# Patent

## Title
High softness, high durability bath tissue incorporating high lignin eucalyptus fiber

## Abstract

A cellulosic tissue includes cellulosic fibers selected from the group consisting of chemically pulped fibers and mechanically pulped fibers, the cellulosic fibers have from about 10% to about 50% by weight eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight, and from about 3% to about 10% by weight regenerated cellulosic microfibers.

## Background
CLAIM OF PRIORITY
This non-provisional patent application is based upon U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/574,200, of the same title, filed on Jul. 28, 2011, the priority of which is hereby claimed and the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.


TECHNICAL FIELD
Bath tissue must reconcile several competing imperatives. It must be soft and strong. It must absolutely be flushable and protect the user's hands. And, it has to be effective at cleaning. Bath tissue is primarily used for dry cleaning. To further complicate matters, economy grades of bath tissue that are made incorporating large amounts of recycle fiber are typically “grayer”—less bright—than tissue made using kraft fibers. Kraft fibers, however, are relatively expensive, as the yield from the kraft pulping process is quite low. This invention relates to a tissue that approaches the softness and brightness of bath tissues that are made entirely from kraft fiber, but incorporating large amounts of a high yield fiber, broadly described as alkaline peroxide mechanically pulped eucalyptus, and, in preferred embodiments, more specifically, as pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping. To avoid repeating this long and cumbersome phrase excessively, we refer to both the broader class of alkaline pulped eucalyptus fibers and the narrower, pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanically pulped eucalyptus fibers, as APMP eucalyptus. We have also found that we can substitute a controlled coarseness APMP eucalyptus into wet strength bath tissues as a replacement for eucalyptus kraft and obtain excellent softness, wet strength, lint resistance and wet lint resistance with very small amounts of cellulose microfiber (CMF). Surprisingly, we have also found that eucalyptus APMP can be incorporated to good effect into tissue that is intended to be used dry.
BACKGROUND
By including alkaline peroxide mechanically pulped (APMP) eucalyptus fiber and small amounts of cellulosic microfiber into a web, we have found that we can obtain excellent results, even when using conventional wet press (CWP) technology. We have further discovered that the APMP eucalyptus fiber is an excellent substitute for conventional eucalyptus kraft fiber in conventional bath tissue, imparting surprising softness, increased opacity, bulk, absorbency and reduced strength, even to tissue made with recycle furnishes.
One early pre-wettable tissue was disclosed in Bhat et al., “Prewettable High Softness Paper Product Having Temporary Wet Strength”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,187, issued Sep. 28, 1999, relating to a paper product with a glabrous surface and adapted for use either dry or for use in a manually pre-moistened condition. The paper product had temporary wet strength exhibiting an initial normalized cross-machine direction (CD) wet tensile strength of at least about 25 g/l in. strip, preferably, 35 g/l in. strip as measured by the Finch Cup Test 5 seconds after immersion and a subsequent CD wet tensile strength of less than about two-thirds the initial value as measured 30 minutes after immersion. Temporary wet strength was provided by the addition to the furnish of an aldehydic temporary wet strength agent in the range of from about 2 pounds per ton to about 30 pounds per ton. The furnish also included a cationic nitrogenous softener/debonder in an amount of from about 1 pound per ton to about 6 pounds per ton. The CD dry tensile strength of the paper product was from about 133 g/l in. strip up to about 267 g/l in. strip, and the tensile modulus was from about 10 to about 32 g/% strain, while the geometric mean friction deviation value (GM MMD) was from about 0.26 to about 0.10. The CD wet strength of the product decayed to about 15 g/l in. strip within 10 hours after immersion. When rubbed against a skin-like surface in a moistened condition, the paper product remained substantially free of pilling. Significantly, in Bhat et al., the wet abrasion resistance of a 2′′ by 4.5′′ sample of tissue was measured under a load of 135 grams against a wetted pigskin and visual observation was made to determine whether the sample left pills, shreds or lint behind.
Another early pre-wettable tissue was disclosed in Van Luu et al. [sic, Luu et al.], “Prewettable High Softness Paper Product Having Temporary Wet Strength”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,928, issued May 9, 2000, in which a temporary wet strength agent comprising uncharged chemical moieties such as aldehydes, and aldehyde containing polymers, polyols and cyclic ureas or mixtures thereof in the range of from about 2 pounds per ton to about 30 pounds per ton is added to the web to provide the temporary wet strength. In this application, glyoxal was preferably sprayed on the sheet after it left the Yankee dryer.
Canadian Patent Application No. 2,095,554 in the name of William D. Lloyd, published Aug. 6, 1994, discloses hardwood bleached chemithermomechanical pulp (BCTMP) fibers at amounts of about 5 weight percent or greater, which provide a soft tissue useful for use as facial or bath tissue, but fails to disclose the degree of bleaching and chemical refining applied to his fibers and is devoid of information concerning the brightness, lignin content or Kappa number of his fibers, other than to state that the fibers contain “substantial amounts of lignin” and that the pulping yield is “about 90% or greater”. Lloyd also states that “it is not necessary to bury the BCTMP fibers in the middle of the tissue sheet by layering. Instead, the tissue sheets can be blended using a mixture of hardwood BCTMP fibers (for softness) and longer softwood fibers (for strength). If a layered tissue is preferred, the hardwood BCTMP fibers can be utilized in the outer layer(s).”
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Three-ply, conventional wet press (CWP), wet-durable bath tissue prototypes of the present invention were softer than Ultra Strong Charmin® bath tissue, while being up to 90% more durable with up to 96% less wet lint. Contributors to these results include stratification of softwood and/or cellulose microfiber (CMF) in the Yankee layer, concentration of temporary wet strength in the Yankee layer, and debonding of the air layer. Integrated fiber, such as eucalyptus APMP or southern furnish away from the outer surface, offsets the cost of cellulose microfiber (CMF) and premium furnish.
Results suggest that a three-ply format like Quilted Northern Ultra Plush® could deliver a tissue with high softness, good durability, and low lint, using only wood pulp in the furnish. CMF and fiber re-orienting belt creping technology, and glue lamination, improve the results.
We have found that we can achieve this desirable combination of properties in a two- or a three-ply sheet formed from cellulosic basesheet, the multi-ply sheet having a basis weight of from about 15 to about 35 lbs comprising from about 3% to about 30% cellulosic microfiber, from about 70% to about 90% wood pulp fibers, with a geometric mean (GM) dry tensile of from about 35 to 80 g/3 in. per pound of basis weight, a CD dry tensile of between about 30 to about 60 g/3 in. per pound of basis weight, sufficient wet strength resin to provide a CD wet tensile of from about 8.5 to about 20 g/3 in. per pound of basis weight, and a caliper of at least 4 mils per 8 sheets per pound of basis weight. Preferably, such a multi-ply tissue will have an opacity of at least about 2.5 Macbeth Opacity Units per pound of basis weight. More preferably, the basis weight will be between 22 and 37 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream. Upon testing for dry lint, as referenced herein, sheets of the present invention will exhibit a ΔL* of less than about 5. “L*” as used in this connection relates to International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1976, also known as CIELAB measurement of lightness, and should not be confused with Hunter lightness typically denominated “L”. In this connection, the asterisk “*” is not a reference mark directing the reader to some other location in this document, but is a portion of the commonly used symbol for CIE 1976 lightness “L*”. When tested for wet lint as set forth herein, sheets of the present invention will exhibit a wet abraded lint area of less than about 40 mm2. Alternatively, when tested as set forth herein, resistance to wet linting will be represented by the number of fibers that are removed having a length of greater than 350 μm, with products of the invention suffering a loss of less than 2500 fibers having a length of greater than 350 μm.
Another aspect of this invention relates to a roll of bath tissue comprising cellulosic fibers selected from the group consisting of chemically pulped fibers and mechanically pulped fibers, not more than 30% by weight of the tissue being chemically pulped softwood fibers, and from about 10 to about 50% by weight of eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight, wherein the eucalyptus fiber has been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping, and from about 3 to about 10% by weight of regenerated cellulosic microfiber, and the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20 and 30%.
Still another aspect of this invention relates to a three-ply bath tissue product having an upper stratified ply comprising two strata, an outer stratum and an inner stratum, the outer stratum comprising a blend of at least about 30% to about 70% kraft fiber and at least 30% to about 70% by weight of eucalyptus kraft and having a basis weight of at least about 5 to about 12 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, the inner stratum comprising at least about 50% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight, and a basis weight of at least about 2.0 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, an interior ply having a basis weight of at least about 6 to about 15 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, comprising at least about 30% to about 70% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight, and from at least about 30% to about 70% by weight of bleached softwood kraft fibers, and a lower stratified ply comprising two strata, a first stratum and a second stratum, the first stratum comprising from at least about 30% to about 70% kraft fiber and from about 30% to about 70% by weight of eucalyptus kraft and having a basis weight of about 5 to about 12 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, the second stratum comprising at least about 50% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight and a basis weight of at least about 2.0 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream. Preferably, the interior ply and the upper ply have been joined by being embossed together, the fibrous composition of the upper stratified ply is substantially the same as the fibrous composition of the lower stratified ply, the depth of emboss of the lower stratified ply is less than 80%, more preferably, less than 50%, of the depth of emboss of the upper stratified ply, while the lower stratified ply is generally unembossed, the outer stratum of the upper ply further comprises at least about 5%, more preferably, at least about 8%, still more preferably, from about 15 to 35%, by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfiber having a diameter of no more than about 5 microns, more preferably, having an average diameter of no more than about 4 microns, still more preferably, no more than about 2 microns, most preferably, no more than about 1 micron, and passing a screen of about 14 mesh, more preferably, having a number average length of between about 50 microns and 2000 microns. Preferably, each of the inner stratum of the upper ply and the second stratum of the lower ply comprises at least about 70% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight, while the interior ply is heavily creped, exhibiting a bulk at least 3% greater than that of the exterior plies, this increased bulk usually resulting from both the use of APMP eucalyptus and increased crepe in the middle ply.
An especially preferred embodiment of the present invention is a three-ply bath tissue product having an upper stratified ply comprising two strata, an outer stratum and an inner stratum, the outer stratum comprising a blend of at least about 30% to about 70% kraft fiber and at least 30% to about 70% by weight of eucalyptus kraft and at least about 5% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfiber having an average diameter of no more than about 4 microns and an average length of between about 50 microns and 2000 microns, the outer stratum having a basis weight of at least about 5 to about 12 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, the inner stratum comprising at least about 70% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight, and a basis weight of at least about 2.0 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, a homogeneous interior ply having a basis weight of at least about 6 to about 15 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, comprising at least about 40% to about 90% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight, and from at least about 10% to about 60% by weight of bleached kraft fiber, and a lower stratified ply comprising two strata, a first stratum and a second stratum, the first stratum comprising from at least about 30% to about 70% kraft fiber and from about 30% to about 70% by weight of eucalyptus kraft and having a basis weight of about 5 to about 12 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, the second stratum comprising at least about 70% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight and a basis weight of at least about 2.0 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream and the upper stratified ply and the lower stratified ply have substantially identical fibrous compositions.
Preferred tissues of the present invention containing both APMP and CMF will exhibit an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) brightness of the upper ply (facing to the exterior of the roll) of at least:

0.82×(%VCP)+0.795×(%RF)0.98+0.84×(%APMP+CFM),

where % VCP is the percentage of virgin chemical pulp in the sheet, % RF, the percentage of recycle fiber and % APMP+CMF is the percentage of APMP eucalyptus and regenerated cellulosic microfiber in the outer stratified ply and the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fiber in the tissue is limited to no more than 30%, while the eucalyptus fibers in the interior ply have a lignin content of at least about 23%, and exhibit an ISO brightness of at least about 82. Even though we prefer not to use APMP eucalyptus in the outer stratum, when used in a lower stratum of the ply, usually, the second, the brightness of the ply is strongly influenced by the brightness of the fiber in the interior layers.




BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is described below with reference to the drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a shaker for use in the “Dispersibility Test” described herein.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a fixture used for holding the test bottle used in the “Dispersibility Test” upright, while the contents are being drained therefrom.
FIG. 3 illustrates a marked microscope slide used in the Wet Abrasion Lint Test.
FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic sectional view of a three-ply tissue with two stratified outer plies and a homogenous inner ply, wherein eucalyptus APMP is incorporated in all three plies.
FIGS. 5 and 5A are bubble graphs illustrating the inter-relationship among the softness, CD wet strength and wet linting resistance of several prototype products.
FIG. 6 is a bubble graph illustrating the inter-relationship among dispersibility, CD wet strength and resistance to wet linting of several prototype products.
FIG. 7 illustrates the dry tensile strength and softness of several prototype tissue products.
FIG. 8 illustrates the caliper and basis weight of CWP prototype tissue products in comparison with those of fiber reorienting fabric creped (“FRFC”), i.e., belt creped, prototypes.
FIG. 9 illustrates the softness and wet lint resistance of CWP prototype tissue products in comparison with those of FRFC prototypes, with basis weight being indicated by bubble size.
FIG. 10 illustrates the effect of refining on the freeness of several eucalyptus APMP pulps subjected to varying pulping procedures.
FIG. 11 illustrates the inter-relationship between bulk and freeness of several eucalyptus pulps produced under varying pulping procedures.
FIG. 12 illustrates the inter-relationship between strength and freeness of several eucalyptus pulps produced under varying pulping procedures.
FIG. 13 illustrates the surprisingly high level of bulk that it is possible to generate with eucalyptus APMP at desirably low levels of strength.
FIG. 14A illustrates the effect of varying levels of total alkalinity and peroxide on the brightness of eucalyptus APMP pulps when applied in the refiner.
FIG. 14B illustrates the effect of varying levels of total alkalinity and peroxide on the brightness of eucalyptus APMP pulps when applied after the refiner.
FIG. 15 illustrates the very high levels of brightness obtainable from eucalyptus APMP with relatively low consumption of caustic and peroxide.
FIG. 16 compares the brightness obtained with blends of eucalyptus APMP with de-inked waste paper as compared to the brightness obtained with blends of eucalyptus APMP with kraft furnishes.
FIG. 17 compares the b* value (yellowness/blueness) obtained with blends of eucalyptus APMP with de-inked waste paper as compared to the brightness obtained with blends of eucalyptus APMP with kraft furnishes.
FIG. 18 illustrates the very high opacity attainable with eucalyptus APMP and blends thereof as compared to kraft and de-inked recycled furnishes.
FIG. 19 is another illustration of the very high levels of bulk attainable with APMP eucalyptus blends at desirably low strengths for tissue making.
FIG. 20 illustrates the reduction in WAR (water absorption rate) attainable with blends of eucalyptus APMP with de-inked recycled pulp.
FIG. 21 illustrates the effect of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polyamidoamine (AMRES®) wet strength agents on blends of eucalyptus APMP with southern kraft furnishes and de-inked recycled fiber.
FIG. 22 illustrates the surprising caliper and strength for tissue grades attainable by incorporating eucalyptus APMP into conventional papermaking blends.
FIG. 23 illustrates the surprising softness and strength for tissue grades attainable by incorporating eucalyptus APMP into conventional papermaking blends.
FIG. 24 compares parameters relating to fiber length distribution of blends of eucalyptus APMP with recycled de-inked fiber and eucalyptus kraft as compared to blends of eucalyptus APMP with southern bleached softwood kraft and southern bleached hardwood kraft fiber.
FIG. 25 illustrates the surprising dry lint resistance of tissue grades attainable by incorporating eucalyptus APMP into conventional papermaking blends.
FIG. 26 is a schematic flow diagram of a process for alkaline peroxide bleaching of eucalyptus fibers for use with the present invention.
FIG. 27 is an isometric schematic illustrating a device to measure roll compression of tissue products.
FIG. 28 is a sectional view taken along line 28-28 of FIG. 27.
FIGS. 29, 29A-29F, 2911 and 29T illustrate details of the emboss pattern U 19 referred to herein.
FIGS. 30, 30-1, 30-2, 30-A to 30-H, and 30-J illustrate details of the emboss pattern HVS 9 referred to herein.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The invention is described below with reference to numerous embodiments. This discussion is for purposes of illustration only. Modifications to particular examples within the spirit and scope of the present invention, set forth in the appended claims, will be readily apparent to one of skill in the art.
Terminology used herein is given its ordinary meaning consistent with the exemplary definitions set forth immediately below, mg refers to milligrams, m2 refers to square meters, mm2 refers to square millimeters, and so forth.
The creping adhesive “add-on” rate is calculated by dividing the rate of application of adhesive (mg/min) by surface area of the drying cylinder passing under a spray applicator boom (m2/min). The resinous adhesive composition most preferably consists essentially of a polyvinyl alcohol resin and a polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin, wherein the weight ratio of polyvinyl alcohol resin to polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin is from about two to about four. The creping adhesive may also include a modifier sufficient to maintain good transfer between the creping belt and the Yankee cylinder, generally, less than 5% by weight modifier and, more preferably, less than about 2% by weight modifier, for peeled products. For blade creped products, from about 5% to about 25% modifier or more may be used.
Unless otherwise specified, “basis weight”, BWT, bwt, BW, and so forth, refers to the weight of a 3000 square-foot (278.7 m2) ream of product (basis weight is also expressed in g/m2 or gsm). Likewise, “ream” means a 3000 square-foot (278.7 m2) ream unless otherwise specified.
For reel crepe, the reel crepe ratio is typically calculated as the Yankee speed divided by reel speed. To express reel crepe as a percentage, 1 is subtracted from the reel crepe ratio and the result multiplied by 100.
Calipers and/or bulk reported herein may be measured at 8 or 16 sheet calipers as specified. The sheets are stacked and the caliper measurement taken about the central portion of the stack. Preferably, the test samples are conditioned in an atmosphere of 23°±1.0° C. (73.4°±1.8° F.) at 50% relative humidity for at least about 2 hours and then measured with a Thwing-Albert Model 89-II-JR or Progage Electronic Thickness Tester with 2-in (50.8-mm) diameter anvils, 539±10 grams dead weight load, and 0.231 in/sec (5.87 mm/sec) descent rate. For finished product testing, each sheet of product to be tested must have the same number of plies as the product as sold. For testing, in general, eight sheets are selected and stacked together. For napkin testing, napkins are unfolded prior to stacking. For base sheet testing off of winders, each sheet to be tested must have the same number of plies as produced off of the winder. For base sheet testing off of the papermachine reel, single plies must be used. Sheets are stacked together, aligned in the machine direction (MD). Bulk may also be expressed in units of volume/weight by dividing caliper by basis weight.
The terms “cellulosic”, “cellulosic sheet,” and the like, are meant to include any wet-laid product incorporating papermaking fiber having cellulose as a major constituent. “Papermaking fibers” include virgin pulps or recycle (secondary) cellulosic fibers or fiber mixes comprising cellulosic fibers. Fibers suitable for making the webs of this invention include nonwood fibers, such as cotton fibers or cotton derivatives, abaca, kenaf, sabai grass, flax, esparto grass, straw, jute hemp, bagasse, milkweed floss fibers, and pineapple leaf fibers, and wood fibers such as those obtained from deciduous and coniferous trees, including softwood fibers, such as northern and southern softwood kraft fibers, hardwood fibers, such as eucalyptus, maple, birch, aspen, or the like. Papermaking fibers can be liberated from their source material by any one of a number of chemical pulping processes familiar to one experienced in the art, including sulfate, sulfite, polysulfide, soda pulping, etc. The pulp can be bleached if desired by chemical means including the use of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, oxygen, alkaline peroxide, and so forth. The products of the present invention may comprise a blend of conventional fibers (whether derived from virgin pulp or recycle sources) and high coarseness lignin-rich tubular fibers, mechanical pulps such as bleached chemithermomechanical pulp (BCTMP). “Furnishes” and like terminology refers to aqueous compositions including papermaking fibers, optionally, wet strength resins, debonders, and the like, for making paper products. Recycle fiber is typically more than 50% by weight hardwood fiber and may be 75% to 80% or more hardwood fiber. For purposes of this invention, a particularly preferred method for pulping of eucalyptus chips is usually referred to as alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping or eucalyptus APMP, even though the longer, but less euphonious name of pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp describes the more preferred process in more detail. In this application, when the term eucalyptus APMP or APMP eucalyptus is used, we intend to include pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulped eucalyptus within that genus as well. We have found that we can get surprisingly good softness, bulk and wet properties using eucalyptus APMP, in conjunction with fibrillated cellulosic microfibers, often referred to as “CMF”.
As used herein, the term “compactively dewatering the web or furnish” refers to mechanical dewatering by overall wet pressing, such as on a dewatering felt, for example, in some embodiments, by use of mechanical pressure applied continuously over the web surface as in a nip between a press roll and a press shoe, wherein the web is in contact with a papermaking felt. The terminology “compactive dewatering” is used to distinguish from processes wherein the initial dewatering of the web is carried out largely by thermal means, as is the case, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,529,480 to Trokhan and U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,551 to Farrington et al. Compactively dewatering a web thus refers, for example, to removing water from a nascent web having a consistency of less than 30% or so by application of pressure thereto and/or increasing the consistency of the web by about 15% or more by application of pressure thereto, that is, increasing the consistency, for example, from 30% to 45%. In U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,378, entitled “Fabric Crepe Process for Making Absorbent Sheet,” and the many applications related to it, the importance of the distinction between creping using a woven fabric and a creping belt formed by perforating a solid belt was of minor importance, so the term “belt” could apply to either creping medium. In U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0186913 entitled “Belt-Creped, Variable Local Basis Weight Absorbent Sheet Prepared With Perforated Polymeric Belt,” and its related applications, however, the distinction between the use of a creping fabric and a perforated polymeric belt is of considerable importance, as it has been found that the use of a perforated polymeric belt makes it possible to obtain consolidated regions, particularly, consolidated saddle shaped regions, in the web, giving it improved physical properties over the webs previously formed using the technique of creping from a transfer drum. For convenience, we refer to this method of forming a sheet as Fiber Reorienting Belt Creping or FRBC. Further, in related applications, it is demonstrated that CMF containing wipers made using a perforated polymeric belt have substantial performance advantages over wipers made using a woven creping fabric, which we refer to as Fiber Reorienting Fabric Creping or FRFC. Throughout this application, we have endeavored to make this distinction explicit, but, definitional language in applications incorporated by reference notwithstanding, in this application, belts and creping fabrics should not be considered to be synonymous.
Consistency refers to % solids of a nascent web, for example, calculated on a bone dry basis. “Air dry” means including residual moisture, by convention, up to about 10% moisture for pulp and up to about 6% for paper. A nascent web having 50% water and 50% bone dry pulp has a consistency of 50%.
When the term “FRBC” is used herein, the reference is to papermaking technology as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0186913, while “FRFC” is used to refer to the technology of using a fabric to crepe from a transfer surface as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,494,563; U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,378; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0217814, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,789,995; U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,278; U.S. Pat. No. 7,503,998; U.S. Pat. No. 7,588,660; U.S. Pat. No. 7,585,389; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0204966, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,850,823; U.S. Pat. No. 7,588,661; and related applications, even though those processes are usable with belts as well. The disclosures of the foregoing patents, publications and patent applications referred to above are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
FPM, Fpm and fpm refer to feet per minute, while fps refers to feet per second.
MD means machine direction and CD means cross-machine direction.
Pusey and Jones (P&J) hardness (indentation) is measured in accordance with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 531, and refers to the indentation number (standard specimen and conditions).
“Predominantly” means more than 50% of the specified component, by weight, unless otherwise indicated.
Roll compression is measured by compressing the roll under a 1500 g flat platen 281 of a test apparatus 283 similar to that shown in FIGS. 27 and 28. Sample rolls 285 are conditioned and tested in an atmosphere of 23.0°±1.0° C. (73.4°±1.8° F.). A suitable test apparatus 283 with a movable 1500 g platen 281 (referred to as a Height Gauge) is available from:

    
    
        Research Dimensions
        1720 Oakridge Road
        Neenah, Wis. 54956
        920-722-2289
        920-725-6874 (FAX).
    
    


The test procedure is generally as follows:
(a) Raise the platen 281 and position the roll 285 to be tested on its side, centered under the platen, with the tail seal 287 to the front of the gauge 291 and the core 289 parallel to the back of the gauge 291.
(b) Slowly lower the platen 281 until it rests on the roll 285.
(c) Read the compressed roll diameter or sleeve height from the gauge pointer 293 to the nearest 0.01 inch (0.254 mm).
(d) Raise the platen 281 and remove the roll 285.
(e) Repeat for each roll to be tested.
To calculate roll compression in percent, the following formula is used:




  
    RC
    ⁡
    
      (
      %
      )
    
  
  =
  
    100
    ×
    
      
        
          (
          
            
              initial
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              roll
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              diameter
            
            -
            
              compressed
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              roll
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              diameter
            
          
          )
        
        
          initial
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          roll
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          diameter
        
      
      .
    
  




Dry tensile strengths (MD and CD), stretch, ratios thereof, modulus, break modulus, stress and strain are measured with a standard Instron test device or other suitable elongation tensile tester that may be configured in various ways, typically, using 3 inch (76.2 mm) or 1 inch (25.4 mm) wide strips of tissue or towel, conditioned in an atmosphere of 23°±1° C. (73.4°±1° F.) at 50% relative humidity for 2 hours. The tensile test is run at a crosshead speed of 2 in/min (50.8 mm/min). Break modulus is expressed in grams/3 inches/% strain or its SI equivalent of g/mm/% strain. % strain is dimensionless and need not be specified. Unless otherwise indicated, values are break values. Geometric mean (GM) refers to the square root of the product of the MD and CD values for a particular product. Tensile energy absorption (TEA), which is defined as the area under the load/elongation (stress/strain) curve, is also measured during the procedure for measuring tensile strength. Tensile energy absorption is related to the perceived strength of the product in use. Products having a higher TEA may be perceived by users as being stronger than similar products that have lower TEA values, even if the actual tensile strength of the two products are the same. In fact, having a higher tensile energy absorption may allow a product to be perceived as being stronger than one with a lower TEA, even if the tensile strength of the high-TEA product is less than that of the product having the lower tensile energy absorption. When the term “normalized” is used in connection with a tensile strength, it simply refers to the appropriate tensile strength from which the effect of basis weight has been removed by dividing that tensile strength by the basis weight. In many cases, similar information is provided by the term “breaking length”.
Tensile ratios are simply ratios of an MD value determined by way of the foregoing methods, divided by the corresponding CD value. Unless otherwise specified, a tensile property is a dry sheet property.
“Upper”, “upwardly” and like terminology is used purely for convenience and refers to a position or direction toward the caps of the dome structures, that is, the belt side of the web, which is generally opposite to the Yankee side, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
The wet tensile of the tissue of the present invention is measured generally following Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) Method T 576 pm 7, using a three-inch (76.2 mm) wide strip of tissue that is folded into a loop, clamped in a special fixture termed a Finch Cup, then immersed in a water. A suitable Finch cup, 3-in. (76.2 mm), with base to fit a 3-in. (76.2 mm) grip, is available from:

    
    
        High-Tech Manufacturing Services, Inc.
        3105-B NE 65th Street
        Vancouver, Wash. 98663
        360-696-1611
        360-696-9887 (FAX).
    
    


For fresh basesheet and finished product (aged 30 days or less for towel product, aged 24 hours or less for tissue product) containing wet strength additive, the test specimens are placed in a forced air oven heated to 105° C. (221° F.) for five minutes. No oven aging is needed for other samples. The Finch cup is mounted onto a tensile tester equipped with a 2.0 pound (8.9 Newton) load cell with the flange of the Finch cup clamped by the tester's lower jaw and the ends of tissue loop clamped into the upper jaw of the tensile tester. The cup portion of the Finch Cup is filled with a standardized “tap water” comprising: 0.006% calcium chloride, 0.006% magnesium chloride 6H2O, 0.007% sodium bicarbonate in balance purified water at a pH of approximately 6.5.
The sample is immersed in water that has been adjusted to a pH of 7.0±0.1 and the tensile is tested after a 5 second immersion time using a crosshead speed of 2 inches/minute (50.8 mm/minute). The results are expressed in g/3 in. or (g/mm), dividing the readout by two to account for the loop, as appropriate.
A translating transfer surface refers to the surface from which the web is creped onto the creping belt. The translating transfer surface may be the surface of a rotating drum as described hereafter, or may be the surface of a continuous smooth moving belt or another moving fabric that may have surface texture, and so forth. The translating transfer surface needs to support the web and to facilitate the high solids creping, as will be appreciated from the discussion that follows.
Velocity delta means a difference in linear speed.
The void volume and/or void volume ratio, as referred to hereafter, are determined by saturating a sheet with a nonpolar POROFILTM liquid, and measuring the amount of liquid absorbed. The volume of liquid absorbed is equivalent to the void volume within the sheet structure. The % weight increase (PWI) is expressed as grams of liquid absorbed per gram of fiber in the sheet structure times 100, as noted hereafter. More specifically, for each single-ply sheet sample to be tested, select 8 sheets and cut out a 1 inch by 1 inch (25.4 mm by 25.4 mm) square in the machine direction and 1 inch (25.4 mm) in the cross-machine direction. For multi-ply product samples, each ply is measured as a separate entity. Multiple samples should be separated into individual single plies and 8 sheets of each ply position used for testing. Weigh and record the dry weight of each test specimen to the nearest 0.0001 gram. Place the specimen in a dish containing POROFILTM liquid having a specific gravity of about 1.93 grams per cubic centimeter, available from Coulter Electronics Ltd., Beckman Coulter, Inc., 250 S. Kraemer Boulevard, P.O. Box 8000, Brea, Calif. 92822-8000 USA; Part No. 9902458. After 10 seconds, grasp the specimen at the very edge (1 to 2 millimeters in) of one corner with tweezers and remove from the liquid. Hold the specimen with that corner uppermost and allow excess liquid to drip for 30 seconds. Lightly dab (less than 1⁄2 second contact) the lower corner of the specimen on #4 filter paper (Whatman Ltd., Maidstone, England) in order to remove any excess of the last partial drop. Immediately weigh the specimen, within 10 seconds, recording the weight to the nearest 0.0001 gram. The PWI for each specimen, expressed as grams of POROFILTM liquid per gram of fiber, is calculated as follows:




  PWI
  =
  
    
      
        (
        
          
            W
            2
          
          -
          
            W
            1
          
        
        )
      
      
        W
        1
      
    
    ×
    100
  




wherein
“W1” is the dry weight of the specimen, in grams; and
“W2” is the wet weight of the specimen, in grams.
The PWI for all eight individual specimens is determined as described above and the average of the eight specimens is the PWI for the sample.
The void volume ratio is calculated by dividing the PWI by 1.9 (density of the fluid) to express the ratio as a percentage, whereas the void volume (gms/gm) is simply the weight increase ratio, that is, PWI divided by 100.
Water absorbency rate or WAR, is measured in seconds, and is the time it takes for a sample to absorb a 0.1 gram droplet of water disposed on its surface by way of an automated syringe. The test specimens are preferably conditioned at 23° C.±1° C. (73.4±1.8° F.) at 50% relative humidity for 2 hours. For each sample, 4 test specimens 3′′×3′′ (76.2×76.2 mm) are prepared. Each specimen is placed in a sample holder such that a high intensity lamp is directed toward the specimen. 0.1 ml of water is deposited on the specimen surface and a stop watch is started. When the water is absorbed, as indicated by a lack of further reflection of light from the drop, the stopwatch is stopped, and the time recorded to the nearest 0.1 seconds. The procedure is repeated for each specimen and the results averaged for the sample. WAR is measured in accordance with TAPPI method T 432 cm-99.
Dispersibility Test
To determine how well bathroom tissue disintegrates in water under controlled agitation using a standard water solution, a sample of tissue is placed in a bottle of specified dimensions in a standardized water solution and subjected to controlled agitation using a standardized shaker that shakes the bottle for a preset number of shakes at 180±5 strokes per minute. One stroke is a complete cycle of back and forth. The bottle is then drained in a fixture adapted to hold the bottle with its centerline perpendicular. See FIGS. 1 and 2. More specifically, the test is conducted as follows:
The standardized bottle shaker 50 and bottle guide fixture 52 are available from Research Dimensions, 1720 Oakridge Road, Neenah, Wis. 54956, (920) 722-2289; FAX (920) 725-6874. A small mouth ( 11/16-inch diameter orifice) plastic bottle 54 with cap, 250 ml, is catalog number 02-924-6D, available from Fisher Scientific Company, 300 Industry Drive, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15275. The standard water solution, catalog number NC9664362, is available from Fisher Scientific Company, 800-766-7000.
Remove and discard the first three layers of tissue from a roll of tissue. (The tissue sample to be tested may be taken from anywhere in the roll except for the three outer wraps and the last 20 sheets from the core.) If the tissue samples and/or base sheet samples are less than 24 hours old, they are to be oven cured for 5 minutes at 105° C.
For testing of finished product: six three-sheet strips are cut from the roll. If the product being tested is a multi-ply product, the plies are not separated from each other, but are tested still plied together.
For testing of base sheet, specimens are to be cut equivalent to the length and width of the finished product for which they are intended, three specimens are for one-ply product, six specimens are for two-ply product, and nine specimens are cut for three-ply product.
180±5 ml of standard water at 23° C. (73° F.), is transferred to bottle 54 with cap.
Shaker 50 is set for an appropriate number of strokes. In the case of finished product testing, the three-sheet strip of tissue is folded in half, rolled up and inserted into the plastic bottle, which is then capped. In the case of base sheet, the specimen is folded in half and one strip of tissue is rolled up when the intended finished product is one-ply, two strips of tissue for two-ply finished product, and three strips of tissue for three-ply finished product. The roll is inserted into the plastic bottle, which is then capped. Bottle 54 is placed in shaker 50 (FIG. 1) with base 51 toward the drive arm 58, and motor 60 started.
After shaker 50 has shaken bottle 54 for the set number of strokes, the contents are immediately checked for disintegration by inverting bottle 54 and placing it into bottle guide fixture 52 (FIG. 2) in one quick motion to see if the contents will pour out into a beaker. In order for the specimen to pass the test for that number of shakes, the entire contents of bottle 54 must empty within eight seconds without shaking or squeezing bottle 54. The test is replicated and a “pass” is recorded only if both specimens pass.
Dry Lint Test
To quantify the amount of lint removed from towel, tissue and related products when used dry, a Sutherland Rub Tester with 4.0 lb sled is used. This apparatus is available from Danilee Company, 27223 Starry Mountain Street, San Antonio, Tex. 78260; 830-438-7737; 800-438-7738 (FAX). The 4.0 lb rub block for the Rub Tester has dimensions of 2′′ by 2′′ so that the pressure exerted during testing is 1 psi.
After the samples to be evaluated are preconditioned at 10 to 35% RH at 22° C. to 40° C. for 24 hours, then conditioned at 50.0%±2.0% RH and 23.0±1.0° C. for 2 hours, all of the subsequent procedures are performed within the confines of a room maintained at between 48 to 53% RH and a temperature between 22° C. and 24° C.
Two stacks of four 2.25-in.×4.5-in. test strips with 4.5-in length in the machine direction are cut from the sample with the top (exterior of roll) side up.
Two 2.5-in.×6-in. strips of black felt are cut with the 6-in, length in the machine direction, and the top side labeled with sample ID numbers.
A baseline reading for the felt is determined by taking one L* lightness color reading on the labeled side of each black felt strip used for testing in the middle of what will be the rubbed area using a GretagMacbeth® Ci5 spectrophotometer using the following settings on the spectrophotometer: Large area view, specular component excluded, UV Source C, 2 degree observer, and Illuminant C. The GretagMacbeth® spectrophotometer Model Ci5 is available from GretagMacbeth, 617 Little Britain Road, New Windsor, N.Y. 12553; 914-565-7660; 914-565-0390 (FAX); www.gretagmacbeth.com. The “before testing” reading is later compared to the “after testing” reading in the same area of the black felt strip on the same side, so particular care is taken to be sure that comparison are made only between the same felt strips. “L*” as used in this connection relates to International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1976, also known as CIELAB measurement of lightness, and should not be confused with Hunter lightness typically denominated “L”. In this connection, the asterisk “*” is not a reference mark directing the reader to some other location in this document, but is a portion of the commonly used symbol for CIE 1976 lightness “L*”.
To evaluate a specimen, the specimen is taped to the galvanized plate on the Sutherland Rub Tester with the top side up so that rubbing will be in the machine direction, with care being observed to ensure that each specimen is taped in the same rub area each time the test is performed. The first black felt specimen is taped, labeled side out, to the bottom of the 4.0-lb rub block of the Sutherland Rub Tester, the number of strokes on the rub tester is set to four, and the slow speed selected (#2 setting for 4 speed model or #1 setting for 2 speed model), the rub block is placed on the Sutherland Rub Tester carriage arm and the “Start” button pressed to start testing. After the four strokes are completed, the rub block is removed from the tester and the black felt is removed from the bottom of the rub block with the black felt being preserved for L* “after testing” color reading. The specimen is removed from the galvanized plate and discarded.
One L* color reading is taken on the labeled side of each black felt strip, reading the same spot used to obtain the “before testing” value, in the middle of the rubbed area. The “after testing” reading is paired up with the appropriate “before testing” reading to calculate the difference between the readings—“ΔL*”.
For each sample, the average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum test results are recorded as measured to the nearest 0.01 L* unit for both the before testing and after testing values. The difference value of the after reading minus the before reading is indicative of the lint removal by the standardized dry rubbing procedure.
Wet Abrasion Lint Test
To evaluate a tissue sample for lint removal by wet abrasion, it is first subjected to simulated wet use against a sample of standard black felt with a Crockmeter Rub Tester, modified as described herein, then the area in mm2 of the lint left on the felt is measured with an Epson Perfection 4490 flat bed scanner and Apogee, SpecScan 2.3.36 Software.
The Crockmeter Rub tester is available from SDL Atlas, LLC, 3934 Airway Drive, Rock Hill, S.C. 29732; (803) 329-2110. To be used to measure wet lint as described herein, the Crockmeter is modified to accept a 360 gram arm and a 1′′×2′′ foot that exerts a pressure on the specimen of 0.435 psi. The weight of the rub block is 355 g for the weighted arm supported on one end, and 36 g for the rub foot. These weights are exerted on a 1′′×2′′ area, for a pressure of 391 g/12.9 cm2=30.3 g/cm2. In contrast, the method of evaluating wet abrasion in the Bhat et al. and Luu patents referenced herein used a 135 g sled placed on a 2×3′′ sample for a pressure of 135 g/38.7 cm2=3.5 g/cm2.
Research Dimensions at 1720 Oakridge Road, Neenah, Wis. 54956; 920-722-2289, will modify Crockmeter Rub Testers to conform hereto. Suitable black felt is 3/16-inch thick, part #113308F-24 available from Aetna Felt Corporation, 2401 W. Emaus Avenue, Allentown, Pa. 18103; 800-526-4451.
To test a sample, the outer three layers of tissue are removed from the roll. Three sheets of tissue are cut at the perforations and placed in a stack using a paper cutter ensuring that the tissue sheets are placed in the same orientation relative to direction and the side of the roll. From the stack, samples that are 2-inches by 2.5-inches are cut with the long dimension being the machine direction. Enough samples are cut for 4 replicates. The short (2′′) side of the tissue is marked with a small dot to indicate the surface of the tissue that was outwardly facing when on the roll. The foot is mounted to the arm of the Crockmeter with the short dimension parallel to the stroke of the Crockmeter and stroke distance set at 4′′+1⁄8 inch and the stroke speed is set to strokes per minute. The black felt is cut into 3-inch by 6-inch pieces with the inside surface being marked along the short edge. In this test, the tissue sample to be tested will be rubbed against the inside of the felt starting at the mark. A 12-inch by 12-inch sheet of black acrylic, a 2-inch by 3-inch glass microscope slide 40 marked as shown in FIG. 3, tape, a pipette and a beaker of distilled water are located on any nearby convenient flat surface. The Crockmeter is turned on, then turned off, to position the arm at its furthest back position. The spacer is placed under the arm to hold it above the rubbing surface. A clean piece of black felt is taped to the base of the Crockmeter over the rubbing surface with the marked surface oriented upward with the marked end up adjacent to the beginning point of the stroke of the foot. A sample is taped along one shorter edge to the foot with the top side of the tissue facing up, and the length of the tissue is wrapped around the foot and attached to the arm of the Crockmeter with the taped side, and the marked location on the tissue sample facing the operator at the forward portion of the Crockmeter. The type of tape used is not critical. Office tape commonly referred to as “cellophane tape” or sold under the trademark “Scotch® Tape” is suitable. The spacer is removed from under the arm and the arm with the attached foot is set down on the black felt with the long dimension of the foot perpendicular to the rub direction, and the foot is fixed in place. The glass microscope slide is placed on the felt forward of the foot and 3 volumes of 200 μL of distilled water each are dispensed from the pipette onto the cross-marks on the glass slide. The sample, foot and arm gently lifted, the glass slide is placed under the sample and the sample is lowered to allow the water to wet the sample for 5 seconds, after which time the arm is lifted, the glass slide removed and the Crockmeter activated to allow the sample to make three forward strokes on the felt with the arm being lifted manually at the beginning of each return stroke to prevent the sample from contacting the felt during the return strokes. After three forward strokes, the Crockmeter is inactivated and the spacer placed under the arm so that the black felt can be removed without disturbing the abraded lint thereupon. Three minutes after the felt is removed from the rubbing surface, it is scanned in an Epson, Perfection 4490 flat bed Scanner using Apogee SpecScan Software version 2.3.36 with the software being set for “lint” in the “Scanner Settings” window, with “5” being set in the “Process Groups of:” window on the “Defaults panel”, the “Resolution” being set at “600 dots/inch”, the “Scanner Mode” being set to “256-Grayscale”, the “Area Setting” being set to “Special”, the “Scan Image” being set to “Reverse Image”, the “Upper Limit” window on the “Dirt Histogram” panel being set to “>=5.000” the “Lower Limit” window of that panel being set to “0.013-0.020” and the “X Scale:” window being set to “25”; and the “PPM” window of the “Bad Handsheet” panel set to “2500.0”. On the “Printout Settings:” panel, the “Gray-Summary”, “Sheet Summary” and “Gray Histogram” boxes are checked, the “Copies” window is set to “1”, while the “Dirt Histogram”, “Categories” and “XY Location boxes on that panel are unchecked. Both the “Enable Display” and “Enable Zoom” boxes are checked on the Display Mode panel. On the “Scanner Setup” panel, the “White” box is set for “255” while the “Black” box is set for “0”, the “Contrast Filter” box is set for “0.000”, the upper “Threshold=” box is set for 80.0 [% percent of background plus] while the lower “Threshold=” box is set for “0.0” [grayscale value]. The “Percent of Background, plus offset” box on the “Scanner Setup” panel is checked while the “Manual Threshold Setting” and “Function of StdDev of Background” boxes are unchecked. If desired the “Grade Identification:” and “Reel/Load Number:” boxes may be used to record indicia related to the identification of the samples being tested. On the “Special Area Definition” panel, “Inches” is checked in the “Dimensions:” region while “Rectangular” is checked in the “Shape:” region. In the “Border at top and left:” region, “0.15” [in.] is entered in the “At the left side: (X)” box and “0.625” [in.] is entered in the “At the top: (Y)” box. In the “Area to scan:” regions “2.7” [in.] is entered in the “Width (X)” box and “5.2” [in.] is entered in the “Height (Y)” box. After scanning, the area in mm2 of the abraded lint left on the black felt is output in the “SHEETS” Table in the “Total Area” column under the “Sample Sheet(s)” heading on the “Sheet & Category Summary” screen. This result is sometimes referred to herein as “WALA” for Wet Abraded Lint Area, which is reported in mm2.
In other cases, the fiber removed will be washed off, and the solution subjected to testing in an Optest Fiber Quality Analyzer to determine the number of fibers removed having a length in excess of 40 μm. The Optest Fiber Quality Analyzer has become a standard in the paper industry for determining fiber length distributions and fiber counts (above a certain minimal length which keeps decreasing as Optest upgrades their technology).
The Optest Fiber Quality Analyzer is available from:

    
    
        OpTest Equipment Inc.
        900 Tupper St. Hawkesbury-ON-K6A 3S3-Canada
        Phone: 613-632-5169 Fax: 613-632-3744.
    
    


Regenerated Cellulose Microfiber
In accordance with the invention, regenerated cellulose fiber is prepared from a cellulosic dope comprising cellulose dissolved in a solvent comprising tertiary amine N-oxides or ionic liquids. The solvent composition for dissolving cellulose and preparing underivatized cellulose dopes suitably includes tertiary amine oxides such as N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) and similar compounds enumerated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,221 to McCorsley, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Cellulose dopes may contain non-solvents for cellulose such as water, alkanols or other solvents, as will be appreciated from the discussion that follows.
Suitable cellulosic dopes are enumerated in Table 1, below.







TABLE 1







EXAMPLES OF TERTIARY AMINE N-OXIDE SOLVENTS









Tertiary Amine N-oxide
% water
% cellulose





N-methylmorpholine
up to 22
up to 38


N-oxide


N,N-dimethyl-ethanol-amine N-oxide
up to 12.5
up to 31


N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine N-oxide
up to 21
up to 44


N-methylhomopiperidine N-oxide
5.5-20
1-22


N,N,N-triethylamine
  7-29
5-15


N-oxide


2(2-hydroxypropoxy)-
  5-10
2-7.5


N-ethyl-N,N,-dimethyl-amide N-oxide


N-methylpiperidine
up to 17.5
5-17.5


N-oxide


N,N-dimethylbenzylamine
5.5-17
1-20


N-oxide









See, also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,508,941 to Johnson, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Details with respect to preparation of cellulosic dopes including cellulose dissolved in suitable ionic liquids and cellulose regeneration therefrom are found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,824,599 of Swatloski et al. entitled “Dissolution and Processing of Cellulose Using Ionic Liquids”, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Here, again, suitable levels of non-solvents for cellulose may be included. This patent generally describes a process for dissolving cellulose in an ionic liquid without derivatization and regenerating the cellulose in a range of structural forms. It is reported that the cellulose solubility and the solution properties can be controlled by the selection of ionic liquid constituents with small cations and halide or pseudohalide anions favoring solution. Preferred ionic liquids for dissolving cellulose include those with cyclic cations such as the following cations: imidazolium; pyridinum; pyridazinium; pyrimidinium; pyrazinium; pyrazolium; oxazolium; 1,2,3-triazolium; 1,2,4-triazolium; thiazolium; piperidinium; pyrrolidinium; quinolinium; and isoquinolinium.
Processing techniques for ionic liquids/cellulose dopes are also discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,557, to Holbrey et al., entitled “Cellulose Matrix Encapsulation and Method”, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Note also, U.S. Pat. No. 7,888,412, of Holbrey et al., entitled “Polymer Dissolution and Blend Formation in Ionic Liquids”, as well as U.S. Pat. No. 6,808,557, also of Holbrey et al., entitled “Cellulose Matrix Encapsulation and Method”, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. With respect to ionic fluids, in general, the following documents provide further detail: U.S. Pat. No. 7,763,715, of Hecht et al., entitled “Extracting Biopolymers From a Biomass Using Ionic Liquids”; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0240727, of Price et al., entitled “Ionic Liquid Based Products and Method of Using The Same”; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0240728 of Price et al., entitled “Ionic Liquid Based Products and Method of Using the Same”; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0090271, of Price et al., entitled “Processes For Modifying Textiles Using Ionic Liquids”; and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0207722 of Amano et al., entitled “Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Compositions, Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Sheets With Suitable Protecting Films”, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Some ionic liquids and quasi-ionic liquids which may be suitable are disclosed by Imperato et al., Chem. Commun. 2005, 1170-1172, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
“Ionic liquid” refers to a molten composition that includes an ionic compound that is preferably a stable liquid at temperatures of less than 100° C. at ambient pressure. Typically, such liquids have very low vapor pressure at 100° C., less than 75 mBar or so, and preferably, less than 50 mBar or less than 25 mBar at 100° C. Most suitable liquids will have a vapor pressure of less than 10 mBar at 100° C., and often, the vapor pressure is so low that it is negligible and is not easily measurable, since it is less than 1 mBar at 100° C.
Suitable commercially available ionic liquids are BasionicTM ionic liquid products available from BASF (Florham Park, N.J.).
Cellulose dopes, including ionic liquids having dissolved therein about 5% by weight underivatized cellulose, are commercially available from Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Corp., St. Louis, Mo.). These compositions utilize alkyl-methylimidazolium acetate as the solvent. It has been found that choline-based ionic liquids are not particularly suitable for dissolving cellulose.
After the cellulosic dope is prepared, it is spun into fiber, fibrillated and incorporated into absorbent sheet as described later.
A synthetic cellulose, such as lyocell, is split into micro- and nano-fibers, and added to conventional wood pulp. The fiber may be fibrillated in an unloaded disk refiner, for example, or any other suitable technique including using a Pulmac-Fiber (PFI) mill. Preferably, relatively short fiber is used and the consistency kept low during fibrillation. The beneficial features of fibrillated lyocell include: biodegradability, hydrogen bonding, dispersibility, repulpability, and smaller microfibers than obtainable with meltspun fibers, for example.
Fibrillated lyocell or its equivalent has advantages over splittable meltspun fibers. Synthetic microdenier fibers come in a variety of forms. For example, a 3 denier nylon/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber in a so-called pie wedge configuration can be split into 16 or 32 segments, typically, in a hydroentangling process. Each segment of a 16-segment fiber would have a coarseness of about 2 mg/100 m versus eucalyptus pulp at about 7 mg/100 m. Unfortunately, a number of deficiencies have been identified with this approach for conventional wet laid applications. Dispersibility is less than optimal. Melt spun fibers must be split before sheet formation, and an efficient method is lacking. Most available polymers for these fibers are not biodegradable. The coarseness is lower than wood pulp, but still high enough that they must be used in substantial amounts and form a costly part of the furnish. Finally, the lack of hydrogen bonding requires other methods of retaining the fibers in the sheet.
Fibrillated lyocell has fibrils that can be as small as 0.1-0.25 microns (μm or μ) in diameter, translating to a coarseness of 0.0013-0.0079 mg/100 m. Assuming these fibrils are available as individual strands—separate from the parent fiber—the furnish fiber population can be dramatically increased at various addition rates. Even fibrils not separated from the parent fiber may provide benefit. For convenience, fibrillated lyocell is often referred to herein as CMF as short for cellulosic microfiber. Dispersibility, repulpability, hydrogen bonding, and biodegradability remain product attributes, since the fibrils are cellulose.
Fibrils from lyocell fiber have important distinctions from wood pulp fibrils. The most important distinction is the length of the lyocell fibrils. Wood pulp fibrils are only perhaps microns long, and, therefore, act in the immediate area of a fiber-fiber bond. Wood pulp fibrillation from refining leads to stronger, denser sheets. Lyocell fibrils, however, are potentially as long as the parent fibers. These fibrils can act as independent fibers and improve the bulk, while maintaining or improving strength. Southern pine and mixed southern hardwood (MSHW) are two examples of fibers that are disadvantaged relative to premium pulps with respect to softness. The term “premium pulps” used herein refers to northern softwoods and eucalyptus pulps commonly used in the tissue industry for producing the softest bath, facial, and towel grades. Southern pine is coarser than northern softwood kraft, and mixed southern hardwood is both coarser and higher in fines than market eucalyptus. The lower coarseness and lower fines content of premium market pulp leads to a higher fiber population, expressed as fibers per gram (N or Ni>0.2) in Table 3. The coarseness and length values in Table 2 were obtained with an OpTest Fiber Quality Analyzer. Definitions are as follows:



  
    
      L
      n
    
    =
    
      
        
          ∑
          
            all
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            fibers
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            n
            i
          
          ⁢
          
            L
            i
          
        
      
      
        
          ∑
          
            all
            ⁢
            
              
            
            ⁢
            fibers
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          n
          i
        
      
    
  




  
    
      L
      
        n
        ,
        
          i
          >
          0.2
        
      
    
    =
    
      
        
          ∑
          
            i
            >
            0.2
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
            n
            i
          
          ⁢
          
            L
            i
          
        
      
      
        
          ∑
          
            i
            >
            0.2
          
        
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          n
          i
        
      
    
  




  
    C
    =
    
      
        10
        5
      
      ×
      
        sampleweight
        
          
            ∑
            
              all
              ⁢
              
                
              
              ⁢
              fibers
            
          
          ⁢
          
            
          
          ⁢
          
            
              n
              i
            
            ⁢
            
              L
              i
            
          
        
      
    
  




  
    N
    =
    
      
        100
        CL
      
      ⁢
      
        
      
      ⁢
      
        (
        
          millionfibers
          ⁢
          
            /
          
          ⁢
          gram
        
        )
      
    
  



Northern bleached softwood kraft (NBSK) and eucalyptus have more fibers per gram than southern pine and hardwood. Lower coarseness leads to higher fiber populations and smoother sheets.








TABLE 2







Fiber Properties
















C,
Fines,

N,

Ni>0.2 mm


Sample
Type
mg/100 m
%
Ln, mm.
MM/g
Ln, i>0.2 mm
MM/g

















Southern HW
Pulp
10.1
21
0.28
35
0.91
11


Southern HW - low fines
Pulp
10.1
7
0.54
18
0.94
11


Aracruz Eucalyptus
Pulp
6.9
5
0.50
29
0.72
20


Southern SW
Pulp
18.7
9
0.60
9
1.57
3


Northern SW
Pulp
14.2
3
1.24
6
1.74
4


Southern (30 SW/70 HW)
Base sheet
11.0
18
0.31
29
0.93
10


30 Southern SW/70
Base sheet
8.3
7
0.47
26
0.77
16


Eucalyptus









For comparison, the “parent” or “stock” fibers of unfibrillated lyocell have a coarseness of 16.6 mg/100 m before fibrillation and a diameter of about 11 to about 12 μm.
The fibrils of fibrillated lyocell have a coarseness on the order of 0.001-0.008 mg/100 m. Thus, the fiber population can be dramatically increased at relatively low addition rates. Fiber length of the parent fiber is selectable, and fiber length of the fibrils can depend on the starting length and the degree of cutting during the fibrillation process.
The dimensions of the fibers passing the 200 mesh screen are on the order of 0.2 micron by 100 micron long. Using these dimensions, one calculates a fiber population of 200 billion fibers per gram. For perspective, southern pine might be three million fibers per gram and eucalyptus might be twenty million fibers per gram (See Table 2). It appears that these fibers are the fibrils that are broken away from the original unrefined fibers. Different fiber shapes with lyocell intended to readily fibrillate could result in 0.2 micron diameter fibers that are perhaps 1000 microns or more long, instead of 100. As noted above, fibrillated fibers of regenerated cellulose may be made by producing “stock” fibers having a diameter of 10 to 12 microns, or so, followed by fibrillating the parent fibers. Alternatively, fibrillated lyocell microfibers have recently become available from Engineered Fibers Technology (Shelton, Conn.) having suitable properties. Particularly preferred materials are more than 40% fiber that is finer than 14 mesh and exhibit a very low coarseness (low freeness). For ready reference, mesh sizes appear in Table 3, below.







TABLE 3







Mesh Size









Sieve Mesh #
Inches
Microns












14
.0555
1400


28
.028
700


60
.0098
250


100
.0059
150


200
.0029
74









Details as to fractionation using the Bauer-McNett Classifier appear in Gooding et al., “Fractionation in a Bauer-McNett Classifier”, Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, Vol. 27, No. 12, December 2001, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In connection with the present invention, an absorbent paper web is made by dispersing papermaking fibers into aqueous furnish (slurry) and depositing the aqueous furnish onto the forming wire of a papermaking machine. Any suitable forming scheme might be used. For example, an extensive, but non-exhaustive, list in addition to Fourdrinier formers includes a crescent former, a C-wrap twin wire former, an S-wrap twin wire former, or a suction breast roll former. The forming fabric can be any suitable foraminous member, including single layer fabrics, double layer fabrics, triple layer fabrics, photopolymer fabrics, and the like. Non-exhaustive background art in the forming fabric area includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,157,276; 4,605,585; 4,161,195; 3,545,705; 3,549,742; 3,858,623; 4,041,989; 4,071,050; 4,112,982; 4,149,571; 4,182,381; 4,184,519; 4,314,589; 4,359,069; 4,376,455; 4,379,735; 4,453,573; 4,564,052; 4,592,395; 4,611,639; 4,640,741; 4,709,732; 4,759,391; 4,759,976; 4,942,077; 4,967,085; 4,998,568; 5,016,678; 5,054,525; 5,066,532; 5,098,519; 5,103,874; 5,114,777; 5,167,261; 5,199,261; 5,199,467; 5,211,815; 5,219,004; 5,245,025; 5,277,761; 5,328,565; and 5,379,808, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. One forming fabric particularly useful with the present invention is Voith Fabrics Forming Fabric 2164 made by Voith Fabrics Corporation, Shreveport, La.
Foam-forming of the aqueous furnish on a forming wire or fabric may be employed as a means for forming sheets comprising fibers that are somewhat difficult to disperse in conventional aqueous furnishes. Foam-forming techniques are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,500,302; 6,413,368; 4,543,156 and Canadian Patent No. 2,053,505, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The foamed fiber furnish is made up from an aqueous slurry of fibers mixed with a foamed liquid carrier just prior to its introduction to the headbox. The pulp slurry supplied to the system has a consistency in the range of from about 0.5 to about 7 weight % fibers, preferably, in the range of from about 2.5 to about 4.5 weight %. The pulp slurry is added to a foamed liquid comprising water, air and surfactant containing 50 to 80% air by volume, forming a foamed fiber furnish having a consistency in the range of from about 0.1 to about 3 weight % fiber by simple mixing from natural turbulence and mixing inherent in the process elements. The addition of the pulp as a low consistency slurry results in excess foamed liquid recovered from the forming wires. The excess foamed liquid is discharged from the system and may be used elsewhere or treated for recovery of surfactant therefrom.
The furnish will almost always contain chemical additives to alter the physical properties of the paper produced. These chemistries are well understood by the skilled artisan and may be used in any known combination. Such additives may be surface modifiers, softeners, debonders, strength aids, latexes, opacifiers, optical brighteners, dyes, pigments, sizing agents, barrier chemicals, retention aids, insolubilizers, organic or inorganic crosslinkers, or combinations thereof, the chemicals optionally comprising polyols, starches, polypropylene glycol (PPG) esters, polyethylene glycol (PEG) esters, phospholipids, surfactants, polyamines, HMCP (Hydrophobically Modified Cationic Polymers), HMAP (Hydrophobically Modified Anionic Polymers), or the like.
The pulp can be mixed with strength adjusting agents, such as wet strength agents, dry strength agents, debonders/softeners, and so forth. Even though permanent wet strength is usually considered to be highly contra-indicated for bath tissue products, it is often included in many facial tissue products that are not intended to be flushable. Suitable wet strength agents are known to the skilled artisan. A comprehensive, but non-exhaustive, list of useful strength aids includes urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine formaldehyde resins, glyoxylated polyacrylamide resins, polyamide-epichlorohydrin resins, and the like. Thermosetting polyacrylamides are produced by reacting acrylamide with diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) to produce a cationic polyacrylamide copolymer that is ultimately reacted with glyoxal to produce a cationic cross-linking wet strength resin, glyoxylated polyacrylamide. These materials are generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,932 to Coscia et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,933 to Williams et al., both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Resins of this type are commercially available under the trade name of PAREZ® 631NC by Bayer Corporation (Pittsburgh, Pa.). Different mole ratios of acrylamide/-DADMAC/glyoxal can be used to produce cross-linking resins, which are useful as wet strength agents. Furthermore, other dialdehydes can be substituted for glyoxal to produce thermosetting wet strength characteristics. Of particular utility are the polyamide-epichlorohydrin wet strength resins, an example of which is sold under the trade names Kymene® 557LX and Kymene® 557H by Hercules Incorporated of Wilmington, Del., and Amres® from Georgia-Pacific Resins, Inc. These resins and the processes for making the resins are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,700,623 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,076, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. An extensive description of polymeric-epihalohydrin resins is given in “Chapter 2: Alkaline-Curing Polymeric Amine-Epichlorohydrin” by Espy in Wet Strength Resins and Their Application (L. Chan, Editor, 1994), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. A reasonably comprehensive list of wet strength resins is described by Westfelt in Cellulose Chemistry and Technology Volume 13, page 813, 1979, which is also incorporated herein by reference.
Suitable temporary wet strength agents for use in the practice of the present invention include aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes including glyoxal, malonic dialdehyde, succinic dialdehyde, glutaraldehyde and dialdehyde starches, as well as substituted or reacted starches, disaccharides, polysaccharides, chitosan, or other reacted polymeric reaction products of monomers or polymers having aldehyde groups, and optionally, nitrogen groups. Representative nitrogen containing polymers, which can suitably be reacted with the aldehyde containing monomers or polymers, include vinyl-amides, acrylamides and related nitrogen containing polymers. These polymers impart a positive charge to the aldehyde containing reaction product. In addition, other commercially available temporary wet strength agents, such as, PAREZ® FJ98, (low molecular weight slightly cationic glyoxalated polyacrylamide) manufactured by Kemira (Atlanta, Ga.) can be used, along with those disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,605,702.
The temporary wet strength resin may be any one of a variety of water-soluble organic polymers comprising aldehydic units and cationic units used to increase dry and wet tensile strength of a paper product. Such resins are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,675,394; 5,240,562; 5,138,002; 5,085,736; 4,981,557; 5,008,344; 4,603,176; 4,983,748; 4,866,151; 4,804,769 and 5,217,576. Modified starches sold under the trademarks CO-BOND® 1000 and CO-BOND® 1000 Plus, by National Starch and Chemical Company of Bridgewater, N.J. may be used. Prior to use, the cationic aldehydic water soluble polymer can be prepared by preheating an aqueous slurry of approximately 5% solids maintained at a temperature of approximately 240° F. (116° C.) and a pH of about 2.7 for approximately 3.5 minutes. Finally, the slurry can be quenched and diluted by adding water to produce a mixture of approximately 1.0% solids at less than about 130° F. (54.4° C.).
Other temporary wet strength agents, also available from National Starch and Chemical Company are sold under the trademarks CO-BOND® 1600 and CO-BOND® 2300. These starches are supplied as aqueous colloidal dispersions and do not require preheating prior to use.
To the extent that dry strength agents are added, suitable dry strength agents include starch, guar gum, polyacrylamides, carboxymethyl cellulose, and the like. Of particular utility is carboxymethyl cellulose, an example of which is sold under the trade name Hercules® CMC, by Hercules Incorporated of Wilmington, Del.
Suitable debonders are likewise known to the skilled artisan. Debonders or softeners may also be incorporated into the pulp or sprayed upon the web after its formation. The present invention may also be used with softener materials including, but not limited to, the class of amido amine salts derived from partially neutralized amines. Such materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,383. Evans, Chemistry and Industry, 5 Jul. 1969, pages 893-903; Egan, J. Am. Oil Chemist's Soc., Vol. 55 (1978), pages 118-121; and Trivedi et al., J. Am. Oil Chemist's Soc., June 1981, pages 754-756, incorporated by reference in their entireties, indicate that softeners are often available commercially only as complex mixtures rather than as single compounds. While the following discussion will focus on the predominant species, it should be understood that commercially available mixtures would generally be used in practice.
Hercules® TQ 218 or an equivalent is a suitable softener material, which may be derived by alkylating a condensation product of oleic acid and diethylenetriamine. Synthesis conditions using a deficiency of alkylation agent (e.g., diethyl sulfate) and only one alkylating step, followed by pH adjustment to protonate the non-ethylated species, result in a mixture consisting of cationic ethylated and cationic non-ethylated species. A minor proportion (e.g., about 10%) of the resulting amido amine cyclize to imidazoline compounds. Since only the imidazoline portions of these materials are quaternary ammonium compounds, the compositions as a whole are pH-sensitive. Therefore, in the practice of the present invention with this class of chemicals, the pH in the head box should be approximately 6 to 8, more preferably, from about 6 to about 7 and, most preferably, from about 6.5 to about 7.
Quaternary ammonium compounds, such as dialkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium salts, are also suitable, particularly when the alkyl groups contain from about 10 to 24 carbon atoms. These compounds have the advantage of being relatively insensitive to pH.
Biodegradable softeners can be utilized. Representative biodegradable cationic softeners/debonders are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,312,522; 5,415,737; 5,262,007; 5,264,082; and 5,223,096, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Biodegradable ester quats are suitable. These softeners are biodegradable by virtue of hydrolyzable ester linkages and are usually made by esterifying ethanol amines (i.e., di- and tri-ethanolamines) with a fatty acid followed by quaternization with dimethyl sulfate, or, more popularly, because of safety, diethylsulfate. A methylated example of such an ester quat has the following structural formula:




wherein R can conveniently be either an oleyl group, CH2(CH2)6CH═CH(CH2)7CH3, or an erucyl group, CH2(CH2)10CH═CH(CH2)7CH3, as these can be derived from oleic and erucic acids. In some embodiments, a particularly preferred debonder composition includes a quaternary amine component as well as a nonionic surfactant.

The nascent web may be compactively dewatered on a papermaking felt. Any suitable felt may be used. For example, felts can have double-layer base weaves, triple-layer base weaves, or laminated base weaves. Preferred felts are those having a laminated base weave design. A wet-press-felt that may be particularly useful with the present invention is Vector 3 made by Voith Fabric (Appleton, Wis.). Background art in the press felt area includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,657,797; 5,368,696; 4,973,512; 5,023,132; 5,225,269; 5,182,164; 5,372,876; and 5,618,612. A differential pressing felt as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,437 to Curran et al. may likewise be utilized.
The use of particular adhesives cooperates with a moderately moist web (25 to 70% consistency), to adhere it to the Yankee sufficiently, to allow for high velocity operation of the system and high jet velocity impingement air drying and subsequent peeling of the web from the Yankee. In this connection, a poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyamide adhesive composition as noted above is applied at any convenient location between cleaning doctor and the nip between the sheet and Yankee as needed, preferably, at a rate of less than about 40 mg/m2 of sheet.
Preferred Embodiments
As illustrated in FIG. 26, the process of producing high lignin eucalyptus by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP) consists of five main process steps:
1. Impregnation: Wood chips (or plant fibers) are compressed in a large screw press and discharged into an inclined (atmospheric) impregnation vessel. The vessel contains a mixture of chelant, hydrogen peroxide and caustic. The chemicals soften the chips and begin the bleaching process.
2. High Consistency Pressurized Refining: The impregnated chips drain as they are lifted out of the impregnation vessel and are fed through a high consistency refiner. The refiner separates the chips into individual fibers and provides heat to drive the bleaching reactions. Hydrogen peroxide is injected into the refiner discharge to boost the brightness. The hot pulp is discharged into an atmospheric tank and achieves full brightness after 30 to 90 minutes of retention.
3. Low consistency secondary refining: A final refining pass is done at low consistency to develop the desired fiber properties and to complete fiberization of any shives.
4. Shive Screening: The pulp is screened to separate shives from the fully individualized fibers. The rejects are fed back into the low consistency refiner to complete separation into individual fibers.
5. Washing: A tissue grade system would use three stages of presses to separate residual bleaching chemicals and anionic trash formed in the process.
For further information concerning pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP), see:
Xu, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0263815 A1, “Multi-Stage AP Mechanical Pulping With Refiner Blow Line Treatment”, Oct. 21, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,216,423; Herkel et al., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0186910 A1, “Four Stage Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulpings”, Jul. 29, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,048,263; Sabourin, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0066877 A1, “High Defiberization Pretreatment Process For Mechanical Refining”, Mar. 20, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,758,720; Herkel, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0200586 A1, “Four Stage Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulping”, Oct. 14, 2004; Sabourin, U.S. Pat. No. 7,892,400 B2, “High Defiberization Chip Pretreatment Apparatus”, Feb. 22, 2011; Sabourin, U.S. Pat. No. 7,758,721 B2, “Pulping Process With High Defiberization Chip Pretreatment”, Jul. 20, 2010; Sabourin, U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,541 B2, “High Defiberization Chip Pretreatment”, Nov. 27, 2007; Sabourin, U.S. Pat. No. 6,899,791 B2, “Method Of Pretreating Lignocellulose Fiber-Containing Material In A Pulp Refining Process”, May 31, 2005; Xu, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0069427 A1, “Multi-Stage AP Mechanical Pulping With Refiner Blow Line Treatment”, Apr. 15, 2004; and Xu et al., International Publication No. WO 03/008703 A1, “Four Stage Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulping”, Jan. 30, 2003.
Table 3A sets forth suitable process details for preparation of eucalyptus APMP from eucalyptus chips for use in the present invention.







TABLE 3A





Processing Conditions for eucalyptus APMP

















SAMPLE













A1
A2
A3
A4
A5













FURNISH

I1
A1
A1
A1
A1





kWh/ODMT APPLIED
PASS
584
87
181
301
322



Total
655
742
836
1137
1158


Total Alkalinity % Impregnation

1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1


Refiner

5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6


Total Applied

6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7


Residual

0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.51


Net

6.23
6.23
6.23
6.23
6.19


Hydrogen Peroxide % Impregnation

1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1


Refiner

9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.6


Total Applied

10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7
10.7


Residual

4.57
4.57
4.57
4.57
3.33


Net

6.13
6.13
6.13
6.13
7.37


FREENESS (CSF)

577
474
427
344
335


DENSITY

0.27
0.3
0.27
0.34
0.36


BULK (cm3/g)

3.69
3.28
3.68
2.92
2.81


BURST INDEX (kPa · m2/g)

0.59
0.84
1.07
1.47
1.44


TEAR INDEX (mN · m2/g)

3.7
4.5
4.7
4.8
4.9


TENSILE INDEX (N · m/g)

16
23.7
28.3
34.6
38


Breaking Length km

1.6
2.4
2.9
3.5
3.9


% STRETCH

0.86
1.13
1.33
1.52
1.65


TEA (J/m2)

4.81
9.33
13.38
19.04
22.92


ABSORPTION COEFF. (m)

0.21
0.2
0.2
0.21
0.22


% OPACITY

80.7
81.1
82.5
82.9
83.5


SCATT. COEFF. (m2/kg)

47
48.2
52
52.8
54


ISO BRIGHTNESS

85.6
85.9
85.8
86
85.4


% SHIVES (PULMAC-0.10 mm)

12.34
6.98
4
0.78
0.68


LENGTH WEIGHTED AVG LNG (mm)

0.893
0.845
0.831
0.782
0.762


ARITHMETIC AVG. LENGTH (mm)

0.455
0.446
0.446
0.451
0.447


WGT WEIGHTED AVG LNG(mm)

1.87
1.57
1.54
1.22
1.12


AVERAGE WIDTH(pm)

32.7
31.91
31.23
29.46
29.15


SURFACE AREA (m2)

1155
1060
1305
1371
1592














FIBER
% ON 14 MESH

10.1
5.9
3.2
1.1
0.9


CLASS
% ON 28 MESH

15.1
14.4
11.5
5.3
4.7



% ON 48 MESH

26.4
29.8
31.3
34.7
33.4



% ON 100 MESH

20.8
20.8
22
25.4
24.2



% ON 200 MESH

14
13.8
14.4
16.6
15.9



% THRU 200 MESH

13.6
15.3
17.6
16.9
20.9



+28 MESH

25.2
20.3
14.7
6.4
5.6












SAMPLE













A6
A7
A8
A9
A10














FURNISH
I1
A6
A6
A6
A6






kWh/ODMT APPLIED
576
78
140
187
226




647
725
787
974
1013



Total Alkalinity % Impregnation
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1



Refiner
10
10
10
10
10



Total Applied
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1
11.1



Residual
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.01
2.94



Net
9.09
9.09
9.09
9.09
8.16



Hydrogen Peroxide % Impregnation
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1



Refiner
11.9
11.9
11.9
11.9
11.9



Total Applied
13
13
13
13
13



Residual
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.74



Net
12.08
12.08
12.08
12.08
12.26



FREENESS (CSF)
541
448
396
317
307



DENSITY
0.36
0.38
0.41
0.46
0.47



BULK (cm3/g)
2.78
2.62
2.43
2.15
2.11



BURST INDEX (kPa · m2/g)
1.1
1.6
1.99
2.38
2.73



TEAR INDEX (mN · m2/g)
5.9
6.6
6.1
6.1
6



TENSILE INDEX (N · m/g)
28.7
36.7
42.2
52.6
55



Breaking Length km
2.9
3.7
4.3
5.4
5.6



% STRETCH
1.21
1.49
1.7
2.07
2.34



TEA (J/m2)
12.56
19.47
25.92
39.63
49.01



ABSORPTION COEFF. (m)
0.28
0.27
0.23
0.25
0.25



% OPACITY
79.7
79.9
80.6
80.2
80.8



SCATT. COEFF. (m2/kg)
42.7
45.3
46.7
45.8
46.2



ISO BRIGHTNESS
84.9
85.4
85.2
84.8
84.7



% SHIVES (PULMAC-0.10 mm)
11.84
5.54
2.68
1.08
0.78



LENGTH WEIGHTED AVG LNG (mm)
0.806
0.813
0.84
0.784
0.772



ARITHMETIC AVG. LENGTH (mm)
0.455
0.448
0.447
0.453
0.452



WGT WEIGHTED AVG LNG(mm)
1.3
1.37
1.65
1.19
1.2



AVERAGE WIDTH(pm)

31.07
32.15
29.52
29.05



SURFACE AREA (m2)
1467
1277
1045
1629
1465















FIBER
% ON 14 MESH
9.2
4.7
3.1
0.8
0.6



CLASS
% ON 28 MESH
16
13
11.4
6.4
4.7




% ON 48 MESH
27.1
29.6
34
35.2
35.6




% ON 100 MESH
21.1
22
23.7
24.3
25




% ON 200 MESH
13.1
14.1
14.6
16.2
16.2




% THRU 200 MESH
13.5
16.6
13.2
17.1
17.9




+28 MESH
25.2
17.7
14.5
7.2
5.3









Wet strength tissues of the present invention are obtained by well known tissue making technologies including conventional wet press (CWP), through-air drying (TAD) and uncreped through-air drying (UCTAD) along with known variants thereof. Techniques in which the fibers are rearranged on a transfer surface to reorder the fiber orientation or to produce variable basis weight products are not required in the practice of the invention of this application, but are rather, the subject of a separate U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/457,991, filed on Jul. 28, 2011, entitled “High Softness, High Durability Bath Tissue with Temporary Wet Strength”, Miller et al, which has been converted into U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/548,600, filed on Jul. 13, 2012.
Bath tissue of the present invention preferably comprises cellulosic fibers chosen from the group consisting of chemically pulped fibers and mechanically pulped fibers, and from about 5 to about 50% by weight of eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 15% by weight, more preferably, from about 10 to about 50% by weight of eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight, more preferably, having a lignin content of at least about 21% by weight, and most preferably, from about 3 to about 10% by weight of regenerated cellulosic microfiber. Typically, paper making fibers useful in the present invention include cellulosic fibers commonly known as wood pulp fibers. Applicable wood pulps include chemical pulps, such as kraft, sulfite and sulfate pulps, as well as mechanical pulps including, groundwood, thermomechanical pulp, chemically modified, and the like. Chemical pulps may be used in tissue embodiments, since they are known to those of skill in the art to impart a superior tactile sense of softness to tissue sheets made therefrom. Pulps derived from deciduous trees (hardwood) and/or coniferous trees (softwood) can be utilized herein. Such hardwood and softwood fibers can be blended or deposited in layers to provide a stratified web. Additionally, fibers derived from wood pulp, such as cotton linters, bagasse, and the like, can be used. Additionally, fibers derived from recycled paper, which may contain any of all of the categories, as well as other non-fibrous materials, such as fillers and adhesives used to manufacture the original paper product may be used in the present web.
In one embodiment, particularly, if a two-ply structure is being formed, the plies of the multi-ply fibrous structure may be the same basesheet formulation or the plies may comprise differing basesheets combined to create desired consumer benefits. In one embodiment, the fibrous structures comprise two plies of substantially identical tissue basesheets. In a preferred embodiment, the fibrous structure comprises a first ply, a second ply, and at least one inner ply, as shown in FIG. 4 hereof. A particularly preferred construction is that shown U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0297781 in the name of Richard D. Huss et al., entitled “Ultra Premium Bath Tissue”, published Dec. 3, 2009. In many embodiments of the present invention, the web has a plurality of embossments formed therein. In one embodiment, the embossment pattern is applied only to two plies that are bonded either by knurling or glue lamination to a third ply that is either unembossed, or far more lightly embossed than the other two. In such structures, the points of the embossed structure of the two embossed sheets are usually in contact with the unembossed or lightly embossed backing sheet, as shown in Dwiggins, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,896,768 discussed below. Often, such structures are referred to as having “points to the inside”. In another embodiment, the fibrous structure product is a two-ply product wherein both plies comprise a plurality of embossments, either in a nested structure or a point to point structure. Nested products are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,413,614 to Giesler et al., “High Softness Embossed Tissue” issued Jul. 2, 2002. Variation or combination of the rigid-to-resilient and/or rigid-to-rigid embossing processes are well understood by the skilled artisan and could be appropriately used in conjunction with the present invention. For example, nested embossing, point-to-point embossing, and multi-nip embossing processes are also within those configurations appropriate for use with the present invention. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,093,068; 5,091,032; 5,269,983 and 5,030,081 to Galyn A. Schulz.
In one embodiment, the fibrous structure product comprises two or more plies of fibrous structure wherein at least one of the plies has a plurality of embossments thereon comprising an embossment height from about 600 μm to about 1,200 μm, in another embodiment, from about 700 μm to about 1,100 μm, and the backing roll is either lightly embossed or unembossed, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,896,768 to Dwiggins et al., entitled “Soft Bulky Multi-Ply Product and Method of Making Same”, issued May 24, 2005. The multi-ply fibrous structure product may be in roll form. When in roll form, the multi-ply fibrous structure product may be wound about a core or may be wound without a core.
A particular advantage to the use of eucalyptus APMP is the high brightness attainable therewith. In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the eucalyptus fibers will both have a lignin content of at least about 23% and exhibit an ISO brightness of at least about 82. In yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the eucalyptus fibers will both have a lignin content of at least about 21% and exhibit an ISO brightness of at least about 80. This makes it possible to obtain outstanding brightness of the tissue product itself which is, of course, what the customer sees. When using a recycle pulp that has been properly de-inked, the tissue roll itself can exhibit an ISO brightness of:

0.82×(%Virgin chemical pulp)+0.795×(%recycle fiber)0.98+0.84×(%APMP Euc).

Another aspect of the present invention concerns an improved method of manufacturing bath tissue or facial tissue by depositing a furnish comprising cellulosic fibers on a translating foraminous support to form a nascent web that is thereafter dewatered and dried, wherein the cellulosic furnish comprises from 50% to 90% cellulosic papermaking fibers chosen from the group consisting of chemically pulped fibers and mechanically pulped fibers, from about 3 to about 30% by weight of regenerated cellulosic microfiber, and from about 10% to about 50% high lignin eucalyptus fibers, the high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20%, an ISO brightness of at least about 84, a Canadian standard freeness (CSF) freeness of at least about 400 ml, a bulk of between 2.2 and 4.2 cc/g, and a breaking length of between about 1.2 and 4.7 km. In a more preferred embodiment, a particularly well performing mid-grade bath tissue can be prepared from a furnish comprising from 50% to 90% cellulosic papermaking fibers chosen from the group consisting of chemically pulped fibers and mechanically pulped fibers and from about 5% to about 50% high lignin eucalyptus fibers, the high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 23%, an ISO brightness of at least about 83, a CSF of at least about 400 ml, a bulk of between 2.2 and 4.2 cc/g, and a breaking length of between about 1.2 and 4.7 km.
A preferred wet strength bath tissue comprises from 50% to 90% cellulosic papermaking fibers chosen from the group consisting of chemically pulped fibers and mechanically pulped fibers, from about 3 to about 30% by weight of regenerated cellulosic microfiber and from about 10% to about 50% high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a Kappa number of at least about 150. A preferred wet strength tissue of the present invention incorporating a fair amount of recycle tissue and having a basis weight of from about 10 to about 17 lbs per ply per 3000 sq ft ream, a specific geometric mean tensile of between about 35 and 45 g/3 in. per pound of basis weight and a specific eight sheet caliper of between about 3 to about 3.5 mils per ply per 8 sheets per pound of basis weight will comprise about 40 to 55% recycle fiber, from about 25 to about 40% eucalyptus kraft fiber, from about 3 to about 30% by weight of regenerated cellulosic microfiber and about 15-30% high lignin eucalyptus fibers, the high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20.
An even more preferred wet strength bath tissue, having a basis weight of from about 11 to about 17 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, a specific geometric mean tensile of between about 35 and 45 g/3 in. per pound of basis weight and a specific eight sheet caliper of between about 3 to about 3.5 mils per 8 sheets per pound of basis weight, comprises about 25 to about 40% softwood kraft fiber, from about 40 to about 60% hardwood kraft fiber, from about 3 to about 10% by weight of regenerated cellulosic microfiber, and about 15 to about 30% high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20%. In many cases, this wet strength bath tissue will have an MD stretch of between about 20 and 30%.
A mid- or an economy-grade bath tissue of the present invention will comprise from at least about 10% to about 90% by weight of recycled pulp fibers and from about 10% to about 40% by weight of never-dried alkaline peroxide bleached eucalyptus fibers having a coarseness of at least about 9.0 mg/100 m, a Kappa number of at least about 80 and an ISO brightness of at least about 82, the cellulosic tissue having a geometric mean breaking modulus of no more than about 75 g/%, a basis weight of least about 22 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream and an MD stretch of at least about 11%. An even higher performing tissue will substitute kraft fiber for the recycle fiber, either entirely or in part. Preferably, the eucalyptus fiber is prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP), even more preferably, the eucalyptus fiber will be prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping and, more preferably, will have a lignin content of at least about 20%, an ISO brightness of at least about 84, a CSF freeness of at least about 400 ml, a bulk of between 2.2 and 4.2 cc/g, and a breaking length of between about 1.2 and 4.7 km.
Comparative Example 1
For purposes of comparison, base sheets having the compositions and properties as set out in Table 4 were manufactured on a low speed pilot machine using conventional wet press technology, then converted as set forth in Table 5 into multi-ply products having physical properties, as set forth in Table 6.







TABLE 4





basesheet






























Varisoft
Caliper
Basis










GP-C
8 Sheet
Weight
MD
MD
CD






FJ98,
debonder,
mils/
lb/3000
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile


Sample
Desc.
Marathon
CMF
lb/ton
lb/t
8 sht
ft2
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.





30.1
4882-28
50
50
20
0
29.5
9.1
2024
28.5
831


31-1
4882-29
50
50
20
3
26.5
9.3
2045
27.6
744


32-1
4882-30
50
50
20
3
27.4
9.8
2284
29.5
851


33-1
4882-31
50
50
20
3
29.0
10.1
2248
28.3
927


34-1 base
4882-32
50
50
20
6
26.7
8.1
1487
27.1
573


35-1 base
4882-33
50
50
20
6
26.4
8.9
1659
28.9
604


36-1 base
4882-34
50
50
20
6
27.7
9.5
1787
27.2
706


37.1 base
4882-35
50
50
23
7
22.8
7.0
882
25.7
462


38-1 base
4882-36
50
50
23
7
23.4
7.0
1036
27.2
444


39.1 base
4882-37
50
50
23
7
24.7
7.0
989
27.8
444
























CD Wet












Tensile
GM
CD
MD
CD
MD





CD
GM
Finch
Break
TEA
TEA
Break
Break





Stretch
Tensile
Cured-
Modulus
mm-g/
mm-g/
Mod.
Mod.




Sample
%
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
g/%
mm2
mm2
g/%
g/%
Wet/Dry






30.1
7.7
1296
164
91
0.503
2.772
111
74
0.20



31-1
7.1
1233
180
88
0.420
2.305
104
74
0.24



32-1
6.8
1393
216
100
0.442
2.669
127
79
0.25



33-1
7.9
1444
235
97
0.568
2.591
118
80
0.25



34-1 base
7.4
921
154
67
0.327
1.803
BO
56
0.27



35-1 base
8.0
1000
177
68
0.379
1.876
BO
59
0.29



36-1 base
8.2
1121
157
73
0.472
2.062
82
65
0.22



37.1 base
8.1
649
125
44
0.314
1.215
58
34
0.26



38-1 base
7.5
677
114
48
0.250
1.329
59
39
0.26



39.1 base
8.8
662
105
42
0.315
1.265
51
35
0.24





Varisoft GP-C is an imidazolinium type softener.













TABLE 5







Data for Basesheet incorporated into Converted Product




















8 Sheet
Basis












Caliper
Weight
MD
MD
CD
CD
GM
CD Wet
GM Break
FQA Fiber




mils/
lb/3000
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Tensile
Modulus
Count



Description
8 sht
ft2
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
g/%
Number





















Condition
4882 - 32
26.7
8.1
1487
27.1
573
7.4
921
206
66.8
435


1
4882 - 33
26.3
8.9
1659
28.9
604
8.0
1000
165
68.4
494



4882 - 34
27.7
9.5
1787
27.2
706
8.2
1121
201
72.8
468


Average

26.9
8.8
1644
27.7
627
7.9
1014
190
69.3
466


Condition
4882 - 35
22.8
7.0
882
25.7
482
8.1
649
138
44.0
383


2
4882 - 36
23.4
7.0
1036
27.2
444
7.5
677
123
47.9
363



4882 - 37
24.7
7.00
989
27.8
444
8.8
662
132
42.3
305


Average

23.6
7.0
969
26.9
456
8.1
663
131
44.7
350









When tested for physical properties, Dry Linting and Wet Abrasion Resistance, as set forth above, the results set forth in Table 6 were obtained:










TABLE 6









Base Sheet
Base Sheet



Condition 1
Condition 2












Cell 1
Cell 2
Cell 3
Cell 4


Description
2-Ply
3-Ply
2-Ply
3-Ply














Basis Weight (lbs/ream)
17.14
26.11
13.93
20.45


Caliper (mils/8 sheets)
60.28
108.00
55.58
88.41


MD Dry Tensile (g/3 in.)
2198
3528
1384
2507


CD Dry Tensile (g/3 in.)
1069
1662
793
1133


Geometric Mean Tensile (g/3 in.)
1533
2420
1047
1683


MD Stretch (%)
16.70
19.14
16.74
18.94


CD Stretch (%)
7.43
7.47
7.59
8.35


Perforation Tensile (g/3 in.)
866
1380
652
972


Wet Tensile (g/3 in.)
311
477
213
332


GM Break Modulus (g/% strain)
137.56
202.50
93.92
134.23


MB 3100 Brightness (%)
92.12
92.25
92.15
91.71


MB 3100 b*
2.26
2.35
2.06
2.34


Opacity
73.98
82.39
67.12
76.09


Wet Abrasion FQA Lint Count
500
495
346
444


Dry Lint L* Difference
−0.26
−0.37
−0.43
−0.43


TMI Fric GMMMD 4 Scan-W
0.47
0.49
0.38
0.49


Unitless


Sensory Softness
17.22
17.61
18.29
18.47









Dry Lint: No data is shown in Table 4 for dry linting of the base sheets as the finished product. Dry-lint metrics as shown in Table 6 are all negative, indicating that the lint on the black felt was under the non-detect limit of the scanner. If it is taken that no dry lint was observed for the finished product, then it is extremely likely that the lint from the base sheets would similarly be under the detection limit.
Comparative Example 2
Based upon the results from Example 1, it was determined to evaluate whether product designs satisfying the criteria of low lint, high softness, and dispersibility could be achieved using 20 to 50% CMF, 3 to 7 lb/t FJ98, and 7 to 8.5 lb/ream basis weight.
It was further determined that three-ply glue lamination was an unexpectedly good converting configuration for CMF sheets, as unexpectedly high caliper was obtained out of low basis weight sheets. Accordingly, basesheets were made having the properties set forth in Table 7 using CWP technology. When converted into finished three-ply glue laminated rolls as set forth in Table 8, the products had the physical properties set forth in Table 9. While these products achieve significantly improved levels of softness, strength and resistance to linting, whether wet or dry, it can be appreciated that none of those presented so far has met the ultimate goal of producing a tissue that is as soft as the softest available commercial tissues, but has sufficient resistance to wet linting to be usable pre-moistened.







TABLE 7







Basesheet Properties




































Cured-


















Wet












8 Sheet





Tensile


GM









Caliper
B W
MD

CD

Finch
Disp.
GM
Break









mils/
lb/3000
Tensile
MD
Tensile
CD
CD
# of
Tensile
Modulus


Cell
Roll
Cell
CMF
FJ98
BW
SW
8 sht
ft2
g/3 in.
Stretch
g/3 in.
Stretch
g/3 in.
Shakes
g/3 in.
g/%


























3
4885-12
4
25
4
9
50
30.0
9.2
775
26.5
384
5.3
98
800
545
47



4885-13
4
25
4
9
50
31.5
9.4
834
23.2
384
4.9
104
800
563
53



4885-14
4
25
4
9
50
28.7
8.7
716
24.8
340
5.8
95
800
493
41



Average





30.1
9.1
775
24.8
369
5.3
99
800
534
47


4
4885-33
7
50
4
9
50
27.8
8.06
658
25.3
349
6.8
76

479
37



4885-34
7
50
4
9
50
29.9
8.74
905
27.8
386
6.8
83
500
591
42



4885-35
7
50
4
9
50
32.6
9.76
1074
27.6
423
6.1
95
600
673
51























Average




30.1
8.9
879
26.9
386
6.6
84
550
581
43





















TABLE 8







Cell
Front Roll
Middle Roll
Back Roll









3
4885-12
4885-13
4885-14



4
4885-34
4885-33
4885-35

















TABLE 9





Converted Product






























Basis





CD Wet
Break





Lint
Weight
Caliper
MD
CD
MD
CD
Tensile
Modulus



Softness
Dispersibility
Black Felt
lb/3000
mils/
Tensile
Tensile
Stretch
Stretch
Finch
GM


Description
Panel
# of Shakes
Unitless
ft2
8 sht
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
%
%
g/3 in.
g/%





Cell 3, 3-ply
18.7
713
1.92
24.9
164
1011
672
11.8
7.0
140
92


Cell 3, 3-ply
18.7
663
1.73
25.1
158
1063
651
13.0
6.5
149
90


Cell 4, 3-ply
18.6
788
0.35
24.4
160
1645
848
15.2
9.3
156
100 


Cell 4, 3-ply
18.6
800
0.12
23.4
154
1478
844
15.6
9.1
157
97


Cell 3 Average
18.7
688
1.83
25.0
161
1037
662
12.4
6.8
144
91


Cell 4 Average
18.6
794
0.24
23.9
157
1561
846
15.4
9.2
156
98































FQA
FQA



Opacity
TMI
Void
Break
Break

TEA
TEA
FQA
Fiber
Fine



MacBeth
Ply
Volume
Modulus
Modulus
Void
MD
CD
Fiber
Length
Length



Opacity
Bond.
Wt Inc
MD
CD
Volume
mm-gm/
mm-gm
Count
Lw
Lw



Units
g
%
g/%
g/%
Ratio
mm2
mm2
Number
mm
%





Cell 3, 3-ply
79
10.9
1,353
88
97
7.2
0.76
0.37
2408
0.80
9.0


Cell 3, 3-ply
80
6.5
1,399
82
99
7.4
0.94
0.33
2011
0.79
9.1


Cell 4, 3-ply
82
7.6
1,399
108
93
6.9
1.65
0.61
1563
0.64
17.7


Cell 4, 3-ply
82
9.5
1,373
98
95
7.3
1.21
0.60
2985
0.78
10.4


Cell 3 Average
79
8.7
1376
85
98
7.3
0.85
0.35
2209
0.80
9.0


Cell 4 Average
82
8.5
1386
103
94
7.1
1.43
0.60
2274
0.71
14.0









Table 10 shows a comparison of converted low-lint CWP CMF containing products with an ultra-premium retail tissue, Assignees's Quilted Northern Ultra Plush® and a competitive product, Charmin® Ultra Strong. Three-ply CWP products with CMF were able to at least slightly surpass the performance of Charmin® Ultra Strong in several ways: higher bulk, higher wet strength, higher opacity, and much lower lint achieving these advantages at equal weight and softness. The softness difference, however, is not sufficiently large that it is entirely certain that the difference could be replicated in subsequent panels testing the same products. It is clear, however, that the softness of the CMF containing protocepts was significantly inferior to that of Quilted Northern Ultra Plush® even though their bulk, wet and dry strength, opacity and Tinting were improved.







TABLE 10







Comparison of Converted Product















Previous low-lint





Quilted
Charmin ®
protocept
Current
Current



Northern
Ultra
Comparative
25% CMF
50% CMF



Ultra Plush ®
Strong
Example 1
Protocept
Protocept
















CMF, %


 50
25
50


SW, %


 50
37.5
25


Euc, %


  0
37.5
25


FJ98, lb/t


 20
4
4


Basesheet BW, lb/Ream
12-12.5

  7
9
9


Emboss


HVS-9 knurl
HVS-9
HVS-9


Caliper mils/8 sheet
144
140
 88
161
157


Caliper, cc/g
7.8
11.4
   8.4
12.6
12.9


Void Volume, % increase

1,301

1,376
1,386


Basis Weight, lb/3000 ft2
36
23.9
   20.4
25.0
23.9


MDDT, g/3 in.
1200
1,373
2507
1,037
1561


MD str, %

16.56
   18.9
12.4
15.4


CDDT, g/3 in.
450
699
1133
662
846


CD Str, %

11.1
   8.4
6.8
9.2


CDWT, g/3 in.
40
79
 332
144
156


GMT, g/3 in.
735
980
1685
828
1149


GM Break Modulus,
59
73
 134
91
98


Opacity
77
67

79
82


Softness
20.0
18.6
   18.5
18.7
18.6


Dispersibility, # of Shakes
<700

 2000+
688
794


Dry Lint (Delta L*)
10.2
3.0
   −0.4
1.8
0.24


Wet Lint (Fiber Count)
15000
8,480
 444
2209
2274









Example 1
We have found that we can get suprisingly good softness, bulk and wet properties using eucalyptus APMP, either without, or in conjunction with, relatively low contents of CMF, even in CWP products. Accordingly, it is evident that eucalyptus APMP can be substituted into the formulations described elsewhere in this application to provide significant benefit.
Pulps were distributed from tanks according to Table 11. The strategy for the outer plies was to make a Yankee layer with kraft pulp and good durability with a layer of high-bulk APMP or other integrated furnish. The middle ply was homogeneously formed with a high (65%) percentage of APMP to maximize bulk or 100% southern kraft. P6 high bulk APMP was used for outer plies, and P3 APMP was used for the middle ply. Marathon NBSK. was unrefined. The source of eucalyptus was Votorantin Celulose e Papel (VCP) aka Fibria, Sao Paolo, Brazil.







TABLE 11







Stratified












Tank 1, Air layer
Tank 3, Yankee layer
Total














Cell
B.W.
Pulp
B.W
Pulp
BW
Purpose





1
3.9
P6 APMP
7.1
50/50 Mar./Euc.
11
Outer plies


2
4.4
P6 APMP
8.2
50/50 Mar./Euc.
12.6
Outer plies


3
4.5
P6 APMP
6.5
18/41/41 CMF/Mar./Euc.
11
Outer plies


7
3.9
40/60 P3 APMP/Fibria
7.1
15/42/43 CMF/Mar./Euc.
11
Outer plies


8
5.5
50/50SSWK/SHWK
7.1
15/42/43 CMF/Mar./Euc.
12.6
Outer plies


9
6.2
50/50 SSWK/SHWK
6.2
20% CMF/80% Euc. Kraft
12.4
Outer plies










Homogeneous










Cell
B.W.
Pulp
Purpose





4
12.6
65/35 P3 APMP/Mar.
Middle ply


5
11
65/35 P3 APMP/Mar.
Middle ply


6
12.6
50/50 SSWK/SHWK
Middle ply


10 

50/50 SSWK/SHWK
Middle ply, No FJ 98





Mar. = Marathon NBSK






Nalkat® 2020 was added as an “anionic trash killer” at 5 lb/ton APMP. This was done to prevent trash from poorly washed pilot APMP from interfering with retention of temporary wet strength. GP-C debonder was added to the static mixer at 3 lb/ton APMP. The pH of each of tanks T1 and T3 was adjusted to 5.0 to 5.5 with sulfuric acid to optimize retention of temporary wet strength. FJ98 (temporary wet strength) was added into the pump suction at 6 lb/ton kraft pulp. GP-C was added at 3 lb/ton of APMP eucalyptus in the Yankee layer just before the fan pump.
All sheets for outer plies were calendered and had a GMT target of 350 g/3 in. and a cross-direction wet tensile (CDWT) target of 40 g/3 in. Sheets for middle plies were uncalendered and creped with a 10 degree bevel blade. Tensile control was achieved by increasing FJ98 or increasing debonder as necessary. 25% reel crepe was used for all basesheets. A 15° crepe blade was used for outer plies. In some cases, use of creping adhesive was unnecessary, so water alone could be applied through the Yankee spray as sufficient adhesion for satisfactory creping was provided by FJ98 and the hemicellulose remaining in the eucalyptus APMP. In other cases when debonder in the sheet interfered with adhesion, it was desirable to apply about 0.25 to 0.5 lb/ton PAE coating to the Yankee. A sheet temperature 230° F. was targeted. Only Yankee steam (no hood) was necessary for drying.
Method of Analysis
Results set forth in Table 12 were obtained when converted into finished product and evaluated for basis weight, caliper, wet and dry tensiles, softness, wet and dry lint and dispersibility. FIG. 4 sets forth a desirable design for a three ply bath tissue 4-10 product utilizing eucalyptus APMP, in which upper ply 4-12, comprising two strata 4-14 and 4-16, in which upper stratum 4-14 comprising 50% Northern Bleached softwood kraft fiber and 50% by weight of Eucalyptus kraft has a basis weight of about 7.1 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, lower stratum 4-16, comprising 100% P6 eucalyptus APMP, has a basis weight of 3.9 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, while interior ply 4-18, comprising 65% P3 APMP and 35% by weight of northern bleached softwood kraft, has a basis weight of 11 lbs/ream, while lower ply 4-20, comprising two strata 4-22 and 4-24, in which lower stratum 4-24, comprising 50% northern bleached softwood kraft fiber and 50% by weight of eucalyptus kraft, has a basis weight of about 7.1 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, and upper stratum 4-22, comprising 100% P6 eucalyptus APMP, has a basis weight of 3.9 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream. In many cases, it will be preferable to substitute furnishes comprising about 20% CMF, 40% eucalyptus kraft and 40% northern bleached softwood kraft fiber, for 50% northern bleached softwood kraft fiber and 50% by weight of eucalyptus kraft in the above. It can be observed that upper ply 4-12 and interior ply 4-18 have been embossed together, while lower ply 4-20 is relatively planar and is preferably unembossed.
Table 12 summarizes the properties of CWP prototypes made having a structure like that illustrated in FIG. 4. When “knurl” is indicated in the converting column, interior ply 4-18 was joined to lower ply 4-20 by knurling in a meandering path. When “glue” is indicated in the converting column, the plies were joined to each other by glue lamination. Note that the last two rows provide a comparison to Quilted Northern Ultra Plush® bath tissue and prototypes made using a newer technology in which a nascent web is creped off of a transfer cylinder at between 30 and 60% consistency. Table 13 sets forth details concerning the structure of each glue laminated product, while Tables 13A to 13G set forth further details of the physical properties of the finished products and basesheets, the finished product composition, the converting parameters used for of each of the finished glue laminated products. Tables 14A to 14D do the same for the knurled products. Tables 15 to 17 delineate the properties and construction of CWP sheets made using a high bulk birch pulp, somewhat similar to APMP Eucalyptus.







TABLE 12







Summary of CWP prototypes.



















Basis












weight,
Caliper,
GMT,










lb/3000
mil/
g/3

CD Wet,
Dry Lint,
Wet lint,
Dispersibility,



Item
Description
ft2
8 sht
in.
Softness
g/3 in.
ΔL*
mm2
#shakes
Converting




















1
High-bulk mechanical
27.0
131
888
19.7
193
0.4


2-ply, HVS9



HW w/CMF








knurl


2
High-bulk mechanical
37.7
174
899
20.0
192
−0.1


2-ply, HVS9



HW w/CMF








knurl


3
High durable no cmf
27.0
101
2405
17.5
342
0.2
1

3-ply, U19 lines,












glue


4
Med durable no cmf
28.1
95
2076
18.1
267
0.9
7

3-ply, U19 lines,












glue


5
Less durable no cmf
28.4
105
1495
18.5
193
1.9
12

3-ply, U19 lines,












glue


6
Less durable 20% cmf
26.7
95
2034
17.8
229
0.8
3

3-ply, U19 lines,












glue


7
High durable 20% cmf
27.2
96
2633
17.2
382
0.2
1

3-ply, U19 lines,












glue


8
Euc APMP 33%
38.5
145
902
19.1
85
6.0
19

3-ply, U19 lines,












glue


9
Euc APMP 50%
30.5
112
731
18.9
59
5.6
28

2-ply, U19 lines,












glue


10
Euc APMP 60%
38.8
145
850
18.2
60
5.9
24

2-ply, U19 lines,












glue


11
Euc APMP 44%
33.7
152
982
19.3
90
2.1
11
688
3-ply, U19, glue


12
Euc APMP 44%
36.3
160
1018
19.4
116
4.3
15
1450
3-ply, U19, glue


13
Euc APMP 49%, 7%
32.7
148
835
19.3
92
2.6
4
575
3-ply, U19, glue



CMF











14
Euc APMP 49%, 7%
32.5
146
1035
19.1
130
0.6
2
838
3-ply, U19, glue



CMF











15
Euc APMP 31%, 6%
32.4
139
1005
19.1
108
1.7
6
975
3-ply, U19, glue



CMF











16
Southern 62%, 6% CMF
36.7
147
1165
19.3
101
1.5
6
2000
3-ply, U19, glue


17
Integrated 57%
34.3
154
737
20.0
72
2.4
66
875
3-ply, HVS9












knurl


18
Integrated 57%
35.1
160
619
20.4
73
5.0
22
1000
3-ply, HVS9












knurl


19
Euc APMP 49%, 7%
31.0
146
765
19.8
100
1.1
18
850
3-ply, HVS9



CMF








knurl


20
Euc APMP 49%, 7%
32.1
148
953
19.8
126
0.7
3
1450
3-ply, HVS9



CMF








knurl


21
Euc APMP 33%, 6%
32.7
143
888
19.6
100
2.0
10
1025
3-ply, HVS9



CMF








knurl


22
Southern 63%, 6% CMF
36.7
148
954
19.8
99
1.9
8
2000
3-ply, HVS9












knurl


23
Southern 65%, 7% Pilot
35.8
150
788
20.1
68
3.8
13
2000
3-ply, HVS9



CMF








knurl


24
Southern 65%, 7% Pilot
35.0
150
823
20.1
89
2.7
11
2000
3-ply, HVS9



CMF








knurl







Comparatives
















FRBC/Belt 171 P3403G
26.3
145
932
19.3
113
5.4
30
600



Quilted Northern UltraPlush ®
37.0
148
773
20.0
40



3-ply, HVS9











knurl
















TABLE 13







Basesheet data for 3 Ply U19/glue lamination prototypes
























Base-







CD Wet








sheet
Caliper
Basis





Tensile
GM
CD
MD





De-
8 Sheet
Weight
MD
MD
CD
CD
GM
Finch
Break
Break
Break


Sam-
Conv.
PM
scrip-
mils/
Ib/3000
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Cured
Modulus
Modulus
Modulus


ple
Cell
cell
tion
8 sht
ft2
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
gms/%
gms/%
gms/%
























 4-1
1
1
0110-4 
49.1
11.4
386
28.5
284
4.7
331
23
29
60
14


32-1
1
5
0110-31
64.6
11.5
476
31.1
260
4.3
351
54
29
55
16


 5-1
1
1
0110-5 
47.3
11.4
351
26.9
277
4.4
311
27
28
65
12






160.9
34.3
1214
28.8
 821′
4.45
993
104
29
60
14


10-1
2
2
0110-9 
50.1
12.5
410
29.6
327
4.4
365
42
32
72
14


27-1
2
4
0110-26
65.9
117
629
29.7
372
4.2
482
62
49
108
22


11-1
2
2
0110-10
53.2
12.6
331
28.7
253
4.7
289
35
25
54
12






169.2
37.8
1369
29.3
952
4.45
1136
139
35
78
16


15-1
3
3A
0110-14
46.1
11.2
483
32.2
316
5.1
391
44
32
69
15


31-1
3
5
0110-30
62.2
11.6
552
30.2
312
3.9
415
48
38
80
18


16-1
3
3A
0110-15
48.5
110
381
30.9
264
4.7
317
34
27
60
12






156.8
33.8
1416
31.1
893
4.54
1123
127
32
70
15


19-1
4
3B
0110-18
45.8
10.9
472
29.8
365
4.9
415
66
34
74
16


26-1
4
4
0110-25
65.4
13.1
757
29.3
435
3.8
574
74
56
120
26


20-1
4
3B
0110-19
46.0
10.9
491
30.8
356
5.0
417
63
33
73
15






157.2
34.9
1719
29.9
1157 
4.59
1406
202
41
89
19


39-1
5
7
0110-38
43.7
11.7
462
29.8
313
5.8
380
47
28
50
15


30-1
5
5
0110-29
62.0
11.4
604
28.1
330
4.1
443
33
41
72
23


40-1
5
7
0110-39
41.1
10.8
383
29.3
285
5.1
330
42
27
56
13






146.8
33.9
1449
29.1
928
4.99
1154
123
32
59
17


46-1
6
8
0110-45
45.0
12.5
539
28.9
318
5.6
413
39
32
57
18


35-1
6
6
0110-34
63.0
12.8
322
35.9
268
5.5
293
31
21
47
9


47-1
6
8
0110-46
44.8
12.9
575
28.7
355
5.7
452
42
35
61
20






152.8
38.2
1436
31.1
941
5.58
1157
112
29
55
15
















TABLE 13A







Basesheet data for 3 Ply U19/glue lamination prototypes
































Wet








Base-







Tensile





11.2011-


sheet
Caliper
Basis





Finch
Break
Break
Break


0039


De-
8 Sheet
Weight
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Cured-
Modulus
Modulus
Modulus


Sam-
Conv.
PM
scrip-
mils/
Ib/3000
MD
MD
CD
CD
GM
CD
GM
CD
MD


ple
Cell
cell
tion
8 sht
ft2
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
gms/%
gms/%
gms/%
























 4-1
1
1
0110-4 
49.1
11.4
386
28.5
284
4.7
331
23
29
60
14


32-1
1
5
0110-31
64.6
11.5
476
31.1
260
4.3
351
54
29
55
16


 5-1
1
1
0110-5 
47.3
11.4
351
26.9
277
4.4
311
27
28
65
12






160.9
34.3
1214
28.8
 821′
4.45
993
104
29
60
14


10-1
2
2
0110-9 
50.1
12.5
410
29.6
327
4.4
365
42
32
72
14


27-1
2
4
0110-26
65.9
117
629
29.7
372
4.2
482
62
49
108
22


11-1
2
2
0110-10
53.2
12.6
331
28.7
253
4.7
289
35
25
54
12






169.2
37.8
1369
29.3
952
4.45
1136
139
35
78
16


15-1
3
3A
0110-14
46.1
11.2
483
32.2
316
5.1
391
44
32
69
15


31-1
3
5
0110-30
62.2
11.6
552
30.2
312
3.9
415
48
38
80
18


16-1
3
3A
0110-15
48.5
110
381
30.9
264
4.7
317
34
27
60
12






156.8
33.8
1416
31.1
893
4.54
1123
127
32
70
15


19-1
4
3B
0110-18
45.8
10.9
472
29.8
365
4.9
415
66
34
74
16


26-1
4
4
0110-25
65.4
13.1
757
29.3
435
3.8
574
74
56
120
26


20-1
4
3B
0110-19
46.0
10.9
491
30.8
356
5.0
417
63
33
73
15






157.2
34.9
1719
29.9
1157 
4.59
1406
202
41
89
19


39-1
5
7
0110-38
43.7
11.7
462
29.8
313
5.8
380
47
28
50
15


30-1
5
5
0110-29
62.0
11.4
604
28.1
330
4.1
443
33
41
72
23


40-1
5
7
0110-39
41.1
10.8
383
29.3
285
5.1
330
42
27
56
13






146.8
33.9
1449
29.1
928
4.99
1154
123
32
59
17


46-1
6
8
0110-45
45.0
12.5
539
28.9
318
5.6
413
39
32
57
18


35-1
6
6
0110-34
63.0
12.8
322
35.9
268
5.5
293
31
21
47
9


47-1
6
8
0110-46
44.8
12.9
575
28.7
355
5.7
452
42
35
61
20






152.8
38.2
1436
31.1
941
5.58
1157
112
29
55
15
















TABLE 13B







Finished product composition.














Euc APMP
SBHK
SBSK
NBSK
Euc Kraft
CMF
















1
44.4
0.0
0.0
33.7
21.9
0.0


2
44.4
0.0
0.0
33.7
21.9
0.0


3
48.6
0.0
0.0
28.1
16.1
7.2


4
49.4
0.0
0.0
28.4
15.3
6.9


5
31.3
0.0
0.0
29.8
32.6
6.4


  6A
0.0
31.2
31.2
15.8
16.1
5.6


  6B
0.0
31.2
31.2
15.8
16.1
5.6
















TABLE 13C





Converting Parameters (U19/Glue)


















Emboss Sleeves: U19 300-0436.2 HVS
Sheet Length: 4.09



Plybond Adhesive: TT 3005, 5% solids
Sheet Count: 200



Perf Blades: 1866 × 0.040

















Cell
Emboss

Middle Roll #
Back Roll #
Marry Roll Nip
# of logs/



ID
Pen.
Front Roll #
Embossed
Embossed
Open/Closed
Rolls
Notes





1
0.052
Cell 1-4
Cell 5-31
Cell 1-5
16 mm
12/24



2
0.052
Cell 2-9
Cell 4-26
Cell 2-10
16 mm
 6/12



3
0.055
Cell 3A-14
Cell 5-30
Cell 3A-15
16 mm
13/26



4
0.055
Cell 3B-18
Cell 4-25
Cell 3B-19

16/32
Decreased marry roll nip width


5
0.052
Cell 7-38
Cell 5-29
Cell 7-39

16/32



  6A
0.052
Cell 8-45
Cell 6-34
Cell 8-46

 6/12



  6B
0.045
Cell 8-45
Cell 6-34
Cell 8-46

10/20
















TABLE 13D







Glue Laminated Finished product - Physical Properties (pt. 1)

























Lint
Basis
Caliper





CD Wet



Table


Wet
Black
Weight
8 Sheet
MD
CD
GM
MD
CD
Tensile



23

Softness
Abrasion,
Felt
lb/3000
mils/
Tensile
Tensile
Tensile
Stretch
Stretch
Finch



ref
Description
panel
mm2
Unitless
ft2
8 sht
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
%
%
g/3 in.























1
3
High durable no cmf
17.5
1
0.2
27.0
101
3,242
1,790
2,405
28.0
5.1
342


2
4
med durable no cmf
18.1
7
0.9
28.1
95
2,688
1,604
2,076
27.7
5.6
267


3
5
less durable no cmf
18.5
12
1.9
28.4
105
1,888
1,185
1,495
26.1
5.2
193


4
6
less durable 20% cmf
17.8
3
0.8
26.7
95
2,899
1,428
2,034
28.1
6.3
229


5
7
High durable 20% cmf
17.2
1
0.2
27.2
96
3,727
1,862
2,633
28.9
6.2
382


6
8
33% AP MP (P6)
19.1
19
6.0
38.5
145
1,105
738
902
19.8
4.7
85


7
9
50% AP MP (P6)
18.9
28
5.6
30.5
112
878
610
731
20.5
5.2
59


8
10
60% AP MP (P6)
18.2
24
5.9
38.8
145
1,040
698
850
19.0
4.7
60
















TABLE 13E







Glue Laminated Finished product - Physical Properties (pt. 2)

























TMI
MD
CD
MD
CD




GM Break
Brtness
MacBeth
Roll
Roll
Ply
Break
Break
TEA
TEA




Modulus
MacBeth
Opacity
Diameter
Compress
Bond
Modulus
Modulus
mm-g/
mm-g/


Table
Description
g/%
UV-C %
Units
in
Value %
g
g/%
g/%
mm2
mm2






















High durable no cmf
203
89.7
72
4.80
29.29
4.65
116
355
4.20
0.59



med durable no cmf
166
89.8
72
4.32
19.10
5.14
96
287
3.66
0.59



less durable no cmf
129
89.8
73
4.55
19.33
20.69
73
230
2.61
0.40



less durable 20% cmf
151
91.6
80
4.26
17.84
8.63
104
220
3.44
0.60



High durable 20% cmf
196
91.3
79
4.38
17.93
3.98
128
300
4.27
0.80



33% AP MP (P6)
92
87.8
82
4.91
21.40
9.54
56
153
1.46
0.23



50% AP MP (P6)
71
87.8
77
4.12
13.73
11.80
43
118
1.24
0.22



60% APMP (P6)
89
86.6
83
4.71
16.88
10.96
55
145
1.37
0.23
















TABLE 13F







Finished product composition for CWP sheets












NBSK
VCP Eucalyptus Kraft
Euc APMP P6
CMF















1
50
50
0
0


2
50
50
0
0


3
50
50
0
0


4
40
40
0
20


5
40
40
0
20


6
40
27
33
0


7
30
20
50
0


8
24
16
60
0
















TABLE 13G







Glue Laminated Finished product - Physical Properties (pt. 1)























Wet
Lint
Basis
8 Sheet








Table


Abrasion
Black
Weight
Caliper
MD
CD
GM
MD




23
Softness
Dispersibility,
Tissue
Felt
lb/3000
mils/
Tensile
Tensile
Tensile
Stretch
ileStretch


Description
ref
Panel
#shakes
mm2
Unitless
ft2
8 sht
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
%
%





1
11
19.33
688
11.0
2.1
33.7
152
1,280
756
982
22.2
5.1


2
12
19.35
1450
15.1
4.3
36.3
160
1,169
886
1,018
21.7
4.9


3
13
19.31
575
3.9
2.6
32.7
148
1,019
688
835
20.3
5.2


4
14
19.05
838
1.7
0.6
32.5
146
1,314
818
1,035
20.6
5.3


5
15
19.11
975
6.3
1.7
32.4
139
1,315
769
1,005
22.2
5.1


  6A
16
19.29
2000
5.9
1.5
36.7
147
1,468
926
1,165
25.5
5.9


  6B
—
19.31
2000
5.4
1.3
36.8
143
1,464
971
1,190
26.6
5.8










Glue Laminated Finished product - Physical Properties (pt. 2)



















Table
Perf
Finch
Modulus
Roll
Compress
TMI Ply
Modulus
Modulus





23
Tensile
CD
GM
Diameter
Value
Bond
MD
CD
mm-gm/
mm-gm/


Description
ref
g/3 in,
g/3 in.
gms/%
in
%
g
g/%
g/%
mm2
mm2





1
11
377
90
94
5.06
21.9
9.0
58
153
1.65
0.28


2
12
412
116
100
5.13
21.2
7.5
55
182
1.60
0.32


3
13
336
92
81
5.13
26.5
8.8
50
130
1.27
0.25


4
14
448
130
100
4.95
22.6
8.0
64
156
1.55
0.31


5
15
397
108
94
4.98
27.8
11.1
60
150
1.62
0.29


  6A
16
441
101
95
4.91
22.5
15.3
57
158
1.96
0.40


  6B
—
421
106
97
5.04
28.4
14.6
56
168
2.04
0.42
















TABLE 14A







Construction data for HVS9/knurl prototypes w/Basesheet data.























8 Sheet
Basis













Caliper
Weight
MD
MD
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
CD Wet
GM Break



Converting
PM

mils/
lb/3000
Tensile
Stretch
CD
CD
GM
Tens Finch
Modulus


Sample
Cell
cell
Description
8 sht
ft2
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
Cured g/3 in.
g/%






















 6-1
1
1
0110-6 
46.9
11.1
365
28.8
280
4.5
320
26
29


37-1
1
6
0110-36
57.7
12.1
407
35.0
361
5.3
383
49
29


 7-1
1
1
0110-7 
47.4
11.3
369
28.7
294
4.6
329
27
29






152.0
34.5
1141
30.8
935
4.8
1031
102
29


12-1
2
2
0110-11
56.0
12.7
335
29.9
290
4.5
311
33
26


34-1
2
6
0110-33
63.5
13.0
357
38.7
274
5.4
312
30
23


13-1
2
2
0110-12
52.2
12.3
326
29.1
250
5.3
285
34
22






171.7
37.9
1018
32.6
815
5.1
908
96
24


17-1
3
  3A
0110-16
46.9
10.9
417
30.3
341
5.0
376
49
31


29-1
3
5
0110-28
62.8
11.8
453
30.4
363
4.4
405
45
35


18-1
3
  3A
0110-17
45.8
10.5
382
29.3
301
5.2
338
43
27






155.4
33.2
1252
30.0
1005
4.9
1119
137
31


21-1
4
  3B
0110-20
45.8
11.0
475
31.3
344
5.0
404
59
32


25-1
4
4
0110-24
63.8
12.3
708
30.0
374
4.1
514
47
46


22-1
4
  3B
0110-21
45.8
10.5
393
29.9
311
6.2
350
59
24






155.3
33.7
1576
30.4
1029
5.1
1268
165
34


41-1
5
7
0110-40
41.6
10.8
365
27.9
274
5.2
316
42
27


28-1
5
4
0110-27
65.8
13.0
734
29.3
419
4.2
554
72
49


42-1
5
7
0110-41
41.2
10.8
363
30.4
284
5.3
321
39
25






148.6
34.6
1462
29.2
977
4.9
1191
153
34






162.9

1097

733

893
115



48-1
6
8
0110-47
46.1
12.7
606
31.3
357
5.2
465
45
37


36-1
6
6
0110-35
63.7
13.6
390
35.3
312
5.0
345
43
27


49-1
6
8
0110-48
45.7
12.5
484
28.1
293
5.6
376
38
31






155.4
38.8
1480
31.6
962
5.3
1186
126
32






170.4

1110

721

890
94



56-1
7
9
0216-7 
46.3
12.6
404
30.9
336
5.3
368
35
29


66-1
7
10 
0216-16
66.6
12.7
323
36.9
238
5.8
277
6
19


57-1
7
9
0216-8 
47.6
12.5
477
32.7
362
5.2
415
35
31






160.5
37.9
1203
33.5
936
5.4
1060
75
26


58-1
8
9
0216-9 
46.0
12.5
442
30.5
331
4.9
382
39
32


63-1
8
6
0216-13
64.8
12.5
390
35.8
332
5.8
359
45
24


59-1
8
9
0216-10
46.8
12.7
451
31.0
369
5.0
408
39
34






157.6
37.7
1284
32.4
1032
5.2
1149
124
30
















TABLE 14B







Finished product composition for HVS 9 Knurl Products.














EUCAPMP
SBHK
SBSK
NBSK
Euc Kraft
CMF
















1
22
17
17
21
21
0


2
22
17
17
22
22
0


3
49
0
0
28
16
7.1


4
49
0
0
28
16
7.0


5
33
0
0
30
31
6.0


6
0
32
32
15
16
5.5


7
0
32
32
0
28
7.0


8
0
32
32
0
28
7.1
















TABLE 14C







HVS9/knurl finished product Physical Properties (pt. 1)











Basis
Caliper




















Table


Wet Abrasion
Lint
Weight
8 Sheet
Tensile
Tensile
Stretch
Stretch



23
Softness
Dispersibility
Tissue
Black felt
lb/3000
mils/8
MD
GM
MD
CD


Description
desc.
Panel
# of Shakes
mm2
Unitless
ft2
Sheet
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
%





5-1
17
20.02
875
66
2.4
34.3
154
910
599
18.1
4.8


5-2
18
20.36
1000
22
5.0
35.1
160
762
505
17.8
5.1


5-3
19
19.84
850
18
1.1
31.0
146
1,008
583
17.4
5.2


5-4
20
19.79
1450
3
0.7
32.1
148
1,230
740
18.4
5.0


5-5
21
19.56
1025
10
2.0
32.7
143
1,225
645
18.7
5.0


5-6
22
19.79
2000
8
1.9
36.7
148
1,292
705
21.5
5.6


5-7
23
20.10
2000
13
3.8
35.8
150
918
679
20.3
5.1


5-8
24
20.08
2000
11
2.7
35.0
150
946
718
18.9
5.0










HVS9/knurl finished product Physical Properties (pt. 2)

















Wet Tens
Break

Roll
TMI
Break
Break
TEA
TEA



















Table
Perf-
Finch
Modulus
Roll
Compress
Ply
Modulus
Modulus
MD
CD



23
Tensile
CD
GM
Diameter
Value
Bond
MD
CD
mm-g/
mm-g/


Description
desc.
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
g/%
in
%
g
g/%
g/%
mm2
mm2





5-1
17
389
72
80
4.96
21
7.9
51.7
124.6
1.02
0.19


5-2
18
354
73
64
4.83
23
5.7
43.1
94.3
0.86
0.17


5-3
19
343
100
80
5.00
24
3.2
57.3
112.1
1.03
0.20


5-4
20
456
126
100
5.04
23
4.4
67.4
148.0
1.31
0.24


5-5
21
431
100
93
4.92
22
6.8
66.5
130.1
1.28
0.21


5-6
22
518
99
87
5.03
24
8.7
60.5
125.3
1.51
0.26


5-7
23
358
68
78
4.91
20
6.9
45.6
132.4
1.13
0.22


5-8
24
352
89
85
5.07
25
7.7
49.9
146.4
1.07
0.23
















TABLE 14D





Converting parameters Sheet Length 4.09′′ Sheet Width 4.05′′
























#1
#2
#3
Lower







Unwind
Unwind
Unwind
Emboss

Lower

Mach.


Cell
Base
Base
Base
Pattern
Converting
Emboss
Feedroll
Speed


No.
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
#
Process
Depth
Calender
FPM





1
110-6
110-36
110-7
300-107.1
3 ply HVS
0.090
open
130


2
 110-12
110-33
 110-11
300-107.1
3 ply HVS
0.090
open
130


8
 216-10
216-13
216-9
300-107.1
3 ply HVS
0.090
open
130


6
 110-48
110-35
 110-47
300-107.1
3 ply HVS
0.090
open
130


3
0110-17
0110-28 
0110-16
300-107.1
3 ply HVS
0.090
open
130


4
0110-21
0110-24 
0110-30
300-107.1
3 ply HVS
0.090
open
130


5
0110-41
0110-27 
0110-40
300-107.1
3 ply HVS
0.090
open
130


7
216-8
216-16
216-7
300-107.1
3 ply HVS
0.090
open
130



















Unwind
Unwind
Unwind
Plybond



Finished


Cell
Tension
Tension
Tension
Air
Draw
Winding
Sheet
Roll


No.
#1
#2
#3
Pressure
Tension
Tension
Count
Diameter





1
0.5
0.5
0.5
23 psi
float
0.8
200
4.92


2
0.5
0.5
0.5
23 psi
float
0.6
176
4.84


8
0.5
0.5
0.5
23 psi
float
0.5
200
4.94


6
0.5
0.5
0.5
23 psi
float
0.7
200
4.90


3
0.5
0.5
0.5
23 psi
float
0.8
200
4.89


4
0.5
0.5
0.5
23 psi
float
0.9
200
4.95


5
0.5
0.5
0.5
23 psi
float
0.8
200
4.89


7
0.5
0.5
0.5
23 psi
float
0.7
200
4.92
















TABLE 15







Physical Properties of two-ply, high-bulk tissue with Tembec birch APMP (pt. 1).
















Caliper
Basis









8 Sheet
Weight
MD
MD
CD
CD
GM
CD Wet Tens



mils/
lb/3000
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Finch Cured-


Description
8 sht
ft2
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
g/3 in.





0302-2
62
14.1
879
28.1
595
5.1
723
172


0302-3
64
14.5
988
30.3
546
5.4
734
163


0302-4
88
19.9
868
28.1
587
5.0
714
154


0302-5
84
19.7
884
28.4
701
5.0
786
183










Physical Properties of two-ply, high-bulk tissue with Tembec birch APMP (pt. 2).
















GM



CD
MD
CD
MD



Break
SAT
SAT
SAT
TEA
TEA
Break
Break



Modulus
Capacity
Rate
Time
mm-gm/
mm-gm/
Modulus
Modulus


Description
gms/%
g/m2
g/s0.5
s
mm2
mm2
gms/%
gms/%





0302-2
61
337
0.0613
124.9
0.21
0.96
117
32


0302-3
58
350
0.0667
112.6
0.21
1.12
102
33


0302-4
58
548
0.1047
141.4
0.20
1.01
109
31


0302-5
63
532
0.1043
146.6
0.25
1.03
137
29
















TABLE 16







Overall Composition of 3 Ply prototypes* using Tembec Birch APMP for


bulky inner layer.












Mar. NBSK
VCP Euc
CMF
Birch APMP















1
32%
7%
10%
51%


2
23%
5%
7%
65%
















TABLE 17







Physical Properties of 3 Ply prototypes* using Tembec Birch APMP for bulky inner layer (pt. 1).




















Basis
Caliper 8
Tensile
Tensile
Tensile
Stretch
Stretch
Wet Tens



Softness
Lint Black
Weight
Sheet mils/
MD
CD
GM
MD
CD
Finch CD


Description
Panel
Felt Unitless
lb/3000 ft2
8 sht
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
%
%
g/3 in.





1
19.7
0.4
27.0
131
1,141
696
888
17.0
5.1
193


2
20.0
−0.1
37.7
174
1,143
713
899
18.7
4.7
192










Physical Properties of 3 Ply prototypes using Tembec Birch APMP for bulky inner layer (pt. 2).


















Break
Brtness
Opacity

Roll
TMI
Break
Break
TEA
TEA



Modulus
MacBeth
MacBeth
Roll
Compress
Ply
Modulus
Modulus
MD
CD



GM
UV-C
Opacity
Diameter
Value
Bond
MD
CD
mm-gm/
mm-gm/


Description
gms/%
%
Units
in
%
g
gms/%
gms/%
mm2
mm2





1
95.0
85.9
78.5
4.6
22.3
0.5
64.3
141.0
1.0
0.2


2
97.3
84.9
84.2
5.2
22.8
0.6
62.0
154.4
1.1
0.2









Summary of Results
Table 12 illustrates several rather surprising results in that three-ply bath tissues incorporating eucalyptus APMP exceeded Quilted Northern Ultra Plush® caliper without unduly degrading softness. This is considered quite surprising for a bath tissue comprising such large quantities of high yield pulp.
Even with products with excellent resistance to pilling, linting and shredding, it was possible to achieve softness panel ratings greater than 19, while reducing wet lint up to 96% versus Charmin® Ultra Strong. It can also be observed that in those products comprising rather small amounts of CMF, even further reductions in wet lint values were obtained. This was especially true of sheets containing CMF at 6 to 7% of furnish, wherein the CMF was concentrated in the surface strata of the outer plies by stratification without CMF in the inner ply. This is considered especially significant as, currently, CMF is substantially more expensive than most papermaking fibers, so it is particularly important both to reduce the amount needed and to obtain the easily perceptible benefit of the CMF. Products without CMF, however, particularly, those made with glue lamination, exhibited reduced wet lint relative to products where the plies were joined by knurling, thus making it possible to achieve excellent results without the use of CMF.
It is clear that applicants have succeeded in manufacturing a bath tissue that is usable prewetted, yet fully achieves a softness that is not merely comparable to premium and super premium bath tissue, but is at full parity and is arguably even softer, although, the improvement is most likely not significant enough to be noticed reliably by most users. This is a dramatic reversal of previous wet strength bath tissues in which it was hoped that the deficit in softness was not large enough to be reliably noticeable by most users. The softness panel rating of 20.1 achieved with furnish comprising 7% pilot CMF, 65% southern softwood kraft, and 28% eucalyptus kraft is considered to be landmark improvement in wet strength bath tissue.
High basis-weight CWP prototypes comprising less than 30% southern pine with large amounts of eucalyptus APMP were fully dispersible, passing the test described above in under 1500 shakes. Surprisingly, high basis-weight CWP product with an excess of 30% southern pine did not pass the dispersibility test after 2000 shakes as, despite appearing disintegrated, the slurry did not drain with the requisite speed. It appears that dispersibility may be helped by the inclusion of short, eucalyptus APMP fibers relative to longer southern pine kraft fibers.
Between comparable prototypes, products having plies joined by knurling had a slight edge in softness over glue laminated prototypes.
As expected, however, CWP products were at a disadvantage to those products produced by creping a nascent web at 30 to 60% consistency off of a transfer cylinder.
Two-ply bath tissue made with a furnish including tembec birch APMP achieved a softness rating of 20 at 176 mil/8 sheet caliper, exhibiting considerable dusting along with knurled ply bonding, which was poor, suggesting that mechanical hardwood APMP other than eucalyptus may achieve a similar bulk result as eucalyptus if used in the interior ply of a three-ply product, but is likely rather weak for use in the exterior plies.
These results, however, also demonstrate that the current best practice for making soft tissue does not optimize the properties of tissues to be used wet. In particular, the current best practice for dry tissue uses about 1⁄3 northern softwood kraft and 2⁄3 eucalyptus kraft with the softwood providing network integrity, while the eucalyptus provides smoothness and opacity. When a stratified headbox is available, in a refinement of this approach, the eucalyptus is stratified in the Yankee side of the sheet and spray softeners are applied up to about the limit at which they begin to interfere with creping. The stronger air layer with softwood provides strength, while the eucalyptus layer becomes very smooth and velvety, but, as mentioned, not only can spray softeners act as release agents interfering with effective creping of the sheet, and thus, interfering with realization of the full softness potential of the sheet, but surfaces comprised of 100% eucalyptus kraft often have increased tendency to shed lint. Thus, it can be appreciated that a premium softness wet or dry bath tissue product does not necessarily result from merely adding temporary wet strength agents to traditional premium bath tissue products intended for dry use.
A different strategy is needed for wet-durable tissue to reduce the linting tendency for both dry and wet use. CMF and northern softwood are incorporated in the Yankee layer, while a temporary wet strength agent is concentrated in the Yankee layer, to provide durability. Thus, the Yankee layer provides wet tensile and surface strength to reduce pilling. The air layer contains integrated furnish that is debonded, as much as tolerable, with little or no temporary wet strength, as shown in the representative tissue structure of FIG. 4. In this approach to providing a premium softness wet or dry bath tissue, the outer plies are stratified with softness and integrity, providing premium fibers in the Yankee layer and lower cost furnish in the air layer, to provide bulk and overall strength. The middle ply is homogeneously formed APMP and softwood kraft. Alternatively, the middle ply can be made with integrated furnish, such as southern kraft. The middle ply is creped with a relatively closed pocket to create bulk through coarser crepe and uncalendered to preserve the bulk adding by the coarse creping. In this approach, stratification to provide a strong coherent Yankee layer of low weight with a debonded air layer combine to produce a finely creped, but coherent facial tissue on the surface.
Table 12 summarizes CWP prototype properties made using the general strategy shown in FIG. 4, with the exception of prototypes 3 to 7.
Product 18 is an example of using integrated furnish to lower cost through cheaper and bulkier fiber, while maintaining softness. The 176 count roll has a 4.83 inch diameter and a 23% roll compression. Alternatively, basis weight can be taken out of the 160 caliper product to keep 200 sheets, as in, for example, the 31 lb/ream Product 19.
Product 24 is a CMF containing prototype, offsetting the high cost CMF in the Yankee stratum, by low cost integrated furnish away from the surface, to produce a tissue achieving an extremely high softness rating of 20 when tested by a trained softness panel. Product 24 is made with an outer ply comprising a 6.7 lb/ream Yankee layer with 20% pilot CMF and 80% eucalyptus kraft, with the remaining 6 lb/ream air layer being made with 50% southern softwood kraft and 50% southern hardwood kraft. The middle ply is an uncalendered sheet with 50% southern softwood and 50% southern hardwood kraft, the finished product content nets out to only 7% CMF, 28% eucalyptus kraft, and 65% southern kraft for a product that is potentially economically feasible in view of the benefits resulting from the use of the CMF.
FIGS. 5 and 5A show plots of softness versus wet lint with the bubble size representing CD wet tensile. Softness greater than 19 was achieved for most CWP prototypes, whether glue laminated or knurled. Wet lint was very low and wet tensile was generally less than the P3403G product, but greater than Charmin® Ultra Strong (69 g/3 in. CDWT). Many prototypes exhibited a highly desirable combination of softness, low lint, and durability. It can also be appreciated that prototypes with CMF have less wet lint than comparable prototypes with only wood pulp. Prototypes with just wood pulp, however, have substantially reduced lint relative to other retail products, so they may provide the most economical way of delivering low lint.
Another comparison to highlight is the lower wet lint achieved with glue lamination relative to knurling, particularly, in products without CMF. One of the knurled products had higher lint attributable to the surface ply failing, while other knurled products were both soft and durable. The difference between these two products was a higher basis weight and strength in the product that did not fail. While all glued products had low lint, most knurled prototypes performed nearly as well.
FIG. 6 compares the dispersibility of previous FRBC prototypes with current CWP. Many CWP products have both dispersibility and low lint, while others fail dispersibility, despite being less durable than FRFC prototypes. This difference between FRBC and CWP can be explained mostly by basis weight, but the data also suggest a fiber composition contribution. CWP prototypes with a value of 2000 shakes were terminated without passing. The samples were observed to be largely disintegrated, but too floccy to pass the small bottle opening in 8 seconds per the procedure. Higher softwood contents will increase the flocciness of the disintegrated tissue, and this effect was often seen when the product was made with a middle ply with 50% southern pine. On the other hand, sheets with more eucalyptus APMP exhibited satisfactory dispersability. Minimizing softwood content, particularly southern pine, can benefit dispersibility, particularly in high basis weight tissue with more durability. Desirably, softwood content will be kept to less than about 40%, more preferably, to less than about 35%, still more preferably, between about 20% and about 35%, and most preferably, to between about 25% and about 35%.
FIG. 7 shows that embossing with pattern HVS 9 (FIGS. 30, 30-1, 30-2, 30-A to 30-H and 30-J), then ply bonding by knurling, resulted in softer product on similar sheets than embossing with pattern U 19 (FIGS. 29, 29A-29F, 29H and 29T) glue. The HVS 9 microemboss reduced basesheet tensile on the order of 25%, while there was almost no tensile breakdown with the emboss penetration used in U 19.
FIGS. 8 and 9 compare the attribute of bath tissue made using FRBC technology to tissue made using CWP. In particular, while both FRFC and FRBC clearly have striking advantages in terms of bulk generation (FIG. 8), the difference in softness is considerably less substantial (FIG. 9).
Referring back to Table 12, Products 1 and 2 are early prototypes that used birch APMP for the bulky inner layer. It appears that other APMP hardwood pulps can be substituted for eucalyptus APMP in the interior plies of three-ply products to provide the bulk benefit of the eucalyptus APMP. The sheets, however, are weak and subject to considerable dusting, suggesting that they are not all that desirable for exterior plies.
In contrast, the preceding Examples demonstrate that low cost eucalyptus APMP furnish can be incorporated into premium three-ply bath tissue without sacrificing softness or the attributes of quality while adding bulk. Three-ply CWP can be an acceptable format for a premium quality wet or dry bath tissue. As shown below, Table 18 sets forth an overview of the product data for the CWP products, along with their basesheet data. Cells 1 to 3 provide high durable, medium durable, and less durable CWP products, respectively, with no CMF added. Cells 4 and 5 provide less durable and high durable CWP products, respectively, with 20% CMF added. Finally, Cells 6 to 8 provide high bulk CWP products with 33%, 50%, and 60% APMP incorporated therein.







TABLE 18







Product data for low-weight CWP durable product. Basesheet data.





















8 Sheet
Basis












Caliper
Weight
MD
MD
CD
CD
GM
CD Wet
GM Break





Mils/
Lb/300
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Stretch
Tensile
Tensile Cured
Modulus


Cell
Roll ID

8 sht
ft2
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
%
g/3 in.
g/3 in.
gms/%





















1
1130-4 
High
27.0
9.2
1259
31.3
870
4.7
1045
171
87



1130-5 
durable
27.3
9.2
1112
31.9
712
4.4
888
149
75



1130-6 
No CMF
27.8
8.8
1330
33.2
859
4.4
1067
127
87


2
1130-7 
Med
29.5
9.6
1092
33.0
562
4.0
782
90
67



1130-8 
durable
29.1
9.7
990
32.4
665
4.6
811
92
71



1130-9 
No CMF
27.0
8.9
1091
34.8
575
4.7
791
99
61


3
1130-16
Less
31.7
9.1
461
31.1
380
5.2
418
49
32



1130-17
durable
32.7
9.9
632
34.3
494
5.2
559
64
43



1130-18
No CMF
30.8
9.2
572
31.6
392
4.9
471
64
38


4
1130-20
Less
30.1
9.2
972
33.3
509
6.1
703
70
47



1130-21
durable
30.8
9.5
1029
33.5
506
6.6
721
71
45



1130-22
20% CMF
29.5
9.1
852
33.1
501
6.4
653
58
48


5
1130-24
High
29.6
9.6
1201
34.9
705
5.6
920
118
72



1130-25
durable
28.5
9.3
1198
32.3
625
6.4
865
115
58



1130-26
20% CMF
26.1
8.4
889
30.3
550
6.1
699
126
51


6
4905-57
High bulk
52.1
13.1
379
27.6
301
5.1
337
36
29



4905-58
33% APMP
48.5
12.6
409
25.9
298
4.8
348
31
32



4905-59

49.2
12.9
391
27.7
306
5.7
345
31
27


7
4905-60
High bulk
61.4
16.1
460
28.5
381
5.3
417
36
35



4905-61
50% APMP
61.5
15.9
492
28.0
339
5.1
408
39
33


8
4905-62
High bulk
81.7
20.3
508
26.6
434
5.0
469
38
41



4905-63
60% APMP
80.1
20.6
633
28.0
459
5.3
539
40
45









Example 2
Four different fiber variants of eucalyptus pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (P-RC APMP) (“APMP”) having a brightness of 85 to 88 ISO, bulk between 2.0 and 3.9 cm3/g and breaking length between 1.4 and 4.0 km. as set forth in Table 19.







TABLE 19







Summary of trial pulp blends












P3 High
P4 High
P5
P6



Strength
Strength
High Bulk
High Bulk















Optical






Brightness, UV-C
87.7
88.6
85.1
85.0


L*
97.6
97.8
97.0
96.8


a*
−2.1
−1.9
−2.0
−1.8


b*
4.9
4.5
5.7
5.5


Whiteness
71.8
73.9
66.3
66.8


Opacity
82.8
82.0
83.1
85.2


Morphology


Ln, mm
0.38
0.37
0.37
0.36


Lw, mm
0.71
0.67
0.71
0.69


Lz, mm
0.92
0.83
0.96
0.95


Coarseness, mg/100 m
10.7
9.5
12.4
10.6


Fines(w), %
11.6
11.2
11.6
12.1


Curl Index(w)
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03


Shives, %
1.6
0.4
6.1
1.9


Handsheets


Tensile, km
2.9
3.9
0.9
1.4


Bulk. cc/a
2.5
2.0
3.9
3.4


Other


Kappa
148
155
135
148


Fiber Charge, meq/100 g
−9.7
−14.0
−11.9
−10.1


Total Charge, meq/100 g
−26.1
−25.7
−19.6
−19.5


Freeness, ml
534
422
594
492









Preliminarily, a variety of handsheets using the fiber variants along with more conventional papermaking fibers were produced as set forth in Table 20 as follows:







TABLE 20







Conditions for TAPPI handsheets with trial pulps (P3-P6)
















Cell
DIP
SSWK
SHWK
P3
P4
P5
P6
Amres ®, lb/t
CMC, lb/t



















1
100










2
100






12



3
100






30
8


4
80


20







5
60


40







6



100







7
80




20





8
60




40





9





100





10






20




11






40




12






100




13
80



20


0



14
80



20


12



15
80



20


30



16
80


20



30



17
60



40


0



18
60



40


12



19
60



40


30



20




100






21

60
40








22

60
40




12



23

60
40




30
8


24

48
32

20






25

36
24

40






26

48
32
20



0



27

48
32
20



12



28

48
32
20



30



29

48
32

20


30



30

36
24
40



0



31

36
24
40



12



32

36
24
40



30



33

48
32


20





34

36
24


40





35

48
32



20




36

36
24



40





DIP = deinked wet lap from recycle paper;


CMC = carboxymethylcellulose,


AmRes ® = Amres ® HP100 high solids polyamide wet strength resin






Based on the results obtained with the handsheets, tissue was produced on a pilot scale, CWP paper machine using the four different variants (P3, P4, P5, P6) along with conventional tissue making fibers. Surprisingly, basesheet for bath tissue produced with eucalyptus APMP achieved parity to commercially produced basesheet for bath tissue using a furnish of 60% deinked recycled pulp (“DIP”) and 40% virgin pulp.
A variety of prototypes was produced, as set forth in Table 21 as follows:







TABLE 21







Pilot Paper Machine Trial Cells


















Cell
Product
FRF
SSWK
SHW
Eucaly
P3
P4
P5
P6
Amres ®
CMC





4
Towel
60
40






10



5
Towel
48
32



20


20



6
Towel
36
24



40


20



 6A
Towel
36
24



40


10



10 
Towel

60
40





10



11 
Towel

48
32


20


10



12 
Towel

36
24


40


20



 12A
Towel

36
24


40


30



1
Bath Tissue
60


40








2
Bath Tissue
48


32
20







3
Bath Tissue
54


36


10





 3B
Bath Tissue
48


32


20





7
Bath Tissue

40
60









8
Bath Tissue

36
54

10







9
Bath Tissue

32
48




20




13 
Towel

60
40





20
4


14 
Towel

48
32


20


20



15 
Towel

48
32


20


30



16 
Towel

36
24


40


30





FRF = deinked wet lap from recycled paper






Discussion of Results
One unique characteristic of APMP pulping is the ability to manipulate fiber properties by adjusting the chemical application and refining energy as set forth above. This is different than kraft pulping in which the finished fiber properties are essentially set by the wood source and pulping and bleaching technology. The ability to manipulate the fiber properties is both a challenge and an opportunity. The opportunity in a production setting is to allow significant fine tuning of the fiber properties and balancing the energy and chemical costs.
In FIG. 10, there is plotted the relationship between energy and freeness for the five alkalinity levels run in the trial. The expected relationship within each alkalinity level is seen where freeness decreases with increasing refining energy. The freeness also decreases with increasing alkalinity level. A range of alkalinity and energy levels can be selected to achieve the target freeness level.
In FIG. 11, there is plotted the freeness bulk relationships. There is no single bulk freeness relationship, but rather, the bulk is a function of the alkalinity level. High alkalinity results in lower bulk.
FIG. 12 shows the relationship between freeness and tensile index. Again, alkalinity has a significant impact on strength at a given freeness level.
Freeness and bulk are a function of both total alkalinity and refining energy. Increasing the alkalinity will result in higher tensile strength, lower bulk and lower freeness at a given energy level. Neither alkalinity nor refining energy, however, impact the fundamental bulk and strength relationship. In FIG. 13 is plotted a bulk tensile curve for APMP and kraft eucalyptus pulps. The alkalinity curves for each pulp were plotted and the bulk and breaking length at 300, 400 and 500 mls freeness were calculated. A similar calculation was completed for five market kraft eucalyptus pulps. APMP has a much steeper slope than kraft, and APMP pulp has significantly higher bulk than kraft pulp at low breaking length. Note the relatively flat slope of the kraft pulps. The curves intersect at about 6.5 km and 1.5 cm3/g, suggesting that there is little difference between the pulps at very high strength level.
Brightness Development
Post-refiner brightness ran between 83 and 87 ISO. Good brightness development was seen for all runs. On the high alkalinity run, 12, significant peroxide decomposition was seen. High peroxide consumption is usually due to high metals content of the wood, so chelant addition was increased for subsequent runs which eliminated the issue. In FIG. 14A, the consumption of impregnation chemicals is plotted (peroxide and total alkalinity—TA) compared to the peak brightness for the series. No relationship between impregnation chemicals and brightness is seen for the range of chemical application in the trial. FIG. 14B shows the post refiner chemical addition and peak brightness. This graph shows that peak brightness development occurred around 7% chemical applied on pulp and not much correlation with alkalinity.
FIG. 15 shows the net total chemical consumed in both impregnation and post refining, along with the brightness development. This graph shows there was very little correlation between chemicals consumed and brightness development. Taken with FIGS. 14A and 14B above, an estimated peroxide demand for a commercial installation will be between 3.5 and 4.5% on pulp. Surprisingly, total alkalinity does not have a significant impact on brightness and, therefore, can be adjusted to achieve pulp properties and balance refiner energy—see discussion below.
Based on the apparent refiner brightness ceiling of 87, samples of the P3 pulp were laboratory bleached to establish the absolute brightness ceiling. All bleaches were completed at medium consistency. The conditions for the laboratory bleaches were:

    
    
        1% on pulp NaOH
        1, 2 and 3% H2O2 on pulp
        0.25% on pulp DTPA
        85° C.
        2 hours retention
        12% consistency.
    
    


The lab results are shown in Table 22. All lab bleaches resulted in a 91 to 92 MacBeth brightness and showed relatively low peroxide consumption indicating that 92 is the brightness ceiling for this wood supply.







TABLE 22







Laboratory Bleaching Results



















Chemicals %






Bleach
Temperature
Retention
Consistency
on pulp

Final
Peroxide
Final

















Number
C.
Minutes
%
H202
NaOH
Chelant
pH
Res W1
Consumed
Brightness




















1
85
120
12
1
1
0.25
10.4
0.18
85%
91.1


2
85
120
12
2
1
0.25
10.3
0.82
67%
92.0


3
85
120
12
3
1
0.25
10
2.42
35%
92.1









Handsheets

FIGS. 16, 17, and 18 show the effect of eucalyptus APMP on optical properties of handsheets. In either de-inked or virgin southern furnish, APMP increases brightness and opacity, while being neutral on b* (yellowness) up to 40% APMP. FIG. 19 shows how APMP increases the bulk/strength curve at 20 and 40% addition rates.
FIG. 20 shows that APMP substantially improves handsheet absorbency of de-inked pulp (FRF), while having less impact on virgin furnish. FIG. 21 shows how eucalyptus APMP impacts wet tensile in handsheets.
FIG. 22 shows the impact of 20% eucalyptus APMP on tissue bulk/caliper. Products were measured at constant emboss penetration. APMP increases bulk about 6% relative to the controls.
FIG. 23 shows that, surprisingly, even 20% APMP does not hurt softness. There is a strong correlation between softness and strength, and it is expected that bringing the APMP prototype tensiles up to that of the controls would result in nearly identical softness values. All trial product softness values were above the level of 17, which is indicative of midgrade tissue product, significantly softer than economy and commercial grades, but not as soft as premium grades, which would normally score around 19 or higher by softness panels.
FIG. 24 shows key morphology parameters of tissue finished products. 20% APMP has an almost negligible effect on sheet morphology relative to the control. Table 23, below, summarizes the morphology of individual pulps used to make the products in FIG. 24.







TABLE 23







Morphology of pulps used to make tissue prototypes













P3
P5
P6
FRF/Euc kraft
Southern
















Ln, mm (# ave)
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.44
0.33


Lw, mm (wt. ave)
0.71
0.71
0.69
0.87
1.10


Lz, mm (L ave)
0.92
0.96
0.95
1.30
1.75


Coarseness, mg/100 m
10.7
12.4
10.6
8.1
11.4


Fines(w), %
11.6
11.6
12.1
8.0
17.6


Curl Index(w)
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.10
0.10









FIG. 25 shows that APMP does not increase lint appreciably when adjusted for strength.
While the invention has been described in connection with numerous examples and embodiments, modifications to those examples and embodiments within the spirit and scope of the invention will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art. In view of the foregoing discussion, relevant knowledge in the art and references, including co-pending applications discussed above, the relevant disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, further description is deemed unnecessary.

## Claims

1. A cellulosic tissue comprising:
(A) cellulosic fibers selected from the group consisting of (a) chemically pulped fibers and (b) mechanically pulped fibers, wherein the cellulosic fibers include:
(i) from about 10% to about 50% by weight eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight; and
(ii) from about 3 to about 10% by weight regenerated cellulosic microfibers; and

(B) virgin chemically pulped fibers, recycle fiber in an amount of up to 50%,
wherein the eucalyptus fiber has been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping, exhibiting an ISO brightness of at least 0.82×(% VCP)+0.795×(% RF)0.98+0.84×(% APMP), and
wherein % VCP is the percentage of virgin chemical pulp in the sheet, % RF, the percentage of recycle fiber, and % alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP), the percentage of APMP eucalyptus.

2. The cellulosic tissue of claim 1, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have a lignin content of at least about 23%, and exhibit an ISO brightness of at least about 82.

3. The cellulosic tissue of claim 2, wherein the chemically pulped fibers are selected from a group consisting of hardwood and softwood fibers, and wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fiber in the tissue is at most 30%.

4. The cellulosic tissue of claim 1, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

5. The cellulosic tissue of claim 1, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

6. The cellulosic tissue of claim 1, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

7. The cellulosic tissue of claim 6, wherein the weight percentage of the chemically pulped fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

8. The cellulosic tissue of claim 7, wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

9. The cellulosic tissue of claim 8 wherein the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%.

10. The cellulosic tissue of claim 1, wherein the chemically pulped fibers are selected from a group consisting of hardwood and softwood fibers, and wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

11. A method of manufacturing a tissue product selected from the group consisting of bath tissue and facial tissue, wherein a furnish comprising cellulosic fibers is deposited on a translating foraminous support and is thereafter dewatered and dried, the method comprising:
a step of providing a cellulosic furnish comprising from 50% to 90% cellulosic papermaking fibers selected from the group consisting of (a) chemically pulped fibers and (b) mechanically pulped fibers,
wherein the cellulosic fibers include:
(i) from about 3% to about 30% by weight of regenerated cellulosic microfibers; and
(ii) from about 10% to about 50% high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20%, an ISO brightness of at least about 84, a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of at least about 400 ml, a bulk of between 2.2 and 4.2 cc/g, and a breaking length of between about 1.2 and 4.7 km.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the chemically pulped fibers are selected from a group consisting of hardwood and softwood fibers, and wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

16. A cellulosic tissue comprising:
from 50% to 90% cellulosic papermaking fibers selected from the group consisting of chemically pulped fibers and mechanically pulped fibers,
wherein the cellulosic fibers have from about 5% to about 50% high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 23%, an ISO brightness of at least about 83, a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) of at least about 400 ml, a bulk of between 2.2 and 4.2 cc/g, and a breaking length of between about 1.2 and about 4.7 km.

17. The cellulosic tissue of claim 16, wherein the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%.

18. The cellulosic tissue of claim 16, wherein the chemically pulped fibers are selected from a group consisting of hardwood and softwood fibers, and wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

19. The cellulosic tissue of claim 16, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

20. The cellulosic tissue of claim 16, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

21. A cellulosic tissue comprising:
from 50% to 90% cellulosic papermaking fibers selected from the group consisting of chemically pulped fibers and mechanically pulped fibers,
wherein the cellulosic fibers have from about 3% to about 30% by weight regenerated cellulosic microfibers, and from about 10% to about 50% high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a Kappa number of at least about 150.

22. The cellulosic tissue of claim 21, wherein the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%.

23. The cellulosic tissue of claim 21, wherein the chemically pulped fibers are selected from a group consisting of hardwood and softwood fibers, and wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

24. A cellulosic tissue comprising:
about 40% to about 70% recycle fiber;
up to about 40% eucalyptus kraft fiber;
from about 3% to about 30% by weight regenerated cellulosic microfibers; and
about 15% to about 30% high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20%,
wherein the tissue has a basis weight of from about 10 to about 17 lbs per ply per 3000 sq ft ream, a specific geometric mean tensile of between about 35 and 45 g/3 in. per pound of basis weight and a specific eight sheet caliper of between about 3 to about 3.5 mils per ply per eight sheets per pound of basis weight.

25. The cellulosic tissue of claim 24, wherein the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%.

26. The cellulosic tissue of claim 24, wherein the chemically pulped fibers are selected from a group consisting of hardwood and softwood fibers, and wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

27. The cellulosic tissue of claim 24, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

28. The cellulosic tissue of claim 24, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

29. A cellulosic tissue comprising:
about 25% to about 40% softwood kraft fiber;
from about 40 to about 60% hardwood kraft fiber;
from about 3% to about 10% by weight of regenerated cellulosic microfiber; and
about 15% to about 30% high lignin eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20%,
wherein the tissue has a basis weight of from about 11 to about 17 per ply lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, a specific geometric mean tensile of between about 35 and 45 g/3 in. per pound of basis weight and a specific eight sheet caliper of between about 3 to about 3.5 mils per eight sheets per pound of basis weight.

30. The cellulosic tissue of claim 29, wherein the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%.

31. The cellulosic tissue of claim 30, wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

32. The cellulosic tissue of claim 30, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

33. The cellulosic tissue of claim 30, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

34. A cellulosic tissue comprising:
from at least about 10% to about 90% by weight of recycled pulp fibers; and
from about 10% to about 40% by weight of never-dried alkaline peroxide bleached eucalyptus fibers having a coarseness of at least about 9.0 mg/100 m, a Kappa number of at least about 80 and an ISO brightness of at least about 82,
wherein the cellulosic tissue has a geometric mean breaking modulus of at most about 75 g/%, a basis weight of least about 22 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream and an MD stretch of at least about 11%.

35. The cellulosic tissue of claim 34, wherein the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%.

36. The cellulosic tissue of claim 35, wherein the chemically pulped fibers are selected from a group consisting of hardwood and softwood fibers, and wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

37. The cellulosic tissue of claim 36, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

38. The cellulosic tissue of claim 34, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

39. The cellulosic tissue of claim 34, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

40. A roll of bath tissue comprising:
(A) cellulosic fibers selected from the group consisting of (a) chemically pulped fibers and (b) mechanically pulped fibers, wherein (i) not more than 30% by weight of the tissue is chemically pulped softwood fibers, (ii) the cellulosic fibers have from about 10% to about 50% by weight eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight, (iii) the cellulosic fibers have from about 3% to about 10% by weight regenerated cellulosic microfibers, and (iv) the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%; and
(B) virgin chemically pulped fibers, recycle fiber in an amount of up to 50%,
wherein the eucalyptus fiber has been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping, exhibiting an ISO brightness of at least 0.82×(% VCP)+0.795×(% RF)0.98+0.84×(% APMP), and
wherein % VCP is the percentage of virgin chemical pulp in the sheet, % RF, the percentage of recycle fiber, and % alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP), the percentage of APMP eucalyptus.

41. The roll of bath tissue of claim 40, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have a lignin content of at least 21% by weight.

42. The roll of bath tissue of claim 40, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have a lignin content of at least 23% by weight.

43. The roll of bath tissue of claim 42, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

44. The roll of bath tissue of claim 43, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

45. A three-ply bath tissue product comprising:
(a) an upper stratified ply comprising two strata, an outer stratum and an inner stratum,
(i) the outer stratum comprising a blend of at least about 30% to about 70% kraft fiber and at least 30% to about 70% by weight of eucalyptus kraft and having a basis weight of at least about 5 to about 12 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream; and
(ii) the inner stratum comprising at least about 50% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight and a basis weight of at least about 2.0 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream;

(b) an interior ply having a basis weight of at least about 6 to about 15 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, the interior ply comprising:
(i) at least about 30% to about 70% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight; and
(ii) from at least about 30% to about 70% by weight of bleached softwood kraft fibers; and

(c) a lower stratified ply comprising two strata, a first stratum and a second stratum,
(i) the first stratum comprising from at least about 30% to about 70% kraft fiber and from about 30% to about 70% by weight of eucalyptus kraft and having a basis weight of about 5 to about 12 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream; and
(ii) the second stratum comprising at least about 50% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight and a basis weight of at least about 2.0 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream.

46. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%.

47. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

48. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

49. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

50. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 49, wherein the interior ply and the upper stratified ply have been joined by being embossed together.

51. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 49, wherein the fibrous composition of the upper stratified ply is substantially the same as that of the fibrous composition of the lower stratified ply.

52. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 49, wherein the depth of emboss of the lower stratified ply is less than 80% of the depth of emboss of the upper stratified ply.

53. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 49, wherein the depth of emboss of the lower stratified ply is less than 50% of the depth of emboss of the upper stratified ply.

54. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 49, wherein the lower stratified ply is generally unembossed.

55. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the fibrous composition of the upper stratified ply is substantially the same as that of the fibrous composition of the lower stratified ply.

56. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the outer stratum of the upper stratified ply further comprises at least about 5% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfiber having a diameter of at most about 5 microns and passing a screen of about 14 mesh.

57. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the outer stratum of the upper stratified ply further comprises at least about 5% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfiber having a number average diameter of at most about 4 microns and a number average length of between about 50 microns and about 2000 microns.

58. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the outer stratum of the upper stratified ply comprises at least about 8% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfibers.

59. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the outer stratum of the upper stratified ply comprises at least about 8% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfibers having a number average diameter of at most about 2 microns.

60. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 59, wherein the outer stratum of the upper stratified ply further comprises at least about 10% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfibers having a number average diameter of at most about 4 microns and a number average length of between about 50 microns and 2000 microns.

61. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 60, wherein the outer stratum of the upper stratified ply comprises at least about 8% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfiber having a number average diameter of at most about 2 microns.

62. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the outer stratum of the upper stratified ply further comprises at least about 10% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfibers having a number average diameter of at most about 2 microns and a number average length of between about 50 microns and about 2000 microns.

63. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the outer stratum of the upper stratified ply comprises at least about 5% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfibers having a number average diameter of at most about 1 micron.

64. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the outer stratum of each of the upper stratified ply and the lower stratified ply further comprises at least about 5% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfibers having a number average diameter of at most about 4 microns and a number average length of between about 50 microns and about 2000 microns.

65. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein each of the inner stratum of the upper stratified ply and the second stratum of the lower stratified ply comprises at least about 70% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight.

66. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein each of the inner stratum of the upper stratified ply and the second stratum of the lower stratified ply comprises debonder.

67. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 45, wherein the interior ply exhibits a bulk at least 3% greater than that of the exterior plies.

68. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 67, wherein the interior ply is uncalendered.

69. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 67, wherein the interior ply exhibits percent crepe at least 3% greater than that of the exterior plies.

70. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 67, wherein the interior ply comprises an amount of alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP) eucalyptus that is at least about 10% greater, based on the weight of the ply, than the amount of alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP) eucalyptus in the exterior plies.

71. A three-ply bath tissue product having:
(a) an upper stratified ply comprising two strata, an outer stratum and an inner stratum,
(i) the outer stratum comprising a blend of at least about 30% to about 70% kraft fiber and at least 30% to about 70% by weight of eucalyptus kraft and at least about 5% by weight of individualized regenerated cellulosic microfibers having a number average diameter of at most about 4 microns and a number average length of between about 50 microns and about 2000 microns, the outer stratum having a basis weight of at least about 5 to about 12 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream; and
(ii) the inner stratum comprising at least about 70% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight and a basis weight of at least about 2.0 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream;

(b) an interior ply having a basis weight of at least about 6 to about 15 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream, the interior ply comprising:
(i) at least about 40% to about 90% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight; and
(ii) from at least about 10% to about 60% by weight of bleached kraft fiber; and

(c) a lower stratified ply comprising two strata, a first stratum and a second stratum,
(i) the first stratum comprising from at least about 30% to about 70% kraft fiber and from about 30% to about 70% by weight of eucalyptus kraft and having a basis weight of about 5 to about 12 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream; and
(ii) the second stratum comprising at least about 70% eucalyptus fibers having a lignin content of at least about 20% by weight and a basis weight of at least about 2.0 lbs per 3000 sq ft ream.

72. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 71, wherein the interior ply is substantially homogeneous in composition.

73. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 71, wherein the upper stratified ply and the lower stratified ply have substantially identical fibrous compositions.

74. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 71, further comprising up to about 50% recycle fibers, wherein the kraft fiber is virgin fiber, the eucalyptus fibers are alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP) eucalyptus fibers and the outer ply of the three ply bath tissue product exhibits an ISO brightness of the outer ply of at least 0.82×(% VCP)+0.795×(% RF)0.98+0.84×(% APMP),
wherein % VCP is the percentage of virgin kraft fiber in the sheet, % RF, the percentage of recycle fiber and % APMP+CMF is the percentage of APMP eucalyptus and regenerated cellulosic microfibers in the outer ply.

75. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 71, wherein the chemically pulped fibers are selected from a group consisting of hardwood and softwood fibers, and wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fiber in the tissue is at most 30%.

76. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 71, wherein the eucalyptus fibers in the interior ply have a lignin content of at least about 23%, and exhibit an ISO brightness of at least about 82.

77. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 71, wherein the tissue exhibits a machine direction (MD) stretch of between about 20% and about 30%.

78. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 77, wherein the chemically pulped fibers are selected from a group consisting of hardwood and softwood fibers, and wherein the weight percentage of chemically pulped softwood fibers in the tissue is at most 30%.

79. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 71, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.

80. The three-ply bath tissue product of claim 71, wherein the eucalyptus fibers have been prepared from eucalyptus chips by pre-conditioning refiner chemical alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping.