NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

Office of Communications

volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

From

the ChieF

historian

It is such an honor and a 

delight to be joining the 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

(NASA) History Program Office. I have had 

a passion (some might say an obsession) with 

NASA and with history for as long as I can 

remember. In fact, the first thing I can remember is sitting in front of our black-and-white 

TV set and worrying about whether the heat 

shield would stay in place on John Glenn’s 

Mercury capsule during reentry. From that 

day, I was hooked on all things aerospace. 

Much as I tried to convince myself to become 

an engineer, it became apparent early on that 

my inclinations and gifts lay elsewhere. I am 

very much looking forward to putting those 

skills and my breadth of experience to work 

with you and everyone else who shares an 

interest in the history of aerospace.

I am particularly pleased to be inheriting 

the post of Chief Historian from such a distinguished line of predecessors. The NASA 

history program is in great shape, and I am 

committed to maintaining its long-standing 

commitment to integrity and creativity in 

pursuing our task of collecting, preserving, 

and disseminating information about NASA 

and its role in our world. I would particularly 

like to thank Steve Garber, who has (for the 

second time) taken the helm for an extended 

period as Acting Director. Steve has done a 

remarkable job of juggling two full-time jobs, 

while simultaneously keeping a steady hand 

on the wheel as the History Program Office 

moved from the Office of International and 

Interagency Relations (formerly External 

Relations) to the Office of Communications. 

Thanks, Steve!

continued on next page

Discussionofaforthcomingbook:

When Biospheres Collide: 

a history oF nasa’s planetary

proteCtion programs

By Michael Meltzer

We humans have always wanted to understand our place in the cosmos. 

Our inquiries have been reexamined and reformulated through the centuries as our knowledge of space science progressed and our technology for 

observing celestial bodies and making measurements improved. A basic 

question that we ask, and have asked for over two millennia, is, are we 

alone in the universe?

Scientists, philosophers, and politicians have recognized that exploration 

of new frontiers is a human imperative. At times, the very health and 

vibrancy of our civilization may depend on it. But breaking new ground in 

the quest for human knowledge carries with it certain risks. As explorers, 

we have a responsibility to understand those risks and address them intelligently. Planetary protection concerns itself with the quest to investigate 

space responsibly under conditions of extreme uncertainty. This is no 

trivial matter, since the possible biospheres we may encounter, and the 

impacts that we may visit upon them, are extremely difficult to forecast. 

continued on next page

in this issue:

From the Chief Historian 1

When Biospheres Collide: A History of NASA’s Planetary 

Protection Programs 1

1961/1981: Key Moments in Human Spaceflight 4

News from Headquarters and the Centers 5

The Society of American Archivists Annual Meeting Held 

in Washington, DC 15

Historic Preservation News 16

Recent Publications 23

Online Resources 28

Other Aerospace History News 29

Upcoming Meetings 32

Obituaries 33
nasa history program office

From the Chief Historian (continued)

As we get to know one another in the months ahead, I invite you to share your 

thoughts, ideas, and suggestions about the NASA history program. You can always 

reach me at bill.barry@nasa.gov, pick up the telephone and call me at 202-358-0383, 

or drop by room 5N17 at NASA Headquarters. I am looking forward to hearing 

from you.

Until then, Godspeed.

Bill

William P. Barry

Chief Historian

When Biospheres Collide: A History of NASA’s Planetary Protection Programs (continued)

NASA’s planetary protection program is driven by our desire to know about extraterrestrial life-forms and their characteristics. But to conduct a scientifically valid 

search for such organisms, we need to make sure that we do not confuse them with 

Earth life that has managed to hitchhike aboard our spacecraft. From the time that 

humans first began sending spacecraft out from Earth, the possibility has existed of 

forever changing the extraterrestrial environments that we visit. If we irrevocably 

alter the nature of other celestial bodies by seeding them with terrestrial forms of 

life, we compromise all future scientific experimentation on these bodies and may 

also damage any extant organisms happening to reside there. Furthermore, by 

inadvertently carrying exotic organisms back to Earth on our spaceships, we risk the 

release of biohazardous materials into our own ecology.

WhenBiospheresCollide examines the growth of the planetary protection field, 

beginning with concerns expressed before the 1957 launch of Sputnik by such 

scientists as Nobel Laureate Josh Lederberg. The book analyzes the growth and 

diversification of the field in dealing with planetary protection issues on missions to 

the Moon, Mars, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, and the many smaller bodies of our solar 

system. The book relates the extensive efforts put forth by NASA to plan operations 

and prepare space vehicles that return exemplary science without contaminating the 

biospheres of other worlds or our own. 

Special attention is given to the Apollo missions of the 1960s that brought lunar 

samples back to Earth. The mission required the design and construction of a 

large receiving laboratory that protected samples against contamination by Terran 

microbes, which would have damaged the scientific value of the effort, as well as 

protecting Earth from being infected with potentially hazardous Moon germs. 

This receiving laboratory also quarantined the Apollo crew and their spacecraft. 

Only when a large team of scientists and medical professionals were convinced that 

neither the astronauts, the spacecraft, nor the rocks and dust brought back from the 

Moon posed any threat did the doors of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory open.

Also analyzed in great detail were the design and sterilization of what were perhaps 

the cleanest spacecraft ever built—NASA’s Viking 1 and 2 Mars landers of the 

1970s. From the selection of parts suppliers to the final baking out of the entire 

2
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

President Richard Nixon smiles at the Apollo astronauts in quarantine after returning from the Moon.

spacecraft, the book traces the methods for drastically reducing microbe counts. 

WhenBiospheresCollide returns to the subject of Mars exploration later in the book, 

recounting how missions of the 1990s and 2000s handled their planetary protection 

challenges. These missions were launched as a mélange of different extremophile 

organisms were being discovered in the most hostile places of Earth, such as in 

volcanic vents and deep under Antarctic ice. These discoveries demonstrated that 

life could find ways of surviving even the most hostile conditions on our planet and 

maybe even the environments of other planets as well.

Certain satellites in our solar system, such as Jupiter’s Europa and Saturn’s Enceladus, 

are suspected of harboring liquid water oceans under their icy shells. Microorganisms 

could conceivably live within such oceans, drawing nutrients from surrounding organic 

materials. WhenBiospheresCollide examines how such satellites must be explored to satisfy the requirements of planetary protection, and it also takes a look at new information 

on our own Moon that indicates the likely presence of frozen water in its polar regions. 

While potential extraterrestrial life is generally associated with planetary or satellite 

environments, the possibility also exists that it may be found within small bodies such 

as asteroids or comets. The precursors to life may even exist within interplanetary 

continued on next page 

3
nasa history program office

4

• 

When Biospheres Collide: A History of NASA’s Planetary Protection Programs (continued)

dust particles. The book discusses the precautions that must be taken in exploring 

such bodies.

Planetary protection is a field concerned with keeping actual or possible “zones 

of life” pure and unspoiled. To accomplish this, we must protect extraterrestrial 

environments that may harbor undiscovered life-forms, at least until we have thoroughly examined those environments and analyzed any life that exists within them. 

In trying to envision possible forms of life, or environments that could eventually 

lead to life, we are limited by a lack of perspective. So far, humans have only been able 

to study Earth life. Although Terran organisms can exist in wildly different environments, all of Earth life appears to be related, making use of the same biochemistry. In 

contrast, we have no data whatsoever on alternative chemistries that may also prove 

feasible for supporting life not as we know it, but of an entirely exotic form. J. B. S. 

Haldane, the British geneticist, biologist, and popularizer of science, expressed the 

difficulty of envisioning another biosphere’s nature when he said, “Now my own 

suspicion is that the Universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than 

we can suppose.” And yet we still have to act as best we can. John Rummel, NASA’s 

former planetary protection officer, stated the problem of responsible interplanetary 

exploration like this: “Ignorance is not bliss. We don’t know what we’re doing, so let’s 

not do things that we can’t account for.”

1961/1981: Key moments

in human spaCeFlight

The NASA History Program Office and the National Air and Space Museum’s 

Division of Space History will hold joint symposium, “1961/1981: Key Moments in 

Human Spaceflight,” at NASA Headquarters in Washington, DC, on 26–27 April 

2011. This symposium reflects on 50 years of human spaceflight using these two key 

dates in time as an entrée for broader investigation and insight. The symposium 

coincides with four significant anniversaries in the history of human spaceflight: 

Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin’s inaugural human orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961, 

the United States’ first human spaceflight with American astronaut Alan Shepard 

on 5 May 1961, the announcement on 25 May 1961 of the U.S. decision to go to the 

Moon by the end of the decade, and the Space Shuttle’s first flight into orbit on 

12 April 1981. All four events resulted from a unique set of ideas, circumstances, 

and geopolitics that established a trajectory for future human operations in space. 

Although there will be a few invited speakers, most presentations will result from 

responses to the call for papers.

Key questions of special interest to the symposium’s organizers include the following: 

What were the political, economic, social, and cultural factors that help explain 
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

What geopolitical factors have affected the manner in which various nations 

have approached the issue of human spaceflight? What does it mean for nations 

to be part of an elite “club” of human spacefarers? What goals in human spaceflight existed at various moments in the history of the Space Age? Have these 

changed over time and why?

How might transnational historical themes, rather than nationalist perspectives, be deployed to understand these moments in time? What cultural influences (such as fiction, advertising, literature, art, music, labor movements, and 

globalism) help to explain these experiences?

What technological developments drove the seizing of the two moments in 1961 

and 1981 to take human spaceflight in directions not achievable before?

How have national approaches been different from each other in terms of their 

treatment of launch vehicles, human factors in space, selection and training of 

astronauts, cultural treatment of astronauts, and the like? What are the social, 

cultural, and political ramifications of these 1961/1981 moments in the 50 years 

of human spaceflight?

What is the legacy of human spaceflight? What new insights might we explore 

about the different approaches that the United States, the USSR/Russia, and 

China have taken to human spaceflight? What have we learned about national 

space agencies versus transnational consortia such as the European Space 

Agency versus private-sector investment in human spaceflight capabilities?

Please watch for updates in our next issue or visit http://history.nasa.gov for additional information about the symposium.

Headquarters

Jane Odom continues to evaluate and acquire new material for the Historical 

Reference Collection (HRC). In addition, she appraises items for historical value, 

directs the subsequent processing of collections, and answers reference requests. 

Over the last several months, Jane worked with the information technology (IT) 

staff to publish speeches of key officials in NASA’s history to the Internet. Please 

see the Online Resources section in this newsletter for additional details. She and 

Colin Fries attended the Annual History Program Review at Kennedy Space Center 

(KSC) and were pleased to view a Shuttle launch. During the annual meeting, Jane 

gave a presentation on management of the HRC, and Colin, along with Elaine 

Liston and Julie Cooper, the KSC and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) archivists 

respectively, spoke on digitization efforts at their facilities. And finally, Jane dealt 

with a Mandatory Declassification Review of a document needed for litigation.

Collectively, Colin Fries, John Hargenrader, and Liz Suckow share reference duties, 

answering inquiries received by e-mail, assisting researchers who visit in person, 

continued on next page

5
nasa history program office

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

and helping Jane with Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. They recently 

began processing a collection of press materials on Space Shuttle missions acquired 

from the Office of Communications. Colin, John, and Liz also continue their preservation activities in our hard-copy collection by photocopying deteriorating news 

clippings, replacing worn folders, and updating abstracts of folder contents. Their 

preservation work is currently focusing on files in the following areas: Earth and 

space sciences, satellites and space probes, and journalist Robert Sherrod’s Apollo 

Program collection.

Colin recently began processing two distinct collections of the SETI material received 

from former Chief Historian Steven Dick. Also, he continues to assist in maintaining 

and updating the History Web pages. John is processing a small collection of Goddard 

Space Flight Center (GSFC) scientist James Acker’s source files for his forthcoming 

book on ocean color. He continues to verify photo dates in the Great Images in NASA 

(GRIN) database to make sure they conform as closely as possible to the dates the 

photos were taken after some errors were discovered in GRIN.

Liz continues the appraisal of a 66-box collection borrowed from the Federal 

Records Center. This collection contains Office of Manned Space Flight correspondence and papers of Surveyor program manager Benjamin Milwitzky. She recently 

completed the processing of a collection of source material for the book TheSpace

ShuttleDecisionby Tom Heppenheimer. Liz continues to update the Headquarters 

oral history inventory available at http://history.nasa.gov/oralhistory/ohcatalog.htm

and enter descriptive information about our oral histories into the internal database.

Nadine Andreassen (right) and Tayler Lofquist (left) exhibiting NASA History books and e-books at 

NASA Headquarters’s first IT Summit in July 2010.

6
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

Emil de Cou poses next to a duplicate of the gold-plated copper phonographic record, carried on the Voyager spacecraft in case of an extraterrestrial encounter, displayed in the NASA History Program Office.

Colin Fries, Nadine Andreassen, John Hargenrader, Liz Suckow, and 

Emil de Cou (from left to right) in the NASA History Program Office.

Emil de Cou, musical consultant and former conductor at the National Symphony 

Orchestra, recently visited the NASA Headquarters Archives. Mr. de Cou conducted 

the “Salute to Apollo, the Kennedy Legacy” at the Kennedy Center on the 40th anniversary of the Moon landing in 2009. He also worked with NASA on a unique program 

at Wolf Trap titled “Fantastic Planet: A Symphonic Video Spectacular” in 2007.

Ames Research Center (ARC)

Glenn Bugos completed a revision of his overview history of the Center, Atmosphere

ofFreedom:70YearsattheNASAAmesResearchCenter (NASA SP-2010-4314). The 

text was reorganized and updated on the history of the Center over the past decade. 

It will be available soon in print and e-book editions. 

continued on next page

7
nasa history program office

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

Megan Prelinger discussed commercial space 

from 1957 to 1962 to a packed audience on 15 

July, reading from her book AnotherScience

Fiction: Advertising the Space Race (Blast 

Books, 2010). 

The people of the Ames SimLab celebrated 

the 30th anniversary of the Vertical Motion 

Simulator (VMS). The VMS is America’s 

most capable flight research simulator, 

with five interchangeable cabs able to simulate the cockpits of helicopters, vertical or 

short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) vehicles, large transport aircraft, and spacecraft—either existing and under design. All 

astronauts who landed the Space Shuttle 

trained on the VMS. Tom Alderete of the 

Aviation Systems Division organized the 

celebration. In historical discussions at 

the Ames conference center on 21 August, 

Center Director Pete Worden welcomed the 

group; Hans Mark recalled the adventures 

of funding the simulator; John Dusterberry 

recounted the relationship of the VMS to 

Ames’s other research simulators; and key 

researchers told how the VMS enabled their 

aerospace engineering. The VMS’s future as 

a “national treasure” was outlined by Richard Spivey of the Army Aeroflightdynamics 

Directorate and NASA astronaut Marsha Ivins. Tours and demonstrations on 22 

August helped satisfy the public’s interest in the VMS and served as a reunion spot for 

the many scientists and engineers who worked on the VMS.

The 7- by 10-foot wind tunnel no. 2 (building N216), one of the “workhorse” tunnels 

opened at Ames in 1941, has been slated for demolition in the coming year. We are 

collecting artifacts, and it will be documented with a Historic American Engineering 

Record. Tunnel no. 1 remains in active use supporting rotorcraft research for the 

U.S. Army. Renovation of Hangar One began with artifacts being identified and 

removed for safekeeping.

Richard Spivey and Hans Mark at the celebrations marking the 30th anniversary of the 

Ames VMS.

8
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

An esteemed panel discusses the history of the Ames VMS. From left to right are Jack Franklin, Dennis 

O’Donoghue, Eric Mueller, Bo Bobko, Chris Blanken, Nick Lappos, and Bill Decker.

Nicholas Veronico, public affairs officer for science operations of the Stratospheric 

Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) airborne telescope and author of 

many books on aviation history, has begun work on a history of SOFIA. David L. 

Peterson, former chief of the Ames Earth Science Division, began work on a history 

of Earth observation research at NASA. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) 

Four visited Ames to gather materials to produce a documentary on the mathematics of the Pioneer plaque. The Computer History Museum is producing a display on 

supercomputing, highlighting the Ames Cray-2 and Beowulf clusters. 

We welcome Sally Tateno, who is providing administrative support to Jack Boyd and 

the Ames History Office.

April Gage constructed interactive and downloadable building locator maps of the 

Ames campus for the Historic Preservation Office Web site (now online at http://

historicproperties.arc.nasa.gov/map_ bldglocator/bldglocator.html). She processed 

and cleaned several Pioneerera scientific instruments and 

reinstalled them in a permanent exhibit in the Ames 

Instrumentation Laboratory 

(N240) in time for the Ames 

Instrumentation Workshop. 

San Jose State University 

librar y scienc e students 

Ratana Ngaotheppitak and 

Stephanie Pierce completed 

their internships on archival 

preservation and digitization 

procedures by digitizing portions of the Alvin Seiff Papers 

(PP05.22) for the NASA Entry, 

Descent and Landing database. Stephanie fully processed 

a small collection, entitled 

Human Systems Integration 

Ames Center Director Pete Worden at a ceremony on the 

installation of an exhibit on SOFIA at the Hiller Aviation 

Museum in San Carlos, California, on 30 March. The exhibit 

resides in the museum’s Boeing 747-136 cockpit. 

continued on next page

9
nasa history program office

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

Division Virtual Environment Documentation and Equipment, 1986–1993 (AFS8078, 

3.70 cubic feet). 

Onizuka Air Force Station (AFS) was formally closed on 28 July 2010, 50 years 

after its founding. In July 1960, Bernard Schriever dedicated the satellite test center 

adjacent to Ames and to the Sunnyvale plant of the Lockheed Missiles and Space 

Company. Its most famous building, the windowless Blue Cube, opened in 1968; in 

1986, the complex was renamed to honor Colonel Ellison Onizuka, a NASA astronaut who perished aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. It occupies a secretive, yet 

storied, place in the history of Silicon Valley computing. As the sole communication 

interface between NASA and the Air Force Satellite Control Network, Onizuka 

AFS supported every launch of the Space Shuttle. It played a major role in the 

launches of the Hubble Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory, as well 

as the Ulysses, Galileo, and Magellan interplanetary exploration missions. The 

operational elements of the Station are relocating to Vandenberg AFB in southern 

California. Ames contributed a historical display for the closure ceremony.

At the closure ceremony for Onizuka AFS, Lieutenant General Tom Sheridan, Commander of the United 

States Air Force (USAF) Space and Missile Center, told stories of mainframe computers of yore to 

knowing chuckles from an audience filled with many of those who had served there over the past 50 years.

10
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC)

Curtis Peebles’s 11SecondsInto theUnknown: TheStoryof theHyper-X will be 

released by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) in the 

spring of 2011. His SpokenWord Vol.2 is finally in page layout, and we hope to see it 

back before the year is out. His current book, TheForgottenX-Planes, will be done 

by then and headed for peer review.

Pete Merlin’s HumanFactors book is nearing its conclusion, accelerated by the 

renewed involvement of Dwight Holland, an Air Force flight surgeon and USAF 

Test Pilot School instructor who has been working on his portion of the book when 

he finds time.

Christian Gelzer is wrestling with two new possible projects for the coming year 

involving the Shuttle, now that the TruckFairing monograph is currently undergoing 

peer review before being vetted by export control. We expect the process to allow us 

to have a publication in hand before Christmas.

In close coordination with the Shuttle office at Dryden, Christian is currently 

planning two books related to Dryden’s role in the Shuttle missions. The first is an 

oral history collection similar to Dryden’s Spoken Word series. He will conduct 

and edit the interviews for the monograph, capturing the memories of people who 

worked various jobs related to Shuttle operations at Dryden from the start. The 

second book will be more technical in nature, comprising chapters on different roles 

the Center played in making the Shuttle program possible. These would include 

the Approach and Landing Tests, the F-8 Digital Fly-By-Wire’s centrality to the 

Shuttle’s own fly-by-wire control system, the Air Force’s participation in landings at 

Edwards AFB, operations to return the orbiter to Florida, the Convair 990 Systems 

Research Aircraft’s role in extending the crosswind landing capability of the orbiter, 

and more. Chapters will be penned by individuals directly involved in particular 

projects, with Christian writing some chapters himself and editing the overall 

manuscript. The objective is to have both publications released in the same year as 

the Shuttle’s retirement.

And Betty Love, who successfully worked her way through the byzantine processes 

to enable her to use her home computer to access the history database at Dryden, is 

tackling an enormous backlog of reports from the Center that need culling, cataloging, and entering. To our perpetual joy, she keeps coming out to see us so she can 

pick up new material to sort and drop off boxes of sorted and cataloged documents. 

Betty does, in fact, make a lot more people smile than just the people in than the 

History Office when she shows up.

Glenn Research Center (GRC)

RevolutionaryAtmosphere:TheStoryof theAltitudeWindTunneland theSpace

PowerChambers (NASA SP-2010-4319), by Glenn archivist Bob Arrighi, is now 

available! This scholarly look at the Altitude Wind Tunnel covers the transformations the wind tunnel made in its long history from a wind tunnel doing full-scale 

testing for wartime applications to a vacuum chamber supporting the Vision for 

Space Exploration, and even a brief period as home to Mercury astronaut training. The book contains a large quantity of rare photographs and drawings as 

well. RevolutionaryAtmosphere is available from the Government Printing Office 

continued on next page

11
nasa history program office

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

bookstore. An accompanying documentary DVD, ATunnelThroughTime, is also 

being finalized and will be available soon. In celebration of the release of the book 

and DVD, a book-signing event was held on 15 September 2010.

Johnson Space Center (JSC)

The Johnson History Office began a digitization project this past summer to capture 

the historical information from materials housed at the JSC History Collection at 

the University of Houston, Clear Lake (UHCL). The scanning effort represents historical documents on loan from the National Archives and Records Administration 

(NARA) from the following collections: Apollo, Skylab, Apollo/Soyuz Test Project, 

and MSC/JSC (Manned Spacecraft Center) General Series.

The NARA materials have been kept in Houston, Texas, due to a Memorandum of 

Understanding signed on 8 February 2001 by the three entities (JSC, NARA, and 

UHCL) that would provide space for archival materials and documents gathered 

over the years by the JSC History Office. Earlier this year, NARA decided that 

the documents should be moved to its regional facility in Fort Worth, Texas, by 

February 2012. These collections comprise approximately 25–30 percent of the JSC 

History Collection at the UHCL Archives. 

JSC agreed to digitize these materials as reference copies prior to sending the documents to NARA. The materials reflect more than 800 Hollinger boxes of printed 

materials. This past summer, the JSC History Office facilitated the project with 

three student interns who tirelessly completed the tedious preparation involved for 

each box. The students ensured each page was carefully prepared then returned 

to its original file and box. They accurately entered data in the tracking software 

and provided necessary information for the data conversion area. Adrienne Cain 

and Lia Banks from the University of North Texas and Jefferson Bailey from the 

University of Pittsburgh worked on the project as archivist students. 

The NARA materials have been and continue to be used extensively by the JSC 

History Office in providing answers to reference inquiries for internal and external 

customers. These materials also serve as a source for valuable research materials used for outreach and educational events, publications, and presentations. 

Numerous external researchers also rely on these materials.

Currently, the documents are being digitized, and the scans will be filed at the JSC 

History Office, the JSC Scientific and Information Center, and the UHCL Archives.

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

History is in full swing at Marshall in 2010. It is the Center’s 50th anniversary. 

On 8 September 1960, President Dwight D. Eisenhower came to Huntsville, 

Alabama, to dedicate the new NASA Field Center. Eisenhower named the Center 

after his World War II colleague, General George C. Marshall. On 8 September 

2010, the Center commemorated its half century of work in space exploration and 

science with two special programs.

“History is in demand,” says Mike Wright, the Center’s historian.

At 9 a.m. on 8 September, Marshall and local community leaders unveiled an 

Alabama historic marker honoring the formation of the NASA Center. The marker 

12
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

was erected outside the Redstone Arsenal Visitor’s Center at Gate 9, the main 

entrance to Redstone and Marshall. Center Director Robert Lightfoot and elected 

officials representing the state of Alabama, Huntsville, and Madison county were 

scheduled to speak.

The marker is part of the Alabama Department of Tourism’s “Year of Small Towns 

and Downtowns” program, which will place approximately 215 markers across the 

state this year to celebrate the communities, institutions, and events that helped 

shape the state’s culture and heritage.

A commemorative event for Marshall team members, themed “The Work of 

Generations,” took place from 12:30 to 3:30 p.m. Civil service employees, retirees, 

and badged contractors assembled in a large field, forming a giant human “50” for 

an aerial photo shoot. Then, in Marshall’s Activities Building, they enjoyed refreshments, listened to speakers, and browsed exhibits celebrating Marshall’s past, present, and future missions in space.

Wright, along with history staffers Roena Love and Molly Porter, worked on plans 

for those exhibits. During the marker ceremony and the employee event, they 

displayed documents, photos, and ephemera associated with the early history 

of Marshall. 

“We were very fortunate, for example, to discover a hardcover copy of a photo 

album that included approximately 25 photographs taken on the day the Center was 

dedicated,” Wright said. The photographs showed the crowd that gathered to hear 

Eisenhower speak, as well as his discussions with dignitaries such as Wernher von 

Braun, then-Governor John Patterson, and Mrs. George C. Marshall. “Some of the 

photos were ones that I had not seen before, and we are excited to display them and 

add them to our collection,” Wright said.

For more information about Marshall’s history, please visit http://www.nasa.gov/

centers/marshall/history/index.html.

Stennis Space Center (SSC)

Stennis cut the ribbon 24 August on a new, storm-resistant Records Retention 

Facility that consolidates and protects records storage at the nation’s premier rocket 

engine test facility. This facility will also house History Office operations.

“The opening of this dedicated records storage facility emphasizes the importance 

of record retention and data management,” said Dinna Cottrell, Chief Information 

Officer at Stennis. “This facility ensures the required federal records are preserved, 

managed, and accessible to all interested personnel.”

The new storage facility will house and protect the history and the historical documents related to Stennis and its rocket engine test work. It was designed to meet all 

specifications and storage criteria set forth by NARA. With completion of the new 

building in May, Stennis became the first NASA Center to open a NARA-compliant 

storage facility. 

Stennis leaders used Hurricane Katrina mitigation funds to renovate an existing building to meet the new codes. The 2005 storm damaged several Stennis 

facilities that previously housed records, highlighting the need for a more protective 

storage environment.

continued on next page

13
nasa history program office

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

NASA officials at Stennis cut the ribbon on 24 August on a new Records Retention Facility that 

consolidates and protects records storage at the nation’s premier rocket engine test facility. Participants 

in the ribbon-cutting event included (from left to right) Gay Irby, Center Operations Deputy Director 

at Stennis; Linda Cureton, NASA Chief Information Officer; Patrick Scheuermann, Stennis Director; 

Jane Odom, NASA Chief Archivist; Dinna Cottrell, Stennis Chief Information Officer; and James 

Cluff, Stennis Records Manager.

The Records Retention Facility now serves as a central location for all NASA 

records at Stennis. It allows for maximum efficiency by combining records and 

records management personnel in the same location. The facility can accommodate 

20,000 cubic feet of records storage and offers storm-resistant protection. It provides 

for storage and life-cycle management of inactive records of all media types; digitizing and scanning of various records and documents; nontextual/digital/electronic 

records media storage, migration, and transfer; and remediation of old records.

Stennis has been involved in the American space program since the early 1960s, 

when NASA selected the south Mississippi location as its primary rocket engine test 

site. Stennis tested all of the engines and rocket stages used in the manned Apollo 

program that traveled to the Moon. It also tested all of the engines used on more 

than 130 Space Shuttle missions.

14
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

By Jane H. Odom and April D. Gage

Over 2,000 archivists from around the country converged in Washington, DC, during the second week of August to attend the joint meeting of the Society of American 

Archivists (SAA), the Council of State Archivists (CoSA), and the National 

Association of Government Archives and Records Administrators (NAGARA). 

The meeting featured something for everyone. There were over 60 education sessions, special interest group meetings, 4 plenary sessions, dozens of vendors in 

a sold-out exhibit hall, and 2 evening receptions. Archivists and librarians from 

Headquarters, Ames Research Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Johnson 

Space Center (University of Houston, Clear Lake) represented NASA.

On Tuesday afternoon, SAA sponsored tours of nearly a dozen local repositories to 

attendees. Headquarters hosted a small but enthusiastic group of nearly 10 visitors 

to the History Program Office and archives.

On Wednesday afternoon, Jane 

Odom, Headquarters Archivist, 

and April Gage, Ames Archivist, 

gave a well-received program on 

NASA reference services at the 

Science, Technology, and Health 

Care Roundtable meeting. Jane 

began by talking about the 

Agency-wide History program, 

and then she and April described 

their respective archive collections. They discussed their policies and procedures, user groups, 

frequency and types of requests, 

and digitization efforts. They 

concluded with examples of interesting, colorful, and challenging 

types of reference requests. April Gage (standing) and Jane Odom (sitting) at the 2010 

Society of American Archivists meeting.

During the conference, Jane attended sessions on archival training, digital guidelines for federal agencies, and electronic records. In one session that drew a very 

large crowd, Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) producers from HistoryDetectives

focused on one episode and described how they worked with historians, librarians, 

and archivists to bring it to fruition. In another especially interesting session, 

the panelists discussed their efforts at making digital archives a pleasure to use. 

Participating were representatives from the WGBH Educational Foundation Library 

and Archives in Boston, Massachusetts; the National Archives Social Media Team; 

and the Smithsonian’s Archives of American Art, each describing their efforts to 

make portions of their collections available online with ease of access.

continued on next page

15
nasa history program office

The Society of American Archivists Annual Meeting Held in Washington, DC (continued)

April attended sessions focusing on the state of archives and records management in 

the digital age, digitization and metadata strategies, intellectual property legislation 

and litigation, professional ethics, issues related to Freedom of Information Act 

demand and response, Web 2.0 and archives, preserving public television footage, 

and emerging standards for bibliographic control of archival collections. She found 

accounts of the challenges involved in ingesting, storing, describing, and providing 

access to staggering amounts of electronic records of particular interest. Reports 

from representatives of NARA were particularly awe-inspiring. NARA archivists 

discussed the implementation of the new Electronic Records Archives (ERA) developed by Lockheed Martin for preserving presidential records within the context of 

NARA’s recent receipt of the largest cache of records in its history. The 329 tons 

of material the George W. Bush administration transferred to NARA included a 

whopping 70 terabytes of unclassified files, as well as another cache of classified 

digital assets. For perspective, that first unclassified chunk, which was successfully 

ingested into the ERA system, included 200 million e-mails (the quantity of e-mails 

from the Clinton presidency, by comparison, was 20 million). Archivists outlined 

the mechanics of extracting the files out of the various systems and getting them 

into ERA, involving processing in very large sets with batch-level metadata assigned 

during ingest. They discussed their emerging strategies for searching the body of 

records and the challenges in providing access to them, including requirements for 

review and approval on the item level before release.

Between sessions, Jane and April visited with vendors in the exhibit hall and networked with colleagues from around the country. One of the plenary sessions 

featured the Archivist of the United States, David Ferriero, who spoke on the 

highlights and challenges of his first 300 days in office and then took questions from 

the audience. Networking and the chance to meet new friends continued into the 

evening with the two receptions offered to attendees—one at the National Archives 

on Wednesday and the other at the National Museum of American History on 

Friday. All in all, it was a great annual meeting, with the August heat wave lasting 

only part of the week, as compared with the 2006 SAA meeting in Washington, DC, 

when temperatures hovered near 100 degrees every day!

A Critical Look at Langley’s History: 

The Arrival of the Pressure Tank of the 

Variable Density Tunnel at Langley

By Joseph R. Chambers

Langley Research Center is currently undergoing a large number of facility changes 

as wind tunnels, laboratories, and other buildings are being closed and demolished 

and the New Town concept is being implemented. In the interest of preserving 

the legacy of Langley, a concerted effort is under way under the leadership of the 

Center Operations Directorate (COD) to acquire important historic information 

on demolished and targeted facilities, including documentation of the history and 

research activities conducted within each building during its lifetime. This process 

16
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

includes on-site inspection of files and material left behind within abandoned facilities, electronic scanning of appropriate photographs and documents, digitizing of 

motion picture film, and conducting of video interviews of individuals who worked 

within the facilities of interest. The ultimate objective of the effort is to post all the 

information on a Web site that is easily accessible by the public, aerospace enthusiasts, historians, and NASA’s stakeholders.

The acquisition of relevant historical material has, at times, been very challenging 

because original photographic negatives have strayed from Langley’s archival collection. For example, virtually all of the negatives covering piston-engine research 

by Langley in the 1920s and 1930s were sent to the National Advisory Committee for 

Aeronautics (NACA) Lewis Laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio, during the early 1940s. 

In many cases, the private collections of retirees and obsolete organizations have 

proven to be invaluable. The task has been made even more complicated because of 

incomplete, poorly documented, or inaccurate descriptions of historic photographs. 

Unfortunately, recent data-gathering exercises have revealed erroneous photo captions and conclusions that have become ingrained in Langley lore for many years.

This situation has occurred relative to one of the most important Langley wind 

tunnel facilities, known initially as Wind Tunnel No. 2 and subsequently as the 

internationally famous Variable Density Tunnel (VDT). A photograph of the tunnel 

during research operations in 1929 is shown in figure 1. The development and technical impact of this remarkable pressurized wind tunnel facility have been thoroughly 

documented, and it is widely recognized as the facility that leapfrogged the state of 

the art in wind tunnel technology and “put the NACA and Langley on the map” 

within the international aeronautical community. The unique design concept of 

the VDT consisted of a wooden 5-foot-diameter wind tunnel contained within a 

34.5-foot-long, 15-foot-diameter steel pressure tank capable of being filled with air at 

pressures of up to 20 atmospheres. Today, the outer VDT pressure tank is on display 

as a National Historic Landmark adjacent to the Langley Reid Conference Center.

The fact that the 85-ton pressure shell was fabricated at the Newport News 

Shipbuilding and Drydock Company during 1921 and 1922 is well known; however, 

the description of how the shell was transported to Langley for installation in what 

is currently NASA Building 582 (then NACA Building 60A) in the NASA East 

Area has been erroneously reported by NASA for over 30 years. The following 

Figure 1. The VDT during a research study in 1929.

continued on next page

17
nasa history program office

Historic Preservation News (continued)

information clarifies the actual events and identifies the misleading information that 

has resulted in wrong conclusions.

Fabrication at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company

While the NACA began in-house design and construction efforts on the wooden 

tunnel insert for the VDT as well as its building site in 1921, the challenging task 

of fabricating the heavy steel pressure tank was contracted to the Newport News 

Shipbuilding and Drydock Company (now Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding). 

Early in 1922, the fabrication of the tank had been completed, and it was photographed atop a railroad car at the shipyard as shown in figure 2. This photograph, 

taken by the shipyard, has been the source of incorrect information on the journey 

of the tank to its ultimate destination at Langley.

Figure 2. Photograph of the pressure tank of the VDT at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock 

Company on 3 February 1922. (Photo courtesy of Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, Newport News)

The NASA electronic version of this photograph (EL-2000-00529) contains the 

following description: “The Variable Density Tunnel arrives by rail in 1922 from 

the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. Photograph published in 

WindsofChange, 75th Anniversary NASA publication (page 72). Also published in 

EngineerinCharge:AHistoryoftheLangleyAeronauticalLaboratory,1917–1958, 

by James R. Hansen (page 77). The tank for the Variable-Density Tunnel arrived 

at Langley by railway from its Manufacturer, the Newport News Shipbuilding and 

Drydock Company, Newport News, Va., on February 3, 1922.” (Author’s note: The 

photograph also appears on page 36 in Crafting Flight by James Schultz as well as 

numerous NASA multimedia Internet sites.)

18
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

Several major errors appear in this description. As previously mentioned, the photograph was taken at the shipyard and not upon arrival at Langley. In the early 

1920s, the NACA at Langley Field had no large buildings of the size shown in the 

background. As the shipyard marking on the photograph indicates, it was taken on 

3 February 1922—but the tank was not shipped to Langley on that day as stated in 

the caption. In fact, the tank was not delivered until June 1922. More importantly, it 

was not shipped by railway at all, but via water transportation by a barge from the 

shipyard, down the James River, around Fort Monroe, and to Langley.

Michael Dillard, the current photo library editor of Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, 

recognized the shipyard building in the background and has provided valuable support for this study with several photographs from the files of the shipyard. Figure 3 

Figure 3. View of the massive 120-year-old machine shop buildings at Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding 

in Newport News. (Photo courtesy of Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, Newport News)

shows the current machine shop buildings at the yard that have been in existence since 

1890. The viewpoint for the picture is looking southward toward the James River. The 

building in the background of figure 2 is one of these shops, which included the boiler 

shop where the tank was fabricated (brick building on the right).

Another view of the shop buildings in 1920 is shown in figure 4 (taken by a U.S. 

Army Signal Corps photographer based at Langley Field). The shops are located 

at the middle right of the photograph, adjacent to Drydock No. 1 and the yard’s 

outfitting piers (shipping docks) on the James River. Railways extended through the 

machine shop buildings and from the buildings to the piers for ship loading.

Delivering the Tank to Langley

During a recent collection of historic documents from the uninhabited VDT building, an unexpected treasure was found in the form of the grainy photograph shown 

as figure 5. On the photo cover was the note “Tank on Barge June 1922.” The tank is 

continued on next page

19
nasa history program office

Historic Preservation News (continued)

Figure 4. Aerial view of the shipyard taken in March 1920. The machine 

shops are located at the middle right of the photograph. (Photo courtesy of 

Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, Newport News)

Figure 5. Arrival of the pressure tank of the VDT at Langley via barge in June 1922.

Figure 6. The tank barge docks at Langley.

20
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

clearly identifiable on a shipping barge in the Back River adjacent to Langley Field 

with a view toward the southeast. In the background is the shoreline of Hampton, 

Virginia, and the bank of Langley Field is in the foreground. The tank rests on large 

shipping timbers atop the barge. This photograph is one of the earliest photographs 

taken at Langley (L-132).

Another photograph of the tank on the barge in June 1922 was found in current 

Langley electronic files (EL-1999-00256) as shown in figure 6. In this picture, the 

barge has parked at a dock, and the tank is in the process of being unloaded. The 

landing site is believed to be near the original Langley Field Officer’s Club (later a 

boathouse and yacht club). Note that the caption of the electronic file is in error, 

giving the date as 22 June 1921—before the tank was completed at the shipyard. A 

review of the official NACA photographic logbook indicated that the picture was 

taken in June 1922 (no day given).

Later that day, the tank was unloaded and inspected before being moved to Building 

582. Figure 7 shows the NACA photograph of that inspection (EL-1997-00136). The 

man on the left is Harold J. Turner, longtime Safety Engineer of Langley, and the 

man on the right is Art Gardner. Note the location of the tank relative to the old 

Langley water tower and various buildings. In addition, huge timbers similar to 

those seen on the barge are being used to support the tank. Once again, the date 

given in the caption is wrong.

Figure 7. Inspection of the VDT tank after arrival.

A later aerial view of Langley Field shown in figure 8 was taken in April 1928 after 

the VDT was installed and operational in Building 582, but it is helpful to establish 

the location of several key NACA facilities and the probable site of the previous 

continued on next page

21
nasa history program office

Historic Preservation News (continued)

photograph near the water tower. Shown are 1) the NACA Administration Building, 

2) the NACA Service Building, 3) Wind Tunnel No. 1, 4) VDT Building 582, 5) the 

NACA aircraft engine research buildings, 6) the Propeller Research Tunnel, and 7) the 

Langley Officers Club. The “X” denotes the probable site of the previous photograph. 

How the tank was transported from its arrival site to Building 582 is not known.

Figure 8. Aerial view of Langley Field in 1928 showing location of major NACA facilities and the 

probable location of the tank in figure 7.

Figure 9. Dr. Max Munk, the famed inventor of the VDT concept, inspects the tank 

after it was mounted on concrete pads in Building 582. Dr. Munk has turned toward 

the front of the building facing the Back River. The photograph was probably taken 

in the summer of 1922, but the specific date indicated (6/1/1922) is questionable.

22
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

Note the clearly visible railroad track between the Services Building (2) and the VDT 

Building (4). Trains crossed a bridge over the Back River several times daily bringing 

supplies from Hampton to Langley Field; however, the train was not used for the 

delivery of the VDT tank from the shipyard. The front of the VDT building facing 

the water had a large opening during its construction in 1922 to permit installation 

of the tank.

Finally, the foregoing explanation of the delivery of the VDT tank to Langley was 

independently verified in a videotaped interview with P. Kenneth Pierpont, a noted 

NACA and NASA aerodynamicist who entered duty at Langley in early 1942. Mr. 

Pierpont was interviewed by Mary Gainer of the Center Operations Directorate 

(COD) and the author at Langley on 13 April 2010 (video will soon be available 

online at http://crgis.ndc.nasa.gov/historic/Variable_Density_Tunnel). Mr. Pierpont 

was a friend of Eastman N. Jacobs, the brilliant NACA researcher who led the work 

in the VDT and appears at the far left in the photograph shown in figure 1 during a 

testing session. Mr. Jacobs described the delivery of the VDT tank by barge during 

discussions of the history of the facility with Mr. Pierpont.

Concluding Remarks

This brief review of the delivery of the pressure tank of the Langley VDT has been 

prepared to correct misleading information presented in current NASA documents, 

Web sites, and other works on the history of the facility. The misconceptions arose 

because of poorly documented photographs and the lack of documented personal 

accounts of the activity. In addition to providing new information on the VDT, 

this case study hopefully emphasizes the necessity and importance of historical 

archiving and documentation during the current era of change at Langley.

NASA Publications 

RevolutionaryAtmosphere:TheStoryof theAltitudeWindTunneland theSpace

PowerChambers (NASA SP-2010-4319), by Robert S. Arrighi. This book tells the 

story of a massive but little-known facility in Cleveland, Ohio, that played a vital 

role in the U.S. development of jets, in the training of NASA’s first astronauts, and 

in NASA’s first missions beyond Earth’s orbit. This volume can be purchased for $25 

from the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) at http://ntrs.nasa.gov/

search.jsp, purchased for $44 from the Government Printing Office, or purchased 

from private vendors.

NASA’sFirst 50Years:HistoricalPerspectives(NASA SP-2010-4704), edited by 

Steven J. Dick. In this volume, a wide array of scholars examine NASA’s first 50 

years, probing an institution widely seen as the premier agency for exploration in 

the world, carrying on a long tradition of exploration by the United States and 

the human species in general. Fifty years after its founding, NASA finds itself at a 

crossroads that historical perspectives can only help to illuminate. This volume can 

be purchased for $35 from CASI at http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp, purchased for $79 

from the Government Printing Office, or purchased from private vendors.

continued on next page

23
nasa history program office

Recent Publications (continued)

NASA E-Books

These books have been converted for download and use on digital reading devices 

such as the Kindle, SONY Reader, and others. Please visit http://history.nasa.gov/

series95.html#ebooks to download the file to your computer and then transfer 

onto your reading device.

Cosmos&Culture:CulturalEvolutioninaCosmicContext (NASA SP-2009-4802, 2009), 

edited by Steven J. Dick and Mark L. Lupisella, is now available in an e-book format 

for use on digital reading devices (as .mobi, .prc, .pdf, and .epub files for download).

X-15ResearchResultsWithaSelectedBibliography (NASA SP-60, 1965) is now 

available in an e-book format for use on digital reading devices. This book has been 

reformatted and made available thanks to Nathaniel Hoffelder.

UnmannedSpaceProjectManagement:SurveyorandLunarOrbiter (NASA SP-4901, 

1972), by Erasmus H. Kloman, is now available in an e-book format for use on 

digital reading devices. This book has been reformatted and made available thanks 

to Nathaniel Hoffelder.

New NASA Aeronautics Books

By Tony Springer

NASA’s Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate has a number of new volumes 

available in both electronic and hard copies. Mark Bowles’s award-winning Apollo

ofAeronautics:NASA’sAircraftEnergyEfficiencyProgram, 1973–1987 is now 

available in both hard-copy and electronic formats. Joseph Chambers’s Modeling

Flight:TheRoleofDynamicallyScaledFree-FlightModelsinSupportofNASA’s

AerospacePrograms, on the role of dynamically scaled free-flight models in support 

of NASA’s aerospace programs, was released electronically in July and in hard copy 

in September. The much-anticipated two-volume set of NASA’sContributions to

Aeronautics, edited by Richard Hallion, was released online in late August and early 

September and will be available in hard copy in early November. These volumes 

feature a series of essays on the key contributions NASA has made to aeronautics 

over the last half century. All Aeronautics books published by NASA are made 

available in both electronic and hard-copy formats. Electronic books in multiple 

formats suitable for most computers and e-readers are available free of charge from 

NASA at http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/ebooks/index.htm.

Other History Publications

SpaceExplorationandHumanity—AHistoricalEncyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, August 

2010), general editor Stephen B. Johnson, section editors Timothy M. Chamberlin, 

Michael L. Ciancone, Katherine Scott Sturdevant, and Rick W. Sturdevant. This 

extensive two-volume work covers all aspects of spaceflight across the spacefaring 

nations of the world, including political, social, cultural, and economic issues; it also 

covers commercial, civilian, and military applications. For more information, please 

visit http://www.abc-clio.com/products/overview.aspx?productid=109018&viewid=1.

24
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

Commercially Published Works

Compiled by Chris Gamble

ExploringtheFinalFrontier:Issues,PlansandFundingforNASA, edited by Dillon 

S. Maguire (Nova Science Publishers, January 2010). With the ending of the Space 

Shuttle program, NASA is at a critical juncture. This book explores and assesses the 

Agency’s future through public documents that have been combined, reformatted, 

and enhanced.

JourneytoSpace:AMemoirofMalaysia’sFirstAngkasawan, by Sheikh Muszaphar 

Shukor (MPH Group Publishing Sdn Bhd, March 2010). This is the memoir of Dr. 

Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, the first Malaysian to go into space.

Eyesin theSky:Eisenhower, theCIA andColdWarAerialEspionage, by Dino 

A. Brugioni (Naval Institute Press, March 2010). This book is the inside story of 

President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s efforts to use spy planes (the U-2) and satellites 

(CORONA and others) to gather intelligence.

SomethingFunnyHappenedon theWay to theMoon, by Sara Howard (Strategic 

Book Publishing, April 2010). Sara Howard, one of only two women who worked 

on the Saturn V rocket, tells the story of the Apollo program from the perspective 

of the 400,000 people on the ground who built the largest and most powerful rocket 

in history.

MoonMenReturn:USSHornetand theRecoveryof theApollo11Astronauts, by 

Scott W. Carmichael (U.S. Naval Institute Press, May 2010). This book tells the 

dramatic story of the USS Hornet’s recovery of the Apollo 11 astronauts after the 

splashdown of their Command Module.

ComeUpandGetMe:AnAutobiographyofColonelJosephKittinger, by Joseph W. 

Kittinger and Craig Ryan (University of New Mexico Press, May 2010). This book 

retraces the astonishing career of Joseph Kittinger, who is most famously known for his 

balloon jump from 102,800 feet during which he achieved a speed of 614 miles per hour.

SpaceFlight:History,Technology,andOperations, by Lance K. Erickson (Government 

Institutes, August 2010). This book offers a comprehensive look at the history of 

space exploration, the technology that makes it possible, and the continued efforts 

that promise to carry us into the future.

OntheFrontier, by Richard P. Hallion and Michael H. Gorn (softcover, 2010 reprint; 

Smithsonian Books, June 2010). Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert is the 

setting for the exciting, dangerous, and sometimes deadly job of testing the world’s 

most exotic aircraft. This book focuses on the unique relationship between test 

pilots and their machines, including a completely updated and reinterpreted text 

with three new chapters, dozens of rare photographs, and the complete statistical 

record of nearly six decades of testing.

HistoryoftheSpaceShuttle,VolumeTwo, by T. A. Heppenheimer (softcover, 2010 

reprint; Smithsonian Books, July 2010). This book’s focus is on the engineering challenges—propulsion, thermal protection, electronics, and onboard systems—and 

in-depth coverage of the alternative vehicles developed by the U.S. Air Force and 

European countries. The first launch of the Space Shuttle entailed a monumental 

amount of planning and preparation that the author explains in detail.

continued on next page

25
nasa history program office

Recent Publications (continued)

IcyBodies of theSolarSystem, proceedings of the International Astronomical 

Union Symposia and Colloquia (IAU S263), edited by Julio A. Fernandez, Daniela 

Lazzaro, Dina Prialnik, and Rita Schulz (Cambridge University Press, June 2010). 

IAU S263 provides a state-of-the-art review of icy bodies in the solar system, a topic 

crucial to understanding processes involved in the solar system’s formation, the consequences for water on planets, and, ultimately, the habitable zones around other stars.

FromProps toJets:CommercialAviation’sTransition totheJetAge1952–1962, by 

Craig Kodera, Mike Machat, and Jon Proctor (Specialty Press, May 2010). Although 

the years from 1952 to 1962 saw the rise and dominance of luxurious piston-powered 

airliners, revolutionary new jet airliners soon rendered them obsolete. This book 

celebrates that exciting time with an in-depth look at all the aircraft that made 

commercial jet flight possible, comparing these radical new jetliners with the classic 

propeller-driven aircraft that preceded them.

SublimeInvention:BallooninginEurope,1783–1820, by Michael R. Lynn (Pickering 

& Chatto Ltd., May 2010). By the end of the 18th century, scientific matters had 

come to occupy a significant place in people’s lives at almost every level of society. 

Using balloons as a case study, Lynn traces the dissemination and appropriation of 

this new science up and down the social and economic scale, exploring the cultural 

importance of ballooning at the birth of large-scale, mass consumption of science. 

Rather than simply narrate a chronology of discovery, this book offers a cultural 

and social analysis of ballooning over the first quarter century after its invention. 

CarnarvonandApollo:OneGiantLeapforaSmallAustralianTown, by Paul Dench 

and Alison Gregg (Rosenberg Publishing, May 2010). This is the true story of a 

town, the people, the challenges, the missions, the tensions, and the creativity that 

took place in Carnarvon, in northwestern Australia, home of the largest NASA 

space tracking station outside the mainland United States. 

TheFair andResponsibleUse ofSpace:An InternationalPerspective, edited by 

Wolfgang Rathgeber, Kai-Uwe Schrogl, and Ray A. Williamson (Springer, March 

2010). As more and more entities become involved in space activities, strategies 

to establish the coordinated, ethically justifiable, and sustainable conduct of such 

activities have to be found. Such an endeavor requires addressing current questions 

regarding the use of space, dealing with fair rules in orbit, and discussing the way 

to achieve truly global engagement on space security issues. The book outlines the 

current situation and identifies key challenges from the policy perspective. 

FullCircle, by David Cisco (D L C Enterprises, May 2010). This is the memoir of 

an Apollo Lunar Module spacecraft technician at NASA and all the stories along 

the way.

HistoryofRocketryandAstronautics, vol. 32, edited by Christophe Rothmund, AAS 

History Series, Volume 32, IAA History Symposia, Volume 21 (AAS/Univelt, Inc., 

2010). These are the proceedings of the 35th History Symposium of the International 

Academy of Astronautics, Toulouse, France, 2001.

WernhervonBraun—TheRocketMan, by Ed Buckbee (Ed Buckbee & Associates, 

Inc., December 2009). Ed Buckbee, a former NASA public affairs official, spokesman, and colleague of the famous rocket scientist, takes you behind the scenes with 

a close-up look at the father of America’s Moon landing program with photography, 

26
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

interviews, and personal notes never before seen and experiences that only he can 

relate because he was there.

LiveTVfromtheMoon, by Dwight Steven-Boniecki (Collector’s Guide Publishing, 

Inc., July 2010). The book covers the earliest known proposals of TV coverage on 

lunar missions and the constant battle internal politics placed upon the inclusion 

of the TV system on Apollo missions. Closely related subjects such as the slow scan 

conversion and later color conversion are discussed, and overviews for each piloted 

Apollo mission and the role TV played in covering the flight are included.

OuterSpace:Weapons,Diplomacy, andSecurity, edited by Alexei Arbatov and 

Vladimir Dvorkin (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 2010). Outer

Space is a collection of essays by leading Russian experts analyzing the current 

military use of outer space and describing the space-weapons programs of various 

countries. The book also details the history of negotiations to prevent, or at least 

control, the weaponization of space.

AnEnablingFoundation forNASA’sSpace andEarthScienceMissions, by the 

Committee on the Role and Scope of Mission-Enabling Activities in NASA’s Space 

and Earth Science Missions and National Research Council (National Academies 

Press, June 2010). NASA’s space and Earth science program is composed of two 

principal components: spaceflight projects and mission-enabling activities. Defining 

and articulating appropriate scales for mission-enabling activities have posed challenges throughout NASA’s history. This volume identifies the appropriate roles for 

mission-enabling activities and metrics for assessing their effectiveness.

TheHuman Archaeology of Space:Lunar,Planetary and Interstellar Relics of

Exploration, by P. J. Capelotti (McFarland, July 2010). The book covers the distinct 

but interconnected issues of lunar, planetary, and interstellar archaeology by establishing a catalog of archaeological artifacts that have been left behind in space as a 

result of human exploration, from the remnants of lost satellites to discarded lunar 

rovers, depleted rockets, and various abandoned spacecraft.

HowNASALearned toFlyinSpace, by David M. Harland (Collector’s Guide 

Publishing, Inc.; 2nd edition, April 2010). This book tells the story of Project Gemini, 

which made the Apollo Moon landings possible.

SpaceScience&TechnologyinChina:ARoadmapto2050, edited by Huadong Guo 

and Ji Wu (Science Press–Springer, June 2010; original Chinese edition published 

by Science Press, 2009). This report addresses long-range planning for developing 

science and technology in the field of space science, crafting a roadmap of development to 2050.

TheApolloGuidanceComputer:Architecture andOperation, by Frank O’Brien 

(Springer-Praxis, July 2010). The technological marvel that facilitated the Apollo 

missions to the Moon was the on-board computer. This book describes the Apollo 

guidance computer’s architecture, the instruction format, and the programs used by 

the astronauts. 

Yearbook onSpacePolicy 2008/2009:SettingNewTrends, edited by Kai-Uwe 

Schrogl, Blandina Baranes, Christophe Venet, and Wolfgang Rathgeber (European 

Space Policy Institute–Springer, August 2010). The YearbookonSpacePolicy aims 

to be the reference publication analyzing space policy developments. Each year, it 

continued on next page

27
nasa history program office

Recent Publications (continued)

presents issues and trends in space policy and the space sector as a whole. Its scope 

is global, and its perspective is European. 

SteppingStonestotheStars:TheStoryofMannedSpaceflight, by Terry C. Treadwell 

(The History Press, September 2010). SteppingStonestotheStars is a nontechnical 

history of human spaceflight that tells the exciting and dramatic story of how we 

took our early steps toward the stars.

PackingforMars:TheCuriousScienceofLifeintheVoid, by Mary Roach (W. W. 

Norton & Company, August 2010). In this book, the author describes how by conducting space simulations on the ground, it is possible to preview what it is like to live 

in space without ever leaving Earth.

SoaringontheWingsofaDream:TheUntoldStoryofAmerica’sFirstBlackAstronaut, 

by Ed Dwight (Third World Press, September 2009). This is the story of America’s first 

black astronaut candidate, including the trials, tribulations, and experiences of that 

life’s journey that led up to and included the intense training process and its aftermath. 

AmericanX&YPlanes:Volume2:ExperimentalAircraftSince1945, by Kev Darling 

(Crowood Press, September 2010). This second volume of Kev Darling’s history of 

American prototype and experimental aircraft tells the full story of the primitive jets 

of the immediate postwar period to the F-22 and F-23 stealth fighters that represent 

the pinnacle of modern warplane design. 

NASA History

Newly scanned electronic documents are periodically added to the Headquarters 

Historical Reference Collection Web page at https://mira.hq.nasa.gov/history/.

The latest addition includes over 450 speeches of key officials in NASA’s history. Researchers will find remarks by Headquarters Associate Administrators and 

Center Directors as well as a number of program directors beginning in 1958. Key 

individuals include Wernher von Braun, Sam Phillips, and George Mueller, among 

others. In addition, press releases from 1963 to 1976 were recently added to this Web 

site as well, filling a 14-year gap in the online press release collection.

The NASA History Program 

Office—Now on Twitter! 

Get short, timely messages and 

stay updated on a wide variety 

of topics. We have almost 3,000 

followers and tweet things like 

“Today in Space History” and 

interesting historical photos. 

We also take questions from 

people on aerospace history 

topics. Join today and follow @

NASAhistory!

28
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

Other Sites of Interest

Nine recently declassified Project Research and Development (RAND) Satellite 

Vehicle follow-on reports issued in 1947, as well as three difficult-to-obtain historic 

reports, have been made available in one convenient location online at http://www.

governmentattic.org/RAND-Follow-on.html.

National Air and Space Museum (NASM)

Compiled by Michael Neufeld

Five Space History Division curators participated in the Society for the History 

of Technology Annual Meeting in Tacoma, Washington, from 30 September to 3 

October 2010. Valerie Neal presented a paper, “From ‘Going to Work’ to ‘Out of 

Work’ in Space: Perspectives on the Career of the Space Shuttle”; Cathleen Lewis 

presented “The Propeller, the Convolute and the Bladder: How Technology Changed 

Corporate Identities in the Space Industry”; Michael Neufeld gave a talk on “The 

Transfer of German Military Technology After World War II: Global Impact, 

Successes, and Failures”; Martin Collins chaired and commented in the session 

“Air Powers: National, Colonial, and Global”; and Roger Launius commented in 

“Challenges to NASA, Old and New.” In addition, former NASM Fellows John 

Krige, David Whalen, Philip Scranton, James R. Hansen, and Matthew Hersch, 

among others, participated in the meeting.

Michael Neufeld also presented “The Nazi Aerospace Exodus: Towards a Global, 

Transnational History” at the Artefacts XV conference in Ottawa, Ontario, 19–21 

September. Martin Collins played a leading role in organizing the meeting.

SmithsonianNationalAirandSpaceMuseum:AnAutobiography, edited by Michael 

Neufeld, Space History, and Alex Spencer, Aeronautics Division (National 

Geographic Books) has now been published. This richly illustrated history of 

NASM includes chapters by Aeronautics curators Tom Crouch, Bob van der Linden, 

Dominick Pisano, Dik Daso, and Center for Earth and Planetary Studies scientist 

Ted Maxwell.

Roger Launius has published “An Unintended Consequence of the IGY: Eisenhower, 

Sputnik, and the Founding of NASA,” ActaAstronautica 67 (July–August 2010): 254–

63; “Writing the History of Space’s Extreme Environment,” EnvironmentalHistory

15 (June 2010): 1–6; and “Guest Blog: Human Spaceflight on the Brink of Extinction? 

What Might We Learn from the 1967 Planetary Science Crisis,” SpaceNews (21 

July 2010), available online at http://www.spacenews.com/commentaries/100721-bloghuman-spaceflight-brink-extinction.html. He also participated with Smithsonian 

Journeys in a two-week Baltic cruise, where he gave five historical presentations on 

spaceflight, 10–24 July 2010.

On Tuesday, 27 July 2010, NASM hosted an educational program in the museum’s 

new “Moving Beyond Earth” exhibit featuring the crew of STS-132, the NASA 

mission to the International Space Station that flew in May 2010. Before the general 

continued on next page

29
nasa history program office

Other Aerospace History News (continued)

crew presentation, the museum hosted a special ceremony in which NASA astronaut 

Dr. Piers Sellers returned to the museum an artifact that he had borrowed to take 

on the flight: a replica of Dr. John Mather’s Nobel Prize medal for Physics (2006). 

After Dr. Mather spoke about his research using the COsmic Background Explorer 

(COBE) satellite to map cosmic background radiation in support and confirmation 

of the theory of the Big Bang, Dr. Sellers handed the space-flown medal first to Dr. 

Mather, who returned it to General Jack Dailey, Director of NASM. The STS-132 

crew’s film about their mission was followed by a question-and-answer session that 

featured students visiting that morning from all over the United States as well as 

Japan, the Netherlands, and Wales. 

Also in attendance, by special invitation, were students participating in the NASA 

Summer of Innovation program from the University of the District of Columbia.

NASA Astronaut Piers Sellers returns the flown Nobel Prize replica, a NASM artifact, 

to Dr. John Mather, who won the prize, as General John R. “Jack” Dailey stands ready 

to receive it back into the Smithsonian Institution’s National Collection.

American Astronautical Society (AAS) 

History Committee 

By Michael Ciancone

Newsletter and Distribution List

Explorer, the periodic newsletter of the AAS History Committee, is available on the 

AAS Web site at http://www.astronautical.org/committees/history. Number 10 was 

published in March 2010. If you would like to electronically receive each issue, as 

well as an occasional bit of information related to spaceflight history, send an e-mail 

with your request to the Chair of the History Committee, Michael Ciancone, at 

michael.l.ciancone@nasa.gov.

Emme Award for Astronautical Literature

2009 Emme Award—The Emme Committee has completed its deliberations and is 

pleased to announce the results. The following recipient of the 2009 Emme Award for 

30
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

Astronautical Literature will be officially announced during the Awards Ceremony 

at the AAS National Meeting in Port Canaveral, Florida, in November 2010:

• Jay Gallentine, Ambassadors From Earth: Pioneering Explorations with

UnmannedSpacecraft (University of Nebraska Press)

The following titles are recognized as finalists for the 2009 Emme Award:

• 

• 

• 

• 

Ben Evans, Escaping the Bonds of the Earth: The Fifties and Sixties

(Springer-Praxis)

H. Helvajian and S. Janson, SmallSatellites:Past,Present,andFuture (The 

Aerospace Press)

Francis F. Lyall and Paul B. Larsen, Space Law: A Treatise (Ashgate 

Publishing Company)

Allan J. McDonald with James R. Hansen, Truth,Lies,andO-Rings:Inside

theSpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster (University Press of Florida)

2009 Emme Junior Award—A review panel from the AAS, comprising members of 

the Education and History Committees, as well as an education specialist and a high 

school educator, has completed its review of the titles submitted for consideration. 

As you may recall, the Emme Award for Astronautical Literature (Youth), or Emme 

Junior, as it has affectionately been dubbed, is a new AAS award that will recognize 

authors who inspire and educate K–12 students through books that effectively communicate the concept and possibilities of astronautics. Entries were judged on originality (format, style, and subject), ability to inspire, educational content, accuracy of 

material, and effectiveness in reaching the intended audience. The recipients of the 

first Emme Junior Award, who will be officially recognized during the AAS National 

Conference at Cape Canaveral, Florida, in November, are as follows:

The recipient of the 2009 Emme Junior Award for Astronautical Literature (Children’s 

Category) is Eric Braun, IfIWereAnAstronaut(DreamBig!) (Picture Window Books).

The recipient of the 2009 Emme Junior Award for Astronautical Literature (Young 

Adult Category) is Brian Fies, WhateverHappenedtotheWorldofTomorrow (Abrams 

ComicArts).

The following titles are recognized as finalists for the 2009 Emme Junior Award:

• 

• 

• 

• 

Alan Dyer, MissiontotheMoon (Simon & Schuster Children’s Publishing)

Patrick O’Brien, YouAretheFirstKidonMars (Putnam Juvenile)

Jim Ottavani, Zander Cannon, and Kevin Cannon, T-Minus (Aladdin, an imprint of 

Simon & Schuster Children’s Publishing)

Alexandra Siy,CarsonMars:RovingtheRedPlanet (Charlesbridge Publishing)

Space History Encyclopedia

The long-awaited SpaceExplorationandHumanity—AHistoricalEncyclopedia was 

released by ABC-CLIO in August 2010. The AAS History Committee provided sustained editorial support under the patient guidance of general editor Stephen Johnson. 

Our hope is that you will find the wait has been worth it. Additional information can be 

found at http://www.abc-clio.com/products/overview.aspx?productid=109018&viewid=1.

continued on next page

31
nasa history program office

Other Aerospace History News (continued)

AAS History Series

Volume 33 in the AAS History Series (Houston, 2002), edited by Michael L. Ciancone, 

was released in August 2010. This volume on the history of rocketry and astronautics 

comprises the papers presented at the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) 

History Symposium during the 2002 World Space Congress in Houston, Texas. More 

information on this and other volumes in the series can be found on the Univelt Web 

site at http://www.univelt.com.

New Members

The AAS History Committee welcomes its newest members, Robert Pearlman and 

Dr. Asif Siddiqi.

Norman Mailer’s MoonFire Lunar Rock Edition

Taschen has released a limited lunar rock edition, designed by Marc Newson, of 

Norman Mailer’sMoonFire:TheEpicJourneyofApollothat also includes an actual 

specimen.Working for LIFE magazine, Mailer covered the race to the Moon and 

lunar landing in 1969. The book includes his insights into these events, along with 

hundreds of photographs and maps. For more information, please visit the publisher’s 

Web site at http://www.taschen.com/.

The annual meeting for the American Historical Association will be held 6–9 January 

2011 in Boston, Massachusetts. Please see http://www.historians.org/annual/2011/index.

cfm for more details.

The annual meeting for the American Library Association (midwinter meeting) will 

be held 7–12 January 2011 in San Diego, California. Please see http://www.ala.org/ala/

conferencesevents/upcoming/midwinter/index.cfm for more details.

The 217th meeting for the American Astronomical Society will be held 9–13 January 

2010 in Seattle, Washington. Please see http://aas.org/meetings/aas217 for more details.

The 17th Annual Space Exploration Educators Conference will take place on 3–5 

February 2011 at the Space Center Houston in Houston, Texas. Please see http://www.

spacecenter.org/TeachersSEEC.html for more details.

The 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC 2011) will be held 7–11 

March 2011 at The Woodlands, Texas. Please see http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/

lpsc2011/ for more details.

The annual meeting for the Organization of American Historians will be held 17–20 

March 2011 in Houston, Texas. Please see http://www.oah.org/meetings/index.html for 

more details.

The International Academy of Astronautics will host the 18th Humans in Space 

Symposium on 11–15 April 2011 in Houston, Texas. Please see http://www.dsls.usra.

edu/meetings/IAA/ for more details.

32
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

The 27th National Space Symposium will be held 11–14 April 2011 in Colorado Springs, 

Colorado. Please see http://www.nationalspacesymposium.org/ for more details.

The NASA History Program Office and the National Air and Space Museum’s 

Division of Space History will hold a joint symposium, “1961/1981: Key Moments in 

Human Spaceflight,” on 26–27 April 2011 at NASA Headquarters in Washington, 

DC. Please see http://history.nasa.gov/1961-1981callforpapers6.pdffor more details.

Roy Estess

Former Stennis Space Center Director 

Roy Estess, 71, passed away on 25 June at 

his home in Tylertown, Mississippi. The 

History Office at Stennis was created in 

January 1990 during Mr. Estess’s tenure.

Mr. Estess assigned veteran public affairs 

officer Mack Herring to design a program 

to preserve the “rich history of the Stennis 

Space Center.” As the Center’s first historian, 

Mr. Herring authored WayStationtoSpace:

AHistoryoftheJohnC.StennisSpaceCenter

during the 10 years he served in this capacity.

“We mourn the loss of this great leader, 

mentor, and friend,” said current Center 

Director Patrick Scheuermann. “The 

NASA family has lost a pioneer of space 

exploration and a true hero.” Roy Estess

A native of Tylertown, Mr. Estess earned degrees from Mississippi State University 

and Harvard University before beginning a 37-year career with NASA as a test engineer on the Saturn V second-stage test project at Stennis.

Mr. Estess later served as head of the Applications Engineering Office, deputy of the 

Earth Resources Laboratory, and director of the Regional Applications Program 

(RAP) at Stennis. RAP was an innovative effort to assist 17 Sun Belt states in the 

application of remote sensing technology to resource planning and management.

In the 1970s, Mr. Estess played a key role in helping build Stennis into a federal city, 

working under then-Director Jackson Balch to attract compatible federal and state 

agencies to set up operations at the south Mississippi site.

From 1980 to 1988, Mr. Estess served as Stennis’s Deputy Director. He was named 

the Center’s fourth Director in 1989 and remained in that post until he retired in 

2002. In 1992, he was temporarily assigned to NASA Headquarters in Washington, 

DC, as a special assistant to the Administrator; he served two consecutive NASA 

Administrators. From February 2001 to April 2002, Mr. Estess was assigned as acting 

Director of NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.

continued on next page

33
nasa history program office

Obituaries (continued)

Upon his retirement in 2002, Mr. Estess was praised as a steadying influence, a nononsense manager and a straight-shooter focused on finding solutions to problems.

Clarence Syvertson

Clarence “Sy” Syvertson, a former Director 

of the NASA Ames Research Center, died 

on 13 September 2010. In 1948, he began 

his career at Ames with hypersonic airflow 

research and advanced aircraft designs, 

including lifting bodies and reentry vehicles, 

which ultimately contributed to the design 

of the Space Shuttle. 

Mr. Syvertson served as the Center Deputy 

Director from 1969 to 1977 and Director 

from 1977 to 1984. Under his directorship, 

Ames completed groundbreaking research 

in advanced vertical lift and tilt rotor aircraft, flight simulation and testing, human 

factors, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, and many other fields. During this 

Clarence Syvertson

time, Ames also built the world’s largest wind tunnel, flew the Kuiper Airborne 

Observatory, and prepared the Galileo Probe for its journey to Jupiter.

Mr. Syvertson received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in aeronautical engineering from the University of Minnesota. He was elected into the NASA Ames Hall 

of Fame and the National Academy of Engineering, as well as receiving NASA’s 

Distinguished Service Medal and becoming a Fellow of the American Institute of 

Aeronautics and Astronautics.

34
volume 27, number 4 Fourth Quarter 2010

The NASA History Program Office, under the Office of Communications, NASA 

Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, publishes NewsandNotes quarterly.

To receive NewsandNotesvia e-mail, send a message to history-request@hq.nasa.

gov. In the text portion, simply type “subscribe” without the quotation marks. 

You will receive confirmation that your account has been added to the list for the 

newsletter and for receiving other announcements. For more information about our 

listserv, please see http://history.nasa.gov/listserv.html on the Web. We also post the 

latest issue of this newsletter at http://history.nasa.gov/nltrc.html on the Web.

Do you have more questions about NASA history in general? Please check out our 

NASA History Program Office Home Page at http://history.nasa.gov on the Web. 

For information about doing research in the NASA History Program Office, please 

e-mail us at histinfo@hq.nasa.gov or call 202-358-0384. 

We also welcome comments about the content and format of this newsletter. Please 

send comments to Giny Cheong, newsletter editor, at giny.cheong@nasa.gov.

NASA Headquarters History Program Office Staff Contact Information:

William Barry, Chief Historian bill.barry@nasa.gov

202-358-0383

Nadine Andreassen, Program Support Specialist nadine.j.andreassen@nasa.gov

202-358-0087

Colin Fries, Archivist cfries@mail.hq.nasa.gov

202-358-0388

Stephen Garber, Historian stephen.j.garber@nasa.gov

202-358-0385

John Hargenrader, Archivist jhargenr@mail.hq.nasa.gov

202-358-0387

Tayler Lofquist, Intern tayler.m.lofquist@nasa.gov

202-358-0954

Jane Odom, Chief Archivist jane.h.odom@nasa.gov

202-358-0386

Elizabeth Suckow, Archivist elizabeth.suckow-1@nasa.gov

202-358-0375

Created and produced by the following:

Stephen Garber, NASA Headquarters History Program Office

Andrew Jarvis, Editor, NASA Headquarters Communications Support Services Center

Janine Wise, Publication Specialist/Graphic Designer, NASA Headquarters Communications Support 

Services Center

Hanta Ralay, Printing Specialist, NASA Headquarters Communications Support Services Center 

Trenita Williams, Mail Coordinator, NASA Headquarters Mail Room

Carl Paul, Distribution, NASA Headquarters Communications Support Services Center

35
National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

Office of Communications

Washington, DC 20546

http://www.nasa.gov

http://history.nasa.gov