MEMORANDUM OPINION

Nos. 04-11-00501-CR, 04-11-00502-CR, 04-11-00503-CR, 04-11-00504-CR, 04-11-00505-CR, 

04-11-00506-CR, 04-11-00507-CR, 04-11-00508-CR, 04-11-00509-CR, & 04-11-00510-CR

Nicanor CHACON,

Appellant

v.

The STATE of Texas,

Appellee

From the 399th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court Nos. 2009CR2798, 2009CR2799, 2009CR2801, 2009CR2802, 2009CR2803, 

2009CR2804, 2009CR2805, 2009CR10184, 2009CR10185, & 2010CR11439

Honorable Juanita A. Vasquez-Gardner, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

Sitting: Rebecca Simmons, Justice

Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

Marialyn Barnard, Justice

Delivered and Filed: June 27, 2012

AFFIRMED

Nicanor Chacon entered a plea of no contest to nine charges of aggravated robbery and 

one charge of aggravated kidnapping. The trial court sentenced him to ten concurrent forty-year 

sentences. Chacon appeals the judgments, asserting the trial court erred by denying his motion 

for new trial, failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on the motion, and excluding certain 
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evidence during the punishment hearing. Chacon also contends his pleas of no contest were 

involuntary. We affirm the judgments. 

BACKGROUND

Chacon chose to resolve the several charges pending against him by pleading “no 

contest” to ten felonies. He now contends his pleas were involuntary because he did not 

understand that his pleas of no contest would result in a finding of guilt. In his motion for new 

trial, Chacon asserted that he believed “he was having a bench trial in which he could have been 

found not guilty based upon expert testimony regarding his conduct having occurred in a manic 

state caused by the improper administration of a prescription drug.” In his affidavit1 attached to 

the motion, Chacon stated that he thought the judge would be deciding his guilt, and that after 

signing all the plea documents and hearing the admonishments of the judge, he believed he “was 

having a trial that could have resulted in a not guilty verdict.” Chacon also stated that he did not 

understand the “meaning of all of the documents that I signed,” and that he was “not blaming 

anyone for this, but I want to withdraw my plea and have the Judge reconsider my case and my 

sentence.” 

As part of the plea proceedings, the parties prepared documents entitled “Court’s 

Admonishment and Defendant’s Waivers and Affidavit of Admonitions” (“Admonition”) and 

“Waiver, Consent to Stipulation of Testimony and Stipulations” (“Stipulation”). The documents 

appear to be identical in all ten cases except for the police reports attached to the Stipulations in 

support of the pleas.2

 Additionally, each Stipulation contains a judicial confession that tracks the 

 1 Chacon’s mother also filed an affidavit in support of the motion for new trial. In her affidavit, Ms. Chacon asserts 

that she believed she had the “same understanding of this situation and process as my son, what his rights were and 

what he was going to do in court.” However, Ms. Chacon did not explain the basis for her belief nor did she state 

she was present when Chacon’s attorney explained the plea documents to her son.

2 See TEXAS CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.15 (West 2005) (requiring State to introduce evidence “showing the guilt 

of the defendant” to support plea of guilty).
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language of the indictment for that cause number. Chacon signed each Stipulation and swore 

that he had read or had read to him the contents of the Stipulation, that the recitations of fact 

were true and correct, and that he understood each document. In each Admonition Chacon 

entered a plea of “nolo contendere” to the charge and swore that he had his “Constitutional and 

legal rights explained to me by my attorney.” These rights included the rights to a jury trial, to 

confront and cross-examine the witnesses, to remain silent, and to a formal arraignment. Chacon 

also swore that he was entering a plea of nolo contendere because “I have considered all aspects 

of my legal situation and discussed them with my attorney and have determined that the entry of 

such plea is in my own best interest.” Chacon’s trial attorney signed the Admonition, indicating 

that he had “explained the law regarding all waivers set forth in this document” and that Chacon 

“voluntarily relinquished a known right.” The trial court also signed each Admonition, stating 

that Chacon’s “waivers have been entered voluntarily, in full knowledge of his rights; that the 

admonishments of the Court have been understood by the Defendant.”

During the formal plea proceedings, the trial judge orally admonished Chacon as to his 

rights, and Chacon answered in the affirmative when the judge asked him if he knew he was 

giving up the rights contained in the documents. After accepting the pleas, the trial court told 

Chacon that a presentence report would be prepared.

The court subsequently held a punishment hearing that extended over several days. The 

witnesses included several of the victims and several witnesses who testified on Chacon’s behalf, 

including Dr. Raul Pelaez and Dr. Roberto Jimenez. At the conclusion of the punishment 

hearing, the court imposed its sentence.3

 Chacon retained new counsel and timely filed his 

motion for new trial. The trial court denied the motion for new trial without a formal hearing.

 3 The trial court later granted Chacon permission to appeal.
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INVOLUNTARY PLEA

Chacon argues the judgments should be reversed because the record establishes his pleas 

were “involuntary and unknowing,” the trial court should have granted his motion for new trial, 

and the court should have held a hearing on the motion. 

The purpose of a hearing on a motion for new trial is to decide whether the case should 

be retried and to prepare a record for presenting issues on appeal if the motion is denied. Smith 

v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 338 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). There is no absolute right to a hearing on 

a motion for new trial, but a trial court abuses its discretion in failing to hold a hearing when a 

defendant presents a motion raising matters “not determinable from the record” that present 

reasonable grounds for relief. Id. at 338-39; Holden v. State, 201 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 2006). A trial court may consider trial testimony and affidavits when deciding the merits of 

a motion for new trial. Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 338-39; Turner v. State, 721 S.W.2d 909, 911 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, pet. ref’d). We review a trial court’s denial of an evidentiary 

hearing on a motion for new trial and the court’s decision on the merits of the motion for abuse 

of discretion. Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 339 (merits); (Wallace v. State, 106 S.W.3d 103, 108 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2003) (denial of hearing). Reversal is warranted only if the trial court’s decision was 

so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 

339.

Chacon argues that the issue of whether his pleas were voluntary was not determinable 

from the record and thus a hearing was required. We disagree. The trial court heard sworn 

testimony from Chacon at the plea hearing that he understood the effects of his waivers and had 

discussed his pleas with his trial counsel. His sworn written Stipulations contained a judicial 

confession. And Chacon swore in each of his written Admonitions that his attorney explained 
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his legal and constitutional rights to him. These facts are in contrast to the statements in 

Chacon’s affidavit that he did not understand the nature of his plea. At trial, he stated he 

understood the proceedings, and in his affidavit he stated the opposite. As the fact-finder, the 

trial court was free to determine Chacon’s later affidavit was not credible. A hearing was not 

required because no further explanation from Chacon was necessary. See Bryant v. State, 974 

S.W.2d 395, 400 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. ref’d) (holding trial court not required to 

conduct hearing on motion for new trial because claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for 

failure to fully explain plea bargain was determinable from record).

Chacon next argues the record establishes his pleas were involuntary and unknowing 

because he believed the trial court could find him not guilty despite his plea and could send him 

to a hospital for treatment. Before accepting a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, the trial court 

must administer certain admonishments. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.13(a) (West 

Supp. 2011). The court may not accept the plea unless it appears to the court the plea is made 

freely and voluntarily. Id. at art. 26.13(b). We review the voluntariness of a plea by looking at 

the totality of the circumstances. Griffin v. State, 703 S.W.2d 193, 196 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). 

“A finding that a defendant was duly admonished creates a prima facie showing that a guilty plea 

was entered knowingly and voluntarily.” Martinez v. State, 981 S.W.3d 195, 197 (Tex. Crim. 

App. 1998); see Fuentes v. State, 688 S.W.2d 542, 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). The burden 

then shifts to the defendant to overcome the prima facie determination with proof his plea was 

involuntary. Fuentes, 688 S.W.2d at 544.

The trial court’s oral and written admonishments of Chacon substantially complied with 

the requirements of article 26.13. Chacon’s only attack on the admonishments is that he was not 

told his plea of nolo contendere would result in a finding of guilt. However, such an 
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admonishment is not required under article 26.13. The admonishments therefore establish, prima 

facie, that Chacon’s pleas were voluntary. In addition, Chacon signed the Admonishments and 

Stipulations, indicating he was waiving his right to a jury trial, his right to confront and crossexamine witnesses, and his privilege against self-incrimination. Chacon stipulated that the police 

reports and other documents attached to the Stipulation, which stated Chacon committed the 

crimes at issue, were true and correct, and he judicially confessed to each offense. Chacon 

testified that he was pleading because he had discussed the pleas with his trial attorney and he 

thought it was the “best thing” for him to do. His trial attorney orally stated that he believed 

Chacon had a “factual and rational understanding of the charge [sic] and proceedings.” His trial 

attorney also certified as part of the Stipulations that he explained to Chacon his constitutional 

rights and that Chacon “fully understands” those rights and waived them after “due deliberation” 

and “intelligently and voluntarily” waived those rights.

Chacon relies on his and his mother’s affidavits to sustain his burden to overcome the 

prima facie showing of voluntariness and the evidence of voluntariness in the record. Chacon 

stated in his affidavit that he did not know he “entered into any kind of plea bargain,”4 he did not 

understand his plea of nolo contendere had the same legal effect as a guilty plea, and he did not 

“understand the meaning of all the documents that I signed.” Chacon’s mother testified by 

affidavit that, based on the information she received from Chacon’s lawyer “at trial,” she thought 

the lawyer was “fighting the case” and her son could be found not guilty after the judge heard the 

evidence. She also believed that the plea of “no contest was like a plea of not guilty, different 

 4 The Admonishments contain a page entitled “Plea Bargain” that indicates there was no agreement as to the term of 

imprisonment, the parties agreed there would be an affirmative finding of Chacon’s use of a deadly weapon, Chacon 

would not make any application for deferred adjudication, each sentence would be served concurrently with the 

other nine sentences, and two felony charges and two misdemeanor charges would be taken into consideration as a 

result of the plea. Chacon signed the document beneath the statement that “Defendant and Counsel request the 

Court to follow the plea bargain.” 
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only in that he was not claiming that he was completely innocent, but was not guilty because of 

the special circumstances” — that Chacon was taking Prozac. Finally Ms. Chacon stated that 

based on discussions with Chacon “during this whole process,” she believed Chacon had the 

same understanding as she did. 

We hold this evidence is insufficient to overcome the prima facie showing that Chacon’s 

plea was voluntary. Chacon’s mother’s affidavit is conclusory because it does not elaborate on 

any discussion with her son or her son’s trial attorney that would have led her to conclude 

Chacon did not understand the nature of his plea. See Jordan v. State, 883 S.W.2d 664, 665 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1994). Furthermore, she does not assert she was present when the trial 

attorney reviewed the Stipulations and Admonishments with Chacon. Chacon’s affidavit is also 

insufficient to meet his burden. Although he asserts he did not understand the plea papers and 

the effect of his plea, he does not deny receiving them, reviewing them, and having them 

explained to him. He does not assert his trial counsel failed to explain his constitutional and 

procedural rights or the nature and effect of his plea to him before entering his plea. Nor does he 

assert his counsel or the trial court gave him inaccurate information about the nature and 

consequences of his plea. He simply contends that he did not understand the “meaning” of his 

plea papers, but also states he is not “blaming” anyone for “this.” Chacon’s affidavit does not 

directly contradict his statements and those of his attorney during the plea proceedings that his 

rights were explained to him. Chacon has failed to meet his burden. We hold the trial court did 

not err in denying the motion for new trial on the issue of voluntariness and we overrule 

Chacon’s point of error concerning the voluntariness of his plea.
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EXCLUSION OF MITIGATING EVIDENCE

Chacon next argues he “was not allowed to present mitigating evidence which may have 

resulted in a lesser sentence.” In his motion for new trial, Chacon complained the trial court 

improperly sustained the State’s objection to his expert’s testimony that Chacon was in a “manic 

state induced through the improper prescribing of medication,” and was attempting “to surrender 

by showing his empty hands with arms outstretched” when he was shot by police. Chacon 

argues the court should have held a hearing on this issue. We again disagree. The validity of a 

trial court’s evidentiary ruling is determined by examining the record as it appeared at the time of 

the ruling, and is not affected by arguments or evidence elicited during a hearing on a motion for 

new trial. Hoyos v. State, 982 S.W.2d 419, 422 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Likewise, appellate

review of a trial court’s evidentiary ruling is based on the state of the record at the time of the 

ruling. Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Because this issue in 

the motion for new trial was determinable from the record and Chacon does not point to any 

additional facts outside the record that could properly be considered by this court on appeal, the 

trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to conduct a hearing.

On appeal, Chacon argues the trial court erred by not admitting evidence during the 

punishment hearing that he was surrendering with his arms raised and an open, empty palm when 

he was shot by police,

5 and that the court erred by denying his motion for new trial on that 

ground. We review a trial court’s decision to admit or reject evidence under an abuse of 

discretion standard. Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

Chacon’s expert radiologist, Dr. Raul Pelaez, testified about the injuries Chacon 

sustained as a result of the gunshots, as revealed by the medical records Dr. Pelaez reviewed. 

 5 Chacon also complains in his brief the trial court erred by excluding his expert’s testimony about the nature of a 

second gunshot wound to his neck. However, the doctor testified in some detail as to the damage caused to Chacon 

by that wound, and Chacon fails to point to any place in the record where such testimony was excluded.
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Dr. Pelaez then began to testify about his “conception” of how he “saw the injury initiated,” and 

started to describe the position of Chacon’s arms. The State objected, and without obtaining a 

ruling from the court, Chacon’s attorney instructed the witness to testify about the trajectory of 

the bullet or bullets and not to state his opinion as to the physical position of Chacon’s arms. 

Nevertheless, the witness soon returned to the issue and started to testify that when Chacon was 

first shot, his right arm was raised. The State objected that Dr. Pelaez’s opinion about Chacon’s 

physical position was based on speculation and requested a “Rule 705” hearing.6

 In response, 

Chacon stated that “we’re just trying to get to the Court information regarding the extent of the 

damage.” The court sustained the objection. Chacon then asked the witness, “In your opinion, 

how was his arm situated based upon the entrance and exit of the bullet.” Dr. Pelaez responded, 

“The arm was raise, the right thumb was raise because the inner aspect of the –.” The State 

objected again, and the court allowed the State to conduct its voir dire. During the voir dire, Dr. 

Pelaez stated he was basing his opinion about the position of Chacon’s arms on the medical 

records and an eyewitness report, although he could not remember the name of the witness and 

did not have the report with him. After further questioning by the State, Chacon interrupted the 

voir dire and instructed the doctor to base his testimony only on the medical records. Chacon 

continued his direct examination, but when the doctor again began to testify about the position of 

Chacon’s arm, the State objected. Without ruling on the objection, the court requested Chacon to 

rephrase the question. Chacon rephrased the question as follows:

Q. If you could please tell the Court exactly where the bullet entered the arm. 

And do not mention that the arm was raised, but simply point to where the bullet 

entered the arm, please. 

 6 “Prior to the expert giving the expert’s opinion or disclosing the underlying facts or data, a party against whom the 

opinion is offered upon request in a criminal case shall . . . be permitted to conduct a voir dire examination directed 

to the underlying facts or data upon which the opinion is based.” TEX. R. EVID. 705 (b).
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Chacon never returned to the subject of the physical position of Chacon’s arms. He never asked 

the court to reconsider its ruling on the “speculation” objection after the State conducted the voir 

dire and he did not seek further clarification from the witness as to the basis for his opinion that 

Chacon was shot while his arms were raised.

To preserve a complaint for appellate review, the record must show “(1) the complaint 

was made to the trial court by a request, objection, or motion that was timely and sufficiently 

specific to make the trial court aware of the grounds of complaint, and (2) the trial court ruled 

adversely (or refused to rule, despite objection).” Tucker v. State, 990 S.W.2d 261, 262 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1999); see TEX. R. APP P. 33.1. When the error involves evidence that was 

improperly excluded, the proponent of the evidence must make an offer of proof that sets forth 

the substance of the excluded evidence. TEX. R. EVID. 103; Mays v. State, 285 S.W.3d 884, 889 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2009). A concise statement of the evidence by counsel will suffice, but the 

proffer “must include a reasonably specific summary of the evidence offered and must state the 

relevance of the evidence unless the relevance is apparent.” Id. at 890 (quoting Warner v. State, 

969 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). The proponent of evidence must clearly articulate the 

purpose for which the evidence is sought and why it is admissible. See Reyna v. State, 168 

S.W.3d 173, 177-78 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The complaint made on appeal must comport with 

the complaint made or issue raised in the trial court. Pena v. State, 285 S.W.3d 459, 464 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2009). The proponent cannot raise on appeal a rationale for admissibility that he 

never provided the trial judge the opportunity to rule upon. Reyna, 168 S.W.3d at 178.

Here, Chacon contends on appeal that the position of his arms constitutes mitigating 

evidence because it demonstrates he was attempting to surrender. However, in the trial court, 

Chacon the stated purpose of the evidence was to show “the extent of the damage.” Although 
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the trial court sustained the State’s objection to “speculation,” this objection went to the basis of 

the doctor’s opinion. The State was in the process of its voir dire to test the basis of the doctor’s 

opinion when Chacon interrupted and then instructed the witness not to mention the position of 

the arms. Chacon did not attempt to elicit Dr. Pelaez’s opinion about the position of Chacon’s 

arms and hands after he provided the basis for the opinion in voir dire. Chacon did not proffer to 

the court that he intended the evidence to demonstrate he was surrendering to the police when he 

was shot or why the evidence was admissible. And Chacon does not address on appeal the trial 

court’s ruling on the speculation objection — the only evidentiary ruling the trial court made 

with respect to this evidence. We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the 

motion for new trial and Chacon failed to preserve the error he complains of on appeal.

ERRONEOUS PUNISHMENT EVIDENCE

In his final issue, Chacon contends the trial court abused its discretion by denying his 

motion for a new punishment trial because his sentence was based on “erroneous medical expert 

opinion testimony,” and abused its discretion by denying him a hearing on the motion. 

The complaint in the motion for new trial was based on the testimony of Chacon’s expert 

psychiatrist, Dr. Roberto Jimenez. Dr. Jimenez testified that Chacon’s childhood head injuries 

caused atrophy of his frontal lobe, which in turn resulted in bipolar disorder. He testified the 

frontal lobe atrophy could not be corrected and recommended extensive, lifelong psychiatric 

care, and that Chacon be in a stable, structured, confined setting for an extended period of time. 

To support his contention that Dr. Jimenez’s testimony was “erroneous,” Chacon 

attached the affidavit of Dr. Michael Arambula to his motion for new trial. Dr. Arambula 

disputed any connection between Chacon’s frontal lobe atrophy and his bipolar disorder. Dr. 

Arambula asserted that Chacon’s “manic” behavior was caused by improper medication and was 
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transient in nature. Dr. Arambula testified that Chacon’s behavior could be managed with proper 

medication, and long-term confinement was unnecessary. Dr. Arambula concluded that Dr. 

Jimenez’s erroneous testimony may have led the trial court “to believe the long-term 

confinement of Mr. Chacon was necessary to the safety of the community and in the 

management of his mental illness.” 

The gist of this ground in Chacon’s motion for new trial was that his own expert, Dr. 

Jimenez, expressed a medical opinion which Chacon later decided was wrong. If there was any 

error, it was of Chacon’s own making. “[A] party cannot take advantage of an error that it 

invited or caused.” Woodall v. State, 336 S.W.3d 634, 644 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Chacon 

complains of “erroneous evidence” that he introduced from his own expert. The invited error 

doctrine estops Chacon from complaining about any perceived error concerning admission of 

this evidence in a motion for new trial or on appeal. See Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d 522, 531 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (“Just as the law of entrapment estops the State from making an offense 

of conduct that it induced, the law of invited error estops a party from making an appellate error 

of an action it induced.”).

We note that on appeal, Chacon recharacterizes this ground of his motion for new trial as 

one asserting “newly discovered evidence.” Chacon did not present any argument about newly 

discovered evidence to the trial court in his motion for new trial. Consequently, the trial court 

did not abuse its discretion in denying a motion based on newly discovered evidence. Moreover, 

neither the motion for new trial nor Chacon’s appellate brief point to any facts demonstrating 

that the opinion expressed in Dr. Arambula’s affidavit was unavailable to Chacon at the time of 

trial or that Chacon’s failure to timely procure Dr. Arambula’s testimony was not the result of 
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lack of diligence. See Keeter v. State, 74 S.W.3d 31, 36-37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (setting forth 

requirements for granting motion for new trial on basis of newly discovered evidence).

We conclude the trial court did not abuse of discretion in denying the motion for new trial 

based on the purported “erroneous medical expert opinion testimony.” We further hold the trial 

court easily could have determined from the record that the error complained of was invited and 

that Chacon had not alleged facts that would reasonably support a grant of relief on the ground of 

“erroneous testimony” or newly discovered evidence. The trial court therefore did not err by 

failing to hold a hearing on the motion for new trial.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s judgments.

Steven C. Hilbig, Justice

DO NOT PUBLISH