2013 WI 51

SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN

CASE NO.: 2009AP2916-CR

COMPLETE TITLE:

State of Wisconsin,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

Gregory M. Sahs,

Defendant-Appellant-Petitioner.

REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS

Reported at 330 Wis. 2d 498, 792 N.W.2d 240

(Ct. App. 2010 - Unpublished)

OPINION FILED: June 18, 2013

SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS:

ORAL ARGUMENT: February 25, 2013

SOURCE OF APPEAL:

COURT: Circuit

COUNTY: Milwaukee

JUDGE: Jeffrey A. Conen

JUSTICES:

CONCURRED: ROGGENSACK, J. concurs. (Opinion filed.)

DISSENTED:

NOT PARTICIPATING:

ATTORNEYS:

For the defendant-appellant-petitioner, there were briefs

and oral argument by Mark S. Rosen and Rosen and Holzman, LTD.,

Waukesha.

For the plaintiff-respondent, the cause was argued by Sarah

K. Larson, assistant attorney general, with whom on the briefs

was J.B. Van Hollen, attorney general.
2013 WI 51

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further

editing and modification. The final

version will appear in the bound

volume of the official reports.

No. 2009AP2916-CR

(L.C. No. 2008CF3217)

STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT

State of Wisconsin,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

Gregory M. Sahs,

Defendant-Appellant-Petitioner.

FILED

JUN 18, 2013

Diane M. Fremgen

Clerk of Supreme Court

REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. Affirmed.

¶1 SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, C.J. This is a review of an

unpublished decision of the court of appeals that affirmed the

judgment of conviction entered by the Circuit Court for

Milwaukee County, Jeffrey A. Conen, Judge.

1

1 State v. Sahs, No. 2009AP2916-CR, unpublished slip op.

(Wis. Ct. App. Oct. 26, 2010).
No. 2009AP2916-CR

2

¶2 Gregory M. Sahs, the defendant, was convicted of

possession of child pornography in violation of Wis. Stat.

§ 948.12(1m) (2007-08).

2

¶3 The charge of possessing child pornography arose from

incriminating admissions the defendant made to his probation

agent. The defendant was on probation as a result of a prior

conviction for possession of child pornography. After the

defendant made incriminating statements to his probation agent,

the police were alerted and found the computer the defendant

used to access and possess child pornography, leading to a

revocation of his probation and these additional criminal

charges.

¶4 After being criminally charged, the defendant moved

the circuit court to suppress the admissions to his probation

agent, claiming that they were compelled, testimonial, and

incriminating in violation of his state and federal

constitutional privilege against self-incrimination. The Fifth

Amendment to the United States Constitution

3 and Article I,

2 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2007-

08 version unless otherwise noted.

3 The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

provides in pertinent part: "No person . . . shall be compelled

in any criminal case to be a witness against himself . . . ."

The privilege against self-incrimination is applied to the

states through the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause.

Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 6 (1964).
No. 2009AP2916-CR

3

Section 8 of the Wisconsin Constitution

4 provide that no person

shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against

himself.

¶5 The defendant's admissions are clearly testimonial and

incriminating. The issue is whether the admissions were

compelled.

¶6 The legal issue before this court is the same as the

legal issue before the circuit court and court of appeals:

Should the incriminating statements made by the defendant to his

probation agent admitting possession of child pornography be

suppressed on the ground that the statements were compelled in

violation of the defendant's federal constitutional privilege

against self-incrimination?

5

¶7 The court of appeals concluded that the circuit court

properly denied the motions to suppress: "[T]he evidence that

Sahs relies upon [namely a Department of Corrections document]

does not appear in the record" and "the facts in the record are

insufficient to show compulsion."

6

4 Article I, Section 8 of the Wisconsin Constitution states:

"No person . . . may be compelled in any criminal case to be a

witness against himself or herself."

5 The defendant filed a second motion to exclude the

evidence discovered after a search of his computer, as well as

statements made to police, on the ground that the evidence and

statements were a direct consequence of the compelled statements

to the probation agent. We need not and do not address this

second motion because we conclude that the defendant has not

carried his burden of proving that his statements to the

probation agent were compelled.

6 State v. Sahs, No. 2009AP2916-CR, unpublished slip op.,

¶¶1, 9 (Wis. Ct. App. Oct. 26, 2010).
No. 2009AP2916-CR

4

¶8 We affirm the decision of the court of appeals.

¶9 The defendant has failed to meet his burden to prove

that his initial, oral statements were compelled.

7 Neither the

circuit court nor this court can consider the Department of

Corrections form that the defendant claims advised him that his

incriminating statements cannot be used against him in criminal

proceedings. The form is not in the record. The parties did

not agree about its existence, the details of its use, or the

defendant's knowledge of its contents before the defendant made

his oral admissions.

¶10 The defendant has failed to put sufficient evidence

into the record to show that the rules of his probation rendered

his incriminating statements compelled. No documents, no

testimony, and no undisputed, agreed-upon facts by the parties

are in the record to evidence any compulsion of the defendant to

admit possession of child pornography to his probation agent.

¶11 Because there is not sufficient evidence in the record

to show compulsion, we affirm the decision of the court of

7 When a defendant seeks to exclude prior statements based

upon his Fifth Amendment privilege, the burden is on the

defendant to establish that the statements at issue are

compelled, testimonial, and incriminating. In re Commitment of

Mark, 2006 WI 78, ¶16, 292 Wis. 2d 1, 718 N.W.2d 90. After a

defendant proves that his statements were compelled,

testimonial, and incriminating, the burden shifts to the State

to demonstrate that the evidence it wishes to use in a criminal

prosecution is "derived from a legitimate source wholly

independent of the compelled testimony." State v. Spaeth, 2012

WI 95, ¶¶38, 74, 343 Wis. 2d 220, 819 N.W.2d 769 (quoting

Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441, 460 (1972)).
No. 2009AP2916-CR

5

appeals, which affirmed the circuit court's order denying

suppression of the statements and the judgment of conviction.

8

I

¶12 We first turn to the facts. The Complaint charging

the defendant with two counts of possession of child pornography

was filed on July 2, 2008. The defendant waived a preliminary

hearing. The State filed the information based on the

complaint. The defendant entered a plea of not guilty to the

two counts charged.

¶13 The defendant then filed his motion seeking to

suppress the statements he made to his probation agent. The

State opposed the motion. The circuit court requested that the

parties participate in an evidentiary hearing regarding the

suppression motion. Instead, both parties proffered facts in

written briefs to the circuit court and stipulated that the

circuit court could decide the case based on the factual

representations set forth in the briefs.

¶14 The facts set forth here are therefore predominantly

taken from the parties' briefs filed in the circuit court. The

8 The defendant's motion to suppress his statements was

orally denied in open court by the Circuit Court for Milwaukee

County, John Franke, Judge. Milwaukee County Circuit Court

Judge Jeffrey A. Conen signed the written order of denial and

later entered the judgment of conviction.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

6

circuit court explained that it was "dealing with

representations here and not a factual record by affidavit."

9

¶15 As one might suspect from the proceedings we have

described thus far, the record in this case relating to the

suppression motion is extremely thin. What follows are the

parties' undisputed, agreed-upon facts we have culled from the

parties' briefs and the findings of fact the circuit court made.

¶16 The parties agree that the defendant was sentenced to

probation in 2005 arising from a conviction for possession of

child pornography.

¶17 The parties agree that Department of Corrections

Probation/Parole Agent Michael Krause was assigned to supervise

the defendant's probation and that the defendant was required to

participate in sex offender group therapy as a condition of his

probation.

10 The other conditions of the defendant's probation

are not in the record.

¶18 The parties finally agree that the defendant was on

probation when, in January 2007, he made statements to Agent

Krause indicating that he again possessed child pornography.

From there, the parties' factual assertions diverge.

9 A circuit court may predicate its factual findings on

undisputed facts. State v. Thierfelder, 174 Wis. 2d 213, 217

n.4, 495 N.W.2d 669 (1993); State v. Schulpius, 2006 WI App 263,

¶¶11-12, 298 Wis. 2d 155, 726 N.W.2d 706.

10 These facts are taken from the defendant's motion to

exclude evidence and the State's response to the defendant's

motion to exclude evidence, which were filed with the circuit

court.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

7

¶19 The defendant asserts that he was required to take a

polygraph test as a condition of sex offender treatment and that

he failed this polygraph test on December 15, 2006,

11 when he

untruthfully answered that he had not broken any of his

probation rules.

¶20 The State, in contrast, contends that the polygraph

test was administered because the defendant had "refused to

participate in a meaningful way in his group therapy sessions."

The focus of the polygraph test was on the defendant's prior

sexual history. In his pre-polygraph examination interview, the

defendant admitted that he had not been truthful about this

history previously; the polygraph test then focused on whether

the defendant had been truthful in the pre-polygraph exam

interview. The result of the polygraph test was that the

defendant was truthful.

¶21 The parties agree that the defendant was terminated

from his group therapy sessions. But, the parties dispute the

reason for termination. The defendant believes he was

terminated because he failed the polygraph test. The State

asserts that the defendant was terminated because the

information that he provided about his prior sexual history to

11 There is some confusion in the circuit court briefs and

in the briefs before this court whether the date of the

polygraph test was December 2006 or December 2005. The

defendant's material in the record refers to December 2005. The

polygraph report is in the record as an attachment to the

documents the State filed in response to the defendant's motion.

The report is dated December 2006 and states that the polygraph

test was administered in December 2006.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

8

the polygraph examiner in a pre-test interview should have been

disclosed during his previous group therapy sessions.

¶22 The parties agree that the defendant was given an

opportunity to regain admittance to group therapy. They do not

agree on the conditions he had to meet for re-admittance or

whether he was re-admitted.

¶23 The defendant asserts that he was required to take

another polygraph test, which was scheduled for January 13,

2007.

12 The State asserts that the defendant was required only

to write a letter of full disclosure regarding his prior sexual

history and that when he completed the letter, he was allowed

back into therapy. The State asserts that the defendant had

already been allowed back into his group therapy when he and

Agent Krause met on January 12, 2007, and that Agent Krause had

no intention of initiating revocation proceedings against the

defendant, at that time, for his probation violations.

¶24 The State's brief sets forth Agent Krause's

recollection about the events of January 2007. The State

asserts that in January 2007, Agent Krause received a phone call

from the defendant, who wanted to come in to talk "about some

things." According to Agent Krause, he and the defendant agreed

upon a mutually acceptable date, which was January 12, 2007.

12 The circuit court commented that "the parties represent

that another polygraph was set for January 13." The State's

response to the defendant's motion, however, makes no mention of

a January 13 polygraph test.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

9

¶25 The date of the meeting (Jan. 12) was the day before

the date the defendant claims that he was required to take a

polygraph examination (Jan. 13) in order to get back into

therapy. The State makes no mention of this second polygraph

test.

¶26 The parties agree that at the January 12, 2007

meeting, the defendant orally told Agent Krause that he had

violated the rules of his probation by using a computer he kept

at a friend's house to access child pornography. According to

Agent Krause, the defendant volunteered that he had been

violating the rules of his probation.

¶27 According to the defendant and Agent Krause, Agent

Krause wrote down the defendant's statements on a Department of

Corrections form, which the defendant signed. The defendant

asserts that this Department form included a notification and a

box checked off next to the following statement:

I have been advised that I must account in a true and

accurate manner for my whereabouts and activities, and

that failure to do so is a violation for which I could

be revoked. I have also been advised that none of

this information can be used against me in criminal

proceedings.

13

¶28 The defendant does not state, either in the brief he

filed in this court or in the motion he filed in the circuit

court, when he was first advised that his statements could not

be used against him in a criminal proceeding or whether he saw

the form before he gave the oral statements.

13 The DOC form is not in the record.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

10

¶29 The State agrees that Agent Krause wrote down the

defendant's statement on a Department form but neither denies

nor concedes the existence of the Department form or the

notification that the defendant described. The State's brief in

this court asserts that it never conceded or stipulated that the

defendant was aware of the written notification when he gave his

earlier, oral statements. The State's position here is that the

defendant did not proffer any evidence to support his assertion

that he was aware of the written notification of immunity when

he gave his earlier, oral statements.

14

¶30 The parties agree that after the defendant made the

incriminating statements, Agent Krause took the defendant into

custody and initiated revocation proceedings.

¶31 There is no dispute about what happened thereafter.

¶32 Agent Krause notified the West Allis Police Department

of the defendant's statements. The police arranged to retrieve

the computer the defendant admitted to using.

¶33 Detective Jacque Chevremont of the West Allis Police

Department met with the defendant twice while he was in custody

at the Milwaukee Secure Detention Facility. Detective

Chevremont read the defendant his Miranda warnings both times;

the defendant stated he understood the warnings and that he was

willing to speak with the Detective. The defendant admitted

14 The circuit court explicitly stated that it "won't make

findings of fact as to what happened after [the defendant's oral

admission of possessing child pornography] because I do not find

that those [oral] statements to the probation officer on these

undisputed facts must be suppressed . . . ."
No. 2009AP2916-CR

11

that while on probation, he downloaded child pornography on a

computer that he kept at a friend's house.

¶34 In ruling on the suppression motions, the circuit

court assumed that the defendant was advised of the standard

conditions of probation, which include providing true and

correct information when asked. Neither the conditions of

probation imposed on the defendant nor any "standard conditions

of probation" are in the record before this court.

¶35 The circuit court's findings of fact to be upheld as

not clearly erroneous had to be based in the present case on the

parties' agreed-upon, undisputed facts. The circuit court made

the following factual findings:

• The defendant initiated the January 12, 2007 meeting

with his probation agent.

• The defendant volunteered the information that he

had been violating the probation rules by using a

friend's computer to download images of child

pornography.

¶36 With regard to the circuit court's first finding, the

parties agreed that the defendant initiated the January 12, 2007

meeting with his probation agent.

¶37 With regard to the circuit court's second finding, the

circuit court, relying on common sense, assumed that the

probation agent would have asked the defendant some questions.

Nevertheless, the circuit court found that the defendant

volunteered that he had violated the rules of probation. The

State asserted that the defendant volunteered that he had been
No. 2009AP2916-CR

12

violating the probation rules. The defendant did not

characterize his statements as volunteered. Neither party made

any representation to the circuit court about whether the

defendant made any statement in response to questions.

¶38 The circuit court denied the defendant's motions to

suppress, concluding that the facts were insufficient to show

compulsion and that simply because an agent might revoke

probation is not enough to establish compulsion.

¶39 After the circuit court denied the defendant's motions

to suppress, the defendant changed his plea to guilty of one

count of possession of child pornography pursuant to plea

negotiations.

II

¶40 Whether the defendant's statements to his probation

agent were compelled in violation of his constitutional right

against self-incrimination presents a question of constitutional

fact. In reviewing issues of constitutional fact, first, we

review the circuit court's findings of historical fact; we will

uphold them unless they are clearly erroneous. Second, we

determine the application of constitutional principles

independently of the circuit court and court of appeals,

benefitting from their analyses.

15

15 Spaeth, 343 Wis. 2d 220, ¶30; State v. Felix, 2012 WI

36, ¶22, 339 Wis. 2d 670, 811 N.W.2d 775 (citing State v. Eason,

2001 WI 98, ¶9, 245 Wis. 2d 206, 629 N.W.2d 625).
No. 2009AP2916-CR

13

¶41 A probationer has a Fifth Amendment privilege against

compelled self-incrimination.

16 A critical issue is whether the

probationer must claim the privilege or whether the situation

gives rise to a self-executing privilege.

¶42 The United States Supreme Court has declared that an

ordinary witness who is "merely required to appear and give

testimony" must affirmatively claim the privilege.

17 "[I]n the

ordinary case, if a witness under compulsion to testify makes

disclosures instead of claiming the privilege, the government

has not 'compelled' him to incriminate himself."

18

¶43 However, the United States Supreme Court has also

recognized exceptions to the general rule requiring a person to

affirmatively assert his or her Fifth Amendment privilege. In

some situations, the privilege is self-executing and thus need

not be affirmatively invoked before the statement is deemed

compelled.

19 One of these "self-executing situations" occurs

when a probationer must answer questions that require him to

choose between making incriminating statements and jeopardizing

his conditional liberty by remaining silent.

20

16 Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 426 (1984).

17 Id. at 435 (quoted in State v. Spaeth, 2012 WI 95, ¶47,

343 Wis. 2d 220, 619 N.W.2d 769).

18 Murphy, 465 U.S. at 427 (quoting Garner v. United States,

424 U.S. 648, 654 (1976)).

19 Spaeth, 343 Wis. 2d 220, ¶¶43, 47 (quoting Minnesota v.

Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 426, 434-35 (1984)).

20 Murphy, 465 U.S. at 435-36; Spaeth, 343 Wis. 2d 220,

¶¶46-49.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

14

¶44 The United States Supreme Court has explained the

difference between the ordinary witness who must claim the

privilege when he is "merely required to appear and give

testimony" and certain situations relating to a probationer

whose privilege may be self-executing when he is required to

answer incriminating questions. The Supreme Court has

differentiated between the two as follows:

The threat of punishment for reliance on the privilege

distinguishes cases of this sort [namely those

involving a probationer] from the ordinary case in

which a witness is merely required to appear and give

testimony. A state may require a probationer to

appear and discuss matters that affect his

probationary status; such a requirement, without more,

does not give rise to a self-executing privilege. The

result may be different if questions put to the

probationer, however relevant to his probationary

status, call for answers that would incriminate him in

a pending or later criminal prosecution. There is

thus a substantial basis in our cases for concluding

that if the state, either expressly or by implication,

asserts that invocation of the privilege would lead to

revocation of probation, it would have created the

classic penalty situation, the failure to assert the

privilege would be excused, and the probationer's

answers would be deemed compelled and inadmissible in

a criminal prosecution.

21

III

¶45 The defendant asserts that his statements to his

probation agent were compelled in violation of his federal

constitutional privilege against self-incrimination for two

reasons. First, he claims that he signed a Department of

21 Murphy, 465 U.S. at 435 (quoted in Spaeth, 343

Wis. 2d 220, ¶47).
No. 2009AP2916-CR

15

Corrections document that notified him that his failure to

account truthfully about his activities is a violation for which

his probation could be revoked and that "none of the information

can be used against [him] in criminal proceedings." Second, he

claims that his statements were compelled because he allegedly

was required to report his activities truthfully to his

probation agent and was required to take a mandatory polygraph

test and knew that if he failed the polygraph test, his

probation could be revoked.

¶46 We discuss each claim in turn.

A

¶47 We turn first to the defendant's claim of compulsion

relying on the Department of Corrections form described above.

This form, according to the defendant, advised the defendant

that the statements he made to the probation agent were not to

be used against him in a criminal proceeding.

¶48 The burden was on the defendant in the circuit court

to prove that his statement to the probation agent was compelled

and that use of the statement in this criminal proceeding

violates the federal constitutional privilege against selfincrimination.

¶49 The circuit court and court of appeals ruled that the

defendant did not meet his burden.

¶50 The Department of Corrections form upon which the

defendant relies is not part of the circuit court record or part

of the record before this court. The well-established rule is
No. 2009AP2916-CR

16

that appellate review is limited to the record presented.

22 The

burden is on the appellant, here the defendant, to ensure that

the record is sufficient to address issues raised on appeal.

23

¶51 No undisputed, agreed-upon facts by the parties or

other evidence appears in the record to prove that the defendant

signed the form or that the defendant was informed or knew of

the contents of the form before he gave oral incriminating

statements to his probation agent.

¶52 The circuit court made no findings of fact regarding

the existence of the Department form or the conversation that

occurred between the defendant and Agent Krause when the form

was allegedly completed and signed.

¶53 Because the Department form is not in the record and

nothing about the execution of the form is in the parties'

undisputed, agreed-upon facts, the defendant's argument that the

form immunized his statements fails.

B

¶54 We turn now to the defendant's claim that the

statements to the probation agent were compelled by the threat

of revocation of his conditional liberty. The defendant makes

two arguments. He argues that the mere fact that he was

required to appear and report truthfully to his probation agent

22 Schimke v. Milwaukee & Suburban Transport Co., 34

Wis. 2d 317, 320-21, 149 N.W.2d 659 (1967).

23 State v. Marks, 2010 WI App 172, ¶20, 330 Wis. 2d 693,

794 N.W.2d 547; State Bank of Hartland v. Arndt, 129

Wis. 2d 411, 423, 385 N.W.2d 219 (Ct. App. 1986).
No. 2009AP2916-CR

17

is sufficient to establish compulsion. He also argues that the

fact that he was required to take a polygraph test establishes

compulsion.

1

¶55 The case law establishes that the mere requirement on

a probationer to appear and speak "truthfully to his or her

probation (or parole) officer is insufficient to establish

compulsion."

24

¶56 The seminal case regarding probationers and selfincrimination is Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420 (1984). The

United States Supreme Court recognized that requiring Murphy, a

probationer, to appear and answer questions truthfully was

insufficient to establish compulsion.

25 The Court declared that

if Murphy was in a situation that gave rise to a self-executing

privilege against self-incrimination——such that "the State,

either expressly or by implication, assert[ed] that invocation

of the privilege would lead to revocation of probation"——then

"the failure to assert the privilege would be excused, and the

probationer's answers would be deemed compelled and inadmissible

in a criminal prosecution,"

26 even though the privilege was not

affirmatively invoked. See ¶¶41-44, supra.

24 Commitment of Mark, 292 Wis. 2d 1, ¶25.

25 Murphy, 465 U.S. at 427. See also Commitment of Mark,

292 Wis. 2d 1, ¶25.

26 Murphy, 465 U.S. at 435.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

18

¶57 As to Murphy, the Court concluded that the State of

Minnesota did not go further than requiring Murphy to appear and

give testimony. It did not "require[ ] him to choose between

making incriminating statements and jeopardizing his conditional

liberty by remaining silent."

27 The Court in Murphy concluded

that there was no evidence in the record showing that the State

would have revoked the probation or that the probationer

(Murphy) believed his probation would have been revoked if he

chose to remain silent.

28 Accordingly, Murphy did not prove his

statement was compelled.

¶58 In the present case, there is no evidence that the

State, either expressly or by implication, told the defendant

that his refusal to speak to his probation agent or his

invocation of his privilege against self-incrimination would

lead to the revocation of his probation. The defendant claims

27 Id. at 436 (quoted in Spaeth, 343 Wis. 2d 220, ¶48).

28 Murphy, 465 U.S. at 436.

The Court explained further in Murphy, 465 U.S. at 437, as

follows:

Murphy's probation condition proscribed only false

statements; it said nothing about his freedom to

decline to answer particular questions and certainly

contained no suggestion that his probation was

conditional on his waiving his [privilege] with

respect to further criminal prosecution. . . . Without

the benefit of an authoritative state-court

construction of the condition, we are hesitant to read

into the truthfulness requirement an additional

obligation that Murphy refrain from [invoking his

privilege].
No. 2009AP2916-CR

19

that he believed his probation would be revoked if he failed to

tell his probation agent the truth, but there is no evidence in

the record indicating that the defendant was informed of such

potential revocation. The parties did not agree that revocation

was a consequence or that the defendant believed his probation

would have been revoked if he chose to remain silent.

¶59 Nothing in the record supports the defendant's claim

that there was an explicit consequence of revocation for failing

to tell the truth or that the defendant believed that probation

would be revoked if he did not tell the truth. Thus, the

probationer in the present case, like the probationer in

Minnesota v. Murphy, has not proved his claim of compulsion.

2

¶60 The defendant appears to rest his claim of compulsion

not only on the fact that the rules of probation required him to

tell the truth, but also on the fact that he was required to

take a polygraph test and that he knew that if he did not admit

to his behavior it would be discovered the next day during his

scheduled polygraph test. The defendant argues that on the

basis of his past experiences, he made the incriminating

statement knowing that if he did not give an accurate and

truthful accounting of his behavior before the mandated

polygraph test, he would be in violation of his probation rules

and he would face revocation of his probation.

¶61 Again, the defendant has not carried his burden of

proving compulsion. Nothing in the record supports the

defendant's claim of compulsion regarding the polygraph test.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

20

¶62 The defendant's original rules of supervision, which

the defendant asserts require a polygraph test, are not in the

record. The requirement of a polygraph test is not an

undisputed fact.

29 Nothing appears in the record to support the

defendant's assertion that he was required to take a polygraph

test the day after he made his statements.

¶63 The circuit court could not and did not determine

whether the defendant was required to take a mandatory polygraph

test as a condition of his probation or that he had a mandatory

polygraph test scheduled for January 13, 2007, which he knew he

would fail. Nothing in the record describes the rules governing

the polygraph test.

¶64 Without any evidence in the record, the defendant

fails to demonstrate that his admission to the probation agent

was compelled by his being required to take a polygraph test.

¶65 The fact that a probationer was required to take a

polygraph test as a condition of probation played an important

part in both State v. Peebles, 2010 WI App 156, 330 Wis. 2d 243,

792 N.W.2d 212, and State v. Spaeth, 2012 WI 95, 343

Wis. 2d 220, 819 N.W.2d 769, in the court's determining whether

the probationers' statements were compelled.

29 The defendant asserts that he was required to take a

polygraph test as a condition of his mandatory sex offender

treatment. The State contends that the polygraph test was

administered because the defendant had "refused to participate

in a meaningful way in his group therapy sessions."
No. 2009AP2916-CR

21

¶66 The Peebles and Spaeth cases were decided after the

circuit court's and court of appeals' decisions in the present

case and did not guide these decisions.

¶67 In Peebles, the court of appeals was faced with

determining whether a probationer's incriminating statements

were compelled.

30 Peebles was placed on probation after pleading

no contest to sexual assault. The court ordered "Sex

Counseling/register/be compliant with Sex Offender Program."

31

¶68 Peebles subsequently met with his probation agent and

signed the Rules of Community Supervision and the Standard Sex

Offender Rules, which were entered into the record. The rules

warned him that his probation could be revoked if he violated

the rules.

32

¶69 One requirement of Peebles' probation was that he take

a polygraph test.

33 Peebles testified that he understood that if

he did not follow the rules of supervision, including

participating in sex offender treatment and cooperating with his

treatment counselor, which required talking in treatment about

his sexual behavior, he could face revocation from supervision

or incarceration.

34

30 State v. Peebles, 2010 WI App 156, 330 Wis. 2d 243, 792

N.W.2d 212.

31 Id., ¶2.

32 Id., ¶3.

33 Id., ¶5.

34 Id., ¶4.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

22

¶70 Peebles' probation was ultimately revoked based on

comments he made in sex offender counseling and to the polygraph

examiner immediately before a polygraph examination.

35

¶71 The court of appeals explained in Peebles that "a

probationer's statements are compelled if he or she must choose

between providing them or jeopardizing his or her conditional

liberty by remaining silent."

36

¶72 The court of appeals concluded that Peebles'

statements were compelled because the rules of his supervision,

which were in the record, required that he be truthful, that he

submit to polygraph tests, and that he fully cooperate with and

successfully complete sex offender counseling. Peebles "then

gave his statements, at least in part, because he was required

to take lie detector tests."

37

¶73 In Spaeth, this court explained that the Peebles

decision demonstrates how statements made to probation agents

may be "compelled by way of probation rules." This court

explained that based on Peebles' testimony about his subjective

view of the consequences of failure to take a polygraph test,

the court of appeals held that Peebles' statements were

compelled.

38

35 Id., ¶¶6-7.

36 Id., ¶22 (citing Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. at 436).

37 Peebles, 330 Wis. 2d 243, ¶20.

38 Spaeth, 343 Wis. 2d 220, ¶57.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

23

¶74 The record before the court in the present case does

not support the same conclusion as did the record in Peebles.

In the present case, the defendant's probation rules are not in

the record. The parties did not reach undisputed, agreed-upon

facts regarding the defendant's knowledge or belief that his

probation would be revoked unless he told the truth.

¶75 In the present case, the court is unable to determine

what the probation rules required and what the defendant

believed would be the consequences of his failing to tell the

truth. Thus, the court is unable to conclude, from the record,

that the defendant's probation rules required him to be

truthful, required him to submit to polygraph tests, or required

revocation of probation if he violated the rules.

¶76 In Spaeth, the State and Spaeth stipulated that

Spaeth's participation in a polygraph test while on probation

was compelled.

39 A condition of Spaeth's probation was a

39 Spaeth, 343 Wis. 2d 220, ¶¶49, 58.

The Spaeth court concluded:

[The probation agent's] own testimony revealed that

Spaeth was required to take the polygraph examination

or face a sanction, including possible revocation.

This compulsion is authorized by statute and rule,

demonstrated in the cases, and testified to by the

[Department of Corrections] agent involved. All

parties agree that this case involves compulsion. As

a result, we have no difficulty determining that

Spaeth was compelled, under the rules of his

probation, to answer truthfully during the polygraph

examination.

Spaeth, 343 Wis. 2d 220, ¶58.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

24

mandatory polygraph test at least once per year.

40 Spaeth was

"required to take this examination, required to cooperate with

the examiner, and required to answer questions truthfully. His

failure to take the polygraph examination could have resulted in

revocation of his probation. His failure to answer questions

truthfully also could have resulted in a serious sanction."

41

¶77 Before taking the polygraph test, Spaeth signed a

"consent form" provided by the test administrator, but the form

he signed was not, according to the court, an accurate statement

of the law for this probationer because the form stated that his

statement may be used against him at trial.

42 The court

determined that his "failure to take the polygraph examination

could have resulted in his revocation, and his refusal to sign

the 'consent form' could have been deemed a refusal to take the

polygraph examination. In addition, any statements that Spaeth

made during the polygraph examination were subject to use and

derivative use immunity and could not be used against him at a

criminal trial."

43 The probation agent "later testified that

Spaeth was aware that the polygraph results and the statements

he made in the examination could not be used in a criminal

prosecution."

44

40 Id., ¶4.

41 Id.

42 Id., ¶¶5-6.

43 Id., ¶6.

44 Id.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

25

¶78 The results of the Spaeth polygraph test showed that

he was being deceptive and his probation agent was so informed.

45

The probation agent discussed the results of the polygraph test

with Spaeth, and Spaeth then admitted probation violations.

46

The probation agent informed police, who arrested Spaeth for

both a probation violation and in connection with a possible

additional criminal offense.

47

¶79 This court re-examined the fundamental principles of

the privilege against self-incrimination guaranteed by the Fifth

Amendment.

48 The court recognized that in some situations, the

privilege is self-executing and need not be affirmatively

invoked before the statement is deemed compelled.

49 When a

probationer must answer questions that require him to choose

between making incriminating statements and jeopardizing his

conditional liberty by remaining silent, the privilege is selfexecuting and the statements are compelled.

50

¶80 The Spaeth court concluded, based on the evidence in

the record, the testimony of the defendant and the defendant's

probation agent, and stipulations by the parties that the

45 Id., ¶8.

46 Id., ¶9.

47 Id., ¶¶10-11.

48 Id., ¶¶31-49.

49 Id., ¶¶43, 47.

50 Murphy, 465 U.S. at 435-36; Spaeth, 343 Wis. 2d 220,

¶¶46-49.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

26

defendant's participation in the polygraph test was compelled

and that any incriminating statements arising from it could not

be used against him.

51

¶81 The present case does not provide the extensive record

available in Spaeth. The record in the instant case does not

include the probation rules, the polygraph requirements, or a

finding about what the defendant knew or believed regarding the

possible consequences of his incriminating statements.

¶82 The defendant has failed to provide sufficient

evidence to support his legal argument of compulsion on the

basis of the polygraph test. On this record, the court cannot

reach the legal conclusion that the defendant's statements were

compelled.

* * * *

¶83 In sum, the defendant has failed to meet his burden to

prove that his initial, oral statements were compelled. Neither

the circuit court nor this court can consider the Department of

Corrections probation form that the defendant claims advised him

that his incriminating statements cannot be used against him in

criminal proceedings. The form is not in the record. The

parties did not agree about its existence, the details of its

use, or the defendant's knowledge of its contents before the

defendant made his oral admissions.

¶84 The defendant has failed to put sufficient evidence

into the record to show that the rules of his probation rendered

51 Spaeth, 343 Wis. 2d 220, ¶49, 58.
No. 2009AP2916-CR

27

his incriminating statements compelled. No documents, no

testimony, and no undisputed, agreed-upon facts by the parties

are in the record to evidence any compulsion of the defendant to

admit possession of child pornography to his probation agent.

¶85 Because there is not sufficient evidence in the record

to show compulsion, we affirm the decision of the court of

appeals. The defendant's conviction is affirmed.

¶86 By the Court——The decision of the court of appeals is

affirmed.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

1

¶87 PATIENCE DRAKE ROGGENSACK, J. (concurring). Gregory

Sahs' incriminating, oral statement to his probation agent, made

when he was not in custody, was voluntarily made without the

threat that he would be revoked if he did not speak.

Accordingly, his statement was not compelled and his Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination for the crime he

disclosed was not self-executing. See Minnesota v. Murphy, 465

U.S. 420, 436 (1984).

¶88 I write to confirm for the reader that the majority

opinion does not rest on the Wisconsin Constitution, but rather,

that the majority opinion is based solely on the Fifth Amendment

of the United States Constitution, which is the only

constitutional provision that the parties argued before us.

1 I

also write to draw together foundational principles that control

when the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination

becomes self-executing for probationers and to draw attention to

unduly broad statements in some opinions that could cause

confusion if the statements were applied without a thorough

consideration of all underlying legal principles. Because my

analysis differs from the majority opinion's analysis but also

results in the conclusion that Sahs' oral statement was not

compelled, I do not join the majority opinion, but respectfully

concur.

1 Even though Sahs argued both state and federal

constitutional provisions in his motion to the circuit court,

majority op., ¶4, he has not done so before us.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

2

I. BACKGROUND

¶89 In 2007, Sahs was convicted of possession of child

pornography, contrary to Wis. Stat. § 948.12(1m). This was

Sahs' second conviction for possession of child pornography, the

first one occurring in 2005. When the incriminating statements

giving rise to the second conviction were made, Sahs was on

probation for the 2005 conviction. He made the incriminating

statements to his probation agent, Michael Krause.

¶90 Prior to making incriminating statements, Sahs called

Krause and asked to come in and "talk about some things." Sahs

set up an appointment to meet with Krause on a mutually

convenient date, January 12, 2007.

¶91 When Sahs appeared for his appointment, he told Krause

that he had accessed child pornography through a computer he

kept at a friend's house. Sahs does not allege that he made

this oral statement in response to a question from Krause about

either a pending charge or particular criminal activities, nor

does he allege that Krause, or the conditions of his probation,

threatened revocation of probation if Sahs refused to answer

such questions. After Sahs orally incriminated himself of

violating Wis. Stat. § 948.12(1m), Krause asked Sahs to provide

a written statement on a standard Department of Corrections

(DOC) form. Sahs did so; however, the DOC form is not in the

record.

2

2 Because the record does not contain the DOC form, and

because there is no contention that the written statement

somehow modified Sahs' earlier statement, I confine my

subsequent discussion to Sahs' oral statement to his probation

agent.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

3

¶92 At the time of Sahs' incriminating oral statement to

Krause, he alleged he was scheduled to take a polygraph test

within a few days as part of his probation requirements for his

2005 conviction. Sahs alleges that this upcoming obligation

generated his need to speak with Krause.

¶93 After Sahs made his oral and written incriminating

statements, Krause initiated revocation proceedings. Krause

also notified the West Allis Police Department, who took Sahs

into custody. Detective Chevremont gave Sahs Miranda

3 warnings.

Sahs said that he understood the warnings and was willing to

speak with the detective. Sahs then admitted that while he was

on probation, he downloaded child pornography on the computer he

kept at his friend's house. Based on his admissions, Sahs was

charged with possessing child pornography, in violation of Wis.

Stat. § 948.12(1m).

¶94 As the matter proceeded before the circuit court, Sahs

moved to suppress both the oral and written statements he made

to Krause and his statements to Chevremont. The circuit court

found that Sahs initiated the January 12, 2007 meeting with

Krause, and that he volunteered that he had downloaded child

pornography onto a computer he kept at a friend's home. The

circuit court concluded that no Fifth Amendment violation

occurred and denied Sahs' motion to suppress.

3 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), concludes that a

suspect has the right to remain silent and to have an attorney

present for any questioning. The warnings arising from Miranda

also caution that any statements the suspect makes can be used

against him or her.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

4

¶95 On appeal, as well as on this review, Sahs contends

that his statements to Krause were compelled by the rules of

probation to which he was subject because he was required to

appear and give truthful answers to questions; and therefore,

his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination was

self-executing, requiring suppression of his incriminating

statements. He also contends that the DOC form on which he

provided a written admission of violating Wis. Stat.

§ 948.12(1m) notified him that his statement thereon would not

be used in a subsequent criminal proceeding, thereby providing

another ground upon which to suppress his incriminating

statements. However, as I noted, that form is not in the record

before us.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Standard of Review

¶96 Whether a statement was testimonial, incriminating and

compelled, are questions of law for our independent review.

Murphy, 465 U.S. at 426. Whether testimony was voluntary,

thereby waiving the defendant's privilege against selfincrimination, involves the application of constitutional

principles to the facts found by the circuit court. This also

presents a question of law for our independent review. State v.

Ward, 2009 WI 60, ¶17, 318 Wis. 2d 301, 767 N.W.2d 236. And

finally, we uphold the factual findings of the circuit court

unless they are clearly erroneous. State v. Novy, 2013 WI 23,

¶22, 346 Wis. 2d 289, 827 N.W.2d 610.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

5

B. General Fifth Amendment Principles

4

¶97 The privilege, or right, to remain silent afforded by

the Fifth Amendment comes into play when a defendant is

compelled to give testimony that is incriminating. Murphy, 465

U.S. at 426. A defendant does not lose the Fifth Amendment

privilege against self-incrimination when he is convicted of a

crime. Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 316 (1976).

¶98 Cases parsing a defendant's Fifth Amendment privilege

against self-incrimination arise in two broad categories.

Either the defendant remained silent, thereby maintaining his

Fifth Amendment privilege and objected to the sanction imposed

for his silence, or the defendant made a statement and then

moved to suppress his statement.

1. Defendant is silent

¶99 Generally, a witness must remain silent rather than

answer questions in order assert his Fifth Amendment privilege

against self-incrimination. Murphy, 465 U.S. at 429. However,

a witness may be compelled to testify, notwithstanding the Fifth

Amendment privilege, if he is granted use-immunity for his

4 The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

provided in relevant part: "No person . . . shall be compelled

in any criminal case to be a witness against himself."
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

6

answers to questions that may incriminate him. Kastigar v.

United States, 406 U.S. 441, 453 (1972).

5

¶100 Only certain types of questions, for example, those

that are related to pending charges or relevant to particular

criminal activity, will implicate the Fifth Amendment if the

probationer is required to answer rather than to remain silent.

State v. Evans, 77 Wis. 2d 225, 227-28, 252 N.W.2d 664 (1977).

Stated otherwise, it is those types of questions that generate

testimony that is incriminating. Id. Therefore, requiring

answers to questions such as whether the probationer has been

following the curfew requirements of his probation, generally

are not sufficient to draw in the protections of the Fifth

Amendment, even though they could lead to revocation of

probation. See id. at 230 (explaining that a probationer enjoys

a conditional liberty that is made possible by the legislature

and the probationer's adhering to the rules of the probation).

¶101 A probationer may be forced to relinquish his right to

silence and be compelled to answer questions that were "prompted

by pending charges or accusations of particular criminal

activity" if he is advised that his responses "could not be used

against him in a subsequent criminal proceeding arising out of

5 Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441 (1972),

established the scope of Fifth Amendment immunity as "useimmunity," which is immunity for the use and derivative use of

compelled testimony that is incriminating. Id. at 453. Useimmunity contrasts with "transactional immunity," which is

absolute immunity from prosecution for the crime to which the

compelled, incriminating testimony relates. Id. However,

Kastigar did not address the criteria to be applied when

determining whether testimony was compelled.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

7

the same fact situation." Id. at 235-236. If the probationer

nevertheless refuses to answer and if his probation was revoked

because of his silence, no Fifth Amendment violation occurred.

Id. at 236 (explaining that a remand was necessary to advise

Evans that if he responded to questions that were incriminating,

his answers would not be used against him in violation of his

Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination).

¶102 However, not all penalties levied when a defendant

refuses to speak are significant enough to implicate the Fifth

Amendment. See McKune v. Lile, 536 U.S. 24, 36 (2002)

(explaining that a prison inmate's silence resulting in

dismissal from sex-offender treatment program and the subsequent

transfer to a less desirable penal institution were not adverse

consequences significant enough to affect a defendant's Fifth

Amendment privilege).

¶103 State v. Thompson, 142 Wis. 2d 821, 419 N.W.2d 564

(Ct. App. 1987), abrogated on other grounds by Arizona v.

Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279 (1991), provides a helpful discussion,

but it requires careful reading and an understanding of the

cases on which Thompson relies. Thompson, while in custody and

without being given Miranda warnings, initially refused to

answer questions posed by his probation agent about his

whereabouts on the day of a robbery and shooting. Id. at 826.

While still in custody and after being served with notice of a

revocation hearing, Thompson was again questioned and made

incriminating statements. Id. at 826-27. Thompson's answers

were later used at trial. Id. at 827.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

8

¶104 Although there are some sweeping statements in the

Thompson decision that could be read to expand the principles

established in Murphy, Thompson's holding is proscribed by three

requirements: First, Thompson is based on the Fifth Amendment

and therefore, it must follow United States Supreme Court

precedent; second, the questions inquired about pending charges

or particular criminal activity, id. at 830-31; and third, the

questioning occurred while Thompson was in custody and without

the benefit of Miranda warnings, id. at 826-27. The failure to

give Miranda warnings prior to a custodial interrogation is

sufficient, standing alone, to suppress Thompson's incriminating

statements as compelled self-incrimination, according to Murphy.

See Murphy, 465 U.S. at 429-30.

¶105 Our decision in Tate v. Schwarz, 2002 WI 127, 257

Wis. 2d 40, 654 N.W.2d 438, presents another facet of the Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. "Tate was

convicted of repeated sexual assault of a child after a jury

trial in which he testified and denied the offense." Id., ¶2.

The procedural posture of the case was critical to the

conclusions we reached. To explain, Tate was placed on

probation and ordered to attend a sex-offender treatment

program, which required him to admit the sexual assaults at a

time when his conviction was up on appeal. Id. He refused,

asserting his Fifth Amendment privilege. Id. He was terminated

from the program and his probation was revoked. Id.

¶106 Tate objected to the termination of probation. He

asserted that he had not been offered use-immunity, and he had
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

9

not been told that statements made in treatment would not be

used against him in the event that his appeal resulted in a new

trial. Id. ¶11. He also was concerned that the requested

admission could result in a perjury charge. Id. We agreed that

because of the potential for new criminal consequences for the

same crime for which he was on probation, Tate's Fifth Amendment

privilege had been contravened by the probation revocation that

resulted from his silence when use-immunity was not offered.

Id., ¶4. We crafted a very narrow decision in which we

explained that there would be no Fifth Amendment violation in

requiring admissions in therapy sessions for the crime of

conviction if no threat of new criminal consequences pertained.

Id., ¶19 n.6 (citing State v. Carrizales, 191 Wis. 2d 85, 92,

528 N.W.2d 29 (Ct. App. 1995)).

2. Defendant speaks

¶107 As set out above, it is the general rule that a

witness must remain silent rather than answer questions if he

chooses to assert his Fifth Amendment privilege against selfincrimination. Murphy, 465 U.S. at 429. However, Murphy

established certain situations where the application of this

general rule does not pertain, e.g., when the witness is in

custody and has not received Miranda warnings. Id.; see also

Thompson, 142 Wis. 2d at 827. This exception for custodial

questioning from the general rule that the Fifth Amendment

privilege must be asserted, is driven by the inherently coercive

nature of police custody. Murphy, 465 U.S. at 29-30.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

10

¶108 It was argued in Murphy that the five factors set out

below could result in a custody-like coercive setting for

probationers that should result in exceptions from the

obligation to remain silent when asserting the Fifth Amendment

privilege: (1) that the probation officer "could compel []

attendance and truthful answers;" (2) that "the probation

officer consciously sought incriminating evidence;" (3) that

probationer "did not expect questions about prior criminal

conduct and could not seek counsel before attending the

meeting;" (4) that "there were no observers to guard against

abuse or trickery;" and (5) "interrogator's insinuations that

the interrogation will continue until a confession is obtained."

Id. at 431-33. However, the Supreme Court concluded that those

factors, either individually or taken all together, are

insufficient to excuse the failure to "claim the privilege in a

timely manner" by remaining silent. Id. at 431.

¶109 An exception to the obligation to remain silent in

order to invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege against selfincrimination, in addition to that set out in Murphy, occurs

when a probationer is required to appear and respond to

questions and the state seeks "to induce the [probationer] to

forgo his Fifth Amendment privilege by threatening to impose

economic or other sanctions 'capable of forcing the selfincrimination which the Amendment forbids.'" Id. at 434

(quoting Lefkowitz v. Cunningham, 431 U.S. 801, 806 (1977)).

¶110 To explain further, Cunningham arose in the context of

attempted enforcement of a New York statute that automatically
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

11

removed political office-holders from office for refusing to

sign a document waiving the Fifth Amendment privilege against

self-incrimination prior to being questioned before a grand

jury. Cunningham, 431 U.S. at 802-03. The Supreme Court

concluded that because of the statutory, automatic removal from

office that resulted from refusing to waive the Fifth Amendment

privilege to remain silent, the questioning involved an

unconstitutional threat unless use-immunity was provided in

exchange for the waiver prior to questioning. Id. at 809.

¶111 When a state's parole revocation statute does not

automatically afford revocation, even when the probation agent

seeks revocation, the presence of such a statute, without more,

is not sufficient to constitute a threat of the type that

results in compelled testimony violative of the Fifth Amendment.

See Murphy, 465 U.S. at 437 (explaining that "[o]n its face,

Murphy's probation condition proscribed only false statements;

it said nothing about his freedom to decline to answer

particular questions and certainly contained no suggestion that

his probation was conditional on his waiving his Fifth Amendment

privilege"). Therefore, in regard to an obligation to appear

and to give truthful testimony,

6 the Supreme Court has explained

that a probationer is in no different position from that of an

6 It is the ability of the probation agent to require

attendance at meetings and to require truthful answers to

questions the agent asks that is most often cited in Fifth

Amendment cases where the defendant is on probation. It is

important to note that the United States Supreme Court has held

that those facts are insufficient to cause the Fifth Amendment

privilege against self-incrimination to be self-executing.

Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 431 (1984).
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

12

ordinary witness subpoenaed to trial or to appear before a grand

jury. Id. at 427. He must appear and if he chooses to speak,

he must answer truthfully. Id. (noting that "the general

obligation to appear and answer questions truthfully did not in

itself convert Murphy's otherwise voluntary statements into

compelled ones").

¶112 We have recently reaffirmed that generally, the Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination is not selfexecuting and must be invoked. State v. Mark, 2006 WI 78, ¶2,

292 Wis. 2d 1, 718 N.W.2d 90. "The answers of [a probationer]

to questions put to him are not compelled within the meaning of

the Fifth Amendment unless the witness is required to answer

over his valid claim of the privilege." Id., ¶26. If a

probationer speaks, we examine whether the statements were

incriminating and compelled because the Fifth Amendment's

protection against self-incrimination will not lie unless there

is testimony that is incriminating and compelled. Id., ¶16

(further citations omitted).

¶113 In Mark, use-immunity was granted for prosecution of

future crimes so the statements that resulted in revocation were

not incriminating, i.e., Mark's statement did not incriminate

him in a crime that could be prosecuted. Therefore, the Fifth

Amendment did not come into play. In addition, the statements

were used in a ch. 980 commitment, which is not a criminal

proceeding.

¶114 In addition, according to the Supreme Court's decision

in Murphy, being revoked for a voluntary statement does not
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

13

violate the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.

Murphy, 465 U.S. at 440. All choices that a defendant makes are

not choices that result in compelled, rather than voluntary,

testimony.

¶115 An interesting example of such a choice is found in N.

Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25 (1970). There, Alford pled to

second-degree murder, rather than standing trial for the charged

offense, first-degree murder, in order to avoid the possibility

of being subjected to the death penalty if convicted of firstdegree murder. Id. at 26-27. The Supreme Court concluded that

the availability of such a choice and Alford's plea to seconddegree murder did not equate with a compelled plea that would

violate the Fifth Amendment. Id. at 39.

¶116 A recent court of appeals case, State v. Peebles, 2010

WI App 156, 330 Wis. 2d 243, 792 N.W.2d 212, greatly expanded

Fifth Amendment protections for probationers, above the Fifth

Amendment protections accorded to one who has never been

convicted of a crime. In Peebles, the court concluded that

Peebles was compelled

7 to give incriminating statements in the

course of sex-offender treatment, even though he did not raise

his Fifth Amendment privilege, none of the exceptions to the

obligation to assert the privilege set out in Murphy or

7 Peebles was subject to "Rules of Community Supervision"

that provided his probation "may be revoked," but did not

require revocation if Peebles did not comply with the rules

stated therein. State v. Peebles, 2010 WI App 156, ¶3, 330

Wis. 2d 243, 792 N.W.2d 212.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

14

Cunningham were present and use-immunity was not granted prior

to Peebles' statements.

8 Id., ¶¶1, 9.

¶117 Peebles is wrongly decided because it grants blanket,

self-executing use-immunity to probationers simply because they

could be revoked if they did not answer an agent's questions,

thereby omitting the obligation to raise the Fifth Amendment

privilege as Murphy has required. See Murphy, 465 U.S. at 431

(explaining that a probationer's obligation to appear and to

answer truthfully does not remove a probationer's obligation to

raise his Fifth Amendment privilege). Peebles cites Evans, 77

Wis. 2d at 235-36, for its holding. Peebles, 330 Wis. 2d 243,

¶13. However, in so doing, Peebles incorrectly states the legal

conclusions of Evans, and it is inconsistent with the Supreme

Court's holdings in Murphy.

9

¶118 To explain, Evans arose out of a probationer's

silence, not a probationer's statement. Evans, 77 Wis. 2d at

236. In contrast with Evans, Peebles spoke and then sought to

suppress his statement. While Evans is based on the Fifth

Amendment, it preceded Murphy, which explained Fifth Amendment

principles more fully than Evans. Therefore, unless the

probationer falls within one of Murphy's or Cunningham's

8 No petition for review was filed in Peebles.

9 The court did correctly explain that there would have been

no Fifth Amendment violation if the sole potential consequence

of admissions in regard to criminal conduct were the revocation

of probation. Id., ¶26 (citing State v. Carrizales, 191 Wis. 2d

85, 97, 528 N.W.2d 29 (Ct. App. 1995). Stated otherwise,

Carrizales explains that the use of a probationer's silence in

noncriminal probation proceedings raised no Fifth Amendment

issues. Id.
No. 2009AP2916-CR.pdr

15

exceptions, a probationer must raise the privilege to remain

silent and be given use-immunity before he can be held to have

been compelled to speak. Murphy, 465 U.S. at 427;

10 Cunningham,

431 U.S. at 806.

11

¶119 Peebles' omission of a defendant's requirement to

raise the Fifth Amendment privilege before he can speak without

fear of prosecution is also inconsistent with our decision in

Mark where we said that, "while an individual has a prepetition

or prearrest right against self-incrimination, that right is

ordinarily not self-executing and must be invoked." Mark, 292

Wis. 2d 1, ¶2 (emphasis added). See also, id., ¶24 (explaining

that "Murphy reaffirms the general rule that the Fifth Amendment

privilege must be asserted in all but 'certain well-defined

situations.'") (citation omitted). Peebles completely ignores

our decision in Mark.

¶120 The problems created by Peebles' omission of a

probationer's obligation to raise the Fifth Amendment privilege

10 The United States Supreme Court explained,

Murphy was in no better position than the ordinary

witness at a trial or before a grand jury who is

subpoenaed, sworn to tell the truth, and obligated to

answer on the pain of contempt, unless he invokes the

privilege and shows that he faces a realistic threat

of self-incrimination.

Murphy, 465 U.S. at 427 (emphasis added).

11 In Lefkowitz v. Cunningham, 431 U.S. 801 (1977), removal

from office was absolute if the Fifth Amendment privilege was

not waived. Cunningham, 431 U.S. at 809. By contrast,

revocation of probation was only a possibility for Peebles.

Peebles, 330 Wis. 2d 243, ¶3.
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have been compounded by State v. Spaeth, 2012 WI 95, 343 Wis. 2d

220, 819 N.W.2d 769, which relied in part on Peebles, even

though the State conceded that Spaeth's statements had been

compelled and never briefed the issue of compulsion for us. See

id., ¶¶57-58. The mistaken reasoning in Peebles is further

compounded by the majority opinion herein, which repeatedly

mentions Peebles' overly broad statements.

12

C. Fifth Amendment Application

¶121 This case turns on Sahs' statements. Therefore, he

falls into the second broad category of Fifth Amendment

privilege cases, i.e., those defendants who speak and then seek

to have their statements suppressed.

¶122 If Sahs' statement was voluntarily made, no selfexecuting Fifth Amendment privilege arises that precludes the

statement's use in a subsequent criminal case, unless the

circumstances under which the statement was made meet one of

Murphy's or Cunningham's well-defined exceptions to the

obligation to raise the privilege. See Murphy, 465 U.S. at 427.

The Murphy/Cunningham exceptions are: (1) a probationer is in

custody while questioned without Miranda warnings; (2) a

probationer is threatened with significant sanctions if he

remains silent.

¶123 I conclude that Sahs' oral statement to Krause was

voluntarily made. There is nothing in the record that supports

the conclusion that Sahs' oral statement to Krause was

compelled. First, Sahs contacted Krause and asked to meet with

12 Majority op., ¶¶67-72.
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him. Second, their meeting was scheduled on a mutually

convenient date. Third, they met in Krause's office and Sahs

was not in custody. Fourth, there is nothing in the record to

show that Sahs' statements were made in response to Krause's

questions about pending charges or accusations of particular

criminal activity. Fifth, there is nothing in the record to

show that Sahs raised his privilege and that Krause threatened

to impose economic or other sanctions capable of forcing selfincrimination. Sixth, there is nothing in the record to show

that Sahs' probation was conditioned on his waiving his Fifth

Amendment privilege.

¶124 That Sahs was required by the conditions of probation

to give truthful answers, if he chose to speak, is no different

from the obligations one has when subpoenaed to appear before a

grand jury. If one chooses to speak before a grand jury to

which he has been subpoenaed, one must speak truthfully.

Accordingly, I conclude that Sahs' oral statement to his

probation agent was voluntarily made and may be used against him

in a subsequent criminal case.

III. CONCLUSION

¶125 Sahs' incriminating, oral statement to his probation

agent, made when he was not in custody, was voluntarily made

without a threat by his probation agent. Accordingly, his

statement was not compelled and his Fifth Amendment privilege

against self-incrimination for the crime he disclosed was not

self-executing. See Murphy, 465 U.S. at 436.
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¶126 In conclusion, I write to confirm for the reader that

the majority opinion does not rest on the Wisconsin

Constitution, but rather, that it is based solely on the Fifth

Amendment of the United States Constitution, which is the only

constitutional provision that the parties argued before us. I

also write to draw together foundational principles that control

when the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination

becomes self-executing for probationers and to draw attention to

unduly broad statements in some opinions that could cause

confusion if the statements were applied without a thorough

consideration of all underlying legal principles. Because my

analysis differs from the majority opinion's analysis but also

results in the conclusion that Sahs' oral statement was not

compelled, I do not join the majority opinion, but respectfully

concur.
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