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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

In Re: John E. Cork,

Debtor.

John E. Cork,

Appellant, 

vs.

Gun Bo, LLC, 

Appellee. 

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No. CV-15-1869-PHX-SMM

BK No. 2:11-bk-33110-DPC

Adv. No. 2:12-ap-1675-DPC

MEMORANDUM OF DECISION

 AND ORDER

Debtor John Cork (“Cork”) filed a voluntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition in the

Bankruptcy Court, which was later converted to a Chapter 7 liquidation petition.

Subsequently, Plaintiff Gun Bo, LLC (“Gun Bo”) initiated a § 727 adversary complaint

against Cork seeking to deny Cork a denial of discharge of his debts. (Case No. 2:12-ap1675-DPC.) Ultimately, the Bankruptcy Judge conducted a two-day bench trial on the § 727

adversary complaint, followed by final briefs, and then closing arguments. In a thorough 47-

page Order, the Bankruptcy Judge found for Gun Bo, and denied Cork a discharge of his

debts. Cork appeals from the Bankruptcy Judge’s judgment denying him discharge pursuant

to 11 U.S.C. §§ 727(a)(2)(A), 727(a)(2)(B), and 727(a)(4)(A). (Doc. 1.) 

This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). The Bankruptcy Code

allows a debtor to get a fresh start by discharging the debtor’s pre-petition debts. But that

fresh start comes with a condition: the debtor must play by the rules. If the debtor does not,

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In its appellate review, the Court will focus on the necessary background facts. The

Bankruptcy Court set forth a more exhaustive treatment of the background facts. (See ER

1-25.)

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then the Bankruptcy Code provides that the debtor will be denied the discharge of his debts.

Here, the Bankruptcy Judge found that Cork hid assets and lied under oath in his bankruptcy

filings and in proceedings on material issues. The evidence supports the findings and

conclusions of the Bankruptcy Judge; therefore, this Court will affirm the Bankruptcy

Court’s final judgment denying Cork’s discharge.

BACKGROUND1

Since the late 1990’s, Debtor Cork, through his various development and management

companies, was involved in numerous land development projects as a land banker. (Doc. 9

at 6.) As a land banker, Cork had partnered with over 50 investors in various projects

representing more than $50 million of subordinated loans. (ER 4.) Cork facilitated the

development of real estate by working with builders and putting together the financing for

development projects. (ER 216-17.) Typically, a builder would provide a deposit of generally

around 20%, and the land banker would secure the rest of the financing to purchase the

desired land, which consisted of some portion of institutional financing, generally anywhere

from 50-65%. (ER 219.) The rest of the funds to purchase the undeveloped property would

generally come from loans from private investors which would be subordinate to institutional

financing. (ER 219-20.) 

In 2007, Cork agreed to provide land banking services to develop over 200 lots in

Maricopa County on a project designated as Rancho Cabrillo. (ER 224.) At first, the

institutional lender, JP Morgan Chase (“Chase”), financed 70% of the project. (ER 224-25.)

Later, Chase indicated that it wanted its loan paid down to roughly 50%. (Id.) Cork obliged

and sought investors to loan the money necessary to pay down the Chase loan. (Id.) Mr. Park,

an individual with whom Cork had developed a business relationship, agreed to invest in the

project through a separate entity called Gun Bo LLC. (Id.) Gun Bo loaned $5.6 million to

Cork to pay down Chase’s loan on the project and take a second mortgage on the property.

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(ER 310.) Cork signed a personal guaranty for the Gun Bo loan. (Id.)

In 2008, when the real estate market collapsed, Cork faced massive defaults, the

prospect of litigation, and serious tax consequences. (Doc. 9 at 6.) Many of the builders with

which Cork was doing business defaulted on their land banking agreements, leaving Cork

with bank debt that he had personally guaranteed for land loans all over the United States.

(ER 5.) The Bankruptcy Judge found that Cork “was more than $250 million underwater.”

(Id.) 

As a result, Cork and his advisors developed an out-of-court, global restructuring

concept to salvage the development projects and preserve the investments of various

creditors and investors. (Doc. 9 at 6.) Under the Plan, Cork would try to preserve those

development projects which could be purchased at the depressed market value using new

money from investors, which would be given a higher priority than the loans they had

previously made. (Id. at 11.) Almost all of the investors agreed to sign onto the plan

developed by Cork and his advisors. (Id.) Gun Bo chose not to agree to the plan and instead

pursued litigation against Cork in state court. (Id. at 12.)

In July 2009, Gun Bo obtained a $7,047,599.30 judgment against Cork, plus

post-judgment interest at the rate of 20%. (Id. at 8; ER 6, 283.) Gun Bo then began

proceedings to satisfy its judgment, in which it was partially successful in reaching Cork’s

assets. (ER 16.)

In September of 2010, Cork formed Tiburon Management Company, Inc. (“Tiburon”)

because he “wanted an entity that – that [he] could use away from litigation, and [he] wanted

to continue to manage the assets that [he] had free of any lawsuits.” (SER 129-30.) Tiburon

was formed as an Arizona limited liability company. (ER 7.) Tiburon was owned by Cork’s

children, Emilie and Nathan Cork; Cork had no ownership interest in the entity. (Id.)

In November of 2010, Searchlight Fund, LLC (“Searchlight”) was created as a

Nevada limited liability company. (Id.) Searchlight had an account at Charles Schwab

(“Schwab Account”). (Id.) Emilie and Nathan were the authorized signatories on the Schwab

Account. (Id.) Searchlight also had an account at IBC Bank (“IBC Account”). (Id.) Cork had

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On December 23, 2011, Cork filed an adversary proceeding, a preference adversary

proceeding against Gun Bo, seeking to recover from Gun Bo allegedly preferential transfers

said to total at least $1,661,380.50. (Case No. 2:11-ap-2352.) Ultimately, the Bankruptcy

Judge granted Gun Bo’s motion for summary judgment, dismissing Cork’s adversary

preference proceeding with prejudice. (ER 5.)

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more than a decade-long banking relationship with IBC. (Id.) Emilie and Nathan were the

authorized signatories on the IBC Account. (Id.) As of December 1, 2010, the Schwab

Account balance was $0.00. (Id.) Between December 3 and December 9, 2010, Cork

deposited $2,261,551 in personal tax income refunds into the Schwab Account. (ER 7-8;

SER 119-20.) There were no loan documents and Searchlight did not maintain any account

payment ledgers or tax records showing interest earned or paid. (ER 29; SER 135.) About

1 million dollars of Searchlight Funds were transferred to Tiburon in the year prior to Cork’s

bankruptcy petition and post-petition. (ER 10, 13, 318-19.)

Cork’s children, Emilie and Nathan, testified by deposition at the Bench Trial. The

Bankruptcy Judge found that Cork’s children, who owned Searchlight and Tiburon, had very

little involvement in managing Searchlight and Tiburon. (ER 14-15.) They went to the offices

and signed checks and papers that they were directed to sign. (Id.) Emilie had no knowledge

of Searchlight’s principal assets, namely funds in the Schwab and IBC Accounts. (Id.)

Similarly, Nathan testified that he did not know of or perform any management duties

beyond

signing the checks which he was directed to sign. (Id.) He knew nothing about the financial

condition of Tiburon or Searchlight. (Id.) In the depositions taken of Searchlight and

Tiburon, Cork appeared at the Rule 30(b)(6) depositions as the person most knowledgeable.

(ER 9.)

On December 2, 2011, Cork filed his voluntary Chapter 11 Petition with the District

of Arizona Bankruptcy Court. (ER 6-7.) Cork’s bankruptcy schedules listed $500,000 of the

Searchlight Funds as a liquidated debt owed by Searchlight to Cork. (ER 8.)2

 On June 20,

2012, Cork’s bankruptcy was converted from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7. On September 24,

2012, Gun Bo commenced the 11 U.S.C. § 727 adversary proceeding against Cork. (ER 4,

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The adversary proceeding sought avoidance of transfers, turnover of estate assets,

surcharge of exemptions, and other theories of recovery.

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Case No. 2:12-ap-1675-DPC.)

On June 28, 2013, the Chapter 7 Trustee filed an adversary proceeding against Cork.

(Case No. 2:13-ap-761-DPC.)3

 Regarding the Trustee’s adversary proceeding against Cork,

on August 19, 2014, Cork entered into a settlement with the Trustee. (ER 10.) The

Bankruptcy Judge approved the settlement between Cork and the Trustee on October 14,

2014. (Id.)

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Bankruptcy Courts are statutorily organized pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 151 et seq.

Under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), “[t]he district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction

to hear appeals from final judgments, orders and decrees.” In its appellate capacity, this Court

reviews the Bankruptcy Court’s factual findings for clear error and legal conclusions de

novo. Wegner v. Murphy (In re Wegner), 839 F.2d 533, 536 (9th Cir. 1988). A mixed

question of law and fact occurs when the historical facts are established, the rule of law is

undisputed, and the issue is whether the facts satisfy the legal rule. Bammer v. Murray (In

re Bammer), 131 F.3d 788, 792 (9th Cir. 1997).

First, the Court establishes “the basic, primary, or historical facts, facts in the sense

of a recital of external events and the credibility of their narrators.” United States v.

McConney, 728 F.2d 1195, 1200 (9th Cir. 1984) (en banc). Under the clearly erroneous

standard, the Court accepts the Bankruptcy Court’s findings of fact unless the Court based

on its review of the “entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been committed” by the bankruptcy judge. Anderson v. Bessemer City, 470 U.S.

564, 573 (1985). Due regard is given to the opportunity of the Bankruptcy Court to judge the

credibility of the witnesses. See McConney, 728 F.2d at 1201. Thus, this Court does not

conduct “a full-scale independent review and evaluation of the evidence.” Id.; see also

Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 575 (1985) (stating that when factual

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findings are based on determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses, the reviewing

court gives great deference to the trial court’s findings because the trial court had the

opportunity to note variations in demeanor and tone of voice that bear so heavily on the

court’s understanding of and belief in what is said).

The second step is the selection of the applicable rule of law. See McConney, 728

F.2d at 1200. Questions of law are reviewed under the non-deferential de novo standard. Id.

at 1201.

The third step is the application of law to fact, that is “whether the rule of law as

applied to the established facts is or is not violated.” Pullman-Standard v. Swint, 456 U.S.

273, 289 n.19 (1982). The McConney court further discussed the standard of review for

mixed questions of law and fact, as follows:

 If application of the rule of law to the facts requires an inquiry that is

essentially factual, one that is founded on the application of the fact-finding

tribunal’s experience with the mainsprings of human conduct, the concerns of

judicial administration will favor the district court, and the district court’s

determination should be classified as one of fact reviewable under the clearly

erroneous standard. If, on the other hand, the question requires us to consider

legal concepts in the mix of fact and law and to exercise judgment about the

values that animate legal principles, then the concerns of judicial

administration will favor the appellate court, and the question should be

classified as one of law and reviewed de novo.

McConney, 728 F.2d at 1202 (further citation and quotation omitted). 

In this case, the Appellee (Gun Bo) is the party objecting to the discharge of a debtor,

and it “bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that [the debtor’s]

discharge should be denied.” Khalil v. Developers Sur. & Indem. Co. (In re Khalil), 379 B.R.

163, 172 (9th Cir. BAP 2007) (resolving standard of proof for claims made under 11 U.S.C. §

727, aff’d, 578 F.3d 1167, 1168 (9th Cir. 2009) (expressly adopting the BAP’s statement of

applicable law). Section 727’s denial of discharge is construed liberally in favor of the debtor

and strictly against those objecting to discharge. See Bernard v. Sheaffer (In re Bernard), 96

F.3d 1279, 1281 (9th Cir. 1996).

///

///

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See, e.g., In re Brown, 108 F.3d 1290, 1293 (10th Cir. 1997); In re Miller, 39 F.3d

301, 307 (11th Cir. 1994).

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DISCUSSION

Denial of Discharge under § 727(a)(2).

Cork first contends that the Bankruptcy Judge erred in denying him discharge under

§ 727(a)(2) because Gun Bo did not meet its burden of proving subjective intent for Cork’s

transfer of assets that allegedly hindered, delayed, or defrauded a creditor. (Doc. 9 at 15-22.)

According to Cork, it was error because the Bankruptcy Judge relied on constructive intent

rather than actual or subjective intent. (Id.) Cork acknowledges that money transfers were

made to Searchlight pre-petition but contends that he never intended to hinder, delay, or

defraud Gun Bo; rather, the transfers were focused on saving his business and protecting the

creditors and investors in his various ongoing development projects. (Id. at 16.) Citing Retz

v. Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th Cir. 2010), Cork contends that the intent

to hinder, delay, or defraud Gun Bo is not satisfied by Gun Bo’s pursuit of an uncollected

state court judgment which resulted in Gun Bo not getting paid. (Id.) According to Cork, the

money transfers he made between 2008 and 2014 were done to maintain his ongoing

development projects, save the jobs of his employees, and protect investors and lenders on

his projects, not to hinder, delay or defraud, a creditor. (Id. at 17.) 

Based on the cases Cork cites in his opening brief,4

 Cork maintains that where there

is no evidence that the transferred assets were not reasonably used or were squandered,

indicia of fraud are lacking. (Id. at 18.) Furthermore, Cork contends that allegations of

fraudulent intent may be rebutted by evidence that the debtor transferred property to keep a

business afloat. (Id.) Continuing, Cork states that all of his efforts to pay back creditors and

lenders who had invested far more in the projects than Gun Bo are not the actions of an

individual trying to hinder, delay, or defraud anyone. (Id. at 18-20 (alleging that the funds

he transferred were used for business expenses, i.e. his retirement money, $4 million dollars

located in his off-shore trust, $600,000 in refinanced home equity, and $2.3 million in

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personal tax refunds transferred to Searchlight, all to provide continued funding for his

development projects, creditors, and investors).)

Regarding Tiburon, Cork acknowledges that it was formed in a manner to keep it

away from litigation; its sole task was to manage the projects, prevent interference, so that

it could protect the investments of the creditors and investors on the various projects. (Id. at

21.) Thus, according to Cork, Tiburon was formed to protect investors and creditors that were

relying upon Cork’s ability to manage the development projects, not to hinder, delay, or

defraud Gun Bo. (Id.)

In summary, Cork argues that the Bankruptcy Judge erred in finding that Gun Bo

sustained its burden of proof regarding intent because the money transfers Cork made to

Searchlight and Tiburon were made so that Cork could extricate himself from the particular

difficulty of losing the ability to manage the hundreds of millions of dollars of real estate and

in so doing was enabled to promote the interest of all other creditors by continuing his

business. (Id. at 22.)

In response, Gun Bo contends that this Court’s review of the Bankruptcy Judge’s

finding regarding Cork’s intent under § 727(a)(2) is to be evaluated based on a clearly

erroneous standard of review. (Doc. 20 at 22.) In support, Gun Bo cites First Beverly Bank

v. Adeeb (In Re Adeeb), 787 F.2d 1339, 1342 (9th Cir. 1986), for its holding that under §

727(a)(2) whether a bankruptcy debtor transferred assets pre-petition with an intent to hinder,

delay or defraud, a creditor is a finding of fact that is reviewed for clear error. (Id.)

According to Gun Bo, in Adeeb, the Ninth Circuit held that under § 727(a)(2), discharge may

properly be denied to a debtor when the facts show the debtor admitting that he transferred

assets intending to put them out of the reach of one of his creditors. (Id. at 24, (citing Adeeb,

787 F.2d at 1343).) Continuing, since the Adeeb debtor had the intent penalized by the

statute, “any other motivation he may have had for the transfer” of assets did not matter, and

thus, discharge of the debtor’s debts was denied. (Id.) Similarly here, Gun Bo argues that prepetition Cork transferred his tax refunds to Searchlight so that he could continue his business

operations without being bothered by Gun Bo or other pre-petition creditors and that this

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transfer effectively placed the Searchlight Funds beyond the pre-petition creditors’ reach,

thus hindering, delaying, and defrauding them. (Doc. 20 at 25.)

As to Cork’s argument that a debtor’s fraudulent intent may be rebutted by evidence

that the debtor transferred assets to keep a business afloat, Gun Bo contends that the Ninth

Circuit in Adeeb has already rejected such an argument, and furthermore that the facts of the

cases cited by Cork cut against such an argument. (Id. at 26.) As to Cork’s cases, Gun Bo

argues that in Miller, 39 F.3d at 307, the court held that transfers to bona fide creditors to

keep a business alive while satisfying the largest bankruptcy creditor are distinguishable from

those involving transfers to non-creditors and/or family members, and that these latter type

of transfers merit closer scrutiny. In Brown, the court distinguished between transferring title

and merely granting a security interest, stressing that “[t]here is little question that if an

individual transfers title of an item but continues to exercise dominion over it, that fraud

could be inferred.” 108 F.3d at 1293. Thus, according to Gun Bo, Miller and Brown do not

support the proposition that a debtor’s intent may be rebutted by evidence that the debtor

transferred assets to non-creditor corporations, such as Searchlight and Tiburon, in order to

keep his businesses afloat financially.

In reply, Cork maintains that even though the Bankruptcy Judge did not believe the

testimony he presented regarding the transfers, that disbelief did nothing to relieve Gun Bo

of its obligation to present admissible evidence of actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud

bankruptcy creditors. (Doc. 17 at 10.) Regarding his testimony that he formed Tiburon as an

entity “away from litigation” that could be used to manage the affairs of his business

ventures, Cork disagrees that such was an admission of actual intent to hinder, delay, or

defraud Gun Bo. (Id. at 11.) According to Cork, Tiburon was formed so that Cork could

continue managing assets and making payroll and doing the things that must be done as a

land banker. (Id. at 12.) Therefore, Cork maintains that Adeeb is not controlling because in

Adeeb the debtor admitted actual intent; the Ninth Circuit neither resolved nor needed to

resolve whether circumstantial evidence or inferences demonstrated the existence or absence

of actual intent on the debtor’s part. (Id.)

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The Court finds that the Bankruptcy Judge’s factual determinations are supported by

the record–Cork transferred assets pre-petition and post-petition with the intent to hinder,

delay, or defraud creditors and thus was properly denied discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §

727(a)(2). Here, as in the Bankruptcy Court, Gun Bo, the party objecting to Cork’s discharge

of a debt, retains “the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that [the

debtor’s] discharge should be denied.” In re Khalil, 379 B.R. at 172. This Court reviews de

novo whether Gun Bo satisfied the requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A) and (B), which

provides:

(a) The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless– . . . (2) the debtor, with

intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor . . . has transferred . . . 

(A) property of the debtor, within one year before the date of the filing of the

petition; or

(B) property of the estate, after the date of the filing of the petition . . . . 

11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A),(B). Intent under § 727(a)(2) requires a finding of actual intent to

hinder, delay, or defraud creditors. See Devers v. Bank of Sheridan, Montana (In re Devers),

759 F.2d 751, 753 (9th Cir. 1986). Whether a debtor harbors “intent” to hinder, or to delay,

or to defraud a creditor is a question of fact that requires the trier of fact to delve into the

mind of the debtor and may be inferred from surrounding circumstances. Emmett Valley

Assocs. v. Woodfield (In re Woodfield), 978 F.2d 516, 518 (9th Cir 1992) (stating that

certain “badges of fraud” may suggest that a transaction’s purpose was to defraud creditors

but that not all of such factors need to be present, including: 1) a close relationship between

the transferor and the transferee; 2) that the transfer was in anticipation of a pending suit; 3)

that the transferor Debtor was insolvent or in poor financial condition at the time; 4) that all

or substantially all of the Debtor’s property was transferred; 5) that the transfer so completely

depleted the Debtor's assets that the creditor has been hindered or delayed in recovering any

part of the judgment; and 6) that the Debtor received inadequate consideration for the

transfer.); see also In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1199 (stating that intent may be established by

circumstantial evidence, or by inferences drawn from a course of conduct). 

On appeal, the Bankruptcy Judge’s findings regarding intent under § 727(a)(2) is

reviewed by this Court for clear error. See Hughes v. Lawson (In re Lawson), 122 F.3d 1237,

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1240 (9th Cir. 1997). A court’s factual determination is clearly erroneous if it is illogical,

implausible, or without support in the record. See United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247,

1261-62 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).

Two elements comprise an objection to discharge under § 727(a)(2): 1) a disposition

of property, such as a transfer or concealment, and 2) a subjective intent on the debtor’s part

to hinder, delay, or to defraud a creditor through the act of disposing of the property. See In

re Lawson, 122 F.3d at 1240. Both elements must take place within the one-year pre-filing

period for § 727(a)(2)(A); and similarly both elements must take place after the debtor files

his bankruptcy petition for § 727(a)(2)(B). See id. Lack of injury to creditors is irrelevant

under § 727(a)(2). See Bernard v. Sheaffer (In re Bernard), 96 F.3d 1279, 1281-82 (9th Cir.

1996).

§ 727(a)(2)(A) and (B)

The Bankruptcy Judge thoroughly detailed the factual background in this matter. (ER

4-25.) Pursuant to § 727(a)(2)(A) and (B), the Bankruptcy Judge concluded that Cork

disposed of property belonging to him within one-year of his petition date, and also after

filing his bankruptcy petition, with the intention of hindering, delaying and defrauding

creditor(s). (ER 36.)

Regarding transfers, the Bankruptcy Judge found and concluded that Cork made pre

and post petition transfers. (ER 36.) Cork does not contest these § 727(a)(2) transfers. (Doc.

9 at 16; SER 326.)The Bankruptcy Code and Rules required Cork to file his schedules and

his statements of financial affairs (“SOFA”) within 14 days after filing his bankruptcy

petition. See 11 U.S.C. § 521; Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007. Cork was required to list all of his

assets and liabilities on his schedules and to disclose in his SOFA any transfers that he made

within two years of the bankruptcy filing and any property that is owned by another but

controlled by Cork. (SER 194-226.) Cork’s schedules and SOFA were filed subject to

penalty of perjury. See 28 U.S.C. § 1746; Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1008; 18 U.S.C. § 152(1), (2).

Cork did not list transfers to Searchlight or Tiburon on his bankruptcy schedules.

(SER 194-226.) Cork admitted that he did not disclose that he had transferred nearly $2.3

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million to Searchlight within a year of filing his Chapter 11 bankruptcy. (See SER 166-67;

233-36; see generally SER 227-45.) On his schedules, he did list a $500,000 “debt” that

Searchlight allegedly owed to him. (ER 8; SER 200.) Further, Cork admitted that when he

amended his SOFA about a month later he did not disclose the $2.3 million transfer that he

made to Searchlight. (SER 167.) Cork did not disclose the transfer on his SOFA until March,

2013, almost 16 months after filing for bankruptcy. (ER 22; SER 246-47.) 

Post-petition, it was undisputed that Cork transferred funds from Searchlight to

Tiburon. At trial, Cork testified that he continued to direct money out of Searchlight’s IBC

Account after he filed for bankruptcy, directing the transfer of funds from Searchlight to

Tiburon. Mr. Cork testified, as follows:

Q: Well, after the bankruptcy was filed, did you ask your children to send

money to Tiburon?

A: Probably, yes, if that’s where it went, yeah.

Q: And would they agree and send the money to Tiburon when you asked?

A: Yes. I assume you’ve seen checks. 

(ER 9-10.) The money drawn out of Searchlight by Cork included $1,042,000 paid to

Tiburon. (ER 13.) Following trial, in a closing argument memorandum, Cork acknowledged,

“[i]n this case, the fact of the transfers has not been disputed. The issue is intent.” (SER 326.)

Regarding intent, the Bankruptcy Judge’s findings regarding intent under § 727(a)(2)

is reviewed by this Court for clear error. While actual intent is required under § 727(a)(2),

a direct admission is not required, rather, such intent is established by circumstantial

evidence or by inferences drawn from a course of conduct. In re Adeeb, 787 F.2d at 1343.

The Bankruptcy Judge first detailed Cork’s litigation conduct in state court wherein

Gun Bo was attempting to satisfy a seven million dollar state court judgment against Cork.

To the extent that Cork’s state court actions were outside of the time period of § 727(a)(2),

the Bankruptcy Judge found that Cork’s actions in state court constituted a continuing course

of conduct when combined with Cork’s fraudulent acts performed within one year of filing.

See Freelife Int’l LLC v. Butler (In re Butler), 377 B.R. 895, 917 (Bankr. D. Utah 2006)

(stating that evidence of intentional conduct which itself cannot form the basis for denial of

discharge nevertheless may be considered on the issue of intent because transactions that

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occur outside of one year prior to bankruptcy help to solidify the presumption drawn from

the conduct at issue that did occur within one year of filing).

During state court litigation, between May 2009 and July 2009, the Bankruptcy Judge

found that Cork and his wife transferred $3.1 million to a Swiss bank account held by a Cook

Islands trust (the “Los Cabos Trust”) controlled by Cork. (ER 17; SER 79.) The state court

found that the transfers were fraudulent and made “in order to secret funds from” Gun Bo.

(Id.) In May 2010, the state court ordered Cork to liquidate $3.1 million from the Los Cabos

Trust and pay the funds over to Gun Bo. (ER 18; SER 82-83.) In August 2010, the state court

ordered Cork to transfer all of the Los Cabos Trust’s assets to Gun Bo. (ER 18-19; SER

86-87.) In November 2010, the state court concluded that Cork caused CW Capital to

fraudulently transfer real estate to a newly formed entity that he controlled. (ER 19-20; SER

91-93.) The state court enjoined further transfer of the property. (Id.) In December 2010 and

again in May 2011, the state court held Cork in contempt of court with regard to his actions

for failing to bring back funds held by the Los Cabos Trust and moving assets he controlled

in order to confound Gun Bo from collecting on its judgment. (ER 20-21; SER 99-102, 107.)

In support of its finding that Cork acted with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud his

creditors in connection with transfers subject to § 727(a)(2), the Bankruptcy Judge spent nine

pages thoroughly discussing and analyzing how Cork made these transfers with the intent to

hinder, delay and defraud his creditors all in violation of the statute. (ER 37-45.) This Court’s

review for clear error determines whether the Bankruptcy Judge’s findings were illogical,

implausible, or without support in the record. See Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 1261-62. The

Bankruptcy Judge’s findings were not illogical, implausible, or without support in the record,

rather, such findings are sustained by the record. For instance, Cork admitted that he formed

Tiburon and placed it in the children’s names because he wanted an entity free from litigation

by his creditors including Gun Bo. (SER 128-33.) Thus, Cork’s transfers from Searchlight

to Tiburon are examples of post-petition transfers done with his stated intent to hinder, delay

or defraud his creditors. 

Further, the Bankruptcy Judge discussed circumstantial evidence of Cork’s intent to

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hinder, delay or defraud, as follows:

[Pre-petition][t]he Debtor transferred the Tax Refunds to Searchlight

with the intent of ultimately transferring those funds to Tiburon or other

entities controlled by him. He claims these funds were expended in his efforts

to prop up entities for which the investors or creditors of those entities were

willing to continue to work with the Debtor and the entities Debtor controlled.

However, when asked how he or his creditors were benefitted by his transfers

to Searchlight and Tiburon, Debtor could not answer the question.

When he transferred the Tax Refunds to Searchlight, Debtor knew

Plaintiff would not work with him, Searchlight, or Tiburon. Debtor also knew

Plaintiff would not cooperate with him when he (or others, at his direction)

transferred funds out of Searchlight. Debtor transferred the Tax Refunds to

Searchlight with the intent to hinder, delay, and defraud Plaintiff in its efforts

to collect its State Court Judgment against Debtor. This Court finds Debtor

made such transfers with a subjective intent to hinder, delay, and defraud

Plaintiff and other creditors of Debtor, and to deny Plaintiff and such other

creditors access to any portion of Debtor’s Tax Refunds. 

At all relevant times post-petition, the Debtor intended to spend all or

substantially all of the funds in Searchlight’s possession to or for the benefit

of his family or himself or investors (other than the Plaintiff), and that Debtor

caused Searchlight, Tiburon, and his children to effectuate that intent. Debtor’s scheduling of a $500,000 loan by him to Searchlight was a

farce. Debtor transferred the Tax Refunds to Searchlight with the intent that

such cash remain Debtor’s cash to be used as he pleased. Transferring the Tax

Refunds to the Searchlight entity was the functional equivalent of transferring

these funds to a bank account exclusively controlled by Debtor. Debtor alone

decided how to spend those funds. His will was expressed to his children and

his subordinates and they gave effect to Debtor’s wishes. The Court finds

Debtor intended that no portion of the Tax Refunds would ever be used to pay

Plaintiff or to in any way benefit Plaintiff.

Debtor’s transfer of the Tax Refunds to Searchlight was a transfer of

substantially all of the valuable assets he owned on that date. No records of

Searchlight reflected its receipt of the Tax Refunds as a loan to it from Mr.

Cork, nor do Searchlight’s records reflect a paydown of a loan from when

Searchlight transferred funds to Tiburon or to any other destination. This

transfer was neither a loan nor intended as a loan, but rather as a means to keep

this cash away from Plaintiff and to maintain control of the cash outside his

soon-to-be-created bankruptcy estate. Debtor transferred these Tax Refunds

to Searchlight, for no consideration, in the year prior to his bankruptcy filing,

albeit to an entity he effectively and entirely controlled. 

Debtor admits he transferred assets out of his name so those assets

(including the Tax Refunds) could be controlled free from litigation. The Court

finds this is an admission that Debtor made these transfers with the intent to

hinder and delay his creditors.

(ER 38-40.) 

Finally, the Bankruptcy Judge reviewed and discussed all of the “badges of fraud” set

forth by the Ninth Circuit in In re Ritz, by which to determine violations of § 727(a)(2),

which are specifically: 1) a close relationship between the transferor and the transferee; 2)

that the transfer was in anticipation of a pending suit; 3) that the transferor Debtor was

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insolvent or in poor financial condition at the time; 4) that all or substantially all of the

Debtor’s property was transferred; 5) that the transfer so completely depleted the Debtor’s

assets that the creditor has been hindered or delayed in recovering any part of the judgment;

and 6) that the Debtor received inadequate consideration for the transfer.

 First, the Tax Refunds, the Los Cabos assets, the Westpark assets, and

funds held by Searchlight and Tiburon were transferred to Debtor, his children

and entities dominated and controlled by Debtor. There were very close

relationships between these transferors and transferees. Debtor controlled all

of them. While some of these transfers admittedly occurred outside the

727(a)(2)(A) one year look back period, this Court finds a consistent pattern

of deception, inside dealing and Debtor’s intent to thwart rightful claims of his

creditors.

Second, Debtor made the transfers in question before, during, and after

his State Court Lawsuit with Gun Bo and at a time when many others were

suing or had sued debtor, Mrs. Cork, and Debtor’s entities. Although Debtor

claims to have (together with his legal and accounting advisors) established his

scheme before the State Court Lawsuit, the Court finds Debtor was well aware

of the inevitability that creditors would be pursuing collection remedies against

his assets. The “anticipation of a pending suit” badge of fraud is clearly

present. Moreover, even if Debtor was acting upon the advice of his lawyers

or other advisors (and Debtor did not persuade the Court he did), Debtor is

saavy enough and intelligent enough to know the consequences of his actions.

Third, as noted [ER 37], the Debtor was, at all relevant times, insolvent.

Massively so.

Fourth, when Debtor transferred the Tax Refunds to the Searchlight

Account, he was transferring substantially all of his non-exempt assets. When

he transferred those funds out of Searchlight, he effectively moved

substantially all his non-exempt net worth beyond the grasp of his creditors,

especially Gun Bo.

Fifth, the transfers described above so depleted Debtor’s assets that Gun

Bo and Debtor’s bankruptcy estate were hindered and delayed in recovering

their claims against Debtor.

Sixth, the only consideration Debtor received for the transfers and

re-transfers of his assets was the cooperation of his pre-recession investors in

post-2008 transactions. Granted this was important to Debtor and was his main

objective in making these transfers. However, as noted above, the fact that

Debtor feathered his post-recession nest by working cooperatively with these

investors did not result in any meaningful payments of Debtor’s pre-petition

claims to his creditors, including these investors.

In summary, every badge of fraud identified in Retz is present in this

matter. The Court finds that, in the one year prior to the Petition Date and in

the time after the filing of the Petition, the Debtor, with the subjective intent

to hinder, delay, or defraud his creditors, transferred, removed, or concealed,

or has permitted others to transfer, remove, or conceal, the Debtor’s property.

(ER 45-46.) 

This Court has reviewed the elements at issue in § 727(a)(2). Cork does not dispute

the facts regarding his § 727(a)(2) transfers (SER 326), and the Court has already detailed

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such transfers (supra at 11-12). Regarding intent, the Bankruptcy Judge’s findings on Cork’s

violation of § 727(a)(2) were not clearly erroneous. They were not illogical, implausible, or

without support in the record; rather, the Court concludes that the Bankruptcy Judge’s

finding on intent to hinder, delay or defraud, is sustained by the record.

Denial of Discharge under § 727(a)(4)(A).

Cork contends that the Bankruptcy Judge erred in finding that his actions constituted

a “false oath” under § 727(a)(4). (Doc. 9 at 22.) Cork contends that the court first erred in

finding that several representations he made regarding the nature of the funds transferred to

Searchlight, and his interest and control of Searchlight and Tiburon, were “material false

oaths” under § 727(a)(4). (Id.) 

Next, Cork contends that the court erred in finding that these alleged “false oaths”

caused substantial actual harm to his pre-petition creditors. (Id.) Cork maintains that none

of the statements relied upon by the Bankruptcy Judge had an impact on his bankruptcy, and

certainly did not cause “substantial harm” to the creditors. (Id. at 24.) Specifically, Cork does

not dispute that he transferred $2,261,551 to Searchlight. (Id.) However, because he settled

with the Bankruptcy Trustee for $1.3 million, and because approximately $1,029,000 worth

of funds from Searchlight and Tiburon were disbursed to the creditors named on Cork’s

bankruptcy schedules, therefore more than $2.3 million dollars went to his bankruptcy

creditors, an amount more than the $2,261,551 which Cork transferred to Searchlight. (Id.)

Thus, any alleged false statement found by the Bankruptcy Judge regarding Searchlight funds

or control of Searchlight or Tiburon had no impact on the bankruptcy case and was not

grounds for denial of a discharge under § 727(a)(4)(A). (Id.)

According to Gun Bo, the Bankruptcy Judge found that: (1) Cork misrepresented in

his bankruptcy schedules that Searchlight owed him only $500,000 instead of the full amount

of the $2,261,551 he had transferred to Searchlight; (2) Cork omitted from his Statement of

Financial Affairs the required disclosure of his transfer of nearly $2.3 million to Searchlight;

(3) Cork falsely testified under oath at the initial meeting of creditors that $500,000 would

be paid by Searchlight to the bankruptcy estate within 7-10 days; (4) in objecting to the

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Unsecured Creditors Committee’s motion for an order to show cause why the $500,000 had

not been turned over by Searchlight, Cork falsely claimed that he did not have complete

control over Searchlight and that there was no urgency mandating the immediate turnover

of the funds; (5) Cork falsely stated in his disclosure statement in support of his bankruptcy

plan that the $500,000 of Searchlight Funds would be paid to his creditors under the plan;

and (6) Cork falsely testified under oath at his creditors’ meeting that he had nothing to do

with Searchlight and that his children controlled Searchlight—testimony he admitted at trial

was false. (Doc. 20 at 30-31.) 

Gun Bo argues that these false statements were material. (Id. at 31.) On a number of

occasions Cork’s false statements misled the court and his creditors. (Id.) For example, while

Cork testified on January 12, 2012, at his initial meeting of creditors that the $500,000 owed

by Searchlight would be turned over to his bankruptcy estate within 7-10 days, on January

30, he was directing the transfer of $42,000 from Searchlight to Tiburon and $2,000 to his

daughter Emilie; in early February, he directed another $27,500 to Tiburon; on February 13,

another $27,500 to Tiburon; etc. (Id., (citing SER 162).) As a result of Cork’s false

statements and misdirection, instead of $500,000 being turned over, ultimately only $26,500

was given to the Trustee. (Doc. 20 at 31.)

As to Cork’s no harm no foul argument, Gun Bo contends that Cork’s analysis is false.

Cork’s catch-me-if-you-can conduct caused the unsecured creditors committee to incur

$175,000 in investigative fees and costs (SER 292-93), and the Trustee to incur $600,000 in

fees and costs (SER 295-96). (Doc. 20 at 34.) Gun Bo contends that these fees and costs will

be paid from the $1.3 million that Cork agreed to pay the Trustee before unsecured creditors

receive anything. (Id.) Gun Bo further contends that Cork wrongly equates the payment of

“business expenses” by Searchlight and Tiburon as payments to pre-petition creditors. (Id.)

According to Gun Bo, Cork conceded as much through counsel during his closing argument:

So, nowhere in Mr. Cork’s testimony do we say, “Oh, I’m paying my

pre-petition creditors.” His intent – his purpose throughout four-and-a-half

years has been to maintain a very difficult and complicated business, one that

requires significant cash flow to maintain. And he’s been successful in doing

that to the benefit of all of those investors who decided to stay in the game

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with him and go into the projects that they’ve gone into.

(Id., (citing SER 55).)

In reply, Cork argues that with respect to its claim under Section 727(a)(4)(A), Gun

Bo had to prove not only that Cork made a false oath, but that Cork knew the oath was false

at the time it was made; and made it with the intention and purpose of deceiving creditors,

citing In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1198-99. (Doc. 17 at 4.) Although acknowledging that intent

may be proven with circumstantial evidence, Cork maintains that Gun Bo had the affirmative

obligation to establish facts or circumstances that “point toward fraud” citing Garcia v.

Coombs (In re Coombs, 193 B.R. 557, 564 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 1996). (Id.) Thus, Gun Bo had

to prove that Cork in making the transfers and sworn statements, he had the actual intent

necessary under § 727. (Id.) At trial, Cork states that he sought to make plain that his

intention in his transfers of funds to and from Searchlight, and his false statements, was to

preserve his business ventures, not to harm Gun Bo. (Id. at 5.)

Pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A), the Court will find that Cork knowingly and

fraudulently made a false oath or account and thus the Bankruptcy Judge properly denied

Cork’s discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A). Here, as in the Bankruptcy Court,

Gun Bo, the party objecting to Cork’s discharge of a debt, retains “the burden of proving by

a preponderance of the evidence that [the debtor’s] discharge should be denied.” In re Khalil,

379 B.R. at 172. This Court reviews de novo whether Gun Bo satisfied the requirements of

11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A), which provides:

(a) The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless– . . . (4) the debtor

knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case– 

(A) made a false oath or account; . . . 

11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A). “A false statement or an omission in the debtor’s bankruptcy

schedules or statement of financial affairs can constitute a false oath.” In re Khalil, 379 B.R.

at 172. “The fundamental purpose of § 727(a)(4)(A) is to insure that the trustee and creditors

have accurate information without having to conduct costly investigations.” Id. (further

citation and quotation omitted). To prevail on a claim under § 727(a)(4), “a plaintiff must

show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that: (1) the debtor made a false oath in

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connection with the case; (2) the oath related to a material fact; (3) the oath was made

knowingly; and (4) the oath was made fraudulently. A finding of fraudulent intent is a

finding of fact reviewed for clear error.” In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1197 (further citation and

quotation omitted).

False Oath

A false oath may involve a false statement or omission in the debtor’s bankruptcy

schedules or SOFA. See Searles v. Riley, Chap. 7 Trustee (In re Searles), 317 B.R. 368, 377

(BAP 9th Cir. 2004); Fogal Legware of Switzerland, Inc. v. Wills (In re Wills), 243 B.R. 58

(BAP 9th Cir. 1999). A false oath is complete when made. In re Searles, 317 B.R. at 377.

“Where the offending oath is contained in the schedules or required statements, the debtor’s

continuing duty to assure the accuracy of such schedules and statements means that the

proper method of correction is a formal amendment of the schedules.” Id.

The Bankruptcy Judge discussed and found numerous false oath errors and omissions

in Cork’s bankruptcy schedules, his SOFAs, his testimony at the Chapter 11 first meeting of

creditors, his testimony at the Chapter 7 first meeting of creditors, his April 2, 2012,

disclosure statement, and his Objection to the Committee of Unsecured Creditor’s Motion

for Order to Show Cause why Searchlight, LLC had not returned estate funds to the estate.

(ER 29-34.) Here, the Court only need discuss some of the more significant errors and

omissions made under oath.

Cork omitted to list his money transfers to Searchlight or Tiburon on his bankruptcy

schedules, which were made under oath, and should have included $2.2 million in tax refunds

to Searchlight. (SER 194-226.) Further, Cork’s SOFA omitted the transfer of the $2.2 million

in tax refunds to Searchlight. (SER 166-67, 233-36.) Cork admitted that when he amended

his SOFA about a month later he omitted to disclose the $2.2 million transfer that he made

to Searchlight. (SER 167.) Cork did not disclose the transfer on his SOFA until March, 2013,

almost 16 months after filing for bankruptcy. (SER 246-47.) Cork concedes in his Reply that

“there is no dispute that Cork transferred the Searchlight Funds, and thereafter made false

statements relating those funds . . .” (Doc. 17 at 4.) The Bankruptcy Judge found that both

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Cork’s schedules and his SOFAs were materially false. (ER 29-31.)

Furthermore, Cork falsely stated on his bankruptcy schedules that Searchlight owed

him $500,000. (SER 200.) Searchlight did not owe Cork $500,000; rather, the money in the

Searchlight account belonged to Cork. (ER 29-30.) The Bankruptcy Judge found Cork’s

bankruptcy schedules materially false. (Id.)

Finally, at his Chapter 11 first meeting of creditors, Cork testified that the $500,000

“debt” listed on his schedules was an asset, then (after being coached by his attorney) he

revised his testimony stating that it was a debt, and also testified that it would be repaid

within 7 to 10 days. (ER 31-32; SER 263-64.) The Bankruptcy Judge found that the $500,000

was property of the estate that did not belong to Searchlight and that Cork never intended to

pay the $500,000 to the estate, “much less within 7-10 days” of the first meeting of creditors.

(ER 32.) Thus, the Bankruptcy Judge found Cork’s Chapter 11 testimony materially false.

(Id.) 

This evidence is sufficient to support the Bankruptcy Judge’s findings that Cork made

false oaths on his bankruptcy schedules, his SOFAs, and other sworn statements.

Materiality

 “Section 727(a)(4)(A) requires that the relevant false oath relate to a material fact.

A fact is material if it bears a relationship to the debtor’s business transactions or estate, or

concerns the discovery of assets, business dealings, or the existence and disposition of the

debtor’s property. An omission or misstatement that detrimentally affects administration of

the estate is material.” In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1198 (further citation and quotation omitted).

The Bankruptcy Judge found that Cork’s failure to list the $2.2 million dollar transfer

on his bankruptcy schedules and SOFAs was nothing other than a means of keeping the tax

refunds away from his creditors. (ER 29.) Cork did not disclose the $2.2 million dollar

transfer on his SOFA until March 2013, almost 16 months after filing for bankruptcy. (SER

246-47.) The Bankruptcy Judge found that Cork submitted materially false schedules and

SOFAs. (ER 30-31.) Moreover, the Bankruptcy Judge found that Cork’s Chapter 11

testimony was materially false. (Id. at 32.) This evidence is sufficient to support the

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Bankruptcy Judge’s finding that Cork’s failure to list the $2.2 million dollar transfer and

Cork’s Chapter 11 testimony were both materially false.

As to Cork’s argument on appeal that such misstatements did not cause harm to his

creditors because more than $2.2 million ultimately went to his creditors, the Court agrees

with Gun Bo’s analysis that $2.2 million ultimately did not go to his creditors. Cork’s

materially false statements caused the Chapter 11 unsecured creditor’s committee to incur

$175,000 in investigative fees and costs (SER 292-93), and the Trustee to incur $600,000 in

fees and costs (SER 295-96). See Khalil, 379 B.R. at 172 (stating that a fundamental purpose

of § 727(a)(4)(A) is to ensure that the trustee and creditors have accurate information without

having to conduct costly investigations). 

Knowingly

A debtor acts knowingly if he acts deliberately and consciously. In re Khalil, 379 B.R.

at 173. As previously mentioned and found, Cork’s failure to list the $2.2 million dollar

transfer on his bankruptcy schedules and his SOFAs was nothing other than a means of

keeping his tax refunds away from his creditors so that he could provide monies to his new

investors in an attempt to preserve his business ventures. (ER 29.) Cork knowingly and

fraudulently made these false statements under oath. Upon review of Cork’s Chapter 11 first

meeting testimony, Cork knowingly and fraudulently made false statements under oath

regarding the alleged $500,000 asset in Searchlight with the intention that he deceive his

creditors and the Court. This evidence is sufficient to support the Bankruptcy Judge’s

findings that Cork knowingly made false oaths on his bankruptcy schedules, his SOFA, and

other sworn statements.

Fraudulent Intent

Plaintiff must demonstrate this element by showing Debtor made his false

representations or omissions at a time when he knew them to be false and that he made them

with the intention and purpose of deceiving his creditors. In re Khalil, 379 B.R. at 173. The

intent required for finding that the debtor has acted fraudulently under § 727(a)(4)(A) with

respect to a false oath must be actual intent: constructive fraudulent intent cannot be the basis

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for the denial of a discharge. In re Devers, 759 F.2d at 753. Intent is usually proven by

circumstantial evidence or by inferences drawn from the debtor’s conduct. Id. at 753-54. A

finding of fraudulent intent is a finding of fact made by the Bankruptcy Judge which this

Court reviews for clear error. See In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1197

The Bankruptcy Judge found that Cork fraudulently made false statements under oath

regarding his bankruptcy schedules and his SOFAs, and further found that he fraudulently

gave false testimony to the Chapter 11 first meeting of creditors with an intent to deceive

both them and the Bankruptcy Court. Upon review, the Bankruptcy Judge’s findings on

Cork’s violations of § 727(a)(4)(A) were not clearly erroneous. The Bankruptcy Judge’s

determination that Cork made false statements under oath with an intent to deceive is clear

from the record. Cork resolutely defied bankruptcy rules and procedures requiring truthful

disclosures of assets so that he could provide monies to his new investors in order to preserve

his business ventures. The Bankruptcy Judge’s finding that Cork intended to deceive his

creditors and the Bankruptcy Court was not illogical, implausible, or without support in the

record; rather, the Court concludes that the Bankruptcy Judge’s findings were well

established by the record.

Res Judicata Bar

Cork argues for the first time on appeal that Gun Bo’s claims are barred by res

judicata because the Chapter 7 Trustee settled its adversary proceeding against him, which

was subsequently approved by the Bankruptcy Judge. (Doc. 9 at 20-24, see 2:13-ap-761).)

According to Cork, the Trustee’s agreement to settle her adversary proceeding against him

also meant that the Trustee withdrew her objections to his § 727 discharge as part of that

settlement. (Id.)

Gun Bo contends that Cork waived such an argument because he never presented it

to the Bankruptcy Judge. Gun Bo states that Cork did not raise a res judicata argument at any

time either in his closing brief, his bench memorandum, the joint pretrial statement, or at

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Gun Bo also responds on the merits arguing that res judicata does not apply because

the parties are not in privity, citing United States v. Bhatia, 545 F.3d 757, 759 (9th Cir.

2008). (Doc. 20 at 36.) According to Gun Bo, a trustee or debtor-in-possession is not in

privity with a creditor when the trustee or debtor-in-possession does not have the right, or

the exclusive right, to assert the claim on behalf of the creditor. (Doc. 20 at 36-37.) The

trustee’s right to object to a debtor’s discharge is not exclusive. (Id.) Under 11 U.S.C. §

727(c)(1) “[t]he trustee, a creditor, or the United States trustee may object to the granting of

a discharge under subsection (a) of this section.” (Id.) Gun Bo argues that privity does not

exist because it, as a creditor, had already properly brought a nondischargeability adversary

proceeding against Cork. Thus, the Trustee’s settlement had no effect upon Gun Bo’s

nondischargeability adversary proceeding. (Id.)

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closing argument. (See SER 324-38, 313-23, 297-312, 1-74.)5

This Court normally declines to consider on appeal an argument that is not raised

below in the Bankruptcy Court. See, e.g., In re Mercury Interactive Corp. Sec. Litig., 618

F.3d 988, 992 (9th Cir. 2010) (stating the general rule against entertaining arguments on

appeal that were not presented or developed before the trial court, thus preserving a trial

court’s opportunity to reconsider its rulings and correct its errors); Southern Cal. Permanente

Med. Group v. Ehrenberg (In re Moses), 215 B.R. 27, 35 n.11 (9th Cir. BAP 1997);

Consolidated Marketing Inc. v. Marvin Props. Inc. (In re Marvin Props., Inc.), 76 B.R. 150,

153 (9th Cir. BAP 1987); Credit Alliance v. Dunning–Ray Agency (In re Blumer), 66 B.R.

109, 111 (9th Cir. BAP 1986). Although this Court has discretion to consider issues not first

raised at trial, there is no obligation to do so. See In re Blumer, 66 B.R. at 111. 

Cork’s res judicata arguments were not presented in the Bankruptcy Court and this

Court considers them waived. The Bankruptcy Judge had no opportunity to consider and

make a ruling on this issue. This Court will not consider these arguments for the first time

on appeal.

Accordingly, on the basis of the foregoing,

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED affirming the Bankruptcy Court’s final judgment

denying Cork’s discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 727(a)(2)(A), 727(a)(2)(B), and 

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727(a)(4)(A). (Doc. 1.)

DATED this 31st day of January, 2017.

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