavit of their expert witness. Plaintiffs attempted to correct the

technical deficiency discussed above by filing an amended affidavit with copies of the documents

referenced attached to it one day after the hearing on the motion for summary judgment but before

the Trial Court rendered its decision. The Trial Court refused to consider this amended affidavit. 

Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides specific time limits applicable to

motions for summary judgment. In pertinent part, Rule 56.04 provides:

56.04. Motion and Proceedings Thereon. – The motion shall be served at least

thirty (30) days before the time fixed for the hearing. The adverse party may serve

and file opposing affidavits not later than five (5) days before the hearing. . . . 

Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. 

Plaintiffs did not comply with the five day time limit set out in Rule 56.04 when they

filed their expert’s amended affidavit the day after the hearing. Importantly, however, neither did

Defendant when he filed his amended affidavit on October 5, 2004, a mere two days before the

October 7, 2004 hearing. Plaintiffs were required by Rule 56.04 to file their “opposing affidavits

not later than five (5) before the hearing...,” which at a minimum presupposes that the movant’s

affidavits are filed more than five (5) days before the hearing. Defendant’s filing his amended

affidavit only two days before the hearing made it impossible for Plaintiffs to file their opposing

affidavits in response to this amended affidavit not later than five (5) days before the hearing. Yet

the Trial Court apparently chose to consider Defendant’s amended affidavit and not to consider

Plaintiffs’ amended expert affidavit filed only three days later. In addition, Defendant’s amended

affidavit suffered from the same technical deficiency that Plaintiffs’ original affidavit suffered,

namely, not all of the documents referred to in it were attached or served with it. 
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We hold that it was error for the Trial Court to refuse to consider Plaintiffs’ amended

expert affidavit given that the Trial Court considered Defendant’s amended affidavit even though

it was served and filed only two days before the hearing and it suffered the same technical deficiency

as Plaintiffs’ original affidavit. To hold otherwise would allow a movant to file a perfunctory

affidavit when he files his motion for summary judgment and wait until two days, or even one day,

before the hearing to file a much more detailed affidavit thereby preventing the adverse party from

either complying with the requirements of Rule 56.04 or effectively addressing those matters raised

in the movant’s amended affidavit. We, therefore, vacate the grant of summary judgment. 

Our resolution of Plaintiffs’ first three issuesrenders the remaining issues moot. We

vacate the Trial Court’s October 18, 2004 order in its entirety. Our resolution of this appeal is to be

taken in no way as any commentary as to the validity or invalidity of Plaintiffs’ claim against

Defendant. Although we do not directly address the issue of whether the Trial Court erred in not

staying this case pending a resolution of the underlying medical malpractice action, we suggest that

this would be an appropriate situation in which to exercise the conservation of scarce judicial

resources. See Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23 (Tenn. 1995). 

Conclusion

The judgment of the Trial Court is vacated, and this cause is remanded to the Trial

Court. The costs on appeal are assessed against the Appellee, Rick J. Bearfield. 

___________________________________ 

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, JUDGE