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Updated October 25, 2002

Expedition 6 Press Kit

Station Begins Third Year of 

Human Occupation
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Table of Contents 

Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 

Crew .......................................................................................................................... 7 

Spacewalks ............................................................................................................. 10 

Science Overview ................................................................................................... 15

Continuing Experiments............................................................................................ 19 

Expedition 6 Experiments ......................................................................................... 21 

Expedition 6 Facilities ............................................................................................... 24 

Payload Operations Center.................................................................................... 25 

Russian Experiments ............................................................................................ 31 

Experiments 

Biopsy ...................................................................................................................... 35 

Crew Earth Observations (CEO) .............................................................................. 37 

EarthKAM (Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle School Students) ........................ 38 

Spaceflight-Induced Reactivation of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EPSTEIN-BARR) ....... 40 

A Study of Radiation Doses Experienced by Astronauts in EVA (EVARM) ............. 41 

Foot/Ground Reaction Forces During Spaceflight (FOOT) ...................................... 43 

Acceleration Measurements Aboard the International Space Station ...................... 46 

Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures-2 ..................................................................... 48 

Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal 

Emulsions (InSPACE) .............................................................................................. 49 

Materials International Space Station Experiments .................................................. 51 

Promoting Sensorimotor Response Generalizability: A Countermeasure to Mitigate 

Locomotor Dysfunction After Long-duration Spaceflight (MOBILITY) ...................... 52 
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Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI) ................................................... 53 

Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) Single-locker Thermal Enclosure System (STES) 

housing the Diffusion-Controlled Crystallization Apparatus for 

Microgravity (DCAM) ................................................................................................ 55 

PuFF – The Effects of EVA and Long-term Exposure to Microgravity on 

Pulmonary Function ................................................................................................. 60 

Renal Stone Risk During Spaceflight: Assessment and Countermeasure 

Validation ................................................................................................................. 62 

Sub-regional Assessment of Bone Loss in the Axial Skeleton in Long-term 

Spaceflight ............................................................................................................... 63

Zeolite Crystal Growth Furnace ............................................................................... 65 

Media Assistance ................................................................................................... 67 

Media Contacts ...................................................................................................... 69 
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

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Overview 

Science, A Spacewalk and No Visitors 

The Expedition 6 crew, Commander Kenneth Bowersox, Cosmonaut Nikolai Budarin and 

Astronaut Donald Pettit, will increase the International Space Station’s science focus during 

their increment. They also will conduct a spacewalk from the U.S. Joint Airlock early in their 

stay aboard the orbiting laboratory. 

But in terms of visitors, they might as well have a “Do Not Disturb” sign posted. No human 

spaceflights are scheduled to the orbiting laboratory between the beginning and the end of 

their increment. 

In fact the only spacecraft scheduled to dock with the station before Atlantis on STS-114 

arrives in March to take Expedition 6 home is an unpiloted Progress supply vehicle. 

Progress 10 will bring equipment, supplies and fuel to the space station. It is scheduled to 

arrive in late February, shortly before the end of the increment. 

The Expedition 6 crew adjust their gloves during emergency egress practice from 

the 195-foot level of the Fixed Service Structure on Launch Pad 39A. From left are 

astronaut Donald Pettit, cosmonaut Nikolai Budarin and Commander Ken Bowersox. 

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The Expedition 6 crew begins its four-month stay aboard the International Space Station 

when Endeavour docks to the orbiting laboratory on the shuttle’s flight day three. That 

begins a hectic period for the crewmembers that combines intensive briefings with their 

Expedition 5 predecessors, transfer activities, support of three spacewalks and other 

elements of installation of the Port 1 (P1) Truss and just getting used to their new home. 

They also will have to stow and record the location of equipment and supplies. 

Additionally, they’ll prepare for a spacewalk of their own, scheduled for the third week of 

their increment, in early December. During all these activities, they’ll work on scientific 

investigations, continuing some experiments begun during Expedition 5 and before, and 

initiating new experiments. 

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Astronaut Kenneth D. Bowersox, Expedition 6 mission commander, participates in 

an Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) spacesuit fit check in a Space Station Airlock 

Test Article (SSATA) in the Crew Systems Laboratory at the Johnson Space Center. 

Bowersox and Budarin will do the spacewalk. The cosmonaut will become the first Russian 

to perform a spacewalk in a U.S. spacesuit from the Joint Airlock. Pettit will provide 

intravehicular support, quarterbacking the spacewalk from inside the station. He also will 

operate Canadarm2, the station’s robotic arm. 

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The spacewalk is scheduled to last about 61⁄2 hours. To prepare for it, Bowersox and 

Budarin will use the ISS Exercise EVA Protocol. Designed to purge nitrogen from the body, 

it involves exercising vigorously while breathing oxygen. 

After setup, Bowersox, working atop P1, and Budarin, on the bottom, each will release nine 

Radiator Beam Launch Locks, which secured the accordion-like radiators in the folded 

position. Next Bowersox will reconfigure the power harness of the Squib Firing Unit, used to 

release the radiator panels for deployment. Then, helped by Budarin, he will deploy a UHF 

antenna on P1, providing redundancy for a similar antenna. 

Cosmonaut Nikolai M. Budarin, Expedition 6 flight engineer, participates 

in an EMU spacesuit fit check in a Space Station Airlock Test Article 

at the Johnson Space Center. 

Budarin enters the foot restraint on the end of Canadarm2 and Pettit moves him to the 

station’s Z1 Truss, atop the Unity Node, where he and Bowersox will remove a toolbox, 

called the EVA Tool Stowage Device (ETSD), launched with Z1 on STS-92 in October 

2000. Budarin holds the ETSD while Pettit maneuvers him to a Crew and Equipment 

Translation Aid (CETA), a kind of handcar, on the rail line on the Starboard 1 (S1) Truss. 

After installing the toolbox on the handcar, they install a light on the CETA. They also 

install a foot restraint on it. 

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Another spacewalk task, depending on EVA accomplishments during STS-112 and STS113 visits to the station, could include installation of as many as 14 Spool Positioning 

Devices (SPDs) to fluid line Quick Disconnect (QD) fittings. The SPDs secure the QDs in a 

position that enables them to function optimally. 

With the spacewalk behind them, the new crew is able to move into a more standard mix of 

activities. The focus is on science, crew health (highlighted by about two hours of physical 

exercise for each crewmember each day) and station operations. 

Intense investigations of various aspects of human physiology will continue. Many of the 

experiments look at effects of long-term spaceflight, using crewmembers as subjects. 

Others use the microgravity of low Earth orbit for basic scientific studies as well as 

investigations of processes that could be used in manufacturing with direct benefits to 

people on Earth. 

Among new investigations by Expedition 6 are two series of experiments to be conducted 

in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG). The MSG was brought to the station with the 

Expedition 5 crew last June. Expedition 5 crewmembers successfully completed one series 

of MSG experiments and began another, which continues into Expedition 6. 

The new MSG experiments are Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixture (CSLM) and InSPACE. 

CSLM investigates interaction of small and large particles in a mixture that can have an 

effect on the strength of materials. Applications could range from turbine blades to dental 

fillings and porcelain. 

InSPACE stands for Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal 

Emulsions. The experiment seeks basic data on magnetorheological fluids, new "smart 

materials" that could be used to improve or develop new brake systems, clutches, airplane 

landing gear and suspension systems. 

Two other new experiments will be launched with Expedition 6 on STS-113. The first, 

Foot/Ground Reaction Forces During Space Flight, seeks to characterize the load on the 

lower body and muscle activity in crewmembers while working in the microgravity of the 

space station. 

The second is Protein Crystal Growth Single-locker Thermal Enclosure System (PCGSTES). The facility flew on Expeditions 2, 4 and 5. It provides a temperature-controlled 

environment for growing high-quality protein crystals – different from those on earlier 

missions - in microgravity for later analyses on the ground to determine the proteins’ 

molecular structure. The research could have application in medicine and agriculture. 

Eight experiments will be returned to Earth aboard STS-113 while 16 will continue aboard 

the station from Expedition 5 or earlier. 

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Expedition 6 crewmembers will devote more than 240 hours to station scientific 

investigations. That will bring the total of crew research time to about 1,250 hours since 

continuous human presence began on the space station in November 2000. 

Far more research time has been accumulated by experiments controlled by investigators 

on the ground. Total experiment hours should be well over 100,000 hours by the time 

Expedition 6 returns to Earth in late winter. 

Among the last major scheduled activities for the Expedition 6 crew will be the undocking in 

late February of Progress 9 and the arrival of Progress 10. Before Progress 9 is undocked 

from the station to be deorbited and burn in the Earth’s atmosphere, Expedition 6 

crewmembers will pack it with trash, unneeded equipment and supplies from the station. 

Soon they will begin unloading and stowing the equipment and supplies from Progress 10. 

Atlantis on STS-114 is scheduled to arrive at the station with Expedition 7 crewmembers in 

March. The seven people aboard the shuttle will be the first humans Bowersox, Budarin 

and Pettit have seen, except for one another, since Endeavour departed shortly after their 

increment began. 

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Expedition 6 Crew 

Commander: Kenneth D. Bowersox 

Astronaut Kenneth D. Bowersox, a Navy captain, will command the Expedition 6 crew and 

have overall responsibility for its success. Bowersox is a former Naval aviator and test pilot. 

He was selected as an astronaut in June 1987. He is a veteran of four space shuttle flights 

and has spent more than 50 days in space. 

Bowersox served as pilot on STS-50 launched in June 1992, the first flight of the U.S. 

Microgravity Laboratory, and STS-61, the first Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission, 

in December 1993. He commanded STS-73, the second Microgravity Laboratory flight 

launched in October 1995 and STS-82, the second Hubble servicing mission, in February 

1997. 

Bowersox, born Nov. 14, 1956, graduated from Bedford (Ind.) High School in 1974. He 

received a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval 

Academy in 1978 and a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from 

Columbia University in 1979. 

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Flight Engineer: Nikolai Mikhailovich Budarin 

Nikolai Budarin is an RSC Energia test cosmonaut and a veteran of two long-duration 

space missions. He served as an engineer aboard Mir as a member of the 19th long-term 

expedition. That mission was launched aboard Atlantis on STS-71 on June 27 and returned 

to Earth aboard a Soyuz on Sept. 11, 1995. From Jan. 28 to Aug. 25, 1998, he again 

served an engineer of the 25th long-term expedition aboard the Mir space station. His 

awards include the Hero of Russia and Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation. 

Budarin, 49, graduated with a mechanical engineering degree from the S. Ordzhonikidze 

Moscow Aviation Institute in 1979. He already had become an engineer at Energia and 

subsequently was promoted to leading engineer. 

In February 1989 he became an Energia candidate test cosmonaut. He completed basic 

space training in January 1991. He completed advanced training for the Soyuz TM space 

capsule and the Mir space station in December 1993. 

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Flight Engineer: Donald R. Pettit 

Astronaut Donald R. Pettit holds a doctorate in chemical engineering and served for 12 

years as a staff scientist at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico. He was 

selected for astronaut training in NASA in April 1996 and reported to Johnson Space 

Center that August for two years of training. This will be his first flight into space. 

Pettit was born in Silverton, Ore. He earned a B.S. in chemical engineering from Oregon 

State University in 1978 and his doctorate from the University of Arizona in 1983. His work 

at Los Alamos included projects in reduced gravity fluid flow and materials processing 

aboard NASA’s KC-135 aircraft, used to simulate microgravity. 

After completing astronaut training, he was assigned to technical duties in the Astronaut 

Office Computer Support Branch. Initially assigned as a backup Expedition 6 crewmember, 

Pettit is now assigned to the crew of E-6, scheduled for launch in November for its fourmonth stay aboard the International Space Station. He will serve as NASA ISS Science 

Officer and prime operator of the ISS robotic arm during his stay on the station. 

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Spacewalk 

EVA 1 Summary - Prebrief 

Only one spacewalk, or EVA (Extravehicular Activity), will be performed during the planned 

four-month mission of the Expedition 6 crew aboard the International Space Station. 

Expedition 6 Commander Ken Bowersox participates in a spacesuit 

fit check at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, in preparation for his 

spacewalk during his ISS mission. 

In early December, ISS Commander Ken Bowersox and Flight Engineer and Soyuz 

Commander Nikolai Budarin will don U.S. spacesuits and venture outside the Quest Airlock 

for a planned six-hour spacewalk designed to perform a series of tasks in preparing 

previously delivered hardware and components for future station assembly. 

It will mark the first time that a Russian cosmonaut will have performed a spacewalk in a 

U.S. spacesuit during standalone ISS operations. Previously, Vladimir Titov and Yuri 

Malenchenko conducted spacewalks in U.S. suits during shuttle visits to the Russian Mir 

space station and the ISS. 

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It will be the first spacewalk for Bowersox, who has commanded two previous shuttle 

missions and is making his fifth flight into space. Budarin conducted eight previous 

spacewalks totaling more than 44 hours on two missions aboard Mir. 

Bowersox will be designated Extravehicular Crewmember 1 (EV 1) and will wear the suit 

bearing red stripes. Budarin is designated Extravehicular Crewmember 2 (EV 2) and will 

wear the pure white suit. 

Expedition 6 Flight Engineer Don Pettit trains at the Johnson Space Center 

Virtual Reality Lab for some of his duties during the mission. 

While Bowersox and Budarin are working outside, Flight Engineer Don Pettit will be inside 

the ISS at the robotics workstation in the Destiny laboratory operating the Canadarm2 robot 

arm. It will mark the first time that the Canadian-built station arm is used to maneuver a 

spacewalker without the presence of a shuttle. 

Budarin will be mounted in a foot restraint device at the end of Canadarm2 to be 

transported about the ISS by Pettit like a telephone repairman at the end of a cherry picker 

to assist Bowersox in the assembly work. Bowersox will serve in the role of “free-floating” 

crewmember, tethered at all times and equipped with a small jetpack which he would use to 

propel himself back to Quest in the unlikely event he would become untethered. Budarin 

will also wear a jetpack unit on his U.S. suit. 

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During the spacewalk, the crew will seek to accomplish 10 objectives: 

• Reconfiguration of a pyrotechnic firing harness for a truss radiator beam line heater 

and the activation of secondary heaters on fluid lines on the P1 Truss. 

• Release of 18 launch lock restraints on the two S1 radiator beams which were not 

deployed during STS-112. 

• Deployment of the UHF antenna on the P1 Truss delivered on STS-113 and the 

verification of its operation. 

• Installation of a swiveling foot restraint on the Crew Equipment and Translation Aid 

(CETA) cart, the handcar on the truss railroad system. 

• Installation of a spacewalking tool stowage caddy on the CETA handcar. 

• Installation of a light stanchion boom and lights on the CETA handcar. 

• Installation of a tool bag equipped with fluid line quick disconnect components for 

future truss maintenance. 

• The first demonstration of standalone operations involving the transport of a 

spacewalker by the Canadarm 2 robotic arm without the presence of a shuttle. 

• Relocation of a swiveling foot restraint on the Z1 Truss to set the stage for the 

replacement of a failed Control Moment Gyro on the STS-114 mission. 

• Installation of more than a dozen Spool Positioning Devices on areas of the S1 and 

P1 trusses to help properly position the seals in the quick disconnect devices on the 

truss fluid lines. 

ISS spacewalks can be conducted out of both Quest on the U.S. segment of the station 

and the Russian Pirs Docking Compartment which serves as both an airlock for Russian 

segment-based spacewalks and a docking port for Russian vehicles. 

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Expedition 6 Spacewalk Timeline 

TASK IV EV1 EV2 

EVA 

SETUP 

SSRMS 

prepositioned 

at S0 WIF 42 

GCA terminology review; Initial tether 

config; egress A/L; configure Med ORU 

bag & QD vent tool bag; set up SSRMS at 

S0 worksite; tether swaps 

GCA terminology review; 

Initial tether config; egress 

A/L; configure Med ORU bag 

& QD vent tool bag; set up 

SSRMS at S0 worksite; tether 

swaps 

Radiator 

beam 

launch 

lock 

Verify SFU 

inhibits in 

place; verify 

UHF antenna 

inhibits in 

place 

Call RBLL released, stowed, shroud 

secure; call out pin status on SFU reconfig 

and UHF antenna; close TA clamps; 

secure connector cover; release Zenith 

center RBLL; relocate EV1 A/L tether to 

CETA spur 

Call RBLL released, stowed, 

shroud secure; ingress APFR; 

Yaw boot plate; stow 7/16” ext 

6” on RAD; install 7/16” ext 

12” to PGT. 

Z1 Port 

ETSD 

relocate 

Mnvr SSRMS 

to Z1 worksite; 

mnvr SSRMS 

to CETA cart 

worksite. 

Call SSRMS clearance as required; P1 

close out photo’s as required 

Relocate IAPFR; report ETSD 

soft dock to CETA 

CETA 

light 

install 

Verify inhibits 

in place. Mnvr 

SSRMS to S1 

CETA light 

stanchion 

worksite 

Retrieve light from A/L; soft dock to 

stanchion; call out pin status on stanchion 

plug 

Release stanchion from 

launch position; install on S1 

nadir port, call out pin status 

on power connection; close 

TA clamps; secure connector 

cover. 

Cleanup Mnvr SSRMS 

to stbd CETA 

cart; park 

SSRMS 

Stow tools in A/L; retrieve QD vent tool 

bag; install QD vent tool bag. 

Stow APFR in CETA Cart WIF 

#2; safety tether swap to A/L 

tether; install QD vent tool bag 

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Start Finish IV/SSRMS 

(Pettit) 

EV1 - FF 

(Bowersox) 

EV2 - SSRMS 

(Budarin) 

0:00 0:15 Post Depress/ A/L egress 

• Retrieve 35mm 

camera 

Post Depress/A/L egress 

0:15 1:00 SSRMS: SSRMS 

setup 

Egress/Setup: 

• Install APFRon 

SSRMS 

• safety tether swap to 

S0 

Egress/Setup: 

• install APFR on 

SSRMS 

• safety tether swap 

to SSRMS 

1:00 2:30 SSRMS:

RADIATOR BEAM 

LAUNCH LOCK 

RELEASE 

Radiator Beam Launch 

Locks 

• (9 P1 zenith locks; 

free float) 

SFU Reconfig 

UHF Deploy 

Radiator Beam Launch 

Locks 

• (9 P1 nadir locks; 

free float) 

Assist UHF Deploy (if reqd) 

2:30 4:15 * SSRMS: Z1 CETA 

TOOLBOX 

PICKUP 

SSRMS: CETA 

ETSD INSTALL 

posn 

Z1 Port ETSD relocate to 

CETA 

(assist as reqd) 

• SSRMS clearance 

as req’d 

• SPD’s (as required) 

• Relocate EV1 A/L 

safety tether 

• Retrieve CETA light 

from A/L (time 

permitting) 

Ingress APFR 

Z1 Port ETSD relocate to 

CETA 

S1 CETA lights install (time 

permitting) 

4:15 5:30 SSRMS: CETA 

LIGHT INSTALL 

posn QD vent tool bag install (time 

permitting) 

S1 CETA lights install (Time 

permitting) 

5:30 6:00 SSRMS: CETA 

ETSD INSTALL 

posn 

Sortie Cleanup EVA Cleanup/Ingress; 

• egress APFR; stow 

on CETA cart 

• Assist with QD vent 

tool bag install (if 

req’d) 

6:00 6:30 A/L ingress & Pre Repress A/L ingress & Pre Repress 

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Science Overview 

New laboratory equipment, as well as new experiments, will arrive onboard the 

International Space Station during Expedition 6. 

The station’s sixth crew will be launched to the station aboard space shuttle Endeavour 

(STS-113) in November 2002. Their four-month mission will end in March 2003 when 

Atlantis (STS-114) flies to the station with the Expedition 7 crew and returns the 

Expedition 6 crew to Earth. Expedition 6 will include a Russian Progress cargo flight. 

Several new experiments will be ferried to the orbiting outpost during Expedition 6. The 

research complement will include 20 new or continuing investigations. The new 

experiments are expected to lead to new insights in the fields of medicine, materials, plant 

science, commercial biotechnology, and manufacturing. Several experiments begun on 

earlier expeditions will return to Earth, while several others will continue operating during 

Expedition 6. 

The three Expedition 6 crewmembers are scheduled to devote more than 240 hours to 

research while continuing to build the orbiting research complex. Station science also will 

be conducted by its ever-present “fourth crewmember” – the team of controllers and 

scientists on the ground who will continue to plan, monitor and operate experiments from 

control centers around the country. In addition, the autonomous payloads will accrue 

several thousand hours of operational time. 

Expedition 6 crewmembers are astronaut Ken Bowersox, the commander; astronaut 

Donald Pettit, flight engineer; and cosmonaut Nikolai Budarin, also a flight engineer. They 

will continue maintaining the space station, adding to its capabilities, and working with 

science teams on the ground to operate experiments and collect data. 

On Earth, a new cadre of controllers for Expedition 6 will replace their Expedition 5 

colleagues in the International Space Station's Payload Operations Center at NASA's 

Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala. Controllers work in three shifts around the 

clock, seven days a week in the Payload Operations Center, the world's primary science 

command post for the space station. Its mission is to link earthbound researchers around 

the world with their experiments and crew aboard the space station. 

New Experiments 

Expedition 6 will include four experiments that are new or making a repeat flight. These 

are: 

Microgravity Science Glovebox-Coarsening in Solid Liquid Mixture (CSLM), an 

experiment to investigate the interaction of small and large particles in a mixture that can 

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have an effect on the strength of materials ranging from turbine blades to dental fillings and 

porcelain. 

Microgravity Science Glovebox-InSPACE, an experiment to obtain basic data on 

magnetorheological fluids – a new class of "smart materials" that can be used to improve or 

develop new brake systems, seat suspensions, robotics, clutches, airplane landing gear, 

and vibration damper systems. 

Foot/Ground Reaction Forces During Spaceflight, an experiment to characterize the 

load on the lower body and muscle activity in crewmembers while working on the station. 

Protein Crystal Growth Single-locker Thermal Enclosure System (PCG-STES): 

Following flights on Expeditions 2, 4 and 5, this facility will again provide a temperaturecontrolled environment for growing high-quality protein crystals of selected proteins – 

different from those on earlier mission – in microgravity for later analyses on the ground to 

determine the proteins’ molecular structure. Research may contribute to advances in 

medicine, agriculture and more. 

Continuing Experiments 

Many experiments from earlier expeditions remain aboard the space station and will 

continue to benefit from the long-term research platform provided by the orbiting laboratory: 

Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) and Microgravity Acceleration 

Measurement System (MAMS), sensors designed to measure vibrations caused by crew, 

equipment and other sources that could disturb microgravity experiments. 

Crew Earth Observations (CEO), an experiment to photograph natural and manmade 

changes on Earth. 

Renal Stone, research into a possible preventive pill for kidney stone formation. 

Pulmonary Function in Flight (PuFF), an experiment examining long-term lung function 

in microgravity. 

Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE), a suitcase-sized experiment 

attached to the outside of the space station to expose hundreds of potential space 

construction materials to the environment, leading to stronger, more durable spacecraft 

construction. 

Zeolite Crystal Growth Furnace (ZCG), a commercial experiment attempting to grow 

larger crystals in microgravity, with possible applications in chemical processes, electronic 

device manufacturing and other applications on Earth. 

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Extra Vehicular Activity Radiation Monitoring (EVARM), sets of three sensors worn in 

pockets in U.S. EVA suits that will help determine the levels of radiation received to the 

skin, eyes, and blood-forming organs of crewmembers, and ways to mitigate exposure. 

Microgravity Science Glovebox - Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI): 

This Glovebox experiment will melt samples of transparent modeling material to study how 

bubbles can be trapped in metal or crystal samples during space processing. Eliminating 

these bubbles could contribute to development of stronger materials. 

Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle School Students (EarthKAM), an education 

experiment that allows students to program a digital camera aboard the station to take 

pictures of a variety of geographical targets for study in the classroom. 

Human Physiology: Several continuing experiments will use pre- and post-flight 

measurements of Expedition 6 crewmembers to study changes in the body caused by 

exposure to the microgravity environment. They are: 

Promoting Sensorimotor Response to Generalizability: A Countermeasure to 

Mitigate Locomotor Dysfunction After Long-duration Spaceflight (Mobility); a preand post-flight investigation studying changes in posture and gait after long-duration 

spaceflight. 

Effect of Prolonged Spaceflight on Human Skeletal Muscle (Biopsy): Pre- and postexpedition tests on crewmembers will help determine the progression and extent of 

functional and structural change in limb skeletal muscle in prolonged spaceflight. 

Spaceflight-induced Reactivation of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus (Epstein-Barr), a preand post-fight investigation studying changes in human immune function. 

Subregional Bone, a pre- and post-flight experiment studying changes in bone density 

caused by long-duration spaceflight. 

Returning Experiments 

Eight completed Expedition 5 payloads are returning to Earth. They are: 

Advanced Astroculture (returned on STS-112) Commercial Generic Bioprocessing 

Apparatus, Plant Growth Bioprocessing Apparatus, Education Payload Operations-5, 

StelSys (returned on STS-112) and Microencapsulation Eletrostatic Processing 

System (returned on STS-112). 

Destiny Laboratory Facilities 

Several research facilities will be in place during Expedition 6 to support science 

investigations. The Human Research Facility is designed to house and support a wide 

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variety of life sciences experiments. The lab also contains five EXPRESS Racks. 

EXPRESS, or Expedite the Processing of Experiments to the space station, racks are 

standard payload racks designed to provide experiments with a variety of utilities such as 

power, data, cooling, fluids and gasses. The racks support payloads in several disciplines, 

including biology, chemistry, physics, ecology and medicine. The racks stay in orbit, while 

experiments are changed in and out as needed. EXPRESS Racks 2 and three are 

equipped with the Active Rack Isolation System (ARIS) for countering minute vibrations 

from crew movement or operating equipment that could disturb delicate experiments. 

The Microgravity Science Glovebox has a large front window and built-in gloves to 

provide a sealed environment for conducting small science and technology experiments. 

The glovebox is particularly suited for handling hazardous materials in a crewed 

environment. 

The lab also contains two ARCTIC freezers. They will support experiments requiring lowtemperature preservation of biological materials, reagents and perishable items. 

On the Internet: 

For fact sheets, imagery and more on Expedition 6 experiments and payload operations, 

click on http://www.scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov. 

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Science Overview 

Continuing Experiments 

The International Space Station orbits Earth, traveling at 17,500 mph, provides a unique 

laboratory in which engineers and scientists can challenge their abilities and 

imaginations to advance science and technology. Expedition 6 continues many of the 

experiments that began on earlier expeditions. 

One of the primary functions of the International Space Station is to provide a microgravity, 

or low-gravity, environment for fundamental science and commercial research. A science 

laboratory equipped by the station’s major partners -- the United States, Russia, Canada, 

Japan and the European Space Agency – has seen more than 90,000 hours of scientific 

experiments conducted, with investigations controlled by astronauts in space and remotely 

by scientists on the ground. 

Experiment Facilities 

Available to support experiments in scientific disciplines ranging from biotechnology and 

materials to plant growth and human life sciences are five standardized EXPRESS 

(Expedite the Processing of Experiments to the Space Station) racks, the Human Research 

Facility rack and the Microgravity Science Glovebox rack. All are located in the space 

station’s Destiny laboratory module. 

Microgravity Experiments 

Two of those experiments are acceleration measurements that were started during 

Expedition 2 and will continue throughout the life of the space station. These experiments -- 

Space Acceleration Measurement System II (SAMS-II) and Microgravity Acceleration 

Measurement System (MAMS) -- monitor disturbances that could affect other science 

experiments. The SAMS-II measures accelerations caused by vehicle, crew and equipment 

disturbances, and the MAMS measures accelerations caused by the aerodynamic drag 

created as the space station orbits Earth. 

Other experiments continuing on the space station increase our understanding of nature’s 

processes on Earth and routine space travel. 

The Materials International Space Station Experiment – a collaborative effort by NASA’s 

Office of Space Flight, the U.S. Air Force and private industry – is designed to develop 

better materials for future spacecraft. The durability of hundreds of samples, ranging from 

lubricants to solar cell technologies, is being tested. 

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 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Handheld cameras, used for Crew Earth Observations, provide valuable data about Earth’s 

geographic and climate changes, weather, volcanic eruptions and more. This experiment 

has the distinction of having flown on every crewed NASA space mission. 

A similar experiment is EarthKAM – Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle school students. 

This NASA education program enables thousands of students to photograph and examine 

Earth from a space crew’s perspective. 

Using the Internet, the students control a special digital camera on the space station. This 

enables them to photograph interesting geographic locations and then post them on the 

Web to share with participating classrooms and the public. 

Human Life Sciences Experiments 

Planning a trip to Mars? Human life sciences experiments on the International Space 

Station help scientists understand how to prepare for longer stays in space. There are more 

than a half dozen such experiments that continue from earlier expeditions. These include 

monitoring for renal (kidney) stones; measuring lung function; measuring bone loss and 

recovery; monitoring neurovestibular reflexes; measuring blood circulation; and measuring 

radiation levels during Extravehicular Activity (EVA). 

A similar experiment continuing on this mission is the Spaceflight-Induced Reactivation of 

Epstein-Barr Virus study. As mission duration increases, the potential development of 

infectious illness increases – this is especially true with latent viruses and infections caused 

by these viruses. An example is the Epstein-Barr virus, a latent herpes-like virus that 

causes infectious mononucleosis that is reactivated by stress – a hazard in space because 

of confinement, spacewalks, radiation and disruption of the rhythms that characterize 

biological activity. In addition to providing new insights into the mechanisms of Epstein-Barr 

reactivation during spaceflight, this research may provide important information that may 

lead to a better understanding of latent herpes virus reactivation in humans living on Earth. 

Space Products Development 

Some expedition experiments are sponsored by commercial companies and are designed to 

create products for use on Earth. One such experiment is the Pore Formation and Mobility 

Investigation (PFMI). In this experiment, scientists will melt samples of a transparent 

modeling material and study how bubbles are formed. By investigating how bubbles are 

formed in solids – such as metals or crystals – scientists may be able to improve industrial 

solidification processes to create stronger materials. Another experiment, Zeolite Crystal 

Growth Furnace, will grow zeolite crystals, the backbone of the chemical processes industry. 

This information may help improve petroleum processing, reducing costs and pollution. 

For information about these experiments and those just beginning during Expedition 6, or 

all of the experiments on the space station, visit 

http://www.scipoc.com

20
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Science Overview 

Expedition 6 Experiments 

Experiment Mission 

Information 

Duration Location on ISS Research 

Area 

Microgravity Science 

GloveboxCoarsening in Solid 

Liquid Mixture 

(CSLM) 

Up on 11A 

Down on 

ULF1 

4 months Glovebox Microgravity 

materials 

Microgravity Science 

Glovebox-InSPACE 

Up on 11A 

Samples 

down on 

ULF1 

4 months Glovebox Microgravity 

materials 

Protein Crystal 

Growth Singlelocker Thermal 

Enclosure System 

(PCG-STES) 

housing the 

Diffusion-controlled 

Crystallization 

Apparatus for 

Microgravity 

(DCAM) 

Up on 11A 

Down on 

ULF1 

4 months EXPRESS Rack 4 Biotechnology 

Zeolite Crystal 

Growth Furnace 

(ZCG) 

Furnace unit 

up on UF1; 

samples up 

and down 

on most 

Shuttle 

flights 

Expeditions 

Four 

through 

Eight 

EXPRESS Rack 2 Space 

product 

development 

Effect of Prolonged 

Spaceflight on 

Human Skeletal 

Muscle (Biopsy) 

Expeditions 

5-8 

N/A Pre- and postflight Human life 

sciences 

Pore Formation and 

Mobility 

Investigation (PFMI) 

Up on UF2 

Down ULF1 

9 months Glovebox Microgravity 

sciences 

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 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Experiment Mission 

Information 

Duration Location on ISS Research 

Area 

Crew Earth 

Observations (CEO) 

Expeditions 

1-7 

34 months Destiny lab 

window or other 

ISS windows 

Earth 

observations 

Earth Knowledge 

Acquired by Middle 

School Students 

(EarthKAM) 

Up on 5A Ongoing ISS window Education 

Subregional 

Assessment of Bone 

Loss in the Axial 

Skeleton in Longterm Spaceflight 

(Subregional Bone) 

Expeditions 

2-9 

39 months Pre- and postflight Human life 

sciences 

EVA Radiation 

Monitoring (EVARM) 

Expeditions 

4-6 

15 months Human Research 

Facility 

Human life 

sciences 

Promoting 

Sensorimotor 

Response 

Generalizability 

(Mobility) 

Expeditions 

5-10 

N/A Pre- and postflight Human life 

sciences 

Space Flight 

Induced 

Reactivation of 

Epstein-Barr Virus 

(Epstein-Barr) 

Expeditions 

5-8, 10 

N/A Pre- and postflight Human life 

sciences 

 

Pulmonary Function 

in Flight (PuFF) 

Expeditions 

3-6 

19 months Human Research 

Facility 

Human life 

sciences 

Foot/Ground 

Reaction Forces 

During Space Flight 

Up on 11A 

Down on 

ULF1 

4 months Human Research 

Facility 

Human life 

sciences 

Renal Stone Risk 

During Spaceflight 

(Renal Stone) 

Expeditions 

3-12 

49 months Human Research 

Facility 

Human life 

sciences 

Materials 

International Space 

Station Experiment 

(MISSE) 

Up on 7A.1 

Down on 

ULF1 

19 months External 

attachment on 

Quest airlock 

Materials 

exposure 

22
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Experiment Mission 

Information 

Duration Location on ISS Research 

Area 

Microgravity 

Acceleration 

Measurement 

System (MAMS) 

Up on 6A Permanent EXPRESS Rack 1 Microgravity 

Space Acceleration 

Measurement 

System (SAMS) 

Up on 6A Permanent EXPRESS Racks 

1 and 4 

Microgravity 

23
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Science Overview 

Expedition 6 Facilities 

Facility Mission 

Information 

Duration Location on ISS Research 

Area 

EXPRESS Racks 1 and 

2 

Up on 6A Permanent Destiny lab module Multidisciplinary 

EXPRESS Racks 4 and 

5 

Up on 7A.1 Permanent Destiny lab module Multidisciplinary 

Human Research 

Facility Rack 1 

Up on 5A.1 Permanent Destiny lab module Human life 

sciences 

EXPRESS Rack 3 Up on UF-2 Permanent Destiny lab module Multidisciplinary 

Microgravity Science 

Glovebox 

Up on UF-2 Permanent Destiny lab module Multidisciplinary 

ARCTIC 1 and 2 ARCTIC 1 up 

on 8A 

ARCTIC 2 up 

on UF-2 

Permanent EXPRESS Rack 1 

or 4 

Multi -

disciplinary 

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 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

The Payload Operations Center 

The Payload Operations Center at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in 

Huntsville, Ala., is the world’s primary science command post for the International 

Space Station. 

The Payload Operations team is responsible for managing all science research 

experiments aboard the station. The center also is home for coordination of the missionplanning work of a variety of international sources, all science payload deliveries and 

retrieval, and payload training and payload safety programs for the station crew and all 

ground personnel. 

State-of-the-art computers and communications equipment deliver round-the-clock reports 

from science outposts around the planet to systems controllers and science experts staffing 

numerous consoles beneath the glow of wall-sized video screens. Other computers stream 

information to and from the space station itself, linking the orbiting research facility with the 

science command post on Earth. 

The International Space Station will accommodate dozens of experiments in fields as 

diverse as medicine, human life sciences, biotechnology, agriculture, manufacturing, Earth 

observation, and more. 

Managing these science assets -- as well as the time and space required to accommodate 

experiments and programs from a host of private, commercial, industry and government 

agencies worldwide -- makes the job of coordinating space station research a critical one. 

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 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

The Payload Operations Center (POC) continues the role Marshall has played in 

management and operation of NASA’s on-orbit science research. In the 1970s, Marshall 

managed the science program for Skylab, the first American space station. Spacelab -- the 

international science laboratory carried to orbit in the early '80s by the space shuttle for 

more than a dozen missions -- was the prototype for Marshall’s space station science 

operations. 

The POC is the focal point for incorporating research and experiment requirements from all 

international partners into an integrated space station payload mission plan. 

Four international partner control centers -- in the United States, Japan, Russia and one 

representing the 11 participating countries of Europe -- prepare independent science plans 

for the POC. Each partner’s plan is based on submissions from its participating universities, 

science institutes and commercial companies. 

The U.S. partner control center incorporates submissions from Italy, Brazil and Canada 

until those nations develop partner centers of their own. The U.S. center’s plan also 

includes payloads commissioned by NASA from the four Telescience Support Centers in 

the United States. Each support center is responsible for integrating specific disciplines of 

study with commercial payload operations. They are: 

• Marshall Space Flight Center, managing microgravity (materials sciences, 

biotechnology research, microgravity research, space product development) 

• Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., managing gravitational biology and 

ecology (research on plants and animals) 

• John Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, managing microgravity (fluids and 

combustion research) 

• Johnson Space Center in Houston, managing human life sciences (physiological 

and behavioral studies, crew health and performance) 

The POC combines inputs from all the partners into a Science Payload Operations master 

plan, delivered to the Space Station Control Center at Johnson Space Center to be 

integrated into a weekly work schedule. All necessary resources are then allocated, 

available time and rack space are determined, and key personnel are assigned to oversee 

the execution of science experiments and operations in orbit. 

Once payload schedules are finalized, the POC oversees delivery of experiments to the 

space station. These will be constantly in cycle: new payloads will be delivered by the 

space shuttle, or aboard launch vehicles provided by international partners; completed 

experiments and samples will be returned to Earth via the shuttle. This dynamic 

environment provides the true excitement and challenge of science operations aboard the 

space station. 

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 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Housed in a two-story complex at Marshall, the POC is staffed around the clock by 

three shifts of 13 to 19 systems controllers -- essentially the same number of 

controllers that staffed the operations center for Spacelab more than a decade 

earlier. 

During space station operations, however, center personnel will routinely manage three to 

four times the number of experiments as were conducted aboard Spacelab, and also will be 

responsible for station-wide payload safety, planning, execution and troubleshooting. 

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 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

The Payload Operations Director (POD) position at the Payload Operations Center 

The POC’s main flight control team, or the "cadre," is headed by the Payload Operations 

Director, who approves all science plans in coordination with Mission Control at Johnson, 

the station crew and various outside research facilities. 

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 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Paycom, the Payload Communications Manager position in the POC 

The Payload Communications Manager, the voice of the POC, coordinates and delivers 

messages and project data to the Station. The Systems Configuration Manager monitors 

station life support systems. The Operations Controller oversees station science operations 

resources such as tools and supplies. The Photo and TV Operations Manager is 

responsible for station video systems and links to the POC. 

The Timeline Maintenance Manager maintains the daily calendar of station work 

assignments, based on the plan generated at Johnson Space Center, as well as daily 

status reports from the station crew. The Payload Rack Officer monitors rack integrity, 

temperature control and the proper working conditions of station experiments. 

29
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

The Payload Rack Officer (PRO) position at the Payload Operations Center 

Additional systems and support controllers routinely monitor payload data systems, provide 

research and science expertise during experiments, and evaluate and modify timelines and 

safety procedures as payload schedules are revised. 

The international partner control centers include Mission Control Center, Moscow; the 

Columbus Orbital Facility Control Center, Oberpfaffenhoffen, Germany; Tsukuba Space 

Center, Tsukuba, Japan; and the Space Station Control Center at Johnson Space Center. 

NASA’s primary Space Station Control Center, Johnson, is also home to the U.S. partner 

control center, which prepares the science plan on behalf of the United States, Brazil, 

Canada and Italy. 

For updates to this fact sheet, visit the Marshall News Center at: 

http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news

http://www.scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov 

30
Expeditio

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Russian Experiments 

Russian Inflight Increments 

Category Experiment Code Experiment Name Hardware Description Research Objective 

Commercial KHT-1 GTS Electronics unit; 

Antenna assembly with attachment mechanism 

Global time system test development U

Commercial KHT-2 MPAC&SEED MPAC&SEED - equipment for 

catching microparticles and for exposing materials; Special returnable cassette; Adapter frame with interface 

Study of meteoroid and man-made environment and of the outer space factor effects on exposed materials 

U

Geophysical ГФИ-1 Relaksatsiya “Fialka-MB-Kosmos” Multi-spectral 

ultraviolet system 

Study of chemiluminescent chemical reactions and atmospheric light phenomena that occur during highvelocity interaction between the exhaust products from spacecraft propulsion systems and the Earth atmosphere at orbital altitudes and during the entry of space vehicles into the Earth upper atmosphere 

Geophysical ГФИ-8 Uragan “Rubinar” telescope 

Nominal hardware: Kodak 460 camera LIV video system 

Experimental verification of the ground and space-based system for predicting natural and man-made disasters, mitigating the damage caused, and facilitating recovery 

Geophysical ГФИ-10 Molniya-SM ВФС-ЗМ video photometric system Study of the electrodynamic 

interaction between the Earth atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere associated with thunderstorm or seismic activity using a video photometric system 

Biomedical МБИ-3 Parodont Saliva-A Parodont kit 

Parodont tubes kit Nominal hardware: Kriogem-03/1 freezer 

Study of the effects of space flight on human parodontium tissue 

S

31
Expeditio

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Category Experiment Code Experiment Name Hardware Description Research Objective 

Biomedical МБИ-4 Farma Saliva-F kit; Study of specific pharmacological 

effects under long-duration space flight conditions 

S

Biomedical МБИ-5 Kardio-ODNT Nominal hardware: 

Gamma-1M equipment; Chibis countermeasures vacuum suit 

Comprehensive study of the cardiac activity and blood circulation primary parameter dynamics 

Wc

Biomedical МБИ-8 Profilaktika Laktat kit; 

TEEM-100M gas analyzer; Accusport device; Nominal hardware: Reflotron-4 kit; TVIS treadmill; ВБ-3 cycle ergometer; Set of bungee cords; Computer; Tsentr equipment power supply 

Study of the mechanism and efficacy of various countermeasures aimed at preventing locomotor system disorders in weightlessness

TotrWc

Biomedical МБИ-9 Puls Pulse set, Pulse kit 

Nominal hardware: Computer 

Study of the autonomic regulation of the human cardiorespiratory system in weightlessness 

Biomedical БИО-2 Biorisk Biorisk-KM set (4 units) 

Biorisk-MSV conteiners (6 units) Biorisk-MSN set 

Study of space flight impact on microorganisms-substrates systems state related to space technique ecological safety and planetary quarantine problem 

U

Biomedical БИО-5 Rasteniya-2 Lada greenhouse; 

Water container; Nominal hardware: BVP-70P video camera from the LIV video system; Computer 

Study of the space flight effect on the growth and development of higher plants 

Biomedical РБО-1 Prognoz Nominal hardware from the radiation 

monitoring system: P-16 dosimeter; ДБ-8 dosimeters (4 each) 

Development of a method for realtime prediction of radiation dose loads on the crews of manned spacecraft 

U

Biomedical РБО-2 Bradoz Bradoz kit Bioradiation dosimetry in space flight

32
Expeditio

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Category Experiment Code Experiment Name Hardware Description Research Objective 

Study of Earth natural resources and ecological monitoring 

ДЗЗ-2 Diatomea Nikon F5 camera; 

DSR-PD1P video camera; Dictophone; Laptop No. 3; Diatomea kit 

Study of the stability of the geographic position and form of the boundaries of the World Ocean biologically active water areas observed by space station crews 

S

Biotechnology БТХ-11 Biodegradatsiya Bioproby kit 

Biodegradatsiya ГО1 

Biodegradatsiya ГО2 

Assessment of the initial stages of biodegradation and biodeterioration of the surfaces of structural materials 

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-3 

(Phase 1) 

Akustika-M Akustika-M kit Acoustic studies of the conditions of 

ISS crew voice and audio communications 

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-5 

(SDTO 16002-R) 

Meteoroid Nominal micrometeoroid monitoring 

system: MMK-2 electronics unit; Stationary electrostatic sensors КД1, КД2, КД3, and КД4;

Removable electrostatic sensor КДС

Recording of meteoroid and manmade particles on the ISS RS Service Module exterior surface 

U

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-13 

(SDTO 12001-R) 

Tenzor Nominal hardware: 

ISS RS motion control and navigation system (СУДН) sensorsStar tracker SM TV systems 

Determination of ISS dynamic characteristics 

U

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-14 

(SDTO 12002-R) 

Vektor-T Nominal hardware: 

ISS RS СУДН sensors;

ISS RS orbit radio tracking [PKO] system; Satellite navigation equipment [ACH] system; GPS/GLONASS satellite systems 

Study of a high-precision system for ISS motion prediction

U

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-15 

(SDTO 13002-R) 

Izgib Nominal hardware: 

ISS RS onboard measurement system [СБИ] accelerometers;

ISS RS motion control and navigation system GIVUS [ГИВУС СУДН]

Study of the relationship between the onboard systems operating modes and ISS flight conditions

U

33
Expeditio

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Category Experiment Code Experiment Name Hardware Description Research Objective 

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-16 

(SDTO 12003-R) 

Privyazka Nominal hardware: 

ISS RS СУДН SM-8M sensors and 

magnetometer 

High-precision orientation of science instruments in space with consideration given to ISS hull deformation

U

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-17 

(SDTO 16001-R) 

Iskazheniye Nominal hardware: 

ISS RS СУДН SM-8M sensors and 

magnetometer 

Determination and analysis of magnetic disturbances on the ISS

U

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-20 Plazmennyi Kristall Plazmennyi kristall equipment 

Telescience flight equipment 

Study of the plasma-dust crystals and fluids under microgravity 

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-22 

(SDTO 13001-R) 

Identifikatsiya Nominal hardware: 

ISS RS СБИ accelerometers

Identification of disturbance sources when the microgravity conditions on the ISS are disrupted

U

Technical Studies 

ТЕХ-25 Skorpion Skorpion equipment Development, testing, and 

verification of a multi-functional instrument to monitor the science experiment conditions inside ISS pressurized compartments

U

Study of cosmic rays 

ИКЛ-1В Platan Platan-M equipment Search for low-energy heavy nuclei 

of solar and galactic origin 

U

Space energy systems 

ПКЭ-1В Kromka Tray with materials to be exposed Study of the dynamics of 

contamination from liquid-fuel thruster jets during burns, and verification of the efficacy of devices designed to protect the ISS exterior surfaces from contamination 

U

34
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Experiments 

Biopsy 

Experiment Name: Effect of Prolonged Space Flight on Human Skeletal Muscle 

Missions: Expeditions 5-8, preflight and postflight 

Principal Investigator: Dr. Robert H. Fitts, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wis. 

Co-investigators: Dr. Scott Trappe and Dr. David Costill, Ball State University, Muncie, 

Ind., and Dr. Danny Riley, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 

Project Manager: David Baumann, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 

Overview 

As engineers develop technologies that will carry humans to Mars, scientists search for 

ways to make sure space travelers will arrive on the Red Planet healthy and ready to 

explore – and return to Earth healthy, too. One of the human systems most affected by 

extended stays in space is the neuromuscular system. Past space missions have shown 

weightlessness can cause deterioration of muscle fiber, nerves and physical strength. 

Beginning with Expedition 5, crewmembers on are paving the way for future Mars missions 

by allowing researchers to take biopsies of their calf muscles before and after their stay on 

board the International Space Station. This will allow scientists to begin developing an inspace countermeasure exercise program aimed at keeping muscles at their peak 

performance during long missions in space. 

Flight History/Background 

A series of human physiology experiments during the space shuttle STS-78 Life and 

Microgravity Spacelab mission in June 1996 focused on the effects of weightlessness on 

skeletal muscles. Astronauts provided biopsies before and after flight, and exercised in 

space using a Torque Velocity Dynamometer to measure changes in muscle forces in the 

arms and legs. This mission provided the first set of data for use in determining how long it 

takes for change in skeletal muscle structure and function to occur. Expeditions 5-8 build 

on that 17-day mission. Results are needed from the longer stays in space, which the 

International Space Station can provide, before longer crewed missions exploring deeper 

into space can take place. 

35
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Benefits 

Crew safety is NASA’s top priority when planning human space exploration. The results of 

this research will be used to calculate specific changes that will happen to muscles on a 

flight to Mars and back, so effective countermeasures can be developed, ensuring the 

arrival – and return – of a healthy crew 

For more about Expedition 6 science experiments please visit the Web at: 

www.scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov 

www.spaceflight.nasa.gov

36
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Experiments 

Crew Earth Observations (CEO) 

Principal Investigator: Kamlesh Lulla, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 

Payload Developer: Sue Runco, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 

Overview 

By allowing photographs to be taken from space, the Crew Earth Observations (CEO) 

experiment provides people on Earth with data needed to better understand our planet. The 

photographs—taken by crewmembers using handheld cameras—record observable Earth 

surface changes over a period of time, as well as more fleeting events such as storms, 

floods, fires and volcanic eruptions. 

Orbiting 220 miles or more above the Earth, the International Space Station offers an ideal 

vantage point for crewmembers to continue observational efforts that began in the early 

1960s when space crews first photographed the Earth. This experiment on the space 

station began during Expedition 1, STS-97 (ISS Assembly Flight 4A), and is planned to 

continue through the life of the space station. 

History/Background 

This experiment has flown on every crewed NASA space mission beginning with Gemini in 

1961. Since that time, astronauts have photographed the Earth, observing the world’s 

geography and documenting events such as hurricanes and other natural phenomena. 

Over the years, space crews also have documented human impacts on Earth – city growth, 

agricultural expansion and reservoir construction. The CEO experiment aboard the ISS will 

build on that knowledge. 

Benefits 

Today, images of the world from 10, 20 or 30 years ago provide valuable insight into Earth 

processes and the effects of human developments. Photographic images taken by space 

crews serve as both primary data on the state of the Earth and as secondary data to be 

combined with images from other satellites in orbit. Worldwide more than one million users 

log on to the Astronaut Earth Photography database each year. Through their photography 

of the Earth, space station crewmembers will build on the time series of imagery started 35 

years ago – ensuring this record of Earth remains unbroken. 

37
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Experiments 

EarthKAM (Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle School Students) 

Principal Investigator: Dr. Sally Ride, University of California, San Diego 

Project Manager: Brion J. Au, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 

Overview 

EarthKAM (Earth Knowledge Acquired by Middle school students) is a NASA-sponsored 

educational program that enables students to photograph and examine the Earth from the 

vantage point of the International Space Station. EarthKAM is operated by the University of 

California, San Diego and NASA field centers. Using a digital camera mounted at the 

extremely high optical quality window in the station's Destiny lab, EarthKAM students are 

able to remotely photograph the Earth's coastlines, mountain ranges and other geographic 

items of interest from the unique vantage point of space. 

Experiment Operations 

EarthKAM students determine the images they want to acquire, then their requests are 

collected and compiled into a "Camera Control File" at the University of California in San 

Diego. This file is then sent to a Station Support Computer aboard the ISS. This laptop 

activates the camera at specified times, taking the desired images and transferring them to 

the camera's hard disk card, which is capable of storing up to 81 6-megapixel images. The 

laptop computer then transfers these images to an on-board file server, storing them until 

they can be sent to Earth via the station's Operations Local Area Network (OPS LAN). 

Approximately one hour after receiving the images from the ISS, the EarthKAM team posts 

the images at http://www.earthkam.ucsd.edu/ for easy access by participating schools. 

Flight History/Background 

In 1994, Dr. Sally Ride, a physics professor, former NASA astronaut and the first American 

woman to fly in space, started what is now known as EarthKAM with the goal of integrating 

education with the space program. EarthKAM flew on five space shuttle flights before being 

taken to the space station. Since 1996, EarthKAM students from schools in the United 

States, Japan, Germany and France have taken thousands of photographs of the Earth. 

The EarthKAM camera is periodically installed in the Destiny lab window and operates 

continuously for four days. First installed during Expedition 2, the payload has been 

operated for six data gathering sessions, capturing more than 2,400 images for classroom 

study projects. Once installed at the Destiny lab window, the payload required no further 

crew interaction for nominal operations. 

38
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Benefits 

By integrating Earth images with inquiry-based learning, EarthKAM offers students and 

educators the opportunity to participate in a space mission and develop teamwork, 

communication and problem-solving skills. Educators also use the images alongside 

suggested curriculum plans for studies in physics, computers, geography, math, earth 

science, biology, art, history, cultural studies and more. 

39
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Experiments 

Spaceflight-Induced Reactivation of the Epstein-Barr Virus 

(EPSTEIN-BARR) 

Principal Investigator: Dr. Raymond Stowe, University of Texas Medical Branch, 

Galveston, Texas 

Overview 

As space missions increase in duration, the potential for the development of an infectious 

illness in crewmembers also increases. This is especially true with latent viruses, which 

stress and other acute/chronic events can reactivate in the body. Infections caused by 

these latent viruses are not mitigated by a quarantine period before launch. 

One example of a latent virus is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), with which approximately 90 

percent of the adult population is infected. To study how any EBV in an astronaut’s body is 

affected by a long-duration spaceflight, each participating crewmember will give blood and 

a 24-hour urine collection both before and after their mission (pre- and post-flight). The preflight data will be collected on or around six months, two months, 10 days and three days 

before launch. Post-flight data will be collected on landing day and on post-landing days 

three and 15, and six months after landing. 

Benefits 

This research will provide new insights into the mechanisms of EBV reactivation during 

spaceflight. In addition, this research may provide important information that may lead to a 

better understanding of latent herpes virus reactivation in humans living on Earth. Potential 

applications of this research also include the development of rapid and sensitive diagnostic 

methods for identifying station crewmembers who may be at increased risk of illness. 

Researchers must understand how the body’s immune system adjusts to long stays in 

microgravity, both for continuing space station missions and for any future long-duration 

missions within our own solar system. 

For more information on any Expedition 6 science experiment, visit the Web at: 

www.scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov 

http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/science/index.html 

40
 Expedition 6 Press Kit 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Experiments 

A Study of Radiation Doses Experienced by Astronauts 

in EVA (EVARM) 

Principal Investigator: Ian Thomson, Thomson & Nielsen Electronics, Ltd., Ottawa, 

Canada 

NASA Project Manager: Michelle Kamman, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas 

CSA Project Manager: Ron Wilkinson, Canadian Space Agency, Ottawa, Canada 

Overview 

Space travel can be dangerous for humans because of the large amounts of radiation to 

which they can be adversely exposed. This concern is particularly true for spacewalkers 

who venture outside the shielded walls of spacecraft protected by only a spacesuit. 

Construction and maintenance of the space station will require hundreds of hours of spacewalking time over the life of the program. Very high doses of radiation can kill cells and 

damage tissue, leading to cancer, cataracts and even injury to the central nervous system. 

Monitoring devices have been flown on many space shuttle missions and Russia’s space 

station Mir to learn more about how to protect crews from the effects of radiation. But these 

devices were not specifically designed to study radiation dosages encountered during 

spacewalks. The space station crewmembers in the EVA Radiation Monitoring (EVARM) 

study will be the first to measure radiation dosage encountered by the eyes, internal organs 

and skin during specific spacewalks, relating the measurements to the type of activity, 

location and other factors. Expeditions 4 to 6 will take part in the EVARM experiment. 

Flight History/Background 

Scientists have been measuring radiation in the Earth’s upper atmosphere and beyond 

since balloon launches in the 1940s. Radiation experiments have been part of many human 

space missions, measuring radiation exposure to spacecraft and space travelers. The 

Canadian Space Agency and the principal investigator for the experiment flew a similar 

radiation monitoring experiment on three missions aboard Russia’s space station Mir in the 

mid-1990s. That experiment used passive dosimeters that were read after they were 

returned to Earth. The dosimeters were placed in the cosmonauts’ sleeping quarters but 

were not carried on spacewalks. 

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Benefits 

EVARM will help scientists better understand and predict radiation exposure encountered 

by astronauts during spacewalks and compare that to specific activities. For instance, 

scientists believe that spacewalkers who work close to the massive structure of the station 

will receive a lower radiation dosage than spacewalkers working at the end of the shuttle or 

station robot arms. The results of the investigation may offer ways to reduce exposure to 

radiation during spacewalks. In addition, this space experiment will help further the 

technology used for radiation sensors on Earth. 

More information on the EVARM and other Expedition 6 experiments is available at: 

http://www.scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov/factchron.html

http://www.thomson-elec.com

http://www.space.gc.ca/csa_sectors/space_science/space_life_sciences/evarm/default.as 

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Experiments 

Foot/Ground Reaction Forces During Spaceflight (FOOT) 

Principal Investigator: Peter R. Cavanagh, Ph.D., Chairman, Department of Biomedical 

Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic 

Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 

Overview 

Without appropriate countermeasures, astronauts traveling in space can loose as much 

bone mineral in the lower extremity in one month as a typical post-menopausal woman 

looses in an entire year. Muscle strength can also be lost rapidly during spaceflight. Such 

decrements as a result of prolonged exposure to microgravity have important implications 

for performance and safety during space missions and thus the identification of 

mechanisms and countermeasures for such changes are a high priority for NASA. 

It is widely believed that changes in bone and muscle are directly related to the decrease in 

mechanical loading. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that little or no bone mineral is 

usually lost from the upper extremity – which may be even more frequently used in orbit 

than it is on the ground. The objective of the experiment called FOOT is to quantify and 

explore the relationship between loading of the human body and changes in the 

musculoskeletal system during spaceflight. 

The principal investigator on the experiment, Peter R. Cavanagh, Ph.D., has previously 

been involved with the design of the Human Research Facility in the space station and in 

the evaluation of the treadmill vibration isolation system (TVIS) that is used for exercise on 

the International Space Station (ISS). 

Experiment Operations 

FOOT will accomplish its objectives through direct measurement of forces on the feet, joint 

angles and muscle activity in astronauts during typical entire days of daily life both on Earth 

and on the ISS. In addition, bone mineral density, muscle strength, and muscle volume will 

be measured before and after the mission. 

The heart of the FOOT experiment is an instrumented suit called the Lower Extremity 

Monitoring Suit (LEMS) (see sketch below). This customized garment is a pair of Lycra 

cycling tights incorporating 20 carefully placed sensors and the associated wiring, control 

units, and amplifiers. LEMS will enable the electrical activity of muscles, the angular 

motions of the hip, knee, and ankle joints, and the force under both feet to be measured 

continuously. Information from the sensors can be recorded for up to 14 hours on a small 

wearable computer. Measurements will also be made on the arm muscles. The 

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crewmembers will put the suit on in the morning before they start their work day and, after 

calibration, they will go about their regular daily activities. Throughout the day, the sensors 

will capture data that will allow researchers to characterize differences between use of the 

arms and legs on Earth and in space. 

Before launch and after landing, DXA scans, MRIs, and Cybex testing will be used to 

measure the changes in bone mineral density, muscle volume, and muscle strength, 

respectively. Researchers will relate these changes to the measurements made from the 

LEMS. 

The first subject who will perform the experiment on the ISS will be Ken Bowersox, 

commander of Expedition 6. 1G Baseline data has already been collected from 

Commander Bowersox who is fully trained in procedures for the experiment. Members of 

the Expedition 8 crew, astronauts Mike Foale and Bill McArthur, are currently undergoing 

training for the experiment. 

Benefits 

FOOT has the potential to shed significant new light on the reasons for bone and muscle 

loss during spaceflight and on the design of exercise countermeasures. The data should 

allow the “dose” of mechanical load to be chosen based on the measurements performed 

in the study. Ideally, exercise countermeasures should replace the critical mechanical input 

that is present on Earth but missing in space. The ISS environment offers an ideal setting in 

which the experimental hypothesis can be examined. In addition, the theories that are to be 

explored in this project have significance for understanding, preventing, and treating 

osteoporosis on Earth, which is a major public health problem. 

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Artist’s impression of the Lower Extremity Monitoring Suit (LEMS) 

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Experiments 

Acceleration Measurements Aboard the 

International Space Station 

Acceleration Measurement Discipline Program Manager: David Francisco, NASA 

Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 

Acceleration Measurement Discipline Scientist: Richard DeLombard, NASA Glenn 

Research Center 

Overview 

Providing a quiescent microgravity, or low-gravity, environment for fundamental scientific 

research is one of the major goals of the International Space Station Program. However, tiny 

disturbances aboard the space station mimic the effects of gravity, and scientists need to 

understand, track and measure these potential disruptions. Two accelerometer systems 

developed by the Glenn Research Center will be used aboard the station. Operation of these 

systems began with Expedition 2 and will continue throughout the life of the station. 

The Space Acceleration Measurement System II (SAMS-II) will measure accelerations 

caused by vehicle, crew and equipment disturbances. To complement the SAMS-II 

measurements, the Microgravity Acceleration Measurement System (MAMS) will record 

accelerations caused by the aerodynamic drag created as the station moves through 

space. It also will measure accelerations created as the vehicle rotates and vents water. 

These small, quasi-steady accelerations occur in the frequency range below 1 Hertz. 

Using data from both accelerometer systems, the Principal Investigator Microgravity 

Services project at the Glenn Research Center will help investigators characterize 

accelerations that influence their station experiments. The acceleration data will be 

available to researchers during the mission via the World Wide Web. It will be updated 

nominally every two minutes as new data is transmitted from the station to Glenn’s 

Telescience Support Center. A catalog of acceleration sources also will be maintained. 

Space Acceleration Measurement System II (SAMS-II)

Project Manager: William M. Foster, Glenn Research Center 

SAMS-II began operations on ISS Mission 6A. It measures vibrations that affect nearby 

experiments. SAMS-II uses small remote triaxial sensor systems that are placed directly 

next to experiments throughout the laboratory module. For Expedition 2, five sensors were 

placed in the EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to the Space Station (EXPRESS) 

racks with experiments before launch. 

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As the sensors measure accelerations electronically, they transmit the measurements to 

the interim control unit located in an EXPRESS rack drawer. SAMS-II is designed to record 

accelerations for the lifetime of the space station. As larger, facility-size experiments fill 

entire space station racks in the future, the interim control unit will be replaced with a more 

sophisticated computer control unit. It will allow on-board data analysis and direct 

dissemination of data to the investigators’ telescience centers located at university 

laboratories and other locations around the world. Special sensors are being designed to 

support future experiments that will be mounted on the exterior of the space station. 

Microgravity Acceleration Measurement System (MAMS)

Project Manager: William Foster, Glenn Research Center 

MAMS measures accelerations that affect the entire space station, including experiments 

inside the laboratory. It fits in a double middeck locker, in the U.S. laboratory Destiny in 

EXPRESS Rack No.1. It was preinstalled in the rack, which was placed in the laboratory 

during Expedition 2, ISS Flight 6A. At the start of Expedition 3, MAMS was relocated to 

EXPRESS Rack No. 4. 

The MAMS accelerometer sensor is a spare flight sensor from the Orbital Acceleration 

Research Experiment (OARE) program that characterizes similar accelerations aboard the 

space shuttle. Unlike SAMS-II, MAMS measures more subtle accelerations that only affect 

certain types of experiments, such as crystal growth. Therefore MAMS will not have to be 

on all the time. During early expeditions, MAMS will require a minimum operational period 

of 48 or 96 hours to characterize the performance of the sensors and collect baseline data. 

During later increments, MAMS can be activated for time periods sufficient to satisfy 

payload or space station requirements for acceleration data. 

MAMS is commanded on and off from the Telescience Support Center at Glenn. MAMS is 

activated when the crew switches on the power switch for the EXPRESS Rack No. 1, and 

the MAMS computer is powered up from the ground control center. When MAMS is 

powered on, data is sent to Glenn Research Center’s Telescience Support Center where it 

is processed and displayed on the Principal Investigator Microgravity Services Space 

Station Web site to be viewed by investigators. 

History/Background 

The Space Acceleration Measurement System (SAMS) – on which SAMS-II is based – first 

flew in June 1991 and has flown on nearly every major microgravity science mission. 

SAMS was used for four years aboard the Russian space station Mir where it collected 

data to support science experiments. 

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Experiments 

Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures-2 

Experiment Name: Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures-2 (CSLM-2) 

Project Manager: J. Mark Hickman, Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Project Scientist: Walter Duval, Glenn Research Center 

Overview

The Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures-2 (CSLM-2) experiment is a materials science 

spaceflight experiment whose purpose is to investigate the kinetics of competitive particle 

growth within a liquid matrix. During this process, called coarsening, small particles shrink 

by losing atoms to larger particles, causing the larger particles to grow. In this experiment, 

solid particles of tin will grow (coarsen) within a liquid lead-tin eutectic matrix. By 

conducting this experiment in a microgravity environment, a greater range of solid volume 

fractions can be studied and the effects of sedimentation present in terrestrial experiments 

will be negated. Moreover, coarsening data can be produced for the first time that can be 

compared directly to theory with no adjustable parameters (such as material transport due 

to convection). This will allow a greater understanding of the factors controlling the 

morphology of solid-liquid mixtures during coarsening. 

Flight History/Background 

The CSLM-2 experiment is slated to fly on board the International Space Station in the fall 

of 2002. Additional samples will be flown to the space station on flights 12A and 12A.1 in 

2003. The experiment will be performed in the Microgravity Science Glovebox installed in 

the U.S. laboratory module. 

Benefits 

The coarsening of particles within a matrix is a phenomenon that occurs in many metallic 

and other systems. For example, the second-phase particles in high-temperature turbine 

blade materials undergo coarsening at the operating temperature of the turbine. The 

coarsening process degrades the strength of the turbine blade because turbine alloys 

containing a few large particles are weaker than those containing many small ones. 

Coarsening occurs in liquid-phase sintered materials such as tungsten carbide-cobalt, ironcopper, dental amalgam for fillings and porcelain. The growth of liquid droplets in a vapor 

phase that occurs inside rain clouds (particularly near the equator, where the vapor 

pressure of water is high) is a commonplace example of the coarsening phenomenon. The 

CSLM-2 study will help define the mechanisms and rates of coarsening that govern all 

these systems. 

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Experiments 

Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates 

from Colloidal Emulsions (InSPACE) 

Payload Name: Investigating the Structure of Paramagnetic Aggregates from Colloidal 

Emulsions (InSPACE) 

Mission: Hardware was delivered on Expedition 5, ISS Flight UF2, Space Shuttle Flight 

STS-111; Samples are scheduled for launch on Flight 11A, STS-113; experiment 

operations are scheduled to begin in December during Expedition 6. The hardware and 

samples are scheduled to be returned to Earth next year on STS-114, ISS Flight ULF-1. 

Payload Location: Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) inside the U.S. Destiny 

Laboratory Module 

Glovebox Investigator: Dr. Alice Gast, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 

Cambridge, with support from graduate students. 

Project Scientist: Dr. Juan Agui, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 

Project Manager: Jack Lekan, NASA Glenn Research Center 

Payload Developer: NASA Glenn Research Center 

Overview 

This fluid physics experiment will be performed in the Microgravity Science Glovebox, 

which has an enclosed workspace that provides power, computer interfaces and other 

resources for experiment operations. It is also equipped with glove ports that enable the 

crew access to operate the experiment. The purpose of this experiment is to obtain basic 

data on magnetorheological (MR) fluids -- a new class of "smart materials" or controllable 

fluids. Due to the quiet, rapid-response interface that they provide between mechanical 

components and electronic controls, MR fluids can be used to improve or develop new 

brake systems, seat suspensions, robotics, clutches, airplane landing gear and vibration 

damping systems. 

In the low-gravity environment created as the International Space Station orbits Earth, it is 

possible to study the way small magnetic particles interact in these fluids. On Earth, gravity 

causes sedimentation, which means heavier or larger groups of particles sink while lighter 

ones remain suspended. On board the space station, the small magnetic particles will form 

three-dimensional microstructures that are unaffected by sedimentation. A pulsed magnetic 

field will be used to mimic the forces applied to these fluids in real applications, such as in 

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active feedback systems. A pulsed field also tends to produce intricate, thick structures 

with different properties than structures produced by a constant magnetic field. These 

structures can provide stiffness or rigidity to the fluid. 

Benefits 

This is the first time this experiment has been conducted in space. It will provide 

fundamental data on the way the particles and aggregate structure in the fluid respond to 

an external magnetic field that is repeatedly switched on and off. When these fluids are 

used in braking systems and for other electromechanical devices, they are often exposed 

to such fields that affect their operations. 

The data from the experiment can be used to test theoretical models of the structure of 

suspensions of small particles in applied fields. By understanding the complex properties of 

these fluids and learning the way the particles interact, scientists can develop more 

sophisticated methods for controlling these fluids and using them in a variety of devices. 

Then, scientists can improve the types of fluids used in existing braking and vibration 

damping systems. They may even be able to design new robotics systems and use the 

fluids for novel applications such as seismic dampers to make high-rise structures more 

resistant to earthquakes. 

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Experiments 

Materials International Space Station Experiments 

Overview 

The Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) Project is a NASA/Langley 

Research Center-managed cooperative endeavor to fly materials and other types of space 

exposure experiments on the space station. The objective is to develop early, low-cost, 

non-intrusive opportunities to conduct critical space exposure tests of space materials and 

components planned for use on future spacecraft. 

Johnson Space Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Glenn Research Center, the 

Materials Laboratory at the Air Force Research Laboratory and Boeing Phantom Works are 

participants with Langley in the project. 

History/Background 

Flown to the space station in 2001, the MISSE experiments were the first externally 

mounted experiments conducted on the ISS. The experiments are in four Passive 

Experiment Containers (PECs) that were initially developed and used for an experiment on 

Mir in 1996 during the Shuttle-Mir Program. The PECs were transported to Mir on STS-76. 

After an 18-month exposure in space, they were retrieved on STS-86. 

PECs are suitcase-like containers for transporting experiments via the space shuttle to and 

from an orbiting spacecraft. Once on orbit and clamped to the host spacecraft, the PECs 

are opened and serve as racks to expose experiments to the space environment. 

The first two MISSE PECs were transported to the ISS on STS-105 (ISS Assembly Flight 

7A.1) in August 2001. The second two PECs were launched to the ISS about 18 months 

later. The experiment will be returned on STS-114 (ULF-1) scheduled for 2003. 

Examples of tests to be performed in MISSE include: new generations of solar cells with 

longer expected lifetimes to power communications satellites; advanced optical 

components planned for future Earth observational satellites; new, longer-lasting coatings 

that better control heat absorption and emissions and thereby the temperature of satellites; 

new concepts for lightweight shields to protect crews from energetic cosmic rays found in 

interplanetary space; and the effects of micrometeoroid impacts on materials planned for 

use in the development of ultra-light membrane structures for solar sails, large inflatable 

mirrors and lenses. 

Benefits 

New affordable materials will enable the development of advanced reusable launch 

systems and advanced spacecraft systems. 

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Experiments 

Promoting Sensorimotor Response Generalizability: 

A Countermeasure to Mitigate Locomotor Dysfunction After 

Long-duration Spaceflight (MOBILITY)

Principal Investigator: Dr. Jacob Bloomberg, Johnson Space Center, Houston 

Overview

Astronauts returning from spaceflight can experience difficulty walking as the brain must 

readapt to programming body movements in a gravity environment. The MOBILITY 

experiment will use tests taken before and after a long-duration spaceflight to determine 

whether a specific training regimen using the station’s treadmill can help astronauts recover 

more quickly when they return to Earth. Specifically, do astronauts who use this unique 

treadmill workout in space readjust more quickly when once again exposed to the effects of 

gravity? 

Two tests, the Treadmill Locomotion Test and the Functional Mobility Test, will be 

performed by each participating crewmember both before and after their mission (pre- and 

post-flight). The pre-flight data will be collected on or around six months, four months and 

60 days before launch. Post-flight data will be collected on the day of landing and on postlanding days 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48. 

Benefits 

How quickly an astronaut’s body readjusts to gravity after a long-duration spaceflight is very 

important, both for space station missions and for any future long-duration missions within 

our own solar system. 

Researchers are continuing to search for the best exercise program that will keep 

astronauts fit while in space and ensure a quick return to their pre-flight physical conditions 

once they re-encounter the effects of Earth’s gravity. 

For more information on any Expedition 6 science experiment, visit the Web at: 

www.scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov

http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/science/index.html

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Experiments 

Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI) 

Experiment Name: Pore Formation and Mobility During Controlled Directional 

Solidification in a Microgravity Environment Investigation (PFMI) 

Mission: Begun on Expedition 5, ISS Flight UF2, STS-111 Space Shuttle Flight; samples 

will be returned on ISS Flight ULF-1, STS-114 

Payload Location: Microgravity Science Glovebox inside U.S. Destiny Laboratory Module 

Principal Investigator: Dr. Richard Grugel, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 

Huntsville, Ala. 

Project Scientist: Dr. Martin Volz, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Project Manager: Linda B. Jeter, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Project Engineer: Paul Luz, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Payload Developer: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Overview

On Earth when scientists melt metals, bubbles that form in the molten material can rise to 

the surface, pop and disappear. In microgravity -- the near-weightless environment created 

as the International Space Station orbits Earth, the lighter bubbles do not rise and 

disappear. Prior space experiments have shown that bubbles often become trapped in the 

final metal or crystal sample. In the solid, these bubbles, or porosity, are defects that 

diminish both the material’s strength and usefulness. 

The Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation will melt samples of a transparent modeling 

material, succinonitrile and succinonitrile water mixtures. Investigators will be able to 

observe how bubbles form in the samples and study their movements and interactions. 

Benefits 

This investigation will be one of the first materials science experiments on the space 

station, and the first flight for this study. This investigation gives scientists an opportunity to 

observe bubble dynamics in a sample being processed in a way similar to industrial 

methods. The intent of the experiment is to gain insights that will improve solidification 

processing in a microgravity environment. The generated data may also promote our 

understanding of processes on Earth. 

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For more information on this experiment, the Microgravity Science Glovebox and other 

space station investigations visit: 

www.scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov 

www.spaceflight.nasa.gov 

http://www.microgravity.nasa.gov

http://www.spaceresearch.nasa.gov

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Experiments 

Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) 

Single-locker Thermal Enclosure System (STES) 

housing the Diffusion-Controlled Crystallization Apparatus for 

Microgravity (DCAM) 

Missions: Expedition 6, ISS Mission 11A, STS-113 Space Shuttle Flight, return flight 

ULF1, STS-114 

Experiment Location on ISS: U.S. Lab EXPRESS Rack No. 4 

Project Manager: Clark Darty, NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. 

Principal Investigator: Dr. Daniel C. Carter, New Century Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 

Huntsville, Ala. 

Overview

Structural biology experiments conducted in the Diffusion-controlled Crystallization 

Apparatus for Microgravity (DCAM) may improve our understanding of the function of 

important macromolecules and possibly contribute to the development of new therapeutics. 

Scientists select macromolecules, crystallize them, and use the crystals to determine the 

atomic arrangements of atoms within the molecules using intense beams of x-rays or 

neutrons – a process and field of research known as “crystallography.” Knowledge gained 

through crystallography has played a key role in understanding many important chemical 

and biological processes. The determination of the three-dimensional structures of 

important proteins and other macromolecules, such as DNA, has contributed significantly 

over the past 50 years to the scientific understanding of fundamental processes in 

disciplines ranging from material science to biochemistry and medicine. 

Microgravity – the near-weightless condition created as a spacecraft free-falls in orbit 

around the Earth – has been shown in many cases to produce crystals of improved 

perfection. This improvement can allow scientists to determine with greater precision the 

three-dimensional structure of the molecules making up the crystal. 

The International Space Station provides for longer-duration experiments in an 

acceleration-free (no change in the rate of speed, or velocity, of the spacecraft that could 

affect the experiments), dedicated laboratory, than that provided by the space shuttle. 

Macromolecular crystals require from several days to several months to grow to optimum 

size. Mission 11A provides for longer-duration experiments in a more research friendly 

environment. One of the principal objectives of DCAM on the STS-113 mission is to 

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produce extremely large highly ordered crystal specimens specifically for neutron diffraction 

applications (a more highly specialized subdiscipline of crystallography) – a long-duration 

experiment series well suited for the International Space Station. 

Experiment Operations 

The Single-locker Thermal Enclosure System (STES) for the structural biology experiment 

is an incubator/refrigerator module that can house different devices for growing biological 

crystals in microgravity. 

On the shuttle STS-113 mission to the International Space Station, scheduled for launch in 

November 2002, the STES unit will house the Diffusion-Controlled Crystallization 

Apparatus for Microgravity (DCAM). Once on board the International Space Station, the 

unit will be located in the U.S. Lab EXPRESS Rack No. 4. After an extended growth period 

of four months, the experiments are scheduled to return to Earth aboard the shuttle 

STS-114 mission in March 2003. 

The DCAM is designed to grow crystals using the liquid-liquid diffusion method. A total of 

81 individual experiments are housed inside the STES in three separate tray assemblies. In 

each tray, there are 27 reservoirs, each containing a different protein sample. Each device 

is slightly smaller than a 35mm film canister. The inside of the container is molded into two 

cylindrical chambers joined by a tunnel. The smaller chamber contains a buffer/precipitant 

solution. The end cap for this chamber holds the biological sample solution, covered by a 

semi-permeable membrane. This membrane allows the precipitant solution in the larger 

chamber to pass into the biological sample solution. A plug filled with porous material 

separates the two chambers and controls the rate of diffusion. Exposure to the precipitant 

causes the biological sample to crystallize. Diffusion -- the mixing of the biological sample 

solution with the precipitant solution -- starts on Earth as soon as the chambers are filled. 

However, the rate is so slow that no appreciable change occurs before the samples reach 

orbit one, two -- or even several weeks later. 

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Flight History 

Hardware STES DCAM 

Mission STS-73 

Year 1995 

Mission STS-76 

Year 1996 

Mission STS-79 

Year 1996 

Mission STS-81 

Year 1997 

Mission STS-84 

Year 1997 

Mission STS-86 

Year 1997 

Mission STS-89 

Year 1998 

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Sample Proteins 

Protein samples that will be processed during Expedition 6 include: 

• Albumin, the major protein of the circulatory system, chiefly responsible for blood 

osmotic pressure and pH, is capable of transporting many small molecules, including 

the majority of currently-known pharmaceuticals; 

• Apoferritin/Ferritin, Catalase and Thaumatin represent a complement of protein 

molecules aimed at shedding light on the effects of microgravity on various crystal 

growth processes; 

• Nucleosome Core Particle, the fundamental building block of chromatin, a 

component of cell nuclei responsible for packaging DNA and also involved in gene 

expression; 

• Glucose Isomerase, an enzyme widely used in the food processing industry; 

• Basic fibroblast growth factor, a protein that induces growth and division of 

numerous cell types, including bone, muscle and blood vessel, and plays a role in 

some diseases such as cancer; 

• Glucocerebrosidase, a protein instrumental in treating Gaucher disease, which 

displaces healthy normal cells in the liver, spleen and bone marrow and leads to 

organ dysfunction and skeletal deterioration; 

• Superoxidedismutases (SODs), important antioxidant enzymes that protect all living 

cells against toxic superoxide radicals associated with aging; 

• Cytochrome P450, involved in a wide variety of biochemical processes, such as 

carcinogenesis, drug metabolism, biosynthesis of lipids, and steroids; 

• Gamma-E crystalline, which provides the optical properties of the eye lens and may 

provide insights into cataract formation. 

Crew Operations 

The DCAM has no mechanical system. No crew interaction is necessary except for 

transferring the PCG-STES unit to the space station and back to the shuttle at the end of 

the mission. 

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Benefits 

With science being performed on the International Space Station, scientists are no longer 

restricted to relatively short-duration flights to conduct structural biology experiments, 

opening the application of microgravity to a greater selection of important macromolecules. 

This research will enhance the accuracy of the three-dimensional structures of specially 

selected macromolecules, providing improved crystallographic information, which has the 

potential to impact a broad base of scientific research on Earth. 

Additional Information/Photos 

Additional information on structural biology crystal growth in microgravity is available at: 

http://crystal.nasa.gov

http://crystal.nasa.gov/technical/dcam.html

http://www.microgravity.nasa.gov/

http://www.scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov

http://www.spaceflight.nasa.gov

http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/MSFC-9807368.html

Photos of a DCAM experiment in a STES unit and a DCAM experiment tray assembly are 

available at: 

http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/MSFC-9512543.html

http://mix.msfc.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/MSFC-9512537.html

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Experiments 

PuFF - The Effects of EVA and Long-term Exposure 

to Microgravity on Pulmonary Function

Principal Investigator: John B. West, M.D., Ph.D., Univ. of Calif. - San Diego 

Project Manager: Suzanne McCollum, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston 

Overview

Little is known about how human lungs are affected by long-term exposure to the reduced 

pressure in spacesuits during spacewalks or long-term exposure to microgravity. Changes in 

respiratory muscle strength may result. The Pulmonary Function in Flight (PuFF) experiment 

focuses on the lung functions of astronauts both while they are aboard the International 

Space Station and following spacewalks. The crews of Expeditions 3 to 6 will test their lung 

capacity monthly using equipment in the Human Research Facility (HRF) rack. 

Cosmonaut Nikolai M. Budarin, Expedition 6 flight engineer, participates in 

Pulmonary Function in Flight (PuFF) nominal operations during Human Research 

Facility (HRF) training in the International Space Station (ISS) Destiny laboratory 

mockup/trainer at the Johnson Space Center’s Space Vehicle Mockup Facility. 

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The first PuFF test will be performed on the crew two weeks into their mission, then once 

monthly thereafter. Crewmembers also will perform a PuFF test at least one week before 

each spacewalk. Following each spacewalk, the crewmembers will perform another PuFF 

test, either on the day of the spacewalk or on the following day. 

PuFF uses the Gas Analyzer System for Metabolic Analysis Physiology instrument in the 

HRF rack, along with a variety of other equipment. Data is stored in a personal computer 

located in the HRF rack then transmitted to the ground. 

History/Background 

The PuFF experiment builds on research conducted during several Spacelab missions 

during the last decade. Comprehensive measurements of lung function in astronauts were 

first made during Spacelab Life Sciences-1 in June 1991. 

Benefits 

Gravity affects the way the lungs operate and may even exaggerate some lung disorders, 

such as emphysema and tuberculosis. In space, changes in lung anatomy may cause 

changes in lung performance. By performing lung experiments on astronauts living aboard 

the International Space Station, scientists hope to find new ways not only to protect the 

health of future space travelers, but to gain a better understanding of the effects of gravity 

on the lungs of people who remain on Earth. 

To read more about the Expedition 6 science experiments, visit the Web at: 

scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov

http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/science/index.html

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Experiments 

Renal Stone Risk During Spaceflight: 

Assessment and Countermeasure Validation 

Principal Investigator: Dr. Peggy A. Whitson, Johnson Space Center, Houston 

Project Manager: Michelle Kamman, Johnson Space Center, Houston 

Overview

Exposure to microgravity results in a number of physiological changes in the human body, 

including alterations in kidney function, fluid redistribution, bone loss and muscle atrophy. 

Previous data have shown that human exposure to microgravity increases the risk of 

kidney stone development during and immediately after spaceflight. Potassium citrate, a 

proven Earth-based therapy to minimize calcium-containing kidney stone development, will 

be tested during Expeditions 4 to 12 as a countermeasure to reduce the risk of kidney 

stone formation. This study also will assess the kidney stone-forming potential in humans 

based on mission duration, and determine how long after spaceflight the increased risk 

exists. 

Beginning three days before launch and continuing through 14 days after landing, each 

crewmember will either ingest two potassium citrate pills or two placebos daily with the last 

meal of the day. Urine will be collected for later study over several 24-hour periods before, 

during and after flight. Food, fluid, exercise and medications also will be monitored before 

and during the urine collection period to assess any environmental influences other than 

microgravity. 

Benefits 

The formation of kidney stones could have severe health consequences for ISS 

crewmembers and negatively impact the success of a mission. This study will provide a 

better understanding of the risk factors associated with kidney stone development both 

during and after a spaceflight, as well as test the effectiveness of potassium citrate as a 

countermeasure to reduce this risk. Understanding how the disease may form in otherwise 

healthy crewmembers under varying environmental conditions also may provide insight into 

kidney stone-forming diseases on Earth. 

For more information on Expedition 6 science experiments, visit the Web at: 

scipoc.msfc.nasa.gov

http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/station/science/index.html

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Space Administration 

Experiments 

Sub-regional Assessment of Bone Loss in the Axial Skeleton 

in Long-term Spaceflight 

Principal Investigator: Dr. Thomas F. Lang, U. of California, San Francisco 

Project Manager: David K. Baumann, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston 

Overview 

As demonstrated by Skylab and Russian space station Mir missions, bone loss is an 

established medical risk in long-duration spaceflight. There is little information about the 

extent to which lost bone is recovered after spaceflight. This experiment is designed to 

measure bone loss and recovery experienced by crewmembers on the International Space 

Station. 

Expeditions 2 to 9 are scheduled to participate in this study. 

Experiment Operations 

Bone loss in the spine and hip will be determined by comparing pre-flight and post-flight 

measurements of crewmembers’ spine and hip bones using Quantitative Computed 

Tomography – a three-dimensional technique that examines the inner and outer portions of 

a bone separately. It can determine if the loss was localized in a small sub-region of the 

bone or over a larger area. 

Bone recovery will be assessed by comparing tomography data taken before and after 

flight and one year later. Results will be compared with ultrasound measurements and Dual 

X-Ray Absorptiometry taken at the same times. The measurements will include Dual X-Ray 

Absorptiometry of the spine, hip and heel, and ultrasound of the heel. To determine how 

the bone loss in space compares to the range of bone density in a normal adult population, 

crewmember bone measurements in the spine and hip will be compared to measurements 

of 120 healthy people of different genders and races between ages 35 and 45. 

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Space Administration 

Benefits 

This study will provide the first detailed information on the distribution of spaceflight-related 

bone loss between the trabecular and cortical compartments of the axial skeleton, as well 

as the extent to which lost bone is recovered in the year following return. The study will 

provide information that could be used in determining the frequency of crewmember 

assignments to long-duration missions, and for studying their health in older age. It also 

may be of use in the design of exercise or pharmacological countermeasures to prevent 

bone loss. Finally, comparison of bone mineral density in the hip and spine in the control 

population will help to improve understanding of the prevalence of osteoporosis between 

different race and gender subgroups. 

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National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Experiments 

Zeolite Crystal Growth Furnace 

Principal Investigator: Dr. Al Sacco, Jr., Center for Advanced Microgravity Materials 

Processing, Northeastern University, Boston, Mass. 

CSC Manager: Jeneene Sams, NASA Space Product Development Program, Marshall 

Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. 

Overview 

Zeolites have a rigid crystalline structure with a network of interconnected tunnels and 

cages, similar to a honeycomb. While a sponge needs to be squeezed to release water, 

zeolites give up their contents when they are heated or under reduced pressure. Zeolites 

have the ability to absorb liquids and gases such as petroleum or hydrogen but remain as 

hard as a rock. Zeolites form the backbone of the chemical processes industry, and virtually 

all the world’s gasoline is produced or upgraded using zeolites. Industry wants to improve 

zeolite crystals so that more gasoline can be produced from a barrel of oil, making the 

industry more efficient and reducing America’s dependence on foreign oil. 

Operations 

The Zeolite Crystal Growth Furnace is designed for relatively low-temperature growth of 

crystals in solutions. Before the flight, two solutions will be loaded into metal, Teflon-lined, 

cylindrical containers (autoclaves). The furnace was delivered during STS-108. The crew 

installed the hardware into a double middeck locker in EXPRESS Rack 2. The hardware 

was checked out during UF-1 before the shuttle delivered samples during STS-110 in 

March 2002. When the autoclaves containing the sample solutions arrived, the crew 

unstowed them and loaded them in the furnace. At the end of the specified processing 

time, the crew will power down the furnace, unload the autoclaves containing the crystals 

and stow them for return to Earth. 

Flight History/Background 

A simpler version of this experiment has flown successfully on three space shuttle 

missions: STS-50 in 1992, STS-57 in 1993 and STS-73 in1995. During these earlier flights, 

zeolite crystals grown in space were larger and of better quality than crystals grown in a 

similar facility on the ground. 

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Space Administration 

Benefits 

Research with zeolites has the potential to reduce our dependence on foreign oil and the 

pollution associated with producing gasoline and other petroleum products. In the future, 

zeolites may even be used for storing new fuels that are cheaper and cleaner. Hydrogen is 

one candidate fuel that might be stored and transported safely using zeolites. Since 

hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, and it’s pollution-free, it is an ideal 

fuel. Scientists are seeking a solution to the efficient storage of hydrogen, and zeolites and 

zeo-type materials are being tested as possible storage media. 

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Space Administration 

Media Assistance 

NASA Television Transmission 

NASA Television is available through the GE2 satellite system which is located on 

Transponder 9C, at 85 degrees west longitude, frequency 3880.0 MHz, audio 6.8 MHz. 

The schedule for television transmissions from the orbiter and for mission briefings will be 

available during the mission at Kennedy Space Center, Fla.; Marshall Space Flight Center, 

Huntsville, Ala.; Dryden Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif.; Johnson Space Center, 

Houston, Texas; and NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. The television schedule will 

be updated to reflect changes dictated by mission operations. 

Status Reports 

Status reports on countdown and mission progress, on-orbit activities and landing 

operations will be produced by the appropriate NASA news center. 

Briefings 

A mission press briefing schedule will be issued before launch. Status briefings by a flight 

director or mission operations representative and when appropriate, representatives from 

the payload team, will occur periodically. The updated NASA television schedule will 

indicate when mission briefings are planned. 

Internet Information 

Information is available through several sources on the Internet. The primary source for 

mission information is the NASA Human Space Flight Web, part of the World Wide Web. 

This site contains information on the crew and its mission and will be updated regularly with 

status reports, photos and video clips throughout the flight. The NASA Shuttle Web's 

address is: 

http://spaceflight.nasa.gov 

General information on NASA and its programs is available through the NASA Home Page 

and the NASA Public Affairs Home Page: 

http://www.nasa.gov 

or 

http://www.nasa.gov/newsinfo/index.html 

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Space Administration 

Shuttle Pre-Launch Status Reports 

http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/current.htm 

Information on other current NASA activities is available through the Today@NASA page: 

http://www.nasa.gov/today/index.html 

The NASA TV schedule is available from the NTV Home Page: 

http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/realdata/nasatv/schedule.html 

Resources for educators can be found at the following address: 

http://education.nasa.gov 

Access by CompuServe 

Users with CompuServe accounts can access NASA press releases by typing "GO 

NASA" (no quotes) and making a selection from the categories offered. 

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Space Administration 

Media Contacts 

Debbie Rahn 

NASA Headquarters 

Washington, DC 

debbie.rahn@hq.nasa.gov

International Partners 

202 358-1638 

Dwayne Brown 

NASA Headquarters 

Washington, DC 

dwayne.brown@hq.nasa.gov

Shuttle, Space Station Policy 

202 358-1726 

Eileen Hawley 

NASA Johnson Space Center 

Houston, TX 

eileen.hawley1@jsc.nasa.gov

Astronauts/Mission Operations 

281 483-5111 

Kari Kelley Allen 

The Boeing Company 

Houston, TX 

kari.k.allen@boeing.com

International Space Station 

281 226-4844 

Kyle Herring 

NASA Johnson Space Center 

Houston, TX 

kyle.j.herring1@jsc.nasa.gov

Space Station Operations 

281 483-5111 

Steve Roy 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

Huntsville, AL 

steve.roy@msfc.nasa.gov

Microgravity Programs 

256 544-6535 

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