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I) 

U.S. AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ACTIVITIES, 

JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1959 

! 

I 

\ 

s 

&d&LLd 

REPORT TO CONGRESS 

FROM 

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

NASA FILE C 

L
NOTE TO READERS: ALL PRINTED PAGES ARE INCLUDED, 

UNNUMBERED BLANK PAGES DURING SCANNING AND QUALITY 

CONTROL CHECK HAVE BEEN DELETED 
THE WHITE HOUSE 

TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES: 

In accordance withsection 206(b) of the National Aeronautics and 

Space Act of 1958, I am transmitting herewith the second annual report 

on the Nation's activities in the fields of aeronautic.8 and space. 

During 1959, the Nation's space effort moved forward with purpose and its accomplishments were many, as this report recounts. In 

the short period of a single year, a p r o g ram of great complexity and 

scope was aligned so that the scientists of many organizations in and out 

of Government could p o o 1 an d coordinate their knowledge and skills. 

Much information of far-reaching s i g n if i c an c e was acquired on the 

frontiers of science and technology; substantial gains were made, ranging from advances in aircraft and s pa c e vehicle design to greatly improved understanding of the environment in which our planet exists and 

by which its natural forces and life are conditioned. 

The year was also one of transition. The national s pa c e program grew in breadth and depth -- benefiting greatly from the tremendous efforts of the American scientists, engineers, and technicians who, 

in the short space of the past five years, have performed miraculously 

in developing United States rocket technology. 

This Report details the steps taken during 1959 to establish a 

firm foundation for a dynamic program of space e x pl o r at i on , and it 

summarizes the contributions of F e d e r a1 agencies toward the paramount goal: the c o nque B t of s p ac e for. the benefit of all mankind. 

DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER 

THE WHITE HOUSE, 

February 22, 1960. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION - Second Annual Report -- 1959 . . . . . CHAPTER 1 

CHAPTER 2 

CHAPTER 3 

CHAPTER 4 

CHAPTER 5 

CHAPTER 6 

CHAPTER 7 

CHAPTER 8 

CHAPTER 9 

CHAPTER 10 

APPENDIX A 

APPENDIX B 

APPENDIX C 

APPENDIX D 

ATTACHMENT 

- National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . - Department of Defense . . . . . . . - United States Atomic Energy Commission 

- Department of State . . . . . . . . . - National Science Foundation . . . . . - Department of Commerce . . . . . . . National Bureau of Standards . . . . Weather Bureau . . . . . . . . . . . Coast and Geodetic Survey . . . . . - Space Science Board . . . . . . . . . - Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 

- Federal Communications Commission . . - United States Information Agency . . . - Membership of National Aeronautics 

and Space Council . . . . . . . . . - Membership of Civilian-Military 

Liaison Committee . . . . . . . . . - National Science Foundation Grants 

for Space-Related BasicjResearch 

Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - Membership of Space Science Board . . - Proposed changes in the existing 

National Aeronautics and Space 

Actof1958 . . . . . . . . . *. 

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U.S. AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ACTIVITIES 

INTRODUCTION 

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT 

Nineteen fifty-nine witnessed substantial accomplishments in the United States space exploration program and 

revealed with increasing clarity the nature and dimensions 

of major problems confronting the effort. 

During the year, extensive changes in or anization and in program responsibllity were effected, resu f ting in consolidation of the nonmilitary space program under the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 

The United States carried out a vigorous operational 

,space program by means of earth satellites, space probes, and sounding rockets. Immediate focus of the national space 

program was upon Project Mercury, first phase of the manned 

satellite program, which gained considerable momentum during 

the year. 

of high-thrust vehicles, with emphasis on increased thrust 

and improved reliability and guidance; they will be used 

first for lunar missions and ultimately to power missions 

to the planets. Tracking and data-collection networks are 

being constructed in support of earth-satellite, Project Mercury, space-probe, and sounding-rocket programs. 

speed ran e from hovering aircraft, ground-effect systems, and VTOL 7 Vertical Take-Off and Landing) and STOL (Short Takeoff and Landing) to experimental aircraft capable of nearsatellite speeds and altitudes. 

Progress was made in the development of a small family 

In aeronautics, research went forward across the entire 

Underlying the entire effort are basic and applied 

During the year, United States activities toward achievresearch programs in space sciences and technology. 

ing international cooperation in space affairs increased 

markedly. 

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In summary, the Nation's aeronautics and space activities -- both military and nonmilitary -- gained in momentum, 

scope, and positive direction during the year under review.* 

U.S. Space Program Milestones 

During calendar year 1959, the National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration (NASA) successfully launched four satellites and one space probe in 10 attempts. The Department of 

Defense (DOD) successfully launched six satellites in nine 

attempts. 

Pioneers, and Vanguards, have provided a vast quantity of 

valuable data on such phenomena as the Great Radiation 

Region surrounding the earth, the earth's magnetic field, 

micrometeoroid density in space, and other factors involved 

These experiments, together with the earlier Explorers, 

, in problems of space travel. 

Knowledge gained from these experiments has enabled 

NASA to prepare more realistic and comprehensive short- and 

long- range (nonmilitary) space goals than had been possible 

during the early phases of the Nation's space drive. 

The following experiments and activities highlighted the U.S. space year in the nonmilitary realm.** 

Seven astronauts for Project Mercury were selected and 

began intensive training. All military test pilots with 

engineering backgrounds, the astronauts are contributing 

their knowledge and experience in design and construction of 

the Mercury capsule and supporting equipment. 

an altitude of 100 miles and a range of 1,300 miles, a flight 

that culminated in a successful test of capsule instruments, 

stability, and heat shielding. 

An Atlas booster propelled a Mercury capsule model to 

The Pioneer IV space probe achieved its primary mission, 

an earth-moon trajectory, and traveled on to orbit the sun. 

Two monkeys, Able and Baker, survived a space flight at 

speeds as great as 10,000 mph and to a peak altitude of 300 

* This report does not include activities of the Federal 

Aviation Agency and the Civil Aeronautics Board which are 

concerned primarily with operational civil aviation matters, 

nor does it cover details of the research and development 

accomplishments of the Department of Defense. 

** Detaiis of the NASA year are to be found in Chapter I; the 

Department of Defense program is in Chapter 2. 

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I 

miles. The monkeys were part of a biomedical experiment 

carried in a Jupiter nose cone in a flight conducted by the 

Army under NASA sponsorship . The X-15 rocket-powered research airplane completed 

successful initial glide- and powered-flight tests. 

Explorer VI, the ttpaddlewheel satellitett (so-named 

because of its solar vanes or paddles), was successfully launched into orbit, relaying a crude Fhotograph of the earth's 

cloud Cover and transmitting valuable new data on radiation, 

micrometeoroids, radio waves and earth's magnetic field. 

Vanguard 111, last of the Vanguard satellite experiments, 

was launched successfully; it has supplied information on 

solar X-rays and has transmitted other valuable data. 

Explorer VII, a highly instrumented 91.5-pound satellite, was launched into predicted orbit, all equipment working as programmed. From its transmissions, scientists are 

learning new facts about the trapped solar radiation and 

cosmic radiation near the earth. 

In addition to numerous sounding rocket and upperatmosphere wind velocity experiments, NASA successfully 

launched a test vehicle carrying a 100-foot-diameter inflatable sphere on a suborbital flight over the Atlantic Ocean. 

The sphere, which was seen throughout a wide area of the 

Atlantic Seaboard, is a prototype of spheres that will be 

used in passive communications satellite experiments. 

Military Space Activities 

The Department of Defense placed special emphasis on 

its Discoverer Satellite Program in 1959. Its objective: 

the testing of components, propulsion and guidance systems, 

and techniques for several U.S. space projects. A capsule 

recovery operation, so far unsuccessful, is a principal 

technique being tested in the program. 

Discoverer vehicles (six attained orbit); the ninth, in the 

Transit navigation satellite program, failed to achieve 

orbit but yielded useful operational data . 

Eight of the nine military space launchings were of 

Also included among key Defense Department projects 

were the following: Project Argus, in which the effects of 

nuclear explosions in the exosphere are being studied; 

Project Notus, a communications satellite system for longrange radio communication; Project Shepherd, a combined 

Minitrack-Doploc fence to serve as a space surveillance 

system for defense purposes; and Project Longsight, a research 

study concerned with military needs in space technology. 

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Consolidation of the Nonmilitary Space Program 

A fundamental achievement of 1959 was further consolidation of the nonmilitary space program under NASA with the 

transfer to that agency of several projects and research and 

development organizations from the Department of Defense . As specified in the National Aeronautics and Space Act 

of 1958, NASA’s mission is to conduct U.S. aeronautical and 

space research and development, apart from military projects. (In aeronautics, as a matter of practice, NASA restricts 

itself to research. ) The legislation stipulates, however, 

that NASA should cooperate with the military in defenserelated space research and development. As a result, NASA 

scientists and engineers are at work on problems connected 

with many military launch vehicles 

On April 13, Project Tiros, a meteorological satellite, 

was transferred to NASA from the Department of Defense. And 

on June 1, Project Centaur, a high-thrust, Atlas-based 

booster, was shifted to NASA from the Advanced Research 

Projects Agency (ARPA) of the Defense Department. 

Most notable expansion and consolidation of NASAts mission came in the field of super-boosters. In late 1959 the . President announced his intention of transferring to NASA 

the Development Operations Division of the Army Ballistic 

Missile Agency at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Ala., along 

with Saturn, the 1.5-million-pound-thrust (clustered) rocket 

engine under development by the Division. 

Subject to Congressional approval, the transfer will 

become effective 60 days from formal notification of the 

Congress on January 14, 1960 (after the period of this report). The transfer will include the 4,300 scientific and technical 

positions from the present Development Operations Division 

and a provision enabling NASA to recruit up to 815 individuals 

from ABMA or Redstone Arsenal supporting personnel. The total 

supporting personnel requirement of 1,200 for the Saturn group 

cannot be filled entirely from the Redstone personnel because 

the Army requires their continued service in military programs. 

In a message to the Congress discussing the Saturn transfer, and recommending changes in the Space Act, the President 

emphasized that the assignment of super-booster development 

to NASA was being made regardless of the vehiclets ultimate 

military or nonmilitary uses. 

In order to speed development of super-boosters, NASA 

decided to divide its Office of Space Flight Development into 

two offices -- the Office of Space Flight Programs and the 

Office of Launch Vehicle Programs. sible for mission planning, payload design and in-flight 

research and operation; the latter will direct booster development and launchings . 

The former will be respon

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Other NASA divisions under the reorganization include : 

the Office of Advanced Research Programs (formerly the Office 

of Aeronautical and Space Research) which is charged with 

advanced research in aeronautics and space; and the Office 

of Business Administration which continues with the same 

name and functions. 

International Cooperation in Space 

The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 states: 

1). . .The Congress hereby declares that it is 

the policy of the United States that activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind.. .ll 

The Act further states: 

') . . .The aeronautical and space activities 

of the United States shall be conducted so 

as to contribute materially to cooperation 

by the United States with other nations 

and groups of nations in work done pursuant 

to this Act and in the peaceful application 

of the results thereof..." 

Looking toward implementation of these provisions of 

the Space Act, the United States has taken initiative in the 

United Nations, and NASA has found that the spirit of cooperation engendered during the International Geophysical Year 

(IGY) had carried over into 1959 with numerous positive 

results. Furthermore, U.S. requirements for worldwide tracking and data-acquisition networks increased the opportunity 

for international cooperation in space affairs. 

The Department of State and NASA began discussions with 

other governments leading toward the acquisition of sites 

for eight Project Mercury tracking stations abroad. 

nary site surveys have been made. 

Defence Research Board were initiated regarding cooperative 

space research programs. 

PrelimiDiscussions with both the United Kingdom and the Canadian 

In September, Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, the Deputy Administrator 

of NASA, took part in discussions with a number of scientists 

and officials of the European scientific community. His mission had a twofold purpose: to assess space-connected activities in Europe and to indicate NASA's interest in discussing 

potential cooperative space research programs. 

services of the U.S. worldwide tracking network in support 

of any manned space flight the USSR might have under way or 

plan to undertake. 

On December 7, the Administrator of NASA offered the 

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Summary Evaluation; Problem Areas and Goals 

While NASAfs operational goals continue to expand, its 

fundamental mission remains constant . As broadly expressed 

in the Space Act (sec. 102), the agency must pursue aeronautical and space research and development for "...the expansion of human knowledge of phenomena in the atmosphere and 

space" -- for mankindfs benefit. 

operational life, NASA has carried out its mission across a 

broad research and development front. Already on the horizon are practical benefits in the fields of meteorology, 

communications, navigation and geodetics, while unforeseen 

rewards of today's basic research undoubtedly lie still 

further in the future. 

Following this objective during the 15 months of its 

As it has simultaneously built up its organization, 

carried out an operational space program and set goals, 

NASA has uncovered and isolated many major problem areas. 

For example, the nonmilitary space program has been plagued 

by a lack of high-thrust, reliable boosters designed specifcally for space missions. The experiments have been launched, 

for the most part, by rockets originally designed and developed for military purposes. 

equal magnitude. During both military and nonmilitary space 

experiments in 1959, there was all too often little or no 

margin for even the slightest deviation from planned performance. 

Lack of reliability has been a corollary problem of 

In 1960 and the years immediately ahead, NASA will con- 

. . .Development of a small family of highly reliable 

centrate upon: 

medium and high-thrust boosters. 

... Development of midcourse and terminal guidance equipment and techniques. 

. ..Research into the performance of materials and fuels 

in the temperature extremes and stresses of space flight . .Communications experiments over interplanetary distances . 

... A substantial program of scientific research using 

earth satellites and space probes, with increasing emphasis 

upon lunar missions to develop technology for later, more 

advanced flights to the planets. 

... Associated tracking and data-collection networks. 

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In the coming months, areas of concentration will inevitably be affected in both DOD and NASA programs as unforeseen 

problems -- and opportunities -- arise i n t h i s highly fluid 

technology. Both programs are subject to continuing review 

and re-evaluation. But the year-end stocktaking reveals 

that, in sum, United States achievements in space during 1959 add up to a substantial base upon which to build for the 

future 

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CHAPTER 1 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

The mission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is to conduct the government's nonmilitary activities 

in aeronautics research and in space reseerch and development, 

and to cooperate with and support Department of Defense activities in these fields, The basic objectives of the Nation's 

space program are exploration of space to extend knowledge of 

the solar system and the universe, to use this knowledge for 

peaceful ends. and to share its benefits with all mankind. 

Initial steps toward these goals are the continuing series of 

scientific satellites and the probes dispatched into space to 

transmit basic information on conditions that coming generations of spacecraft and, eventually, human crews will encounter 

and must cope with. 

Essential to the key objebtive is Project Mercury, to which NASA 

has given high priority. Mercury will place a manned satellite in 

orbit around the earth, recover the astronaut-pilot and make 

possible the study of human capabilities under the stresses of 

acceleration. weightlessness, deceleration, and landing. 

Beyond Project Mercury, it is planned to dispatch highly instrumented robot devices to the moon, followed by manned expeditions. Further still in the future are deep space probes to Mars, 

Venus, and eventually to more distant planets. Sustaining NASA's 

space flight operations are extensive programs in space sciences 

and technology. From these fields is emerging knowledge for 

designing and developing more powerful and more reliable space 

vehicles, and more accurate guidance for them. 

Accomplishments and developments in major NASA programs 

during 1959 are summarized below. 

OPERATIONAL MISSIONS 

NASAts achievements in operational space flight were 

substantial during the period January 1, 1959, to December 31, 

1959. Of 10 attempts to launch spacecraft into orbit or on 

deep space trajectories, five have attained a large proportion of the objectives set for them. 

These United States experiments have yielded data of 

great importance to science in general and vital to the 

future of manes venture into space -- such as findings on 

the range and intensity of dangerous radiation in space, the 

makeup of the earth's magnetic field, and micrometeoroid 

density. 

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Except where otherwise noted, all launchings were from 

the Atlantic Missil;. Range, Cape Canaveral, Fla. 

Major Satellite and Space Probe Experiments 

. . .February 17 -- Vanguard 11, a meteorological ltCloud Cover" 

satellite, was successfully launched into orbit. The 20.74- 

pound sphere contained photocells to produce images of the 

earthcs cloud formations. Although the payload developed a 

precession (wobble) that scrambled the transmitted images, 

Vanguard I1 proved the feasibility of the weather satellite 

concept . -- Pioneer IV, a conical instrument package of 

goldwas **-P ed fiberglass, was successfully launched by a Juno I1 

rocket. Pioneer IV achieved its primary mission, an earthmoon trajectory, yielded excellent radiation data, and provided valuable tracking experience. It is now orbiting the 

sun 

The 13.40-pound probe passed within 37,300 miles of the 

moon on March 4, 1959. It reached its perihelion (nearest 

point to the sun) -- 91,700,000 miles -- on March 17, 1959, 

and its aphelion (farthest point from the sun) -- 106,100,000 

miles -- on October 1, 1959. 

minutes to 407,000 miles, the greatest distance a man-made 

object had been tracked up to that time. 

The probe was tracked for a total of 82 hours and four 

.**April 13 -- An attempt to launch a Vanguard satellite,containing a magnetometer experiment and an inflatable sphere, 

failed when the second stage did not operate properly. 

... June 22 -- An attempt to launch a Vanguard satellite,containing a heat-balance experiment, failed because of a faulty 

second-stage pressure valve . ... Jul 16 -- The range safety officer destroyed a Juno I1 

roc*ring an Explorer satellite, after 53 seconds when 

it tilted sharply because of a power supply failure to the 

guidance system. The satellite contained a radiation balance and Lyman-Alpha X-ray experiments. 

. . .August 7 -- Explorer VI -- the Itpaddlewheel satellite," 

so-called because of its four vanes or paddles studded with 

solar cells -- was launched into orbit by a Juno I1 rocket. 

Explorer VI contained 14 scientific experiments and was the 

most advanced U.S. experiment to date. It reported a new 

region of high-energy protons in the Great Radiation Region, 

and enough new measurements to show considerable variations 

in radiation intensity and distribution. Equipped with a 

photocell scanner also, Explorer VI transmitted a crude 

picture of the earthts cloud cover from a distance of 

20,000 miles. 

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An attempt to launch an inflatable satellite 

lar plastic film and aluminum foil with a 

failed because of premature fuel depletion 

in the booster and a malfunction in the attitude control 

system for the upper stages. 

... Se tember 18 -- Injection of Vanguard I11 into planned 

satellite program. Although the launching phase of Project 

Vanguard has been completed, the personnel, techniques, and 

hardware developed during the program are continuing to 

contribute substantially to the U.S. space effort. 

sium sphere 20 inches in diameter with a 26-inch tapered 

tube attached. The payload includes twin ionization chambers 

(responding to radiation in the range between one and 10 

angstroms) to measure solar X-rays. It has revealed valuable 

data which are being analyzed. 

... October 1 -- Explorer VII, a 91.5-pound satellite containing 4 ra iation balance, Lyman-Alpha X-ray and heavy primary 

X-ray experiments, was successfully launched by a Juno I1 

rocket. The satellite went into predicted orbit, all equipment working as programmed. 

about trapped radiation and cosmic radiation near the earth, 

indicating a possible correlation with solar events and geo- magnetic storms. 

orb PlF-7 t mar ed t e end of the Nation's first scientific earth 

Vanguard 111, weighing 50 pounds, consists of a magneIt has revealed valuable data 

... November 26 --, An attempt to launch a Pioneer lunar probe with an Atlas-Able 4 rocket failed when, about 45 seconds 

after launching, the plastic shroud covering the probe fell 

off. With the shroud gone, the payload was torn off and, 

at 104 seconds, all telemetry was lost. 

Other Experiments during 1959 

During the year, NASA carried out numerous sub-orbital 

experiments with sounding rockets, sodium flares, inflatable 

spheres, and scientific and bionedical instrument packages. 

Wallops Station, Va., to study the effects of extremely high 

temperatures on a vehicle reentering the earth's atmosphere. 

Three stages are employed on the upward leg and three on the 

downward leg of the trajectory. The vehicle reaches a maximum speed of 16,000 mph on the downward leg. The first shot 

malfunctioned; in the second, all stages fired as programmed. 

On December 22, a 48-foot, four-stage Javelin sounding rocket 

was fired from Wallops, carrying a joint U.S.-Canadian exper- iment to measure the intensity of galactic radio noise. 

Another purpose of the experiment was to test operation of 

the X-248 rocket engine (to be used in the Delta vehicle) in 

the space environment . 

On March 3 and June 4, six-stage rockets were fired from 

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The Javelin rose to an altitude of 650 miles and went 

down in the Atlantic, 600 miles from Wallops Island. The 48- 

pound payload contained a 3-mc radio receiver which telemetered 

the galactic radio signals to the earth. 

On October 28, NASA launched a test vehicle carrying a 

100-foot-diameter inflatable sphere on a sub-orbital flight 

over the Atlantic Ocean. 

The sphere -- Mylar plastic, coated with micro-thin 

vaporized aluminum -- reached an altitude of 250 miles and 

traveled 500 miles across the Atlantic Ocean. Weighing 130 

pounds, the sphere provided a high degree of reflectivity to 

light and radio signals. It was seen from Maine to Florida 

and as far west as Ohio. 

duc 

sta 

The sphere was launched by a two-stage test vehicle, proing an initial thrust of about l30,OOO pounds. The first 

ge consisted of a zluster of three solid-fuel rockets. The 

second stage was a solid-fuel rocket developed under the Vanguard program. Similar 100-foot spheres will be used in a 

passive communications system in future experiments. 

On May 28, an Army Jupiter launched a nose-cone package 

carrying two living passengers -- Able, a seven-pound rhesus 

monkey, and Baker, a one-pound South American squirrel monkey, 

both females. Among purposes of the pission were recovery of 

the nose-cone and obtaining physiological and psychophysiological data on animals of primate level under the 

stresses of space flight. The nose-cone package also contained specimens of low-order life. 

Medical portions of this cooperative, NASA-sponsored 

experiment were carried out by the Army Medical Service and I 

the Army Elallistic Missile Agency, with the assistance of the 

U.S. Naval School of Aviation Medicine and the U.S. Air Force 

School of Aviation Medicine. 

nose cone and its payload were lowered by parachute -- as 

programmed -- into the South Atlantic, 40 miles north of 

Antigua, West Indies Federation, some 1,500 miles from the 

Florida launch site. Ninety-three minutes after liftoff, the 

nose cone was hoisted from the ocean by the crew of the U.S. 

Navy tug Kiowa. 

After a 15-minute flight at altitudes up to 300 miles, the 

NATIONAL LAUNCH VEHICLE PROGRAM 

Goals: Greater Simplicity, Reliability, and Payload Capabilities 

Emphasizing maximum practicable simplicity, greater payload capabilities, and increased reliability, the National 

Launch Vehicle Program made significant gains during 1959. Vega, 

a two- and three-stage vehicle, was cancelled on December 11. 

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A modified version of the Agena, the highly successful second 

stage used in the Air Force Discoverer program, has been substituted'for Vega. 

same tkpe that the Vega would have been ready. 

The vehicle program consists primarily of Scout and 

Delta, ttworkhorsett vehicles for launching small-to-medium 

payloads in the near future; Atlas-Agena; Centaur, a generalpurpose vehicle for later and more advanced experiments; 

Saturn, a cluster of boosters designed to deliver 1.5-million 

pounds of thrust; and the F-1, a 1.5-million-pound-thrust, 

single-chamber rocket engine. 

Scout is a four-stage, solid-rocket vehicle that will 

be capable of launching payloads of about 200 pounds in 

circular west-east orbits at altitudes of 300 miles, and of 

launching probes with 100-pound payloads to altitudes of 

6,000 miles. 

launching, and handling requirements, it does not need an 

elaborate launching complex, but can be fired from a number 

of sites, including NASA's Wallops Station. Developme'nt and 

procurement contracts for Scout components were awarded 

early in 1959 and most of these have now been fabricated and 

are being tested. 

The Atlas-Agena will be ready about the 

\ 

Because of its relatively simple components, 

Delta is a modified three-stage Thor-Able that will be 

capabm placing 100-300 pounds into circular orbits of 

1,040 miles and into highly elliptical orbits (between 156 

and 46,100 miles). It will also be able to reach the moon 

with a 65-pound payload. Delta will be used to launch the 

100-foot sphere for communications experiments (Project Echo), a meteorology experiment (TIROS 11), radiation and 

spectroscopy experiments, a deep space probe, and several 

atmospheric and ionospheric experiments. All major elements 

of the Delta are on schedule, with first launching to take 

place early in 1960; other firings will continue through 

1962. 

Centaur is a two-stage vehicle consisting of a modified 

Atlas booster and a second stage powered by the XLR-115, a 

two-barrel, turbopump-fed, rocket engine which may' be fueled 

with high-energy liquid hydrogen. The engine, producing 30 

percent more thrust than present engines using kerosene and 

liquid oxygen, was recently test-fired at full thrust. This 

powerful second stage will enable the Centaur to accomplish 

missions now requiring more stages, such as placing a communications satellite in an equatorial "fixed" orbit about 

22,300 miles above the earth. 

employed for earth-satellite and lunar and planetary scientific missions. The first Centaur launching is scheduled 

for mid-1961. 

Saturn is a clustered rocket intended to produce 1.5- 

million pounds of thrust, to lift a 30,000-pound satellite 

The vehicle will also be 

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into a 300-mile-high orbit, or land a 7,000-pound payload on 

the moon. This vehicle, still in the early design phase, will 

use the XLR-115 as one of its upper stages. 

F-1 En ine, also in an early design phase, is an extremely 

power + ul single-chamber engine, intended to produce 1.5-million 

pounds of thrust. 

MANNED SPACE FLIGHT PROGRAM 

Pro Sect Mercury 

Goals -- One of the top-priority goals of the U.S. space 

program, this is the first phase of a continuing effort to 

demonstrate that manned space flights is feasible. Three-fold 

in purpose,. Project Mercury is designed to place a man in orbit 

around the earth, to recover him, and to test human capabili- ties under the stresses of acceleration, weightlessness, deceleration, and landing. The Department of Defense is assisting 

NASA in several areas, including capsule launching and recovery 

and biomedical studies. 

Astronauts Selected -- Much progress was made on the 

program during 1959. Seven Mercury astronauts, all volunteers 

and all highly trained, superbly fit military test pilots, 

were selected early in the year and have been intensively 

training ever since. Contracts for the capsule and related 

equipment were signed, and development is well under way. 

Mercury Capsule -- The capsule, constructed by McDonnell 

Aircraft Corp., St. Louis, Mo., will have a nickel-cobalt 

outer shell and a titanium inner shell separated by insulation 

to protect its passenger from heat, cold, and noise. The 

astronaut, clad inaa pressure suit, will recline on a specially 

fitted couch that will absorb much of the stress of launching 

and reentry accelerations. The capsule will be fitted with 

communications and navigation devices, equipment to provide 

oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, attitude control jets, an 

ablation heat shield to protect against severe reentry heating, three solid-fuel retrograde rockets to reduce the speed 

of the capsule in orbit, and main and emergency parachutes 

for landing. 

At launch, the capsule will be topped by a pylon-like 

arrangement containing an escape system. If the booster malfunctions at any time from pad to staging, and escape rocket 

can be triggered to carry the capsule away from the booster. 

Parachute release and recovery will then take place. 

Tests of Capsule and Components -- Tests have been made 

of the escape system, the parachutes, and the aerodynamic 

qualities of the capsule. -One of the important tests was a 

launch termed "Bi Joe,I1 held on September 9, when an Atlas 

booster lifted *scale a instrumented boilerplate model 

of the capsule to near-orbital speed and to an altitude of 

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about 100 miles. The purpose was to test reentry capabilities; chiefly, performance of the heat shield, flight 

characteristics of the capsule and its instruments, and 

capsule recovery. The capsule was picked up by a Navy 

destroyer in the Atlantic Ocean north of Puerto Rico. The 

test was successful, even though the capsule's flight 

deviated from the planned trajectory. 

:'Little Joe" is the name given to a fin-stabilized, 

clustered, eight-rocket booster made up of four solid-fuel 

Sergeant and four solid-fuel Recruit engines. The system 

was designed to test boilerplate models of the Mercury capsule 

in ballistic flight 

to a distance of nearly 130 miles at speeds up to 4,000 mph. 

Little Joe has 250,000-pound-thrust capability at liftoff . The system provides an economical means of testing the capsule 

escape system over a wide range of dynamic pressures. 

Little Joe is capable of boosting a full-scale capsule 

A successful test of the Little Joe launching system was 

carried out on October 4. Atop the booster was a boilerplate 

capsule model with an escape rocket system. Neither the capsule nor the escape system was instrumented for this launch. 

The next Little Joe booster launching took place on 

November 4, at Wallops Station. In a successful test of the 

escape system, the booster-capsule combination and operation 

of recovery parachutes, the Mercury capsule model was fired 

to an altitude of 35,000 feet and to a distance of five 

miles . 

The escape rocket was actuated 30 seconds after launch, 

carrying the capsule several thousand feet away from the 

booster. 

was jettisoned; 10 seconds thereafter, the drogue parachute 

was deployed. Three minutes after liftoff, at an altitude 

of 10,000 feet, the main parachute deployed and eased the 

one-ton capsule into the Atlantic Ocean. 

The Navy salvage ship Preserver recovered the capsule 45 minutes after launch. 

On December 4, a seven-pound rhesus monkey survived a 

55-mile flight into space in a third successful test of the 

Little Joe emergency escape mechanism. 

After a 20-second coasting period, the escape tower 

Attached to the outside of the container was a package 

of biological specimens including barley seeds, molds, and 

tissue cultures to provide data on radiation and weightlessness in space flight. 

At 100,000 feet the emergency escap 

carrying the capsule away from the boost .* 

-8- 
coasted to an altitude of 150,000 feet where the escape 

tower was jettisoned. The capsule continued to coast to an 

altitude of 55 miles, some 20 miles short of the original 

test objective. Recovery was successful. 

Mercury tracking and ground-instrumentation stations will 

provide complete radio tracking, communications (including 

voice), and data acquisition during launching, flight, and 

recovery of the Mercury capsule. The Project Mercury network will comprise 16 stations (some of them existing milit a r y f a c i l i t i e s ) located between latitudes 350 North and 35O 

South in the path of the manned capsule. NASA's Space Task 

Group will manage the network. Langley Research Center, 

Hampton, Va., is responsible for establishing the tracking 

network and monitoring contracts. Western Electric Co., 

Inc., New York, N. Y.,has been selected as the prime contractor to equip and manage construction of the NASA stations 

in the network. For most ground communications, existing 

military links and commercial facilities will be utilized. 

Mercury Tracking and Communications Network -- Project 

Astronaut Engineering and Training Activities -- On 

April 27, the astronauts reported for full-time duty with 

the NASA Space Task Group at Langley Research Center. 

is specializing in and contributing to a different aspect 

of the project -- communications and navigation, control 

systems, cockpit layout, life-support system, tracking and 

recovery, Redstone booster, or Atlas booster. Each man is 

responsible for assuring, within his particular area, that 

the Mercury system is suitable for manned operation. 

Each 

In addition to their specialty assignments, the pilots 

as a group attend lectures on rocket propulsion, space 

mechanics, gyroscope theory, stable platforms, space navigation, communications, meteorology, astronomy, and physics 

of the upper atmosphere. They also receive status briefings 

from the NASA Mercury Project engineers and visit the various 

contractor and service facilities. Individually, the pilots 

visit the sub-contractors within their own specialty areas. 

During these visits, they are briefed on the Mercury systems 

and on advanced programs that are under study and development. 

Pressure Suit Selected -- A modified U.S. Navy Mark IV 

pressure suit was selected on July 24 as the closest approach 

to the type of life-support garment which the astronauts will 

need in suborbital and orbital flights. NASA scientists are 

conducting developmental work on the suit, which is made by 

B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio. Factors in the decision 

were comfort, mobility, compactness, reliability, impermeability, resistance to temperature, pressure, ease of donning 

and removing, and noise reduction. The suit will serve as 

a back-up safety feature; it will automatically inflate 

should the capsule pressure system fail. A coating of silver 

spray will act as an additional heat buffer and radiation 

shield. 

-9- 
X-15 Research Airplane 

X-15 program objectives are to determine intensity and 

effect of aerodynamic heating on aircraft materials, to 

obtain stability and control data regarding aircraft performance in the upper atmosphere, and to observe effects of 

weightlessness on the pilot. The Air Force and Navy provide 

contract funds for the X-15 program while NASA provides 

technical direction. 

During 1959, the X-15 was still under test by the contractor, North American Aviation, Inc. , Los Angeles, Calif. 

The airplane is designed to reach altitudes of 250,000 feet 

or more and a 4,500 mph speed. It is launched from a B-52 

"mother1? plane. Tests were conducted at Edwards Air Force 

Base, Calif. 

on June 8 successfully completed a glide flight from an 

altitude of 38,000 feet and at a speed of Mach 0.8. On 

September 17, the X-15 reached a speed of Mach 2 and altitude 

of 50,000 feet on its first powered free flight. 

The X-15 made its first captive flight on March 10 and 

* 

SPACE SCIENCES PROGRAM 

Research in the NASA Space Sciences Program is devoted 

to learning more about the fields of geophysics and astrophysics, making use of the data-gathering capabilities of 

such space research tools as satellites, space probes, and 

sounding rockets. Principal areas of research are: I) 

atmospheres -- including daily, geographical, and seasonal 

variations in composition and behavior; 2) ionospheres -- 

study of the origin of electrically charged (ionized) particles of air beginning about 35 miles above the surface of 

the earth, to learn their origin and how they vary with 

including those forming the Great Radiation Region* surrounding the earth, cosmic rays, and the particles involved 

in the aurora borealis and aurora australis; 4) electric and 

magnetic fields -- the strength and direction of the earth's 

magnetic fields and its changes, some slow and gradual over 

periods of several years, others very abrupt, lasting for 

hours or days; 5) gravity fields -- obtaining precise geo- detic data over a long period of time; 6) astronomy -- 

including gamma ray astronomy, relativity investigations, 

orbiting astronomical observatories, radio astronomy, solar 

probes, and a solar observatory; and 7) lunar science -- 

including a variety of planned missions to the moon, such 

as probes and satellites, instrumented llhardtl and *lsoftll 

landings, instrumented circumnavigations with return to 

earth, and eventually, manned versions of these missions. 

. altitude, time of day, and latitude; 3) energetic particles -- 

* Belts of high-energy, charged particles, trapped in the 

earth's magnetic field, first reported by James A. Van Allen, 

of the State University of Iowa. 

- 10 - 
Perhaps the most important discovery in the space 

sciences field during 1959, was that the structure of the 

Great Radiation Region is more complex than was previously 

supposed. A new region of high-energy protons was reported 

by Explorer VI, the "paddlewheel" satellite, and enough new 

measurements were obtained to show considerable variations 

in intensity and geographical distribution of the radiation. 

The new proton layer is about 310 miles thick, (centered at 

an altitude of about 1,250 miles) and extends for about 20 

degrees on either side of the geomagnetic equator. 

It now appears that the Great Radiation Region may be 

an extensive area of energetic particles, rather than the 

two rather distinct "doughnuts" or bands indicated by 

earlier experiments. A possible hazard to astronauts will 

be pockets of radiation that fade in and out, probably as a 

result of solar disturbances; the entire region varies considerably in intensity of radiation and geographical distribution over relatively short periods of time. 

SATELLITE APPLICATIONS* 

The goal of the satellite applications program is to 

apply space research to practical, beneficial uses. As the 

program advances, it is expected to improve weather forecasting, make navigation for air and sea travel more exact 

and timely, and provide worldwide television and telephone 

services. 

Meteorological Satellite Program 

NASA has established this program to determine the 

effectiveness of weather satellites in observing and reporting to ground stations worldwide weather patterns as they 

generate and develop. 

responsibility of Goddard Space Flight Center . Payload 

development and fabrication is carried out b'y contractors. 

Military participation and coordination are through the 

Joint Meteorological Satellite Advisory Committee, having 

representation from the three military services, ARPA, 

Weather Bureau, and NASA. Substantial research by the 

Weather Bureau for utilizing satellite data is being supported by NASA. 

On April 13, 1959, the meteorological satellite, Project 

TIROS, initiated by DOD, was transferred to NASA. The first 

TIROS experiment will carry two television-type cameras to 

take clearer, more comprehensive pictures than could the 

Execution of the program is the 

* For current progress in these fields, see Operational 

Missions. 

- 11 - 
photographic devices in Vanguard I1 and Explorer VI. A 

later version of TIROS (TIROS 11) will include both scanning 

and non-scanning infrared detectors to report detailed radiation information and gross radiation picture. 

Geodetic Satellite Program 

In this program, NASA will develop specialized geodetic 

satellites, and conduct extensive ground observations and 

analyses leading to use of these satellites as precise tools 

for mapping, geodetic, and other geophysical investigations. 

prepared: 

150 pounds, the satellite will be equipped with a very intense 

flashing light system. By photographing the light flashes 

against the stellar background, it will be possible to determine the satellite's position within about 50 to 100 feet, 

at an altitude of 1,000 miles. Three separate techniques may 

be used with a satellite of this type to obtain geodetic 

data: 1) observing the flashing light simultaneously from a 

number of ground stations; 2) using the satellite orbit as 

an interpolation device to connect non-simultaneous observations from ground stations; 3) using purely dynamical methods, based on analysis of the perturbations (disturbances) 

of the orbit. 

A preliminary design for a geodetic satellite has been 

a sphere 36 inches in diameter, weighing about 

Communications Satellites 

To test the feasibility of passive reflecting satellites 

as global teleradio-transmission links, NASA has set up 

Project Echo, managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center. 

On October 28, NASA launched a 100-foot diameter inflatable sphere of the type to be used in Project Echo. 

Purpose of the experiment was to test ejection and inflation mechanisms. . Results of the test were satisfactory. 

The big sphere,made of micro-thin aluminized Mylar plastic, 

rose to an altitude of 250 miles. It was visible throughout 

most of the Eastern Seaboard. 

Later one of these spheres will be launched by a Delta 

vehicle and placed in orbit at an altitude of about 900 

miles. On entering orbit, the container will separate from 

the third stage and open, and the sphere will inflate. 

- 12 - 
Plans call for communications to be e'stablished via the 

satellite between the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's facility 

at Goldstone, Calif., and the Bell Telephone Laboratories 

at Holmdel, N.J. The Naval Research Laboratory will participate in the experiment. The Project Echo satellite 

will also afford industrial and private scientific research 

organizations the opportunity to conduct communications and 

related experiments of their own. 

SOUNDING ROCKETS 

Two Prototypes Being Developed 

NASA space science investigations require a family of 

sounding rockets to carry scientific payloads of numerous 

types to different altitudes. Prototype rockets of a projected series are t*Arcont* and Initially, they were 

projects of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and the 

Navy Bureau of Ordnance. Transfer from th Navy to NASA was 

arranged in January 1959, after a transfer of personnel working on them. The program is directed by NASA's Goddard Space 

Flight Center. 

Arcon 

eight and one half feet long, is topped by a 40-pound instrumented payload. 

is 254 pounds. 

altitude of 70 miles. NASA has improved rocket chamber insulation and fuel-charge design, and is planning further development to increase power. 

The Arcon solid-fuel rocket, six inches in diameter and 

Over-all weight of the vehicle with payload 

Arcon is designed to lift its payload to an 

Iris 

The Iris, solid-fuel rocket, one foot in diameter and 

13 feet long, is designed to lift its 100-pound payload to 

an altitude of 185 miles. 

with payload is 1,290 pounds. Tower-launched, Iris will be 

given extra initial thrust by a small clustered booster. 

Aims of current NASA work are to increase engine reliability 

and to improve the fuel charge. Engine ground tests are 

scheduled for early 1960 and actual flights are planned for 

spring at Wallops Island. 

- 

Over-all weight of the vehicle 

- 13 
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 

Tracking Network Negotiations 

NASA and the Department of State began discussions with 

other governments toward acquiring sites for eight Project 

Mercury tracking stat ions abroad. Preliminary site surveys 

have been made. 

Space Research Arranpements 

Discussions with the United Kingdom regarding cooperative space research programs are in an advanced stage. It 

is expected that the United Kingdom will provide several 

instrumented satellites for launching by U.S. vehicles. 

This country may furnish some two or three vehicles for the 

cooperative program which will probably extend over two to 

three years. Selection of scientific experiments will be 

subject to joint agreement. No exchange of funds is involved. 

Other negotiations with the Canadian Defence Research 

Board have resulted in arrangements for a satellite project 

for "top-side" sounding of the ionosphere. Thus far, ionosphere sounding has been conducted from the ground; this 

would be the first instance of sounding from above. Laboratories in the participating countries will develop suitable 

instrumentation for the experiment by joint agreement. 

Again, no exchange of funds is planned. 

In addition, NASA recently initiated several small 

grants or contracts for tracking and data analysis services 

in the United Kingdom, West Germany, and Japan. 

Several grants were made to foreign scientists under a 

NASA- sponsored, post -doct oral Resident Research Associates 

Program administered by the National Academy of Sciences. 

These are for basic space-connected research in the United 

States and afford recipients opportunities to take part in 

NASA's scientific programs. 

In September, Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, the Deputy Administrator of NASA, participated in discussions with various 

scientists and officials of the European scientific community. The purpose was to inform NASA of space-connected 

interests and activities in those countries and to indicate 

NASA's willingness to discuss possibilities of cooperative 

space research programs. 

- 16 - 
NASA is supporting preparations for the First Annual 

Space Science Symposium, sponsored by COSPAX, scheduled to 

be held in France in January 1960. 

and discuss scientific results obtained by rockets, satellites, and space probes during and after the International 

Geophysical Year. 

Its purpose is to present 

On December 7, the NASA Administrator made clear 

America's willingness for international cooperation in space 

activities by offering the services of the United States 

worldwide tracking network in support of any Soviet manned 

space flight program. The NASA Administrator also announced 

that the United States would launch three inflatable spheres 

into orbit during 1960 in communications satellite experiments and invited world scientists to participate in the 

experiments. The first of these spheres is scheduled to be 

sent aloft from Cape Canaveral in late spring, 1960. The 

purpose of this very early ann9uncement was to afford scientists of other nations an opportunity to set up equipment 

to take advantage of the experiment. 

Telecommunications Union in order to cooperate in assignment 

of satellite and space-probe tracking frequencies and other 

telecommunication matters. 

of the NATO Science Committee. 

NASA officials took part in meetings of the International 

They also were active in meetings 

TRACKING AND DATA SYSTEMS 

During 1959, the Minitrack system, established for the 

International Geophysical Year (IGY), was being expanded to 

high-latitude coverage; a network of deep space stations was 

begun; and preparations for the Mercury network were inaugurated. Each of these spacecraft tracking stations has a 

specific function. 

Mercury will be used for maintaining communication with the 

Mercury capsule and its astronaut-pilot. The deep space 

network will track vehicles traveling into the far reaches 

of space. All networks have stations located both i n t h i s 

country and abroad. Site surveys were made, some construction began, and diplomatic arrangements for sites were under 

way during the year. 

A new tracking frequency of 135-136 mc was assigned 

nationally to the Minitrack stations to replace the 108 mc 

tracking frequency assigned for IGY. 

The Goldstone, Calif., receiver -- currently, the only 

deep space station -- is being enlarged to send as well as 

to receive signals. All deep space stations will have both 

receiving and transmitting capabilities. 

Minitrack can track earth satellites. 

- 15 - 
In addition to these tracking systems, NASA has use of 

the Baker-Nunn Optical Tracking Network which is under the 

technical direction of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. No new Baker-Nunn stations were established or contemplated during 1959. 

ADVANCED RESEARCH PRIMARILY IN SUPPORT OF SPACE ACTIVITIES 

Pro pul s i on 

To the forefront of space exploration requirements is 

propulsion, an area in which NASA is conducting a comprehensive program of research and development. Future space 

propulsion systems under NASA study include chemical, nuclear, 

and electrical systems. Nuclear systems -- as visualized at 

present -- and chemical systems are capable of generating 

enormous power. These systems can lift heavy payloads from 

the earth but are exhausted in a short time. 

Electrical Engines -- Electrical rockets are incapable of lifting heavy payloads from the ground into orbital 

velocity. 

lives and -- in current theory -- are capable of sustaining 

the movement of a vehicle that is already moving at high 

velocity through space. Other uses of electric rockets are 

for attitude orientation or stabilization, for position control or orbital correction of satellites, and as vernier 

rockets to control the velocities and trajectories of lunar 

or interplanetary vehicles. Electricity to power spacecraft 

equipment and instrumentation may be generated by nuclear 

systems. 

Yet rockets of this type have potentially long 

(See Chapter 3, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.) 

NASA is investigating three electrical en ines: an ion 

rocket in which ions rush rearward toward an e f ectrostatic 

field; a plasma rocket in which electBmagnetic fields 

propel a mixture of ions and electrons rearward; and an 

electro-thermal rocket in which electrically-heated gas is 

ejected rearward. Two experimental ion engines have been 

operated for a total of 70 hours at the NASA Lewis Research 

Center, Cleveland, Ohio, without component failure. The 

Center has procured five vacuum tanks in which conditions 

approaching those in space can be simulated in order to 

conduct research on electric rockets. 

F-1, 1.5-Million-Pound-Thrust Single-Chamber Engine -- 

The F-1 

North American Aviation, Inc., since January 1959. This 

h as been under development at the Rocketdyne Division, 

- 16 - 
single engine will develop as much power as the eight-engine 

cluster known as Saturn. Because the engine is so large, 

suitable test facilities and measurement facilities are a 

problem. This problem has been emphasized both by the lack 

of adequate test stands at Edwards Air Force Base and suitable measuring facilities at the National Bureau of Standards 

in Washington. These problems are in process of solution. 

The need for propellants in great quantity is being 

solved partially by the construction of a new oxygengenerating plant in the vicinity of Edwards Air Force Base. 

A thrust chamber has been modified so that the engine 

can start reliably, and operate under relatively limited 

conditions. Other components are still in the design and 

fabrication stages. 

more about psing such high-energy propellants as hydrogen 

(with oxygen or fluorine as the oxidant) in space vehicles. 

It is also studying combustion, pumping, cooling, and other 

factors involved in increased rocket performance. 

combination of liquid fluorine and liquid hydrogeii shows 

promise of high performance among chemical systems, exhaustive 

work is centered in this area. Separate thrust-chamber and 

turbopump tests have demonstrated that a pump-fed, hydrogenfluorine engine should be feasible at the present stage of 

technology. 

high-powered engine being studied is fueled by iiquid hydrogen 

and oxygen in combination. Successful test runs of this 

engine at full power have been made by the Pratt & Whitney 

Division of United Aircraft Corporation. Known as the XLR115, the engine has 30 percent greater thrust than present 

engines using kerosene and liquid oxygen. Research is also 

in progress on individual Components of hydrogen-oxygen 

vehicle systems (lines, valves, controls, etc.). Program aims are to obtain basic answers to flow-system and other 

problems of interest in the Centaur project, which involves 

utilization of the XLR-115 engine. Two methods have proved 

successful in igniting hydrogen-oxygen engines: electric 

spark plugs and spontaneously combustible chemicals. 

Advanced Liquid ,Rocketsi -- NASA is seeking to learn 

As a 

Liquid Hydrogen-Oxygen Rocket Engine -- An exceptionally 

Solid-Propellant Rocket Engines -- Solid-propellant 

rockenty, simplicity, and 

economy. 

high percentage of propellant to over-all rocket weight, and 

for developing exceptional thrusts (one million pounds 3r 

more). Present disadvantages are poor thrust-level control 

In addition, they have the potential for very 

- 17 - 
during burning and poor thrugt-direction and cut-off qualities. NASA has awarded research and development contracts 

to several companies for improved solid-propellant motors. 

Thrust cut-off is a standard feature of many solidpropellant rocket motors, but control of thrust level and 

re-start is largely unexplored. Acoustica Associates, Inc., 

Plainview, N.Y., has a NASA contract to determine if the 

thrust level of a solid rocket can be controlled satisfactorily by sound waves (acoustical energy). Experience 

has shown that the combustion rate in solid rockets can be 

radically affected by energy waves generated in the combustion chamber. If research is successful, a variable sonic 

energy generator -- a whistle or siren of special design -- 

will be emplaced in the solid rocket chamber to control 

burning rates. 

superior high-impulse solid fuels for space flight. A 

radically different fuel system being developed under contract by the Callery Chemical. Company, Callergj Pa., has 

been shown to be feasible. Most details of t s work are 

classified. 

NASA is also conducting research aimed at developing 

Auxiliary Power Units 

Space vehicles must have a self-contained power supply 

for radios, research instruments, environmental control' 

systems, and the like. To meet weights, packaging, and life 

requirements, such a source must be efficient, long-lasting, 

light, and compact. 

Present-day electrochemical and solar batteries are too 

bulky and heavy for space requirements . Therefore, research 

on improved power sources must be continued. Nuclear power 

sources (described in Chapter 3, United States Atomic Energy 

Commission) appear most practicable for very high systems 

demands . 

Another type of power unit being considered is called 

a "solar collector." This is a device -- folded before 

launch -- which opens like an umbrella once the vehicle is 

in orbit. This collector -- 300 square feet in area -0 

will capture solar radiation to be converted into electric 

power bi thermal or direct processes. 

proposals for a 3-kw collector (called 

NASA has re uested 

Sunflower-I ? . 

- 18 - 
ADVANCED ilESEARCH PRIMARILY IN 

SUPPORT OF AERONAUTICS ACTIVITIES 

Typical Advanced Aeronautics Research 

Research to make aircraft faster, safer, and more efficient continued to be an important NASA activity during 1959. 

Most research went forward at Langley Research Center, 

Hampton; Va. , Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio; and 

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. Even in this, 

the Space Age, conventional aircraft powered by air-breathing 

engines and operating solely within the atmosphere continue 

to be the chief means of rapid passenger and cargo transport. 

Langley and Ames are studying a wide variety of Vertical 

Take-off and Landing (VTOL) and Short Take-off and Landing 

(STOL) aircraft, including helicopters and ground-cushion machines, the latter being unique new vehicles capable of 

hovering a few feet above ground or water, supported by the 

lift of a jet of air directed downward. 

During the year, experimental studies were made to 

develop improved designs for airplanes that cruise at supersonic speeds (2 to 4 times the speed of sound). Progress 

was made in reducing aerodynamic skin-friction drag, and a 

method was evolved that gives promise of reducing the 

extremely high temperatures generated on the surfaces of the 

aircraft by this friction. Incorporating these advances 

into practical plane designs would improve performance in 

military aircraft, as well as help bring in an era of supersonic transports. 

Research on air-breathing engines at Lewis and Ames was 

primarily devoted to problems of supersonic inlets for turbojets and ramjets. 

Prime attention was also being given to ways of insuring 

the safety of high-performance aircraft and their crews; 

special flying techniques have been developed for landing 

these aircraft with and without power. Also in the field of 

lflight safety, NASA is carrying on a long-range cooperative 

effort with major airlines of the United States and with 

some foreign operators. Instruments have been installed 

that record the accelerations, airspeeds, and altitudes of 

airplanes during entire flights from take-off to landing. 

Records are returned to Langley for evaluation and analysis; 

information already passed on to the airlines and manufacturers has brought about corrections that will aid in maintaining and improving flight safety records. 
NASA ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES 

Saturn Transferred 

to transfer the Development Operations Division, Army 

Ballistic Missile Agency, Huntsville, Ala., to NASA, subject to the approval of Congress. 

On October 21, the President announced his intention 

The action is being accompanied by transfer of responsibility for Project Saturn, the 1.5-million-pound-thrust 

engine cluster, which will be capable of placing a 30,000- 

pound payload into a 300-mile earth orbit or landing 7,000 

pounds on the moon. Also to be transferred are 4,300 

employees of the Division, 815 supporting personnel, and 

1,200 acres of the Arsenal. 

The transfer of the Development Operations Division 

and the Saturn Project concentrates within NASA responsibility for development of all high-thrust boosters, civilian 

or military. 

Pending formal transfer, NASA was assigned technical 

direction of Saturn under a memorandum of understanding 

endorsed by NASA and the Department of Defense on November 18. 

As part of this understanding, a Saturn Committee made up of 

representatives of NASA,# ARPA, ABM, and the Air Force was 

established. Under the agreement, the Director, Defense 

Research and Engineering, will provide a statement of military interest to NASA for guidance in technical direction. 

The Saturn is being developed by a team of scientists 

and engineers under the direction of Dr. Wernher von Braun. 

NASA Headquarters Reorganized 

A NASA reorganization announced December 8 and effective January 1, 1960, divided space flight development 

responsibilities to place great emphasis on development of 

launching vehicles. An Office of Launch Vehicle Programs 

was established and given responsibility for development 

and launching of all space vehicles. 

Major General Don R. Ostrander, U.S. Air Force, was 

appointed Director of Launch Vehicle Programs. General 

Ostrhnder has been detailed to NASA by the Air Force. He 

was Deputy Director of the Advanced Research Projects 

Agency, Department of Defense. The Development Operations 

Division and its Saturn project will be placed under General 

Ostrander's office as a field center of NASA. 

- 20 - 
The former Office of Space Flight Development has been 

redesignated the Office of Space Flight Programs and is 

charged with mission planning, payload design and development, and in-flight research and operation. Abe Silverstein 

is Director of Space Flight Programs. 

Office of Aeronautical and Space Research) will continue 

advanced research in aeronautics and space. Its director 

is Ira H. Abbott. 

No change of name or function was made in the Office 

of Business Administration, which is directed by Albert F. 

Siepert. 

The Office of Advanced Research Programs (formerly the 

The acquisition of the Development Operations Division 

has made it possible to begin centralizing at Huntsville 

major responsibility for the bulk of launch vehicle system 

development and operation. Establishment of the Office of 

Launch Vehicle Programs evidences the increased emphasis 

NASA attaches to developing and launchin boosters for which 

$250 million. 

estimated obligations for fiscal year 19 % 1 are more than 

- 21 - 
- 
CHAPTER 2 

DEPARTMWT OF DEFENSE 

The primary space interest of the Department of Defense is in the 

qplication of the new capability for flight in space as a means 

toward achieving a more effective military posture for the United 

States and its allies, rather than space flight and exploration as 

ends in themselves. Therefore, the space efforts of the Department of Defense are an integral part of our overall military program and will complement or supplement other military capabilities. Applications of space technology appear to provide foreseeably better means of achieving certain military requirements. 

Space technology is being developed with the intention of more 

effectively achieving certain military functions by complementing 

or extending non-space capabilities. In addition, as space technology and resulting uses of outer space expand, new military 

requirements and opportunities for development of new military 

capabilities are likely to materidize. Thus, the major objectives 

of the Department of Defense efforts are development, production 

and operation of systems where it can be demonstrated with 

reasonable certainty that the use of space flight will enhance the 

over-all defense program, or the development of components which 

would be needed in such systems which cannot be clearly defined 

at this time. 

The military space projects conducted by the Department of Defense moved ahead at a rapid pace during 1959. Strides were 

made in all programs on payloads design and development, 

boosters, guidance, telemetry, instrumentation, tracking, and 

ground support activities. Nine launch attempts were made, with 

six successfully attaining orbit. A brief summary of each major 

program, with the exception of certain classified projects, follows: 

MAJOR PROGRAMS 

DISCOVERER 

Particular emphasis was placed on the DISCOVERER 

Satellite Program which has as its objective the testing of 

components, propulsion and guidance systems and techniques 

to be utilized in various United States space projects. 

Foremost among the techniques being tested is the capsule 

recovery operation. 

been effected to date, much has been learned concerning 

the many complex problems associated with the technique 

which is so vital to military space efforts. 

future, biomedical specimens will be carried in the DISCOVERER satellite for the purpose of gaining more knowledge 

on the effects of space travel. 

Although no successful recovery has 

In the near 

- 23 - 
Eight of the nine military space launches made during 1959 were DISCOVERER vehicles, Six of these successfully 

attained orbit. The first DISCOVERER satellite successfully 

achieved orbit on February 28, 1959. Propulsion and guidance performance was satisfactory and test of capability for 

polar launch from the Pacific Missile Range was assured. 

DISCOVERERS 11, V, VI, VII, and VI11 also achieved orbit. 

However, due to malfunction of various recovery aids, the 

capsules ejected while in orbit were not recovered. Only 

one of the above DISCOVERER vehicles (DISCOVERER VIII) remains in orbit. 

TRANSIT 

One other military space project, the navigation satellite, TRANSIT, progressed to the point where a launch could 

be attempted in 1959. This program is designed to provide, 

through use of an instrumented satellite and modified doppler technique, a highly accurate global all-weather means 

of fixing precisely the position of ships and possibly aircraft. 

On September 17, 1959, the launch of TRANSIT I, the 

first navigation satellite, was attempted at the Atlantic 

Missile Range. In spite of failure to achieve orbit due 

to malfunction of the THOR-ABLE third stage, sufficient 

data were attained from this shot and other study to date 

to give strong indication that this program will establish 

the correction factors for refraction of signals through the 

ionosphere, thus enhancing the entire art of satellite communications. The next launch in the TRANSIT series is 

scheduled for early 1960. 

MIDAS 

The Missile Defense Alarm System (MIDAS) project is 

aimed toward establishing a reliable, operational satelliteborne missile alarm capability. The MIDAS project will 

place in orbit payloads with infrared detection scanners 

capable of keeping watch over large areas of the upper 

atmosphere. 

more research and development data and to achieve higher 

altitudes in earlier flight tests. The first infrared 

scanner has been tested successfully and has been mated 

with the first flight vehicle. 

is planned to increase the operational altitude capability of an early unit, 

for early 1960. 

In 1959, the MIDAS project was reoriented to provide 

Modification of the scanner 

The first research and development flight is scheduled 

- 24. - 
- ARGUS 

The effects of nuclear explosions in the exosphere 

are being studied under Project ARGUS. 

The current program of investigation includes theoretical studies to devise new kinds of laboratory and space 

experiments, utilizing means other than nuclear explosions. 

These will be examined for feasibility and coordination with 

the theoretical program to insure selection of experiments 

which yield the greatest return per dollar. 

Tests have indicated that high altitude nuclear explosions can affect long distance communication systems. 

Further studies are in progress to determine the extent to 

which this phenomenon could affect military communications. 

NOTUS 

The objective of the communication satellite project 

This system is expected to relieve presently 

(NOTUS) is the development of a communication system, 

utilizing satellites to provide long range radio communication links. 

over-crowded trunking facilities and to improve reliability 

of global communication. 

taneous repeater satellites. 

development launching in 1962 of the so-called "fixed 

satellite." These devices will maintain a fixed position 

over a given point, revolving at the same speed as the Earth 

and will provide broad-band, point-to-point communication 

and ground-to-aircraft communication; 

The goal of Project NOTUS is the development of instanThese will lead to the 

SHEPHERD 

In February 1959, elements of the Active Minitrack 

fence became operational on a 24-hour basis. 

functions to detect, identify and predict orbits of nonradiating objects in space. The objective of this program 

is to obtain at the earliest practicable date a space surveillance tracking system capable of satisfying military 

and other requirements. 

took place on January 22, 1959, on Sputnik 111, at the 

Forest City Station. Since that time, the satellites which 

have been repeatedly detected by this system include DISCOVERER, VANGUARD, and LUNIK vehicles. 

This system 

The first definite occurrence of passive detection 

- 25 - 
In 1959, decision was reached to reorient the effort 

of this project toward improved second generation tracking 

systems. Plans were formulated for phasing out some aspects 

of the interim lvfencelf and for implementing the reoriented 

program. These plans include the closing down of some 

interim stations and increasing the operational capabilities 

of other stations. 

LONG S IG HT 

Project LONGSIGHT has as its objectives the finding and 

remedying of serious short and long term gaps in study and 

research relating to foreseen military needs in space technology. 

In 1959 work was continued on a feasibility study 

dealing with a nuclear-pulse-propelled space vehicle concept (Project ORION). In contrast to earlier effort, the 

current effort is directed primarily to engineering feasibility studies. 

Progress is also continuing on research and development 

projects in the areas of power sources and collection, power 

conversion, energy storage and heat rejection. Primary 

emphasis is on numerous approaches to conversion of solar 

and nuclear energy to electrical energy in the space environment. 

In the space propulsion area of Project LONGSIGHT, 

progress is being realized in research projects dealing 

with electrical propulsion methods. These projects in 

propulsion complement related work sponsored by other 

agencies. 

PROJECT TRANSFERS TO NASA 

Certain projects were transferred from the Department 

of Defense to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in 1959. The first of these was Project TIROS, the 

meteorological satellite designed to provide weather information on a global basis. This transfer became effective 

April 13, 1959. In view of the continued interest of the 

Department of Defense in the results attained by TIROS, a 

joint DOD-NASA advisory group has been formed. 

On June 30, 1959, Project CENTAUR was transferred to 

the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This 

project will provide a liquid-hydrogen-oxygen upper stage for placing heavy payloads -- military and civilian -- in 

space. 

- 26 - 
Plans were made in the last quarter of 1959 to transfer 

Project SATURN, the 1.5-million-pound-thrust engine cluster 

to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Pending Congressional approval of the transfer of that portion of the Army Ballistic Missile 

the National Aeronautics and Space Administation is exercising technical management and the Department of Defense 

administrative management. The SATURN static tower at the 

Army Ballistic Missile Agency is essentially complete and 

the launch complex at the Atlantic Missile Range has been 

designed and work initiated. Four of the eight engines for 

the first vehicle have been successfully hot-fired at the 

Army Ballistic Missile Agency. 

Agency developing SATURN, 

VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT 

The only satellite vehicle development project remaining in the Department of Defense at this time is the AGENA 

upper stage development. The AGENA is currently used as a 

satellite vehicle for DISCOVERER and certain other military 

programs. The AGENA is also planned to be used by NASA as 

a replacement for the VEGA upper stage development, which 

has recently been cancelled. It is probable that other 

upper stage developments will be required for Department of 

Defense application in the future but these requirements 

cannot be clearly defined at this time. 

DYNA SOAR AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT 

DYNA SOAR is expected to consist of a manned, aerospace test vehicle which in its first tests will be boosted 

by a TITAN ICBM booster. 

sile Range will first be unmanned and then manned, and will 

explore and solve the problems of flight at near orbital 

speeds. It will be able to make a controlled re-entry into 

the atmosphere and to make a normal landing. 

studies, preliminary design and tests. 

tural testing was accomplished. Samples of nose caps and 

wing leading edges were tested in wind tunnels to define 

temperature and heating rates, which will be encountered in 

actual flight. Results to date look very promising; however, careful evaluation is preceding developmental effort 

to insure an adequate technical approach. 

These tests on the Atlgntic MisThe major effort during the past year was expended in 

Material and strucThe Department of Defense and NASA are cooperating in 

the DYNA SOAR development but it is funded and managed by 

the Department of Defense. 
SPACE FLIGHT SUPPORTING RESOURCES 

During Calendar Year 1959, nineteen (10 NASA and 9 DOD) 

space vehicles were launched from the National Missile 

Ranges. To a substantial extent these launchings were supported by existing facilities and equipment which were 

initially provided for missile requirements. 

Procedures such as joint use of facilities are being 

actively implemented to obtain maximum effectiveness of space 

flight support resources. 

- 28 - 
CHAPTER 3 

Contributions of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to the 

National Space Program center about Project ROVER and Project 

SNAP, two concepts for attaining nuclear rocket propulsion and 

nuclear-generated auxiliary electric power systems for spacecraft, respectively. 

PROJECT ROVER 

Reactor development in Project ROVER is under the technical direction of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory 

(LASL). The first pbjectives of the program are to: 1) develop test-reactors to explore the problems involved in 

achieving high-power density; 2) develop reactor materials 

capable of withstanding high temperatures; and 3) investigate 

concepts for conversion of nuclear energy into useful propulsion forms. 

During 1959, the first facilities at the Nevada Test 

Site were completed,and on July 1, the first test reactor 

(Kiwi-A) was tested to full power. Kiwi-A is a heatexchanger device in which the propellant, heated in the 

reactor core, is expended to the atmosphere through a nozzle. The second reactor in this series is being fabricated, 

and construction of additional test facilities for subsequent experiments is being initiated. 

PROJECT SNAP 

The SNAP (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power) program has been developing compact, lightweight nuclear-electric 

auxiliary power units for space vehiclss. Two approaches 

have been followed: one, the development of radioisotopepowered units and, two, the development of small reactor 

powered units. 

Coo, Baltimore, Md, The reactor units are being developed 

by Atomics International, a Division of North American 

Aviation, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif. 

The radioisotope units are being developed by the Martin 

- 29 - 
Advanced Heat-to-Electricity Conversion Systems 

In addition to developing compact sources of nuclear 

Power, the SNAP Program also sponsors the development of 

advanced heat-to-electricity conversion systems capable of 

operating in the space environment. The SNAP Program has 

demonstrated a unique Rankine cycle, using mercury both as 

the working fluid and machinery lubricant, and utilizing solid-state thermoelectric elements and thermionic devices* 

Extensive work will be necessary to provide the long-term reliability essentiax to operation in space. 

of the SNAP program are Thompson Ramo-Woolridge, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio; Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., St. Pad, 

Minn.; Thermo-Electron Engine Corp., Cambridge, Mass.; United 

Electronics Co., Newark, NiJ.; and Westinghouse Research 

Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Companies participating in the energy conversion portion 

Thermoelect ric Generators 

The first complete SNAP 3 thermoelectric generator, delivered to the AEC by the Martin Company in January, weighed five pounds, had no moving parts, and produced 2.5 watts of 

electricity from 1495 curies of Polonium-210. 

125-watt extension of the SNAP 3 concept, Is being developed 

as a ground-demonstration unit only. An electrically heated 

unit will be completed this year. 

SNAP lA, a 

Nuclear Reactor Space Power Systems 

hydride moderated reactor, homogeneously fueled with 3 kg of 

U-235. The reactor weighs approximately 220 lbs. and produces 

50 kw of reactor power at 12000F outlet temperature. It was 

tested at design power and temperature on November 9. Development of advanced turboelectric machinery to convert reactor 

heat to electricity is proceeding at a rate to permit the first 

integrated reactor and power conversion system tests during the 

first or second quarter of FY 1961. The over-all weight of 

SNAP 2 is expected to be about 500 Lbs., exclusive of shielding

A test facility is under construction at the AECTs site in Los 

Angeles County which will provide for testing the complete SNAP 

2 unit. This facility is scheduled for completion early in 

FY 1961 . 

The SNAP 2 space power system is based on a small Zirconium 

SNAP 8, a Joint AEC-NASA program has been initiated this 

year. 

an extension of the SNAP 2 reactor concept. ing to negotiate a contract with industry to develop the 

The reactor developed will be handled by the AEC as 

NASA Is proceed- 

- 30 - 
energy conversion equipment. This space power plant (producing 30-kw of useable power) is expected to include a reactor 

weighing approximately 250 lbs., and associated power conversion equipment for a total of approximately 900 lbs., exclusive of shielding. 

Thermoelectric Generator Systems 

SNAP 10, an AEC project to produce a completely static, 

reactor-powered, thermoelectric generator producing 300 watts 

of electricity, has been designed. Disc-shaped fuel elements 

of the SNAP-2 material are being manufactured. The construction of a thermoelectric generator is being negotiated with 

industry. A nuclear test is planned for the first quarter of 

FY 1961 in the new environmental test facility. 

PLA SMA-T HERMOCOU PLE 

A method of directly converting nuclear energy to electrical energy was demonstrated in April at the Los Alamos 

Scientific Laboratory. The experimental thermocou le device 

was composed of two "legst' -- one a cesium plasma P an electrically neutral gas of ions and electrons), and the other a 

high-temperature, enriched uranium fuel element. When the 

device was placed in the LASL Omega West research reactor, 

fission reaction in the uranium of the fuel element leg raised 

the uranium to a high temperature. 

ence between the uranium and the cesium (which was kept relatively cool) produced the Seebeck (thermocouple) effect, resulting in a short circuit current of 30 to 40 amperes and an 

open circuit voltage of about 3.8 volts. 

still in a very early phase, the experiment appeared to demonstrate a potentially valuable means of producing electric 

power for space vehicles and for possible use in small mobile 

nuclear power plants in remote areas. 

The temperature differWhile it is recognized that the work on this device is 

- 31 - 
CHAPTER 4 

DEPARTMENT OF STATE 

In seeking the establishment internationally of a sound framework for the exploration and use of outer space, the United 

Sates has recognized two basic aspects of the opportunities and 

problems arising from outer space activities. 

First, the United States has expressed its willingness to participate in a study of the possibility of assuring that outer space 

be used for peaceful purposes only. In this regard, the United 

States has said that if there is general agreement to proceed with 

such a study on a multilateral basis, this country would be prepared to join in examining the matter without awaiting the conclusion of negotiations in other substantive areas related to the 

reduction and control of armaments. During 1959, the United 

States reemphasized the importance it attaches to this aspect of 

outer space considerations. 

Second, as Secretary of State Christian A. Herter stated in an 

address before the Fourteenth Session of the United Nations 

General Assembly, September 17, 1959: “Recognizing that 

progress in disarmament might be slow, however, the United 

Sates has urged that peaceful uses of outer space be considered 

as a separate step toward constructive change.” During 1959 

significant steps forward were taken in this area. 

ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY 

In a statement of December 11, 1959, in the United 

Nations, Ambassador Lodge called attention to the fact that 

events in outer space during the past two years have challenged man’s political as well as his technological inventiveness. Ambassador Lodge stated: “It is a prime task of 

governments and of the United Nations to see to it that 

political progress keeps pace with scientific change. 

this is done, the world runs the serious risk of relying on 

political institutions and arrangements that are outmoded 

and inadequate .’* 

Unless 

- 33 - 
With the objective of providing an informed basis for consideration of outer space matters by the United Nations, the 

United States participated in and strongly supported the work 

of the United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses-of 

Outer Space, which hadTeKestablished by the General Assembly 

at its Thirteenth Session' in 1958 and which met at United Nations Headquarters during May and June, 1959. The work of the 

-- Ad Hoc Committee represented the first international effort to 

survey comprehensively the opportunities and problems arising 

in connection with the peaceful exploration and use of outer 

space. 

Although five members, including the Soviet Union, did 

not participate as a result of disagreement over membership, 

the Ad Hoc Committee completed its task in an objective manner,, 

drawing on the assistance of scientific and legal experts from 

the thirteen participating countries. The Ad - Hoc Committee's 

report has provided the General Assembly win a useful introduction to current activities of international bodies in the 

field of outer space, the area of international scientific cooperation which might appropriately be undertaken under the 

auspices of the United Nations, the nature of the 1egal.problems which may arise from the exploration and use of outer 

space, and future organizational arrangements to facilitate international cooperation in this field within the framework of 

the United Nations. 

T-- 

With respect to the question of future United Nations organization, the Fourteenth Session of the General Assembly established on December 12, 1959, a new Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space to follow-up the exploratory work of 

the Ad Hoc Committee by studying practical and feasible means 

for giving effect to programs in the peaceful uses of outer 

space which could appropriately be undertaken under United Nations auspices, and by continuing the study of legal problems. 

An early task of the new committee will be to work out proposals with respect to convening a scientific conference for the 

exchange of experience in the peaceful uses of outer space. 

The United States has welcomed the opportunity to take part in 

such a conference. 

will serve for the years 1960 and 1961: Albania, Argentina, 

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, 

Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, 

Lebanon, Mexico, Poland, Romania., Sweden, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, United Arab Republic, United Kingdom, and 

United States. 

-7 

The new committee consists of the following members, who 

Co-sponsorship by twelve countries of the resolution calling for establishment of the new committee and the unanimous 

- 34 - 
I. 

approval of the resolution by'the General Assembly have laid 

the groundwork for an increasingly effective consideration of 

outer space problems by the United Nations. 

successful outcome of the protracted negotiations between the 

United States and the Soviet Union respecting this matter represents a signal achievement from the point of view of the 

ability of the two countries to reach useful agreement in area 

of major interest e 

Furthermore, this 

Success of organizational efforts- in the United Nations 

was paralleled during 1959 by the agreement reached anong members of the international scientific community on a charter fo 

the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International 

Council of Scientific Unions, The charter provides for broad1 

based membership of interested national scientific institution 

and interested international scientific unions, The United 

States has regarded as encouraging this development outside of 

governmental channels of the traditional methods of communication and cooperation among the world's scientists. 

OTHER INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES 

Discussion of outer space natters in the United Nations 

has emphasized the desirability of conducting the exploration 

and use of outer space in an orderly and open manner. These 

principles have been given practical effect' by the United Stat 

in initial international consul.tation regarding specific regul 

tory problems, in the conduct of this countryvs outer space ef 

fort, and in the dissemination of scientific results of this e 

fort . 

Allocation of radio frequencies represents the first yrac 

tical problem of a regulatory character which has arisen in th 

outer space field and constitutes an important element in the 

provision internationally of a basis for the orderly conduct o 

outer space activities, Meeting with over eighty other countries in the International Administrative Radio Conference of 

the International Telecommunication Union, which was held in 

Geneva, August through December, 1959, the United States calle 

attention to the need for reserving radio frequencies for spac 

communications and radio astronomical research. The Conferenc 

accorded some recognition to this problem and made minimal pro 

viaon for frequencies for these services. However, the results of the Conference can be regarded as only a first step 

toward resolution of a problem which will become increasingly pressing in the future. 

- 35 - 
With respect to Cooperation 'in the conduct of outer 

space activities, the pnited States has regarded the extension of its space vehicle tracking operations as essentially cooperative effort of this country and the other countries 

volved. Where practical, provision is made for active 

rticipation by other countries both in the special trackoperations reqqfred in connection with specific scienic activitiep as well as in'the case of the radio and 

ical tracking stations which comprise the basic tracking 

work. Major activities in this area during 1959 included 

otiations to place on a more permanent basis many of the 

cking stations established during the International Geosical Year, to estgblish new stations for tracking deep 

ce probes, and td e'stablish the special tracking network 

ired in support of Project Mercury. The number of 

tries with which arrangements have been made or are curly under discussion on the governmental or technical 

els is approaching twenty. 

Similarly, the United States has actively sought the 

ooperation of other countries in the planning and conduct 

f scientific space activities. Offers of cooperation have 

een extended to the international scientific community 

hrough the Committee'on Space Research and to scientists of 

AT0 countries through the NATO Science Committee in recogition of the fact that the common interests of NATO countries 

o beyond military matters,. On a bilateral basis, the posibilities of scientific cooperation have been discussed with 

number of countries which possess scientific and technical 

petence bearing on 'the conduct of outer space activities, 

th satellites or deep space probes. 

which are not themselves engaged in the launching of 

Looking to the future, the United States played a leadg role during 1959 in bringing to the attention of the 

rld Meteorological Organization the operational as well as 

e research potentialities of meteorological satellites. 

e United States has thus recognized the interest of all 

tions in sharing the benefits which may ultimately 

esult from service activities of this type. 

- 36.- 
CHAPTER 5 

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 

One of the principal objectives of the National Science Foundation (NSF) is to support basic research of a pioneering nature in 

all areas of science. In the main, this is done through grants to 

non-profit institutions for the support of research projects proposed by staff scientists of the institutions involved. A few 

special grants and contracts have been let for the development 

of special instrumentation or facilities which are deemed particularly important for the advancement of research in particular 

fields. A substantial part of these efforts is devoted to the 

support of scientific investigations that seek an understanding 

of the fundamental laws of the physical universe. 

BASIC SCIENCE PROGRAMS RELATED TO SPACE 

NSF Encourages Work in Underemphasized but Important Areas 

In the areas of space science, NSF activity consists 

primarily in supporting basic research which contributes to 

an understanding of the physical and biological processes 

occurring in the space environment.* An effort is made by 

NSF to give particular encouragement to needs of the fundamental sciences for scientific observations and experiments 

which can only be met by use of space vehicles such as satellites, space probes, high altitude rockets, etc. In specific 

cases, the Foundation provides support to study the character 

and feasibility of experimental equipment suitable for research in outer space, recognizing that research for space 

exploration as such, and provision of vehicles and their 

scheduling are essentially an NASA responsibility. 

The more basic a research result, the wider is the area 

of its potential application. For this reason, it is difficult to set down exact criteria for determining whether a 

particular project has "close" relation to space science. 

The problem is most apparent in the case of physics research 

projects, where it is difficult to think of an area of investigation which does - not have some application to space 

science or technology (consider, for example, mechanics, 

nuclear physics, fluid dynamics, plasma hysics, low temperature research, and solid state research P . Similarly, in 

* NSk'-Grants for Space-Related Basic Research Program are in 

- 37 - 

Appendix A. 
the biological and medical sciences programs, difficulties 

are presented in determining a "closett relationship with 

space science. The Foundation, however, supports a very substantial program of research in the biological and medical 

sciences, much of which will find important application and 

use in space science. In constructing the tabulation given 

in Appendix A, the rule has been to include among the projects 

active as of November 20, 1959: 

(a) All projects in the Astronomy Program. 

(b) Only those projects in the Atmospheric Sciences 

Program which deal with the effects of objects outside the earth's atmosphere (such as the sun) upon 

the earth's atmosphere, or which employ extraterrestrial vehicles in the research procedure. 

(c) Only those projects in th,e Chemistry Program which 

deal specifically with the behavior of substances at 

extremely high or extremely low temperatures. 

(d) Only those projects in the Earth Sciences Program 

which deal with geophysical properties affecting 

the earth as a whole or with properties which are 

detectable at great distances above the surface, 

such as the magnetic field. 

(e) Selected projects from the Engineering Sciences 

Program dealing directly with meteoroids, materials at high temperature, combustion, and elect rohydrodynamics. 

(f) No projects in the Mathematical Sciences Program, 

although the Foundation's support of computers 

for research will find application and use in many 

phases of space science - orbit computation, aerodynamics, and the like. 

Only those projects in the Physics Program concerned with primary cosmic ray phenomena. 

No projects at present in the Biological and Medical 

Sciences Program although, as noted, much of the 

supported research will find application and use in 

space science 

(g) 

(h) 

In some instances a project will be listed under one program when the name of the project would imply that the research 

is in the area of another program. In these cases, it should 

- 38 - 
be assumed that the background, interests, and. special techniques of the investigators stem'Trbm' an 'area :of the Program 

under which the listing is made. 

Several of the projects in the regular programs in'support of basic research are of sufficient interest-to warrant 

special mention. 

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory 

This facility is located at Green Bank, West Virginia. 

The location has been especially selected because of the low 

level of the local radio noise interference, The instrumentation includes one 8S-foot equatorially mounted radio telescope 

(now in full operation) and one 14oOfoot telescope simtlarly mounted (planned to go into operation in 1961). Both telescopes are or will be usable over the entire range of wavelengths employed in radio astronomy down to 3 centimeters. 

At present receivers are operating at 3.75 centimeters (broad. 

band traveling-wave tube type), 21 centimeters and 68 centimeters. The Observatory is being constructed and operated 

under contract by the Associated Universitiee, Incorporated. All qualified U. S. astronomers have acce8s to these facilities, with priorities determined by the scientific merit of 

their respective projects. 

- The Kitt Peak National Observatory 

This observatory has been establiehed on Kitt Peak, 

indicated that Kitt Peak appears to offer the most promising 

site in the southwestern part of the United States for research 

with very large astronomical telescopes. 

lannecl include a 36-inch rerlector and an 80-inah telescope 

!scheduled for completion in 1960), and a 60-inch eolar 

telescope ( lanried for completion in 1961). The solar telescope will ! e several times larger than the largest instrument 

of this kind now In existence. The Observatory is bein 

structed under contract by the Association of Universit e8 for 

Research in Astronomy. 

will have access to these facilities, with priorities determined by the scientific merbt of their respective proJects. 

additional funding has been provided to enable It to undertake 

very long range conceptual and preliminary design studies on 

a moderately large space telescope.* Apertures of the order of 

50 inches are being considered. 

an instrument which would be useful for a wide variety of 

research problems involving spectroscopy, direct photography 

and photometry in the ultraviolet region and with an optical 

Arizona, 40 miles Southwest Of Tucson. Extensive Site surveys 

The instruments now 

f conAll qualified United States astronomers 

In response to a proposal from this Observatory, special 

The intention is to design 

* See also Chapter 8, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 

- 39 - 
resolution as close as possible to the th'eoreticab limit 

determined by the aperture. It is hoped that the telescope 

might be placed in a twenty-four htm? orbit and remaiin operable for at least a year, perhaps for 10 years, If1 successful it is contemplated that theitelescope wduld be available 

for use by all qualified U. S. astranomerh. No time schedule 

for completion or launching has been set, It is intended that 

the work proceed fbr as long a period of time as possible free 

from the pressure of hunching schedules, Close liaison is 

being maintained with NASA, and it is believed that when a 

workable instrument can be produced, perhaps five or ten years 

hence, vehicles capable of placing it' in orbit will exist. 

Photoelectric Image Tubes 

At the present time the best available method fop recording the information which a telescope collects from ari extended 

area of the sky (such as that occupied by a galaxy or a star 

cluster) is by means of a photographic plate. The fastest 

available photographic emulsions have a very low efficiency, 

however. It is generally' found that only one photon in evqry 

thousand which strike the plate forms a distinct blackened 

image. The result is that it takes apPrdximately 1,000 times 

as long to photograph a faint galaxy as is theoretically necessary. 

A number of photoelectpic devices Whkch give promise of 

greatly increasing the efficdenc of the photographic procedepend on the fact that a photon, when striking an'appropriate 

type of photsemissive surface, will cause an elec'tronito be 

emitted with an efficiency of one elect'ron for approximately 

every ten photons. 

energy by means of accelerating electrbdes, ,so tha't 'i$ Sub- ' 

seqttently produces a distinct blackerled imdge on a phdtdgraphic 

plat e . 

inexpensive, efficient light arnplif iers for' Astr'ofiomidal purposes, 

effectively multiply the aperture of ariy existing largE! telescope by a factor between 5 and 10.i 

administered by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. 

dure have been developed during e he postwar (years. They' all 

Each electr'on can then be glved a high 

The puppose of the Image Tube prbjbc't id to develop simple, 

If successful (as appeaQs likely), these devices 'would 

This 'project is being 

High Altitud,e Astronomy, 

The angular resoltlt ion obtainable in astronomical photographs' taken from ground-based observatories is lirhited by the 

fluctuations in the refraction of the earth's atmosphere. These 

are the same fluctuations which are responsible for the twinkling 

of the stars and produce the condition known as poor astronomical 

"seeing". In the case of photographs taken at night with present 
telescopes, the angular diameter of a point image (such as a 

star) is never less than 0.3 seconds of arc. 

The most promising means of obtaining better resolution 

in astronomical photographs is to mount a telescope on a plat- form which is at an altitude well above most of the earth's 

atmosphere. The Princeton investigators have already successfully taken photographs of the sun with a 12-inch reflector 

suspended from a balloon at an altitude of 80,000 feet. 

resultant photographs revealed for the first time the detailed 

polygonal structure of the convective currents (granulations") 

which bring much of the internal solar energy to its surface. 

During the summer of 1959, a series of successful flights 

obtained photographs of unprecedented clarity showing the filamentary structure of the penumbra of sunspots and turbulent 

elements within the umbras. 

An extension of this program is now in progress involving the design and construction of a 36-inch balloon-borne telescope. This instrument would be used for observations of 

objects in the night sky. The technique opens up the prospect 

of greatly increasing our detailed knowledge of the surface 

features of the moon, Mars, and similar extended objects. 

tively with the Office of Naval Research. 

Rocket Observations of Solar Flare Emission in Ultraviolet and 

X-Rays 

the Naval Research Laboratory, received substantial financial 

support from the Foundation. It is one of a relatively small 

group of experiments thus far carried out from extra terrestrial vehicles which have resulted in the acquisition of high 

grade astronomical observations. 

flights it was discovered that X-Rays of energies as high as 

80,000 electron volts are emitted by the sun during the most 

active phases of some solar flares. 

Automatic Measuring Machine 

photograph large areas of the sky and record very faint stars 

and galaxies in a short period of time. 

data thus obtained may be analyzed quickly and economically 

it is essential that fast automatic measuring methods be developed. 

will automatically perform all the needed operations except 

those where the judgment of the astronomer is required with 

The 

This project is being supported by the Foundation cooperaThis project, which is under the primary cognizance of 

In a recent series of 

Modern astronomical cameras are now available which can 

In order that the 

The equipment being developed at the Lick Observatory 
regard to the choice of objects to be measured. It is anticipated that this equipment, or minor modifications thereof will 

find wide use in other fields of astronomy, missile tracking, 

and perhaps in areas of physics. 

Physics Program 

Cosmic rays originate in outer space. Some also come 

from the sun or are influenced by it. The energy spectrum and 

particle spectrum of these rays are directly related to the 

physical processes occurring in outer space. Directional 

studies of cosmic rays at high energies are used to help determine the galactic origin of the cosmic ray particles. Information on the particle spectrum bears directly on the origin 

of the universe and its composition. 

Neutron flux studies today are of special interest to 

physicists because of the information these flux measurements 

give on the sun and the magnetic fields between the earth and 

sun 

Balloon flights, rockets and satellites are used to get 

information on the cosmic ray particles in their virgin.state 

before breakup in the earth's atmosphere. These high altitude 

studies are also tied in with the earth's magnetic field and 

soler activity. These flights may use emulsions, counters, 

or 'ionization chambers. Terrestrial telescopes which are 

sensitive to air showers are also employed to obtain informaon the cosmic source of very high energy particles. 

Atmospheric Sciences Program 

The atmosphere around us has been receiving increased 

study for decades. The problems today are not new, but unique facilities, such as satellites, offer a nethod of obtaining observations and hence improving research into atmospheric 

phenomena. The National Science Foundation has recognized the 

need for sponsoring increased atmospheric research and has 

recently organized an Atmospheric Sciences Program. This 

program consists of supporting scientific research in both the 

lower and upper atmosphere of interest to both aeronautics and 

space research. The investigations include such studies as the 

physics of atmospheric motions; the earth's planetary albedo; 

the effect of solar activity on atmospheric circulation and 

distribution of meteorological phenomena in the stratosphere; 

the space and time derivations of the variables in the stratosphere; and tidal oscillations in the stratosphere. 
CHAPTER 6 

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 

Although most research programs of the National Bureau of 

Standards are related at least indirectly to the aeronautics and 

space technology programs of other agencies, there is a particularly direct relationship in the following general areas: 

standards and measurement methods; properties and behavior of 

materials; radio propagation research; cryogenic engineering; 

plasma physics and astrophysics research; and fluid dynamics. 

Standards and Measurement Methods 

One of the primary missions of the National Bureau of 

Standards is to provide the basis for a complete, consistent 

system of physical measurement of national scope adequate to 

the needs of science, commerce,and industry. With respect 

to space technology, some of the most important areas of research on new standards and more precise measurement techniques 

include 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4.. 

the following: 

Atomic standards of length and related measurement 

methods to facilitate the production of missile and 

space vehicle parts and devices to tolerances far 

beyond present capabilities. 

Atomic standards of frequency and time interval to 

permit much greater precision in guidance and tracking systems. 

Extension of the temperature scale into very high 

temperature ranges, as well as increasing the precision of measurement throughout the scale, to meet 

the needs arising in connection with new propulsion 

systems, novel materials, and nuclear technology. 

Improvement of standards for extremely large forces 

to enable precision measurement of large loads, such 

as the thrust of rocket motors. 

- 43 - 
5. Extension of the pressure scale to meet increasing needs for greater precision of measurement at the 

very high pressures associated with modern synthetic materials research and at the very low pressures encountered in outer space. 

Development of more accurate methods of measurement 

of all elect,rical quantities, especially at radio and 

microwave frequencies, to assure the adequacy and 

interrelatedness of electronic equipment used in 

guidance, contro1,and communication systems. 

6. 

Properties and Behavior of Materials 

The National Bureau of Standards is also involved in pro- viding understanding of the behavior and properties of materials that are of great importance to science and industry and 

are not available with sufficient accuracy elsewhere. Current 

programs 

1. 

2. 

3. 

in this field involve three general areas of work: 

A program of preparation of extremely pure and hlghly 

characterized materials for use, in other laboratories 

as well as in NBS laboratories, in studying the fundamental properties of matter. Chief initial emphasis 

of this program will be in the development of techniques for achieving high purity, for extremely precise analysis and characteristics of materials, and 

for the introduction of precisely known foreign 

atomic constituents or structural dislocations. 

Expanded studies of the fundamental properties of 

matter, using available materials as well as the new 

pure substances described above to compile the basic 

data that is urgently needed to scientists and engineers 

A program to determine the engineering properties of 

certain critical materials, and provide engineering 

data on their behavior under a variety of environmental conditions and under static and dynamic load. 

Radio Propagation Research 

The Central Radio Propagation Laboratory has primary 

responsibility within the Federal Government for research 

on the propagation of radio waves through the atmosphere, 

and on the basic physics of such phenomena. 

areas the programs of the CRPL have an important and close 

relationship to current and future space programs: (1) 

transmission, propagation, and reception of electromagnetic 

radiation to and from space vehicles for communication, 

navigation, and guidance; (2) interaction of space vehicles 

In four broad 

- 44 - 
with their environment; (3) use of space vehicles as research 

instruments; and (4) characteristics of the various parts of 

the atmosphere. Some of the most important of these programs 

Observing the variations of wave polarization and 

analyzing the refraction effects of the ionosphere 

on radio signals from earth satellites. 

Studying the phase stability of radio waves propagated over point-to-point paths and the effect of 

climatological characteristics of the troposphere 

on radio propagation, to determine the effects on 

the accuracy of guidance systems. 

Making directional scintillation and refraction 

studies of the ionosphere to determine the navigational accuracy of -radio signals for guidance of 

vehicles in and beyond the upper atmosphere. 

Investigating physics of the upper atmosphere, including the dynamics of the ionosphere, airglow 

emission, thermal structure, electron densities, 

and VLF emissions. 

Studying of the effects of solar activity on radio 

noise, the earth's magnetic field, and the state of 

ionization of the ionosphere. 

Cryogenic Engineering 

programs aimed at determining the properties of cryogenic 

fluids, measuring the physical and chemical properties of 

materials used in cryogenic equipment, and investigates phenomena associated with cryogenic processes. The continuing 

use of cryogenic fluids as rocket propellants creates a strong 

demand for the data and research results available from this 

laboratory. The programs in this area are aimed at obtaining understanding of the low-temperature effects on properties 

and compiling low-temperature properties of materials, to aid 

engineers and scientists in designing and developing new 

equipment. 

The Bureau's Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory conducts 

Plasma Physics and Astrophysics Research 

Progress in understanding the complicated processes in 

ionized gases (plasmas) is essential to the basic problem of 

the definition and measurement of high temperatures, and is 

important to a number of national progpams in applied technology, such as space exploration, rocket propulsion, ultrasonic aerodynamics, thermonuclear power, and ionospheric 

communications. 

- 45 - 
Successful experimental research and adequate theoretical understanding in plasma physics and astrophysics requires 

precise measurement of the fundamental material involved, the 

hot plasma. Current NBS activities in the plasma physics and 

astrophysics fields are partially filling the need for a 

national astrophysical laboratory. 

modernization and expansion of those programs to keep up with 

the new observatories and to develop a more realistic approach 

to the basic physics of the problems. The Bureau regards this 

new inter-laboratory program on measurement and standards in 

plasma physics and astrophysics as a major focus of NBS activity for the next several years. 

Long range plans are for 

Fluid Dynamics 

Problems associated with the flow of fluids or the movement of bodies through them depend for their solution on a 

better understanding of the basic mechanisms of the flow 

phenomena, such as fluid friction within the fluid, at interfaces, and at solid surfaces. Fundamental research programs 

are conducted by the Bureau on interface stress, turbulence, 

boundary layer nixture, intermittent flow, surface shearing 

stresses, and the transition from laminar to turbulent flow 

in a boundary layer. 

- 46 - 
WEATHER BUREAU 

The Weather Bureau works with the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration and the 

Department of Defense in meteorological exper- iments involving use of satellites and sounding 

rockets. The Bureau also serves these agencies 

as consultant on meteorological problems. The 

meteorological satellite work of the Bureau is 

funded by NASA, and close coordination is maintained ,by the two agencies. A Joint Meteorological Satellite Advisory Committee composed of 

representatives of the Bureau, NASA, and DOD coordinates military and civilian requirements. 

The Bureau also works informally with the Naval 

Photographic Interpretation Center, the Geophysical Research Directorate, and the Air Weather 

Service of the U. S. Air Force. Weather Bureau 

meteorologists are represented on the Space Science Board of the National Academy of Sciences, 

and a Weather Bureau meteorologist is a member of 

a panel of experts in the World Meteorological Organization of the United Nations. This panel is 

concerned with the international dissemination and 

utilization of meteorological information obtained 

by satellites. 

I 

Observation of Cloud Format ions and World Weather 

Clouds are visual indicators of atmospheric motion; they 

reveal the location and many characteristics of most high and 

low pressure systems and storms. Meteorological satellites 

will present a comprehensive picture of cloud cover and movement, making possible better weather forecasting than that 

obtainable with current means of observation. As cloud observation becomes refined and meteorological satellite systems are developed, detailed observations of small-scale wind 

systems and phenomena such as hurricanes, squall lines, etc., 

will be possible. The Weather Bureau has participated in a 

number of weather satellite experiments, and more are planned. 

Vanguard I1 demonstrated that weather satellites are feasible. 

Explorer VI* was the next step, photographing and transmitting 

back to earth a rough picture of the earth's surface and cloud 

cover. While this photograph was quite crude, it demonstrated 

that picture-taking weather satellites could send cloud-cover 

photographs covering large areas. Refinements in picture taking and transmission should make satellite photographs of inestimable value in weather forecasting. 

* Reported in more detail in National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration, Chapter I. 

- k7 - 
Project Tiros* Is a means of televising cloud formations 

from satellites. For use in this project, the Weather Bureau 

has obtained high-altitude photographs taken from rockets and 

aircraft, to use in comparing, supplementing, and interpreting 

the Tiros transmissions One 16m motion picture film,taken 

during an Atlas Flight (August 24, 1959) at altitudes of 200 

miles over the Bahamas and 700 miles over the mid-Atlantic, 

has already revealed important meteorological features, not 

evident from conventional data, that will significantly influence weather forecasting. 

A program for cloud interpretation Is being conducted jointly 

with the Radio Corporation of America. Results of the Weather 

Bureau-RCA experiments show that considerable cloud detail will 

be recognizable from Project Tiros. When the Tiros satellite 

begins operating, Weather Bureau meteorologists will interpret and summarize data from the pictures derived from satellite 

signals and send the data for immediate operational use to the 

National Meteorological Center, Suitland, Md., the Department 

of Defense, and international centers. After operational use, 

the Weather Bureau will make the data available to other Government agencies, universities, and research groups. 

Other Research Utilizing Space Vehicles 

The Weather Bureau coordinates with NASA and the Department 

of Defense in planning and conducting sounding rocket research 

on winds, radiation, and other phenomena of the upper atmosphere. 

Other Weather Bureau research has included: 1) a technical study of an infrared spectrometer for satellite use, to make alternate 

measurements of radiation from the earth and from space, using the 

latter as a reference; and 2) a preliminary study of the feasibility 

of operating radar on a sabellite to measure the worldwide distribution of precipitation. Contract proposals for a detailed study and 

preliminary engineering design are being reviewed by the Weather Bureau, the Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories of the Department of 

the Army, and NASA. 

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 

The activities of the Coast and Geodetic Survey 

in space investigation stem from its work in the 

following related fields -- geodesy, geomagnetics, 

photogrammetry, and cartography. 

During 1959 the Coast and Geodetic Survey made studies of 

possible uses of data obtained from satellite trajectories to 

determine more accurately the shape of the earth, the exact location of continental land masses, and variations in the gravity 

field. A plan was submitted, at the request of NASA, for using 

Reported in more detail in National Aeronautics .and Space 

Administration, Chapter I. 

- l+8 - 
the geodetic satellite of 1961 in further studies of this 

nature . 

A study was also started of possible applications of geo- detic satellite observations In navigation, and survey oper- . 

ations at sea. 

Continuing investigations were made of equipment and techniques for precise satellite tracking, Including optical and 

photographic systems, plate and film reading machines, and coordinated programming of analysis by high-speed computers and 

automation. 

The magnetic observatory operations of this organization contributed monitoring services in many space research programs. Direct aid was given to NASA through the installation of special 

magnetometer test facilities at the Coast and Geodetic Survey's 

Fredericksburg, Va., Magnetic Observatory and Laboratory. 

- 49 - 
SPACE SCIENCE BOAQO 

The space Bcience Board* WBS establlshed by the National 

Aordemy of Bcienoes in mld-1958 in response to artionel and 

Wematlonal bseb research interests. Domestically, the Board 

serve6 in an rdvirory capacity to the National Aeronautice and 

Spwe Mminlrtration, the National Science Foundation, and the 

Department of Defense, Internationally, the Board serves as the 

Aoademy'p~ vehiole for cooperation with scientists of other 

oour$cie8, working through the CommUtee on &we Research 

(COSPAR) of the International Council of Ilolentiflc Unlons 

(JOBU), The ohairman of the Board's Committee on Internatlonal 

Relrtions is the delegste to CQSPARt 

The members of the Board serve 88 ohsinnen of 12 speciali#ied suboammiUee6 ooverlng the various scientlflc disciplines and 

field6 of activity rssooiated with the U. 8. apace science proPam* 

NATIONAL ACTIVITIES I 

Spaee Research Proposals 

posals and suggestions from the U, S, scientific community for 

new projects In space science research to follow the satellite 

and rocket program of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 

The Board's committees assessed some 200 proposals and made 

recommendations to NASA and NSF in the fall of 1958 and early 

1959, These studies helped provide guidance for the organilia-- tion of post-IQY space research now being conducted, and helped 

f Membership is listed In Appendix B. 

As 8oon as it was established, the Board asked for proThe Board and its corninltteea are composed of approximately 140 leading apacial- ists, Since its formation, the Board and its committees 

have had 23 formal meetings and an even larger number of 

informal session8. 

CHAPTER 7 
insure an orderly transition from the ICY 

the Academy's IGY Satellite Panel, to the 

The committees of the Board continue 

committees on scientific disciplines, rev 

NASA national space sciences program. 

period, directed by 

post -1GY effort . to advise with NASA as 

ewing projects in the 

Review of Space Research Programs 

During 1959, the Board held three major meetings: 

January 17-20 at the Atlantic Missile Range, Cape Canaveral, 

Florida; May 7-9, at NASA headquarters ard the Advanced Research 

Projects Agency, Washington, D. C.; and October 23-24 in Philadelphia, Pa. These visits have helped orient Board members in 

current vehicle programs, launching facilities available to scientists, and various problems to be considered in launching space 

exper iment s. 

Current and near-future research activities in space .science 

were presented by officials of NASA, NSF, and agencies of the Department of Defense. The aim: to ascertain the state of the research being conducted, to single 'out major problems requiring 

solution, and to devise the best possible means of drawing broadly 

upon the talents of scientists throughout the nation in the conduct 

of the space research program. 

Symposium Had 

On April: 29-30, 1959, a symposium was held in Washington on 

the exploration of space. Sponsored jointly by the Board, NASA, 

and the American Physical Society, the symposium reviewed space 

research findings to that time and discussed the broad objectives of future research programs in all fields of space science. Nearly 

a thousand scientists from all over the United States attended, and 

heard discussions of recent space science results, the current 

status of space science, and opportunities and objectives in space 

research.* 

* Proceedings of the symposium have been published in the Journal I at hvsical Re search, Vol. 64, No. 11, November 1959, and 

will soon be available in book form. 

- 52 - 
"Science in Space" 

Space," which broadly examines opportunities and objectives 

of space science for the coming years. This volume, the 

chapters of which are written by eminent American scientists 

in various fields, covers such subjects as the nature of 

gravitation, geodetic measurements and continental distances, 

meteorology, physics of the earth's upper atmosphere, the 

moon and planets, the solar system and galactic astronomy, 

physics of fields and energetic particles in space, and space 

biology. Scheduled for publication in early 1960, the volume outlines major areas of fundamental scientific research, 

indicates general objectives for the national space program, 

and suggests to scientists the opportunities and challenges 

implicit in this vast new area of study. 

During 1959 the Board prepared a volume, "Science in 

Special Problems 

Under the auspices of the Space Science Board, a number 

of special ad hoc study committees were established to consider, on behalf of scientists, specific problems or neglected 

areas affecting space research. Among these have been: the 

consequences of contamination of extraterrestrial bodies by 

impacting space probes and recommendations for a program to 

prevent this contamination; the need for exclusive allocations 

of radio frequencies for use in space research (specific recommendations were provided to the U. s. delegation to the 

1959 International Telecommunication Union conference in Geneva); ground-based radar astronomy to provide back-up support 

to the space sciences program; the photochemical aspects of 

space exploration; the chemical analysis of meteorites contributory to future space experimentation; and a study of sounding rocket research efforts. 

Rocket and Satellite Data Center 

Sciences,this Center provides a means for international exchange of scientific data resulting from rocket and satellite 

programs. The Center is part of an international data interchange program now under the auspices'of COSPAR. Through the 

Center, launchings have been announced to observers throughout 

the world for tracking purposes; space programs have been described in summary; and two series of reports have been issued. 

One series deals with sounding rocket research results; the 

other, with satellite and space probe findings. To date, five 

reports have been issued in the Rocket Series and nine reports 

in the Satellite Series. Several others in both series are in 

final stages of preparation. 

Established during the IGY at the National Academy of 

- 53 - 
During 1959, the following rocket reports were issued: 

No. 2, IIFlight Summaries for the U. S. Rocketry Programs 

for the IGY", Part I, 5 July 1956 - 30 June 1958, 193 pages; 

No. 3, ?'Flight Summaries for the U. S. Rocketry Program for 

the IGY", Part 11, 23 May 1958 - 31 December 1958, 129 pages; 

No. 4, !?Magnetic Exploration of the Upper Atmospheret1, 86 

pages; and No. 5, "Upper Air Densities and Temperature from 

Eight ICY Rocket Flights by the Falling-Sphere Method", 102 

pages 

issued : 

During the same period, these satellite reports were 

No. 7, "Simplified Satellite Prediction from Modified 

Orbital Elements", 1 January 1959, 54 pages; No. 8, "Ephemeris 

of Satellite 1957 Alpha 2 and Collected Reports on Satellite 

Observatio-nsll, 15 June 1959, 122 pages; and, No. 9, ttSymposium 

on Scientific Effects of Artificially Introduced Radiations 

at High Altitudes", 15 September 1959, 87 pages. 

early in 1960. 

Several additional volumes in each series will be issued 

The Center has also maintained an archive of results and 

documents from other countries, acquiring some 1000 reports 

and published papers. These were collated during the last 

quarter of 1959, looking to preparation and issuance of a 

series of reports to provide orderly information on experimental results. 

INT~RNATIONAL ACTIVITIES 

Committee on Space Research 

the ICSU Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). COSPAR, 

organized in October 1958, affords a principal means for 

international scientific collaboration in space science. 

Dr. R. W. Porter, Chairman of the Board's Committee on 

International Relations, is the U.S. National Academy of 

Sciences representative to COSPAR. COSPAR provides an 

effective means for scientists to consider internationally 

the broad objectives of space research; it affords an effective forum for international discussion of these topics, and 

promotes international collaboration in operational space 

research programs. 

as one of the channels for promoting international partici- pation in the United States space science program. 

The Space Science Board provides U.S. representation to 

The NASA has supported the Academy's Board and COSPAR 

At the 

- 54 - 
March 1959 meeting of COSPAR, the National Academy of Sciences representative was authorized by NASA to invite international science to participate in its program. This offer 

included the launching of space experiments or complete 

payloads developed in other countries. NASA's offer to 

COSPAR has already contributed to increased interest by 

scientists of several countries in conducting space experiment s . COSPAR Rocket Week 

On behalf of COSPAR, the Board and its staff encouraged 

the U, S. contribution to an internationally coordinated program of scientific rocket soundings of the upper atmosphere 

which took place November 16-22, 1959. The U. S. contribution included ten rockets launched by three scientific institutions in this country. The Board has also participated in 

development of plans for a COSPAR rocket week in 1960. It is 

anticipated that this program will become an annual event. 

First International Space Science Symposium 

COSPAR has scheduled its First Annual International Space 

Science Symposium for Nice, France, January 11-15, 1960. It 

will include approximately 100 papers contributed by scientists 

from many nations,iwith international participation numbering 

approximately 300 persons, Directed toward a review of space 

science achievements to date, the symposium will also examine 

possibilities in this field for the immediate future; it promises to be a significant and important scientific event. The 

Board and its staff have coordinated the U. S. effort -- some 

50 scientific papers, and a delegation of approximately 75 

U. S. scientists. 

United Nations 

The Board and its staff have cooperated with NASA and 

At the U. N. Secretariat in providing information and advice on 

space science activities during and after the ICY. 

request of the Department of State a member of the Board 

provided scientific advice and assistance to the U. N. Ad 

Hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space during its 

deliberations. 

- 55 - 
CHAPTER 8 

SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY 

The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, under the sponsorship of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, has 

successfully maintained its world-wide system of 12 stations, 

equipped with Baker-Nunn cameras, for the precise photographic 

tracking of earth satellites. With improved observing techniques, 

one camera was able to photograph the binch sphere, Vanguard 

I, at a distance of 2500 miles - a feat equivalent to photographing 

a .30 caliber bullet in flight, at a distance of 200 miles. The 

Observatory has also directed the activities of more than 250 

Moonwatch teams of satellite observers. As the recognized 

world communications center for optical observations of the 

satellites, the Observatory has regularly received and analyzed 

the observations, and calculated and distributed predictions of 

the time and place of expected satellite passage. 

ACC IP I I 

HMENTS AND PLANS 

From analyses and computations of the accumulated satellite data, the Observatory has made significant discoveries 

in the theory and practice of satellite flight and space 

science. In particular, the research staff has: 

1) Derived the necessary theory, and established computing programs that use electronic techniques, when the 

techniques of classical celestial mechanics are inadequate, 

to predict and analyze the motions of satellites. 

grativational field, which confirms the unexpected asymmetry 

in the North-South distribution of mass in the earth. 

2) Derived and improved numerical value for the earthts 

' 3) Derived a surprisingly small value for the amount 

of the earthts flattening at the poles. 

4) Derived unexpectedly large values for the densities 

in the earthts high atmosphere, and shown that the densities 

apparently decrease as sunspot activity declines from its 

1958 maximum. 

- 57 - 
t 

5) Proved for the first time that the earth's high atmosphere swells as the sun's activity increases; and demonstrated that long-period fluctuations in the high atmosphere 

are associated with increased radiation from the sun in the 

far ultraviolet, while some short-period changes are associated with the ejection of corpuscles from the sun. 

During the coming year, the Observatory expects to continue its progress in these areas of research. It also expects to make important contributions to our knowledge of the 

size and shape of the earth. By utilizing the geometrical interrelations among the optical tracking stations on the earth, 

and the satellite observations made by the stations, the Observatory plans to determine geodetic measurements with a precision at least an order of magnitude greater than any previously achieved. 

SATELLITE TRACKING 

The network of 12 optical satellite tracking stations 

regularly gathered photographic data on the positions of seven 

artificial satellites. 

photographs made during the year have formed the basis of precise determinations of the orbits. The Baker-Nunn cameras can 

photograph objects as faint as 12th magnitude, with an accuracy between 1 and 5 seconds of arc. The system produced as 

many as 3 photographs per day of a satellite, over a long period of time, in spite of bad weather and mechanical problems -- 

a rate about 5.0 percent better than expected. 

Data resulting from the more than 6,000 

DETERPIIIXA'I'1011' OF SATELLITE ORBITS 

The computing section of the Observatory has made excellent progress in solving some of the problems raised by the 

unexpected behavior of the satellites. Research has shown that 

deviations from the predicted orbit occur, in part, because the 

drag exerted on the object of the earth's dtmosphere is about 

10 times greater than had been expected. 

in the amount of drag, combined with inaccuracies in the early 

observations and in geodetic data, further complicated the precise determination of satellite orbits. Although the classical 

methods of celestial mechanics could not be successfully applied to so complex a problem, the computing section has now 

derived the necessary theory, and developed programming methods 

with electronic techniques, to yield good short-term predictions of satellite orbits. The construction of a library of 

computing programs for precise analysis has,been nearly completed. The library embodies a differential-corrections program which performs an elaborate statistical study of the observations, compares them individually with an expected orbit 

and, by successive approximations, refines the orbit and rejects 

the more inaccurate observations. 

An erratic fluctuation 

- 58 - 
This program has now reached the final stages of refinement, and represents an invaluable contribution to satellite 

theory. Employing this computing program, the Observatory 

prepares bi-monthly reports of observations and orbits, which 

it distributes in the series of Special Reports issued by the 

Observatory. 

Geodetic Applications of Satellite Data 

Analyses made by the Observatory staff during the year 

have confirmed the (unexpected) finding that a North-South 

asymmetry exists in the distribution of matter within the 

earthvs sphere. This asymmetry contributes to disturbances 

of the predicted satellite orbit. These analyses have also 

led to a recalculation of the amount of flattening at the 

earthcs poles, and yielded a surprisingly small amount of 

flattening. 

The Observatory has made significant contributions to 

the theory of orbital dynamics. A theory has been developed 

to determine how the moonvs gravitational a t t r a c t i o n a f f e c t s 

the satellite orbit. This theory was applied for the first 

time to Explorer VI, the "paddle wheel" satellite, and shows 

that the moon's presence will reduce the lifetime of the 

satellite from an expected 20 years to an actual two years. 

The theory of the perturbational effects of the moon is used 

also in selecting the optimum launching conditions for satellites that will be vulnerable to the moonQs influence. 

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE 

In attempting to account for unexpected irregularities 

in satellite orbits, the Observatory has made significant 

discoveries about the structure of the earthvs upper atmosphere. Analyses of the orbital path of the spherical satellite Vanguard I showed that the variations caused by atmospheric drag exhibited a periodic character. Following a 

suggestion that the periodicity was correlated with the varying intensity of radio noise from the sun, the Observatory 

has carried out intensive research to try to determine correlations between solar radiation and phenomena on the one 

hand and the atmospheric density, as deduced fran satellite 

drag, on the other. The result has been that variations of 

both ultraviolet and corpuscular radiation from the sun affect 

the temperature and density profiles of the upper atmosphere. 

Although all the details of this relationship are not yet 

clear, some facts have been established. 

- 59 - 
At great heights above the earth, the atmosphere swells 

and contracts in synchronism with the rising and falling level 

at which ultraviolet and corpuscular radiation are produced 

in the solar hemisphere that faces the earth. The sun's 

rotational period of 27 days, and the fact that localized 

regions of high activity often persist in the outer layers of 

the sun, produce a corresponding periodicity of 27 days in 

the swelling of the earth'Js atmosphere and the consequent 

changes in density. Furthermore, as the earth rotates, the 

atmosphere of the night-side, not directly subjected to solar 

radiation, cools and contracts. 

The shifting orientation of the satellite orbits in one 

sense simplifies, and in another sense complicates, the study 

of changing atmospheric densities. Correcting the data to 

allow for the irregular body-shape of the long cylindrical 

satellite has presented a more difficult problem. 

The Observatory is therefore engaged in both theoretical 

and empirical studies of the aerodynamic and gravitational 

effects on the orientation of satellites. The full explanation of the somewhat puzzling observations will be a major 

contribution to the ballistics of satellites. 

MOONWATCH OBSEXVING TEAMS 

The most spectacular achievement of tha Moonwat,ch teams 

was the re-acquiring af the lllostll satellites, 1958 Beta 1 and 

1958 Zpsilon, so that they could again be tha subject of routine tracking and photography. The "Stockpiling1' of visual 

observations by Moonwatcn teams is already supplying material 

for basic research, in addition to data for regular orbital 

predictions. The discovery at the Obssrvatory of a correlation between solar radiation and the atmospheric drag of artificial satellites was based on observations of which Moonwatch 

provided more than 70 percent. 

SPACE TELESCOPE 4k 

Preliminary designs have been completed for a satellite 

telescope to be used in space, to make spectroscopic and 

photometric studies of the stars and nebulosities. A preliminary prototype optical and television system now operating 

in the laboratory shows that this experiment will produce valuable astrophysical information not otherwise obtainable. 

* See also Chapter 5, National Science Foundation. 

- 60 - 
OTHER ACTIVITIES 

Attempts to track the Soviet lunar and interplanetary 

probes have not yet produced any definitely confirmed photographs. 

reports on their deep space probes. 

the past year is the provision of special predictions and 

orbital analyses for installations devoted to radio-tracking. 

A comparison of the optical observations with the radio data 

is providing a picture of a previously unobservable portion of the ionosphere -- the electron gas embedded in the earth's 

atmosphere. 

However, studies have further substantiated Soviet 

An important function initiated by the Observatory in 

- 61 - 
CHAPTER 9 

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION 

The Federal Communications Commission's activity in the fields 

of space and aeronautics increased significantly in 1959. In the 

relatively new field of space communications, much work was 

done in allocating and protecting radio frequencies for radio 

astronomy use and for earth-space and space communication. In 

aeronautics, the increased activity was the broad result of the 

advent of the jet age for commercial air transportation and its 

attendant requirements for improved aeronautical communication 

and navigation facilities, as well as the expansion of such fa&- 

ities to better meet the further needs created by the normal growth 

of air transportation. 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS 

The FCC had been active prior to 1959 in the selection 

and provision of frequencies for satellite and rocket control, telemetry (data relay), tracking and other related 

experimentation. Such frequencies, however, were selected 

on a case-by-case basis so that operations could be conducted 

without interference to radio services for which bands of 

frequencies had been allocated, nationally and internationally. 

In addition, since there were no frequencies allocated for 

ftspace,tf such operations received no interference protection 

from the radio services operating in accordance with the Table 

of Frequency Allocations. 

FCC Participation in International Administrative Radio ConTerence 

In 1959, under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union, an international Administrative Radio 

Conference was held in Geneva between August and December to 

consider revisions to the International table of frequency 

allocations and other radio regulations applicable to all 

radio services, the first such conference since 1947. The 

Commission's very active participation in both the conference 

itself and the preparatory work leading up to it included 

giving consideration to the matter of providing international 

protection for frequencies to be used for space communication, 

- 63 - 
taking into account the known frequency requirements of all 

other radio services. 

As a result of work by the conference preparatory groups, 

under the aegis of the Department of State and with representatives of the electronics industry participating, the Commission 

and the other Federal agencies concerned drafted a tentative 

proposed international frequency allocation table which included provisions for space and earth-space services. Appropriate definitions for these services were also proposed. The 

allocation table finally adopted at Geneva in December 1959, 

contained provisions for these services for the first time, and 

it is expected that appropriate national space allocations will 

follow through the initiation of rule-making proceedings by the 

FCC, one of which has already begun. 

It should be noted that the frequencies adopted internationally for space services are intended for tracking control 

and telemetry functions for Research purposes. 

the Commission is giving attention to possible application of 

space vehicles for relaying various types of communication between fixed points on earth. One experimental authorization 

involving the use of inflatable satellites as passive reflectors of radio waves for transcontinental tests has already been 

granted by the FCC. 

Separately, 

FCC Participation in Other Technical Meetings and Consultations 

In April 1959, the FCC participated in the Ninth Plenary 

Assembly of the International Radio Consultative Committee 

(CCIR) at Los Angeles, held to obtain recommendations of leading international technical experts on all fields of radio, 

including space and radio astronomy. In addition, the Commission participated on the International Relations committee of 

the Space Science Board, National Academy of Sciences. Space 

frequency allocation problems were also jointly considered by 

the FCC, the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization (OCDM), 

and the Department of State, 

RADIO ASTRONOMY 

During 1959, FCC activities in the field of radio astronomy 

closely paralleled those for "space" described above. Although 

the FCC had previously completed a rule-making procedure providing the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Greenbank, 

W. Va:, with protection against radio interference, no frequencies were allocated, either nationally or internationally 

for radio astronomy at the beginning of 1959. 

In addition, the U,S. proposals at the beginning of the 

International Radio Conference at Geneva, in August, 1959, 

proposed only one band for radio astronomy, the band 1400-1427 mc, 

- 64 - 
I. . 

which corresponds to a characteristic s ectrum line for 

brought about during the course of the conference. This 

resulted largely from the intensive consideration given the 

matter of radio. astronomy frequency requirements in a series 

of meetings held in Washington, D. C. in October, sponsored 

by the National Academy of Sciences in cooperation with all 

Government agencies involved. A member of the U. S. 

Delegation to the Geneva conference returned to Washington to 

participate in these meetings and to report on related developments at the international conference. These meetings led to 

U. S. adoption of a draft resolution which resulted in considerable additional provisions for radio astronomy in the new 

radio regulations adopted at Geneva in December 1959. Thus, 

for the first time in history, provisions were made to avoid 

and resolve interference to radio signals not generated by man. 

hydrogen. However, a major change in t R e U. S. position was 

AERONAUTICS 

This field includes radio for aircraft communications 

(including telemetry) and navigation, and for control and telemetry in the development of missiles. The FCC prescribes the 

manner and conditions under which frequencies may be assigned 

for such uses by non-Government licensees. In addition, the 

Commission coordinates extensively through established procedures activities involving the Government use of nonGovernment frequencies and, conversely, the non-Government 

use of Government frequencies. 

Increased Demands for Communication and Navigation Facilities 

increased demands for communication and navigation facilities 

geared to the substantially higher speeds involved. Expansion 

of such facilities has also been necessary to meet the increased 

volume of air traffic resulting from normal growth in air travel. 

These developments have brought about greater requirements for 

aeronautical communications that must be accommodated within 

the limited frequency space available. Meeting such requirements involves more effective administration in utilizing frequencies, and continued efforts to exploit technical advances 

which permit greater conservation of frequencies. As one step 

in this direction, the FCC has instituted 5O-k~ channeling in 

the 118-l32-m~ band, in lieu of the former 100-kc bandwidth. 

The advent’of jet aircraft for commercial use has created 

Moreover, in 1959, the FCC-proposed to amend its rules 

to make five megacycles of additional spectrum space available 

for air traffic control by aeronautical and aircraft stations. 

The FAA and the OCDM had recommended such a reallocation to 

permit implementation of FAA plans for augmenting its air 

traffic control facilities. 

- 65 - 
The phenomenal increase in flight-testing requirements 

for missiles, rockets, satellites, as well as for aircraft -- 

most of which are being developed by non-Government licensees -- 

has necessitated allocation of the 1435-1535-mc band for aeronautical telemetering. 

In air-navigation, FCC made provision for use of the 

Doppler system of navigation in the 8750-8850-m~~ 9750-9850-mc. 

and 12,250-13,400-mc bands. 

LONG-RANGE FREQUENCY PLANNING 

During 1959, significant progress was made in joint, OCDMFCC long-range frequency allocation planning to produce, as 

its first objective, an improved pattern of frequency allocations 

in the next 10 to 15 years. 

with ways and means of providing frequencies to permit expansion 

,of existing radio services, and to provide for new radio services 

such as space and radio astronomy. 

Requires, Extensive Data 

New long-range plans require accumulation and analysis of data from many sources in order to evaluate frequency requirements of all radio services and to define the trends in these 

requirements that may indicate need for allocation changes over 

an extended period of time. 

The joint conduct of this study on a continuing basis is 

a new approach in long-term Government planning for frequency 

allocations. 

ently by the agencies concerned and conclusions coordinated 

thereafter . 

for all radio services, which could be implemented withThis continuing study is concerned 

Heretofore, such studies were ponducted independ- 

- 66 - 
CHAPTER 10 

UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY 

The United States Information Agency (USIA) distributes information abroad regarding the civilian and military space activities of 

this country. USIA ltilizes a variety of communications media to 

accomplish this, including news releases, magazine reprints, 

pamphlets, photographs, radio, television, motion pictures, and 

exhibits. Information for release is obtained from the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Department of Defense, the Atomic Energy commission, and from other government 

agencies participating in aeronautics and space research and 

development. 

WORLDWIDE DISSEMINATION 

News Releases 

USIA prepared and distributed more than 110 releases 

totalling more than 40,000 words on United States rockets 

and satellites during 1959. In addition, it transmitted 

news in connection with the special United Nations committee 

studying international space cooperation, eighty-four newspaper editorial reprints, fifteen reprints of selected space 

articles in American magazines, four special columns on space 

subjects (Vanguards I and 11, Argus, and Explorer VI), and 

other appropriate material. 

In addition to the information given world-wide distribution, the four regional wireless files (Europe, Far East, 

Near East and Latin America) and two special wireless files 

(Eastern hurope and Rio de Janeiro) transmitted a total of 

225 items totalling 85,000 words of special interest to the 

people in the areas covered. 

Pamphlets and Posters 

USIA translated into foreign languages where necessary 

and distributed throughout the world the following publications: "Space -- The New Frontier," 1,012,000 copies; "Man 

- 67 - 
and Outer Space" (a comic book depicting history and future 

of man in space), 190,000 copies; "ICY -- New Horizons for 

Science" (describing ICY findings), 160,000; "The Story of 

IGY" (comic book), 148,000; and "The Future in Space," 

153,000. 

USIA made seven mailings of "Space Notes," each a collection of brief features. .These series has a larger distribution than any similar recurring publications. 

distributed 150 copies each of 50 t9nailers,tt which include 

items such as texts of major addresses, press conference 

transcripts, and press kits. 

USIA also 

Photographs 

USIA distributed about 6,811 negatives, 16,804 prints, 

2,542 lithographs, and 55,734 plastic printing plates covering 

143 space subjects during 1959. In addition, it distributed 

nine picture stories containing a tbtal of 110 photographs, 

which required preparation of 5,291 negatives and 15,682 prints, 

and six science photo briefs totalling 27 photographs which 

required preparation of 1,389 negatives and 3,974 prints. 

Radio, Television, and Motion Pictu,res 

languages, for broadcasts over the Voice of America and some 

foreign stations. United States space achievements are included 

in these round-ups. On the space program itself, USIA taped 

eighty special programs (launchings interviews with United 

States space leaders, proceedings of' American aeronautical and 

space society meetings, etc.) and prepared 58 scripts on special subjects including a 12-part series on "Man in Space.!' 

In addition, 35 llScience Notebook" scripts covered space activit ies. 

USIA writes 16 daily news round-ups, in English and other 

For television stations, USIA made world-wide distribution 

of the following documentaries: 

Vanguard 11," "Pioneer IV," "Student of the Stars," and "The 

Challenge of Space." Certain films were sent to specific nations 

upon their request. Among these were: "Able-Baker Space 

Biology Experiment" to the United Kingdom; WTOL Aircraft" to 

the Federal Republic of Germany; interview of the X-15 test 

pilot by a Japanese aviation editor to Japan; "Space Medicine" 

and "Story of American Aviation" to Italy; and "Wings for 

Tomorrow" to ten Latin American nations. 

World-wide distribution of motion picture Peels has provided another avenue for USIA tb tell the story of America in 

space. USIAfs newsreel clips distributed to 33 countries 

contained 19 stories on space. ~~Today,t~ a two-reel monthly 

ttHorizons of Science," 

- 68 - 
newsreel magazine distributed to 22 countries featured Explorer 

VI. "Atlas in Orbit ,)' ??Explorer in Space," "Space Pioneer," 

and "Vanguard I," produced in 1958, had been seen in 88 countries 

by the end of 1959. "X Minus 80 Days," also produced in 1958, 

had been distributed to 80,nations by December 31, 1959. "Exploring Space," another 1958 production, had been seen in 60 

countries by 1959's close. Soundtracks for the films covered 14 

to 24 different languages. USIA produced "Out Among the Stars" 

in 1959. It has been distributed in 24. languages. 

Exhibits and Libraries 

Outstanding among exhibits during 1959 was the full-scale 

model of the paddlewheel satellite, Explorer VI, at the American 

National. Exhibition in Moscow. Visitors expressed wonder not 

only at the exhibit but also at the rapidity with which it was 

assembled after the Explorer launching. 

bition, Explorer VI was shown in Yugoslavia, Italy, and the 

United Kingdom. 

After the Moscow exhiAnother popular exhibit is '?Space Unlimited," a photo panel 

covering 1500 square feet which traces the conquest of space from 

the Wright Brothers' flight to the Vanguard satellite. Its 19 

copies have been shown in Italy, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia, 

Spain., Pakistan, Afghanistan, Israel, Greece, Morocco, Mexico, 

Guatemala, Cuba, Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Laos, Malaya, 

Burma, the Philippine Republic, Thailand, Sweden, Norway, Japan, 

Switzerland, France, and Syria. 

A model of the 12-foot inflatable satellite was shown at 

the Tangier Fair. "Space Research Instruments" has been and is 

still on exhibit in Poland. "Satellite Tracking Station" has 

been exhibited in Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. 

Lecture material, pamphlets, and books on space subjects 

have been sent to USIA libraries throughout the world. Three 

hundred sets of a film-strip brochure on Project Mercury, America's man-in-space project, and of an address by Dr. T. Keith 

Glennan on "A National Program for Space Research" have been 

sent to the libraries. 

phlets on space have been similarly distributed. About 500 

paperback books on space sciences were shipped. In addition, 

three books on American space exploration were published during 1959 under the USIA Book Translations Program. 

"Exploring Earth and Space," by Margaret Hyde -- Arabic, 

10,000 copies; Chinese, 8,000; Gujerati, 2,000; Japanese, 17,000; 

Korean, 5,000; and Marathi, 5,000. 

Approximately 13,000 copies of 31 pamThey are: 

1. 

- 69 - 
2. "The World in Space," by Alexander Marshak -- Arabic, 

3. ttRockets, Missiles, and Moons," by Charles Coombs -- 

4,000 copies; Japanese, 17,000; and Spanish, 22,000. 

Arabic, 10,000; and Spanish, 6,000. 

- 70 - 
APPENDIX A 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE COUNCIL 

(As of December 31, 1959) 

President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Chairman 

Christian A. Herter Dr. Detlev W. Bronk 

Secretary of State President, National Academy 

of Sciences 

Thomas S. Gates, Jr. Dr. Alan Ta Waterman 

Secretary of Defense Director, National Science 

Poundat ion 

John A. McCone Dr. John T. Rettaliata 

Chairman, Atomic Energy President, Illinois Institute 

Comm is s ion of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 

T. Keith Glennan 

Administrator, National 

Aeronautics and Space 

Administrat ion 

Vacancy 

Acting Secretary, 

Franklyn W. Phillips 
APPENDIX B 

MEMBERSHIP OF THE CIVILIAN-MILITARY LIAISON COMMITTEE 

(As of December 31, 1959) 

William M. Holaday, Chairman 

William J. Underwood, Assistant to the Chairman and Secretary 

NASA MEMBERS 

r 

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrator 

Abe Silverstein, Director of Space Flight Development 

Homer J. Stewart, Director of Program Planning and Evaluation 

Ira H. Abbott, Director of Aeronautical and Space Research 

NASA ALTERNATES 

DeMarquis D. Wyatt, Technical Assistant to the Director of Space 

Abraham Hyatt, Assistant Director for Propulsion 

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MEMBERS 

Flight Development 

John B. Macauley, OSD, Deputy Director, Office, Defense Research 

and Engineering 

Maj. Gen. W. W. Dick, Jr., Army, Director of Special Weapons, Office, Chief of Research and Development 

Dept. of Army 

Technology, Office, Deputy Chief of Staff, 

Vice Adm. R. B. Pirie, Navy, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air) 

Brig. Gen. Homer A. Baushey, Air Force, Director of Advanced 

Development 

DOD ALTERNATES 

A. G. Waggoner, Special Assistant for Missiles and Space Operations, Office, Defense Research and 

Engineering 

Office, Chief of Research and Development, 

Colonel Charles G. Patterson, Deputy Director of Special Weapons, 

Department of the Army 

Office, Chief of Naval Operations 

Advanced Technology, Office, Deputy Chief 

Rear Admiral K. S. Masterson, Director Guided Missiles, 

Colonel John R. Martin, Jr., Air Force, Deputy Director of 

. of Staff, Development 

- 73 - 
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c 
APPENDIX D November 13, 1959 

NEM3ERSHIP OF THE SPACE SCIENCE BOARD 

Dr. LLoyd V. Berkner, ghainnan 

President Asrwhtd Urdverdtier, Inoo 

New York i9, New York 

Dr. Harrison S. Brown 

California Institute of Technology 

Pasadena, California 

Dr. Leo Goldberg 

University of Michigan 

Ann Arbor, Michigan 

Dr. H. Keffer Hartline 

The Rockefeller Insti tut e 

New York 21, New Pork 

Dro Donald Fa Hornig 

Princeton University 

Princeton, New Jersey 

Dr. Joshua Lederberg School of Medicine 

Stanford University 

Palo Alto, California 

Dr. Richard W. Porter 

General Electric Company 

New York 22, New York 

Dr. Bruno B. Rosd 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Cambridge, hseachusetts 

Dr. John A. SimpSOn 

University of Chicago 

Chicago, Illinois 

Dr. S. S. Stevens 

Harvard University 

Cambridge, Massachue ett 8 

Dr. Harold C. Urey 

University of Californla 

La Jolla, California 

Dr. James A. Van Allen 

State University of Iom 

Iowa city, Iowa 

Dr. 0. Go Villard, Jr. 

Stanford University 

Stanford,. California 

Dr. Harry Weocler 

U. S. Weather Bureau 

kshington 25, D. C. 

Dr. George P. Woollard 

University of Wisconsin 

Madison, Wisconsin 

Mr. Alan H. Shapley 

Central Radio Propagation Iaboratory 

National Bureau of Standards 

Boulder, Colorado 

Dr. Hugh Odiehaw, Executive Mreotor 

Space Science Board 

Nationel Academy of Sciences 

hehington 25, D. C. 

- 107 - 
ATTACHMENT 

In compliance with SEC. 206 (c) of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1938, attached are *'such recommendations for additional legislation as the Administrator 

or the President may consider necessary or desirable..." 

A BILL 

To amend the National Aeronautics and Space Act 

of 1958, as amended, and for other purposes. 

SECTIONAL ANALYSIS 

of a bill 

of 1958, as amended and for other purposes. 

MARKED COPY OF 

Public Law 85-568, 85th Congress, H.R. 12575, 

To amend the National Aeronautics and Space Act 

July 29, 1958 

(National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958) 

- 109 - 
A BILL 

To amend the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, as 

amended, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Conmess assembled, 

3 That the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, as 

4 amended (72 Stat. 426), is amended as follows: 

5 

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(1) Section 102 is amended -- 

(A) by striking out subsection 102(b) and the 

first clause in subsection 102(c) ending with 

the colon, and inserting in lieu thereof the 

following: 

"(b) The Congress declares that the general 

welfare and security of the United States require 

that adequate provision be made for the exploration, scientific investigation, and utilization 

of space for peaceful purposes, and for research into problems of flight within and outside 

16 the earth's atmosphere. The Congress further 

17 declares that such activities shall be conducted 

18 so as to contribute materially to the following 

19 objective s : 11 ; 

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(B) by inserting the following new subsection: 

"(c) The Congress further declares that 

the exploration, scientific investigation, and 

utilization of space for peaceful purposes shall 

be the responsibility of, and shall be directed 

by, a civilian agency." 

(2) Section 103 is amended to read as follows: 

"Section 103. As used in this Act -- 

"(1) the term 'spacecraft' means devices, 

manned and unmanned, which are designed to be 

placed into an orbi't about the earth or into a 

trajectory to another celestial body, including 

all instrumentation, propulsion, and guidance 

contained therein: 

"(2) the term *launch vehicles' means devices which propel and guide spacecraft into 

an orbit about the earth or into a trajectory 

to another celestial body and includes all stages 

of multi-stage rockets used for such purposes; 

(3) the term 'space vehicles' means 

- 112 - 
spacecraft 

vehicles, except ballistic missihee, capable 2 

of flight without support from or dependence .t 

launch vehicl&B ,:'!and a11 bther 

upon the earth's atmosphere;+ together with 7' 

-I 4 ~~.'~.k&Pated equipment, devices, components, and p 

parts: and 

I' (4) the term ' aeronautical vehicles 

means all vehicles, other than space vehicles, 

designed for flight, together with related 

equipment, devikes, components, and parts. 

(3) Title I1 is amended by striking out the heading and inserting in lieu thereof the following : 

"TITLE I1 - NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND 

SPACE ADMINISTRATION". 

(4) Section 201 is repealed. 

(5) Section 202 is amended by changing the number 

to '1201" and striking out the caption "National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration" and inserting in lieu thereof "Administrator and 

Deputy Administrator". 

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(6) Section 203 is amended -- 

(A) by changing the number to "202"; 

(B) by striking out paragraph 203(a) (1) and 

inserting in lieu thereof the following: 

"(1) conduct research into problems of 

flight within and outside the earth's atmosphere with a view to their practical solution: 

"(2) conduct such activities as may be 

required for the exploration, scientific investigation, and utilization of space for peaceful 

purposes, and develop space vehicles for use in 

such activities; 'I; 

(C) by changing the numbers of paragraphs (2) 

and (3) of subsection 203(a) to "(3)It and 1t(4)8a 

respectively: 

(D) by amending the clause following the first 

semicolon in paragraph 203(b) (3) to read as 

follows: 

"to lease to others such real and personal 

property, and such lease may provide, notwithstanding section 321 of the Act of June 308 1932 

(40 U.S.C. 303b), or any other provision of law, 

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for the maintenance, protection, repair, or 

restoration, by the lessee, of the property 

leased, or of the entire unit or installation 

where a substantial part of it is leased, as 

part or all of the consideration for the lease:"; 

(E) by inserting in paragraph 203 (b) (6) mediately before "to transfer to" the following: 

"to obtain by contract for,"; 

(E') by adding at the end of subsection 203(b) 

the following new paragraph (14) : 

Io (14) to acquire releases, before suit is 

brought, for past infringement of patents." 

(7) Section 204 is repealed. 

(8) Section 205 is amended by changing the number 

to "203. I' 

(9) Section 206 is amended -- 

(A) by changing the number to "204.": 

(B) by repealing subsections (b) and (c); 

(C) by changing the designation of subsection 

(d) to 'I (b) . 'I 

(10) Section 304 is amended -- 

(A) by inserting in subsection 304(b) 

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immediately after "so certified by the 

Council or the Administrator," the following : 

noor designee thereof, 'I; 

(B) by striking out of the first sentence of 

subsection 304 (b) the words "any member, 

officer, or employee of the Council, or" and 

the words "as the case may be," and the words 

"Council or the" and "Cotmci.1 or" wherever 

they appear. 

(11) Section 305 is amended to read as follows: 

"Sec. 305. (a) Each contract or other 

arrangement entered into by the Administration, 

and each subcontract at all tiers thereunder, 

which has as one of its purposes the performance 

of experimental, developmental, or research work, 

shall contain provisions prescribed by the 

Administrator governing the disposition of the 

rights to inventions conceived or first actually 

reduced to practice thereunder in a manner calculated to protect the public interest and the 

equities of the contractor. 
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"(b) The Administrator or his 

may, whenever the contract provides 

ing of title to an invention in the 

designee 

for the vestUnited States, 

waive the rights of the United States to such 

invention on such terms and conditions as he determines to be in the best interest of the united 

States: Provided, That any such waiver shall be 

subject to the reservation of an irrevocable, nonexclusive, non-transferable, royalty-free license 

for the practice of such invention throughout 

world by or on behalf of the United States or 

foreign government pursuant to any treaty or 

agreement with the United States. 

the 

any 

"(c) The Administrator may waive, upon the 

same terms as provided in subsection (b) of this 

section, all or any part of the rights of the 

United States to inventions made in the performance of any work under any contract heretofore 

entered into by or for the Administration which 

have become the exclusive property of the United 

States. Any contract heretofore entered into by or 

for the Administration, on which final payment has 

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not been made, may be amended without consideration to effectuate the purposes of this section: 

Provided, That no such amendment shall affect 

the status of inventions which have become the 

exclusive property of the United States. 

I' (d) The Administration shall be considered 

a defense agency of the United States for the 

purpose of chapter 17 of title 35 of the United 

States code. 'I 

(12) Section 306 is amended by amending the first 

two sentences to read as follows: 

"Sec. 306. (a) subject to the provisions 

of this section, the Administrator is authorized, 

upon his own initiative or upon application, to 

make a monetary award, in such amount and upon 

such terms as he shall determine 60 be warranted, 

to any individual, partnership, corporation, 

association, institution, or other entity for 

any scientific or technical contribution to the 

Administration Which is determined by_ the Administrator to have significant value in the conduct of aeronautical and space activities. Each 

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application made for any such award shall be 

referred to an Inventions and Contributions 

Board which shall be established by the Administrator within the Administration. ** 

(13) A new section 308, captioned "Indemnification", 

is added to Title I11 as follows: 

"Sec. 308. (a) With the approval of the 

Administrator, or his designee, any contract of 

the Administration for research or development, 

or both, may provide that the United States will 

indemnify the contractor against either or both 

of the following, but only to the extent that 

they arise out of the direct performance of the 

contract and to the extent not compensated by 

insurance or otherwise t 

(1) claims (including reasonable expenses of litigation or settlement) by third 

persons, including employees of the contractor, 

for death, bodily injury, or loss of or damage 

to property, from a risk that the contract defines as unusually hazardous. 

"(2) ~nss of or damage to property of 

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the contractor from a risk that the contract 

defines as unusually hazardous. 

'I (b) A contract, made under subsection (a), 

that provides for indemnification must also provide for -- 

"(1) Notice to the United States 

of any claim or suit against the contractor 

for the death, bodily injury, or loss of or 

damage to property; and 

"(2) Control of or assistance in the 

defense by the United States, at its election, 

of that suit or claim. 

"(c) No payment may be made under subsection (a) unless the Administrator, or his 

designee, certifies that the amount is just and 

reasonable 

"(a) Tmon approval by the Administrator, 

payments under subsection (a) may be made from -- 

"(1) funds obligated for the performance of the contract concerned: 

"(2) funds available for research or 

development, or both, and not otherwise obligated: 

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or 

"(3) funds appropriated for those 

payments. I' 

A new section 309, captioned "Coordination and Cooperation, 'I is added to 

Title I11 as follows: 

(14) 

"Sec. 309. (a) Nothing in this Act 

shall preclude the Department of Defense 

from undertaking such activities involving the utilization of space as may 

be necessary for the defense of the United 

States, including the development of 

weapons systems utilizing space vehicles 

and the conduct of supporting research connected therewith. 

"(b) In order to accomplish the most 

efficient utilization of resources, responsibility for the development of each 

new launch vehicle, whether intended for 

use by the Administration or the Department 

of Defense or both, shall be assigned by the 

President to either the Administration or 

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22 

the Department of Defense. 

"(c) The Administration and the Department of Defense shall advise and consult with 

each other on all matters within their 

respective jurisdictions relating to activities involving the utilization of space and 

research and development connected therewith 

and shall keep each other fully and currently 

informed with respect to such activities. 

"(d) If the Secretary of Defense concludes that any request, action, proposed 

action, or failure to act on the part of the 

Administrator is adverse to the responsibilities of the Department of Defense, or the Administrator concludes that any request, action, proposed action, or failure to act on 

the part of the Department of Defense is 

adverse to the responsibilities of the Administration, and the Administrator and the 

Secretary of Defense are unable to reach an 

agreement with respect thereto, either the 

Administrator or the Secretary of Defense may 

- 122 - 
1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

refer the matter to the President for his 

decision. 

Section 2. Section 799 of title 18 of the 

United States Code is amended by striking 

out "aircraft, missile, spacecraft, or 

similar vehicle," and inserting in lieu 

thereof "aeronautical or space vehicle, '' . Section 3. The Act of April 29, 1941, as 

amended (40 U.S.C. 270e), is amended by inserting immediately before "or the Secretary 

of the Treasury" the words "the Administrator 

of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 

"or Coast Guard" the wards "National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ". 

and by inserting immediately before 

123 - 
SECTIONAL ANALYSIS 

of a bill 

To amend the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, 

as amended, and for other purposes. 

Section 1. This section consists of fourteen 

subsections which amend the National Aeronautics and 

Space Act as follows: 

(1) This subsection amends subsections 102 

(b) and (c) of the Act. Paragraph (A) of the proposal 

would declare that the general welfare and security of 

the United States require that adequate provision be 

made for the exploration, scientific investigation, and 

utilization of space for peaceful purposes and for 

research into problems of flight within and outside the 

earth's atmosphere . Paragraph (B) would further declare 

that the responsibility for the exploration, scientific 

investigation and utilization of space for peaceful 

purposes shall be the responsibility of, and shall be 

directed by, a civilian agency. 

(2) This subsection amends section 103 of the 

Act. The definitions of "aeronautical and space 

activities" and "aeronautical and space vehicles" would 

be repealed. New definitions of "spacecraft, 'I "launch 

vehicles, 'I "space vehicles" and "aeronautical vehicles'' 

would be enacted. 

(3) This subsection relates to the title of 

Title I1 of the Act. A new title, "National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration," would be enacted in place of 

the title "Coordination of Aeronautical and Space 

Activities .'I 

(4) This subsection repeals section 201 of 

the Act. IC would eliminate provisions relating to che 

National Aeronautics and Space Council and the statement 

Of Presidential duties upon which the Council is 

required to advise the President. 

(5) 

The number of the section would be changed to 

This subsection relates to section 202 of 

the Act. 

"201" as a consequence of repealing section 201. 

- 125 - 
(6) This subsection amends section 203 of the 

Act. Paragraph (A) would change the number of the section 

to "202." Paragraph (B) would expand and make more 

specific the statement of functions of NASA. 

(C) would change the numbers of paragraphs (2) and (3) 

of subsection 203(a) of the Act to 11(3)'8 and lI(4)I' 

respectively as a consequence of expanding the statement 

of functions. Paragraph (D) would enact additional 

language in paragraph 203 (b) (3) of the Act to provide 

NASA with authority, similar to 10 U.S.C. 2667(b) (5) 

available to the military departments, to lease real 

property to others for a non-monetary consideration. 

Paragraph (E) would enact a clarifying phrase in paragraph 203 (b) (6) of the Act to provide express authority 

for other agencies of the Government to enter into contracts for the benefit of NASA. Paragraph (F) would 

enact a new paragraph at the end of subsection 203(b) of 

the Act to provide NASA with authority, similar to 10 

U.S.C. 2386 available to the military departments, to 

settle past patent infringement claims. 

Paragraph 

(7) This subsection repeals section 204 or 

the Act. It would eliminate the Civilian-Military 

Liaison Committee. 

(8) 

The number of the section would be changed to 

This subsection relates to section 205 of 

the Act. 

11203" as a consequence of repealing section 204 of the 

Act. 

(9) This subsection amends section 206 of the 

Act. Paragraph (A) would change the number of the 

section to "204." Paragraph (B) would repeal subsections 206(b) and (c) of the Act, eliminating the 

requirement for a report from the President to the 

Congress in January of each year. Paragraph (C) would 

change the designation of subsection (d) to I' (B)" as a 

consequence of repealing subsections (b) and (c) . 

(10) This subsection amends section 304 of 

the Act. Paragraph (A) would correct a technical defect 

in the Act by adding the phrase "or designee thereof" to 

expressly authorize the Administrator to designate other 

- 126 - 
officials to mdke certain routine determinations. 

graph (B) would delete the references to the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council as a consequence of 

repealing section 201 of the Act. 

Para- 

'(11) This subsection repeals section 305 of 

New the Act concerning property rights in inventions. 

provisions similar to those contained in the National 

Science Foundation Act of 1950 (42 U.S.C. 1871) would 

be enacted, 

(12) This subsection amends section 306 of 

the Act to provide for establishment of an Inventions 

and Contributions Board, since the present provision 

would be eliminated by repeal of subsection 305(f) of 

the Act, 

(13) This subsection would add a new section 

308 to Title I11 of the Act providing NASA with authority, 

under the caption "Indemnification, I' to indemnify contractors against unusually hazardous risks arising out 

of research and development contracts. 

would be coextensive with that of the military departments contained in 10 U,S,C. 2354. 

The authority 

(14) This subsection would add a new section 

309 to Title I11 of the Act under the caption "Coordination and Cooperation." The new section would state that 

the Department of Defense is not precluded by anything 

in the Act from undertaking such activities involving 

the utilization of space as may be necessary for the 

defense of the United States, including the development 

of weapons systems utilizing space vehicles and the 

conduct of supporting research. 

the President shall assign responsibility for the 

development of each new launch vehicle, regardless of 

its intended use, to either NASA or the Department of 

Defense , Furthermore, the new section would substantially reenact subsection 204(b) of the Act to require 

that NASA and the Department of Defense advise and 

consult and keep each other informed with respect to 

space activities and related research and development 

within their respective jurisdictions, 

It also provides that 

Finally, it would 

- 127 - 
substmtially reenact subsection 204(c) of the Act to 

provide that the Administrator of NASA and the Secretary 

of Defense may refer to the President for decision those 

matters concerning their respective areas of resgonsibility on which they are unable to reach agreement. 

Section 2. This section would amend 18 U.S.C. 799 

which provides criminal penalties for violations of 

NASA's regulations for the protection or security of 

property and equipment, to conform to the definitions 

contained in this bill in the proposed amendment to 

section 103 of the Act. The terms "aircraft, missile, 

spacecraft, or other similar vehicle" would be replaced 

by la aeronautical or space vehicle . 'I 

Section 3. This section would amend 40 U.S.C. 2708 

to give NASA the same authority as is available to the 

military departments and the Coast Guard to waive payment and performance bonds otherwise required in 

construction contracting. 

- 128 - 
Public Law 85-568 

85thCongress, H. R. 12575 

July 29, 1958 

AN ACT 

To provide for research. into problems of flight withln and outside the earth’s 

atmosphere, and for other purposes. 

Ba it enacted by the Senate and Houee of Re. asentativss of tb 

united state8 of America in Cmgre88 a88embl.T Natioml 

hrWi08 

TITLE I-SHORT TITLE, DECLARATION OF POLICY, AND 

DEFINITIONS 

oci9. 

SHOBT TlTLt7 

SEU. 101. This Act may be cited as the “National Aeronautics and 

Space Act of 1958”. 

DECLAUTION OF POLICY AND PURPOSE 

(4 The establishment of long-rnnge studies of the potential 

involved in the utilization of aeronnuticnl and space activities for 

peaceful and scientific purposes; 

(5) The preservation of the role of the United States a8 a 

leader in aeronautical and spnce science and technology and in 

the application thereof to the conduct of peaceful activities within 

and outside the atmosphere ; 

(6) The makin available to agencies directly concerned with 

cance, and the furnishing by such agencies, to the civilian afe”cy 

established to direct and control nonmilitary aeronautica and 

space activities, of information as to discoveries which have value 

or significance to thnt agency ; 

bene B ts to be gained from, the opportunities for, and the problems 

nationnl defense o pi discoveries thnt have military value or signif% 

- 129 - 
Pub. Law 85-568 -2- July 29, 1958 

(7) Cooperation by the United Statea with other nations and 

groups of nations in work done pursuant to this Act and in the 

peaceful application of the results thereof ; and 

(8) The most effective utilization of the scientific and engineer- in resources of the United Statss,. with close cooperation amon 

alp interested a nciea of the'.United Statea in order to avoid 

out and e ectuate P the necessary dup T ication of effort, facilities, and qui ment. 

(d) It is the purpose of this Act to ca 

policies declared in subsections (a), (b), and?). 

DEFINITIONS 

epartment or agency of the 

r officer of his department 

ternate in his unavoidable 
July 29, 1958 -3- Pub. Law 85-568 

Resident. 

63 Stat. 954. 

69 Stat. 394. 

- Sgc. d. 6") There is hereby established the National Aeronautics Adminidrator. 

and Space A ministration (hereinafter called the "Administration"). The Administration shall be headed by an Administrator, who shall 

be appointed from civilian life by the President by and with the 

advice and consent of the Senate, and shall receive compensation at 

the rata of $92,600 per annum. ' Under the supervision and direction 

of the President, the Administrator shall be responsible for the exercim of all wers and the discharge of all duties of the Administration, 

and shall Eve authority and control over all personnel and activitiea 

thereof. 

who shall be a pointed from civilian life by the President by and with Administrator. 

the advice an B consent of the Senate shall receive compensation at the 

rata of $21,500 per annum, and shad perform such duties and exercise 

(b) There shall be in the Administration a Deputy Administrator, Deputy 
Pub. Law 85-568 -4- July 29, 1958 

such powers aa the Administrator may rescribe. The Deputy Ad- lniniOtrator shall act for, and exercise &e powers of, the Administrator durin his absence or disabilit . (c) %e idministrator and the kputy Administrator shall not 

engage in any other business, vocation, or employment while serving 

aa such. 

Regtriotion. 

FUNCTION8 OF TEE ADXINIBTRATION 

(b) In the performance of its functions the Administration is 

(11 tp make, promul ate, issue, rescind, and amend rules and 

cise of the powers vested in it by law ; . (2) to appoint and fm the compensation of such officers and 

rep ations governing t%e manner of its operations and the exeremployees as ma be necessary to carry out such functions. Such 

officers and empcyees shall be appointed in accordance with the 

civil-service laws and their compensation fixed in accordance 

63 Stat. 954. with the Classification Act of 1949, except that (A) to the extent 

5 USC 1071 note. the Administrator deems such action necessary to the discharge 

of his responsibilities, he may appoint nnd fix the compensation 

up to a limit of $19,000 a year, or up to a limit of $21,000 a ear 

ior a maximum of ten positions) of not more than two hunired 

and sixty of the scientific, engineering, and administrative personnel of the Administration without regard to such laws. and 

authorizedRuler snd 

realationr. 

Employeer. 

(B) to the extent the Administrator deems such action necessary 

72 stat. 429. to recruit specially ualified scientific and en ineering talent,.he 72 Stat. 430. mav establish the eztrance made for scienti a c and engineering 

peknnel without previous &vice in the Federal GoveGment a't 

a level up to two ades higher than the grade provided for such 

ersonnel under 8e General Schedule established by the Classi- 

[cation Act of 1949, and fix their compensation accordingly;. 

(3) to acquire (by purchase, lease, condemnation, or otherwise), 

construct, improve, repair, operate, and maintain laboratories, research and testing sites and facilities aeronautical and space 

vehicles, quarters and related accommodations for employees and 

dependents of employees of the Administration, and such other 

erein. as the Administrntion deems necessary within and outside the continental 

to 

United 

sell and 

States 

othlenvise 

- 

dispose of rea1 and per- c wncluding patents and rights thereunder) in 

accordance with the provisions of the Federal Property and 

Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended (40 U. S. C. 471 

et seq.) ; and to provide by contract or otherwise for cafeterias 

and other necessary facilities for the welfare of emplo ees of the 

Administration at its installations and purchase an8 maintain 

equipment therefor; 

Aoquirition of 

property. 

SO6 P.L 86-20 and personal property (including patents), or any interest 

(6) (Dl 

63 stat. 377.. 

- 132 - 
July 29, 1958 -5- Pub. Law 85-568 

(4) to accept unconditional gifts or donations of services, ~ittr. 

money, or property, 4, personal, or mixed, tanable or - - -. intansble ; 

amended (31 

tracts, leases, 

be neceSSarv 

(5) without tion 8648 of the Revised Statutes, as Contraota, 

agreements, or other transactions as may 60 stat. 809- 

uct of its work and on such terms as it 

629), tQ &er into and perform such con- eto. 

may deem "a propriate! with any agency .or instrumentality of 

the United B tat- or with any State, Territory, or possession, or 

with any politicai subdivision thereof or with any emn, firm, 

mum extent praoticable and consistent with the accomplishment of 

the purpose of this Act, such contracts, leases, aereements, and 

other transactions shall be allocated by the Administrator in a 

manner which will enable small-business concerns to partici ate 

Administration; 

and facilities of Federal and other agencies with or without wim- oooperation. 

bursement, and on a similar basis to cooperate with other public and private agencies an4 instrumentalities in the use of services, 

equipment, and facilities. Each department and agency of the 

Federal Government shall cooperate fully with the Administration in makin its Services, equipment, personnel, and facilities 

available to tfe Administration, snd any such department or 

agency is authorized,ltotwithstandin any other provision of law, 

to transfer to or to mive from the A%ministration, without reimbursement, aeronautical aqd space vehicles, and supplies and 

equipment other than administrative supplies or equipment i 

(7) to appoint such advisory committees as may be appropriate Advisory 

for pur oses of consultation and advice to the Administration in oomitteea. 

the perkrmance of its functions; 

J8) to establish'within the Administration such offices and pro- Coordimtion. 

c ures as may be appropriate to provide for the greatest possible 

coordination of ita activities under this Act with related scientific 

and other activities being aarried on by other public and private 72 stat. 43Okgencies and organizations 2 Stat. 431. ; 

(9) to obtain mrnm as authorized by section 15 of thr 

August 2! 1946 (6 U. S. C, 65a), at ratas not to exceed $100 per 60 stat. 810. 

diem for individuals.; 

(10) when determined by the Administrator to be nmssary, hplgyment. 

and subject to such security investigations as he may determine Nlenr. 

to be appropriate, to employ aliens without regard to statutory provisions prohibiting pa ment of compensation to aliens; 

(11) to em loy retire$ commissioned officers of- the armed Retired 

forces of the Aited States and compensate them at the rate estab- ofiioers. 

lislied for the positions occupied by them within the Administration, subject only to fhe limitations in pay set forth in section 212 

tive agreements under which members of the Army, Navy, Air 

Force, and Marine Corps may be detailed by the appropriate 

Secretrr for services in the performance of functions under this 

Act to tie same extent as that to which they might be lawfully assigned in the Department of Defense; and 

pay, on. be half of the United States, in full satisfaction thereof, 

an? claim for $5,000 or less against the United States for bodily 

injury, death, or damage to or loss of real or personal property 

association, corporation, or educationaf institution. F o the maxiequitably and proportionately in the conduct of the work o P the 

(6) to use, with their consent, the services, equipment, personnel, Agenoy 

of the .4ct of June 30,1932, as amended (5 U. S. C. 5%) ; 68 Stat, 18. 

(12) with the approval of the President, to enter into coopera- ~eementa. 

(13) A) to consider, ascertain, adjust, determine,. settle, and claimB. 

- 133 - 
Pub. Law 85-568 -6 - July 29, 1958 

resultin from the conduct of the Administration's functiops as 

specifid in subsection (a) of this section, where such clam is 

presented to the Administration in writin within two years after 

(B) if the Administration considers that a claim m excess of 

$5,000 is meritorious and would otherwise be covered by this 

aragraph, to report the facts and circumstances thereof to the 

the accident or incident out of which the c f aim ariseS;.and 

Report to 

Co!Ygrear. 

(6) (+rea for ita consideration. 

p"""""""""""""9 

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 

SEC. 2Qf. The Administration, under the foreign policy guidance 

of the President, may engage in a program of international coopera- tion in work done ursuant to this Act, and in the peaceful ap licadent with the advice and consent of thezte. 

tion of the results tkereof, pursuant to ments made by the fi resi- 

- 134 - 
July 29, 1958 -7 - Pub. Law 85-568 

REPORTS TO THE CONOBEBS 

(9) (a 

TITLE 111-MISCELLANEOUS 

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITPEE FOR AERONAUTICS 

SEC. 301. (a) The National Advisor Committee for Aeronautics, Termination. 

on the effective date of this section, shaicease to exist. On such date Transfer of 

all functions, powers, duties, and obligations, and all real and per- funations. 

sonal property, personnel (other than members of the Committee), 

funds, and records of that organization, shall be transferred to the 

Administration. 

(b) Section 2302 of title 10 of the United States Code is amended by Definitions. 

strikinB out “or the Executive Secretary of the National Advisory 70A stat. 127. 

Committee for Aetonautics.” and inserting in lieu thereof “or the Administrator of the National Aeronautics mid Space Administration.”; 

and section 2303 of such title 10 is amended bx striking out “The National Advisor Committee for Aeronautics. and inserting in lieu 

thereof “The lfational Aeronautics and Space Administration.” 

(c) The first section of the Act of August 26,1950 (5 !J. S. C. 22-1), 64 stst. 476. 

‘b 72 Stat. 432. 

tee for Aeronautics” and insertin in lieu ther-r 72 stat. 433, 

of the National Aeronautics and #pace Administration”, and by striking out “or National Advisofy Committee for Aeronautics” and inserting in lieu thereof “or National Aeronautics and Space Administration”. 

Wind Tunnel Plan Act of 1949 (50 U. S. C. 511- 

515) is amendedT) by strikin out “The National Advisory Com- 63 stat. 936. 

mittee for Aeronautics (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Committee’)” 

and inaerting in lieu thereof “The Administrator of the National 

Aeronautics rind Space Administration (hereinafter referred to as the 

‘Administrator’) ” ; (2) by striking out “Committee” or “Committee’s” 

wherever they appear and inserting in lieu thereof “Administrator” 

and “Administrator’s” respectively; and (3) b striking out “its” 

wherever it appears and insertin in lieu thereof dis”. 

enuctment of this Act, or on any earlier date on which the Administra- date. 

tor shall determine, and announce by proclamation published in the 

Federal Register that the Administration has been organized and is Publioation 

prepared to discharge the duties and exercise the powers conferred in F.R. 

upon it by this Act. 

is amended by striking out “the Director. Nat 1 

(a) The Unita 

(e) This section shall take ekct ninety tlays aftrr thr date of tho sffectiw 

- 135 - 
Report8 to 

COW@88. 

Pub. Law 85-568 -8- July 29, 1958 

TRANSFER OF RELATED FUNCTIONS 

Sx. 302. (a) Subject to the provisions of this section the President, 

for a eriod of four years ah? the data of enactment 08 this Act, may 

transgr to the Administration any functions (including duties, activities, facilities, and axta of functions) of any ot er department or ncy of the UnitegStates, or of any officer or organiza- tional entityxreof which relate primarily to the functions, powers, and duties of the Administration as prescribed b section 203 of thls 

Act. In connection with any such transfer, the &esident may, under 

this section or obher applicable authority, provide for appropriate transfers of records, property, civilian personnel and funds. 

(b Whenever any such transfer is made bejore January 1, 1959, 

the 4 resident shall transmit to the Speaker of the House of Rep sentatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate a full and 

com lete report concerning the nature and effect of such transfer. 

(c? After December 31, 1958, no transfer shall be made under this 

pPwers, 

section until (1) a full and complete report concernin 

effect of such proposed transfer has been transmitted 

to the Congress, and 2) bhe first period of sixty regular session of the b ongress following the date of receipt of such 

res of a concurrent resolution stating that the E ongress does not 

required Ey Federay statute to Lh wit held, and (B) information 

report by the Congress has expired without the adb tion by the Confavor such transfer. 

AWES8 To INFORMATION 

SEC. 303. Information obtained or developed by the Administrator 

in the erformance of his functions under this Act shall be made available f& ublic ins ection, exce t (A information authorized or 

classified to rotect the national security : Provided, That nothing in 

this Act shalrauthorize the withholding ?f information by the Administrator from the duly authorized commlttees of the Congress. 

SECURITY 

ator shall establish such security 

afeguards as he deems necessary in . The Administrator may arrange 

on for the conduct of such security 

or other personnel investigations of the Administration’s officers, 

employees, and consultants, and its contrsctors and subcontractors 

and their officers and employees, actual or rospective, as he deems 

appropriate; and if an such investigation cfevelo s any data reflectReferral to loyalty the matter shall be referred to the Federal Bureau of InvestiF.B.1. gation for the conduct of a full field investigation, the results of 

avhich shall be furnished to the Administrator. 

Aooe88 to (b) The Atomic Energy Commission may authorize any of its 

uc regtrio- employees, or employees of any contractor, rospective contractor, 

tod data. licensee, or prospective licensee of the Atomic Energy Commission or 

any other person authorized to have access to Restricted Data by the 

Atomic Ener Commission under subsection 145 b. of the Atomic 

Administrator, or any officer, 

942. Energy Act o 7 1954 (42 u. s. c. 2165 (b)), to permit w, 

Zttee, contractor, subcontractor, 

or officer or employee of a contractor or subcontractor of the Administration, to have access to Restricted Data relating to aeronautical and 

space activities which 1s required in the performance of his duties and 

so certified by the Baamt)-arMre 

ing that the individua P who is the subject thereofis of questionable 
July 29, 1958 -9- Pub. Law 85-568 

but only if (1) the 0oumd-e ’ Administrator or designee thereof has 

determined, in accordance with the established personnel security prooedures and standnrds of the ‘ Administration that permit- such individual to have=such Restricted bata will. not 

procedures and stnndards of the 6ImuwAw Adminration are adequate and in reasonable conformity to the standards 

established by the Atomic Ener Commission under section 145 of the 

Atomic Energy Act of 1954 42 U. S. C. 2165). An individual 68 stat. 942. 

granted amss to such Restricte P Data ursuant to this su&mtion may 

exchange such Data with any indivizual who (A) is an officer or 

employee of the Department of Defense, or any department or a ency 

thereof, or a member of the armed forces, or a contractor or su%wntractor of any such department, agency, or armed fom, or an officer 

or employee of any such contractor or subcontractor, and (B) has been 

niithorized to have access to Reatricted Data under the rovisions of 

section 143 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U. S. b. 2163). 

Espionage and Censorship) is amended b 

‘‘8 799. Violation of regulations of National Aeronautics and Space Administration 719, 

violate any regulation or order promulgated by the Administrator of 798. 

the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the protection 

or security of any laboratory, station, base or other facil!tp or part 

thereof, or any aircraft, missile, spacecraft, or similar vehic e, or part 

thereof, or other property or equipment in the custody of the Administration, or any real or personal property or equi ment in the custody 

subcontractor of an such contractor, shall be fined not more than pemlty. 

$5,OOO, or imprisondnot more than one year, or both.” 

the common defense and security, and (2) the €hnekw 

or designee thereof finds that the established personnel 

(c) Chapter 37 of title 18 of the United States Code (entitled EspioMge 

and Censorship. 

738; 65 Stat.. 

(1) adding at the end thereof the fo&&g new section : 62 Stat. 736- 

“Whoever willfully shall violate, attempt to violate, or conspire to 18 USC 791- 

of any contractor under any contract with the A B ministration or any 

(2) adding at the end of the sectional analysis thereof the fol- . 

lowing new item: 

“799. Violation of regulations of National Aeronautics and Space Administ 

(a). Section 1114 of title 18 of the United States Code is am& 

insertin immediately before “while enmged in the performance of 

official Suties” the following: “or any ofticer or em loyee of 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration direcAto guard and 62 stat* 

protect pro rt of the United States under the administration and 

control of tg Jational Aeronautics and S ace Administration,”. 

of the Administration as he ieems necessar in the public interest to une firearms. 

carry firearms while in the conduct of thr official duties. The 

Administrator may also authorize such of those employees of the contractors and subcontractors of the Administration engaged in the pro- tection of property owned by the United States and located at facilities 

owned b or contracted to the United States as he deems nBc8sBB 

the pub& intepst, to carry firearms while in the conduct of t eir 

official duties. 

(e) The Administrator ma direct such o P the officers and employees Permission to 

x in 

PROPERTY RIOHTB IN INVENTIONS 

- 137 - 
Pub. Law 85-568 -10- July 29, 1958 

Contraot 

provision. 

Patent 

Applloatlon. 

Board of Patent 

Intrrfrranors. 

- 138 - 
July 29, 1958 -11- Pub, Law 85-568 

and Contributiona 3oard. 

808. 

De f initiond. 

- 139 - 
Pub. Law 85-568 -12- July 29, 1958 

if any, to be made to such a plicant for such contribution. In detarshall take into accountmKmg the terms and con g, 'tions of any award the Administrator 

the value of the contribution to the United Statea; 

the aggregate amount of an sums which have been expended by the applicant for the deveroprnent of such Contribution; 

(3) the amount of any compensation (other than salary received for services rendered as an officer or employee of the aOvernment) previously received b the a licant for or on account 

of the use of such contribution tep y the nited States. and E) such other factors as the Administrator shah determine 

to material. 

(b) If more than one applicant under suktion (a claims an indetermine the respective intereate of such applicants, and shall appor- tion any award to be made with respect to such contribution among such ap licanta in such proportions as he shall determine to be eqmtable. go award may be made under subsection (a) with respect to 

any mntribution- 

(1) unless the a plicant smnders, by such meam aa .the Administrator shall &tarmine to be effective, all claims whch such 

ts& m the same wntribubon, the Administrator shal 1 ascertain and 

applicant may have to receive any compcnisation (other than the 

award made under this section) for the use^ of such contribution or 

anv dement thereof at any time by or on behalf of the U&d 

12 stst. 431. 

72 - stat,. 430. 

Sths, or by or on behalf-of any ?ami government psuant 

United Statq or at any other place; (2) in any amount exceeding $~OO,OOO, u+eas the Administrator has transmitted to the appropnats comrmtteeg of the Congress 

a full and complete mprt concerning the amount and terms of, 

and the his for, such pro award, and thirty calendar days of regular don of the P ongreea have expired after receipt of 

such report by such committea. 

to any treaty or agreement with the ff nited States, mthin the 

- 140 - 
July 29, 1958 -13- Pub. Law 85-568 

72 Stat. 430, 

APPROPRIATION8 

SEC. 307. (a) Tliere are hereby authorized to be appropriated such 

siims ns niny be necessary to carry out this Act, except that nothing in 

this Act sliall authorize the ap mpriation of nny amount for (1) the 

acquisition or condemnation o any real pro erty, or (2) any other 

item of n cnpitnl nnture (such RS plniit or acilit acquisition, construction, or expnnsion) which exceeds $15O,OOO. 8ums appropriated pursiinnt to this suktion for the construction of facilities, or 

for research and development activities, shrll remain available until 

expended. 

(b) Any funds appropriated for the construction of facilities may 

be used for emer ency repairs of existin facilities when such existing 

circumstances and suc r repairs are deemed by the Administrator to 

be of greater urgency than the construction of new facilities. 

P r 

iacilities are ma& ino rative by ma'or % reakdomn, accident, or other 

Approved July 29, 1958. 

Note: Section 2 of the popored bill 

Section 3 of the proposed bill 

amends 40 U.S.C. 270e. 

amend8 18 UeSoCo 799. 

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