United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit 

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No. 21-3826

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Herbert A. Igbanugo

 Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

Minnesota Office of Lawyers Professional Responsibility, [OLPR]; Susan M. 

Humiston, in her official capacity as Director of OLPR; Amy Halloran, 

individually and in her offical capacity as Assistant Director at OLPR; Jennifer 

Bovitz, individually and in her official capacity as Managing Attorney at OLPR; 

Minnesota Lawyers Professional Responsibility Board, (LPRB); Jeannette 

Boerner, individually and in her professional capacity as Attorney Member at 

LPRB; Tommy Krause, individually and in his professional capacity as Designated 

Board Member at LPRB; Wilson Law Group; David L. Wilson, individually and in 

his official capacity as Founder and Managing Attorney at Wilson Law Group; 

Michael Gavigan, individually and in his official capacity as Senior Attorney at 

Wilson Law Group; Cassondre Buteyn, individually and in her official capacity as 

Co-Owner and Lead Attorney at Wilson Law Group; Eva Rodelius, individually 

and in her official capacity as Senior Attorney at Wilson Law Group; Aust 

Schmiechen, P.A.; Brian Lincoln Aust, individually and in his official capacity as 

Purported Expert Witness in the Onofre Case and as Founding Partner of Aust 

Schmiechen, P.A.

 Defendants - Appellees

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Minnesota

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Submitted: October 19, 2022

Filed: December 23, 2022

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Before LOKEN, GRUENDER, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges. 

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GRUENDER, Circuit Judge. 

Herbert Igbanugo sued the Minnesota Office of Lawyers Professional 

Responsibility (“OLPR”), the Minnesota Lawyers Professional Responsibility 

Board (“LPRB”), and associated government officials (“the state defendants”). He 

also sued David Wilson and his firm the Wilson Law Group, other Wilson Law 

Group lawyers, and Brian Aust and his firm Aust Schmiechen, P.A. (“the private 

defendants”). Igbanugo claims that the state defendants violated his constitutional 

rights and seeks declaratory and injunctive relief. Igbanugo sought Rule 11 and 28 

U.S.C. § 1927 sanctions against the private defendants. The district court1 granted

all defendants’ motions to dismiss and granted the private defendants’ motion for 

Rule 11 sanctions against Igbanugo. We affirm. 

I.

Herbert Igbanugo is an attorney practicing immigration and international trade 

law in Minnesota. Igbanugo worked with defendant David Wilson in the early 

2000s. Wilson left Igbanugo’s firm sometime in late 2003 or early 2004 and

established the Wilson Law Group. Since then, Wilson and Igbanugo have 

maintained a less than amicable professional relationship and have submitted ethics 

complaints against each other to the OLPR. 

Attorneys from the Wilson Law Group represented three of Igbanugo’s past 

clients in a malpractice case against Igbanugo (referred to by the parties and the 

district court as the “Onofre case”) filed in Minnesota state court in 2016. Defendant 

1

The Honorable Patrick J. Schiltz, Chief Judge, United States District Court

for the District of Minnesota. 
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Brian Aust served as an expert witness for the former Igbanugo clients. The Onofre 

plaintiffs won a jury verdict against Igbanugo on malpractice and related breach-ofcontract and fraud claims in 2017. See Cedillo v. Igbanugo, No. 27-CV-16-7603, 

2017 WL 7411331 (Minn. Dist. Ct. Dec. 19, 2017). The parties cross-appealed that 

judgment; the Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed and the Minnesota Supreme 

Court denied review. See Cedillo v. Igbanugo, No. A18-0860, 2019 WL 2168766 

(Minn. Ct. App. May 20, 2019), rev. denied (Minn. Aug. 20, 2019). 

While the cross-appeals were pending, a Wilson Law Group attorney 

submitted an ethics complaint against Igbanugo to the OLPR, reporting the same 

misconduct allegations at issue in the Onofre case. The OLPR investigated the 

complaint and, pursuant to Minnesota attorney-disciplinary procedure, submitted the 

charges to the LPRB for a determination as to whether there was probable cause for 

disciplining Igbanugo. The LPRB found probable cause and the OLPR then filed a 

petition for disciplinary action with the Minnesota Supreme Court. See In re 

Disciplinary Action Against Igbanugo, No. A21-0338 (Minn. filed Mar. 15, 2021).2

 

Igbanugo sued the defendants in federal court in January 2021, raising claims 

related to the Onofre case and the OLPR’s related disciplinary investigation. 

Against the state defendants, he alleges that the OLPR disciplinary proceedings 

violated his First, Fourth, Fifth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights and seeks 

declaratory and injunctive relief. He also raises state-law claims against the state 

defendants for abuse of process, malicious prosecution, and conspiracy. Against the 

private defendants, Igbanugo brought an abuse-of-process claim and asked the court 

to impose Rule 11 or 28 U.S.C. § 1927 sanctions. During proceedings before the 

district court, Igbanugo abandoned his abuse-of-process claim and instead requested

2

This pending case is not Igbanugo’s first brush with attorney discipline. 

Igbanugo has been disciplined on four separate occasions and was temporarily 

suspended from the practice of law in 2015. See In re Disciplinary Action Against 

Igbanugo, 863 N.W.2d 751, 755, 764 (Minn. 2015) (noting that Igbanugo had been 

disciplined on three prior occasions and temporarily suspending Igbanugo from the 

practice of law). 
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sanctions based on a declaration that the private defendants violated the Minnesota 

Rules of Professional Conduct. 

 All of the defendants then moved to dismiss for failure to state a claim under 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). The private defendants also moved for 

Rule 11 sanctions. The district court granted all of the motions to dismiss. As to the 

claims against the state defendants, the district court abstained from exercising 

jurisdiction under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). As to the claims against 

the private defendants, the district court found that Igbanugo lacked standing to sue 

for a declaratory judgment and lacked a valid cause of action to seek sanctions. 

Lastly, the district court granted the private defendants’ motion for Rule 11 sanctions

and ordered Igbanugo to pay $50,000 in sanctions. Igbanugo appeals. 

II.

We first consider Igbanugo’s claims against the state defendants. We 

generally review a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss de novo. City of 

Ashdown v. Netflix, Inc., 52 F.4th 1025, 1026 (8th Cir. 2022). However, “[w]e 

review the district court’s decision to abstain under Younger for abuse of discretion.” 

Minn. Living Assistance, Inc. v. Peterson, 899 F.3d 548, 551 (8th Cir. 2018). We 

affirm because the district court did not abuse its discretion in abstaining from 

exercising jurisdiction over Igbanugo’s constitutional and state-law claims. 

“The Younger abstention doctrine, as it has evolved, provides that federal 

courts should abstain from exercising jurisdiction when (1) there is an ongoing state 

proceeding, (2) which implicates important state interests, and (3) there is an 

adequate opportunity to raise any relevant federal questions in the state proceeding.” 

Plouffe v. Ligon, 606 F.3d 890, 892 (8th Cir. 2010) (applying Younger to abstain 

from exercising jurisdiction over claims related to ongoing state attorney-discipline 

proceedings). However, even if these conditions are met, a federal court should not 

abstain if there is a showing of “bad faith, harassment, or some other extraordinary 

circumstance that would make abstention inappropriate.” Id. at 892-93. 
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The district court found that all three Younger factors were satisfied and 

therefore abstained. Igbanugo argued that abstention was improper because the 

OLPR was biased against him. On appeal, Igbanugo argues that the district court 

erred by failing to accept the bias allegation in his pleading as true, as is required at 

the motion-to-dismiss stage. See Schulte v. Conopco, Inc., 997 F.3d 823, 825 (8th 

Cir. 2021). We disagree because the facts in Igbanugo’s pleading, taken as true, do 

not plausibly allow us to infer that the OLPR’s post-Onofre investigation of 

Igbanugo was tainted by bias. 

Igbanugo points to the following facts in support of his bias allegation: first, 

that the OLPR has investigated him multiple times in the past; second that the OLPR 

only investigated him, and not Wilson, in the wake of the Onofre case; third that 

Igbanugo lost his temper in a 2007 OLPR disciplinary proceeding; fourth, that the 

Minnesota Star Tribune published an article in 2013 quoting him as critical of the 

OLPR; and fifth, that the Minnesota Star Tribune has recently reported on a high 

rate of staff turnover at the OLPR. None of these facts support a plausible inference 

of bias. The OLPR’s post-Onofre investigation was prompted by a jury verdict that 

Igbanugo committed malpractice. See In re Disciplinary Action against Igbanugo, 

No. A21-0338 (Minn. filed Mar. 15, 2021). The other investigations, Igbanugo’s 

loss of temper, Igbanugo’s comments to the media, and OLPR staff turnover do not 

show “more than a sheer possibility” that the OLPR was biased in investigating 

Igbanugo. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Therefore, the district 

court did not err in finding that Igbanugo failed to allege bias plausibly. 

Igbanugo provides no other reason as to why the district court might have 

abused its discretion in abstaining from exercising jurisdiction over the claims 

against the state defendants. Therefore, we affirm the dismissal of Igbanugo’s 

claims against the state defendants. 
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III. 

We next address Igbanugo’s abuse-of-process claim and request for sanctions

against the private defendants. We affirm because Igbanugo waived his abuse-ofprocess claim and lacks standing to seek sanctions based on the private defendants’ 

alleged violations of the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct. 

Igbanugo first argues that the district court erred in finding that he abandoned 

his abuse-of-process claim and asks us to consider it on appeal. However, Igbanugo 

clearly stated to the district court that he did not intend to pursue his abuse-of-process 

claim. Igbanugo therefore waived the claim, and we cannot review it. See Robinson 

v. Norling, 25 F.4th 1061, 1062 (8th Cir. 2022) (“When an argument has been 

waived, meaning it has been intentionally relinquished, it is entirely unreviewable 

on appeal.” (brackets and internal quotations marks omitted)). Because Igbanugo 

waived his abuse-of-process claim, Igbanugo cannot use it as a basis for requesting 

sanctions against the private defendants. See Cohen v. Lupo, 927 F.2d 363, 365 (8th 

Cir. 1991) (“[T]here can be no independent cause of action instituted for Rule 11 

sanctions.”). 

Igbanugo also argues that the district court could issue a declaration that the 

private defendants violated the Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct and award 

him sanctions on that basis. However, Igbanugo lacks standing to seek this relief. 

See McGowen, Hurst, Clark & Smith, P.C. v. Com. Bank, 11 F.4th 702, 709 (8th Cir. 

2021) (explaining that a plaintiff seeking a declaratory judgment must establish 

Article III standing). Igbanugo has not shown how any injuries to his own reputation 

would be redressed by a declaration that the private defendants violated the 

Minnesota ethical rules. See Animal Legal Def. Fund v. Vaught, 8 F.4th 714, 718 

(8th Cir. 2021) (“To establish Article III standing, plaintiffs must show (1) an injury 

in fact, (2) a causal relationship between the injury and the challenged conduct, and 

(3) that a favorable decision will likely redress the injury.”). On appeal, Igbanugo 

argues that a declaration would help improve his reputation among clients and in the 

legal community. Igbanugo, however, seeks a declaration that only mentions the 
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private defendants (and not himself). Any reputational benefits Igbanugo might 

receive from a declaration about the private defendants are far too remote to confer 

standing. See McGowen, 11 F.4th at 709 (“[I]t must be likely, as opposed to merely 

speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.”) Therefore, 

Igbanugo cannot use his allegation that the private defendants violated the 

Minnesota Rules of Professional Conduct during the Onofre case as a basis to seek 

sanctions.3 

In sum, Igbanugo waived his abuse-of-process claim and has no other grounds 

to seek sanctions against the private defendants. Therefore, we affirm the district 

court’s dismissal of Igbanugo’s claim and requests. 

IV. 

Lastly, we consider Igbanugo’s appeal of the district court’s award of $50,000 

in sanctions to the private defendants. We review a district court’s award of Rule 

11 sanctions for abuse of discretion. Clark v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 460 F.3d 

1004, 1008 (8th Cir. 2006). The district court did not abuse its discretion, so we 

affirm the award. 

Under Rule 11, an attorney must “certify to the best of [his] knowledge” that 

any “pleading, written motion, or other paper” submitted to the court is “not being 

presented for any improper purpose” and does not contain frivolous legal arguments. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(1)-(2). Therefore, Rule 11 “requires that an attorney conduct 

a reasonable inquiry of the factual and legal basis for a claim before filing.” Coonts 

v. Potts, 316 F.3d 745, 753 (8th Cir. 2003). In evaluating a motion for Rule 11 

sanctions, the district court “must determine whether a reasonable and competent 

3

Additionally, the conduct of the private defendants that Igbanugo argues 

warrants sanctions occurred solely in state court. Rule 11 and § 1927 do not apply 

to proceedings that wholly took place in state court. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 1 (stating 

that the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure apply to proceedings in United States 

courts); In re Case, 937 F.2d 1014, 1023 (5th Cir. 1991) (explaining that § 1927 does 

not apply to conduct occurring in state-court proceedings). 
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attorney would believe in the merit of an argument.” Id. (internal quotation marks 

omitted). If sanctions are appropriate, we may order the sanctioned attorney to pay 

“part or all of the reasonable attorney’s fees and other expenses directly resulting 

from the violation.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(c)(4). 

The district court found that Igbanugo’s claims against the private defendants 

were motivated by retaliatory animus, making the deterrence rationale for Rule 11 

sanctions particularly salient here. See Vallejo v. Amgen, Inc., 903 F.3d 733, 747 

(8th Cir. 2018) (“The primary purpose of Rule 11 sanctions is to deter attorney and 

litigant misconduct . . . .”) (brackets omitted)). The district court determined that 

Igbanugo’s motivation in pursuing sanctions against the private defendants was to 

retaliate against them for their roles in the Onofre case. Additionally, the district 

court found that Igbanugo’s claims lacked a reasonable basis and that a competent 

attorney would not believe in their merit. In determining the amount to award, the 

district court found the hourly rates of the attorneys of the private defendants to be 

within the norm and noted that the amount of time spent on the case appeared 

reasonable given Igbanugo’s 109-page complaint and other voluminous filings and 

motions. Nevertheless, the district court reduced the requested sanction amount 

from $66,447.37 to $50,000 because, ultimately, “[t]he primary purpose of Rule 11 

sanctions is to deter attorney and litigant misconduct, not to compensate the 

opposing party for all of its costs in defending.” Vallejo, 903 F.3d at 747. 

Igbanugo argues that the district court abused its discretion by erroneously 

describing his claims as frivolous and motivated by animus. We disagree. The 

district court’s conclusions are supported by the record. “We will only reverse a 

sanction when the district court based its decision on an erroneous view of the law 

or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” MHC Inv. Co. v. Racom 

Corp., 323 F.3d 620, 624 (8th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Igbanugo does not identify any relevant factor that the district failed to consider or 

any factor that the district court did consider but improperly weighed. Likewise, the 

evidence supports the district court’s view that the deterrence rationale for Rule 11 

sanctions justifies a significant penalty. See Welk v. GMAC Mortg., LLC, 720 F.3d 

736, 738-39 (8th Cir. 2013) (affirming a district court’s award of $50,000 where an 
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attorney brought unreasonable and vexatious claims with no basis in law). 

Therefore, we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing 

$50,000 in sanctions. 

V. 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm. 

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