## United States Court of App eals F O R T H E E I G H T H

C I R C U I T

__ __ __ __ __ _ No. 1 1- 38 44

__ __ __ __ __ _ Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca, *
* App el le e, *
* App eal fro m

th e Uni te d S ta te s v. * Dis tri ct Co ur t fo r th e * So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa

. Man ue l M or en o, *
* [PUBLIS HED] App el la nt

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__ __ __ __ __ _ Su bm it te d: Apri l 2 0, 2 01 2 Fi le d: Ju ne 4, 2 01 2

__ __ __ __ __ _ Befo re WOL LMAN, BYE, and BENTON, Circu it Ju dg es

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__ __ __ __ __ _ PER CURI AM.

Bet ween 20 02 an d 20 07 , Man ue l Mo ren o pa rti ci pa te d in a m et ha m ph et am in e
co ns pi racy. H e tra ve le d to Des Mo in es , Io wa, to m on it or m et h de li ve rie s an d to

co ll ect pa y m en ts fo r th e co ns pi racy’ s le ad er, Elfe go Ig na ci o Ci d. Mo ren o pl ed gu il ty to co ns pi racy to di st rib ut e m et h, in vi ol at io n of 21 U.S.C. §§ 84 1( b) (1 )(A)(v ii i) an d 84 6. The di st ric t co ur t se nt en ced Mo ren o to 15 2 m on th s’ im pr is on m en t. He ap pe al s 1 th e fi nd in g t ha t h e m an ag ed or s up erv is ed th e co ns pi racy. Thi s co ur t af fir m s.

The Hon or ab le Ja m es E. Gritz ne r, Ch ie f Ju dg e, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Co ur t 1 fo r th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa

.The ap pl ic at io n o f se nt en ci ng gu id el in es is rev ie wed de no vo

. Uni te d S ta te s

v. Bar ker , 5 56 F.3 d 68 2, 68 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 09 ). A d efe n d a n t ’s r o l e in an of fen se is a qu es ti on of fact , su bjec t to cl earl y erro ne ou s rev ie w. U n it ed St at es v. Jo hn so n , 47 F.3 d 27 2, 27 7 (8 th Ci r. 19 95 ). Rev ers al req ui res a “ de fin it e an d fir m co nv ic ti on th at

a m is ta ke ha s be en co m

m it te d.” Uni te d St at es v. M a r t i n ez , 4 46 F.3 d 87 8, 88 1 (8 th Ci r. 20 06 ), qu ot in g And er so n v. Ci ty of Bess emer Ci ty , N.C. , 4 7 0 U.S. 56 4, 57 3 (1 98 5) . If th e d is tri ct co ur t ch os e a p erm is si bl e v ie w of t he ev id en ce, i ts ho ld in g i s
no t cl earl y erro ne ou s. Uni te d St at es v. Gar ci a , 51 2 F.3 d 10 04 , 10 06 (8 th Ci r. 20 08 ).

A th ree- le ve l in crea se ap pl ie s if th e de fen da nt m an ag ed or su pe rv is ed cri m in al act iv it y in vo lv in g f

i v e or m or e pa rti ci pa nt s, or whi ch was ot he rwis e ex te ns iv e. U .S.S.G. § 3B 1.1 (b ). The go ve rn m en t m us t pr ov e th e en ha nc em en t b y a pr ep on de ran ce of th e ev id en ce. Uni te d St at es v. Gai ne s , 63 9 F.3 d 42 3, 42 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ). Thi s co ur t co ns tru es “ m an ag er” an d “ su pe rv is or ” br oa dl y
. Uni te d St at es v. Erh ar t , 41 5 F .3d 96 5, 9 73 (8t h C ir. 2 00 5)

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The Sen te nc in g G u i d e l in es li st se ve n fact or s to di st in gu is h a m an ag er or
su pe rv is or fro m a le ad er or or ga ni zer, in cl ud in g “ th e de gr ee of co nt ro l an d au th or it y
ex erci se d ov er ot he rs .” § 3B 1.1 cm t. n.4 ; s ee Gai ne s , 63 9 F.3 d at 42 8- 29 (ev al ua ti ng th os e fact or s in a § 3 B 1 .1(b ) en ha nc em en t). The di st ric t co ur t fo un d th at Mo ren o act ed as Ci d’s “ ey es an d ears ” i n D es Mo in es

. W hi le Mo ren o di d no t “ sp eci fic al ly di rect [ ] be ha vi or ,” he en su red th e op er a t i o n w e n t acco rd in g to pl an an d th at th e pr oc eed s go t ba ck to Cal ifo rn ia

. Ci ti ng Uni te d St at es v. Pla nc ar te -Vaz qu ez , 45 0 F.3 d 84 8, 85 3 (8 th Cir. 20 06 ), Mo ren o arg ue s th at en ha nc em en t req ui res so m e co nt ro l ov er at le as t on e ot he r pa rti ci pa nt

. Se e al so Uni te d St at es v. Pay to n , 63 6 F.3 d 10 27 , 10 48 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ). To th e co nt rary, a de fen da nt ’s co nt ro l ov er an ot he r pa rti ci pa nt is

su ffi ci en t bu t no t ne ces sa ry fo r a § 3B 1.1 (b ) en ha nc em en t. Gai ne s , 63 9 F.3 d at 42 8 n.4

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-The di st ric t co ur t di d no t cl earl y e r r in en ha nc in g Mo ren o’s se nt en ce. One

pe rm is si bl e vi ew of th e ev id en ce is th at he su pe rv is ed th e co ns pi racy’ s Des Mo in es de li ve rie s an d pa y m en ts

. The ex erc is e of “ m an ag em en t res po ns ib il it y ov er th e pr op ert y , as se ts , or act iv it ie s of a cri m in al or ga ni zat io n” m ay warra nt en ha nc em en t. § 3 B1 .1 cm t. n .2.

The jud gm en t o f th e d is tri ct co ur t i s af fir m ed

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