2023 IL 127810

IN THE

SUPREME COURT

OF

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

(Docket No. 127810) 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. 

TERANZA JONES, Appellant. 

Opinion filed January 20, 2023.

JUSTICE ROCHFORD delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Chief Justice Theis and Justices Neville, Overstreet, and Cunningham 

concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

Justices Holder White and O’Brien took no part in the decision. 

OPINION

¶ 1 Following a jury trial, defendant Teranza Jones was convicted of unlawful 

possession of ammunition by a felon (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2018)) and was 

sentenced to two years’ imprisonment. Defendant appealed her conviction, arguing 

that the State failed to prove her guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant also 
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argued she was denied a fair trial, as well as the effective assistance of counsel, 

based upon an instruction given to the jury. 

¶ 2 The Appellate Court, Fourth District, affirmed the Macon County circuit court’s 

judgment. 2021 IL App (4th) 190751-U. For the following reasons, we affirm the 

appellate court.

¶ 3 BACKGROUND

¶ 4 Defendant was arrested following a traffic stop on January 1, 2019, and 

subsequently was charged with unlawful possession of ammunition by a felon. The 

case proceeded to a jury trial. The State presented one witness in its case-in-chief, 

Officer Zachary Wakeland. Officer Wakeland testified that he was a patrol officer 

with the Decatur Police Department. On January 1, 2019, Officer Wakeland 

stopped a vehicle driven by defendant. During the stop, Officer Wakeland searched 

defendant’s car and found two rounds of .40-caliber ammunition in the glove 

compartment underneath the vehicle’s owner’s manual, in a stack of papers. Officer 

Wakeland explained that, when an officer finds ammunition or anything to do with 

firearms, the officer checks to see if the person in possession of that ammunition or 

firearm has a Firearm Owner’s Identification card (FOID card) or if the person is a 

convicted felon. Officer Wakeland told defendant that she was going to be arrested 

for possession of the ammunition. Defendant responded that the ammunition 

belonged to her husband. 

¶ 5 The State rested its case following the testimony of Officer Wakeland. At the 

close of the State’s case, defense counsel moved for a directed verdict, arguing that 

the State had not proved the elements necessary for the offense. The trial court 

denied defendant’s motion. 

¶ 6 Defendant then testified in her own defense. Defendant acknowledged that she 

had a prior felony conviction for identity theft from 2002. On the night she was 

stopped, defendant was leaving her uncle’s house and was going around the corner 

to another house. While her vehicle was being searched, defendant was placed in 

the back of a police vehicle for approximately an hour. When asked about the .40-

caliber ammunition that was found in the vehicle, defendant told the officer that the 
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ammunition belonged to her husband.1 Defendant explained that she knew it was 

her husband’s ammunition because they shared a vehicle and because her husband 

had guns and a FOID card. If a bullet was found in her vehicle, defendant’s 

automatic assumption was that it belonged to her husband. Defendant had no idea 

that the ammunition was there before the officer confronted her with it. 

¶ 7 Defendant’s husband, Lee Brown, then testified on defendant’s behalf. Brown 

stated that he and defendant had been married for almost 10 years. Brown stated 

that the vehicle defendant was driving on January 1, 2019, was registered in her 

name only but that he also used the vehicle. Brown drove the vehicle to and from 

East St. Louis, where his children lived. Whenever Brown drove to East St. Louis, 

he took his firearm with him. When Brown transported his firearm, he put the gun 

in its case in the trunk and put the clip, or the ammunition, in the glove 

compartment. Brown identified his FOID card, which was introduced into 

evidence. Brown also identified the two .40-caliber cartridges as his. Brown 

testified that he was home, sleeping, when defendant was pulled over. Defendant 

was pulled over to the side of their house, so Brown was awakened by the police 

lights and went outside. After an officer put defendant into the squad car, Brown 

told the officer that the bullets were his and that he had a FOID card. 

¶ 8 On cross-examination, Brown testified that defendant knew that he transported 

a firearm in her car. At the close of Brown’s testimony, the defense rested. 

¶ 9 Following closing arguments, the jury was given its instructions and was sent 

back to deliberate. Regarding the charges against defendant, the jury was instructed:

“To sustain the charge of unlawful possession of ammunition by a felon, the 

State must prove the following propositions: 

First Proposition: That the defendant knowingly possessed firearm 

ammunition; and 

1

In her testimony and in her brief to this court, defendant describes Lee Brown as her husband. 

Brown likewise testified that defendant was his wife. Upon review of the record in this case, 

however, it appears that defendant and Brown had been in a relationship for 10 years at the time of 

trial but were not married. For purposes of consistency, however, we will describe the relationship 

of Brown and defendant as husband and wife.
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Second Proposition: That the defendant had previously been convicted of 

the offense of Identity Theft.” 

¶ 10 During its deliberation, the jury tendered two questions to the court. Relevant 

to the instant case, the jury asked for the definition of “knowingly.” In discussing 

the jury’s question with the court, the assistant state’s attorney noted that there was 

an Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction (IPI) defining “knowingly,” which was to be 

given only if the jury asked. That instruction provides: 

“[1] A person [(knows) (acts knowingly with regard to) (acts with

knowledge of)] the nature or attendant circumstances of his conduct when he is 

consciously aware that his conduct is of that nature or that those circumstances 

exist. Knowledge of a material fact includes awareness of the substantial 

probability that the fact exists.

[2] A person [(knows) (acts knowingly with regard to) (acts with knowledge

of)] the result of his conduct when he is consciously aware that that result is 

practically certain to be caused by his conduct. 

[3] [Conduct performed knowingly or with knowledge is performed

willfully.]” Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 5.01B (approved 

Dec. 8, 2011) (hereinafter, IPI Criminal No. 5.01B). 

¶ 11 Upon review of IPI Criminal No. 5.01B, the trial court stated that only 

paragraph 1 of the instruction would be applicable, because the committee notes to 

the instruction stated that paragraph 1 is to be given if the offense is defined in 

terms of prohibited conduct. Paragraph 2 is given if the offense is defined in terms 

of prohibited result, or both are given if the offense is defined in terms of both 

conduct and result. The assistant state’s attorney agreed. Defense counsel 

responded, “I understand what the committee is saying, but I think just giving one, 

given that last sentence, could—I’d rather give them 1 and 2 personally.” When the 

trial court asked defense counsel how the offense was defined in terms of prohibited 

conduct, as set forth in paragraph 2, defense counsel responded that defendant 

would be in possession of the ammunition. Defense counsel then explained that he 

was “just really worried about that last sentence on number 1, the substantial 

probability that the fact exists.” 
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¶ 12 The trial court agreed with defense counsel’s concerns, stating that its initial 

reaction to the jury’s question was that “knowingly has a plain meaning within a 

juror or person’s common understanding.” The trial court noted that the committee 

comments to the instruction took no position as to whether the instruction should 

be routinely given in the absence of a specific jury request. The trial court told 

defense counsel that it could see counsel’s concern and that the definition in the 

instruction did not make matters any easier. 

¶ 13 The assistant state’s attorney stated:

“the last sentence in paragraph 1 is basically saying knew or should have known 

which is a recklessness standard in my mind. I’ve never used this instruction 

before. I’ve never had it come up, but I—I know what [defense counsel] is 

saying is that this recklessness would, I think, be enough to sustain a conviction. 

And recklessness is a lower standard than actual knowledge in my opinion. *** 

Frankly, I’m fine with just telling the jury that it’s within their common 

knowledge and not doing an instruction.” 

Defense counsel agreed that he would “rather just have the jury define it for 

themselves.” The trial court stated that its inclination was the same as the parties, 

that the jury should just rely on the common understanding of the word, 

“knowingly.” The parties thus agreed that the trial court’s response to the jury’s 

question should be, “[t]he word ‘knowingly’ should be given its plain meaning 

within the jury’s common understanding.” 

¶ 14 Following deliberations, the jury found defendant guilty of unlawful possession 

of ammunition by a felon. Defendant then filed a motion for a new trial, arguing 

that the State did not prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial court 

denied defendant’s motion. 

¶ 15 At defendant’s sentencing hearing, both the State and defense counsel asked for 

the mandatory minimum sentence of two years’ imprisonment. The trial court 

sentenced defendant to two years, stating that he wished he could give only 

probation. 
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¶ 16 Defendant appealed her conviction. 2021 IL App (4th) 190751-U.2 Defendant 

first argued that the State failed to prove her guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

¶ 28. The appellate court rejected this claim. Id. ¶ 39. Viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the State, the appellate court concluded that a rational trier 

of fact could find the essential elements of unlawful possession of ammunition by 

a felon had been proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. 

¶ 17 Defendant next argued that she was denied a fair trial and the effective 

assistance of counsel when the trial court improperly instructed the jury on the 

definition of “knowingly” and when counsel failed to object to the instruction. Id.

¶ 41. The appellate court found that defendant failed to overcome the presumption 

that defense counsel’s conduct was sound trial strategy. Id. ¶ 44. The appellate court 

further found that the trial court did not err in refusing to tender IPI Criminal No. 

5.01B, as that instruction might have prejudiced defendant under the facts of this 

case. Id. ¶ 50. Finally, having found no error, the appellate court rejected 

defendant’s request to review the alleged instructional error for plain error. Id. ¶ 51. 

¶ 18 Defendant filed a petition for leave to appeal the appellate court’s decision to 

this court pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 315 (eff. Oct. 1, 2021). We 

allowed defendant’s petition. 

¶ 19 ANALYSIS

¶ 20 In this court, defendant again argues that the State failed to prove her guilty 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant also argues she was denied a fair trial, as 

well as the effective assistance of counsel, when the trial court failed to give the 

jury the IPI defining “knowingly.” 

¶ 21 In addressing her first issue, defendant argues, as she did in the appellate court, 

that the standard of review on her reasonable doubt claim is de novo. Defendant 

acknowledges that, generally, the standard of review for a reasonable doubt 

challenge is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, 

any rational trier of fact could have found all the essential elements of the crime

2

The appellate court’s opinion was modified upon denial of defendant’s petition for rehearing 

to correct some factual errors.
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beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant claims the facts in this case are undisputed, 

however, so de novo review applies. In support, defendant cites In re Ryan B., 212 

Ill. 2d 226 (2004), People v. Smith, 191 Ill. 2d 408 (2000), and People v. Howard, 

2016 IL App (3d) 130959. 

¶ 22 The State responds that de novo review applied in those cases because the issues 

involved questions of statutory interpretation, i.e., what facts must be proved to 

establish guilt, rather than whether the evidence was sufficient to prove that fact. 

This court reviews de novo the construction of a statutory element. People v. 

Gonzalez, 239 Ill. 2d 471, 479 (2011). The State argues that de novo review does 

not apply in this case because the issue does not involve a question of statutory 

interpretation. Rather, the issue in this case presents a material issue of fact—

whether defendant knowingly possessed the ammunition. 

¶ 23 We agree with the State that the cases cited by defendant in support of de novo

review are distinguishable. For example, the issue in In re Ryan B. was whether the 

undisputed fact that the defendant asked a child to lift up her shirt constituted 

enticing, coercing, or persuading for purposes of the sexual exploitation of a minor 

statute. In re Ryan B., 212 Ill. 2d at 231. The court looked to the language of the 

statute to determine whether asking constituted coercing, enticing, or persuading. 

Id. at 232. In doing so, the court applied de novo review. Id. at 231. 

¶ 24 Similarly, in Smith, the issue was whether the undisputed facts established that 

the defendant committed the offense of armed violence. Smith, 191 Ill. 2d at 411. 

The court applied de novo review to determine whether the undisputed fact that the 

defendant dropped a gun out of a window before the police entered his apartment 

constituted armed violence within the meaning of the statute. Id.

¶ 25 The court in Howard also was asked to apply undisputed facts to the relevant 

statutory language to determine whether the essential elements of the offense had 

been proven. Howard, 2016 IL App (3d) 130959, ¶ 18. The issue in Howard was 

whether the undisputed facts were sufficient to prove the defendant guilty of being 

present in a school zone as a child sex offender, based upon the definition of 

loitering in the statute. Id. ¶ 23. The court thus reviewed the issue de novo. Id. ¶ 18. 

¶ 26 Defendant argues that de novo review applies in this case because she does not 

contest the credibility of the State’s lone witness, Officer Wakeland. Defendant 
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states that there also is no dispute as to any of the facts in this case, including 

defendant’s prior felony conviction for identity theft or the fact that two bullets 

were found in the glove box of the car defendant was driving. Defendant frames 

the issue in this case as whether she had the requisite legal knowledge for purposes 

of the statute. According to defendant, because that determination depends solely 

upon the application of undisputed facts, that issue should be reviewed de novo. 

¶ 27 Contrary to defendant’s characterization of the issue, the question of whether 

defendant knowingly possessed the ammunition in this case was a question of fact, 

rather than a question of statutory interpretation. Knowledge is the mental element 

of the offense of unlawful possession of ammunition by a felon. See People v. Leib, 

2022 IL 126645, ¶ 37 (“Knowledge *** is the mental element of an offense ***.”). 

This court has long recognized that the question of whether a defendant had 

knowledge is “one of fact and is for the jury, or for the court where a jury is 

waived.” People v. Embry, 20 Ill. 2d 331, 334 (1960); see also People v. Schmalz, 

194 Ill. 2d 75, 81 (2000) (“Whether there is knowledge and whether there is 

possession or control are questions of fact to be determined by the trier of fact.” 

(citing People v. Galloway, 28 Ill. 2d 355, 358 (1963))). It was within the province 

of the jury, then, to determine whether defendant knowingly possessed the 

ammunition. 

¶ 28 Accordingly, we review defendant’s claim that the State did not prove her guilty 

beyond a reasonable doubt under the familiar standard that applies to sufficiency of 

the evidence claims. When faced with a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, 

it is not this court’s function to retry the defendant. Schmalz, 194 Ill. 2d at 80. In 

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, this court asks whether, 

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational 

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a 

reasonable doubt. People v. Hardman, 2017 IL 121453, ¶ 37. A reviewing court 

will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact on questions involving 

the weight of the evidence or the credibility of witnesses. Id. All reasonable 

inferences from the evidence must be drawn in favor of the State. Id. A criminal 

conviction will not be overturned unless the evidence is so unreasonable, 

improbable, or unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s 

guilt. Id. 
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¶ 29 Defendant argues that, even under the reasonable doubt standard, the State did 

not prove her guilty. To sustain a conviction for unlawful possession of ammunition 

by a felon, the State must prove that (1) the defendant has a prior felony conviction 

and (2) the defendant had knowing possession of the ammunition. Defendant 

concedes that she had a prior felony conviction and that two bullets were found in 

the glove box of her vehicle. Defendant denies that the State proved she knowingly 

possessed the ammunition. 

¶ 30 Possession may be actual or constructive. People v. Givens, 237 Ill. 2d 311, 335 

(2010). In this case, the ammunition was found near defendant, not on her person, 

so the State had to show constructive possession of the ammunition. To establish 

constructive possession, the State must prove that the defendant knew contraband 

was present and that the defendant exercised immediate and exclusive control over 

the area where the contraband was found. People v. Wise, 2021 IL 125392, ¶ 28. 

Further, proof that a defendant had control over the premises where contraband is 

located gives rise to an inference of knowledge and possession of that contraband. 

Givens, 237 Ill. 2d at 335. Because knowledge is the mental element of an offense, 

it is often proved by circumstantial evidence rather than direct proof. Leib, 2022 IL 

126645, ¶ 37. 

¶ 31 Defendant argues that she was convicted based solely on the fact that she 

correctly guessed that the two bullets belonged to her husband, along with her 

husband’s testimony that defendant knew he transported his firearm in her vehicle. 

Defendant maintains that this evidence is not sufficient to prove her guilty beyond 

a reasonable doubt. 

¶ 32 We disagree. As noted, in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence in a 

criminal case, all reasonable inferences must be drawn in favor of the prosecution. 

Hardman, 2017 IL 121453, ¶ 37. That standard of review does not allow a 

reviewing court to substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact on questions 

involving the weight of the evidence or the credibility of the witnesses. Id. In

weighing the evidence, a trier of fact need not search out all possible explanations 

consistent with innocence and raise them to a level of reasonable doubt. Id.

¶ 33 We find that a rational trier of fact could have found defendant had control over 

the premises where the ammunition was located. The evidence showed that 

defendant was the only registered owner of the vehicle. The ammunition was found 
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in the glove box of that vehicle when defendant was stopped while driving. Viewing 

the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, this evidence was sufficient 

for the trier of fact to reasonably infer that defendant had constructive possession 

of the ammunition. 

¶ 34 We further find that a rational trier of fact could find that defendant had 

knowledge of the ammunition. This court has recognized that, where possession 

has been shown, an inference of culpable knowledge can be drawn from the 

surrounding facts and circumstances. Givens, 237 Ill. 2d at 335. 

¶ 35 In this case, when Officer Wakeland told defendant that she was being arrested 

for possessing ammunition, defendant responded that the ammunition belonged to 

her husband. Defendant’s husband testified that he transported his firearm in 

defendant’s vehicle when he drove to visit his children and that defendant knew 

that he transported his firearm in her vehicle. Defendant testified and denied that 

she knew the ammunition was in the vehicle before the officer confronted her with 

it. Defendant further testified that her automatic assumption was that the 

ammunition belonged to her husband because he was the one with the guns and a 

FOID card.

¶ 36 The evidence concerning defendant’s knowledge, while highly circumstantial, 

was not entirely lacking. The credibility of defendant and her husband, and the 

weight to be given their testimony, are determinations exclusively within the 

province of the trier of fact. We will reverse a criminal conviction only when the 

evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable 

doubt of the defendant’s guilt. Hardman, 2017 IL 121453, ¶ 37. This standard does 

not require a reviewing court to determine whether it would find the defendant 

guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, but only whether any rational trier of fact, taking 

all the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, could have found the essential 

elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. 

¶ 37 Applying that standard, we find that a rational trier of fact could find that 

defendant knowingly possessed the ammunition. While defendant maintained that 

she did not know the ammunition was in the glove box, the trier of fact was not 

obligated to accept her testimony. Construing the evidence in this case in a light 

most favorable to the prosecution, the trier of fact could infer that defendant did 

knowingly possess the ammunition. The appellate court, therefore, did not err in 
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finding that the State proved defendant guilty of unlawful possession of 

ammunition by a felon beyond a reasonable doubt. 

¶ 38 Defendant next argues that she was denied a fair trial and the effective 

assistance of counsel when the trial court improperly instructed the jury on the 

definition of knowingly. Defendant first contends that the trial court committed 

plain error when it failed to give the jury IPI Criminal No. 5.01B in response to the 

jury’s question asking for the definition of “knowingly.” Citing People v. Childs, 

159 Ill. 2d 217, 228-29 (1994), defendant argues that, when the jury has posed an 

explicit question or has requested clarification on a point of law arising from facts 

about which there is doubt or confusion, a trial court has a duty to provide an 

instruction to the jury. 

¶ 39 Defendant did not object to the trial court’s answer to the jury’s question, nor 

did defendant raise the issue in a posttrial motion. This court has held that a 

“defendant forfeits review of any putative jury instruction error if the defendant 

does not object to the instruction or offer an alternative instruction at trial and does 

not raise the instruction issue in a posttrial motion.” People v. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 

167, 175 (2005). Defendant does not directly address the forfeiture but asks this 

court to review the error as plain error.

¶ 40 The State responds that defendant’s claim is not subject to plain error review 

because defendant not only failed to object to the trial court’s answer but 

affirmatively acquiesced to that answer. 

¶ 41 We agree. In discussing the jury’s question and whether to give the IPI defining 

“knowingly,” defense counsel indicated his concern with giving paragraph 1 of the 

instruction, the paragraph applicable to defendant’s case. Defense counsel stated 

that he was “just really worried about that last sentence on number 1, the substantial 

probability that the fact exists.” The trial court and the assistant state’s attorney 

agreed with defense counsel’s concerns. The assistant state’s attorney explained 

that what defense counsel was saying was that the last sentence of paragraph 1 

basically created a reckless standard, which would be enough to sustain a 

conviction. The assistant state’s attorney said that in his opinion, recklessness was 

a lower standard than actual knowledge. Defense counsel stated that he would 

rather have the jury define knowingly for themselves. The trial court and the parties 

agreed that the jury should simply be told that the definition of knowingly was the 
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jury’s common understanding of the word, rather than the IPI definition of 

knowingly. In agreeing to that answer to the jury’s question, defense counsel 

invited any error concerning the instruction. See People v. Parker, 223 Ill. 2d 494, 

508 (2006) (defendant invited any error concerning jury instructions when he 

submitted an instruction and agreed to the giving of another). 

¶ 42 Defendant, however, argues that this case is analogous to People v. Johnson, 

2013 IL App (2d) 110535, ¶ 73, where the appellate court found that the trial court 

committed reversible error in failing to give the jury a precisely tailored version of 

the applicable IPI, despite the fact that the prosecutor and defense counsel agreed 

to the unmodified instruction. The Johnson defendant was charged in two separate 

cases with unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon and with misdemeanor 

domestic battery. Id. ¶¶ 4-5. The parties agreed to join the charges for purposes of 

a jury trial. Id. ¶ 5. Prior to trial, the State moved to introduce evidence of other 

domestic violence incidents. Id. ¶ 7. The trial court ruled that the victim could 

testify that defendant had committed domestic violence against her prior to the 

charged offense and held that certain threats made by defendant were admissible 

for purposes other than to show propensity. Id. ¶¶ 10-11. The parties also stipulated 

to defendant’s prior felony conviction but agreed that conviction was inadmissible 

for impeachment purposes because it was more than 10 years old. Id. ¶ 12. 

¶ 43 During the trial, the trial court did not give limiting instructions when witnesses 

testified to uncharged conduct. Id. ¶ 66. The trial court did not instruct the jury 

concerning charged and uncharged conduct. Id. The trial court also did not instruct 

the jury that defendant’s prior felony conviction was to be considered for the limited 

purpose of determining defendant’s guilt or innocence on the unlawful possession 

of a weapon by a felon charge only. Id. ¶ 71. At the jury instruction conference, the 

trial court suggested that the jury be instructed concerning which statements at trial 

went to propensity. Id. ¶ 72. Defense counsel rejected the trial court’s suggestion, 

responding that she did not object to the State’s tendered instruction concerning 

other crimes evidence, commenting that any change to the instruction would 

confuse the jury. Id. 

¶ 44 On appeal, the Johnson defendant argued that the trial court erroneously failed 

to give limiting instructions when witnesses testified to uncharged conduct. Id.

¶ 66. The appellate court agreed, finding the trial court committed plain error. Id.
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¶ 67. The appellate court concluded that the instructional error was so grave that it 

denied defendant a fair trial and undermined the integrity of the judicial process. 

Id. ¶ 76. 

¶ 45 In so holding, the appellate court rejected the State’s claim that plain error 

review was forfeited because defendant invited the error. The appellate court found 

that the concerns underlying the invited error rule were not present in the case. Id.

¶ 78. The appellate court explained it was the prosecution that first introduced the 

flawed instruction and offered no suggestion for curing the defect, even when 

pointed out by the trial court. Id. In addition, although defense counsel persistently 

declined the trial court’s attempts to modify the instruction, the appellate court 

viewed counsel’s tactics as an attempt to mitigate the jury confusion resulting from 

a convoluted instruction, rather than invited error. Id. 

¶ 46 Defendant claims that in this case, like Johnson, the trial court committed grave 

error when it gave the jury an improper jury instruction on the definition of 

“knowingly.” Defendant maintains that the trial court had a duty to give IPI 

Criminal No. 5.01B, despite defense counsel’s agreement to not give the jury that 

instruction. 

¶ 47 We find this case distinguishable from Johnson. The Johnson court found plain 

error, and overlooked any invited error, on the basis that the erroneous jury 

instruction constituted such a substantial defect that the instruction created a serious 

risk that the defendant was incorrectly convicted because the jury did not 

understand the applicable law. Id. ¶ 76. That error was compounded by the 

erroneous joinder of the unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon case and the 

domestic battery case. Id. ¶ 75. The verdict thus was unreliable because the 

defendant’s convictions might have been based upon uncharged conduct, 

defendant’s threats, and defendant’s prior felony conviction. Id. ¶ 67. 

¶ 48 Similar concerns are not present in this case. Defendant points to the first part 

of paragraph one, that a person acts knowingly when “he is consciously aware that 

his conduct is of that nature or that those circumstances exist.” IPI Criminal No. 

5.01B. Defendant claims that a proper jury instruction, containing the “consciously 

aware” language, would have helped the jury acquit her. Defendant, however, does 

not address the last sentence of the first paragraph, which states that knowledge 

includes awareness of the substantial probability that the fact exists. Id. This was 
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the portion of the instruction that worried the parties and the trial court. In fact, as 

the prosecutor pointed out, the IPI definition of “knowingly” in paragraph 1 likely

would have been enough to sustain a conviction, as the definition suggested a 

reckless standard of proof. Considering Brown’s testimony that defendant knew he 

transported his firearm in her vehicle, it is likely that the jury would have found 

defendant had an awareness of the substantial probability that there were two 

bullets in her glove box. 

¶ 49 Under the circumstances, it was in defendant’s interest to instruct the jury to 

use their common understanding of the word “knowingly” rather than give IPI 

Criminal No. 5.01B. The trial court’s failure to give the jury IPI Criminal No. 5.01B 

was not a grave error that prejudiced defendant’s right to a fair trial and undermined 

the integrity of the judicial process. The trial court, therefore, did not commit plain 

error when it declined to give the jury IPI Criminal No. 5.01B. 

¶ 50 Defendant also argues that she was deprived of her right to the effective 

assistance of counsel when defense counsel failed to insist that the jury be given 

IPI Criminal 5.01B. 

¶ 51 The familiarstandard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) 

applies to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. A defendant must show that 

his counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and 

that there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have 

been different but for counsel’s unprofessional errors. Id. at 694. Matters of trial 

strategy are generally immune from ineffective assistance of counsel claims. 

People v. Manning, 241 Ill. 2d 319, 327 (2011). 

¶ 52 Defendant denies that defense counsel’s actions were trial strategy. Defendant 

suggests that defense counsel’s conduct concerning the jury instruction was based 

upon a mistake of law, rather than trial strategy. In support, defendant notes that 

defense counsel stated that he wanted to include paragraph 2 of IPI Criminal No. 

5.01B in the jury instruction, even though that paragraph did not apply to 

defendant’s case. Defendant also asserts that defense counsel never gave a clear 

reason for his concern about the language in paragraph 1 of IPI Criminal No. 5.01B. 

¶ 53 We disagree with defendant’s characterization of defense counsel’s actions. 

Taken in context, it is clear that defense counsel was concerned with the last line of 
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paragraph 1 of IPI Criminal No. 5.01B, that “[k]knowledge of a material fact 

includes awareness of the substantial probability that the fact exists.” In response 

to the trial court’s statement that only paragraph 1 of the instruction would apply, 

defense counsel responded that he thought that “just giving one, given that last 

sentence, could—I’d rather give them 1 and 2 personally.” Further, when the trial 

court asked defense counsel how the offense was defined in terms of a prohibited 

result for purposes of paragraph 2, defense counsel said that defendant would be in 

possession of the ammunition but explained that he was “just really worried about 

that last sentence on number 1, the substantial probability that the fact exists.” Both 

the prosecutor and the trial court agreed with defense counsel’s concerns. When the 

prosecutor stated that he would be fine with not providing an instruction, defense 

counsel agreed, saying that he would rather have the jurors define “knowingly” for 

themselves.

¶ 54 It is clear from the exchange between defense counsel, the prosecutor, and the 

trial court that the language of IPI Criminal No. 5.01B was potentially harmful to 

defendant’s case. Defense counsel’s reason for including paragraph 2 of IPI 

Criminal No. 5.01B was not due to confusion but rather to lessen the impact of the 

second sentence of paragraph 1. Defense counsel’s concerns were well placed, as 

the evidence that defendant knew her husband transported his firearm in her vehicle 

was sufficient to support a finding that defendant had an “awareness of the 

substantial probability” that there would be ammunition in her glove box. Given 

that evidence, defense counsel chose, as a matter of trial strategy, not to give the 

jury IPI Criminal No. 5.01B. 

¶ 55 Defendant, however, claims that this case is analogous to the decisions in 

People v. Lowry, 354 Ill. App. 3d 760 (2004), People v. Sperry, 2020 IL App (2d) 

180296, and People v. Ayala, 2022 IL App (1st) 192063-U. Defendant claims those 

cases support a finding that defense counsel’s failure to request that the trial court 

instruct the jury on IPI Criminal No. 5.01B amounted to ineffective assistance. 

¶ 56 We disagree. In Lowry, the defendant was charged with aggravated battery with 

a firearm, as well as attempted first degree murder and armed robbery. Lowry, 354 

Ill. App. 3d at 761. During deliberations, the jury sent a note to the trial court asking 

if “knowingly” implied that “ ‘it wasn’t an accident, or can it be accidental and 

knowing?’ ” Id. at 762. Defense counsel agreed with the State and the trial court to 
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simply respond by telling the jury to keep deliberating. Id. at 763. The appellate 

court found defense counsel’s failure to offer IPI Criminal No. 5.01B was not trial 

strategy but, rather, reflected counsel’s confusion regarding the jury’s question. Id.

at 767. The record showed that defense counsel believed the jury’s question 

concerned the intent element of the attempted murder charge against defendant, 

rather than the jury’s confusion over the “knowingly” element of the aggravated 

battery charge. Id. The appellate court found that defense counsel provided 

deficient representation by failing to answer the jury’s question. Id. In addition, the 

error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, because the issue of whether the 

shooting was committed knowingly or accidentally was critical to the aggravated 

battery charge. Id. at 768. 

¶ 57 Here, in contrast, despite defendant’s attempt to portray defense counsel as 

confused concerning the proper definition of “knowingly,” it is clear that defense 

counsel was concerned about the instruction’s definition of “knowingly” and 

wished to limit the impact of the definition by presenting the jury with paragraphs 

1 and 2 from the instruction. Moreover, the jury in this case was given an instruction 

that “knowingly has a plain meaning within a juror or person’s common 

understanding.” The Lowry jury was given no instruction and instead was told to 

simply keep deliberating. 

¶ 58 The decision in Sperry, 2020 IL App (2d) 180296, is similarly distinguishable. 

There, the defendant was charged with aggravated battery based on the use of a 

firearm. Id. ¶ 3. The trial jury was instructed that it had to find that the defendant 

knowingly discharged a firearm in order to find the defendant guilty of that charge. 

Id. ¶ 7. During deliberations, the jury sent a note asking whether “knowingly 

discharged a firearm” meant that the defendant “ ‘intended to discharge the gun on 

purpose or he knew a gun was discharged?’ ” Id. ¶ 8. The trial court and the parties 

decided not to give IPI Criminal No. 5.01B and instead agreed to respond that the 

trial court was not giving any further instructions and that the instructions the jury 

received were sufficient. Id. 

¶ 59 The appellate court found that the defense counsel’s performance was deficient 

and prejudiced the defendant. Id. ¶ 18. The appellate court stated that IPI Criminal 

No. 5.01B would have eliminated the jury’s confusion over whether it could convict 

the defendant of aggravated battery, even though it found that the defendant’s 
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weapon discharged accidentally. Id. ¶ 21. Under the circumstances, the appellate 

court held that defense counsel’s actions could not be considered trial strategy. Id.

Further, those actions prejudiced the defendant, requiring the appellate court to 

reverse and remand the case for a new trial. Id. 

¶ 60 Here, in contrast, it was probable that giving IPI Criminal No. 5.01B would 

have increased the likelihood that defendant would be convicted, rather than 

reduced that likelihood. Further, as previously noted, the jury in this case was given 

an instruction on “knowingly,” albeit not the IPI Criminal No. 5.01B instruction, 

while the jury in Sperry was given no instruction. 

¶ 61 The court in Ayala relied upon Lowry and Sperry to find that defense counsel 

committed reversible error in failing to offer IPI Criminal No. 5.01B in response to 

a question from the trial jury. 2022 IL App (1st) 192063-U. The defendant was 

charged with unlawful use of a weapon by a felon. During deliberations, the trial 

jury sent the trial court a note stating, “ ‘[D]efine knowingly possessed. Does this 

mean he was aware that those items were in his possession?’ (Emphasis in 

original.)” Id. ¶ 9. Neither the State nor defense counsel suggested the use of IPI 

Criminal No. 5.01B. Id. The trial court instructed the jury that it had all the evidence 

and all the instructions and to “ ‘[p]lease continue to deliberate.’ ” Id. 

¶ 62 The Ayala court found no significant difference between the case before it and 

the decisions in Lowry and Sperry. Id. ¶ 25. The court stated that it did not see any 

strategic purpose for failing to request the instruction and therefore reversed the 

defendant’s conviction and remanded for a new trial. Id.

¶ 63 As discussed, we find significant differences between the instant case and the 

decisions in Lowry and Sperry. Consequently, we reject defendant’s claim that this 

case is analogous to Ayala. Defense counsel’s actions in this case, in contrast to the 

preceding cases, established that defense counsel’s decision not to instruct the jury 

on IPI Criminal No. 5.01B was a matter of trial strategy. The decisions in Lowry, 

Sperry, and Ayala are distinguishable and do not support defendant’s claim that she 

received ineffective assistance of trial counsel.

¶ 64 In so holding, we find that this case is analogous to the appellate court’s 

decision in People v. Mims, 403 Ill. App. 3d 884 (2010). The defendant in Mims

was charged with aggravated criminal sexual assault, as well as aggravated 
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kidnapping and aggravated robbery. Id. at 885. The defense counsel presented a 

theory of consent as a defense. On appeal following his conviction, defendant 

argued that his defense counsel was ineffective for failing to request a jury 

instruction on the defense of consent, arguing that, without the instruction, the jury 

was given no legal basis upon which to acquit him. Id. at 890. 

¶ 65 During the jury instruction conference, the trial court raised the jury instruction 

defining consent. Id. at 891. The jury instruction concerning consent, Illinois 

Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 11.63 (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter IPI 

Criminal 4th No. 11.63), stated that “It is a defense to the charge of ______ that 

_______ consented.” The committee note to IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.63 advised 

that the definition of consent (IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.63A) is to be given with the 

consent instruction. IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.63A stated that the word “consent” 

meant a “freely given agreement to the act of [(sexual penetration) (sexual 

conduct)] in question.” The second sentence of the instruction, however, stated that 

“[l]ack of verbal or physical resistance or submission by the victim resulting from 

the use of force or threat of force by the defendant [or the victim’s manner of dress] 

shall not constitute consent.” Id. 

¶ 66 At the jury instruction conference, defense counsel indicated he was not asking 

for IPI Criminal 4th No. 11.63, explaining that, given the way the case had gone, 

he did not believe the instruction helped his case. Mims, 403 Ill. App. 3d at 891. 

The trial court agreed, stating that further definition of consent would, in fact, assist 

the State. Id. The appellate court found that defense counsel made a reasonable 

tactical decision not to instruct the jury on the definition of consent, as the second 

sentence of the instruction undermined the defendant’s defense. Id. at 893. The 

appellate court concluded that defense counsel’s strategy was reasonable given the 

State’s evidence. Id. The appellate court declined to find defense counsel’s 

performance to be deficient in hindsight. Id.

¶ 67 Here too, we find defense counsel’s strategy was reasonable given the wording 

of the last sentence of paragraph 1 of IPI Criminal No. 5.01B. Defense counsel 

made a tactical decision that the jury’s common understanding of the word 

“knowingly” would encompass a higher standard of proof than an “awareness of 

the substantial probability that the fact exists.” Like the Mims court, we will not 

now second-guess counsel’s strategic decision. Defense counsel’s actions were not 
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objectively unreasonable. Under the facts of this case, we find that defendant cannot 

show that she received ineffective assistance of counsel. We therefore find that the 

appellate court properly affirmed the trial court’s judgment. 

¶ 68 CONCLUSION

¶ 69 For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm the appellate court’s judgment, which 

affirmed defendant’s conviction and sentence.

¶ 70 Affirmed.

¶ 71 JUSTICES HOLDER WHITE and O’BRIEN took no part in the consideration 

or decision of this case.