# Patent

## Title
Apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp

## Abstract

LED illumination systems and techniques for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp are disclosed.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/851,094 filed on Mar. 1, 2013, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.


FIELD
The disclosure relates to the field of LED illumination systems and more particularly to techniques for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
BACKGROUND
Conventional halogen-based MR16 lamps include certain designs. In many cases, for aesthetic purposes, perceptible radiation is emitted in a direction substantially opposite that of the projection direction. For example, MR16 lamps on “track lighting” systems used in higher-end restaurants employ this characteristic. This backward-emitted light is actually the residual effect of visible light leakage through the dichroic filter applied to the reflector in many MR16 lamps. The multi-layered reflector causes different regimes of the visible spectrum to be transmitted (backwards) or reflected (projected), so that the backward emitted light has a “rainbow” appearance which is pleasing to the eye and contributes positively to the overall ambience. A side-view photograph of such a halogen lamp in operation is shown below (left).
Unfortunately, halogen lamps are extremely inefficient ( ̃10-20 lm/W, or  ̃5% of theoretical light-generation efficiency) and are thus not cost-effective to operate. LED reflector lamps, on the other hand, exhibit efficacies up to 60 lm/W ( ̃20% efficient) and correspondingly lower operating costs. However, LED reflector lamp designs today substantially block the backward emitted light, and thus are unable to provide an aesthetic feature that is highly valued by many lighting designers and end users (see above: middle, right). Thus, legacy LED reflector lamps are not able to be deployed in certain applications, meaning reduced market adoption for energy-efficient lamps and thus slower reduction of greenhouse gas emissions associated with electricity consumption for lighting.
Prior descriptions of LED lamps to effect decorative illumination require additional LEDs to provide such illumination directly (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,597,456). The additional LEDs add cost and complexity to the LED lamp. What is needed is a cost-effective LED reflector lamp solution that provides for backward emitted light. The aforementioned legacy technologies do not have the capabilities to perform apportioning of the optical projection paths in an LED lamp. Therefore, there is a need for improved approaches.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Those skilled in the art will understand that the drawings, described herein, are for illustration purposes only. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
FIG. 1A exemplifies a halogen lamp with a dichroic reflector.
FIG. 1B exemplifies a low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp that exemplifies low bound or zero bound of apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 1C exemplifies an alternative low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp that exemplifies lower bounds of apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 2A is a schematic that shows techniques for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 2B is a side view of an MR16 reflector lamp having a dichroic TIR lens that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 3A shows a series of assembly views of a lamp having a color modification element that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 3B shows a bottom view of a lamp fitted with a color modification element that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 4A shows a side view of a lamp fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 4B shows a rear view of a lamp fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits substantial rearward projection in a system for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 4C shows a front view of a lamp fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits substantial rearward projection in a system for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 5A is a side view of a PAR30L lamp, showing visible effects of apportioning optical projection paths, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 5B is a top orthogonal view of a PAR30L lamp, showing a variable surface area reflector for use in apportioning optical projection paths, according to some embodiments.
FIG. 6 depicts side views of a selection of form factors, according to some embodiments.
FIGS. 7A, 7B-1, 7B2, 7C, 7D-1, 7D2, 7E, 7F-1, 7F-2, 7G, 7H-1, 7H-2, and 7I depict embodiments of the present disclosure in the form of large form-factor lamp applications, according to some embodiments.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The term “exemplary” is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance, or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Rather, use of the word exemplary is intended to present concepts in a concrete fashion.
The term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or”. That is, unless specified otherwise, or is clear from the context, “X employs A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusive permutations. That is, if X employs A, X employs B, or X employs both A and B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoing instances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in this application and the appended claims should generally be construed to mean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or is clear from the context to be directed to a singular form.
A “module” includes any mix of any portions of computer memory and any extent of circuitry including circuitry embodied as a processor.
Reference is now made in detail to certain embodiments. The disclosed embodiments are not intended to be limiting of the claims.
An LED-based emitter is mounted on a heatsink and electrically connected to a socket connector (GU10, E27, EZ10, etc.). The emitter is optically coupled to one or more lens elements which has the primary function to project light from the emitter into the desired beam for the reflector lamp type being emulated (e.g., MR16 spot, narrow-flood, wide-flood, etc.). The emitter (“LED”) faces towards the projection direction; geometry is shown below (left). A typical lens element might be a total-internal-reflector (TIR) lens. The lens is designed to allow a perceptible amount of light to “leak” backwards as described above. More importantly, the lamp housing is designed such that there is a direct optical path for the leaked light from the lens to outside of the lamp envelope.
In one embodiment, the emitter is direct-bonded to a heatsink comprising a branch configuration for convective thermal management, as described by Shum et al. in U.S. application Ser. No. 13/025,791. A side-view photograph of such a lamp in operation is shown in FIG. 2B. The backward-emitting leaked light is clearly visible.
In another embodiment, the side surface(s) of a TIR lens may be coated with a multi-layer (“dichroic”) reflector in order to provide a “rainbow” appearance to the backward-emitted light. Different appearances can be achieved by changing the reflector coating and may be tuned to suit certain applications and/or customers. The same effect can be achieved with a reflective lens, wherein the opaque metallized reflective layers are replaced by a combination of dichroic coating and thin metal reflective layers.
In another embodiment, a color modification element is provided between the lens and the back-side of the LED lamp housing. The color modification element may compromise a dichroic filter, an absorbing medium, a pigmented medium, or a fluorescing medium.
In one embodiment, the color modification element is a lens retaining sheath. A prototype of this embodiment is shown in the figures below. The retaining sheath is comprised of colored plastic which serves to determine the color of the decorative light emitted out the backside of the lamp. In principle, the retaining sheath can be “field-changeable” so that scenes employing such lamps can be configured for different colors of decorative lighting on an ongoing basis. In cases wherein decorative lighting is not wanted, the sheath can be provided as opaque.
While the present description is focused on MR16 lamp form factors, other reflective lamp form factors (e.g., PAR, AR-111, etc.) are within the scope of the invention as well as new reflective lamp form factors, which will develop in the future. Thus, the invention is not limited to specific types of reflective lamp form factors.
FIG. 1A exemplifies a halogen lamp with a dichroic reflector 1A00 apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
FIG. 1B exemplifies a low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp 1B00 that exemplifies lower bounds of apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
The apportioning causes different regimes of the visible spectrum to be transmitted (backwards) or reflected (projected), so that the backward emitted light has a controllable and/or selectable appearance.
FIG. 1C exemplifies an alternative low or zero reverse apportioned LED lamp 1C00 that exemplifies lower bounds of apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
FIG. 2A is a schematic 2A00 that shows techniques for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
As shown, an LED 212 emits light, which light is incident on lens 208. Some of the light passes through a projection plane 206, resulting in forward emission 204. Some of the light reflects off of a projection plane 206, resulting in rearward or backward emission 210
FIG. 2B is a side view of an MR16 reflector lamp 2B00 having a dichroic TIR lens that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
The MR16 reflector lamp 2B00 (or other lamps) may be inserted partially or completely into an electrical fixture or housing. The shown electrical fixture provides a mechanical and electrical mount point for connecting the lamp to a power source. The shown electrical fixture can further be fitted with electrical mount points (e.g., connectors inside or outside a housing) and/or the electrical fixture can further be fitted with additional mechanical mount points (e.g., such as in a luminaire) for retaining the lamp in a position.
FIG. 3A shows a series of assembly views of a lamp 3A00 having a color modification element that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
The shown color modification element can be fitted to a lens or ring or heatsink.
FIG. 3B shows a bottom view of a lamp 3B00 fitted with a color modification element that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
FIG. 4A shows a side view of a lamp 4A00 fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
FIG. 4B shows a rear view of a lamp 4B00 fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits substantial rearward projection in a system for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
FIG. 4C shows a front view of a lamp 4C00 fitted with a color modification element in the form of a color-bearing retaining sheath that exhibits substantial rearward projection in a system for apportioning optical projection paths in an LED lamp.
FIG. 5A is a side view of a PAR30L lamp showing visible effects of apportioning optical projection paths, according to some embodiments. This embodiment is in the form of a lamp 500 comprising one or more light-emitting diodes and a lens within an envelope (e.g., form factor of the PAR30L lamp). As shown, the lamp has a projection plane at a primary exit surface of the lens (e.g., in this case the shown downward-direction, away from the neck). In this embodiment.
At least some of the light-emitting diodes face toward the primary projection plane to form a primary projection path.
Additionally, the envelope of the shown form factor and characteristics of the heatsink 502 provides a direct optical path other than the primary projection path for perceptible light from the light-emitting diodes to emanate to points outside the envelope, wherein the emanated light from the direct optical path other than the primary projection path does not intersect the projection plane.
It is possible that emanated light from the direct optical path other than the primary projection path can reflect off of surroundings, and those reflections can possibly intersect the projection plane, however such reflections comprise indirect paths rather than direct optical paths.
The PAR30L lamp has a primary projection direction that is normal to the projection plane (e.g., pointing away from both the lens and the light-emitting diodes, as show) wherein the perceptible light is emitted at angles greater than 90 degrees from the projection direction. Other designs emanate perceptible light at angles greater than 120 degrees from the projection direction.
FIG. 5B is a top orthogonal view of a MR-16 lamp, showing a variable surface area reflector for use in apportioning optical projection paths, according to some embodiments.
As shown, the construction of the lamp includes a reflective surface in the form of a reflector that is integrated with or added to the heatsink body. The shown variable area reflector 526 can be formed by shaping and/or treating surfaces of the heatsink, or can be an element that is fitted in place over or near the surfaces of the heatsink. In some embodiments, the variable area reflector 526 is painted or otherwise treated to exhibit particular reflective characteristics.
As can be seen, the aforementioned reflector serves to apportion the light from the LED(s), depending at least in part on the size and shape of the reflector. Specifically, the location of the light-emitting diodes and the shape and reflective characteristics of the reflector (with or without paint or treatment), and/or the presence of absence and size and shape of holes or other openings provided in the reflector, and/or the shape an reflective characteristics of the interior and lateral surfaces of the heatsink 502 serve to provide a primary projection path through the projection plane for light from the light-emitting diodes as well as at least some paths of reflected light through the projection plane. Further, the shape of the reflector and/or the presence of absence and size and shape of holes or other openings provided in the reflector allows for some perceptible light from the light-emitting diodes to emanate to points outside the envelope, wherein the perceptible light from the direct optical path other than the primary projection path does not intersect the projection plane (e.g., the reflector allows for some perceptible light from the light-emitting diodes to emanate through the back side of the heatsink).
The lamps depicted in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B (e.g., lamp 500) each have an envelope similar to a PAR30L lamp, and MR-16 lamp respectively, however other embodiments may have different envelopes. For example, the neck length 504 (see FIG. 5A) can be shortened (e.g., to comport with a PAR30S form factor), or for example, the shape of an envelope can corresponds to an A series lamp, a PS series lamp, a B series lamp, a C series lamp, a CA series lamp, an RP series lamp, an S series lamp, an F series lamp, an R series lamp, an MR series lamp, a BR series lamp, a G series lamp, a T series lamp, a BT series lamp, an E series lamp, an ED series lamp, an AR series lamp, and a PAR series lamp, and others (see FIG. 6).
The aforementioned lamps are merely selected embodiments of lamps that conform to fit with any one or more of a set of mechanical and electrical standards. Other form factors comporting to various mechanical and electrical standards are possible, and a selection of such mechanical and electrical standards are briefly discussed below.
FIG. 6 depicts side views of a selection of form factors. Embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented in any of the shown lamps. Moreover, and as shown, a particular form factor may be configured to confirm to one or more standards corresponding to bases and/or electrical connections. For example, Table 1 gives standards (see “Designation”) and corresponding characteristics.










TABLE 1






Base Diameter

IEC 60061-1


Designation
(Crest of thread)
Name
standard sheet







E05
05 mm
Lilliput Edison Screw
7004-25




(LES)



E10
10 mm
Miniature Edison Screw
7004-22




(MES)



E11
11 mm
Mini-Candelabra Edison
(7004-06-1)




Screw (mini-can)



E12
12 mm
Candelabra Edison Screw
7004-28




(CES)



E14
14 mm
Small Edison Screw (SES)
7004-23


E17
17 mm
Intermediate Edison Screw
7004-26




(IES)



E26
26 mm
[Medium] (one-inch)
7004-21A-2




Edison Screw (ES or MES)



E27
27 mm
[Medium] Edison Screw
7004-21




(ES)



E29
29 mm
[Admedium] Edison Screw





(ES)



E39
39 mm
Single-contact (Mogul)
7004-24-A1




Giant Edison Screw (GES)



E40
40 mm
(Mogul) Giant Edison
7004-24




Screw (GES)









Additionally, the base member of a lamp can be of any form factor configured to support electrical connections, which electrical connections can conform to any of a set of types or standards. For example Table 2 gives standards (see “Type”) and corresponding characteristics, including mechanical spacing between a first pin (e.g., a power pin) and a second pin (e.g., a ground pin).











TABLE 2







Pin center




Type
Standard
to center
Pin Diameter
Usage





















G4
IEC 60061-1
4.0 
mm
0.65-0.75 
mm
MR11 and other small halogens



(7004-72)




of 5/10/20 watt and 6/12 volt


GU4
IEC 60061-1
4.0 
mm
0.95-1.05 
mm




(7004-108)







GY4
IEC 60061-1 
4.0 
mm
0.65-0.75 
mm




(7004-72A)







GZ4
IEC 60061-1 
4.0 
mm
0.95-1.05 
mm




(7004-64)







G5
IEC 60061-1
5 
mm


T4 and T5 fluorescent tubes



(7004-52-5)







G5.3
IEC 60061-1
5.33 
mm
1.47-1.65 
mm




(7004-73)







G5.3-4.8
IEC 60061-1








(7004-126-1)







GU5.3
IEC 60061-1
5.33 
mm
1.45-1.6 
mm




(7004-109)







GX5.3
IEC 60061-1
5.33 
mm
1.45-1.6 
mm
MR16 and other small halogens



(7004-73A)




of 20/35/50 watt and 12/24 volt


GY5.3
IEC 60061-1
5.33 
mm






(7004-73B)







G6.35
IEC 60061-1
6.35 
mm
0.95-1.05 
mm




(7004-59)







GX6.35
IEC 60061-1
6.35 
mm
0.95-1.05 
mm




(7004-59)







GY6.35
IEC 60061-1
6.35 
mm
1.2-1.3 
mm
Halogen 100 W 120 V



(7004-59)







GZ6.35
IEC 60061-1
6.35 
mm
0.95-1.05 
mm




(7004-59A)







G8

8.0 
mm


Halogen 100 W 120 V


GY8.6

8.6
mm


Halogen 100 W 120 V


G9
IEC 60061-1
9.0 
mm


Halogen 120 V (US)/230 V 



(7004-129)




(EU)


G9.5

9.5 
mm
3.10-3.25 
mm
Common for theatre use, 








several variants


GU10

10 
mm


Twist-lock 120/230-volt MR16








halogen lighting of 35/50 watt,








since mid-2000s


G12

12.0 
mm
2.35 
mm
Used in theatre and single-end








metal halide lamps


G13

12.7 
mm


T8 and T12 fluorescent tubes


G23

23 
mm
2 
mm



GU24

24 
mm


Twist-lock for self-ballasted








compact fluorescents, since 2000s


G38

38 
mm


Mostly used for high-wattage








theatre lamps


GX53

53 
mm


Twist-lock for puck-shaped








under-cabinet compact








fluorescents, since 2000s









The list above is representative and should not be taken to include all the standards or form factors that may be utilized within embodiments described herein.
FIG. 7A through FIG. 7I depict embodiments of the present disclosure in the form of large form-factor lamp applications. In these lamp applications, one or more light emitting diodes are used in lamps and fixtures. Such lamps and fixtures include replacement and/or retro-fit directional lighting fixtures.
In some embodiments, aspects of the present disclosure can be used in an assembly. As shown in FIG. 7A, the assembly comprises:

    
    
        a screw cap 728
        a driver housing 726
        a driver board 724
        a heatsink 722
        a metal-core printed circuit board 720
        an LED lightsource 718
        a dust shield 716
        a lens 714
        a reflector disc 712
        a magnet 710
        a magnet cap 708
        a trim ring 706
        a first accessory 704
        a second accessory 702
    
    


The components of assembly 7A00 may be described in substantial detail. Some components are ‘active components’ and some are ‘passive’ components, and can be variously-described based on the particular component's impact to the overall design, and/or impact(s) to the objective optimization function. A component can be described using a CAD/CAM drawing or model, and the CAD/CAM model can be analyzed so as to extract figures of merit as may pertain to e particular component's impact to the overall design, and/or impact(s) to the objective optimization function. Strictly as one example, a CAD/CAM model of a trim ring is provided in a model corresponding to the drawing of FIG. 7A2.
The components of the assembly 7A00 can be fitted together to form a lamp. FIG. 7B depicts a perspective view 730 and top view 732 of such a lamp. As shown in FIG. 7B, the lamp 7B00 comports to a form factor known as PAR30L. The PAR30L form factor is further depicted by the principal views (e.g., left 740, right 736, back 734, front 738 and top 742) given in array 7C00 of FIG. 7C.
The components of the assembly 7A00 can be fitted together to form a lamp. FIG. 7D depicts a perspective view 744 and top view 746 of such a lamp. As shown in FIG. 7D, the lamp 7D00 comports to a form factor known as PAR30S. The PAR30S form factor is further depicted by the principal views (e.g., left 754, right 750, back 748, front 752 and top 756) given in array 7E00 of FIG. 7E.
The components of the assembly 7A00 can be fitted together to form a lamp. FIG. 7F depicts a perspective view 758 and top view 760 of such a lamp. As shown in FIG. 7F, the lamp 7F00 comports to a form factor known as PAR38. The PAR38 form factor is further depicted by the principal views (e.g., left 768, right 764, back 762, front 766 and top 770) given in array 7G00 of FIG. 7G.
The components of the assembly 7A00 can be fitted together to form a lamp. FIG. 7H depicts a perspective view 772 and top view 774 of such a lamp. As shown in FIG. 7H, the lamp 7H00 comports to a form factor known as PAR111. The PAR111 form factor is further depicted by the principal views (e.g., left 782, right 778, back 776, front 780 and top 784) given in array 7I00 of FIG. 7I.
The following claims describe in detail examples of constituent elements of the herein-disclosed embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many modifications, both to materials and methods, may be practiced without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
Finally, it should be noted that there are alternative ways of implementing the embodiments disclosed herein. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the claims are not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents thereof.

## Claims

1. A lamp defining an envelope and comprising:
a lens within said envelope and defining a projection plane;
one or more light-emitting diodes, wherein said one or more light-emitting diodes face said projection plane, wherein said lens and said one or more light-emitting diodes define a first optical path from said one or more light-emitting diodes to outside said envelope through said projection plane, and a second optical path from said one or more light-emitting diodes to outside the envelope but not through the projection plane; and
a color modification element along said second optical path for modulating the light spectrum of light propagating in said second optical path.

2. The lamp of claim 1, wherein said first optical path is essentially normal to the projection plane and away from both the lens and the one or more light-emitting diodes, wherein the second optical path is at an angle greater than 90 degrees from the first optical path.

3. The lamp of claim 1, wherein, the second optical path is emitted at an angle greater than 120 degrees from the first optical path.

4. The lamp of claim 1, wherein the color modification element comprises a dichroic reflector.

5. The lamp of claim 1, wherein the color modification element comprises a light absorbing medium.

6. The lamp of claim 5, wherein the light absorbing medium comprises colored plastic.

7. The lamp of claim 1, wherein the envelope corresponds to at least one of, an A series lamp, a PS series lamp, a B series lamp, a C series lamp, a CA series lamp, an RP series lamp, an S series lamp, an F series lamp, an R series lamp, an MR series lamp, a BR series lamp, a G series lamp, a T series lamp, a BT series lamp, an E series lamp, an ED series lamp, an AR series lamp, and a PAR series lamp.

8. The lamp of claim 1, further comprising a reflector, wherein the reflector redirects a portion of light emanated by the one or more light emitting diodes.

9. The lamp of claim 1, further comprising a housing, wherein the housing comprises at least one mechanical mounting point or an electrical mounting point for connecting the lamp to a luminaire.