UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 15-1708

WESTMORELAND COAL COMPANY,

Petitioner,

v.

DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF WORKERS’ COMPENSATION PROGRAMS, 

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR; JENNIFER L. QUILLEN, 

personal representative of the Estate of Patricia A. Fitzwater,

Respondents.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Benefits Review Board. (14-0261 BLA)

Submitted: April 25, 2017 Decided: June 7, 2017

Before WILKINSON, TRAXLER, and AGEE, Circuit Judges.

Petition denied by unpublished per curiam opinion.

Paul E. Frampton, Thomas M. Hancock, BOWLES RICE LLP, Charleston, West 

Virginia, for Petitioner. M. Patricia Smith, Solicitor of Labor, Rae Ellen Frank James, 

Associate Solicitor, Sean G. Bajkowski, Counsel for Appellate Litigation, Jeffrey S. 

Goldberg, Office of the Solicitor, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, 

Washington, D.C., for Respondent Director, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, 

United States Department of Labor. Timothy C. MacDonnell, Bethany M. Belisle, 

Student Caseworker, Black Lung Legal Clinic, WASHINGTON AND LEE 
2

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Lexington, Virginia, for Respondent Jennifer L. 

Quillen, personal representative of the Estate of Patricia A. Fitzwater. 

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
3

PER CURIAM:

Westmoreland Coal Company (“Westmoreland”) petitions for review of an order 

of the Benefits Review Board affirming an administrative law judge’s (“ALJ”) decision

awarding benefits under the Black Lung Benefits Act (the “BLBA”), see 30 U.S.C. 

§§ 901 et seq. Finding no error, we deny the petition for review.

I.

Congress enacted the BLBA to provide benefits to miners who are totally disabled 

by pneumoconiosis,1 and to provide survivors’ benefits to the miners’ qualifying 

dependents. See 30 U.S.C. §§ 901(a), 922, 932(c). A miner’s employer is generally

responsible for paying such benefits, see 30 U.S.C. § 932(c), and in the case of a miner 

who has had multiple employers, the BLBA authorizes the Secretary of Labor to establish 

standards for apportioning liability among them, see 30 U.S.C. § 932(h). 

The applicable regulations provide that the employer liable for the claim – known 

as the “responsible operator” – is the miner’s most recent employer that qualifies as a 

“potentially liable operator” under 20 C.F.R. § 725.494. 20 C.F.R. § 725.495(a)(1); see

RB&F Coal, Inc. v. Mullins, 842 F.3d 279, 281 (4th Cir. 2016). To qualify as a 

 1 Pneumoconiosis is defined as “a chronic dust disease of the lung and its 

sequelae, including respiratory and pulmonary impairments, arising out of coal mine 

employment.” 20 C.F.R. § 718.201(a). The term “pneumoconiosis” includes both 

“clinical” pneumoconiosis and “legal” pneumoconiosis. 20 C.F.R. § 718.201(a); see also

Island Creek Coal Co. v. Compton, 211 F.3d 203, 210 (4th Cir. 2000). Clinical 

pneumoconiosis is any disease that the medical community recognizes as having been 

caused by the presence of dust deposits in the lungs caused by dust exposure in coal mine 

employment, whereas legal pneumoconiosis is “any chronic lung disease or impairment 

and its sequelae arising out of coal mine employment.” 20 C.F.R. § 718.201(a)(2).
4

“potentially liable operator,” an employer must satisfy several criteria, including, as is 

relevant here, that it is financially “capable of assuming its liability” for the claim. 20 

C.F.R. § 725.494(e). One basis by which an employer can satisfy this criterion is if the 

employer obtained, from an insurer that remains solvent, “a policy or contract of 

insurance . . . that covers the claim.”2

 20 C.F.R. § 725.494(e)(1).

The applicable regulations also establish the procedure for identifying the 

responsible operator. After a miner files a claim, the district director undertakes to 

determine whether there are any potentially liable operators. See 20 C.F.R. § 725.407(a). 

If there are, he designates as the responsible operator the potentially liable operator that 

employed the miner most recently. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 725.495(a)(1). When the district

director does not name the miner’s most recent employer as the responsible operator, he

must explain his decision. 20 C.F.R. § 725.495(d). If the decision is because he 

determined that the most recent employer was not financially capable of assuming 

liability for the claim, he must include in the record a statement that a search of the Office 

of Workers’ Compensation files revealed no record of insurance coverage for the 

operator or of the operator’s authorization to self-insure. See 20 C.F.R. § 725.495(d).

The district director is precluded from changing his designation of the responsible 

operator after a claim has been referred to the Office of Administrative Law Judges for a 

hearing; thus, if an ALJ finds that a different operator should have been designated, the 

 2 An operator can also be financially capable of assuming liability for a claim if it 

is qualified as a self-insurer or if it possesses sufficient assets to secure the payment of 

BLBA benefits. See 20 C.F.R. § 725.494(e)(2), (3). 
5

Black Lung Disability Trust Fund (the “Trust Fund”) must assume liability for the claim. 

20 C.F.R. §§ 725.407(d), 725.418(d); 65 Fed. Reg. 79990 (Dec. 20, 2000).

Westmoreland employed Jackie Fitzwater (“Miner”) in various coal mining 

positions from 1956 to 1986. Lady H Coal Company then employed him in such

positions from 1986 until his retirement on July 1, 1994. Miner died on September 24, 

2008. In 2009, his widow, Patricia Fitzwater, filed this claim for survivor benefits.

3

 

Upon her filing of this claim, the district director notified two operators, Lady H 

and Westmoreland, both of which denied their liability. Lady H’s insurer, the West 

Virginia Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis Fund (the “CWP Fund”), informed the district 

director through a third-party administrator that Lady H had been uninsured on Miner’s 

last day of employment with Lady H on July 1, 1994. The district director indeed 

discovered that Lady H’s policy had expired on March 16, 1994. He also learned that 

Lady H had declared bankruptcy and that its assets had been acquired by another 

company “free and clear of any liability.” J.A. 28. For these reasons, the district director 

concluded that Lady H was not financially capable of assuming liability for the claim. 

When he determined that Mrs. Fitzwater was entitled to benefits, he designated 

Westmoreland as the responsible operator.

Westmoreland then requested a hearing, following which an ALJ issued a decision 

awarding Mrs. Fitzwater benefits and finding that Westmoreland was the responsible 

operator. 

 3 Mrs. Fitzwater died during the pendency of this appeal, and the personal 

representative of her estate was substituted for her as a party.
6

To establish liability under the applicable regulations, Mrs. Fitzwater bore the 

burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) that Miner suffered from 

pneumoconiosis; (2) that the pneumoconiosis arose from coal mine employment; and (3) 

that pneumoconiosis caused his death. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 718.202-203, -205. 

In the context of a survivor’s claim, a miner with at least 15 years of underground 

coal mine employment that had a totally disabling pulmonary impairment at the time of 

his death is rebuttably presumed to have died as a result of pneumoconiosis. See 20 

C.F.R. § 718.305. The ALJ found that Mrs. Fitzwater in fact proved that Miner had a 

totally disabling pulmonary condition due to cor pulmonale with right-sided heart failure

caused by workers’ pneumoconiosis and emphysema.

4

 See 20 C.F.R. 

§ 718.204(b)(2)(iii), (iv). In so doing, the ALJ credited the opinion of Miner’s treating 

physician, Dr. Lynn Smith. The ALJ found Dr. Smith’s opinion to be well reasoned and 

supported by the opinion of another doctor, Dr. William Houser, as well as by Miner’s 

treatment records. Accordingly, the ALJ gave Smith’s opinion controlling weight and 

gave Dr. Houser’s opinion full weight.5

 Based on the ALJ’s disability finding, and on the 

fact that Miner had at least 15 years of underground coal mine employment, the ALJ 

 4 Cor pulmonale is the enlargement of the right ventricle resulting from lung 

disease. See 20 C.F.R. § 718.204(b)(2)(iii); Mancia v. Director, 130 F.3d 579, 585 (3d 

Cir. 1997).

5 The ALJ afforded only little weight to the opinions of two doctors with opinions 

contrary to Dr. Smith and Dr. Houser and who had reviewed less extensive 

documentation. 
7

invoked the rebuttable presumption that his death was due to pneumoconiosis. See 20 

C.F.R. § 718.305.

To rebut the presumption, Westmoreland was required to show either (1) that 

Miner suffered from neither clinical nor legal pneumoconiosis, or (2) that his death was 

not due to his coal-mine employment. 20 C.F.R. § 718.305(d)(2). The ALJ found that 

Westmoreland failed to make either showing. The ALJ’s finding regarding the second 

showing was based primarily on her decision to credit the opinions of Dr. Smith and Dr. 

Houser and not to credit the opinions of the other two doctors. 

Based on Dr. Smith’s and Dr. Houser’s opinions, as well as the final autopsy 

report showing simple coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, diffuse pulmonary emphysema, 

anthracotic nodules, and mild pulmonary hypertensive changes, the ALJ found that Miner

suffered from legal and clinical pneumoconiosis. Because Miner had at least 10 years of 

coal-mine employment, the ALJ applied the rebuttable presumption that his clinical 

pneumoconiosis had arisen out of that employment. See 20 C.F.R. § 718.203(b). And 

since Westmoreland had not produced any evidence to rebut the presumption, the ALJ 

found that Miner suffered from pneumoconiosis that arose from his coal-mine 

employment.

Additionally, the ALJ found Westmoreland to be the responsible operator insofar 

as Lady H was not insured or self-insured on Miner’s last day of employment with Lady 

H. The ALJ rejected an argument by Westmoreland that the Trust Fund should assume 

liability either because an insufficient fund was set up in Lady H’s bankruptcy to cover 

BLBA claims or because the district director failed to participate in the bankruptcy.
8

Westmoreland appealed, and the Board affirmed the decision.

II.

Westmoreland now again contends the ALJ erred in finding that it, rather than 

Lady H, was the responsible operator. We disagree.

On a petition for review of an order of the Board affirming an ALJ’s decision, “we 

undertake an independent review of the record, as in the place of the [Board],” Dehue 

Coal Co. v. Ballard, 65 F.3d 1189, 1193 (4th Cir. 1995), to determine whether the 

decision “is in accordance with the law and supported by substantial evidence,” Collins v. 

Pond Creek Mining Co., 468 F.3d 213, 217 (4th Cir. 2006). We review the Board's legal 

conclusions de novo. See id.

The applicable regulations establish the burdens of proof pertaining to the issues 

of which companies are potentially liable operators and which is ultimately the 

responsible operator. The district director first bears the burden of proving that the 

designated responsible operator satisfies the criteria for being a “potentially liable 

operator.” 20 C.F.R. § 725.495(b). However, once that burden is met, the burden shifts 

to the designated operator to show that another potentially liable operator employed the 

miner more recently. 20 C.F.R. § 725.495(c)(2).

Westmoreland does not deny that it was properly found to be a potentially liable 

operator. Rather, Westmoreland argues that Lady H, which employed Miner more 

recently, was also a potentially liable operator. Westmoreland does not deny that Lady 

H’s insurance policy expired prior to Miner’s last day of employment with Lady H. 

Nevertheless, Westmoreland maintains that the fact that the policy expired prior to 
9

Miner’s last day of employment was not sufficient by itself to justify the district 

director’s determination that the policy did not provide coverage for the claim. 

Westmoreland’s argument ignores the fact that Labor Department regulations fix 

the coverage terms of BLBA policies. Under the mandatory BLBA endorsement, an 

insurer is liable if coverage was in effect on “the last day of the last exposure [to coal 

dust], in the employment of the insured.” 20 C.F.R. § 726.203(a). Thus, once the district

director determined that Lady H had no policy in place on Miner’s last day of 

employment, he properly concluded that there “was no record of insurance coverage” for 

Lady H that covered Miner’s claim.

6

 20 C.F.R. § 725.495(d). The district director’s 

statement to that effect was “prima facie evidence that [Lady H was] not financially 

capable of assuming its liability for [the] claim.” 20 C.F.R. § 725.495(d). And because 

Westmoreland did not produce evidence that Lady H in fact was financially capable of 

assuming liability for the claim, substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s finding that 

Lady H was not financially capable.7

 6 Westmoreland also appears to argue that even if Lady H’s policy did not cover 

the claim since it expired prior to Miner’s last day of employment, the policy’s mere 

existence might somehow warrant the district director’s designating Lady H as the 

responsible operator. But that argument simply ignores the fact that a policy establishes 

an operator’s financial capability only if the policy “covers the claim.” 20 C.F.R. 

§ 725.494(e)(1).

7 Westmoreland suggests that it is possible that a trust fund was set up in Lady 

H’s bankruptcy that could cover future black lung liability. However, once 

Westmoreland was shown to be a potentially liable operator, it was Westmoreland that 

bore the burden of proving Lady H’s financial capability to assume liability for the claim,

20 C.F.R. § 725.495(c)(2), which it did not do. 

(Continued)
10

Westmoreland alternatively argues that regardless of whether there was any 

evidence that Lady H was financially capable of assuming liability for the claim, the 

CWP Fund conceded that Lady H was financially capable. That is simply incorrect. 

Upon receiving notification that Lady H was being designated as a potential responsible 

operator, the CWP Fund agreed only “that [it] should be a party in interest to all future 

proceedings in this matter.” J.A. 256 (emphasis added). Critically, the Fund “reserve[d] 

the right to contest [its] liability as responsible operator.” J.A. 256. 

III.

In addition to challenging its designation as the responsible operator, 

Westmoreland also maintains that substantial evidence did not support the ALJ’s findings 

that Miner was totally disabled and that Westmoreland failed to rebut the presumption 

that Miner’s death was due to pneumoconiosis. Westmoreland’s argument generally 

consists of claiming that the ALJ did not consider various pieces of evidence that it views 

as favorable to its case, or in not considering all the evidence together. In our view, the 

ALJ fully considered the evidence to which Westmoreland points and amply explained 

 

Citing Director v. Trace Fork Coal Co., 67 F.3d 503 (4th Cir. 1995), 

Westmoreland also argues that the Labor Department failed to properly develop the 

evidence on the question of whether Lady H was a potentially liable operator. However, 

Trace Fork is not applicable here because at the time that case was decided, the 

regulations did not yet specify which party bore the burden of proof on this issue. See id.

at 507. In fact, section 725.495(c) was promulgated in response to our observation in 

Trace Fork that the BLBA’s liability regulations did not address burdens of proof. See

62 Fed. Reg. 3364-65 (Jan. 22. 1997); see also 64 Fed. Reg. 54999 (Oct. 8, 1999); 65 

Fed. Reg. 80008 (Dec. 20, 2000).
11

her findings; she simply did not reach the conclusions that Westmoreland would have 

preferred.8

 For the reasons that the Board thoroughly explained, the ALJ’s findings were 

supported by substantial evidence.

IV.

In sum, finding no error, we deny Westmoreland’s petition for review.

PETITION DENIED

 8 Westmoreland also argues that the ALJ erred in using the term “cor pulmonale” 

to refer to all right-sided ventricular dysfunction instead of giving it its proper meaning, 

which is limited to right-sided ventricular dysfunction resulting from lung disease. 

However, Westmoreland fails to identify any language in the ALJ’s opinion to support its 

assertion that she used the term incorrectly, and we see no indication that she did.