## COURT OFAPPEALS SECOND DISTRICTOF TEXAS FORT WORTH NO . 2- 07-461- CR
ANT HON Y P AS CH AL L AP P E L L ANT V . TH E STA TE O F TEXA S STA TE

----- ----- -- FR O M THE 16TH DI STRI CT CO URT O F DENTO N CO UN TY

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### OPI NI ON

----- ----- -- I. I NTR ODUCTI ON A p p e lla n tA n t h o n yP a s c h a ll a p p e a lsh is c o n v ic t io n f o rf e lo n yd r iv in g w h ile i n to x i c a ted for w h i c h h e w a s s e n ten c e d to tw e n ty-fi v e y e a rs’ i m p riso n m e n t. P a sc h a l l fi l e d a b ri e f a l l e g i n g th i rt e e n p o i n ts o f e rr o r a n d l a ter fi l e d d o c u m e n ts
w it h t h isc o u rtin w h ic h h e w a iv e d h isf if t h t h r o u g h e le v e n t h p o in t s . In h is
r em ai ni ng s i x po i nt s, Pas cha l l ar gue s t hatt he t r i alco urter r ed by a l l ow i ng t he adm i ss i on oft w o e xhi bi t s, t hat t he evi den cei nt r oduc ed att r i alw asl ega l l y a nd2

f act ual l y i nsuf f i ci ent t o pr ove t hat he had been convi ct ed of t he a l l eged ju r is d ic t io n a l D W I e n h a n c e m e n t p a r a g r a p h s , a n d t h a t t h e e v id e n c e w a sle g a lly and f ac t ual l y i ns uf f i ci ent t o su pporthi s con vi ct i on f ordr i vi ng w hi l e i nt oxi ca t ed. W e wi l l a f f i r m. II . F ACTUA LAN DP ROCEDURALB AC KG ROUND A . Th e Stat e’ s W it nesses Kar en M or gan t esti f i ed t haton J une14, 2007 , s he w asdr i vi ng n o rt h b o u n d o n I -3 5 E f r o m D a lla st o D e n t o n a n d n o t ic e d a n S U V m o v in g s lo w ly nea rt he exi tf orCor i nt h Pa r kw ay. As s oon as M orga n pa ss ed t he SU V , t he dr i versped up, sw erved, and al m osthi tt he guar dr ai l . M or gan no ti c ed t hat a fter t h i s n e a r m i ss , th e d ri v e r o f t h e S U V “s l o w e d w a yd o w n ” a n d se e m e d to d r iftin t o a d if f e r e n t la n e . T h e n , s u d d e n ly , th e d r iv e r o ft h e S U V s p e d u p a g a in and dr ove i n bet w een t he l eftand t he r i ght l anes, such t hathe w as noti n ei t her l a n e . T h e S U V a p p e a re d to c o m e w i th i n fo u r o r fi v e i n c h e so f M o rg a n ’s b u m p e r, so s h e s w e rv e d a li ttle b i t b e c a u s e s h e t h o u g h t i t w a sg o i n g to h i t h e r. A tt hatpoi nt , M or gan deci ded t o cal l 9
- 1- 1 bec aus e shet hough tt he dr i verof th e S U V w a s g o i n g to c a u se a n a c c ide n t. M o rga n sta y e d o n the p h o n e w i th t he 9
- 1- 1 o per at orunt i l she r eached t he Loop 28 8 exi t , and duri n g thatt i m e, t he S U V cont i nued t o dr i f tback and th e n c at ch up. W hen M or gan exi t ed at Loo p 288, s he t ol d t he 9- 1- 1 ope r at ort hatt he SU V co nt i nue d nort hboun d, an d3

t he ope r at ort ol d he rt hat t he pol i ceha d be en ca l l ed. M or gan t es t i f i ed t hats he di d not se e th e d r i verdr i nki ng; how ever , she sai d t hatt he dr i ver ’ s cont i nual sl ow i n g dow n and speedi ng up m ade hert hi nk t hathe w as t i r ed orhad been dr i nki ng be ca us e t he patt er n w asnotl i kes om eon e w ho w ason a ce l l phon e o r w ho w as put t i ng on m akeup and m ade a sudden, qui ck sw erve. O f f i cer Bri an C oast w i t h t he C i t y of D ent on Pol i ce D epart m ent t est i f i ed t ha th e w aso n hi sw a y t o w or ko n Ju ne14, 2007 , b e t w e e n 6: 30 a nd 6: 45 p. m . i n hi s m ar ke d pat r ol ca rw hen hehe ar d a f i r e d epa rt m entca l l i ng i n a bout a r ec kl es s dr i vert hatw ashe ade d i n O f f i ce rCoast ’ s gen er al d i r ec t i on. The pol i ce di spat ch i m m edi at el y st art ed t o br oadcasti nf or m at i on abo utt he r eckl ess dr i ver . Thr eeci vi l i ansha d c al l ed t o reportt he r ec kl es s dr i ver , al ong w i t h t he f i r e t r uck. The di spat ch descri b e d th e v ehi cl e i n quest i on as an ol derm odel dar k- col or ed For d Expl or erw i t h i t s head l i ghtso n and sai d t hatthe vehi cl e w as hea di ng no rt hboun d a tSt at e Sch ool Road. O f f i ce rCoastm adea u- t ur n a nd headed t ow ar ds t hatar ea t o i nt er ceptt he vehi cl e. O ffi c e r C o a st sp o tted the v e h i c l e — a d a rk F o rd E x p l o rer w i th i ts h e a d l i g h ts on— att he i nt er se ct i on o fT easl ey La ne; O f f i ce rCoastkn ew t hati tw ast he veh i cl e i n que st i on be ca us e o ne oft he ca l l er s had s t aye d on t he phonew i t h t he 9- 1 -1 oper at orand conti nued t o r el ay t he l ocat i on. O f f i cerC oastw as so u th b o u n d o n T e a sleyLa n e , so h e m o v e d i n to the ri g h t- tu rn la n e i n o rde r t o4

get behi nd t he vehi cl e. O f f i cerC oastnot ed t hatt he dr i veroft he vehi cl e had st opp ed i n t he i nt er sect i on bl ocki ng t w o l anes o ftr af f i c. W hen t he l i ght t ur ned g ree n , th e v e h i c l e p a ss e d O ffi c e r C o a st, a n d O ffi c e r C o a st m o v e d i n b e h i n d i t. Befor e O f f i cerC oastcoul d i ni t i at e a t r af f i c st op, t he dr i veroft he vehi cl e pul l ed i nt o t he par ki ng l otata 7- El eve n c onve ni enc e s t or e a nd pa r ke d. O f f i ce rCoastpul l ed up be hi nd t he SU V an d w al ke d up t o c ont ac tt he dr i ver , w ho w as t he sol e occupan t i n t he vehi cl e. W hen O f f i cerC oastw al ked up, t he dr i verw as i n t he pr ocess ofget t i ng ou toft he vehi c l e . O ff i cerC oast saw t hatt he dr i verw as f um bl i ng and st r ugg l i ng w i t h t he seat bel t , w hi ch w as “h ung u p”on h i s ar m . A f t er t he dr i vergotout , O f f i ce rCoastnot i ce d t hatt he dr i ver ’ s sh ort s w er e u nz i ppe d. O f f i ce rC oas task ed t he dr i verf ori den t i f i ca t i on, a n d t h ed r iv e rp r o v id e d it , r e v e a lin g t h a th e w a sA n t h o n yP a s c h a ll. O f f i cerC oastasked Paschal l w hy hi s pan t s w er e undo ne, and he r epl i ed th a t he w a s o n h i s w a yfr o m D a l l a s t o O k la h o m a an d h a d an u rge n t ne e d to ur i nat e. O f f i ce rCoastas ke d Pa sc hal l i fhe had co ns um ed any t hi ng t o dr i nk or i fheha d t ak en anym edi ca t i on, an d Pa sc hal ls ai d t hatheha d n ot take n any m e d ic a t io n sn o rc o n s u m e d a n y t h in g t o d r in k . O f f ic e rC o a s td id n o ts m e ll a lc o h o l o n P a s c h a ll. O f f i cerC oastdeci ded t o i ni t i at e a D W I i nvest i gat i on becau se he had not i ce d t hatPas cha l ’ s sp ee ch w ass l ur r ed and t hathew ass w ayi ng a nd5

a p p e a re d to s e e ko u t s o m e th i n g to h o l d o n to to s te a d yh i m s e l f w h i l e th e yw e re ta l k i n g . A t tri a l , O ffice r C o a s t e x p l a i n e d th e th re e fi e l d s o b ri e tyte s ts to th e j u ry a n d s t a t e d t h a tt h e h o r i z o n t a l g a z e n y s t a g mu s( HGN ) t e s ti si mp o rt a n ti n a DW I i nvest i gat i on becau se H G N i s caused onl y b y al coho l , depr essant s, i nhal ant s, PC P, ora br ai n st em i nj ur y. D ur i ng t he H G N test , O f f i cerC oastnot i ced t hat Paschal l ’ s pupi l s w er e “very const r i ct ed” and t hatPaschal l exhi bi t ed f ourcl ues o n th e te s t, w h i c h w a se n o u g h to i n d i c a te i n to x i c a ti o n b ya n i n h a l a n t, a dep r es sa nt , orPCP. O f f i cerC oastt hen b e g a n to gi ve Paschal l t he i nst r uct i ons f ort he w al ka n d -t u r n t e s t . P a s c h a l l , h o w e v e r , in t e r r u p t e d h im a n d a d v is e d t h a th e w o u ld b e u n a b l e to ta k e the tes t be c a u se h e h a d u n d e rgo n e su rge ry o n h i s l e ft fo o t. O f f i ce rCoastom i t t ed t he w al k- and
- t ur n t es tan d ask ed Pas cha l l t o pe r f or m t he one - l eg st and aft erheha d ans w er ed af f i r m at i vel y w hen ask ed i fhe cou l d s t and on on e l eg. Af t erPas cha l l f ai l ed t he t es t , hes ai d t hatheha d und er gone o p e rati o n s o n b o th fee t. O f f i ce rCoastt hen as ke d Pa sc hal l w hathi s hi ghe stl eve l ofedu ca t i on w as, and Paschal l r espond ed t hathe had ear ned an associ at e’ s degr ee. O f f i cer C oas tas ke d Pa sc hal l t o r ec i t e t he al pha betf r om D t o Q , an d Pa sc hal l s ai d, “ E, F, G , H , Q . ” O f f i ce r C oas t as ke d Pas cha l l t o sa y t he al pha betf r om be gi nni ng6

t o end, and Paschal l sai d, “A , B, C , D , E, F, G , H , Q , Z. ” P aschal l r espond ed c o rr e c tl yw h e n as k e d h o w m a n yl e tters a re i n the alph a b e t. O f f i ce rCoastm ove d on t o t he cou nt i ng t es t and as ke d Pas cha l l t o c ount bac kw ar dsf r om f i f t y- si x t o t w ent y- se ven . Pas cha l l s t art ed cou nt i ng f or w ar d, s o O f f ic e rC o a s tin t e r r u p t e d h im a n d a llo w e d h im t o s t a rto v e r . P a s c h a ll s a id t he num berf i f t y t w i cean d t hen as ke d O f f i ce rCoastt o r epe att he i ns t r uct i ons a g a i n . P a sc h a l l ev e n tu a l l ysta rt e d w i th fi fty an d co u n ted b a c k w a rd s l o w l yto f ort y- t w o a nd s t oppe d. A tt hatpoi nt , Paschal l asked, “W her e ar e w e goi ng w i t h t hi s?” O ffi cer C oas ts ai d t hathew ast ryi ng t o de t er m i ne Pas cha l l ’ s l eve l ofi nt oxi ca t i on, an d P a s c h a ll t o ld O f f ic e r C o a s t t o s e a r c h h is c a r . O f f ic e rC o a s ta g a in a s k e d P a s c h a ll
w het her he had dr unk anyt hi ng, and Paschal l r espond ed t hi s t i m e t hathe had consum ed “one or t w o” t hat m or ni ng ar oun d 7 or8 a. m . The sear ch oft he car d id n o tre v e a l a n yd r u g so ra lc o h o l. O f f ic e rC o a s tc o n c lu d e d t h a tP a s c h a ll d id n o t h a v e t h e n o r m a l u s e o fh is
m e nt a l or ph ys i c a l f a c ul t i e s a nd t ha t t he c a us e f or t ha t w a s s om e t hi ng other t han al coh ol . O f f i ce rC oa st arr est ed Pas cha l l an d t ookhi m t o t he D ent on C oun t y Jai l . O f f i cerC oastdi d not of f erPaschal l a br eat h t est b e cause t hat t es t s onl y f oral cohol . W hen O f f i ce rCoastof f er ed Pas cha l l a bl ood t es t , he7

cho set o ha ve hi s l i ce ns e sus pen ded f ors i x m ont hsr at hert han co ns entt o t he tes t. O n c r o s s - e x a m i n a t i o n , Of f i c e r Co a s t a d m i t t e d t h a t h i s o b s e rv a t i on of Paschal l ’ s dr i vi ng befor e he pul l ed i nt o t he 7
- El even di d not m at ch w hathad been desc ri bed on t he r adi o; Paschal l had pul l ed i nt o a par ki ng space a p p r o p r ia t e ly , e x it e d h is v e h ic le w it h o u ts t u m b lin g o rf a llin g , a n d d id n o ts m e ll l i keal coh ol . O f f i ce rC oas tadm i t t ed t hat , pr i ort o t he st artoft he H G N t es t , t he sun w asi n Pa sc hal l ’ s eye s, butO f f i ce rCoastas ke d Pa sc hal l t o m ovet o a shaded ar ea i n or dert o pr oper l y per f or m t he H G N t est . O f f i cer C oastt est i f i ed t hatt he w al k- and
- t ur n t es ti s no ta g oo d i ndi ca t orf orpe opl e w ho a r e f i ft y or si xt y, t hos e w ho a r e m or e t han f i ft y po undsove r w ei ght , an d t hos e w ho ha ve physi cal di sabi l i t i es ori nj ur i es. O f f i ce rCoastt es t i f i ed t hatPas cha l l di d not sw ay w hi l e he w ass t and i ng i n t he I nt oxi l yzerr oom att he j ai l ; how ever , he noted t hatPaschal l had pr opp ed hi m se l fup aga i ns tt he w al l , br ac ed hi m se l fagai ns tt he w al l w i t h hi s han d, an d p u t hi s f eetshoul der
- w i dt h apart , w hi ch pr ovi ded a st abl e pl at f or m . O f f i cer C oas ts ai d t hathepe r f or m ed the vert i ca l nys t agm ust es t , i n a ddi t i on t o t he H G N t es t , on Pa sc hal l an d t hathedi d nots eean y ve rt i ca l nys t agm us , w hi ch, ifp r e s e n t , c a n in d ic a t e d r u g u s e o re x t r e m e lyh ig h d o s e so fa lc o h o l.1 ... S a m T ip t o n , a p h a r m a c is t , t e s t if ie d t h a tT h o r a z in e isa n a n t ip s y c h o t ic

a g e n ta n d isa n e x a m p le o f a c e n t r a l n e rv o u s s y s t e m d e p r e s s a n t . T ip t o n s a id t hatTr azadone i s al so a cent r al n ervous syst em depr essant . I fa per son w as i nt oxi ca t ed by o ne of t hes e t w o su bs t anc es , t hey w oul d exh i bi t sl ur r ed sp ee ch, t hei r ba l a nc e w ou l d be a f f e c t e d, t he i r ga i t w ou l d no t be no r m a l w he n t hey w al ked, t hei r pup i l s coul d be const r i ct ed, and i t w oul d be dang er ous f ort hem t o dr i ve. O n c r os s- exa m i na t i on, Ti pt on t es t i f i ed t hathew oul d ne ed t o k now t he dos agean d thef r equ enc y oft he dos age , t he t i m e o ft he l as tdos e, an d w het herf ood had been co nsum ed i n or d e r to g auge w het hert he per son w as i nt oxi cat ed by t hese dr ugs. 8 Jer em y H unter , a det ent i on off i cerw i t h t he D ent on P ol i ce D epart m e n t, t est i f i ed t hath e booked Paschal l i nt o t he j ai l on Jun e 14 , 20 07 , and t hat Pas cha l l pr ovi ded an em er gen cy con t ac tnum ber . W hen H unt erco m pl et ed t he
m edi cal scr eeni ng on Paschal l , Paschal l sa i d that he t ook C el exa, Tr azodone, and Thor az i ne 1 a nd g a veh i sb i rt h da t e a sJ a nu a ry 13, 1956 . M el i ss a Gi gue r e t es t i f i ed t hats he w or ksi n t he com put ers upportdi vi si on att he sh er i f f ’ s of f i ce . She sa i d t hatt he m aj or i t y oft he i nm at esi n t he D ent on C ount y Ja i l ar e h ous ed i n pod s— ope n r oom s w i t houtw al l s t hatha ve bunkbe ds l i ni ng t h e s i d e so ft h e r o o m s . T h e p o d sc o n t a i n t e l e p h o n e sf o ru s e b yt he i nm at es. S he over sees t he r ecor di ng ofthe ph one cal l s pl aced by t he i nm at es on t he pod phon es. She exp l a i n e d t hateach i nm at e i s ass i gned a PI N t o use w hen m ak i ng ph one ca l l s and t hat a r ec or di ng t el l s t he i nm at e t hatt he phone ca l l w i l l ber ec or ded .2 ... A lt h o u g h t h e S t a t e in it sb r ie fin d ic a t e st h a tP a s c h a ll id e n t if ie d h is

a t t or ne y a sDan i e l Peu gh , t her e c or d be f or e us — St a t e ’ sExh i bi t3 f r om 01: 22- 01 : 57

— does not i ndi cat e t hatt he partoft he r ecor di ng con t ai ni ng t hat i nf or m at i on w aspl aye d f ort he j ury. 9 S h e se a rch e d th e sy ste m fo r a l l p h o n e c a l l s m a d e u sing P a sc h a l l ’s P IN an d t r an sfer r ed t he m t o a C D . S he no t ed t ha t t he ph on e cal l s at i ssu e w e re m a d e to a n u m b e r s i m i l a r to P a s c h a l l ’se m e rg e n c yc o n ta c t n u m b e r. T h e j u ryh e a r d t h er e c o r d i n g o fa ph o n e c a l l ma d e u s i n g P a s c h a l l ’ sP I N. Du r i n g t h e p h o n e c a l l , P a s c h a l l s a i d “ t h e y ” we r e t ry i n g t o u s e a c h a r g e o fDW I t o enh anc e and t ur n t he cur r entD W I i nt o a f el ony. 2 Pas cha l l sai d t hat“ t hey ” have t o f i nd t hr ee D W I s w her e t he pi ct ur es and f i nger pr i nt s m at ch up and t hat “t hey” neverf i nger pr i nt ed orphotogr aphed hi m on t he t w o D W I s he com m i t t ed i n B r ow nsvi l l e. Befor e t he S t at e r est ed i t s case i n chi ef , t he t r i al courtt ook j u di ci al not i ce , upon t he St at e’ s r equ es t , t hatB r ow ns vi l l e i s t he cou nt y s ea tof C a m e ro n C o u n ty , T e x a s . T h e tri a lc o u rt a l s o a d m it t e d , o v e r d e fe n s e ’s o bj e c ti o n , S tate ’s E x h i b i t 5 a n d S tate ’s E x h i b i t 6 , w h i c h co n tai n e d j u d g m e n ts f o rt w o p r io rD W I c o n v ic t io n sf o rA n t h o n yD e a n P a s c h a ll. B. Paschal l ’ s W it ness Pas cha l l ca l l ed C apt ai n D ougl asS and er s t o t es t i f y. Sand er s, t he D ent on C ount y Cor r ec t i ona l Fa ci l i t y H eal t h Di r ec t orw ho ov er se est he ac ce ssan d10

del i ver y ofm ent al an d m edi cal h eal t hcar e forad ul t s and j uveni l es, t est i f i ed t hat Pas cha l l w ast r ea t ed f orpr obl em s w i t h a di sk i n hi s bac k w hi l e h e w asi n t he D ent on Co unty Jai l . Sand er s t est i f i ed t hatPaschal l ’ s m edi cal r ecor ds r eveal ed t hathe has a degener at i ve back di sease and a cong eni t al d i sk f usi on and t hat h i sc o u rs e o f c a re in c l u d e d a n ti -i n fl a m m a to ri e sa n d m u s c l e re l a x a n ts . S a n d e rs t es t i f i ed t hatPas cha l l ’ s bac k p r obl em s cou l d a f f ec thi s bal anc e a nd c o o r d in a t io n . S a n d e r ss a id t h a tt h e m e n t a l h e a lt h a u t h o r it ie sh a d lis t e d P a s c h a ll a sb i p o l a r. O n cr oss- exam i nat i on, S ander s t est i f i ed t hatt he m edi cal r ecor ds show ed t hatPas cha l l ha d und er gonea l eft A chi l l es r ec ons t r uct i on i n 1996 butdi d not
r ef er ence an i nj ur y t o t he r i ght f oot. S ander s t est i f i ed t hatdur i ng t he yeart hat P a s c h a l l h a d b e e n i n j a i l , h e h a d n o t e x h i b i te d a n yp ro b l e m “ g e ttin g a ro u n d .” S ander s sai d t hatt he m edi cal r ecor ds dem onst r at e d th a tPaschal l w as an al coh ol i c a nd w asaddi ct ed t o oran abu se rofpr es cr i pt i on dr ugs . The r ec or ds con t ai ned not at i on s t hatPas cha l l co ul d notha ve anym or e r ef i l l s on dr ugs bec aus e he w as ove rt ak i ng t hem an d c ons t ant l y t ryi ng t o ge tm or e p r es cr i pt i on dr ugs . The r ec or dsr eve al ed t hat P asc ha l l w ast ak i ng Kl onopi n, a dr ug i n t he b e n zo d i a ze p i n e fam i l ytha t h a s a sy n e rgisti c e ffec t w i th alco h o l . O n red i rec t, Sande r s t es t i f i ed t hat t he m edi ca l r ec or ds r ega r di ng t he ben z odi az epi ne dr ugs11

d a ted b a c kto 2 0 0 5 an d 2 0 0 6 an d tha t t h e p res c ri b in g d o c to rs too kste p s to chang e hi s m edi cat i ons t o gethi m of ft hose dr ugs. C . O ut com e ofTr i al A ft erhe ar i ng t he abo ve t es t i m ony, t he j ury f ound Pas cha l l gui l t y oft he f el o n yo f f e n s e o fd r i v i n g w h i l e i n t o x i c a t e d a sa l l e g e d i n t h e i n d i c t m e n ta nd a s s e s s e d h i s p u n i s h m e n t a t tw e n ty -fi v e y e a rs ’ c o n fi n e m e n t. T h e tria l c o u rt a c c e p te d th e j u ry ’sv e rd i c t a n d s e n te n c e d P a s c h a l l i n a c c o rd a n c e w i th th e j u ry ’s
r ec om m end at i on. Thi s app ea l f ol l ow ed. II I. S TA NDA RDS OFR EVI EW I n hi s f i r stf ourpoi nt s, Pas cha l l ch al l eng es bo t h t he adm i ss i on oft he ex hi bi t s, a s w el l ast he su f f i ci enc y oft he evi den cet o pr ovet hathew ast he s a m e p e rs o n w h o w a sc o n v ic te d o f t h e p rio r D W I ss h o w n in th e e x h ib its . In hi s t w el ft h a nd t hi rt ee nt h poi nt s, Pas cha l l ch al l eng est he su f f i ci enc y oft he evi den cet o pr ovet hathew asi nt oxi ca t ed att he t i m e he w asar r es t ed on t he 200 7 D W I ch ar ge. W e w i l l t her ef or e a ppl y t he abu seofdi sc r et i on s t and ar d of
r evi ew an d t he l ega l an d f ac t ual su f f i ci enc y st and ar ds of r evi ew se tf ort h be l ow w her e t hey ar e appl i cabl e. A . A bus e o fD i sc r et i on W e revi ew a t r i alco urt ’ s dec i si on t o a dm i tev i den ceunde ran ab us e o f d i s c re ti o n s ta n d a rd . Greenv. S tate , 9 34 S. W . 2d 92, 101– 02 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp.12

1 9 9 6 ), cert. denied, 5 2 0 U .S . 1 2 0 0 (1 9 9 7 ); Mo n tg o m ery v. S tate , 810 S. W . 2d 3 7 2 , 3 9 1 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 1 ) (o p . o n re h ’g ). A sl o n g a sth e tri a l c o u rt’s ruli n g fal l s w i th i n the zo n e o f re a so n a b l e d i sa g ree m e n t, w e w i l l affi rm i ts d e c i s i o n . Mo ses v. S tate , 105 S . W . 3d 622 , 627 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 2003 ) . The t r i a l c ou rt ’ sd e c i s i on m us tb e r e a s on a bl e i n vi e w o fa l l t her e l e va ntf a c t s. Sa n tel l a nv. S tate , 9 3 9 S .W .2 d 1 5 5 , 1 6 9 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 7 ). T h e m e re f a c tt h a ta t r ia l c o u rtm a yd e c id e a m a t t e rw it h in it sd is c r e t io n a rya u t h o r it yin a d i f f er entm annerthan an ap pel l at e co urtw oul d i n a si m i l arci r cum st ance does
n o t d e m o n s tra te th a t a n a b u s e o f d i s c re ti o n h a so c c u rre d . Ma nni ngv. S tate , 1 1 4S .W .3 d 9 2 2 , 9 2 6 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 3 ). B. LegalSu ff i ci ency I n r evi ew i ng t he l ega l suf f i ci enc y oft he evi den cet o s upporta con vi ct i on, w e vi ew al l the evi dence i n t he l i ght m ostfavor abl e to t he pr osecut i on i n or der t o det er m i ne w het herany r at i onal tri e roff actcoul d have f oun d t he essent i al e l e m e n ts o f th e c r i m e b e y o n d a re a s o n a b l e d o u b t. Ja cks o nv. V ir ginia , 443 U .S . 3 0 7 , 3 1 9 , 9 9 S . C t. 2 7 8 1 , 2 7 8 9 (1 9 7 9 ); Cl a y to n v. S tate , 235 S. W . 3d 7 7 2 , 7 7 8 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 7 ). T h i s s tan d a rd g i v e s fu l l p l a yto th e res p o n sibi l i ty o f t h e trie r o f fa c t t o r eso l ve confl i ct s i n t he t est i m ony, t o w ei gh t he evi dence, and t o dr aw re a s o n a b l e i n fe re n c e sfro m b a s i c fa c ts to u l ti m a te fa c ts . Jacks on , 44 3 U . S . at13

3 1 9 , 9 9 S . C t. a t 2 7 8 9 ; Cl ayton , 2 35 S. W . 3d at7 78. The t r i eroff ac ti s t he s o l e j u d g e o f th e w e i g h t a n d c re d i b i l i tyo f th e e v i d e n c e . S eeT e x . C o d e C r i m. P ro c . A n n . a rt. 3 8 .0 4(V e rn o n 1 9 7 9 ); Brownv. S tate , 270 S. W . 3d 564, 568 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 8 ). T h u s , w h e n p e rfo rm i n g a l e g a l s u fficie n c yre v i e w , w e m a yn o t r e -ev a l u a te th e w e i g h t an d cre d i b i l i ty o f t h e ev i d e n c e an d su b sti tu te o u r j u d g m e n t fo r th a t o f th e fa c tfin d e r. D e wb erryv. S tate , 4 S. W . 3d 735, 740 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 9 ), cert. denied, 5 2 9 U .S . 1 1 3 1 (2 0 0 0 ). I n s te a d , w e “dete r m i ne w het hert he nec es sa ry i nf er enc esar e r ea so nab l e b as ed upon t he com bi n e d a n d c u m u l a t i v e f o r c e o fa l l t h e e v i d e n c e w h e n v i e w e d i n t h e l i g ht
m ost f avor abl e t o t he ver di ct . ” Ho op er v. S tate , 2 14 S. W . 3d 9, 16–1 7 ( Tex. C r i m . A pp. 2007 ) . W e m us tpr es um e t hatt he fac t f i nde rr es ol ved an y con f l i ct i ng i nf er enc esi n f avo roft he pr os ec ut i on a nd def ert o t hatr es ol ut i on. Jacks on , 4 4 3 U .S . a t 3 2 6 , 9 9 S . C t. a t 2 7 9 3 ; Cl ayton , 235 S. W . 3d a t778. The s uf f i ci enc y oft he evi den ceshoul d be m ea su r ed by t he el em ent s of t he of f ense as def i ned byt he hyp ot het i cal l y cor r ectj ur y cha rge fo r the case. Grotti v. S tate , 2 7 3 S .W .3 d 2 7 3 , 2 8 0 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 8 ); Ma l i kv. S tate , 953 S. W . 2d 234, 240 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 1997 ) . Such a cha r ge w oul d beone t hatac cur at el y s et s outt he l aw , i s aut hor i z ed by t he i ndi ct m en t , doe s not unn ecessar i l y r est r i ct t he S t at e’ s t heor i es of l i abi l i t y, and adequ at el y descr i bes th e p a rti c u l a r o ffe n s e fo r w h i c h t h e d e fe n d a n t w a stri e d . G o l l i h a r v. S tate , 4614

S .W .3 d 2 4 3 , 2 5 3 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 1 ); Ma l i k, 953 S . W . 2d a t240. H ow ever , w e m ay not af f i r m a convi ct i on based on l egal orf act ual gr oun ds t hat
w e re n o t s u b m i tte d to th e j u ry . Ma lik , 95 3 S . W . 2d at2 3 8 n .3 . T h e l aw as aut hor i zed by t he i ndi ct m entm eans t he st at ut or y el em ent s oft he char ged o ffe n s e a sm o d i fi e d b yth e c h a rg i n g i n s tru m e n t. S e eCurryv. S tate , 30 S . W . 3d 394 , 404 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 2 0 0 0 ) . T he st and ar d ofr evi ew i s t he sa m e f or di r ec tan d c i r cum st ant i alev i den ceca se s; ci r c u m s t a n t i a lev i den cei s aspr oba t i ve a sd i re c t e v i d e n c e i n e s t a b lis h i n g th e g u i l t o f a n a c to r. Cl ayton , 235 S. W . 3d a t 7 7 8 ; Hoop er, 214 S. W . 3d a t13. C . Fact ualSu ff i ci ency W h e n rev i e w i n g the fac tu a l su ffi c i e n c yo f th e e v i d e n c e to s u p p o rta con vi ct i on, w e v i ew al l t he ev i den cei n a ne ut r all i ght , f avo r i ng ne i t herpa rt y. Nea l v. S tate , 2 5 6 S .W .3 d 2 6 4 , 2 7 5 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 8 ), cert. denied, 129 S . C t. 1 0 3 7 (2 0 0 9 ); W a tso nv. S tate , 204 S. W . 3d 404 , 414 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 200 6) . W e t hen as k w het hert he evi den ces upport i ng t he con vi ct i on, al t hough le g a llys u f f ic ie n t , is n e v e rt h e le s ss o w e a kt h a tt h e f a c t f in d e r ’s d e t e r m in a t io n is c le a r lyw r o n g a n d m a n if e s t lyu n ju s to rw h e t h e rc o n f lic t in g e v id e n c e s o g r e a t ly o u tw e i g h sth e e v i d e n c e s u p p o rti n g th e c o n v i c ti o n th a t th e fa c tfin d e r’s d e te rm i n a ti o n i sm a n i fe s tl yu n j u s t. L a n c o nv. S tate , 253 S. W . 3d 699, 704 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 8 ); W atson , 20 4 S . W . 3d at41 4– 15 , 4 1 7 . To r ever se15

unde rt he se con d gr ound, w e m us tdet er m i ne, w i t h som e obj ec t i ve bas i s i n t he
r ec o r d , t h a t t h e g r e a t w e i g h t a n d p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f a l l t h e e v i d e n c e , t hough l e g a l l ys u fficie n t, c o n tra d i c ts th e v e rd i c t. W atson , 204 S. W . 3d a t417. I n d e term i n i n g w h e th e r th e e v i d e n c e i s f a c tu a l l y i n su ffi c i e n t to su p p o rta con vi ct i on t hat i s nev ert hel es s su pport ed by l ega l l y s uf f i ci entev i den ce , i ti s not e n o u g h tha t t h i s c o u rt“h a rb o r a su bj e c ti v e l e v e l o f r e a so n a b l e d o u b t t o overt ur n [ t he] convi ct i on. ” Id . W e c a n n o tc o n c lu d e t h a ta c o n v ic t io n isc le a r ly
w r o n g o r m a n if e s t ly u n ju s t s im p ly b e c a u s e w e w o u ld h a v e d e c id e d d if f e r e n t ly t h a n t h e ju ry o r b e c a u s e w e d is a g r e e w it h t h e ju ry ’s re s o lu t io n o fa c o n f lic tin t he ev i d e n c e . Id . W e m ay nots i m pl y s ubs t i t ut e o urj udgm entf ort he fa c tfin d e r’s . Jo hn so nv. S tate , 2 3 S .W .3 d 1 , 1 2 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 0 ); Ca in
v. S tate , 9 5 8 S .W .2 d 4 0 4 , 4 0 7 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 9 7 ). U n l e s sth e re c o rd c l e a rl yre v e a l sth a t a d i ffe re n t re s u l t i sa p p ro p ri a te , w e m u s t d e fe r to th e j u ry ’s det er m i nat i on of t he w ei ght t o be gi ven con t r adi ct or y t est i m oni al evi dence b ecause r esol ut i on of t he confl i ct“oft en t ur ns on an eval uat i on of cr edi bi l i ty and dem eanor , and t hose j ur or s w er e i n at t endan ce w he n the t est i m ony w as del i ver ed. ” Johnson , 2 3 S . W . 3 d a t8 . T h u s , u n le s sw e c o n c lu d e t h a titis nec es sa ry t o c or r ec tm ani f es ti nj us t i ce , w e m us tgi ve duede f er en ce t o t he f ac t f i nde r ’ s det er m i nat i ons , “ part i cul ar l y t hos e d et er m i nat i onsco nce r ni ng t he16

w ei ght and cr edi bi l i t y oft he evi dence. ” Id . a t 9 . O u r d e fe re n c e i n th i sre g a rd s a fe g u a rd sth e d e fe n d a n t’sri g h t to a tri a l b yj u ry . Lancon, 253 S. W . 3d a t704. A n opi ni on a ddr es si ng f ac t uals uf f i ci enc y m us ti ncl udea di sc us si on oft he
m os ti m port antan d r el eva ntev i den ce t hat su pport s t he app el l ant ’ s com pl ai nt o n a p p e a l . Si

m s v. S tate , 9 9 S .W .3 d 6 0 0 , 6 0 3 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 3 ). M or eov er , an opi ni on r eve r si ng and r em and i ng on f ac t uali ns uf f i ci enc y gr ounds
m u s td e t a il a ll t h e e v id e n c e a n d c le a r lys t a t e w h yt h e f in d in g in q u e s t io n is fa c tu a l l yi n s u fficie n t a n d u n d e r w h i c h g ro u n d . G o o d m a nv. S tate , 66 S . W . 3d 2 8 3 , 2 8 7 (T e x . C ri m . A p p . 2 0 0 1 ); Johnson , 23 S . W . 3d a t7. IV . E XHIBI TSP ROPERLYA DM I TTED In h i sfi rs t th ro u g h fo u rth p o i n ts , P a s c h a l l c o n te n d sth a t th e tri a l c o u rt er r ed by a l l ow i ng t he adm i ssi on o fS t at e’ s Exhi bi t s 5 and 6— j udgm ent s and doc um ent s r el at ed t o t w o pr i orD W I c on vi ct i ons — bec aus e t heyw er e n ot pr oper l y conn ect ed t o hi m , w er e i r r el evant , and w er e m or e pr ej udi ci al t han p rob a ti v e an d b e c a u se the ev i d e n c e w a s l e g a l l yan d fac tu a l l yi n su ffi c i e n t t o pr ove t hat he had bee n con vi ct ed of t he al l ege d j ur i sd i ct i ona l D W I en han ce m ent p a r a g r a p h s . T h e S t a t e re s p o n d st h a titp r o v id e d s u f f ic ie n tp r o o ft h a tP a s c h a ll
w as t he sa m e p er so n i den t i f i ed i n t he exh i bi t s, t hatt he exh i bi t s w er e r el eva nt bec aus e Pa sc hal l co nt es t ed t hathew ast he per so n na m ed i n t he pr i or c o n v ic t io n s , a n d t h a tt h e e v id e n c e in t r o d u c e d a tt r ia l w a sle g a llya n d f a c t u a lly17

su f f i ci entt o pr ovet hatPas cha l l ha d be en con vi ct ed oft he D W I s sh ow n on t he con vi ct i onst hatw er e u se d t o e nha ncej ur i sd i ct i on. D W I is a c o n d u c t -o r ie n t e d o f f e n s e ; itd o e s n o t r e q u ir e p r o o fo fa c u lp a b le
m e n ta l s ta te . Nel

so nv. S tate , 1 4 9 S .W .3 d 2 0 6 , 2 1 0 ( T e x . A p p .— F o rtW o rt h 2 0 0 4 , n o p e t .) . A p e r s o n c o m m it st h e c r im e o fD W I ifh e “ isin t o x ic a t e d w h ile o p e ra ti n g a m o to r v e h i c l e .”T e x . P e n a l C o d e A n n . § 4 9 .0 4 (a ) (V e rn o n 2 0 0 3 ). The e l em ent s oft hatcr i m e a r e ( 1) t he def end ant , ( 2) ope r at ed, ( 3) a m ot or v e h i c l e , (4 ) w h i l e i n to x i c a te d , a n d (5 ) o n o r a b o u t th e d a te a l l e g e d i n th e S ta te ’s c h a rg i n g i n s tru m e n t. Id. In a f e lo n yD W I c a s e , t h e S t a t e m u s tp r o v e , in add i t i on t o t he af or em ent i one d e l em ent s oft hatpr i m ary of f ens e, t hatt he a c c u s e d h a stw i c e p re v i o u s ly , a n d s e q u e n ti a l l y , b e e n c o n v i c te d o f D W I. Id. § 4 9 .0 9 (b )(2 ). To es t abl i sh t hata def end anthas bee n convi ct ed ofa pr i orof f ens e, t he S t at e m ustpr ove beyo nd a r easonabl e d oub tthat( 1) a pr i orconvi ct i on exi st s, a n d (2 ) th e d e fe n d a n tis l i n k e d to th a t c o n v i c ti o n . F lo wers v. S tate , 220 S. W . 3d 919, 921 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 2007 ) . No spe ci f i c d ocu m ent or m odeof p ro o f i sre q u i re d to p ro v e th e s e tw o e l e m e n ts . Id. W hi l e evi dence ofa cert i f i ed cop y ofa fi nal j udgm entan d s ent enc e m ay be a p r ef er r ed and co nve ni ent m ea n s, th e Stat e m ay pr ove bo t h oft hese el em ent s i n a num berofw ays, i ncl udi ng do cum ent ary pr oof( su ch asa j udgm ent ) t hatco nt ai nss uf f i ci ent18

i nf or m at i on t o e st abl i sh bot h t he exi st enc e o fa pr i orco nvi ct i on a nd t he d e fe n d a n t’si d e n t it ya s t h e p e rs o n c o n v i c te d . Id. at921– 22. Any t ypeof e v i d e n c e , d o c u m e n ta ryo r te s ti m o n i a l , m i g h t s u ffice . Id. at 922 . Addi t i ona l l y, th e S tate m a ye s ta b l i sh a p ri o r co n v i c ti o n b yad m i tti n g ce rt i fi e d co p i e s o f a j udgm entan d a s ent enc e a nd a ut hen t i ca t ed cop i esoft he Texa s D epa rt m entof C or r ec t i ons( n/ k/a Te xasD epa rt m entofC r i m i nalJus t i ce — I ns t i t ut i ona l D i vi si on)
r ecor ds, i ncl udi ng f i nger pr i nt s, support ed by exp ertt est i m ony i denti f yi ng t hem a s id e n ti c a l w i th k n o w n p ri n ts o f th ed e fe n d a n t. Be ckv. S tate , 719 S . W . 2d 205 , 209 ( Tex. C r i m . A pp. 1986 ) . The f ac t f i nde rl ook s att he t ot al i t y oft he evi den cet o det er m i ne w het her t he St at e pr ove d t he pr i or con vi ct i on bey ond a re a s o n a b l e d o u b t. F l o wers , 220 S. W . 3d a t923. H er e, St at e’ s Exhi bi t5 con t ai ns ce rt i f i ed cop i esofdoc um ent s, i ncl udi ng a “ J u d g m e n tO n Pl e a O fG u i l t yO rN o Con t e s t ” i n Cau s e No . 0 1- CCR- 36 15
- C, sh ow i ng t hatA nt honyD ea n Pa sc hal l , I . D . # 1 2 6 4 0 9 , w asf ound gui l t y oft he of f ense ofdr i vi ng w hi l e i nt oxi cat ed on A pr i l 22 , 20 01 , by t he C oun t y C ourtat La w N o. 3 i n Cam er on Count y. The j udgm entco nt ai nsa faded r i ghtt hum b pr i ntan d ha s con di t i onsofc om m uni t y s upe rvi si on a t t ac hed , s t at i ng t hatt he p u n i s h m e n t w i l l ru n c o n c u rre n t w i t h C a u s e N o . 0 1 -C C R -3 8 1 0 -C . S ta te ’s Exhi bi t6 con t ai ns cert i f i ed copi es of docu m ent s, i ncl udi ng a “Judgm ent O n Pl ea O fG ui l t y O rN o C ont es t ” i n Caus e No. 01- C C R- 381 0- C , s how i ng t hatA nt hony19

D e a n P a s c h a ll, I .D . # 1 2 6 4 0 9 , w a sf o u n d g u ilt yo ft h eo f f e n s e o fd r iv in g w h ile i nt oxi ca t ed on Jan uary 3, 2001 , by t he C ount y CourtatLa w N o. 3 i n Cam er on C o u n ty. T h e j u d g m e n t co n tai n s a f a d e d r i g h t t h u m b p ri n t. I n c l u d e d w i th S t at e’ s Exhi bi t6 i s a docum entent i t l ed “Stat e’ s M ot i on T o R evoke P r obated S ent ence, ” w hi ch l i st s Paschal l ’ s dat e ofbi rt h as Januar y 13 , 19 56 . A nother doc um enti ncl ude d w i t h St at e’s E xhi bi t6 i s “Or derSett i ng Hear i ng And O r der i ng Ar r es t ” and i s dat ed M ar ch 17, 2 0 0 3 , w hi ch gi vest he f ol l ow i ng p h y s ic a l d e s c r ip t io n o fP a s c h a ll: A G E: 47 H A I R: Br ow n RAC E: Angl o HEI GH T: 5' 9" S E X : M a l e W E IG H T : 1 6 0 l b s . E Y E S : B l u e C O M P L E X I O N : L i g h t Th e sect i on w i t h “O TH ER I D EN TI FY I N G M A R K S TA TT O O S / S C A R S ” i s bl ank. T h e ju r yi n th i sc a s e h e a rd H u n te r, th e b o o k -i n o ffice r, te s ti fyth a t P a s c h a l l ’s bi rt h dat e i s Januar y 13 , 19 56 . S t at e’ s Exhi bi t 5 and S t at e’ s Exhi bi t 6, w hi ch i ncl ude t he sam e nam e and I D num berand show puni shm ent s i n each cause
w i l l r un con cur r ent l y, ar e t her ef or e s uf f i ci ent l y c onne ct ed t o onean ot her . The j u ry, m o reo v e r, w a s a b l e to v i e w P a sc h a l l d u ri n g th e tri a l a n d c o m p a re h i m to t he des cr i pt i on gi ven i n S t at e’ s Exhi bi t6, an d t o f i nd t hatheap pea r ed t o bet he sa m e p er so n.20

A nd, despi t e Paschal l ’ s obj ect i on t hatt he j udg m ent s “ haven’ tbeen p r o p e r ly t ie d t o [h im ], ” t h e ju ryh e a r d a t a p e o fa p h o n e c a ll m a d e f r o m t h e ja il usi ng Paschal l ’ s PI N num ber i n w hi ch t he cal l er , pr esum abl y Paschal l , adm i t t ed h e h a d b e e n c o n v i c te d o f tw o D W Is i n B ro w n s v i l l e . T h e t ri a l c o u rt, m o re o v e r, t ookj udi ci alnot i cet hatBr ow ns vi l l e i s t he cou nt y s ea tofCam er on Count y. O n t h is c o lle c t iv e e v id e n c e , w e b e lie v e t h a tt h e ju ryc o u ld h a v e p r o p e r ly concl uded , beyon d a r easonabl e doub t , t hatt he A nt hon y Paschal l t hen on t r i al
w a st h e s a m e “ A n t h o n yD e a n P a s c h a ll” w h o h a d b e e n c o n v ic t e d o fD W I in C a m e ro n C o u n tyc a u s e n u m b e rs0 1 -C C R -3 6 1 5 -C a n d 0 1 -C C R -3 8 1 0 -C . S ee D o rse tt v. S tate , 39 6 S . W . 2d 11 5, 11 6 (T e x . C r i m . A pp. 19 65 ) ( st at i ng t hat evi den cew ashe l d s uf f i ci entw hen t he j ury ha d t he opport uni t y t o obs erve t he a c c u s e d a n d d e te rm i n e b yc o m p a ri s o n w i th th e d e s c ri p ti o n i n th e re c o rd
w h e th e r h e i sth e s a m e p e rs o n p re v i o u s l yc o n v i c te d ); Ru ffi nv. S tate , No. 01- 97
- 00 92 9- C R , 19 99 W L 27 49 98 , at *2 ( Tex . A pp. — H oust on [ 1stD i st . ] M ay 6, 1999 , pe t . r ef ’ d) ( notde si gna t ed f orpubl i ca t i on) ( hol di ng tha ts uf f i ci ent evi dence exi st ed t o est abl i sh t hatappel l antw as t he sam e i ndi vi dual convi ct ed i n ca us e num ber 353 74 be ca us e t he j ury had an opport uni t y t o o bs er ve appel l ant i n t he court r oom and com par e t he descr i pt i on i n exhi bi tt o hi s physi cal a p p e a ran c e ). M o reo v e r, b e c a u se the S tate h a d to p rov e th a t P a sc h a l l h a d tw o p ri o r D W I co n v i c ti o n s, S tate ’s E x h i b i t 5 an d S tate ’s E x h i b i t 6 w e re rel e v a n t t o21

es t a bl i s h a n e l e m e nt of t he of f e ns e of f e l on y DW I a nd t o de m on s t r at e t hat Paschal l w as t he sam e per son as t he per son convi ct ed oft he pr i ort w o D W I s. C f. T h o rn v. S tate , 961 S . W . 2d 12, 19 ( Tex. A pp. — D al l as1996 , pe t . r ef ’ d) ( hol di ng t hatr ecor ds ofappel l ant ’ s f el ony co nvi ct i ons w er e r el evantt o est abl i sh a n e l e m e n t o f th e o ffe n s e o f p e rj u rya n d to d e m o n s t ra te th a t a p p e l l a n t’s convi ct i ons w er e f i nal ) . A s such, w e h ol d t hatthe val ue ofthese r ecor ds w as nots ubs t ant i al l y ou t w ei ghe d byt he dan gerofunf ai rpr ej udi ce , co nf us i on oft he i ss ues , orm i sl ea di ng t he j ury w hen Pas cha l l ha d nots t i pul at ed t o t he pr i or c o n v i c ti o n s . S eeT e x . R . E v i d . 4 0 3 ; se eg en eral lyT a m ez v. S tate , 11 S . W . 3d 198 , 202– 03 ( Tex. Cr i m . A pp. 2 000 ) ( st at i ng t hati ti s an abus e o fdi sc r et i on to a d m i t re c o rd sw h e n a n a d m i s s i o n i sa v a i l a b l e ); c f. T h o rn , 961 S. W . 2d a t19 ( hol di ng t hatpr oba t i ve val ue ofpr i orco nvi cti on s i n pe rj ury c as e w asnot su bs t ant i al l y ou t w ei ghe d byt he dan gerofunf ai rpr ej udi ce , co nf us i on oft he i ss u e s, o r m i sle a d i n g the j u ry w h e n p ri o r f e l o n yco n v i c ti o n s w e re rel e v a n t t o e s ta b l i s h e l e m e n t o f o ffe n s e fo r w h i c h a p p e l l a n t w a so n tri a l ). A cc or di ngl y, w e c onc l udet hatt he evi den ce , asm ea su r ed aga i ns tt he app l i ca bl e hypot het i ca l l y cor r ec tj ury char ge, show ed ( 1) t hatt he t w o Cam er on C oun t y convi ct i ons exi st ed and ( 2) t hat t he per son nam ed Paschal l t hen on t r i al
w asl i nke d t o t hos e t w o Cam er on Count y c onvi ct i ons . Thus , w e h ol d t hatt he evi dence w as l egal l y and f act ual l y suf f i ci entt o show th a t P aschal l had been22

pr evi ous l y c onvi ct ed oft he t w o pr i orD W I of f ens es t hatoc cur r ed i n Cam er on C ou nty as al l eg ed i n t he i nd i ctm en t . S e eR e es ev. S tate , 273 S. W . 3d 344, 34 7– 48 ( Tex . A pp. — Tex ar kana 2 00 8, no p e t. ) (hol di ng t hatevi dence w as l egal l y and f act ual l y suf f i ci ent t o suppo rt f i ndi ng t hat def endan t w a s sam e per so n c onvi ct ed oft w o pr i orD W I s eve n t hough j udgm entf ors ec ond p r i or of f ens e l i st ed onl y of f end er ’ s nam e w i t h no f urt heri den t i f yi ng i den t i f i ca t i on; r ecor d i ncl uded com m uni t y super v i sion d at a sheetf r om second D W I of f ense, l i s ti n g i d e n ti fy i n g in fo rm a ti o n , a n d a c o p yo f fi rs t D W I co n v i c ti o n ); see al so F lo wers , 220 S . W . 3d at 923 –25 ( hol di ng t hat evi den ce w asl ega l l y s uf f i ci ent to p ro v e e n h a n c e m e n tp a ra g ra p h b e y o n d a re a s o n a b l e d o u b t w h e n tri a l c o u rt had ce rt i f i ed cop y ofap pel l ant ’ s dr i ver ’ s l i ce ns e r ec or d and co m put erpr i nt out fro m c o u n tyt o p ro v e a p p e l l a n t’sp ri o r D W I c o n v i c ti o n ). W e o v e rru l e P a s c h a l l ’s f i r stt hr oug h f ourt h poi nt s.

V . S UFF I CI E NTE VIDENCETOS UPP ORTD W I C ONVI CT I ON I n hi s t w el f t h and t hi rt eent h poi nt s, Paschal l cont ends t hatt he evi dence isle g a llya n d f a c t u a llyin s u f f ic ie n tt o s u p p o rth isc o n v i c t io n f o rd r iv in g w h ile i nt oxi ca t ed. Spec i f i ca l l y, Pas cha l l ar gue s t hatt he St at e f ai l ed t o pr ovet hathe
w as i nt oxi cat ed by t he i nt r odu ct i on i nt o hi s syst em of al coho l , a co nt r ol l ed subst ance, a dr ug, or a com bi nat i on of t w o orm or e oft he pr evi ous subst ances, orany ot hersubst ance. The S t at e r e sp o n d s t hatdi r ectevi dence pr oved3 ... Thi s def i ni t i on w asi ncl ude d w i t hi n t he i ndi ct m ent , and t he app l i ca t i on

p a rag rap h o f t h e j u ry c h a rge tr a c k e d the i n d i c tm e n t.

4 ... I n Sm ithh a rt, th e T e x a s C o u rt o f C ri m i n a l A p p e a l s p l a c e d so m e l i m i ts on t he adm i ss i bi l i t y ofnon- exp ertt es t i m ony on w het hera per so n i s unde rt he in f lu e n c e o fd r u g s ; b u tt h e C o u rte x p lic it lyh e ld t h a tt h e S t a t e c o u ld p r o v e t h is e l e m e n t b yc i rc u m s ta n ti a l e v i d e n c e . See i d. 23 Paschal l ’ s l oss ofnor m al use ofhi s m ent al ofph y si calf acul t i es and t hat ci r cum st ant i alev i den cepr oved P asc hal l ’ s l os s ofnor m alus e o fhi s m ent al or p h y s i c a l fa c u l ti e sw a sb yre a s o n o f h is in g e s ti o n o f a c o n tro l l e d s u b s ta n c e , a dang er ous dr ug, oranot hersubst ance. Th e Texas Pen al C ode defi nes “i nt oxi cat ed” as ( A ) nothavi ng t he nor m al u se of m ent al orphysi calf acul t i es b yre a s o n o f th e i n tro d u c ti o n o f a l c o h o l , a c o n tro l l e d s u b s ta n c e , a dr ug, a danger ous dr ug, a com bi nat i on of t w o orm or e oft hose su bs t anc es , oran y ot hers ubs t anc e i nt o t he body ; 3 o r ( B) havi ng an al coho l concentr at i on of 0. 08 orm or e. Tex . Penal C ode A nn. § 4 9. 01 ( 2) ( V er non 20 03 ) . Th e f act t hata per son does notha ve t he nor m alus e o fhi s m ent alorphy si ca l f ac ul t i esby r ea so n of i nt r odu ct i on of a cont r ol l ed su b stance ora danger ous dr ug i nt o hi s body m ay b e p ro v e d b yc ir c u m s ta n ti a l e v i d e n c e . S e eSm ithh a rt v. S tate , 503 S. W . 2d 2 8 3 , 2 8 4(T e x . C ri m . A p p . 1 9 7 3 ). 4 I n Pa yn ev. S tate , t he j ury he ar d of f i ce r s des cr i be app el l ant ’ s dem ea nor and pe r f or m anc e o n t he so br i et y t es t s, i ncl udi ng t hat app el l ant se em ed dr ow sy ,24

ha d po orb a l a nc e , an d m um bl e d. No. 12- 02- 00312
- CR, 2003 W L2204 7776, at* 8 ( Tex . A pp. — Ty l erA ug. 2 9, 2 00 3, p et . ref ’ d) ( m em . op. , notdesi gnated f orpubl i ca t i on) . A doct ort est i f i ed t hatSom a a nd L ort ab, w hi ch app el l ant a d m i tte d t a k i n g o n t h e m o rn i n g o f th e a c c i d e n t, c a u s e d d ro w s i n e s s . Id . The j ury t hus had bef or e i t bot h di r ec tev i den ce , s how i ng t hatap pel l antha d l os tt he nor m alus e o fhi s m ent alorphy si ca l f ac ul t i es, and ci r cum st ant i alev i den ceof appel l ant ’ s i nt oxi cat i on byr eason oft he i nt r odu ct i on of one orm or e subst ances i n to h e r b o d y . Id. H er e, concer ni ng t he l oss- of
- nor m al
- use- of
- m ent al
- or - physi cal
- f acul t i es pr ong o f“ i nt oxi ca t ed, ” t he j ury ha d be f or e i tt he eye w i t nes s’ s t es t i m ony re g a rd i n g P a s c h a l l ’sd r iv in g , O ffice r C o a s t’sd e s c ri p ti o n o f P a s c h a l l ’s perf or m anc e o n t he f i el d s obr i ety t es t s, t he vi deo ofPas cha l l pe r f or m i ng t he fi e l d so b ri e ty te sts , D e tec ti v e F i sh e r’ s te sti m o n ytha t H G N i s a n ac c u rate m ea su r e o fi nt oxi ca t i on, an d O f f i ce rCoast ’ s con cl us i on t hatPas cha l l di d not have t he nor m al use ofhi s m ent al orphysi cal f acul t i es. Thisdi r ectevi dence
w a s l e ga l l y s uf f i c i e nt f or t he j ury t o f or m a f i r m c on vi c t i on or be l i eft hat P a s c h a l l d i d n o t h a v e th e n o rm a l u s e o fh ism e n ta l o r p h y s i c a l fa c u l ti e s . S ee Co mp to nv. S tate , 1 2 0 S .W .3 d 3 7 5 , 3 8 0 ( T e x . A p p .— T e x a rka n a 2 0 0 3 , p e t. r e f ’ d ) ( h o l d i n g e v i d e n c e l e g a l l ya n d f a c t u a l l ysu f f i c i e n tt o s u p p o rtDW I con vi ct i on w hen j ury had bef or e i tSt at e Tr oope r ’ s t es t i m ony su r r oundi ng t he s t o p a n d v ie w e d t h e v id e o re c o r d in g o fa p p e lla n t ’s p e r f o r m a n c e o n f ie ld5 ... T h e d is s e n tw o u ld re q u ir e d ir e c te v id e n c e o fin g e s t io n o fa s p e c if ic

d ru g . T h e p e n a l c o d e a n d th e j u ryc h a rg e h e re , h o w e v e r, sim p l yre q u i re evi den cet hatap pel l ant ’ s l os s ofnor m alus e w as by r ea so n oft he i nt r oduc t i on of“a dru g , a d anger ous dr ug, a com bi nat i on of t w o orm or e oft hose subst ances, orany ot hersubst ance. ” S eeT e x . P e n a l C o d e A n n . § 4 9 .0 1 (2 ). 25 s o b ri e tyte s ts ); Rum ag ev. S tate , No. 12- 02- 00190
- CR, 2003 W L2199 9347, at*3 –4 ( Tex . A pp. — Ty l erA ug. 2 0, 2 00 3, n o pet . ) ( m em . op. , notdesi gnated f o rp u b l i c a t i o n ) ( h o l d i n g e v i d e n c e l e g a l l ya n d f a c t u a l l ys u f f i c i e n tt o s u p p o rtDW I convi ct i on af t err evi ew i ng t est i m ony of ar r est i ng of f i cer , dr i verofot hervehi cl e, a n d appel l antand w at chi ng vi deo of appel l antas he per f or m ed f i el d sobr i ety te s ts ). 5 C o n c e rn i n g th e b y -re a s o n -o f-i n tro d u c ti o n -o f-a -c o n tro l l e d -s u b s ta n c e -o rdan ger ous - dr ug- or - ot her
- su bs t anc e- i nt o- hi s- bodypr ong o f“ i nt oxi ca t ed, ” t he St at e of f er ed ci r cum st ant i alev i den ce . Spec i f i ca l l y, t he St at e o f f er ed and t he t r i alco urt adm i t t ed ( 1) pha r m ac i stSam Ti pt on’ s t es t i m ony t hatt he t w o dr ugs t hatPaschal l l i st ed o n h i s m edi cal i nt ake f or m as dr ugs he w as t aki ng— Th or azi ne and T r azadone— ar e cent r al ne rvo ussyst em depr essant s t hat
w oul d c aus e a pe r so n i nt oxi ca t ed by us e of t he dr ugst o e xhi bi ts l ur r ed sp ee ch, aff ec t ed bal anc e, ab nor m alga i t , an d c ons t r i ct ed pupi l s and t hati tw oul d be d a n g e r o u s f o r a p e rs o n s o i n to x i c a te d to d ri v e , a n d (2 ) O ffice r C o a s t’s t est i m ony thatPaschal l exhi bi t ed sl ur r ed speech, sw ayi ng , and con st r i ct ed pupi l s att he 7- El eve n and t hathe , O f f i ce rCoast , di d nots m el l al coh ol on6 ... W e d o n o t h o l d , a s t h e d i s s e n t c o n t e n d s , t h a t m e r e l y p o ss es si ng a

pr es cr i pt i on f ora dr ug de pr i vesa per so n oft he no r m al us e o fhi s m ent al or physi cal f acul t i es. I nst ead, t he S t at e m ustpr ove, as i tdi d her e: f i r st , t hat app el l antl os tt he nor m alus e o fhi s m ent alorphy si ca l f ac ul t i es , an d s ec ond, t hatap pel l ant ’ s l os s ofhi s m ent alorphy si ca l f ac ul t i esw asby r ea so n of t he i n tro d u c ti o n o f “ a n y . . . su b s ta n c e ” i n to h i sb o d y . S eeTex. Pen alCode Ann. § 49. 01( 2) . C ont r ary t o t he di ss ent ’ s pos i t i on, a per so n m ay dr i ve aft ert ak i ng a p r es cr i pt i on m edi ca t i on s o l ong ast hatper so n ha s notl os tt he nor m alus e o f hi s m ent alorphy si ca l f ac ul t i esby r ea so n o fi nt r oduc t i on oft he pr es cr i pt i on dr ug i nt o hi s body . 26 Paschal l . Thi s evi dence w a s l e g al l y suf f i ci entt o per m i tt he j ur y t o i nf ert hat Pas cha l l ’ s l os s oft he nor m alus e o fhi s m ent alor p hy si cal f ac ul t i esw asby
r ea so n oft he i nt r oduc t i on of“ a c ont r ol l ed su bs t anc e, a dr ug, a dan ger ousdr ug, a com bi nat i on of t w o orm or e oft hose subst ances, o r a n yo t hersubst ance” i nt o hi s body . 6 See Pa yne , 20 03 W L 22 04 77 76 , at*8 . W e hol d t hata r at i onal t r i eroff ac tco ul d ha ve f ound t he es se nt i alel em ent s ofD W I be yo nd a re a s o n a b l e d o u b t. See Jacks on , 4 4 3 U .S . a t 3 1 9 , 9 9 S . C t. a t 2 7 8 9 ; Cl ayton , 2 3 5 S .W .3 d a t 7 7 8 ; se ealso G u ye tt v. S tate , No. 11- 08- 00003
- CR, 2008 W L 3 8 4 6 2 2 1 , a t * 1 , 3 (T e x . A p p .— E a s tl a n d A u g . 1 4 , 2 0 0 8 , n o p e t.) (m e m . o p ., n o t d e s i g n a te d fo r p u b l i c a ti o n ) (h o l d i n g e v i d e n c e l e g a l l ys u fficie n t to s u p p o rt D W I co n v i c ti o n b a s e d o n i n to x i c a ti o n b yp re s c ri p ti o n d ru g s ); Grayv. S tate , N o. 05- 04- 01269
- CR, 2005 W L1670 715, a t* 6– 7 ( Te x. App . — Dal l a sJ ul y 19, 2 0 0 5 , n o p e t.) (n o t d e s i g n a te d fo r p u b l i c a ti o n ) (sa m e ). W i th reg a rd to the fac tu a l su ffi c i e n c yo f t h e ev i d e n c e , w e are req u i red to r evi ew al l t he evi dence i n a neut r al l i ght. The r ecor d her e c o n tai n s evi dence27

th a t no alco h o l o r dru g s w e re f o u n d i n P a sc h a l l ’s ca r; tha t t h e re w e re n o b rea th orbl ood t es t s; an d t hatPas cha l l ’ s cog ni t i ve pr obl em s, i nj ur i es , an d de gen er at i ve di sk di sease coul d have af f ect ed hi s per f or m ance on t he f i el d s o b ri e t y t est s. Th e r ecor d al so cont a i ns no evi dence of an al t er nat i ve expl anat i on— such as s l e e p l e s s n e s s , e m o ti o n a l t ra u m a , e tc .— fo r P a s c h a l l ’se rra ti c d ri v i n g a n d fa i l u re ofsobr i et y t est s. A ppl yi ng t he st andar d o f r evi ew t o al l t he evi dence, aft er l i st eni ng t o t he t est i m ony sur r oun di ng P aschal l ’ s st op and vi ew i ng th e vi deo
r e c o r d in g o fh is p e r f o r m a n c e o n t h e f ie ld s o b r ie t yt e s t s , t h e j u r yc h o s e , a sit
w asen t i t l ed t o do, t o gi ve l es s w ei ghtt o Pa sc hal l ’ s phys i ol ogi ca l ex pl ana t i ons fo r h i sp o o r p e rfo rm a n c e o n th e fi e l d s o b ri e tyte s ts a n d c h o s e to g i v e m o re w e i g h t t o the e y e w i tn e ss ’s a n d o ffi c e r’ s ac c o u n ts o f th e ev e n ts. D e ferri n g to t he j ur y’ s r ol e as “t he sol e j udg e oft he w ei ght and cr edi bi l i t y gi ven t o w i t ness t es t i m ony”an d vi ew i ng a l l t he evi den cei n a neu t r all i ght , f avo r i ng ne i t herpa rt y, we t h e r e f o r e h o l d t h a tt h e e v i d e n c e s u p p o rt i n g P a s c h a l l ’ sf e l o n yDW I c o n v i c ti o n , a l th o u g h l e g a l l ys u fficie n t, i sn o ts o w e a kth a t th e fa c tfin d e r’s det er m i nat i on i s cl ea r l y w r ong a nd m ani f es t l y un j us tan d t hatco nf l i ct i ng evi den cedoe s notso gr ea t l y out w ei gh t he evi den cesupport i ng t he con vi ct i on th a t th e fa c tfin d e r’sd e te rm i n a ti o n i sm a n i fe s tl yu n j u s t. S e eNea l , 256 S . W . 3d a t 2 7 5 ; Lancon , 2 5 3 S .W .3 d a t 7 0 4 ; W atson , 204 S. W . 3d a t414– 15, 417; see al so G u ye tt, 2 0 0 8 W L3 8 4 6 2 2 1 , a t* 1 , 3 (h o ld in g e v i d e n c e f a c t u a lly suf f i ci entt o suppo rtD W I convi ct i o n , d e sp i t e t est i m ony thatappel l anthad7 ... A sn o t e d in t h e o p e n in g p a r a g r a p h o f t h is o p in io n , P a s c h a ll w a iv e d h is

fi fth th ro u g h e l e v e n th p o i n ts . W e th e re fo re n e e d n o t a d d re s sth e m . S eeTex. R. App . P. 47. 1. 28 u n d e rg o n e th re e b ra i n s u rg e ri e s a n d s p i n a l s u rg e ry ); Gray , 2005 W L1670 715, at*7 ( hol di ng e vi den cef ac t ual l y s uf f i ci ent , de sp i t e t es t i m ony t hatt i e r od on a p p e l l a n t’ s ca r b rok e a n d c a u se d h e r t o l o se co n tr o l , b e c a u se j u ry w a s free to bel i eveof f i ce r ’ s ac cou nt s off i el d s obr i et y t es t s and vi deo ofi nt oxi l yz err oom te s ti n g ); Payn e , 2 0 0 3 W L2 2 0 4 7 7 7 6 , a t* 9 ( h o ld in g e v id e n c e f a c t u a lly su f f i ci ent , de sp i t e e vi den cet hatap pel l antw as i l l an d noti nt oxi ca t ed on t he
m or ni ng oft he ac ci den t , be caus e j ury w asf r eet o be l i eveey ew i t nes se s’ an d of f i ce r s’ ac cou nt s ofw hatt heys aw ) . W e o ver r ul e Pa sc hal l ’ s t w el ft h a nd t hi rt eent h poi nt s. V I. C ONC L USI ON H av i ng over r ul ed Pas cha l l ’ s f i r st , s ec ond, t hi r d, f ourt h, t w el ft h, an d t hi rt eent h poi nt s, 7w e affi rm the tr i a l co u rt ’s j u d g m e n t.

SU E W A LKER J U S T I C E
PA N EL: CA YC E, C. J. ; D A U PH I N O T and W A LKER, JJ. D A U PH I N O T, J. f i l ed a d i ss ent i ng op i ni on. PUBL I SH DEL I VERE D: Apr i l 2, 20091 ... S eeT e x . P e n a l C o d e A n n . § 4 9 .0 1 (2 )(A ) (V e rn o n 2 0 0 3 ). 

## COURT OFAPPEALS SECOND DISTRICTOF TEXAS FORT WORTH NO. 2 - 07 -46 1- CR
ANT HON Y P AS CH AL L AP P E L L ANT V . THE STATE OF TE XA S STATE

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### DI SS E NTI NG OPI NI ON

----- ----- -- I m us tr e s pe c t f ul l y di s s e ntf r om t hem aj or i t y’ st ho r ou gh a nd d e t ai l ed opi ni on bec aus e t her e i s no e vi den cet hatA ppe l l antw asi nt oxi ca t ed by r ea so n oft he i nt r oduc t i on of al coh ol , a con t r ol l ed su bs t anc e, a dr ug, a dan ger ousdr ug, ora com bi nat i on of any t w o orm or e oft hese subst ances. 1 T h e j u ryh e a rd evi den cet hat A ppe l l ant ’ s sp ee ch w as sl ur r ed, hi s pupi l s w er e c ons t r i ct ed, an d2 ... See i d. 3 ... S e ei

d. § § 4 9 .0 1 (2 )(A ), 4 9 .0 4 (a ). 2 he coul d not orw oul d not per f or m t he f i el d sobr i et y t est s. H i s dr i vi ng i ndi cat ed a l ack oft he nor m al use o fh i s m ent al orphysi cal f acul t i es. The t est i ng off i cer sa i d t h e h o r i z o n t a l g a z e n y s t a g m u s ( HGN) t e s t r e v e a l e d f o u r c l ues of i nt oxi cat i on orbr ai n st em i nj ur y, butt her e w as no odor of al coho l . Th e pol i ce di d nots ee k t o a dm i ni st era breatha l yzert es tbe ca us e t her e w asno o dorof a lc o h o l. T h e p o lic e c o n c l u d e d t h a tA p p e lla n td id n o th a v e t h e n o r m a l u s e o fh is
m e n ta l o r p h y s i c a l f a c u l ti e s , b u t th e c a u s e w a s“ s o m e th i n g o th e r th a n a l c o h o l .” I nt oxi cat i on i s a t er m t hati s defi ned i n t he penal code. 2I nt oxi ca t i on by t he i nt r oduc t i on ofal coh ol an d/or ce rt ai n dr ugsi s an es se nt i alel em entoft he o ffe n s e o f d ri v i n g w h i l e i n to x i c a te d (D W I). 3I nt oxi ca t i on, t hen , m us tbe pr ove d. I ti s no ts uf f i ci entt o pr ovej us tt hata per so n “ w as n’ tac t i ng r i ght . ” I ti s not enou gh t o concl ude t hat he m usthave t aken som et hi ng, butw e know i tw as n o ta lc o h o l. H er e, A ppe l l antdi d notco ns entt o a bl ood t es t . The of f i ce r s cou l d ha ve so ughta w ar r antt o a l l ow t hem t o dr aw bl ood. They di d not . Theyf ound no dr ugson Appel l antori n hi s vehi cl e. H e di d notad m i tt o t ak i ng a ny d r ug or m edi ca t i on, nordi d a nyon e t es t i f y t hatheha d t ak en dr ugs , pr es cr i bed or4 ... Co mp to nv. S tate , 120 S . W . 3 d 375, 379 ( Tex. A pp. — Texa r ka na

2 0 0 3 , p e t. re f’d ).

5 ... Rum ag ev. S tate , No. 12- 02- 00190
- CR, 2003 W L21999347, at*2 ( Tex. A pp. — Tyl erA ug. 20, 2003 , no p et . ) ( m em . op. , n otde si gna t ed f or p u b l i c a ti o n ).

6 ... Pa yn ev. S tate , No. 12- 02- 00312
- CR, 2003 W L2204 7776, a t*5–6 ( Tex. A pp. — Tyl erA ug. 29, pe t . r ef ’ d) ( m em . op. , no td esi gna t ed f or p u b l i c a ti o n ). 3 ot her w i se . Hi s j ai l m edi ca l r ec or dsshow ed pr es cr i pt i onsf orce rt ai n dr ugs , but t he j ury he ar d no evi den cet hatheha d t ak en t hem t he dayhew asar r es t ed. The m aj or i t y r el i eson c as eshol di ng t hatt he of f i ce r ’ s opi ni on of i nt oxi ca t i on i s su f f i ci ent . I n t hos e ca se s, how eve r , t her e w as evi den cet hatt he def end antha d i nge sted al cohol , dr ugs , orbot h. I n Co mp to nv. S tate , t he d e fen d a n t “sm e l l e d o f al c o h o l; h a d sl u rr e d sp e e c h ; ad m i tted d ri n k i n g tw o b e e rs ; [a n d ] h a d a c o l d , o p e n b o ttle o f b e e r i n h i stru c k. . . .” 4 Th e ot hercases t he m aj or i t y r el i es on ar e

• Rum ag ev. S tate , an unpu bl i shed case i n w hi c h “ [ t ] he of f i cer t es t i f i ed he i ni t i al l y s m el l ed al coh ol on [ Rum age ’ s] br ea t h a nd n o t ic e d h is s p e e c h w a ss lu r r e d . T h e d r iv e ro ft h e o t h e rv e h ic le t o ld t he of f i ce rt hats he had s ee n [ Rum age ] at t he r es t aur ant w her e s he w or ked dr i nki ng an al coho l i c bever age short l y bef or e t he w r eck”; 5

• Pa yn ev. S tate , an unpu bl i shed case i n w hi ch Payn e adm i t t ed d ri n k i n g a 1 6 -o z . b e e r a ro u n d 7 :0 0 a .m ., a b o u t fi v e h o u rsb e fo re th e a c c i d e n t, tak i n g L o rt a b a n d S o m a the m o rning o f t h e ac c i d e n t, and t ak i ng a nothe rL ort ab bef or e l unc h. 6She ate a sandw i ch at 1 1 : 0 0 a n d t h e n l e f two r k . T h e a c c i d e n to c c u r r e d o n h e rwa yh o me7 ... Id. 8 ... G u ye tt v. S tate , No. 11- 08- 00003
- CR, 20 08 W L3846 221, a t*2 ( Tex. A pp. — Ea stl an d Aug. 14, 2008 , no p et . ) ( m em . op. , notde si gna t ed f or p u b l i c a ti o n ).

9 ... Grayv. S tate , N o. 05- 04- 012 69- C R, 2005 W L 16 707 15, at*6 ( Tex. A p p .— D a l l a sJ u l y1 9 , 2 0 0 5 , n o p e t.) (n o t d e s i g n a te d fo r p u b l i c a ti o n ). 4 f r om w or k. S he w as i ncoh er entan d di d not know w her e she w as w hen t he pol i ce i nt ervi ew ed heratt he acci dent scene; 7

• G u ye tte v. S tate , an unpu bl i shed case i n w hi ch G uyet t e adm i t t ed t hats hew a st a k i ng p r e s c r i pt i on m e di c a t i on a sp r e s c r i be d byh er doctor , acknow l edged t hatsom e ofherm edi cat i on w as ac com pan i ed by a w ar ni ng t hati tm i ghtc au se dr ow si nes s and af f ec tt he abi l i t y t o dr i ve, and st at ed t hat sh e had t ak en t he dr ugs f ory e a rs a n d w as “accl i m at ed” t o t hem and t hatnei t herher doctor s norD PS had t ol d hert hatshe coul d not dr i ve; 8 a n d

• Grayv. S tate , an unpubl i sh ed ca sei n w hi ch G r ay adm i t t ed t hats he had t aken hyd r ocod one t he ni ght bef or e, and t he of f i cert est i f i ed t hathydr ocod one i s a cont r ol l ed subst ance and t hathe f oun d an em pt y pr escr i pt i on bo t t l e f ori ti n t he carand as w el l as l oose pi l l s, an i ndi ca t i on t hats he had t ak en t he d r ug m or e r ec ent l y t han t he ni ght bef or e. 9 I n a l l t he ca se s r el i ed on byt he m aj or i t y, the r e w asev i den cet hatt he d e fe n d a n t d ra n ka l c o h o l a n d /o r to o kt h e d ru g sn e a r th e ti m e o f th e a rre s t, o r, asi n Gray , ev i den ce of t he pr es enc e o fdr ugsoral coh ol i n t he veh i cl e d r i ven by t he def end ant . I n t he ca senow be f or e t hi s cou rt , A ppe l l antadm i t t ed t o oneor tw o d ri n k s a t 7 : 00 or8: 00 a. m . t he m or ni ng of hi s ar r est ; he w as notpul l ed ove runt i l ar ound 6 : 3 0 o r6: 45 p. m . , m or e t han el eve n hou r s l at er , an d t he10 ... T e x . P e n a l C o d e A n n . § § 4 9 .0 1 (2 )(A ), 4 9 .0 4 (a ). 5 pol i ce of f i cer s w er e convi nced t hathe had no tbeen dr i nki ng, so co nvi nced t hat t heydi d notof f erhi m a br ea t h t es t . H e d i d nott es t i f y t hatheha d t ak en any dr ugs , no d r ugsw er e f ound i n hi s veh i cl e, an d no bl ood t es tw aspe r f or m ed. Th e m aj or i t y hol ds t hatt he phar m aci st ’ s t est i m ony r egar di ng t he ef f ect ofdr ugsA ppe l l antl i st ed on hi s j ai l i nt ak e f or m asdr ugshew ast ak i ng, com bi ned w i t h t he ar r est i ng o f f i cer ’ s descr i pt i on of A ppel l ant ’ s sw ayi ng, sl ur r ed s p e e c h , a n d c o n s t r ic t e d p u p ils , a sw e ll a st h e a b s e n c e o ft h e o d o ro fa lc o h o l,
w ass uf f i ci entev i dence to supp ortt he j ury’ s ver di ct . Res pec t f ul l y, I ca nnot agr ee.Th er e i s n o pr esum pt i on of i nt oxi cat i on. Sl ur r ed speech, const r i ct ed p u p i l s, an d sw a y i n g m a yi n d i c a te i n to x i c a ti o n , b u t su c h ev i d e n c e o n l yg o e s to t he el em entofl ac k o fnor m al u se. I ti s not , i n a nd ofi t se l f , pr oofof i n tro d u c ti o n in t o t h e b o d yo f a d ru g o r c o n tro l l e d s u b s ta n c e o r a l c o h o l , a necessary el em ent of i nt oxi cat i on t hatt he S t at e m ustpr ove. 10I f , r at hert han hav i ng t he ac t ual d r ug , h avi ng a pr es cr i pt i on f ora dr ug w hi ch, i fus ed or abused, depr i ves a per son ofthe no r m al u se of hi s m ent al orphysi cal f acul t i es i s su f f i ci entt o pr ovei nt oxi ca t i on, no o ne w ho ha s bee n pr es cr i bed a sl ee pi ng pi l l , a m us cl e r el axa nt , co ugh m edi ci ne, orpa i n m edi ca t i on cou l d e verdr i ve6

w i th o u t v i o l a ti n g th e D W I sta tu te . T h e S ta te m u s t p ro v e m o re th a n th e m e re opport uni t y t o i nge stt he m edi ca t i on. The l egi sl at ur e has bal anc ed t he i nt er es t s ofs oci et y a nd l aw en f or ce m ent a g a i n st th e d u e p roc e ss ri g h ts o f a d e fen d a n t b yp rov i d i n g th e S tate th e ab i l i ty t o dr aw and t es ta def end ant ’ s bl ood. The pol i ce , al t hough ca ndi d i n a dm i t t i ng t hat t her e w as no odor ofal coho l despi t e A ppel l ant ’ s hi st or y ofal coho l abuse and t hor oug h i n sear chi ng ou tA ppel l ant ’ s m edi cal recor ds t o t r ace hi s m edi cal hi st ory, pr ovi ded t he St at e w i t h n o m ore t han a gue ssast o t he r ea so n f or A ppel l ant ’ s l ack o fco or di nat i on and sl ur r ed speech. I w oul d hol d t hata guess i s nots uf f i ci entev i den cet o s upporta f el ony con vi ct i on. F o rt h e s e r e a s o n s , I r e s p e c t f u l l yd i s s e n tf r o m t h e m aj o r i t y ’ sopi ni on u p h o l d i n g th e tri a l c o u rt’sj u d g m e n t.

L E E AN N D AUP HI NOT J U S T I C E PUBL I SH DEL I VERE D: Apr i l 2, 2009