www.nasa.gov

FY 2025 Budget Request 
2

Advancing U.S. Leadership in Exploration and Discovery

• The President’s budget request for NASA is an investment in our nation’s future; it promotes U.S. 

leadership in space exploration, improves our understanding of Earth and the universe, inspires the 

Artemis Generation, and develops new aviation and space technologies for the benefit of humanity

• Leads the world back to the Moon through the Artemis program, with the broadest space exploration 

coalition in history

• Advances science and research in low-Earth orbit on the 

International Space Station while partnering with U.S. 

industry to develop commercial destinations to further

American presence in low Earth Orbit after the ISS is 

retired in 2030

• Invests in the civil space technology base by developing, 

demonstrating, and transferring revolutionary technologies 

that expand the commercial space economy and transform 

NASA missions
3

• Engages students from diverse communities to pursue science, technology, 

engineering, and mathematics

Advancing U.S. Leadership in Exploration and Discovery

• Strengthens NASA’s global leadership in Earth science to enhance our 

understanding of the Earth system, response to natural hazards, and 

management of our natural resources

• Invests in workforce, information technology, and infrastructure to enable mission 

success, and maintains a strong commitment to advancing diversity, equity, inclusion, 

and accessibility

• Drives scientific discovery through a balanced portfolio of space-based observatories 

performing fundamental research, exploring other bodies in the solar system, and 

gazing into the galaxy and beyond 

• Bolsters competitiveness of the U.S. aviation sector, with technologies 

that will transform commercial air travel, including a more efficient and 

greener future for aviation
4

FY 2023

Operating

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,447.6 7,468.9 7,618.2 7,803.7 7,959.8 8,119.0 8,281.4

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

Space Operations 4,266.7 4,250.0 4,389.7 4,497.6 4,587.6 4,679.4 4,773.0

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

Exploration Operations 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

Science 7,791.5 7,795.0 7,565.7 7,717.0 7,871.3 8,028.7 8,189.3

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

Inspector General 47.6 47.6 50.5 51.5 52.5 53.6 54.7

NASA Total 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,891.3 26,409.1 26,937.3 27,476.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

NASA’s FY 2025 Budget Request
5

LUNAR AND MARS 

INFRASTRUCTURE

In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)

Fission Surface Power

Lunar Infrastructure Foundational 

Technologies

(LIFT-1 and LIFT-2)

Cryogenic Fluid Management 

(CFM)

OPERATIONS

Orion

Space Launch System (SLS) 

Exploration Ground System (EGS) 

Gateway

Spacesuits

Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV) 

Pressurized Rover

Human Landing System (HLS)

Nuclear Propulsion

There are 10 total M2M Objectives 

Projects may support multiple objective areas

SCIENCE

Commercial Lunar Payload 

Services (CLPS)

Volatiles Investigating Polar 

Exploration Rover (VIPER)

Lunar Trailblazer

Artemis Crew Surface 

Instruments

TRANSPORTATION AND 

HABITATION

Moon to Mars Objectives

Elements included in FY 2025 - 2029 Budget Request 

5

Space Communication and 

Navigation (SCaN)

Deep Space Network 

Lunar Exploration Ground 

Segment (LEGS)

Lunar Communication Navigation 

and Relay Service (LCNRS)

Human Research Program (HRP)

Flight Operations
CUI//SP-BUDG FY 2025 President’s Budget Request Moon to Mars Manifest

Space 

Operations 

Mission 

Directorate

Exploration 

Systems

Development

Mission 

Directorate

Science 

Mission 

Directorate

Space 

Technology 

Mission 

Directorate

FY 2025 President’s Budget Request Moon to Mars Manifest

6
Moon to Mars Segments CUI//SP-BUDG

7

Denotes M2M element funded in FY25 Request 

Fission Surface Power
Phase 1: Early Design Maturation Phase 2: Certification & Services

Low-Earth Orbit Transition: ISS to Commercial Destinations

International Space Station (ISS) Operations

Commercial LEO Destinations (CLDs) Development CLD Operations

FY 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

U.S. Deorbit Vehicle Development Delivery Deorbit

Axiom

Nanoracks

Blue Origin

Balancing 

3 Priorities 

Continue valuable 

science and research on 

ISS through end of life

Develop U.S. Deorbit 

Vehicle to safely deorbit 

ISS at end of useful life

Partner with U.S. commercial space 

industry to develop and deploy 

commercial destinations to ensure 

American access to LEO 8
CUI//SP-BUDG

Commitment to the Earth and Sustainability

Invests over $3.2 billion to observe, understand, and protect our home planet

• $2.4 billion investment in Earth science and observations that enhance our 

understanding of the Earth system and make Earth science data available and 

actionable

• $32 million for Advanced Capabilities for Emergency Response Operations 

and Wildland Fires

• $522 million to reduce aviation’s climate impact, including a Sustainable Flight 

National Partnership that will reduce fuel burn by as much as 30 percent

• $252 million for OSIRIS-APEX, and NEO Surveyor which launches in 2028 to 

detect, track, and characterize asteroids and comets that could impact Earth

• $41 million to better understand and mitigate the hazard of orbital debris

9
CUI//SP-BUDG

Investing in Scientific Discovery

Supports over 125 space science missions, including 54 that are 

currently preparing for launch and over 70 in operation; also funds 

U.S. scientists in universities, industry, and government labs through 

more than 4,000 openly competed research awards

Explores new destinations in the solar system with exciting missions such as Europa Clipper, 

Dragonfly, and Rosalind Franklin Mars rover 

Enhances understanding of Earth by supplementing Earth observing missions with new missions 

such as Landsat NEXT and GRACE-Continuity

Continues to revolutionize understanding of the origins and evolution of galaxies with the 

development of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope

Studies the Sun and its influence throughout the solar system with multiple missions, including 

PUNCH, SunRISE, and IMAP that launch in 2025

Advances our understanding of how biological and physical systems work from the unique vantage 

point of space 10

Planetary 

Science

Earth 

Science

Astrophysics

Heliophysics

Biological & 

Physical Science
Account 

Summaries

11
12

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,447.6 7,468.9 7,618.2 7,803.7 7,959.8 8,119.0 8,281.4

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

Space Operations 4,266.7 4,250.0 4,389.7 4,497.6 4,587.6 4,679.4 4,773.0

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

Exploration Operations 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

Science 7,791.5 7,795.0 7,565.7 7,717.0 7,871.3 8,028.7 8,189.3

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

Inspector General 47.6 47.6 50.5 51.5 52.5 53.6 54.7

NASA Total 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,891.3 26,409.1 26,937.3 27,476.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

NASA’s FY 2025 Budget Request
13

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Deep Space Exploration Systems:

Moon to Mars Transportation System

• Enables the Artemis goal of exploring the Moon for scientific discovery, 

technology advancement, and to learn how to live and work on another 

world as we prepare for human missions to Mars

• $2,423M for Space Launch System, including successful completion 

of Artemis II and preparation for Artemis III and IV, and the Block 1B 

configuration

• $1,031M for the Orion program to finalize assembling and testing the 

Artemis II crew vehicle, and to continue preparation for Artemis III and IV

• $759M for Exploration Ground Systems to complete preparations for 

Artemis II; and develop the ground systems, such as the Mobile 

Launcher 2, required for assembly, test, and launch of SLS Block 1B on 

Artemis IV

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Explore

2.1 Explore the surface of the moon and deep space

2.3 Develop capabilities and perform research to safeguard explorers

2.4 Enhance space access and services
14

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Deep Space Exploration Systems:

Moon to Mars Lunar Systems Development

• $1,896M for the Human Landing System program to develop and deploy landing systems that 

will transport US and partner nation astronauts to the Moon to conduct lunar science, 

technology demonstrations, and logistics to enable an enduring presence

• $818M for Gateway development to establish a multi-purpose outpost orbiting the moon to 

support deep space presence, human lunar landings, and surface activities

• $434M for xEVA and Human Surface Mobility Program to develop the surface suits, 

pressurized rover, lunar terrain vehicle, and other systems for lunar exploration

• $140M for Advanced Exploration Systems to develop technologies for long duration 

mission that have common needs for both lunar and Mars missions

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Explore

2.1 Explore the surface of the moon and deep space

2.2 Develop a space economy enabled by a commercial market

2.3 Develop capabilities and perform research to safeguard explorers

2.4 Enhance space access and services
15

Deep Space Exploration Systems:

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

• $71M to collaborate with programs across NASA to design the 

roadmap for future long-term human exploration

• $46M to conduct trade studies to reduce risk and identify required 

technologies to be utilized as part of the Artemis Campaign and 

act as precursor systems for future missions to Mars

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Explore

2.3 Develop capabilities and perform research to safeguard explorers
16

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,447.6 7,468.9 7,618.2 7,803.7 7,959.8 8,119.0 8,281.4

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

Space Operations 4,266.7 4,250.0 4,389.7 4,497.6 4,587.6 4,679.4 4,773.0

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

Exploration Operations 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

Science 7,791.5 7,795.0 7,565.7 7,717.0 7,871.3 8,028.7 8,189.3

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

Inspector General 47.6 47.6 50.5 51.5 52.5 53.6 54.7

NASA Total 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,891.3 26,409.1 26,937.3 27,476.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

NASA’s FY 2025 Budget Request
17

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Space Operations:

International Space Station

• $1,009M to provide continuous ISS operations, support extension until it is retired in 

2030, and enable a transition to commercial LEO destinations as soon as they are 

available

• $261M to support research and technology demonstrations, including:

• Long-duration human deep space exploration research and demonstrations 

• Basic and Earth science research by NASA Science Mission Directorate, including 

projects to advance stem cell biology, optical fiber production, and crystal growth

• ISS National Laboratory research by expanding the breadth of researchers and 

companies using ISS and enabling new public-private partnerships

• Renewed focus on cancer research that supports the President's Cancer Moonshot 

• Fosters commercial space industry in collaboration with Commercial LEO Development, 

Commercial Crew, and Crew Cargo

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Explore

2.2 Develop a space economy enabled by a commercial market

2.3 Develop capabilities and perform research to safeguard explorers

2.4 Enhance space access and services
18

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Space Operations:

Space Transportation

• $1,762M for the Crew and Cargo Program to provide for commercial crew rotations 

and cargo resupply missions to the ISS, contributing to the foundation of a more 

affordable and sustainable future for American human spaceflight

• Includes $109M to partner with industry to develop a U.S. deorbit capability for 

ISS

• $101M for Commercial Crew Program to continue NASA’s collaboration with the U.S. 

commercial space industry to certify and maintain insight into the vehicles that 

transport astronauts into space safely, reliably, and affordably from American soil

• The Budget gradually reduces research and other activities on board the ISS to 

provide the funding necessary for the de-orbit vehicle and commercial space stations

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Explore

2.2 Develop a space economy enabled by a commercial market

2.4 Enhance space access and services
19

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2 

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Space Operations:

Space and Flight Support

• $628M for Space Communications and Navigation to provide services for human exploration, 

science, and crew and cargo missions, including $62M to support the development of the Lunar 

Exploration Ground Segment (LEGS) communications network 

• $143M for Human Research Program for continued research to mitigate risks to astronaut 

health during long-duration missions

• $105M for Human Space Flight Operations to support crew training, readiness, and health for 

all NASA human space flight endeavors 

• $104M for Launch Services to provide safe, reliable, and cost-effective launch vehicle 

acquisition and advisory services for over 70 NASA spacecraft missions in various phases of 

development

• $59M for Communications Services Program to demonstrate feasibility of commercially 

provided satellite communications services to support future NASA missions

• $49M for Rocket Propulsion Test to provide NASA’s rocket testing capability to meet U.S. rocket 

testing requirements

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Explore, Advance

2.3 Develop capabilities and perform research to safeguard explorers

4.2 Transform mission support capabilities for the next era of aerospace 
20

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Space Operations:

Commercial LEO Development

• Facilitates the development of safe, reliable, and cost effective privately-owned 

and operated commercial LEO destinations from which NASA, along with other 

customers, can purchase services

• Focuses on maintaining a sustained U.S. human presence in LEO after ISS 

retirement in 2030 and on providing a microgravity platform to meet NASA 

research and technology needs

• Currently partnered with U.S. space companies for design maturation and 

testing of Commercial LEO Destinations

• Stimulates growth of commercial activities in LEO and competitiveness of the 

US commercial space industry

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Explore, Innovate

2.2 Develop a space economy enabled by a commercial market

3.1 Innovate and advance transformational space technologies

Starlab, from Nanoracks, Voyager Space, and Lockheed Martin. 

Credits: Nanoracks/Lockheed Martin/Voyager Space 
21

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,447.6 7,468.9 7,618.2 7,803.7 7,959.8 8,119.0 8,281.4

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

Space Operations 4,266.7 4,250.0 4,389.7 4,497.6 4,587.6 4,679.4 4,773.0

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

Exploration Operations 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

Science 7,791.5 7,795.0 7,565.7 7,717.0 7,871.3 8,028.7 8,189.3

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

Inspector General 47.6 47.6 50.5 51.5 52.5 53.6 54.7

NASA Total 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,891.3 26,409.1 26,937.3 27,476.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

NASA’s FY 2025 Budget Request
22

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

• STMD is the Nation’s technology base for civil space, developing, demonstrating, and transferring revolutionary, 

high payoff technologies that expand the commercial space economy and transform NASA Missions

• $459M for Technology Demonstration to conduct ground-based testing and space flight technology 

demonstrations such as: Solar Electric Propulsion, Cryogenic Fluid Management, Fission Surface Power, Space 

Nuclear Propulsion, Flight Opportunities and Small Spacecraft Technologies, as well as close-out for the On-orbit 

Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (OSAM-1) project, which is cancelled in FY 2024

• $341M for Technology Maturation to advance revolutionary disruptive exploration technologies from proof of 

concept to demonstration, maturing transformational and foundational technologies such as In-Situ Resource 

Utilization for sustainable exploration, autonomous operations, space transportation, and Entry Descent and 

Landing technologies

• $140M for Early-Stage Innovation and Partnerships to capitalize on innovation by sourcing ideas from a broad, 

diverse base of innovators including our brightest minds in academia and transferring space technology into the 

space economy

• $242M for Small Business Innovation Research and Technology Transfer to leverage the Nation’s innovative small 

business community to conduct research and development in support of NASA

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Innovate, Advance

3.1 Innovate and advance transformational space technologies

4.1 Attract and develop a talented and diverse workforce

Add different graphic

Space Technology
23

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,447.6 7,468.9 7,618.2 7,803.7 7,959.8 8,119.0 8,281.4

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

Space Operations 4,266.7 4,250.0 4,389.7 4,497.6 4,587.6 4,679.4 4,773.0

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

Exploration Operations 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

Science 7,791.5 7,795.0 7,565.7 7,717.0 7,871.3 8,028.7 8,189.3

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

Inspector General 47.6 47.6 50.5 51.5 52.5 53.6 54.7

NASA Total 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,891.3 26,409.1 26,937.3 27,476.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

NASA’s FY 2025 Budget Request
24

Science:

Earth Science

• $854M for Earth Systematic Missions which includes $171M to continue support of Earth System Observatory 

missions, to observe and enhance understanding of Earth systems and climate change. Additionally, supports 

23 missions in operation including drifting orbit science activities for Terra, Aqua, and Aura

• $606M for the Earth Science Research Program to address complex interdisciplinary Earth science questions 

in pursuit of a comprehensive understanding of the Earth system

• $220M supports competitive missions within the Explorer and Venture class lines, providing a regular 

cadence of opportunities for Principal Investigator-led missions conducting innovative science investigations

• $168M for the new Responsive Science Initiatives program, which consolidates and expands current activities 

within Earth Science to increase the impact of NASA’s observations, Earth system science, and applied 

science by aligning, scaling, and connecting with user needs

• $150M continues support for the Landsat Next mission, which will ensure continuity of the longest spacebased record of Earth’s land surface and will provide new capabilities for the next generation of Landsat users

• Leverages common infrastructure to provide science information that is responsive to needs across federal 

government partners

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Discover, Advance

1.1 Understand the Earth system and its climate

1.2 Understand the sun, solar system, and universe

1.3 Ensure NASA’s science data are accessible to all and produce practical benefits to society

4.3 Build the next generation of explorers 
25

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Science:

Planetary Science

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Discover, Advance

1.2 Understand the sun, solar system, and universe

1.3 Ensure NASA’s science data are accessible to all and produce practical benefits to society

4.3 Build the next generation of explorers

This budget maintains a balanced portfolio of scientific discovery investing in a variety of missions

• $612M to develop of innovative missions including Dragonfly, a rotorcraft lander mission to study Titan, the largest moon 

of Saturn, Venus Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging (DAVINCI), Venus 

Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy (VERITAS), and Europa Clipper, launching in FY25

• $458M for Lunar Discovery and Exploration that includes at least two CLPS deliveries of science instrument suites per 

year for innovative investigations to enhance lunar exploration and lunar science objectives

• $390M for planetary research and analysis funding including open-source science to inform future missions and 

maximize the return of existing missions

• $252M to continue development of the Near-Earth Object Surveyor mission for launch in 2028, a planetary defense 

mission that will detect, track, and characterize impact hazards from asteroids and comets and funds OSIRIS-APEX 

studying physical changes to Apophis during its close encounter with Earth in 2029

• $200M for Mars Sample Return to advance formulation of mission components and capabilities that have a 

high likelihood of being used in any future sample return architecture, and to evaluate and appropriately incorporate 

relevant findings from funded industry and center architecture studies

• $112M to continue support of key international partnerships: European Space Agency’s EnVision, Rosalind Franklin, and 

JUICE missions, JAXA Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission
26

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Science:

Astrophysics

• $384M for continued development of the Nancy Grace Roman Space telescope for launch in 2027, to 

analyze dark matter, search for exoplanets, and explore infrared astrophysics 

• $317M supports the operation of Great Observatories including the James Webb Space Telescope, Hubble, 

and Chandra

• $269M supports a competed Explorer program with new selections approximately every three years and the 

launch of SPHEREx in FY25

• $50M to expand investments in precursor science, mission, and technology maturation efforts as a prerequisite for design of the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO), a Decadal Survey recommendation

• Supports initial Astrophysics Probe mission selections, consistent with Decadal Survey recommendation for 

competed missions intended to fill the gap between large flagship missions and smaller Explorer-class 

spacecraft

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Discover, Advance

1.2 Understand the sun, solar system, and universe

1.3 Ensure NASA’s science data are accessible to all and produce practical benefits to society

4.3 Build the next generation of explorers 
27

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Science:

Heliophysics

• $252M for the Heliophysics Research program, including support for the Heliophysics DRIVE Science 

Centers and a robust portfolio of sounding rocket investigations

• $237M to support a competitive Explorer program with a robust cadence of future mission launches, 

including the newly selected missions Multi-slit Solar Explorer (MUSE) and HelioSwarm

• $64M supports continued development of the Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) for 

launch in 2025, to help researchers better understand the boundary of the heliosphere

• $48M for Space Weather investigations and research to better protect technology, national 

infrastructure, and astronauts from space weather, includes the HERMES instrument, a space weather 

payload on the Gateway and investments in orbital debris research and technology

• Supports the development and launch of Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere (PUNCH) 

and The Sun Radio Interferometer Space Experiment (SunRISE) in FY25

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Discover, Advance

1.2 Understand the sun, solar system, and universe

1.3 Ensure NASA’s science data are accessible to all and produce practical benefits to society

4.3 Build the next generation of explorers 
28

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Science:

Biological and Physical Sciences

• Supports compelling research in space to obtain critical insights into how biological and 

physical systems function in ways not possible on Earth

• Continued annual solicitations for transformative research in Space Biology ($31M) and 

Physical Sciences ($40M), including emphasis areas in Thriving in Deep Space and 

Quantum Science

• $10M to develop transformative research capabilities with commercial space industry to 

dramatically increase pace of research

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Discover, Explore, Advance

1.3 Ensure NASA’s science data are accessible to all and produce practical benefits to society

2.3 Develop capabilities and perform research to safeguard explorers

4.1 Attract and develop a talented and diverse workforce
29

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,447.6 7,468.9 7,618.2 7,803.7 7,959.8 8,119.0 8,281.4

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

Space Operations 4,266.7 4,250.0 4,389.7 4,497.6 4,587.6 4,679.4 4,773.0

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

Exploration Operations 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

Science 7,791.5 7,795.0 7,565.7 7,717.0 7,871.3 8,028.7 8,189.3

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

Inspector General 47.6 47.6 50.5 51.5 52.5 53.6 54.7

NASA Total 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,891.3 26,409.1 26,937.3 27,476.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

NASA’s FY 2025 Budget Request
30

Aeronautics

• $279M for Advanced Air Vehicles to conduct research to meet the Nation’s growing civil aviation 

needs for more efficient aircraft and propulsion technologies to improve efficiency (e.g., Hi-rate 

Composite Aircraft Manufacturing and Hybrid Thermally Efficient Core) and reduce carbon 

emissions as well as to advance long-term opportunities for supersonic and hypersonic flight

• $264M for Integrated Aviation Systems to demonstrate transformational in-flight technologies for 

improved efficiency and reduced noise and emissions, including the X-59 Low Boom Flight 

Demonstrator, Electrified Powertrain Flight Demonstrations, and the X-66 Sustainable Flight 

Demonstrator

• $155M for Transformative Aeronautics Concepts to support revolutionary aviation concepts and 

university research, including research on zero-emissions aviation

• $151M for Airspace Operations and Safety to work with the Federal Aviation Administration to 

transform and modernize the national air traffic management system to enable new advanced air 

mobility market

• $116M for Aerosciences Evaluation and Test Capabilities to support critical national ground test 

infrastructure of twelve large wind tunnels

X-59 Low Boom Flight Demonstrator Credit: Lockheed Martin

Sustainable Flight Demonstrator Credit: Boeing

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Innovate, Advance

3.2 Drive efficient and sustainable aviation

4.2 Transform mission support capabilities for the next era of aerospace 

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.
31

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,447.6 7,468.9 7,618.2 7,803.7 7,959.8 8,119.0 8,281.4

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

Space Operations 4,266.7 4,250.0 4,389.7 4,497.6 4,587.6 4,679.4 4,773.0

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

Exploration Operations 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

Science 7,791.5 7,795.0 7,565.7 7,717.0 7,871.3 8,028.7 8,189.3

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

Inspector General 47.6 47.6 50.5 51.5 52.5 53.6 54.7

NASA Total 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,891.3 26,409.1 26,937.3 27,476.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

NASA’s FY 2025 Budget Request
32

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

STEM Engagement

• $57M for NASA Space Grant to provide students across all 50 states, the District of Columbia, 

and Puerto Rico access to increase understanding of space and aeronautics and to execute the 

assessment, development, and utilization of resources to bolster the STEM pipeline for 

aerospace

• $46M for Minority University Research and Education Project (MUREP) to allow for 

implementation of multiple competitive award opportunities, including the MUREP/Earth Science 

joint solicitation, while also executing a shift to place special emphasis on community colleges 

and other two-year institutions

• $25M for Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) to support 

substantive competitive research opportunities to eligible State/Territory (jurisdiction) institutions 

and increase focus on student participation in EPSCoR research awards

• $15M for Next-Gen STEM for ongoing student engagement and educator support programs 

(NASA CONNECTS and NASA SPARX), while also developing and executing a pilot 

partnerships effort to expand networks and drive systemic change to broaden student 

participation and increase diversity and equity in STEM

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Discover, Explore, Innovate, Advance

4.1 Attract and develop a talented and diverse workforce

4.3 Build the next generation of explorers
33

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,447.6 7,468.9 7,618.2 7,803.7 7,959.8 8,119.0 8,281.4

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

Space Operations 4,266.7 4,250.0 4,389.7 4,497.6 4,587.6 4,679.4 4,773.0

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

Exploration Operations 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

Science 7,791.5 7,795.0 7,565.7 7,717.0 7,871.3 8,028.7 8,189.3

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

Inspector General 47.6 47.6 50.5 51.5 52.5 53.6 54.7

NASA Total 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,891.3 26,409.1 26,937.3 27,476.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

NASA’s FY 2025 Budget Request
34

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Safety, Security, and Mission Services

• $806M for NASA Centers’ Engineering, Safety, and Operations providing for center operations, technical 

capabilities, and skilled workforce to meet mission-critical requirements

• $733M for Mission Enabling Services, which provides an enterprise approach to managing NASA's business 

operations and mission support activities

• $22M for the Office of Diversity and Equal Opportunity to advance equity, civil rights, racial justice, and equal opportunity

across NASA to include achieving the goals and objectives represented in NASA’s Equity and DEIA Strategic Plan.

• $697M to maintain NASA critical infrastructure and technical capabilities across all NASA centers

• $629M for the Information Technology Program to modernize IT capabilities and provide strategic cybersecurity 

and Artificial Intelligence risk management

• $180M for Agency Technical Authority to ensure safety and mission success by providing independent technical 

oversight for safety, health, quality, and engineering

• Enables NASA’s missions by providing foundational support capabilities and services responsive to evolving 

mission needs

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Advance

2.2 Develop a space economy enabled by a commercial market

4.1 Attract and develop a talented and diverse workforce

4.2 Transform mission support capabilities for the next era of aerospace 
35

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

1/ - FY 2023 reflects funding amounts specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, as adjusted by NASA's FY 2023 Operating Plan, September 2023.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

Construction & Environmental Compliance & 

Restoration

• $293M to construct, repair, and revitalize institutional infrastructure that 

support capabilities across all centers

• Funds Minor repair and construction at all NASA Centers

• Funds 7 discrete projects at 4 Centers

• $79M to maintain NASA’s strategy commitment to environmental 

stewardship responsibilities

• $33M for modifications to KSC launch infrastructure for SLS and for 

sustainment of EGS Infrastructure for Artemis

• $20M to continue the Deep Space Network Aperture Enhancement Project 

(DAEP) Beam Waveguide (BWG) antennae projects at the Goldstone and 

Canberra Deep Space Communication Complexes

• NASA uses a risk management approach to balance maintenance, repair, 

and construction activities in context of a growing backlog of deferred 

maintenance

Strategic Objective(s) Supported: Advance

4.2 Transform mission support capabilities for the next era of aerospace 

Category Definition Example

Repair

Fix something broken or 

degraded to restore 

function.

Modernization

Revitalize existing and 

outdated infrastructure 

with upgrades/updates that

improve outcomes and 

reduce risks.

Renewal / 

Recapitalization

Renew degraded facilities 

and consolidate to new 

facilities, leading to 

demolition and footprint

reduction.

Antiquated to Modern

Outdated Infrastructure

High Pressure Gas Facility

Dilapidated to Modern

Sewage HVAC Water Electric
36

FY 2023 

Operating 

Plan1/

FY 2024 

CR2/

FY 2025 Request

Budget Authority ($M) FY 2025 

Request FY 2026 FY 2027 FY 2028 FY 2029

Deep Space Exploration Systems 7,447.6 7,468.9 7,618.2 7,803.7 7,959.8 8,119.0 8,281.4

Moon to Mars Transportation System 4,716.6 4,213.0 4,254.0 4,267.3 3,880.9 3,713.6

Moon To Mars Lunar Systems Development 2,630.5 3,288.1 3,285.7 3,389.5 3,868.8 3,712.3

Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture 100.5 117.1 264.1 303.0 369.3 855.5

Space Operations 4,266.7 4,250.0 4,389.7 4,497.6 4,587.6 4,679.4 4,773.0

International Space Station 1,286.2 1,269.6 1,267.8 1,262.8 1,259.4 1,259.4

Space Transportation 1,759.6 1,862.1 1,876.2 1,840.9 1,895.7 1,804.1

Space and Flight Support 983.4 1,088.4 1,051.3 1,048.7 1,059.0 1,080.2

Commercial LEO Development 224.3 169.6 302.3 435.2 465.2 629.3

Exploration Operations 13.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Technology 1,193.0 1,200.0 1,181.8 1,205.4 1,229.5 1,254.1 1,279.2

Science 7,791.5 7,795.0 7,565.7 7,717.0 7,871.3 8,028.7 8,189.3

Earth Science 2,175.0 2,378.7 2,396.3 2,446.1 2,489.7 2,543.4

Planetary Science 3,216.5 2,731.5 2,850.5 2,911.6 2,976.8 3,042.5

Astrophysics 1,510.0 1,578.1 1,587.0 1,613.6 1,647.1 1,673.4

Heliophysics 805.0 786.7 791.9 807.0 820.3 833.4

Biological and Physical Sciences 85.0 90.8 91.3 93.0 94.8 96.6

Aeronautics 935.0 935.0 965.8 985.1 1,004.8 1,024.9 1,045.4

STEM Engagement 143.5 143.5 143.5 146.4 149.3 152.3 155.3

Safety, Security, and Mission Services 3,136.5 3,129.5 3,044.4 3,105.3 3,167.4 3,230.7 3,295.3

Mission Services & Capabilities 2,067.4 2,058.1 2,099.2 2,141.3 2,184.1 2,227.6

Engineering, Safety, & Operations 1,069.1 986.3 1,006.1 1,026.1 1,046.6 1,067.7

Construction and Environmental Compliance & Restoration 422.4 414.3 424.1 379.3 386.9 394.6 402.5

Construction of Facilities 346.2 344.7 298.3 304.3 310.4 316.6

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 76.2 79.4 81.0 82.6 84.2 85.9

Inspector General 47.6 47.6 50.5 51.5 52.5 53.6 54.7

NASA Total 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,383.7 25,891.3 26,409.1 26,937.3 27,476.1

1/ - FY 2023 reflects amounts in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, adjusted by NASA’s September 2023 Operating Plan, plus $8M for IT Modernization Working Capital Fund.

2/ - FY 2024 reflects annualized funding amounts based on funding specified in Public Law 117-328, Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023.

NASA’s FY 2025 Budget Request
37

LBFD First Flight

SWFO-L1

SW Next L5 ***

TSIS-2

NISAR (ISRO)

GOES-U Europa Clipper

✓ PACE SPHEREx

PREFIRE* PUNCH Sustainable Flight 

Demo 

SunRISE* JPSS-3 Full

✓ Psyche EZIE* Electrified Powertrain 

Flight Demo 1 and Demo 2 SW Next L1 - 1 Libera

✓ AWE*** SNC-2 CRS2 LEO QuickSounder SW Next LEO - 1 *** SBG-TIR

SNC-1 CRS2 SpaceX-32 CRS2 MAIA*** (ASI) OMPS-L*** GRACE-C

✓ SpaceX-29 CRS2 NG-22 CRS2 INCUS EVS-4 PolSIR***

✓ SpaceX-30 CRS2 NG-23 CRS2 IMAP CLARREO PF*** NEO Surveyor CRISTAL (ESA)

SpaceX-31 CRS2 SpaceX Crew-10 TRACERS Sentinel-6b (ESA) EUVST (JAXA)

✓ NG-20 CRS2 Boeing CTS-1 Carruthers HelioSwarm

NG-21 CRS2 Future Comm Cargo+ Roman Dragonfly Future Comm Cargo+

CCtCap-Boeing CFT Artemis-II Crewed - SLS 

Block 1 (ICPS) Future Comm Crew+ COSI Future Comm Cargo+ Future Comm Crew+

✓ SpaceX Crew-8 CFM ULA TP Flight 

Demo MUSE Future Comm Crew+ USDV

SpaceX Crew-9 CFM Eta Space TP 

Flight Demo

Artemis-III Crewed- SLS 

Block 1 (ICPS) UltraSat (IAI)

Surface Robotic Scouts 

(CADRE) (CP-11)

Human Landing System - 

Option A (SpaceX) Future Comm Cargo+ Artemis-IV Crewed - SLS Block 1B (EUS)

Rosalind Franklin 

(MOMA)***GSFC (ESA)

✓ DSOC (Psyche) AVATAR*** (Artemis II) Gateway PPE & HALO (For 

A-IV) Future Comm Crew+ Gateway I-HAB (ESA) - Comanifested on A-IV TO CP-41 

CFM SpaceX TP Flight 

Demo Lunar Trailblazer** * MMX (MEGANE)*** (JAXA) Human Landing System - Option B (SpaceX) TO CP-42 

ESCAPADE TO PRIME-1, Nokia 

LTE/4G Comm, IM 

MMX (P-Sampler)** * 

(JAXA) NTP/DRACO Demo Gateway Logistics Services TO CP-51****

TO 19D  TO CP-11** ** CFM Lockheed Martin TP 

Flight Demo TO CS-06  LIFT1 - Lunar Surface Tech/ISRU TO CP-52** **

✓ TO 2-AB  VIPER Polar Rover - TO 

20A** ** TO CS-3/CS-4  TO CP-21** ** TO CP-31  TO CP-61** **

✓ TO 2-IM  HERMES** * TO CP-12**** TO CP-22  TO CS-6** ** TO CP-62****

FY2024 FY2025 FY2026 FY2027 FY2028 FY2029

Notional

Dates reflect Agency Baseline Commitments or updated Agency schedules and may include schedule margin beyond any manifested launch dates

NASA Mission Planning Manifest: FY 2024 – FY 2029

With this budget, NASA will support 109 total missions: 

12 crewed, 42 Moon-to-Mars, 65 Science, 27 Protecting 

Our Planet, 9 ISS Crew Rotation, 14 ISS Resupply, & 9

Technology Missions, Launches, Demonstrations, 

Instruments and Flights among other operations over 

the next 6 years

NASA Mission on US Commercial Launch Vehicle

Reimbursable Mission for NOAA

Joint NASA-Int'l Partner Mission

Int'l Mission with NASA contribution

Joint NASA/Industry Collaboration

Artemis Mission

Commercial Crew Mission to ISS

Comm Cargo Mission to ISS

Interagency Partnerships

Aeronautics Mission

Protecting Our Planet

Moon-Mars Missions

Human Landing System Missions include Surface Suits

* Cubesat Missions

*** Instrument only 

**** NASA does not directly manage/control CLPS missions. LRDs reflected are 

current estimates 

+ ISS Outyear Manifest still in work

✓ Mission successfully launched
Appendix

38
Acronyms (1 of 4)

• AB – Astrobotic

• ACD – Artemis Campaign Development

• ACSC – Advanced Cislunar Capabilities

• ARC – Ames Research Center

• CALIPSO – Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder 

Satellite Observations

• CDISS – Commercial Destination on ISS

• CECR – Construction and Environmental Compliance and 

Restoration

• CESD – Common Exploration Systems Development

• CLARREO PF - Climate Absolute Radiance and 

Refractivity Observatory Pathfinder

• CLD – Commercial Lunar Destinations

• CLPS – Commercial Lunar Payload Services

• CP – CLPS Payload Task Order

• CS – CLPS Science Task Order

• CT – CLPS Tech Demo Task Order

• DART – Double Asteroid Redirect Test

• DAVINCI – Deep Atmospheric Venus Investigation of Noble 

gases, Chemistry, and Imaging

• DEIA – Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility

DRACO – Demo Rocket for Agile Cislunar Inflatable 

Decelerator

• DRIVE – Diversify, Realize, Integrate, Venture, Educate 

• DLEU – DSN Lunar Exploration Upgrades

• DSL – Deep Space Logistics

• DSN – Deep Space Network

• DDS – Deep Space Logistics

39
Acronyms (2 of 4)

• ECLSS – Environmental Control & Life Support Systems

• EGS – Exploration Ground Systems

• EOS – Earth Observation Systems

• EPSCoR – Established Program to Stimulate Competitive 

Research

• ESDMD – Exploration Systems Development Mission 

Directorate

• ESM – Earth Systematic Missions

• ESPRIT – European System Providing Refueling

• GDC – Geospace Dynamics Constellation

• GeoCarb - Geostationary Carbon Observatory

• GLOBE – Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the 

Environment

• GRC – Glenn Research Center

• HALO – Habitation and Logistics Outpost

• HBCU – Historically Black Colleges and Universities

• HERA – Human Exploration Requirements & Architecture

• HERMES – Helio Environmental & Radiation Measurement

• HLS – Human Landing System

• IM – Intuitive Machines

• IMAP – Interstellar Mapping and Accelerator Probe

• ISRU – In-Situ Resource Utilization

• ISS – International Space Station

• IT – Information Technology

• JAXA – Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

• JUICE – JUpiter ICy moons Explorer

40
Acronyms (3 of 4)

• LaRC – Langley Research Center

• LCRNS – Lunar Comms Relay & Navigation System

• LEO – Low-Earth Orbit

• LRO – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

• LOFTID – Low-Earth Orbit Flight Test of Inflatable 

Decelerator

• LSP – Launch Services Program

• LTV – Lunar Terrain Vehicle

• M&MA – Moon & Mars Architecture

• MCD – Mars Campaign Development

• MMX – Martian Moons eXploration

• MSD – Mission Support Directorate

• MSI – Minority-Serving Institution

• MSR – Mars Sample Return

• MUSE – Multi-slit Solar Explorer

• MUREP – Minority University Research and Education 

Project

• NET – No Earlier Than

• NISAR – NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar

• NHRO – Near-Rectilinear Halo Orbit

• ODEO – Office of Diversity and Equal Opportunity

• PACE – Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem

• PAMs – Private Astronaut Missions

• PPE – Power and Propulsion Element

• PRIME – Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment

• PSI – Plume Surface Interaction Mini Suite

• R&A – Research & Analysis

41
Acronyms (4 of 4)

• SCaN – Space Communications and Navigation

• SFS – Space and Flight Support

• SLS – Space Launch System

• SMD – Science Mission Directorate

• SOFIA – Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy

• SPHEREx – Spectro-Photometer for the History of the 

Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer

• SSMS – Safety, Security, and Mission Services

• STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics

• STMD – Space Technology Mission Directorate

• SWOT – Surface Water and Ocean Topography

• TO – Task Order

• VERITAS – Venus Emissivity, Radio science, InSAR, 

Topography, and Spectroscopy

• VIPER – Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover

• VSAT – Vertical Solar Array Technology

• xEVA – Exploration Extravehicular Activity

42