Ver-6A.—if 

DA 22-0373

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2023 MT 71

KAGECO ORCHARDS, LLC, a Montana

Limited Liability Company,

 Plaintiff and Appellant,

 v.

MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION, 

a Montana Administrative Agency, 

 Defendant and Appellee.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twentieth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Lake, Cause No. DV-2021-109

Honorable Deborah Kim Christopher, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Bruce A. Fredrickson, Angela M. LeDuc, Rocky Mountain Law Partners, 

P.C., Kalispell, Montana

For Appellee:

Christian T. Nygren, Hannah C. Woolsey, Bart J. LaMont, Montana

Department of Transportation, Helena, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: February 8, 2023

 Decided: May 2, 2023

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

05/02/2023

Case Number: DA 22-0373
2

Justice Laurie McKinnon delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Kageco Orchards, LLC, (Kageco) appeals the June 14, 2022 Order issued by the 

Twentieth Judicial District Court, Lake County, granting the Montana Department of 

Transportation’s (MDT) Motion for Summary Judgment.

¶2 We restate the issues as follows: 

1. Did the District Court err when it determined Kageco lacked standing for 

declaratory relief because there was no justiciable case or controversy?

2. Did the District Court err when it denied Kageco’s request for a writ of mandamus 

because MDT’s acts were discretionary?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3 This dispute arises from the location of mailboxes on the west side of Highway 35 

within MDT’s right-of-way. In April 2014, Kageco purchased lakefront property on the 

west side of Highway 35.

1

 MDT has a right-of-way2adjacent to the property where there 

is a mailbox turnout. The State has had continuous jurisdictional authority over MDT’s 

right-of-way since 1942. The right-of-way is comprised of a 60-foot-wide strip of land, 

acquired in fee simple by Flathead County on April 19, 1912, and subsequently conveyed 

by quit claim deed to Lake County. Kageco’s property ends 30 feet from Highway 35’s 

1 The property is recorded in the office of the Lake County Clerk and Recorder as “Corrected 

Parcels 1 & 2 located in a portion of Government Lot 3, Sec. 29, T.25N, R.19W., P.M.M., Lake 

County, Montana, as shown on Certificate of Survey 7024-RT.”

2

“Right-of-way” is statutorily defined as a “general term denoting land, property, or any interest 

in land or property, usually in a strip, acquired for or devoted to highway purposes.” Section

60-1-103(24), MCA.
3

centerline and does not enter MDT’s right-of-way. Kageco does not own any portion of 

MDT’s right-of-way, including the turnout where the mailboxes at issue are located. 

¶4 Kageco owns a mailbox on MDT’s right-of-way next to two mailboxes owned by 

its neighbors, Paul and Doug Patterson (Pattersons), who own property on the east side of 

Highway 35. The three mailboxes are situated in an established gravel turnout off Highway 

35 away from any driveway. The mailbox turnout existed at the time Kageco purchased 

its property.

¶5 To determine the safe placement and location of mailboxes, MDT uses the Montana 

Guide to Mailbox Safety and Placement (Guide) in collaboration with the U.S. Postal 

Service, Federal Highway Administration safety engineers, and numerous State 

Departments of Transportation across the country. The Guide provides that safe and 

cost-effective supports and attachment hardware for mailboxes should be placed as far 

from the ways of travel as possible to minimize the probability of impact and to provide 

mail carriers room to exit the travel way so that traffic is not impeded. For roadways where 

the speed limit exceeds 35 miles per hour, the Guide recommends that mailboxes should 

be placed in turnouts with a clear line of sight so that the mail carrier and homeowners have 

a “refuge” to avoid the dangers of traffic flow. Mailboxes placed farther from roadways 

create less probability that the mailboxes will be hit by an errant vehicle.

¶6 The applicable recommendation in the Guide for placement of mailboxes on 

turnouts with an approach requires that there be 14 feet of space between the driveway and 
4

the mailbox, along with 6 more feet of space on the opposite side of the mailboxes. Since 

the east side of Highway 35, directly across from Kageco’s property, does not meet the size 

requirements for a turnout with an approach, the safest placement for mailboxes is on the 

west side of Highway 35 on MDT’s right-of-way. This placement on the west side of 

Highway 35 allows mail carriers to fully exit the lane of traffic and to service multiple 

mailboxes at once.

¶7 On June 3, 2021, Kageco filed suit against MDT, alleging the placement of the

mailboxes create a potential hazard and interfered with Kageco’s lawful use of the turnout 

approach from Highway 35 to its property. Kageco sought a declaratory judgment, and 

alternatively, a writ of mandamus, to have the Pattersons’ mailboxes removed from the 

west side of Highway 35 and relocated to a new permitted location. MDT filed a Motion 

for Summary Judgment on September 22, 2021. Kageco responded with its own Motion 

for Summary Judgment on September 30, 2021. On January 13, 2022, the District Court 

held oral argument on the cross-motions for summary judgment. The District Court denied 

Kageco’s Motion and granted judgment to MDT on June 14, 2022, ruling (1) no “case or 

controversy” existed for purposes of Montana’s Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act 

(UDJA), (2) Kageco did not have standing to pursue its claim for declaratory relief, and 

(3) Kageco’s request for a writ of mandamus must be denied because MDT’s acts were 

“discretionary,” as opposed to “ministerial.” Kageco appeals.

STANDARD OF REVIEW
5

¶8 We review district court summary judgment rulings de novo for conformance to 

the applicable standards specified in M. R. Civ. P. 56. Dick Anderson Constr., Inc. v. 

Monroe Prop. Co., 2011 MT 138, ¶ 16, 361 Mont. 30, 255 P.3d 1257. Summary judgment 

is appropriate only when there is no genuine issue of material fact, and the moving party is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. M. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3). A genuine issue of material 

fact is a fact materially inconsistent with proof of an essential element of a claim or defense 

at issue. Mt. W. Bank, N.A. v. Mine & Mill Hydraulics, Inc., 2003 MT 35, ¶ 28, 314 Mont. 

248, 64 P.3d 1048. To meet the responsive Rule 56 burden of demonstrating that a genuine 

issue of material fact precludes summary judgment, the nonmoving party must in proper 

form, and by more than mere denial, speculation, or pleading allegation, “set out specific 

facts” showing the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. M. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2). 

¶9 The party seeking summary judgment has the initial burden of showing a complete 

absence of any genuine issue of material fact on the Rule 56 record and that the movant is 

accordingly entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Weber v. Interbel Tel. Coop., 2003 

MT 320, ¶ 5, 318 Mont. 295, 80 P.3d 88. The Rule 56 factual record includes “the 

pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any [supporting] affidavits” 

submitted. M. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3). The burden then shifts to the opposing party to either 

show the existence of a genuine issue of material fact precluding summary judgment or 

that the moving party is nonetheless not entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Osterman 

v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 2003 MT 327, ¶ 17, 318 Mont. 342, 80 P.3d 435. This Court 
6

must view the Rule 56 factual record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, 

with all reasonable inferences drawn in favor thereof. Weber, ¶ 5. This Court has no duty, 

however, to anticipate or speculate regarding contrary material facts. Gamble Robinson 

Co. v. Carousel Prop., 212 Mont. 305, 312, 688 P.2d 282, 286-87 (1984).

DISCUSSION

¶10 Did the District Court err when it determined Kageco lacked standing for 

declaratory relief because there was no justiciable case or controversy?

¶11 The UDJA is remedial in nature and its purpose is “to settle and afford relief from 

uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status, and other legal relations.” Section 

27-8-102, MCA. The UDJA is meant to be construed and administered liberally. Murray 

v. Motl, 2015 MT 216, ¶ 11, 380 Mont. 162, 354 P.3d 197. “Courts of record within their 

respective jurisdictions shall have power to declare rights, status, and other legal relations 

whether or not further relief is or could be claimed.” Murray, ¶ 11; § 27-8-201, MCA.

“Any person . . . whose rights, status, or other legal relations are affected by a

statute . . . may have determined any question of construction or validity arising under 

the . . . statute . . . and obtain a declaration of rights, status, or other legal relations 

thereunder.” Section 27-8-206, MCA. 

¶12 Before a court may exercise jurisdiction, a justiciable controversy must exist under 

the UDJA. Broad Reach Power, LLC v. Mont. Dep’t of Pub. Serv. Regul., Pub. Serv. 

Comm’n, 2022 MT 227, ¶ 9, 410 Mont. 450, 520 P.3d 301. “Liberal interpretation of the 

[UDJA] is tempered by the necessity that a justiciable controversy exists before courts 
7

exercise jurisdiction.” Northfield Ins. Co. v. Mont. Ass’n of Cntys., 2000 MT 256, ¶ 10, 

301 Mont. 472, 10 P.3d 813. “To be justiciable, a controversy must be appropriate for 

judicial determination, definite and concrete such that it touches legal relations of parties 

having adverse legal interests and be a real and substantial controversy that enables relief 

through a decree of conclusive character.” Broad Reach Power, ¶ 10 (citations omitted) 

(citing Chovanak v. Matthews, 120 Mont. 520, 526, 188 P.2d 582, 585 (1948)). To 

determine whether a justiciable controversy exists, this Court must apply the following 

test: “(1) a justiciable controversy requires that parties have existing and genuine, as 

distinguished from theoretical, rights or interests; (2) the controversy must be one upon 

which the judgment of the court may effectively operate, as distinguished from a debate or 

argument invoking a purely political, administrative, philosophical or academic 

conclusion; and (3) it must be a controversy the judicial determination of which will have 

the effect of a final judgment in law or decree in equity upon the rights, status or legal 

relationship of one or more real parties in interest, or lacking these qualities be of such 

overriding public moment as to constitute the legal equivalent of all of them.” Miller v. 

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2007 MT 85, ¶ 8, 337 Mont. 67, 155 P.3d 1278 (citing 

Northfield, ¶ 12).

¶13 “Courts have no jurisdiction to determine matters purely speculative, enter 

anticipatory judgments, declare social status, deal with theoretical problems, give advisory 

opinions, answer moot questions, adjudicate academic matters, provide for contingencies 
8

which may hereafter arise, or give abstract opinions. The [UDJA] does not license litigants 

to fish in judicial ponds for legal advice.” Broad Reach Power, ¶ 10 (quoting Brisendine 

v. Dep’t of Commerce, 253 Mont. 361, 365, 833 P.2d 1019, 1021 (1992)). “In contrast to 

a purely political, administrative, philosophical or academic issue, an issue is justiciable if 

within the constitutional power of a court to decide, an issue in which the asserting party 

has an actual, non-theoretical interest, and an issue upon which a judgment can effectively 

operate and provide meaningful relief.” City of Missoula v. Fox, 2019 MT 250, ¶ 11, 397 

Mont. 388, 450 P.3d 898 (citations omitted).

¶14 Justiciability also includes distinct considerations of legal standing. Larson v. State, 

2019 MT 28, ¶ 18, 394 Mont. 167, 434 P.3d 241. “Standing is a threshold requirement of 

justiciability applicable to all claims for relief as a matter of constitutional law and related 

prudential policy considerations.” Larson, ¶ 45. “Though substantively cognizable, a 

claim for declaratory judgment is nonetheless not justiciable if the plaintiff lacks personal 

standing to assert the claim.” Larson, ¶ 45; Mitchell v. Glacier Cty., 2017 MT 258, ¶ 42, 

389 Mont. 122, 406 P.3d 122. Courts lack “power to resolve a case brought by a party 

without standing— i.e., a personal stake in the outcome—because such a party presents no 

actual case or controversy.” Heffernan v. Missoula City Council, 2011 MT 91, ¶ 29, 360 

Mont. 207, 255 P.3d 80; see also Baxter Homeowner’s Ass’n, Inc. v. Angel, 2013 MT 83, 

¶ 14, 369 Mont. 398, 298 P.3d 1145 (standing is not subject to waiver since it bears upon 

a court’s subject matter jurisdiction). 
9

¶15 “There are two elements to standing: the case-or controversy requirement imposed 

by the Montana Constitution, and judicially created prudential limitations imposed for 

reasons of policy.” Mitchell, ¶ 10. Under the case-or-controversy requirement, a plaintiff 

must show, “at an irreducible minimum,” that it “has suffered a past, present, or threatened 

injury to a property or civil right, and that the injury would be alleviated by successfully 

maintaining the action.” Mitchell, ¶ 10 (citation omitted). An alleged injury must be 

“concrete” rather than “abstract.” Mitchell, ¶ 10. To qualify as “concrete,” an injury must 

be “actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” Mitchell, ¶ 10; Heffernan, ¶ 32. 

In other words, without a justiciable case or controversy, there cannot be standing.

¶16 On appeal, Kageco cites § 27-8-201, MCA, and maintains the declaratory judgment 

statute defines “precisely” the type of relief Kageco seeks, and that this Court should 

construe the statute liberally in favor of Kageco. It argues “the issues are genuine, real and 

not theoretical” because MDT is “simply” required to abide by the statutes to regulate 

mailbox encroachment permits. Kageco argues this Court’s judgment can provide it 

meaningful relief by declaring that MDT cannot “ignore” the encroachment statutes and 

regulations. 

¶17 Kageco contends the placement of the mailboxes at their current location creates a 

justiciable controversy because Kageco “is negatively impacted by the mailboxes’ 

placement; [and] it has demonstrated that it has been, and likely will be negatively impacted 

in the future.” Kageco asserts the injury is not theoretical because the mailbox placement 
10

negatively impacts the aesthetics of Kageco’s property; the number of mailboxes has 

increased; the resulting traffic has increased; there is significant danger posed by those 

accessing the mailboxes by driving the wrong way on the highway; and there has already 

been an incident where a vehicle struck the mailboxes requiring their reinstallation. To 

support that his claims are not theoretical, Kageco relies on declarations made by William 

Caras (Caras), Kageco’s managing member, that “[t]he mailboxes . . . create a potentially 

dangerous hazard and interfere with Kageco’s rightful use of the approach from Highway 

35 to its property.” Kageco asserts because it presented a clear justiciable controversy, it 

has standing to contest MDT’s “arbitrary actions” that effect Kageco’s property.

¶18 The record does not support Kageco’s contentions. Kageco has no legal rights, 

ownership, or control over Pattersons’ mailboxes or MDT’s right-of-way. Kageco’s 

property does not enter or cross MDT’s right-of-way. MDT allowed the mailboxes to be 

placed in its right-of-way to provide the safest and most efficient location of the mailboxes 

according to the Guide. In addition, the east side of Highway 35 does not meet the size 

requirements for a turnout with an approach appropriate for the placement of the 

mailboxes. Despite Caras’s declaration about increased traffic, there is no evidence in the 

record that Kageco suffered any injury or personal harm due to the location of the 

mailboxes. Rather, Kageco asserts the mailboxes create a potential hazard that interferes 

with its right to use its property from Highway 35. Kageco has presented no admissible 

evidence that the two mailboxes placed in MDT’s right-of-way created a hazardous 
11

condition along Highway 35 or any admissible evidence that Kageco’s rightful use of the 

approach to Highway 35 has been interfered with. In the absence of any evidence 

supporting his claims, Kageco is unable to demonstrate an actual injury sufficient to confer 

standing. In fact, the undisputed evidence was that the MDT assessed the safety of the area 

and, pursuant to safety guidelines, determined the mailboxes were placed in the safest and 

most efficient location. 

¶19 Kageco has not suffered any personal harm because of the placement of mailboxes 

in MDT’s right-of-way; Kageco simply owns property adjacent to MDT’s right-of-way. 

Kageco has failed to prove it suffered a past, present, or threatened concrete injury. 

Kageco’s claims of speculative harm are inadequate to establish an actual concrete injury 

under the case or controversy requirement. See Mitchell, ¶ 10. Kageco’s suggestion that 

the mailboxes present a hazard based on an automobile accident also does not present a 

concrete injury. The accident, in and of itself, does not demonstrate that placement of the 

mailboxes created a hazardous condition. As such, Kageco has not offered any evidence

showing it has suffered past or present personal harm, nor is likely to suffer future harm as 

a result of the location of the mailboxes. In fact, the record shows the mailboxes were 

placed in the right-of-way pursuant to safety guidelines. The District Court did not err in 

granting summary judgment in favor of MDT because Kageco has not demonstrated how 

it suffered or will suffer any injury to its legal rights.

¶20 Did the District Court err when it denied Kageco’s request for a writ of mandamus 

because MDT’s acts were discretionary?
12

¶21 Courts may issue a writ of mandamus to “compel the performance of an act that the 

law specially enjoins as a duty resulting from an office, trust, or station.” Section 

27-26-102, MCA. A writ of mandate is “an extraordinary remedy” available in only “rare” 

cases. Boehm v. Park Cty., 2018 MT 165, ¶ 9, 392 Mont. 72, 421 P.3d 789; see also State 

ex rel. Thomas v. Dist. Ct., 224 Mont. 441, 442, 731 P.2d 324, 324-25 (1986). A writ of 

mandamus is available when (1) the party who applies for it is entitled to the performance 

of a clear legal duty by the party against whom the writ is sought; and (2) there is no speedy 

and adequate remedy available in the ordinary course of law. Boehm, ¶ 9 (quoting Best 

v. Police Dep’t of Billings, 2000 MT 97, ¶ 14, 299 Mont. 247, 999 P.2d 334); see also

§ 27-26-102, MCA. A clear legal duty must involve a ministerial act, not a discretionary 

act. Victor Fed’n of Teachers Local 3494 v. Victor Sch. Dist. No. 7, 2018 MT 72, ¶ 13, 

391 Mont. 139, 414 P.3d 1284; see also Citizens for a Better Flathead v. Bd. of Cnty. 

Comm’rs, 2016 MT 325, ¶ 59, 385 Mont. 505, 386 P.3d 567. An act is ministerial when 

the law prescribes and defines the duty to be performed with such precision and certainty 

as to leave nothing to the exercise of discretion or judgment. Victor, ¶ 13.

¶22 This Court has frequently held that decisions related to permitting, zoning, and 

variances are discretionary decisions, not ministerial acts. Boehm, ¶ 15. For instance, the 

denial of a conditional use permit is a discretionary decision. Beasley v. Flathead Cnty. 

Bd. of Adjustments, 2009 MT 120, ¶ 18, 350 Mont. 171, 205 P.3d 812. Also, we have 
13

characterized a city’s approval of a variance as purely discretionary, and not ministerial. 

State ex rel. Galloway, Inc. v. Great Falls, 211 Mont. 354, 359, 684 P.2d 495, 498 (1984).

¶23 Pursuant to § 60-6-101(1)(a), MCA, MDT, “for a mailbox or newspaper delivery 

box, may issue an encroachment permit pursuant to subsection (3) . . . .” (Emphasis added.) 

The statutory language is also permissive in § 60-6-101(3)(b), MCA, which states that “the 

department [MDT] may issue an encroachment permit for a completed permit application 

for a mailbox or newspaper delivery box.” (Emphasis added.) The use of the word “may” 

means that the decision to be made is discretionary. This Court has held that “may” does 

not have a mandatory connotation in its usual meaning. Dover Ranch v. Cnty. of 

Yellowstone, 187 Mont. 276, 284, 609 P.2d 711, 715 (1980). In the administrative rules, 

the language is also discretionary: the “decision to grant, deny, or revoke an encroachment 

permit is solely within the discretion of the department.” Admin. R. M. 18.7.110(2) (2014); 

see also Admin. R. M. 18.7.105(4)(d) (2014) (“Mailboxes may be allowed in the 

right-of-way but must meet standards defined and reviewed by the department.”).

¶24 In construing statutes, this Court’s role “is simply to ascertain and declare what is 

in terms or in substance contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted or to omit 

what has been inserted.” Section 1-2-101, MCA. When statutory language is clear and 

unambiguous, this Court discerns and effects legislative intent from the plain meaning of 

the language used without further resort to means of statutory construction. Larson, ¶ 28. 

This Court applies the same principles in construing administrative rules as it does in 
14

construing statutes. Juro’s United Drug v. Mont. Dep’t of Pub. Health & Human Servs., 

2004 MT 117, ¶ 12, 321 Mont. 167, 90 P.3d 388. 

¶25 Kageco asserts mandamus is appropriate because MDT allegedly ignored its 

statutory and regulatory “mandates,” creating a ministerial legal duty for MDT. While 

Kageco admits MDT has “some discretion with respect to issuance of a mailbox 

encroachment permit” (emphasis in original), it argues MDT’s discretion is limited to after 

an application for an encroachment permit is submitted, but the permit application itself is 

mandatory. 

¶26 Here, MDT’s actions allowing placement of the mailboxes in an established turnout 

within its right-of-way is a discretionary decision not subject to a writ of mandate. The 

relevant statutes and regulations use permissive language, and the encroachment permit 

process is a discretionary act—not ministerial. Neither §§ 60-6-101(1), nor 60-6-101(3), 

MCA, creates a ministerial duty requiring MDT to issue or enforce encroachment permits 

for mailboxes. The administrative rules clearly state MDT’s decisions to issue and enforce 

encroachment permits are “solely within [its] discretion” and therefore do not present a 

ministerial duty. See Admin. R. M. 18.7.110(2) (2014). The inclusion of the word “may” 

in the statutes and the administrative rules evinces the legislature’s intent to grant discretion 

to MDT in issuing and enforcing encroachment permits for mailboxes. The determination 

made by MDT that no encroachment permit was needed for mailboxes placed within 

MDT’s designated turnout was a discretionary decision committed to the MDT. 
15

Additionally, the record reflects that MDT used the Guide to evaluate the safest and most 

efficient location for the mailboxes. MDT further inspected the mailboxes according to its 

obligations under the Guide and discretionarily determined the mailboxes are positioned in 

the safest and most efficient location for mail carriers and motorists. 

¶27 Lastly, Kageco construes Admin. R. M. 18.7.102(6) (2014) as prohibiting MDT 

from exercising discretion to allow the Pattersons to place their mailbox within the 

right-of-way when they do not own property on the same side of Highway 35. Admin. R. 

M. 18.7.102(6) (2014) states, “Applicants must be the owner of the property abutting the 

right-of-way at the encroachment’s proposed location. . . .” Here, MDT exercised its 

discretion to determine that the encroachment permitting process was not necessary. 

Therefore, regulations pertaining to the application process and requirements pertaining to 

the applicant do not apply.

¶28 The District Court properly ruled a writ of mandamus was not available to Kageco 

because no clear ministerial legal duty exists for MDT to engage in the encroachment 

permit process. 

CONCLUSION

¶29 We affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to MDT and hold that 

Kageco’s request for declaratory judgment relief and mandamus were correctly denied.

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
16

We Concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR

/S/ BETH BAKER

/S/ JIM RICE