# Patent

## Title
Quasi iso-gain supply voltage function for envelope tracking systems

## Abstract

A method of defining a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function for an envelope tracking system is disclosed. The method includes a step of capturing iso-gain supply voltage values versus power values for a device under test (DUT). Other steps involve locating a minimum iso-gain supply voltage value, and then replacing the iso-gain supply voltage values with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for corresponding output power values that are less than an output power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value. The method further includes a step of generating a look-up table (LUT) of iso-gain supply voltage values as a function of input power for the DUT after the step of replacing the iso-gain supply voltage values with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for corresponding output power values that are less than an output power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/509,811, filed Jul. 20, 2011, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 12/112,006 filed Apr. 30, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,884,681 entitled “RADIO FREQUENCY POWER AMPLIFIER IMPROVEMENTS USING PRE-DISTORTION OF AN AMPLITUDE MODULATION POWER SUPPLY”, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to amplitude modulated (AM) radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs), including polar-modulated RF PAs that are powered via AM power supplies.
BACKGROUND
Standard practice in envelope tracking transmit systems is to supply a power amplifier (PA) with a modulated supply voltage that is proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of an RF waveform. A related art technique modulates a supply voltage to be exactly proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of an RF waveform being amplified by the PA. Moreover, the supply voltage is adjusted to achieve constant gain at all power levels. As such, the related art technique provides improved transmitter linearity by eliminating AM/AM distortion. However, under certain conditions a high supply voltage may be required to maintain constant gain at low power levels. A resulting supply voltage waveform has significantly more high frequency content, which places increased demands on a modulator and degrades system efficiency. What is needed is a new technique for retaining the benefit of iso-gain envelope tracking without increased modulator requirements that results in a loss of system efficiency. In particular, a new technique for defining a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function retains the improved linearity benefit of an iso-gain envelope tracking system without incurring a loss in efficiency.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure provides a method of defining a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function for improved performance in envelope tracking systems. The method includes a step of capturing iso-gain supply voltage values versus power values for a device under test (DUT). Other steps involve locating a minimum iso-gain supply voltage value, and then replacing the iso-gain supply voltage values with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for corresponding output power values that are less than an output power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value. At least one embodiment further includes a step of generating a look-up table (LUT) of iso-gain supply voltage values as a function of input power for the DUT after the step of replacing the iso-gain supply voltage values with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for corresponding output power values that are less than an output power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate the scope of the present disclosure and realize additional aspects thereof after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments in association with the accompanying drawing figures.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES
The accompanying drawing figures incorporated in and forming a part of this specification illustrate several aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a basic block diagram of a related art power amplifier with an amplitude modulated (AM) power supply having pre-distortion circuitry.
FIG. 2 is a plot of gain versus input power for a typical power amplifier operating from a fixed voltage supply.
FIG. 3 is a plot of VCC versus the output power of the power amplifier.
FIG. 4 is a graph with plots of instantaneous power and AM power supply output voltage versus time.
FIG. 5 is an RF spectrum of the AM power supply output voltage.
FIG. 6 is a plot of gain versus input power for the power amplifier wherein the gain target is set 1 dB below the peak gain of nearly 28 dB.
FIG. 7 is a plot of voltage and gain versus input power that shows an inflection point below about +20 dBm in which the iso-gain supply voltage increases as output power decreases.
FIG. 8 is an exemplary plot of AM power supply voltage versus time that falls out of unison with the instantaneous power near an envelope minimum.
FIG. 9 depicts a supply voltage spectrum that results from the AM supply voltage of FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a gain curve illustrating that a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function introduces a small drop in gain at low power levels causing a negligible effect on transmitter linearity.
FIG. 11 is a graph with plots of instantaneous power and AM power supply output voltage versus time illustrating the improved performance of the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function in an envelope tracking system.
FIG. 12 is an improved supply voltage spectrum resulting from the employment of the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function in an envelope tracking system.
FIG. 13A is a graph of an output spectrum of a power amplifier having an iso-gain supply voltage.
FIG. 13B is a graph of an output spectrum of a power amplifier having a quasi iso-gain supply voltage.
FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an automatic test system (ATS) configured to provide supply voltage data versus output power data.
FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a method for producing data usable to define a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function for improved performance in envelope tracking systems.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The embodiments set forth below represent the necessary information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments and illustrate the best mode of practicing the embodiments. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
The present disclosure provides a new technique for retaining the benefit of iso-gain envelope tracking without increased modulator requirements that result in a loss of system efficiency. In particular, the disclosed new technique defines a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function that retains the improved linearity benefit of an iso-gain envelope tracking system without incurring a loss in efficiency.
FIG. 1 is a basic block diagram of a related art power amplifier 10 with an amplitude modulated (AM) power supply 12 having pre-distortion circuitry 14. The power amplifier 10 is configured as an iso-gain envelope tracking system that is responsive to an AM signal. AM is a modulation technique such that the amplitude of an RF carrier is modulated, which may be used to encode information. An AM baseband controller 16 provides an AM signal VAM to an AM modulation circuit 18. The AM signal VAM, once pre-distorted by the pre-distortion circuitry 14, provides an AM power supply input signal VAMPSI to the AM power supply 12. An AM power supply output signal VAMPSO based on the AM power supply input signal VAMPSI is output from the AM power supply 12. The AM modulation circuit 18 receives and amplitude-modulates an RF carrier signal RFCAR using the AM signal VAM to provide an AM RF input signal RFAM to a PA stage 20, which amplifies the AM RF input signal RFAM to provide an AM RF output signal RFAMOUT. The AM power supply output signal VAMPSO may provide power for amplification to the PA stage 20. The AM signal VAM is typically based on at least one of values extracted from a look-up table (LUT) 22 and interpolation between values in the LUT 22.
FIG. 2 is a plot of gain versus input power for a typical power amplifier operating from a fixed voltage supply. Notice that the gain is constant at low power levels and has approximately 1.4 dB of gain expansion before entering a region of gain compression above around 27 dBm of output power. To illustrate the iso-gain envelope following technique, a gain target of 2 dB below a peak gain of nearly 28 dB is chosen. The input power is swept a full dynamic range that provides an output power Po_dBm from about 0 dBm to about 35 dBm.
A supply voltage VCC for the power amplifier is adjusted during the input power sweep in order to maintain a constant gain for the power amplifier 10 (FIG. 1). FIG. 3 is a plot of VCC versus the output power Po_dBm of the power amplifier 10. The supply voltage VCC is adjusted at each power level of the output power Po_dbm in order to achieve constant gain. Data derived from the input power sweep that maintains a constant gain is stored in a LUT, such as LUT 22 (FIG. 1), and is usable to control the envelope tracking system of power amplifier 10.
FIG. 4 is a graph with plots of instantaneous power and AM power supply output voltage VCC versus time. Note that the supply voltage peaks occur simultaneously with the output power peaks. Likewise, the supply voltage minimums occur simultaneously with the output power minimums. In the graph of FIG. 4, an exemplary output power minimum labeled m1, and an exemplary supply voltage minimum labeled m2 occur practically simultaneously at around 12 μS. The RF spectrum of the AM power supply output voltage VCC is shown in FIG. 5. Note that the RF spectrum above about 5 MHz is approximately 20 dB below the level of a spectrum within a wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) modulation bandwidth.
The exemplary plot of AM power supply output voltage VCC shown in FIG. 4 is in unison with the instantaneous power. As a result, the resulting RF spectrum is acceptable. However, there are applications in which a gain target is higher than a small signal gain. For example, the target gain can become larger than the small signal gain when a bias for the power amplifier 10 (FIG. 1) is reduced, resulting in an increased gain expansion. The target gain can also become larger than the small signal gain when a need arises to operate the power amplifier 10 configured for iso-gain envelope tracking at low compression levels. One such situation is shown in FIG. 6, which is a plot of gain versus input power for the power amplifier 10 wherein the gain target is set 1 dB below the peak gain of nearly 28 dB.
FIG. 7 shows that in order to meet the objective for the gain target shown in FIG. 6, the supply voltage VCC starts out relatively high for relatively low power levels and then dips at relatively moderate power levels before increasing for relatively high power levels. Notice in FIG. 7 that the supply voltage VCC as a function of output power needed to implement an iso-gain condition over the output power range of +23 dBm to +33 dBm is similar to that of the same range in FIG. 2. As a result, the supply voltage VCC is approximately proportional to the output voltage of the power amplifier 10. However, in the exemplary case shown in FIG. 7, there is an inflection point below about +20 dBm in which the iso-gain supply voltage VCC increases as output power decreases. As a result, the instantaneous peaks of AM supply voltage VCC will not track when the output power of the power amplifier 10 is near an envelope minimum.
This situation is demonstrated in FIG. 8, which is an exemplary plot of AM power supply voltage VCC that falls out of unison with the instantaneous power near an envelope minimum. Unlike the exemplary case of FIG. 4, the marker m2 of FIG. 8 is at an instantaneous peak of supply voltage VCC at practically the same time that the instantaneous output power reaches an envelope minimum as indicated by marker m1.
FIG. 9 depicts a supply voltage spectrum that results from the AM supply voltage of FIG. 8. As shown in FIG. 9, a spectrum level above 5 MHz is now on the order of 10 dB higher than the supply voltage spectrum level above 5 MHz shown in FIG. 4. This 10 dB increase in supply voltage spectrum level above 5 MHz degrades overall system efficiency.
The present disclosure provides a method for defining a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function that retains the improved linearity of benefit of the iso-gain envelope tracking system without incurring a loss in efficiency associated with the iso-gain curve of FIG. 7. FIG. 10 is a gain curve illustrating that a quasi iso-gain supply voltage introduces a small drop in gain at low power levels causing a negligible effect on transmitter linearity. Note that for output powers of +22 dBm and above the gain curve of FIG. 10 is substantially the same. However, below about +22 dBm the supply voltage remains relatively constant instead of increasing relatively rapidly as shown by the iso-gain shown in FIG. 7.
FIG. 11 is a graph with plots of instantaneous power and AM power supply output voltage versus time illustrating the improved performance of the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function in an envelope tracking system. Notice that the undesirable supply voltage peak that is indicated by marker m2 in FIG. 8 during modulation minima is not present in the graph of FIG. 11. In particular, the marker m2 in the graph of FIG. 11 indicates that the supply voltage minimums occur when the output power is at a minimum. As a result, a supply voltage spectrum is significantly improved compared to an envelope tracking system that does not employ the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function of the present disclosure.
FIG. 12 is an improved supply voltage spectrum resulting from the employment of the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function in an envelope tracking system. Notice that the high frequency content above about 4.5 MHz is relatively lower than the spectrum of the iso-gain example of FIG. 5. This improved spectrum shows that the spectral performance of an envelope tracking system employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function may be improved even during periods when the supply voltage does not increase at low power levels. Moreover, the exact power level over which the supply voltage remains constant can be arbitrarily selected to achieve a relatively high efficiency for an employing envelope tracking system. However, some loss in linearity can be expected. The loss in linearity can be held to negligible levels with by reducing efficiency by a relatively slight amount.
A potential concern with the quasi iso-gain function is a possibility of an increase in distortion due to gain variation introduced at low power levels. FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B are output spectrum graphs that compare the performance of a transmitter with an envelope tracking system (i.e., an envelope tracking transmit system) using an iso-gain supply voltage and a quasi iso-gain supply voltage, respectively. Simulation results indicate that linearity degradation for the quasi iso-gain function is negligible both in terms of adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) and error vector magnitude (EVM). In particular, the ACLR is less than 0.1 dB in degradation, while the EVM experiences less than 0.01%. As a result of the negligible linearity degradation, there is considerable leeway in adjusting a low power threshold for the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function.
FIG. 14 is a block diagram of an automatic test system (ATS) 24 configured to provide supply voltage data versus output power data. The ATS 24 includes a system controller 26 that has a computing device that executes code from a tangible computer-readable medium 28. The system controller 26 provides test signals to a device under test (DUT) 30. These test signals can include but are not limited to, input power levels, bias levels, and supply voltage levels. The DUT 30 is typically a power amplifier that provides an output power (POUT) in response to an input power (PIN) and a supply voltage varied to generate iso-gain. The POUT of DUT 30 is detected by a power meter 32 that captures power data that is transmitted to the system controller 26. Data for a look-up table (LUT) for the DUT 30 can then be recorded to the tangible computer-readable medium 28. The system controller 26 may derive the LUT for the DUT 30 using the POUT data and corresponding supply voltage data, or the system controller 26 can pass along the POUT data and corresponding supply voltage data to an external processor (not shown) for LUT generation.
FIG. 15 is a flow chart of a method for producing data usable to define a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function for improved performance in envelope tracking systems. The method begins by providing the ATS 24 (FIG. 14) that includes the system controller 26 and the power meter 32 (step 100). Next, the system controller 26 applies an initial supply voltage and an initial input power to the DUT 30, which is typically a power amplifier (step 102). The power meter then provides feedback in the form of output power data that is received by the system controller 26 (step 104). The supply voltage is then automatically adjusted by the system controller 26 to achieve an iso-gain target (step 106). Next, the system controller 26 records an iso-gain supply voltage, a corresponding input power value, and a corresponding output power value into a memory array (step 108). The system controller 26 then automatically increments the input power applied to the DUT 30 (step 110). The system controller 26 then determines if a desired input power range has been swept (step 112). Steps 104 through 112 are repeated if the determination is negative. However, if the determination is positive, the system controller 26 searches the memory array and locates a minimum iso-gain supply voltage value (step 114). The system controller 26 then replaces the iso-gain supply voltage values with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for corresponding output power values that are less than an output power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value (step 116). It is to be understood that the system controller 26 could alternately replace the iso-gain supply voltage values with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for corresponding input power values that are less than an input power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value. The system controller also generates a look-table (LUT) such as LUT 22 (FIG. 1) such that the iso-gain supply voltage values of step 116 are a function of input power (step 118). Alternately, the system controller can write LUT data including the iso-gain supply voltage values of step 116 to the computer readable medium 28 (FIG. 14) so that an external processor (not shown) can generate the LUT 22.
Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein and the claims that follow.

## Claims

1. A method of defining a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function for an envelope tracking system comprising:
capturing into a memory array iso-gain supply voltage values versus output power values and input power values over a predetermined input power range for a device under test (DUT);
locating a minimum iso-gain supply voltage value within the memory array;
replacing the iso-gain supply voltage values within the memory array with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for corresponding output power values that are less than an output power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value;
generating a look-up table (LUT) of iso-gain supply voltage values as a function of input power values from the iso-gain supply voltage values and input power values captured in the memory array; and
writing the LUT to a tangible computer-readable medium.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the DUT is a power amplifier configured to operate in the envelope tracking system.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the predetermined input power range is a predetermined supply voltage operating range of the envelope tracking system.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein quasi iso-gain supply voltage tracks instantaneous output power minimums for a gain target that is higher than a small signal gain of the power amplifier.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein a degradation of adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) is less than 0.1 dB for an envelope tracking transmit system employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function versus the envelope tracking system without employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein a degradation of error vector magnitude (EVM) is less than 0.01% for an envelope tracking transmit system employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function versus the envelope tracking system without employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function.

7. An automated test system (ATS) of defining a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function for an envelope tracking system comprising:
a system controller programmed to execute steps comprising:
capturing into a memory array iso-gain supply voltage values versus output power values and input power values over a predetermined input power range for a device under test (DUT);
locating a minimum iso-gain supply voltage value within the memory array;
replacing the iso-gain supply voltage values within the memory array with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for corresponding output power values that are less than an output power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value;
generating a look-up table (LUT) of iso-gain supply voltage values as a function of input power values from the iso-gain supply voltage values and input power values captured in the memory array; and
writing the LUT to a tangible computer-readable medium.

8. The ATS of claim 7 wherein the DUT is a power amplifier configured to operate in the envelope tracking system.

9. The ATS of claim 8 wherein the predetermined input power range is a predetermined supply voltage operating range of the envelope tracking system.

10. The ATS of claim 8 wherein quasi iso-gain supply voltage tracks instantaneous output power minimums for a gain target that is higher than a small signal gain of the power amplifier.

11. The ATS of claim 7 wherein a degradation of adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) is less than 0.1 dB for an envelope tracking transmit system employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function versus the envelope tracking system without employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function.

12. The ATS of claim 7 wherein a degradation of error vector magnitude (EVM) is less than 0.01% for an envelope tracking transmit system employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function versus the envelope tracking system without employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function.

13. A tangible computer-readable medium having computer instructions stored thereon, wherein the computer instructions are readable by a computing device of an automated test system (ATS) to perform operations for defining a quasi iso-gain supply voltage function for an envelope tracking system, the operations comprising:
capturing into a memory array iso-gain supply voltage values versus output power values and input power values over a predetermined input power range for a device under test (DUT);
locating a minimum iso-gain supply voltage value within the memory array within the predetermined input power range;
replacing the iso-gain supply voltage values within the memory array with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for corresponding output power values that are less than an output power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value;
generating a look-up table (LUT) of iso-gain supply voltage values as a function of input power values from the iso-gain supply voltage values and input power values captured in the memory array; and
writing the LUT to a tangible computer-readable medium.

14. The tangible computer-readable medium of claim 13 wherein the DUT is a power amplifier configured to operate in the envelope tracking system.

15. The tangible computer-readable medium of claim 14 wherein the predetermined input power range is a predetermined supply voltage operating range of the envelope tracking system.

16. The tangible computer-readable medium of claim 13 further comprising generating a look-up table (LUT) of iso-gain supply voltage values as a function of input power for the DUT after replacing the iso-gain supply voltage values with the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value for the corresponding output power values that are less than an output power value corresponding to the minimum iso-gain supply voltage value.

17. The tangible computer-readable medium of claim 14 wherein quasi iso-gain supply voltage tracks instantaneous output power minimums for a gain target that is higher than a small signal gain of the power amplifier.

18. The tangible computer-readable medium of claim 13 wherein a degradation of adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) is less than 0.1 dB for an envelope tracking transmit system employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function versus the envelope tracking system without employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function.

19. The tangible computer-readable medium of claim 13 wherein a degradation of error vector magnitude (EVM) is less than 0.01% for an envelope tracking transmit system employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function versus the envelope tracking system without employing the quasi iso-gain supply voltage function.