[Cite as Fordeley v. Fordeley, 2023-Ohio-261.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

TRUMBULL COUNTY

CHRISTINA FORDELEY,

Plaintiff-Appellee/

Cross-Appellant,

- v -

MARK FORDELEY, et al.,

Defendant-Appellant/

Cross-Appellee.

CASE NO. 2021-T-0020

Civil Appeal from the

Court of Common Pleas, 

Domestic Relations Division

Trial Court No. 2012 DR 00330

O P I N I O N

Decided: January 30, 2023

Judgment: Affirmed in part and reversed in part; remanded

Matthew C. Giannini, 1040 South Commons Place, Suite 200, Youngstown, OH 44514 

and Louis E. Katz, 70 West McKinley Way, Suite 16, Poland, OH 44514 (For PlaintiffAppellee/Cross-Appellant).

James J. Crisan, Martin F. White Co., LPA, 156 Park Avenue, N.E., P.O. Box 1150, 

Warren, OH 44482 (For Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee).

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J.

{¶1} This matter is before us on the appeal of Mark Fordeley (“Husband”) and 

the cross-appeal of Christina Fordeley (“Wife”) from the trial court’s entry, following 

remand from this court, declaring the parties’ prenuptial agreement invalid and 

incorporating the previously issued final divorce decree. The judgment is affirmed in part 

and reversed in part.

{¶2} The parties met in early 1993 when Wife was a senior in high school. 

Husband was 30 years old and had been operating his own vehicle cleaning business, 
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Buff-N-Stuff, for more than a decade. He also owned multiple tracts of land throughout 

Trumbull County, including the Buff-N-Stuff property, as well as a majority interest in 

Fordeley’s Finest Pre-Owned Auto, a small used-car lot that he operated with his father.

{¶3} After Wife’s graduation from high school in spring 1993, the parties began 

dating, and she began working for Husband at his two businesses. She soon became 

involved in maintaining the books for his businesses.

{¶4} Within a few months after they started dating, the parties became engaged, 

but Husband consistently told Wife that he would not marry her unless she signed a 

prenuptial agreement. In December 1993, Wife became pregnant. Four months later, 

the parties went to Las Vegas where they planned to be married. The ceremony did not 

proceed, however, because Husband was unable to locate an attorney to draft a valid 

prenuptial agreement.

{¶5} In July 1994, Husband hired a local attorney to write a prenuptial 

agreement. Attached to the prenuptial agreement were two schedules of assets, one for 

each party. Wife’s schedule included four items of separate property, totaling $13,250. 

Husband’s schedule listed 42 items of separate property, with a total value of $438,300. 

His schedule did not, however, include values for his businesses. 

{¶6} On July 27, 1994, Husband drove Wife to his attorney’s office to pick up the 

prenuptial agreement that the parties eventually executed. Wife was eight months 

pregnant and had never seen the agreement. After retrieving the agreement, Husband 

drove Wife to a second attorney’s office. According to Wife, she did not make the 

appointment to see the second attorney and did not pay his fee. Before she went into the 
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second attorney’s office alone, Husband again told her that he would not marry her unless 

she signed the prenuptial agreement.

{¶7} After reading the entire agreement together, the second attorney told Wife 

that the terms were not favorable to her and advised her not to sign it. Despite this, Wife 

signed the agreement. Wife explained that she signed the agreement because Husband 

told her to sign it; she did not want her child to be illegitimate; and she did not want to 

bring shame upon her family. The second attorney then prepared a written waiver stating 

that he explained some of his concerns about the terms and advised her to give it careful 

consideration before executing it. The waiver further provides that Wife understood she 

would not receive any separate compensation for work she performed for Husband’s 

businesses during their marriage. Wife signed the waiver.

{¶8} When Wife’s appointment with the second attorney concluded, Husband 

returned to his attorney’s office and executed the prenuptial agreement. Two days later, 

the parties married. On August 23, 1994, their first child was born. During their 20-year 

marriage, the parties had six children.

{¶9} Through the years, the parties purchased multiple tracts of land in both of 

their names, including the marital residence. The funds used to buy the tracts were 

supplied solely by Husband. In addition, he purchased other tracts in his name. 

Moreover, at some point, he formed a third business, Fordeley Rentals, LLC. This entity 

also owns multiple tracts of land and receives rental income on some of the property.

{¶10} Wife filed for divorce in August 2012. Husband subsequently moved the 

trial court to declare the prenuptial agreement enforceable, and Wife moved to have the 

agreement deemed unenforceable.
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{¶11} The trial court held a two-day hearing regarding enforceability and ruled that 

the agreement was unenforceable for two reasons: (1) Wife signed the agreement while 

under duress; and (2) Husband engaged in coercion and overreaching.

{¶12} Thereafter, trial was held on 13 separate days throughout 2017. Both sides 

presented expert testimony as to the value of certain assets, including the businesses 

and some tracts of property. In distributing the marital assets, the court awarded Husband 

all the businesses, including Buff-N-Stuff. The court awarded Wife various properties 

valued nearly equal to the assets awarded to Husband, finding that she would be able to 

generate sufficient income from the properties distributed to her. No spousal support was 

awarded.

{¶13} Husband appealed, challenging various aspects of the final divorce decree, 

including the conclusion that the parties’ prenuptial agreement is not enforceable. 

Fordeley v. Fordeley, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2018-T-0006, 2020-Ohio-5380, ¶ 1. This 

court reversed the trial court’s ruling as to the enforceability of the prenuptial agreement 

on the basis that “the facts cited by the trial court are insufficient to establish duress, 

coercion, or overreaching.” Id. at ¶ 32. This court remanded the matter for the trial court 

to “conduct further proceedings including, but not limited to, considering and ruling on 

[the] other arguments regarding the validity of the prenuptial agreement, and thereafter, 

distributing the parties’ assets and liabilities accordingly, and awarding spousal support, 

if any.” Id. at ¶ 34.

{¶14} On remand, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing. Husband testified 

and was cross-examined; Wife was cross-examined. The parties stipulated that the court 

would review the transcripts of the prenuptial attorneys’ previous testimony. On April 9, 
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2021, the trial court again declared the prenuptial agreement invalid for two reasons: (1) 

Husband failed to meet his burden of full disclosure of the nature, value, and extent of his 

property; and (2) the terms of the agreement promote divorce and the profiteering 

therefrom. The trial court further held that “all prior orders of this court are in full effect.”

{¶15} From this entry, Husband assigns six errors for review; Wife assigns nine. 

We first consider Husband’s assigned error pertaining to the prenuptial agreement:

[1.] The trial court abused its discretion in determining that the 

parties’ prenuptial agreement is invalid and unenforceable.

{¶16} A prenuptial, or antenuptial, agreement is a contract entered into in 

contemplation and in consideration of a future marriage wherein the property rights and 

economic interests of either prospective spouse, or both, are determined and set forth. 

Gross v. Gross, 11 Ohio St.3d 99, 102, 464 N.E.2d 500 (1984). “It is well settled in Ohio 

that public policy allows the enforcement of prenuptial agreements.” Fletcher v. Fletcher, 

68 Ohio St.3d 464, 466, 628 N.E.2d 1343 (1994), citing Gross at paragraph one of the 

syllabus. “Modern trends in marriage and divorce, and changing social attitudes, 

compelled the [Ohio Supreme] court to conclude that these types of agreements tend to 

promote marriage, rather than encourage divorce.” Vlad v. Vlad, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 

2003-T-0126, 2005-Ohio-2080, ¶ 50, citing Gross at 105.

{¶17} In reviewing a trial court’s ruling as to the enforceability of a prenuptial 

agreement, an appellate court cannot reweigh the evidence, but instead must uphold the 

trial court’s factual findings when they are supported by competent evidence. Fletcher at 

468, citing Ross v. Ross, 64 Ohio St.2d 203, 414 N.E.2d 426 (1980). “In addition, we will 

indulge all reasonable presumptions consistent with the record in favor of lower court 
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decisions on questions of law.” Fletcher at 468, citing In re Sublett, 169 Ohio St. 19, 157 

N.E.2d 324 (1959).

{¶18} Prenuptial agreements “‘are valid and enforceable (1) if they have been 

entered into freely without fraud, duress, coercion, or overreaching; (2) if there was full 

disclosure, or full knowledge and understanding of the nature, value and extent of the 

prospective spouse’s property; and (3) if the terms do not promote or encourage divorce 

or profiteering by divorce.’” Fletcher at 466, quoting Gross at paragraph two of the 

syllabus. “These conditions precedent to the enforcement of a prenuptial agreement arise 

in part from the fact that parties who have agreed to marry stand in a fiduciary relationship 

to each other.” Fletcher at 466, citing Gross at 108 and Juhasz v. Juhasz, 134 Ohio St. 

257, 16 N.E.2d 328 (1938), paragraph one of the syllabus.

{¶19} The trial court based its unenforceability ruling upon the latter two prongs of 

the Gross test, and Husband challenges both conclusions.

{¶20} Regarding the second prong: “When an antenuptial agreement provides 

disproportionately less than the party challenging it would have received under an 

equitable distribution, the burden is on the one claiming the validity of the contract to show 

that the other party entered into it with the benefit of full knowledge or disclosure of the 

assets of the proponent.” Fletcher at paragraph one of the syllabus; accord Juhasz at 

paragraph three of the syllabus (the spouse defending the agreement must show full 

disclosure of the nature, extent and value of his or her property or that the other spouse 

had full knowledge thereof without such disclosure).

{¶21} Here, there is no dispute that the prenuptial agreement provides 

disproportionately less to Wife than she would receive under an equitable distribution, as 
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she renounced her claim to any future accumulation of assets Husband would receive 

during the marriage, including earnings and proceeds of sale. Accordingly, the 

agreement is enforceable only if Husband demonstrates that Wife entered into the 

agreement with the benefit of either his full disclosure or her full knowledge of his assets. 

{¶22} The trial court held that Husband did not meet this burden because the 

prenuptial agreement failed to assign monetary values to Husband’s businesses, Buff-NStuff and Fordeley’s Finest Pre-Owned Auto, and there was insufficient evidence that 

Wife, as a 19-year-old recent high school graduate, possessed an “advanced business 

acumen” such that she “had a grasp on the nature, value, and extent of” Husband’s 

businesses.1 

{¶23} Husband testified that the values of these two businesses, of which he was 

the sole proprietor, were merely the assets listed on his schedule attached to the 

prenuptial agreement, which included bank account balances, shop equipment, and the 

building. Husband’s prenuptial attorney testified that no appraisals were obtained to value 

the businesses. The trial court, unpersuaded, summarily stated that this “is not a 

complete picture of a business value.”

{¶24} There is “no requirement that the parties to such an agreement itemize their 

various assets and their worth.” Hook v. Hook, 69 Ohio St.2d 234, 238, 431 N.E.2d 667 

(1982). And Husband relies on opinions from many of our sibling districts, holding that a 

spouse’s general knowledge of the nature and extent of the other’s wealth and assets, 

1. The trial court also found that Husband had not disclosed that he owned property at 575 Franklin in 

Warren. It is undisputed, however, that Husband did not acquire this asset until 2003, nearly 10 years after 

the prenuptial agreement was executed.
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even without detailed itemization as to value, is sufficient to satisfy the disclosure test. 

See Millstein v. Millstein, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 79617 et seq., 2002-Ohio-4783, ¶ 84; 

see also Gates v. Gates, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 06 CO 60, 2007-Ohio-5040, ¶ 63 (“full 

disclosure does not require that a listing of the property * * * be attached to the prenuptial 

agreement”); Johnson v. Johnson, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2010 CA 2, 2011-Ohio-500, ¶ 47 

(not every minor interest must be disclosed for a prenuptial agreement to be valid); Leach 

v. Leach, 2016-Ohio-8569, 80 N.E.3d 1044, ¶ 32 (5th Dist.) (when the agreement does 

not purport to provide an exclusive list of all assets, the fact that property is not identified 

in the agreement is not determinative of validity); Heimann v. Heimann, 3d Dist. Hancock 

No. 5-21-11, 2022-Ohio-241, ¶ 33 (disclosure need not be “drastically sweeping”; i.e., 

“the spouse need not know the other’s exact means”). But see Vanderbilt v. Vanderbilt, 

9th Dist. Medina Nos. 11CA0103-M & 11CA0104-M, 2013-Ohio-1222, ¶ 12-13 (declining 

to reach the issue of whether this approach to the disclosure test is valid).

{¶25} Here, Husband’s failure to provide the value of his businesses in the 

schedule of assets was not, as in the above cases, a minor interest or unexacting 

disclosure. It is more similar to that described in In re Estate of Bishop (May 8, 1997), 

Muskingum App. No. 96-0039, unreported. There, “the prenuptial disclosure listed 

several pieces of real property, several savings accounts, partial ownership of a machine 

shop, several vehicles, insurance policies, and other items. Specific values were ascribed 

to the savings accounts, but not to the real property or the machine shop, nor was the 

extent of the husband’s interest in the machine shop disclosed. The prenuptial agreement 

provided that the wife got nothing in event of death or divorce.” Johnson at ¶ 45. “The 

Fifth Appellate District held that, under the facts presented, the extent of the husband’s 
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assets had not been fully disclosed to the wife prior to entering the prenuptial agreement, 

and therefore the agreement was invalid and unenforceable.” Id. Further, in Vlad, this 

court held that “the lack of a comprehensive list of assets and their values at the time of 

the marriage * * * did not meet the requirements set forth by the court in Gross for full 

disclosure of assets” and rendered the prenuptial agreement unenforceable. (Emphasis 

added.) Vlad, 2005-Ohio-2080, at ¶ 61-62. 

{¶26} In neither of these cases, however, was it discussed whether the wife had 

full knowledge of the value of the husband’s assets, despite the lack of the husband’s full 

disclosure. Here, at the hearing held following remand, Husband’s attorney elicited 

testimony from both parties as to the extent of Wife’s knowledge thereof. In this regard, 

the parties’ testimony did not conflict.

{¶27} Both parties testified that Wife began working for Husband in April or May 

1993, just prior to her high school graduation. Wife did well in school; Husband testified 

that she graduated fourth in her class. Husband testified that he had started the 

businesses approximately 10 years prior. The parties became engaged that summer and 

married the following summer, in July 1994. Both parties testified that during this period 

of time, for approximately 15 months prior to executing the prenuptial agreement, Wife 

did the bookkeeping and banking for the businesses, wrote checks and paid the bills, 

dealt with the accountant, met with vendors and business associates, answered the 

phone and performed other secretarial tasks, and helped deliver cars to patrons. 

Husband testified that Wife worked with him all day, every day, Monday through Saturday. 

Wife also had access to the business records, but neither party testified whether she in 

fact accessed them. 
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{¶28} The trial court found that this was insufficient evidence to support the 

conclusion that Wife had full knowledge of the value of Husband’s businesses. There 

was no testimony here that Wife had any independent knowledge thereof—of the nature 

and extent, yes; of the value, no. See, e.g., Zimmie v. Zimmie, 11 Ohio St.3d 94, 98, 464 

N.E.2d 142 (1984) (where the wife testified that no one explained to her the undisclosed 

value of husband’s corporate assets, the wife did not have full knowledge of the husband’s 

financial worth). Although there is no requirement that a spouse have an “advanced 

business acumen” in order to understand the value of a business, the fact that expert 

testimony was necessary in this case to value the businesses for purposes of division of 

assets further supports the trial court’s conclusion.

{¶29} Given our standard of review, we are unable to conclude that the trial court 

erred in invalidating the prenuptial agreement under the second prong of the Gross test. 

This holding renders moot Husband’s challenge to the trial court’s conclusion on the third 

prong of the Gross test, i.e., that the terms of the prenuptial agreement promote divorce 

and the profiteering therefrom.

{¶30} Husband’s first assignment of error is without merit.

{¶31} We next consider Wife’s second assignment of error, in which she 

challenges the duration of the marriage as set by the trial court:

[2.] The trial court erred by using December 1, 2014 as the 

end date for the term of “during the marriage” of the parties.

{¶32} “A court in a divorce action may set the marriage duration as something 

other than ‘the period of time from the date of the marriage through the date of the final 

hearing,’ if using the actual marriage dates ‘would be inequitable.’” Walsh v. Walsh, 157 
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Ohio St.3d 322, 2019-Ohio-3723, 136 N.E.3d 460, ¶ 3, fn. 1, quoting R.C. 3105.171(A)(2). 

“If the court selects dates that it considers equitable in determining marital property, 

‘during the marriage’ means the period of time between those dates selected and 

specified by the court.” R.C. 3105.171(A)(2)(b).

{¶33} “A trial court enjoys broad discretion in determining the dates constituting 

the duration of the marriage.” Riley v. Riley, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2012-A-0037, 2013-

Ohio-1604, ¶ 42, citing Berish v. Berish, 69 Ohio St.2d 318, 319-320, 432 N.E.2d 183 

(1982). “‘[A] trial court may use a de facto termination of marriage date when the evidence 

clearly and bilaterally shows that it is appropriate based upon the totality of the 

circumstances.’” Riley at ¶ 45, quoting Marini v. Marini, 11th Dist. Nos. 2005-T-0012 & 

2005-T-0059, 2006-Ohio-3775, ¶ 13.

{¶34} The first day of the final hearing was February 13, 2017. On the second 

day of the final hearing, after testimony on asset values had begun, Husband moved the 

trial court to determine a de facto termination date of the marriage. Wife opposed. After 

hearing testimony on the issue, the court determined that it “cannot accept the first date 

of trial as requested by [Wife] as this case has been pending over four years.” In the final 

divorce decree, the court concluded, “taking into account all matters equitable,” that 

December 1, 2014, was the de facto end date of the marriage.

{¶35} Wife maintains that the trial court should have used the final hearing date 

as the end date of the marriage. She contends that the trial court did not fully explain why 

the mere passage of time rendered the final hearing date inequitable, “especially in light 

of the fact that almost all of the delay was caused by [Husband].” Wife’s appellate brief 

cites to nothing in the record that supports this allegation. She further argues that the trial 
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court used different and inconsistent dates in determining the amount of the parties’ 

debts. It appears this allegation may refer to certain statement dates of the parties’ debts, 

but neither the divorce decree nor Wife’s appellate brief set forth when the debts were 

acquired.

{¶36} Wife has not set forth a convincing argument as to why the date of 

December 1, 2014, is inequitable, and we discern no abuse of discretion.

{¶37} Wife’s second assignment of error is without merit.

{¶38} Next, Husband’s third assigned error challenges the trial court’s valuation 

of his car detailing business:

[3.] The trial court committed prejudicial error and abused its 

discretion in adopting a methodology to evaluate the Buff-NStuff business, solely on net profits, at a value of $125,713.00, 

without making an adjustment for the salary of the sole 

proprietor and considering the rent and equipment required to 

run the business.

{¶39} Each spouse presented expert testimony as to Buff-N-Stuff’s fair market 

value, each side offering significantly different appraisals. The trial court adopted the 

value assigned by Wife’s expert, finding his valuation to be more credible, accurate, and 

reliable. Husband maintains that the appraisal of Wife’s expert is completely unreliable 

and that the trial court failed to give credence to the qualifications of his own experts. 

Specifically, Husband argues that in evaluating a business for its fair market value, it is 

improper to base the value of the business on its net profits without factoring in the sole 

proprietor’s salary, ownership or rental of the property, and the cost of equipment and 

supplies.
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{¶40} “‘The valuation of property in a divorce case is a question of fact. * * * 

Consequently, the trial court’s judgment will not be reversed as long as it is supported by 

some competent, credible evidence.’” Davis v. Davis, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2011-G3018, 2013-Ohio-211, ¶ 40, quoting Covert v. Covert, 4th Dist. Adams No. 03CA778, 

2004-Ohio-3534, ¶ 6.

{¶41} “As to the use of a particular method of determining an asset’s value, a trial 

court has no obligation to adopt or follow any specific method of valuation.” Davis at ¶ 

41, citing Huelskamp v. Huelskamp, 185 Ohio App.3d 611, 2009-Ohio-6864, 925 N.E.2d 

167, ¶ 27 (3d Dist.). “Thus, when a ‘value’ question is raised on appeal, the task of the 

appellate court ‘“is not to require the adoption of any particular method of valuation, but 

to determine whether, based on all relevant facts and circumstances, the [trial] court 

abused its discretion in arriving at a value.”’” Davis at ¶ 41, quoting McLeod v. McLeod,

11th Dist. Lake No. 2000-L-197, 2002-Ohio-3710, ¶ 61, quoting James v. James, 101 

Ohio App.3d 668, 681, 656 N.E.2d 399 (1st Dist.1995). “Pursuant to the foregoing 

precedent, an abuse of discretion cannot be deemed to have occurred when the trial 

court’s ‘value’ determination is supported by some competent, credible evidence.” Davis

at ¶ 41, citing Huelskamp at ¶ 27.

{¶42} Wife’s expert, William Leicht, is a CPA, has a Certificate in Valuation, and 

is the owner of an accounting and valuation practice. He has been a certified appraiser 

since 2003 and has performed almost 200 business evaluations. Mr. Leicht initially gave 

a valuation based on the duration of the marriage ending on the first day of the final 

hearing. He returned to court and gave an updated valuation after the trial court 

determined the de facto end date of the marriage. For this valuation, Mr. Leicht reviewed 
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income tax returns for 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014. He used the “income method” for his 

valuation and performed a normalizing adjustment to the amounts claimed for legal and 

professional fees. Mr. Leicht determined the average income for that four-year period 

was $40,046.00. He ultimately valued the business at $125,713.00 based upon a 

capitalization rate of 31.17% with a marketability discount of 5%.

{¶43} Husband’s experts, Alan Friedkin and Thomas Kelly, appraised the fair 

market value of Buff-N-Stuff significantly lower. 

{¶44} Mr. Friedkin owns Friedkin Realty LLC, a commercial real estate brokerage, 

and A.S. Friedkin and Associates, a business brokerage and property management 

company. As a business broker and business transfer specialist, Mr. Friedkin has 

experience helping people buy and sell businesses; he is not an accountant or a certified 

business valuation analyst. Mr. Friedkin testified that he took information from Husband 

as to how the business operates, how he is paid, his involvement in the business, and the 

assets of the business. He was also provided with income tax returns for 2013, 2014, 

and 2015. He valued the business by reviewing all of this information and using an 

Industry Rule of Thumb from a business reference guide used by business brokers. Mr. 

Friedkin testified that the “Rule of Thumb” for an auto detailing shop is 40-45% of annual 

sales plus inventory, but that he instead took 50% of the three-year average of net profit 

for the years 2013 through 2015. He also did not consider the business assets or 

inventory to determine value. He ultimately valued the business at $9,250.00.

{¶45} Mr. Kelly is a commercial real estate and business broker and consultant. 

He brokers businesses and investment properties for sale, is a licensed real estate 

appraiser, and is certified as a business analyst. Mr. Kelly valued the business by 
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reviewing bank statements and tax returns from 2011 through 2016, as well as the initial 

appraisal of Wife’s expert. He testified that his approach was basically the “income 

method” but he did not apply a capitalization rate because the imputed information led to 

a negative income. Specifically, he utilized a rental factor and considered owner 

compensation, which Wife’s expert did not do, that resulted in a negative cash flow of 

$41,000.00 for the business. Mr. Kelly ultimately valued the business at “a couple 

thousand dollars if you are lucky.”

{¶46} In finding that the fair market value of Buff-N-Stuff was $125,713.00 as of 

December 1, 2014, the de facto termination date of the marriage, the court concluded 

that Mr. Leicht’s valuation was more credible, accurate, and reliable. The court based 

this conclusion on the experts’ differing qualifications and experience and also found that 

Mr. Kelly’s valuation was not supported by evidence that the business had been profitable 

over the four-year period analyzed. Because the trial court’s findings are supported by 

some competent, credible evidence, Husband has failed to demonstrate any abuse of 

discretion as to valuation of his Buff-N-Stuff business. 

{¶47} Husband’s third assigned error lacks merit.

{¶48} We next consider Husband’s fourth assigned error:

[4.] The trial court committed prejudicial error and abused its 

discretion in failing to recognize and award Appellant’s father 

equitable ownership of six automobiles titled in the name of 

Wheelz Gone Wild LLC.

{¶49} Husband and his father, Frank Fordeley (“Frank”), formed a partnership 

registered as Wheelz Gone Wild LLC (formerly Fordeley’s Finest Pre-Owned Auto). 

Husband maintains that Frank personally bought and paid for certain vehicles and their 
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license plates, repairs, and maintenance, but that they were titled to the LLC for insurance 

purposes. Husband contends, therefore, that these vehicles should not have been 

included in the marital value of the LLC and that the trial court was equitably required to 

award them to Frank.

{¶50} The parties do not dispute that the vehicles at issue are titled to Wheelz 

Gone Wild LLC. Therefore, because title to an automobile is proof of its ownership, 

Wheelz Gone Wild LLC is the presumptive owner of the vehicles. See R.C. 4505.04(B). 

Despite testimony that supports the contention that Frank is the equitable owner of the 

vehicles, the trial court denied Frank’s attempt to claim the vehicles as personal to him 

because he was not a third party claiming any interest in marital property in this case. We 

agree.

{¶51} “A person * * * claiming an interest in property * * * out of which a party 

seeks a division of marital property, a distributive award, or an award of spousal support 

or other support, may be made a party defendant.” (Emphasis added.) Civ.R. 75(B)(1). 

See also Hudson v. Hudson, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-21-1040, 2021-Ohio-4036, ¶ 19 (“We 

have construed ‘interest’ as used in Civ.R. 75(B)(1) to mean ‘a lien or ownership, legal or 

equitable.’”). However, “[i]n the absence of other parties as third party defendants, the 

trial court’s only obligation [is] to divide the assets equitably between the parties.” 

Donnelly v. Donnelly, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2002-CA-53, 2003-Ohio-1377, ¶ 42, citing 

Alimonos v. Alimonos, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 15294, 1996 WL 535289 (Aug. 23, 1996) 

(in-laws were added as third party defendants as they claimed an interest in the home 

where the parties to the divorce lived); Fisher v. Fisher, 3d Dist. Putnam No. 12-96-1, 

1996 WL 481511 (Aug. 14, 1996) (father-in-law was added to divorce action as a third
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party defendant based on allegations he had fraudulently taken possession of and 

concealed marital assets); Benson v. Benson, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2000-A-0010, 

2001 WL 733536 (June 29, 2001) (party claiming lien on cattle was added to the divorce 

action); and Perich-Varie v. Varie, 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 98-T-0029, 1999 WL 689741 

(Aug. 27, 1999) (in-laws who claimed to own the marital premises were added to the 

divorce action as third party defendants).

{¶52} Here, Frank was not made a party to the divorce action. Thus, the trial court 

was not required to address any interest, equitable or otherwise, that he may have in the 

vehicles titled to the LLC. The trial court appropriately allocated the marital value of the 

LLC between the only parties to the action, determining their respective rights in the 

property, and neither recognizing nor negating any interest Frank may have in the 

property. See Galloway v. Khan, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-140, 2006-Ohio-6637, ¶ 

22, citing Donnelly at ¶ 42. But see Koval v. Koval, 129 Ohio App.3d 68, 71, 716 N.E.2d 

1217, 1219 (11th Dist.1998) (where the wife and her mother jointly owned shares of stock, 

the trial court’s decision to declare the stock a marital asset was error without first joining 

the mother as a necessary party to the action and providing her an opportunity to be 

heard).

{¶53} Husband’s fourth assigned error lacks merit.

{¶54} Husband’s and Wife’s remaining assigned errors challenge the trial court’s 

classification and division of assets and obligations.

{¶55} “In divorce proceedings, the court shall * * * determine what constitutes 

marital property and what constitutes separate property. * * * [T]he court shall divide the 

marital and separate property equitably between the spouses, in accordance with this 
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section.” R.C. 3105.171(B). “Except as provided in this division or division (E) of this 

section, the division of marital property shall be equal. If an equal division of marital

property would be inequitable, the court shall not divide the marital property equally but 

instead shall divide it between the spouses in the manner the court determines equitable. 

In making a division of marital property, the court shall consider all relevant factors, 

including those set forth in division (F) of this section.” R.C. 3105.171(C)(1).

{¶56} “A trial court is vested with broad discretion when fashioning a division of 

both marital property and marital debt.” (Citations omitted.) Calkins v. Calkins, 2016-

Ohio-1297, 62 N.E.3d 686, ¶ 22 (11th Dist.). “However, a trial court’s discretion is not 

unbridled. The award need not be equal, but it must be equitable. A reviewing court will 

not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court unless the trial court’s decision is 

unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.” (Internal citations omitted.) Bisker v. Bisker,

69 Ohio St.3d 608, 609, 635 N.E.2d 308 (1994); Holcomb v. Holcomb, 44 Ohio St.3d 128, 

131, 541 N.E.2d 597 (1989) (a trial court’s division will not be reversed on appeal absent 

an abuse of discretion). “‘When applying this standard of review, we must view the 

property division in its entirety, consider the totality of the circumstances, and determine 

whether the trial court abused its discretion when dividing the spouses’ marital assets and 

debts.’” Calkins at ¶ 22, quoting Baker v. Baker, 4th Dist. Washington No. 07CA24, 2007-

Ohio-7172, ¶ 28, citing Briganti v. Briganti, 9 Ohio St.3d 220, 222, 459 N.E.2d 896 (1984).

{¶57} We next consider Husband’s second assigned error:

[2.] The trial court committed prejudicial error and abused its 

discretion in awarding Appellee one-half of Appellant’s 

premarital businesses, and evaluating them in excess of their 

fair market value.
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{¶58} Husband argues that the trial court incorrectly classified Buff-N-Stuff and 

Wheelz Gone Wild, businesses he commenced eight years prior to the marriage, as 

marital property in their entirety. Wife concedes in her brief that “even though the 

businesses may have been started before the parties married, that portion of the value of 

the businesses that appreciated and grew from the effort of the parties during their 

marriage is marital property, of which [she is] entitled to her equitable share.” (Emphasis 

added.)

{¶59} By statute, “marital property” does not include any “separate property.” R.C. 

3105.171(A)(3)(b). “[T]he party seeking to have a particular asset classified as separate 

property has the burden of proof, by a preponderance of the evidence, to trace the asset 

to separate property.” (Citations omitted.) Speece v. Speece, 2021-Ohio-170, 167 

N.E.3d 1, ¶ 35 (11th Dist.). “A trial court’s characterization of property as separate or 

marital will be upheld when the record contains some competent credible evidence to 

support the trial court’s conclusion.” (Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 103.

{¶60} “Separate property” includes, in relevant part, “any real or personal property 

or interest in real or personal property that was acquired by one spouse prior to the date

of the marriage”; and “passive income and appreciation acquired from separate property 

by one spouse during the marriage.” R.C. 3105.171(A)(6)(a)(ii)-(iii). “‘Passive income’ 

means income acquired other than as a result of the labor, monetary, or in-kind 

contribution of either spouse.” R.C. 3105.171(A)(4).

{¶61} “Marital property” includes, in relevant part, (i) all real and personal property 

currently owned by one or both of the spouses that was “acquired by either or both of the 

spouses during the marriage”; (ii) all interest that one or both of the spouses currently has 
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in any real or personal property that was “acquired by either or both of the spouses during 

the marriage”; and (iii) “income and appreciation on separate property, due to the labor, 

monetary, or in-kind contribution of either or both of the spouses that occurred during the 

marriage.” R.C. 3105.171(A)(3)(a). See also Middendorf v. Middendorf, 82 Ohio St.3d 

397, 696 N.E.2d 575 (1998), syllabus (“Under R.C. 3105.171, an increase in the value of 

separate property due to either spouse’s efforts is marital property.”); Iacampo v. OliverIacampo, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2011-G-3026, 2012-Ohio-1790, ¶ 20 (“Active 

appreciation, defined as an increase in the fair market value of property that is ‘due to the 

labor, monetary, or in-kind contribution of either or both of the spouses that occurred 

during the marriage,’ is marital property.”).

{¶62} It is undisputed that the businesses were commenced years prior to the 

1994 marriage of the parties. The parties met after the businesses were in full operation, 

and Wife began working for Husband prior to their marriage. Thus, the businesses 

themselves could only be classified as separate property because they were acquired by 

Husband prior to the date of the marriage. See R.C. 3105.071(A)(6)(a)(iii). However, 

any income and appreciation on this separate property that occurred during the marriage 

due to the labor, monetary, or in-kind contribution of either or both parties, i.e. active 

appreciation, is marital property. See R.C. 3105.171(A)(3)(a)(iii). There is no disputing 

the fact that both parties contributed to the businesses during the marriage. And there 

was evidence that the businesses had premarital value, at the very least in the amount of 

equipment and vehicles owned prior to the marriage. The trial court concluded that “there 

was no evidence of any separate property or premarital value” in Buff-N-Stuff and 

rendered no opinion or conclusion as to a premarital value in Wheelz Gone Wild, declaring 
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the marital value equal to Husband’s 90% interest in the present value of the partnership. 

These conclusions are not supported by competent, credible evidence. The trial court 

erred in classifying the businesses in their entirety as marital property subject to division, 

rather than the active appreciation of the businesses that occurred during the marriage. 

See, e.g., Blair v. Blair, 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-01-36, 2002 WL 359470 (Mar. 5, 2002).

{¶63} Husband’s second assigned error is well taken. On remand, the trial court 

must determine the active appreciation value of the businesses, if any, and then provide 

an equitable distribution to the parties as marital property.

{¶64} We jointly consider Husband’s fifth assigned error and Wife’s first assigned 

error, in which both parties argue and agree that the trial court’s division of real estate 

was an abuse of discretion:

[Husband 5.] The trial court committed prejudicial error and 

abused its discretion in the division of the parcels of real 

estate between the parties.

[Wife 1.] The trial court committed an error of law by awarding 

the same parcel of real estate to both parties.

{¶65} The trial court divided between the parties 36 parcels of real estate. Many 

of these parcels that are contiguous to one another (e.g., one parcel holds a building and 

the adjoining parcel holds the parking lot) were split between the parties without reason 

or explanation. One parcel was distributed to both parties; one parcel was not distributed 

to either party. The result of this division is that neither party will be able to put the real 

estate to its best use, the value of the properties will be depreciated, and Husband will be 

unable to continue doing business at the real estate he was awarded. We conclude that 
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the trial court’s division and distribution of these properties was arbitrary and 

unreasonable and, therefore, an abuse of discretion.

{¶66} Husband’s fifth assigned error and Wife’s first assigned error are well taken. 

On remand, the trial court shall reevaluate the equitable distribution of all marital assets, 

taking into consideration the best contiguous use and value of these parcels of real estate.

{¶67} Wife’s fourth assignment of error states:

[4.] The trial court erred by making, without explanation, an 

unequal division of property.

{¶68} Wife argues that the trial court erred by awarding to Husband over 

$5,000.00 more of marital property without supporting findings of fact as to why this was 

equitable. Based on our holding in the previous assigned error, resulting in a remand for 

a new distribution of marital assets, we conclude this assigned error is moot.

{¶69} Husband’s sixth assigned error states:

The trial court erred and abused its discretion in failing to 

address and adjust the marital division of property to require 

Appellee to contribute one-half of the joint marital debt 

incurred and paid by Appellant during the pendency of the 

divorce proceedings and also after the date of the de facto 

termination of the marriage set by the trial court.

{¶70} During the pendency of the divorce proceedings, Husband was required to 

pay certain joint obligations of the parties, including mortgage payments, maintenance, 

taxes, insurance, and utilities on the marital property occupied and ultimately awarded to 

Wife. Husband contends it was inequitable and an abuse of discretion for the trial court 

to fail to address and adjust the marital division of property to require Wife to contribute 

one-half of these joint obligations. 
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{¶71} “A trial court is within its discretion to ‘award a credit to the party who uses 

his or her own separate funds to make mortgage or other loan payments while the divorce 

is pending. Such a request will be denied however, if the payments were made with 

marital funds.’” Shoenfelt v. Shoenfelt, 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-14-13, 2015-Ohio-225, ¶ 

44, quoting Shattuck v. Shattuck, 153 Ohio App.3d 622, 2003-Ohio-4230, 795 N.E.2d 

135, 25 (7th Dist.), citing Turner, Equitable Distribution of Property, Section 6.25, 441 (2d 

Ed.1994). “Further, a trial court may also deny a claim for reimbursement for mortgage 

payments when the spouse retains exclusive use and possession of the marital home.” 

Shoenfelt at ¶ 44, citing Wu v. Li, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA-2012-04-091, 2013-Ohio-527, 

¶ 13. “Since the spouse receives the benefit from paying down the mortgage and 

retaining the marital home, he or she should ‘bear more financial responsibility for the 

house during the pendency of the divorce * * *.’” Shoenfelt at ¶ 44, quoting Bass v. Bass,

2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25922, 2014-Ohio-2667, ¶ 16; see also Stacy v. Stacy, 11th

Dist. Ashtabula No. 2004-A-0076, 2005-Ohio-5289, ¶ 36 (trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in failing to credit wife with mortgage payments made during parties’ separation 

since wife had benefit of living in house and husband did not); Patridge v. Matthews, 12th 

Dist. Brown No. CA2000-04-007, 2001 WL 171011, *4 (Feb. 20, 2001) (trial court did not 

abuse its discretion in failing to credit husband with mortgage payments made after the 

parties’ separation when he continued to live in the house).

{¶72} Husband was obligated to make these payments while Wife continued to 

live in the marital home. He does not contend that he paid these obligations with separate 

property, but he did continue to make these payments even after the de facto termination 
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date of the marriage. We conclude that it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court not 

to consider and address the issue in the final decree of divorce.

{¶73} Husband’s sixth assigned error is well taken and shall be addressed by the 

trial court on remand.

{¶74} Wife’s sixth assigned error states:

[6.] The trial court erred by providing a full credit to Mr. 

Fordeley for the Chase credit card obligation.

{¶75} We agree the final divorce decree contains an inconsistency in this regard. 

The trial court found the amount owed on the Chase credit card was $8,352.17 and 

awarded Husband a credit of one-half that amount. However, in the division of assets 

and liabilities, the trial court listed a full credit to Husband for the amount owed. 

Accordingly, Wife’s sixth assigned error has merit and shall be addressed by the trial court 

on remand.

{¶76} Wife’s seventh assigned error states:

[7.] The trial court erred by making contradictory provisions as 

to the Discover Card obligation.

{¶77} Evidence was provided to the trial court as to two Discover Card obligations. 

Wife provided evidence of a Discover Card with an outstanding balance of $10,000.00. 

The trial court ordered Wife to pay and hold Husband harmless on this debt. Husband 

provided evidence of a Discover Card with an outstanding balance of $19,893.08. The 

trial court ordered Husband to pay and hold Wife harmless on this debt. We discern no 

contradiction in these provisions. Wife’s seventh assigned error is without merit.

{¶78} Wife’s remaining assigned errors state:
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[3.] The trial court’s judgment that Mrs. Fordeley solely pay 

the Discover Card, Visa, and Kohl’s debt is error.

[5.] The trial court erred by failing to account for the real estate 

sold in violation of the mutual restraining order.

[8.] The trial court erred in ruling that the debts owed to Rose 

Skravis and Barb Dirufalla are the sole obligation of Mrs. 

Fordeley.

[9.] The trial court erred by failing to compensate Mrs. 

Fordeley for the dissipation of marital assets by her husband 

for the amount he spent on attorney fees.

{¶79} “An appellant ‘bears the burden of affirmatively demonstrating error on 

appeal. It is not the obligation of an appellate court to search for authority to support an 

appellant's argument as to an alleged error.’” State ex rel. Ames v. Portage Cty. Bd. of 

Commrs., 11th Dist. Portage No. 2019-P-0015, 2019-Ohio-3729, 144 N.E.3d 1010, ¶ 85, 

quoting State v. Herron, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2009-L-119, et al., 2010-Ohio-2050, ¶ 16. 

{¶80} Wife has not affirmatively demonstrated under these assignments of error 

that the trial court abused its discretion. Accordingly, Wife’s third, fifth, eighth, and ninth 

assigned errors are without merit.

{¶81} The judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed 

in part and reversed in part. This matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent 

with this court’s opinion on Husband’s second, fifth, and sixth assigned errors and Wife’s 

first and sixth assigned errors.

JOHN J. EKLUND, P.J.,

MARY JANE TRAPP, J.,

concur.