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Filed 4/27/22 In re M.R. CA1/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or 

ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re M.R., a Person Coming Under 

the Juvenile Court Law.

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

M.R.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 A162803

 (San Francisco County

 Super. Ct. No. JW086778)

Defendant M.R. was tried as an adult and convicted of the murder and 

robbery of Ivan Miranda, crimes that took place when M.R. was 15 years old. 

He was sentenced to a prison term of 35 years to life and ordered to pay 

approximately $100,000 in restitution. After changes in the law that 

narrowed the felony murder rule and prohibited the transfer of juveniles 

under 16 years old to adult court, M.R.’s murder conviction was vacated and 

his case transferred back to juvenile court, where he was again ordered to 

pay some $100,000 in restitution. M.R. argues that the juvenile court lacked 

jurisdiction to order him to pay restitution and that vacating his murder 

conviction eliminated the factual basis for the restitution award. We affirm. 
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BACKGROUND

In People v. Aguilera (Oct. 2, 2015, A140128) 2015 WL 5773296

[nonpub. opn.] (Aguilera), we summarized the events of July 30 and 31, 2008, 

when M.R. was 15 years old, as shown by the evidence at trial as follows:

“[Rony] Aguilera and [M.R.] were members of the MS–13 gang. MS 

stands for Mara Salvatrucha, a reference to El Salvador; 13 represents MS–

13’s affiliation with Sureño. On July 30, 2008, the father of MS–13 gang

member ‘Pistolit[o]’ (Pistolit[o]) was shot by a member of the Norteño, a rival 

gang, and some MS–13 gang members quickly met to plot revenge. The MS–

13 members who met included Aguilera, [M.R.], Acosta, Cesar Alvarado 

(‘Momia’), Walter Chinchilla (‘Demonio’), and Pistolit[o].

“Some specifics concerning the revenge meeting were confirmed by the 

testimony of Jose (‘Chiqui’) Espinal, another MS–13 gang member, who 

testified in exchange for a letter of recommendation to the federal judge 

before whom Espinal had pleaded guilty to five charges. Espinal testified 

that in 2008 Pistolit[o]’s father was shot during a confrontation with rivals 

who sold fake green cards in the Mission District. When MS–13 gang 

members learned that Pistolit[o]’s father had been shot, they attributed the 

shooting to Norteños, and planned to retaliate. Asked how he knew, Espinal

testified he was ‘there when it was planned.’ Sometime after the meeting, 

Espinal phoned [M.R.] and told him to get ready, as other gang members 

would come by to pick him up. Espinal himself had to go to work.

“Early the next morning, July 31, at approximately 1:15 a.m., 14–year–

old Miranda left his house to meet his 17–year–old friend Linares, telling his 

father he was going to return Linares’s iPod. Miranda met Linares and her 

friend, Flores, at the intersection of Persia Avenue and Lisbon Street at 
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about 1:30 a.m. Miranda had red shoelaces in his sneakers, the color 

associated with the Norteño gang.

“The three of them walked toward Linares’s house, when Linares 

noticed four men approaching. The men walked past them at first, then 

turned back and headed toward them. Flores recognized one of the four men 

as [M.R.], who went to the same school as he and his companions. Flores 

noticed a fifth man who seemed to be texting or calling someone.

“When the four approached, they produced knives, one of them said, 

‘check them,’ and asked whether Miranda and the others had iPods or 

phones, which they then took. Two of the men held knives against Flores, 

one of whom flashed an MS–13 gang sign. Two others, including [M.R.], 

pointed knives at Miranda, who broke free and ran, pursued by two gang

members. Moments later, Linares and Flores saw Miranda on the ground, 

stabbed in the chest, neck, arm, and back. Miranda was taken to San 

Francisco General Hospital, where he died from his stab wounds. The iPod

he brought to the scene was never recovered.

“A little after 1:30 a.m., Espinal called [M.R.] and asked him ‘what’s 

up.’ [M.R.] said ‘a little fish had fallen’—‘that long hair little guy from school

. . . Ivan Dude.’

“On July 31, the day of the murder, Aguilera contacted Acosta, a fellow 

gang member who was also a tattoo artist, told him about the murder, said 

that he and [M.R.] had earned gang tattoos for the murder, and asked him to 

tattoo them. Acosta did that. And much more.” (Aguilera, supra, 2015 WL 

5773296 at pp. *1–*2.)

Acosta made recordings of conversations with M.R. and Aguilera while 

riding in a car with them the day of the murder and at a tattoo session later 
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that day. He later testified at trial and attributed the following statements to 

M.R.:

“• ‘We even hide the knife.’

“[Aguilera interjected: ‘We have to go get that shit dog.’]

“• [M.R.]: ‘Yeah dude because all my fingerprints are on it since I didn’t 

wear gloves.’

“• ‘Hey, what made me laughs is how he went down; he even closed his 

legs, and then dropped dead, like this look! [LAUGHS].’

“Later in the car ride recording, Acosta identified [M.R.] as saying that 

Linares and Flores, the two people with Miranda the night of his murder, 

recognized [M.R.] from school, as Flores apparently asked [M.R.], ‘ “Why are 

you checking me if I know you?” ’ In the car, Acosta asked [M.R.], ‘The guy 

recognized you?,’ to which [M.R.] responded, ‘Yes, yes, he saw my face . . . we 

went to school together and we got into a fight once there too.’ Here, Aguilera 

jumped in to say ‘Yeah, I went to school with them too dog.’

“In the second recording, at the house where Acosta tattooed Aguilera 

and [M.R.], Acosta identified [M.R.] as saying: ‘This dude, these dudes fucked 

up because all they did was take [Miranda’s] iPod and slightly stabbed him, 

and [Flores] recognized me, he is out with the narcs right now.’ [M.R.], 

Acosta, and Aguilera (along with a few other members of the gang) go on to 

discuss having someone vouch for their whereabouts the night of the crimes, 

in order to provide alibis for each of them.” (Aguilera, supra, 2015 WL 

5773296 at p. *5.) 

The Trial and the Appeals

In 2013, M.R. was tried as an adult along with Aguilera, and the jury 

found him and Aguilera guilty of the first degree murder of Miranda (Pen. 

Code, § 187, subd. (a)) (count 1), the robbery of Miranda (Pen. Code, § 211) 
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(count 2), the robbery of Flores (Pen. Code, § 211(a)) (count 3), the attempted 

robbery of Linares (Pen. Code, §§ 211, 664) (count 4), participation in a 

criminal street gang (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (a)) (count 5), and conspiracy 

to commit assault with a deadly weapon (Pen. Code, § 182, subd. (a)(1))

(count 6). The jury also found that all the crimes, except count 5, were 

committed for the benefit of a criminal street gang (Pen. Code, § 186.22, 

subd. (b)). The jury found not true allegations that M.R. had personally used 

a deadly weapon in connection with counts 1 through 4 (Pen. Code, § 12022, 

subd. (b)(1)). (Aguilera, supra, 2015 WL 5773296 at pp. *1, *6.)

The trial court sentenced M.R. to a term of 35 years to life. (Aguilera,

supra, 2015 WL 5773296 at p. *7.) The trial court also ordered victim 

restitution of $103,961.35, owed jointly and severally by M.R. and Aguilera, 

calculated as follows: $24,579.35 to the victim’s compensation board for 

Miranda’s family’s mental health and funeral expenses; $61,382 to Miranda’s 

mother for increased rent after she moved, transportation expenses, therapy, 

childcare, and telephone bills; and $18,000 to Miranda’s father for lost wages. 

Both defendants appealed the judgment, and we affirmed. (Aguilera,

supra, 2015 WL 5773296 at pp. *12.) M.R. also separately appealed the 

restitution order, and we affirmed that as well. (People v. [M.R.] (Jan. 28, 

2016, A142804) 2016 WL 347871 [nonpub. opn.].) 

The Recent Proceedings Below

In 2019, Senate Bill No. 1437 became effective, limiting the felony 

murder rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine such that 

murder liability may be imposed only on a defendant who was the actual 

killer, acted with the intent to kill, or was a major participant in the 

underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life, and set 

forth a procedure for those convicted under such theories to seek 
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resentencing. M.R. petitioned to have his murder conviction vacated, arguing 

that he could no longer be convicted of first degree murder under the law as 

amended. 

On December 21, 2020, after an evidentiary hearing, the trial court 

granted the petition. The trial court concluded that taking the jury’s findings 

as true, the evidence failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that M.R.

“acted with reckless indifference” toward Miranda’s life. The trial court 

described a first set of reasonable conclusions that could be drawn from the 

evidence:

“The first set of reasonable conclusions begins with [M.R.]’s fully 

embracing the plan of his fellow MS-13 gangsters to ‘hunt’ for one or more 

Nortenos to carry out a violent revenge killing or serious assault in 

retaliation for the shooting of Pistolito’s relatives. In this set of conclusions, 

[M.R.] knew that Aguilera and the others were armed with knives and were 

ready, willing and able to use them to carry out their mission. Drawing all

reasonable inferences in favor of the People’s case, the first set of reasonable 

conclusion includes [M.R.]’s identification of Miranda as a Norteno to 

Aguilera and the other MS-13 gangsters based on [M.R.]’s prior knowledge of 

Miranda from school. By identifying Miranda as a Norteno, [M.R.] knew that 

the likely result was the death of or serious injury to Miranda. Accepting the 

truth of Acosta’s testimony about [M.R.], this first reasonable conclusion also 

includes [M.R.] taking ‘credit’ for Miranda’s murder and receiving a tattoo for 

doing so.” 

However, the trial court went on to find that because the evidence at 

trial and the jury’s findings were also consistent with the conclusion that 

M.R. did not act with reckless indifference to Miranda’s life, the People had 
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failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that M.R. did so and that therefore 

his murder conviction must be vacated under Senate Bill No. 1437. 

M.R. then sought to have his case remanded to juvenile court pursuant 

to Proposition 57, which eliminated the transfer of individuals under 16 years 

of age to adult court. (See People v. Superior Court (Lara) (2018) 4 Cal.5th

299, 305–306.) The prosecution did not oppose the transfer, and on December 

30, 2020, the trial court conditionally reversed M.R.’s convictions on counts 2 

through 6 and remanded the case to juvenile court. 

On January 6, 2021, the juvenile court ordered counts 2 through 6 

“converted to adjudicated juvenile offenses as of 7/3/2013.” At a further 

hearing on January 20, the juvenile court concluded that a commitment to 

the department of juvenile justice (DJJ) would not be appropriate, but 

ordered M.R. to pay victim restitution. 

At the end of the hearing, the following exchange took place:

“THE COURT: So at this time I am terminating jurisdiction of the 

juvenile court with respect to everything except the issue of victim

restitution. 

“And, [defense counsel], just to be ultra clear on this, do you stipulate 

on behalf of your client that the court can continue its jurisdiction for as long 

as it reasonably takes to address the issue of victim restitution 

notwithstanding him not being on any other court orders?

“[Defense counsel]: With respect to restitution only, yes.” 

The juvenile court set a further restitution hearing for March 16. 

At that hearing, the juvenile court rejected the argument that the 

restitution award was no longer supported because the murder conviction 

had been vacated: “[T]he evidence suggests clearly that Mr. Aguilera and 

[M.R.] had a particular idea of what they were going to do that night. And 
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that involved criminal conduct and this was the result of that. It is included 

in the overall conduct that they decided to partake in. The results of it do not 

surprise anyone.

“In fact, and I hate to say it but I’ll say it for the record, but it seems it 

was celebrated. There is no reason, there is no justice between disconnecting 

[M.R.] from the conduct of Mr. Aguilera even though those two may be in 

different positions legally with respect to what convictions they can sustain 

and whether or not the case is in juvenile court or adult court. There is no 

good cause no justice behind treating that situation differently. So the 

request to do so, is denied.” 

The juvenile court reimposed the previous award of $103,961.35 and 

awarded an additional $5,016.50 for mental health treatment, for a total

award of $108,977.85 owed joint and severally by M.R. and Aguilera. 

M.R. appealed. 

DISCUSSION

M.R. is Estopped From Arguing that the Juvenile Court Lacked 

Jurisdiction

M.R. argues that the juvenile court had no jurisdiction to order him to 

pay restitution because he was 27 years old at the time of the hearing, and 

the juvenile court had not previously ordered probation or a term of 

commitment. (See Welf. & Inst. Code, § 607, subd. (a)1 [“The court may 

retain jurisdiction over a person who is found to be a ward or dependent child 

of the juvenile court until the ward or dependent child attains 21 years of 

age”]; § 730.6, subd. (h)(1) [“If the amount of loss cannot be ascertained at the 

time of sentencing, the restitution order shall include a provision that the 

1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and 

Institutions Code. 
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amount shall be determined at the direction of the court at any time during 

the term of the commitment or probation”].) We conclude that M.R. is 

estopped from making this argument.

The relevant law was explained in People v. Ford (2015) 61 Cal.4th 282 

(Ford), where the defendant pleaded guilty to felony hit and run, was placed 

on probation, and the trial court reserved jurisdiction to determine the 

amount of restitution. (Id. at p. 285.) A restitution hearing was continued 

several times, sometimes at the defendant’s request, and each time with his 

consent. (Ibid.) When the hearing was finally held, defense counsel made a 

special appearance and contested the court’s jurisdiction on the ground that 

the defendant’s term of probation had expired one week earlier. (Id. at 

p. 286.) Citing numerous cases, our Supreme Court concluded that defendant 

was estopped to contest the court’s jurisdiction:

“The doctrine of estoppel to contest jurisdiction may apply to ‘ “a party 

who seeks or consents to action beyond the court’s power as defined by 

statute or decisional rule” ’ in the period after probation has terminated. ([In 

re] Bakke [(1986)] 42 Cal.3d [84,] 89.) Whether the party should be estopped 

depends on a weighing of equities in the particular case, the effect of estoppel 

on the functioning of the courts, and considerations of public policy. (In re 

Griffin (1967) 67 Cal.2d 343, 348 (Griffin).) In Griffin, for example, we held 

that the habeas corpus petitioner was estopped from challenging an order 

revoking probation. While the petitioner argued that the order was in excess 

of jurisdiction, he had himself requested a continuance of the probation 

revocation hearing to a date beyond the expiration of his probationary term. 

(Id. at pp. 347–349; see id. at p. 348 [‘[a] litigant who has stipulated to a 

procedure in excess of jurisdiction may be estopped to question it when “To 

hold otherwise would permit the parties to trifle with the courts” ’].)
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“We reached a similar conclusion in Bakke, supra, 42 Cal.3d 84. The 

trial court imposed a jail term as a condition of probation but stayed 

execution of the jail term pending appeal at the habeas corpus petitioner’s 

request. When the probationary term expired before the appeal could be 

resolved, the petitioner contended that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to 

order execution of the jail term. We followed the reasoning of Griffin and 

held that the petitioner was estopped from objecting to the execution of the 

jail term, despite the fact his probation had already terminated. (Bakke, at 

p. 89; see People v. Jackson (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 929, 932–933 [defendant 

was estopped from challenging court’s jurisdiction to impose a probationary 

term exceeding the statutory maximum by requesting the extension].)

“Defendant in this case did not seek the continuance. But estoppel can 

also apply to a party who merely consents to a continuance to a date beyond 

the court’s ordinary authority to act. (Bakke, supra, 42 Cal.3d at p. 89.) We 

have long recognized that a failure to object can constitute implied consent to 

an act in excess of the court’s jurisdiction. (People v. Toro (1989) 47 Cal.3d 

966, 973 [defendant who fails to object to instructions on a lesser related 

offense ‘impliedly consents’ to the court’s jurisdiction to convict him of the 

uncharged offense]; Harrington v. Superior Court (1924) 194 Cal. 185, 

188−189, [‘if the court has jurisdiction of the subject matter, . . . a party may 

voluntarily submit himself to the jurisdiction of the court, or may, by failing 

to seasonably object thereto, waive his right to question jurisdiction’ (italics 

added)]; see generally Barsamyan v. Appellate Division of Superior Court

(2008) 44 Cal.4th 960, 970 [‘ “Implied consent is the failure to object” ’].) We 

have also held that a probationer’s conduct may signify consent to the 

continuance of a proceeding, even if the continuance extends the proceedings 

beyond the period during which a statute requires a court to act. (Bakke, at 
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p. 89.) In the circumstances here, where defendant’s own requests played a 

role in delaying the proceedings and defendant did not object to a 

continuance of the restitution hearing to a date beyond his probationary 

term, he can be understood to have consented to the continuance.” (Ford, 

supra, 61 Cal.4th at pp. 287–288.) 

Ford controls this case. Here, defense counsel did not simply fail to 

object to the court’s jurisdiction or consent to a continuance, but explicitly 

“stipulated on behalf of [his] client” that “the court can continue its 

jurisdiction for as long as it reasonably takes to address the issue of victim

restitution notwithstanding [M.R.] not being on any other court orders.” 

Counsel could not have been more explicit in waiving the argument M.R. now 

raises. 

M.R. argues that estoppel does not apply because his counsel “did not 

stipulate to extending the court’s jurisdiction to granting restitution that 

violated Welfare and Institutions Code sections 607, subdivision (a) and 

730.6, subdivision (h)(1).” But this is simply a rephrasing of his argument, 

because these statutory sections are the basis for M.R.’s contention that the 

court lacked jurisdiction to order restitution because he was over 21 and 

because the court did not order commitment or probation—jurisdiction to 

which his counsel expressly consented. Indeed, section 730.6, subdivision 

(h)(1) is the basis for M.R.’s argument that the court lacked jurisdiction 

because there was no term of commitment or probation—clearly what was 

meant by the statement that M.R. consented to jurisdiction “notwithstanding 

[M.R.] not being on any other court orders.” 

People v. Waters (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 822 (Waters), on which M.R.

relies, is distinguishable. There, defendant pleaded no contest to charges of 

grand theft embezzlement, and was placed on probation without the court 
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ordering restitution. (Id. at p. 825.) Over two years after probation was 

completed, defendant filed a petition to reduce the conviction to a 

misdemeanor, and in response the probation department filed a 

recommendation for an award of some $20,800 in restitution. (Ibid.) 

Defendant first stipulated to the restitution, then later withdrew the 

stipulation and contested the amount, but never contested the court’s 

jurisdiction. On appeal from the restitution award, the Court of Appeal held 

that defendant was not estopped from contesting jurisdiction, distinguishing 

Griffin, Bakke, and Ford on the grounds that the defendants in those cases 

either requested or consented to continuances until after the probationary 

term had expired:

“In contrast, in the instant action, no attempt was made to set a 

restitution hearing until long after defendant successfully completed her 

probation. Defendant only appeared before the court after the expiration of 

her probation because she sought to dismiss her felony conviction pursuant to 

[Penal Code] section 1203.4. Moreover, defendant played no role in delaying 

the order of restitution.” (Waters, at p. 831.) 

Here, by contrast, M.R.’s counsel expressly consented to the court’s 

jurisdiction. And the juvenile court promptly set a restitution hearing as 

soon as the matter was transferred from adult court. 

There Is Sufficient Factual Nexus Between the Restitution 

Award and the Conduct for which the Juvenile Court Sustained the 

Petition

M.R. also argues that vacating his murder conviction eliminated the 

factual basis for the restitution award. We disagree.
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Applicable Law

“Enacted in 1982, Proposition 8, the ‘Victims’ Bill of Rights,’ amended 

the California Constitution to provide that ‘all persons who suffer losses’

resulting from crime are entitled to ‘restitution from the persons convicted of 

the crimes causing the losses.’ (Cal. Const., art. I, § 28, subd. (b)(13)(A).) In 

1983, the Legislature enacted Penal Code section 1202.4, which requires a 

full victim restitution order in criminal cases for every determined economic 

loss unless there are compelling and extraordinary reasons not to do so. 

(Pen. Code, § 1202.4, subd. (f).) In 1994, the Legislature enacted section 

730.6 to provide ‘parallel restitutionary requirements for juvenile offenders.’

(People v. Birkett (1999) 21 Cal.4th 226, 240, fn. 15.)” (Luis M. v. Superior 

Court (2014) 59 Cal.4th 300, 304 (Luis M.).)

Section 730.6, subdivision (h) directs the juvenile court to order 

restitution “of a dollar amount sufficient to fully reimburse the victim or 

victims for all determined economic losses incurred as the result of the 

minor’s conduct for which the minor was found to be a person described in 

Section 602,” unless it finds compelling and extraordinary reasons for not 

doing so. 

“An order of direct victim restitution acts to make the victim whole, 

rehabilitate the minor, and deter future delinquent behavior. (In re M.W.

(2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 1, 6; accord, People v. Cookson (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1091, 

1097, and is reviewed for abuse of discretion (In re Johnny M. (2002) 

100 Cal.App.4th 1128, 1132; accord, People v. Stanley (2012) 54 Cal.4th 734, 

737) ‘ “In keeping with the [voters’] ‘unequivocal intention’ that victim 

restitution be made, statutory provisions implementing the constitutional 

directive have been broadly and liberally construed.” ’ (Stanley, supra, at 
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p. 737, quoting People v. Lyon (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 1521, 1525.)” (Luis M., 

supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 305.) 

“While the court need not ascertain the exact dollar amount of the 

[victim]’s losses (In re Brittany L. [(2002)] 99 Cal.App.4th [1381,] 1391), its 

calculation under section 730.6 must have some factual nexus to the damage 

caused by the minor’s conduct.” (Luis M., supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 309; see 

ibid. [court must provide a “rational estimate of costs occasioned by 

[defendant]’s conduct”].) 

And in discussing the trial court’s discretion to order restitution as a 

condition of probation, our Supreme Court explained in People v. Carbajal

(1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, 1121: “California courts have long interpreted the 

trial courts’ discretion to encompass the ordering of restitution as a condition 

of probation even when the loss was not necessarily caused by the criminal 

conduct underlying the conviction. Under certain circumstances, restitution 

has been found proper where the loss was caused by related conduct not 

resulting in a conviction (People v. Miller [(1967)] 256 Cal.App.2d [348,] 355–

356), by conduct underlying dismissed and uncharged counts (People v. 

Goulart (1990) 224 Cal.App.3d 71, 79), and by conduct resulting in an 

acquittal (People v. Lent [(1975)] 15 Cal.3d [481,] 483). There is no 

requirement the restitution order be limited to the exact amount of the loss in 

which the defendant is actually found culpable, nor is there any requirement 

the order reflect the amount of damages that might be recoverable in a civil 

action. (See In re Brian S. (1982) 130 Cal.App.3d 523, 528–532, 534, fn. 4.)” 

Analysis

The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in finding a sufficient

“factual nexus” between the conduct forming the basis of M.R.’s offenses—not 

including the murder—and the costs resulting from Miranda’s death. 
15

According to the evidence at trial, M.R. was a member of the MS-13 gang and 

participated in a meeting with other gang members where they planned 

revenge against the Norteños for the shooting of an MS-13 gang member’s 

father. Early the next morning, M.R. and three other gang members stopped 

Miranda, who was wearing red shoelaces, the color associated with the 

Norteño gang. The men produced knives and robbed Miranda, during which 

robbery one of the men flashed an MS-13 gang sign. When Miranda ran 

away, Aguilera chased him and stabbed him to death.2 Afterwards, M.R.

laughed about Miranda’s death and got a tattoo to commemorate the murder. 

In connection with all the above, M.R. was convicted of participation in a 

criminal street gang, Miranda’s robbery, and conspiracy to commit assault 

with a deadly weapon, and the jury found true the enhancement that the 

latter two offenses were committed to benefit a criminal street gang. 

Furthermore, according to the trial court, one reasonable view of the evidence 

was that M.R. “fully embrac[ed] the plan of his fellow MS-13 gangsters to 

‘hunt’ for one-or more Nortenos to carry out a violent revenge killing or 

serious assault in retaliation for the shooting of Pistolito’s relatives,” and he 

“identifi[ed] Miranda as a Norteno to Aguilera and the other MS-13 gangsters 

based on [M.R.]’s prior knowledge of Miranda from school,” knowing that “the

likely result was the death of or serious injury to Miranda.” Under these 

circumstances, the conduct for which M.R. was convicted had a sufficient 

“factual nexus” to Miranda’s murder and the resulting costs to support the 

trial court’s restitution award. 

2 The trial court’s written decision granting M.R.’s petition describes 

certain critical jury findings, including that in the course of taking Miranda’s 

iPod, Aguilera stabbed Miranda through the neck and the heart. 
16

In re I.M. (2005) 125 Cal.App.4th 1195 (I.M.) is instructive. There, I.M. 

and his codefendant approached the victim and a friend and confronted them, 

after which confrontation I.M.’s codefendant drew a gun and shot the victim,

id. at pp. 1199–1200, and then handed the gun to I.M., who ran away with it. 

(Id. at p. 1201.) A section 602 petition charged I.M. with acting as an 

accessory after the fact to murder (Pen. Code, § 32), with an enhancement 

based on the allegation that he committed the offense to benefit a criminal 

street gang. (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) The juvenile court found the 

petition’s allegations to be true, and as a condition of probation, ordered I.M. 

to pay some $15,000 for the victim’s funeral. (Id. at p. 1199.) I.M. challenged 

the restitution award on the ground that his codefendant had caused the loss 

and his liability was based entirely on conduct that took place after the 

murder occurred. (Id. at p. 1208.) The Court of Appeal disagreed and 

affirmed the award:

“Where, as here, the defendant has been found to have been promoting 

and assisting gang conduct, the restitution order serves a rehabilitative 

purpose by bringing home to the defendant the consequences of his gang 

membership. Defendant chose to be a member of the Sureño 13 criminal 

street gang—a gang that has as a main purpose the commission of violent 

offenses, and that seeks to protect gang members irrespective of the cost to 

nonmembers and to society. The effect of the order is to make defendant 

aware of the consequences of his choice by compelling him to share 

responsibility for the gang-related activities in which he in some way 

participated. The order also forces defendant to face the emotional and 

financial effects of gang-related activity on the family of the victim. The 

restitution order was directly related to defendant’s future criminality, and 
17

was an appropriate exercise of the trial court’s discretion.” (In re I.M., supra,

125 Cal.App.4th at p. 1210.)

So too here. M.R. was likewise found guilty of promoting and assisting 

gang conduct, and the restitution order served the rehabilitative purposes of 

“bringing home to the defendant the consequences of his gang membership,” 

“mak[ing] [him] aware of the consequences of his choice by compelling him to 

share responsibility for the gang-related activities in which he in some way 

participated,” and “forc[ing him] to face the emotional and financial effects of 

gang-related activity on the family of the victim.” (I.M., supra, 

125 Cal.App.4th at p. 1210; see Luis M., supra, 59 Cal.4th at p. 305

[restitution serves to “rehabilitate the minor” and “deter future delinquent 

behavior”].)

DISPOSITION

The order is affirmed. 
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_________________________

Richman, Acting P.J.

We concur:

_________________________

Stewart, J.

_________________________

Miller, J.

In re M.R. (A162803)