FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

April 3, 2015

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

GEORGE A. MEREDITH,

Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

BOARD OF COUNTY

COMMISSIONERS OF SHERIDAN

COUNTY, WYOMING; STEVE

BOND, in his capacity as Sheridan

County Building Inspector; ROD

LIESINGER, in his capacity as

Sheridan County Director of Public

Works,

Defendants - Appellees.

No. 14-8026

(D.C. No. 1:13-CV-00068-SWS)

(D. of Wyo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, EBEL, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges.

George Meredith claims officials in Wyoming’s Sheridan County violated

his equal protection and due process rights by using an unofficial map as the basis

for denying him permission to build a fence on his property. But to prevail on his

*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,

however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th

Cir. R. 32.1.

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class-of-one equal protection claim, he had to identify other individuals who are

similar in all material respects and who were treated differently for no objectively

rational reason. He has not. And he forfeited his due process claim by failing to

include appendix materials that would allow us to confirm he raised the due

process claim below and by making cursory, unclear arguments on appeal. 

Consequently, exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we AFFIRM

the district court’s grant of summary judgment.

I. Background

Meredith began building a ninety-foot-long fence on one of his properties

in Sheridan County, Wyoming in 2012. For flood insurance purposes, the County

classifies some of its property under a series of Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIR

Maps). As relevant here, one FIR Map was adopted in 1986 and revised in 1998. 

When the events underlying the present claims occurred, a new, “preliminary”

FIR Map, which last had been updated in May 2012, was pending official

adoption. See App. 25, Att. 6; Supp. App. 7. The County decisions regarding

Meredith’s fence that required reference to a FIR Map were made based on the

updated preliminary map, not the map adopted in 1986 and revised in 1998. 

FIR Maps are divided into zones. Meredith’s property is located in the

preliminary map’s Zone A, which is the primary flood-plain channel for drainage. 

The County has adopted “Flood Hazard Standards” governing construction in

Zone A. Supp. App. 14. Those standards establish that “no man-made change to

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improved or unimproved real estate, including but not limited to buildings or

other structures . . . shall be commenced until a separate permit has been obtained

from the designated responsible person for each change.” Id. at 15. 

When the County learned of Meredith’s fence construction in May 2012, it

became concerned the fence would impede water flow in the flood plain. Thus, a

County Building Inspector informed Meredith he was in violation of county

regulations and needed to either remove the fence, obtain a flood-plain permit for

the fence, or “[o]pen up the bottom twelve inches” of the fence so water could

flow freely. Id. at 8. 

Meredith applied for a variance from the permit requirement and requested

a hearing before the Board of County Commissioners. At the hearing, the Board

denied a variance. He appealed that decision to the state district court, which

affirmed the Board’s decision. Meredith did not appeal further in the state

system. Instead, he sued the Board, the inspector, and the County Director of

Public Works under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, alleging they violated, and

conspired to violate, his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal

Protection and Due Process Clauses.1

The district court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. 

Regarding the equal protection claim, the court concluded that (1) Meredith failed

to identify any similarly situated persons who were treated differently, and (2) the

1

 As explained below, appellees dispute that he raised a due process claim.

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Board had an objectively reasonable basis for denying the variance. Turning to

due process, the court noted that Meredith had only cogently pleaded an equal

protection claim, despite his suggestions otherwise in his response brief and oral

argument before that court. Nevertheless, the court construed the suit as also

raising a substantive due process claim and concluded no such claim was

colorable. Finally, because no underlying constitutional violation had been

shown, the court rejected the § 1985 conspiracy claim.

II. Analysis

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,

applying the same standard as the district court. Jarvis v. Potter, 500 F.3d 1113,

1120 (10th Cir. 2007). 

A. Class-of-one Equal Protection Claim

The “paradigmatic” class-of-one case arises when “a public official inflicts

a cost or burden on one person without imposing it on those who are similarly

situated in material respects, and does so without any conceivable basis other than

a wholly illegitimate motive.” Jicarilla Apache Nation v. Rio Arriba Cnty., 440

F.3d 1202, 1209 (10th Cir. 2006). A claim fails if there is “either a rational basis

for the [challenged] treatment” or “a material difference” between the plaintiff

and others who were allegedly similarly situated. Id. at 1210.

In evaluating whether a rational basis exists, we “ask not whether the

Defendants’ proffered justifications were sincere, but whether they were

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objectively reasonable.” Id. at 1211. If the justifications were reasonable, “we

do not inquire into the government actor’s actual motivations.” Kan. Penn

Gaming, LLC v. Collins, 656 F.3d 1210, 1216 (10th Cir. 2011). And, at the

summary judgment stage, identifying others who are similarly situated requires a

plaintiff to “demonstrate similarity in all material respects.” Jicarilla Apache

Nation, 440 F.3d at 1212. The state has no “duty under a class-of-one analysis to

. . . ferret out information about other parties who may or may not be similarly

situated.” Id. at 1211. That is the plaintiff’s burden. 

Meredith had to show that other individuals who are similar in all material

respects were treated differently without justification. At the very least, this

would include identifying specific other landowners in Zone A who were allowed

to build a similar structure without getting a permit or who, despite being asked to

get a permit, were issued a variance upon request. He does not even attempt to do

so. He instead focuses on the County’s use of the preliminary map, arguing in

essence that using that map before its official adoption violated equal protection

by violating best practice for use of such maps. Whether that actually deviates

from best practice is disputed, but the answer would have no effect on the result

here, because it has nothing to do with whether similarly situated individuals were

treated differently. 

Because Meredith has not “set forth specific facts showing that there is a

genuine issue for trial as to those dispositive matters for which [he] carries the

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burden of proof,” Pignanelli v. Pueblo Sch. Dist. No. 60, 540 F.3d 1213, 1216–17

(10th Cir. 2008), the district court properly granted summary judgment on the

class-of-one claim.2

B. Due Process Claim

Meredith also appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment on his

due process claim. The appellees argue he never raised a due process claim

below. Unfortunately, Meredith has provided none of the materials necessary for

us to determine whether he actually raised the claim (e.g., his complaint or filings

in district court). This fails to comply with the Federal Rules of Appellate

Procedure and this court’s rules.3

 In the past, we have “decline[d] to consider”

arguments where “the record [was] insufficient to determine whether [they were]

raised below.” U.S. S.E.C. v. Maxxon, Inc., 465 F.3d 1174, 1182 n.17 (10th Cir.

2006); see also Scott v. Hern, 216 F.3d 897, 912 (10th Cir. 2000) (“Where the

2

 There is thus no need to address the appellees’ collateral-estoppel

argument. 

3

 See Fed. R. App. P. 10(a) (requiring that “the original papers . . . filed in

the district court” be included in the record); 10th Cir. R. 10.3(A) (“Counsel must

designate a record on appeal that is sufficient for considering and deciding the

appellate issues.”); id. 10.3(B) (noting this court “need not remedy any failure by

counsel to designate an adequate record” and “may decline to consider” issues if

“the party asserting [the] issue fails to provide a record sufficient” for considering

it); id. 10.3(C) (requiring “[e]very record on appeal” to include “the last amended

complaint and answer”); id. 10.3(D) (noting that “[w]hen the appeal is from an

order disposing of a motion or other pleading” the “supporting documents . . .

filed in connection with that motion or pleading . . . must be included in the

record”).

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record is insufficient to permit review we must affirm.”); Dikeman v. Nat’l

Educators, Inc., 81 F.3d 949, 954–55 (10th Cir. 1996) (declining to “address[] the

substance of the plaintiffs’ claim” where we were “not convinced that the

plaintiffs adequately documented that this issue was preserved for appeal”).

But even if we reached the issue, the claim lacks substance. Meredith

simply repackages his objection to the preliminary map, now arguing that using

the map denied him “due process of a fair hearing.” Aplt. Br. at 44. His

argument lacks citation to any relevant authority. Nor does it address how using

the map violated due process, whether the due process claim is procedural or

substantive, or even what he must show to prevail. We “routinely have declined

to consider arguments that . . . are inadequately presented” in “an appellant’s

opening brief.” Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104–05 (10th Cir. 2007)

(holding that “cursory statements, without supporting analysis and case law, fail

to constitute the kind of briefing that is necessary to avoid application of the

forfeiture doctrine”). We consider the argument forfeited. 

Even so, our independent review of the allegations and law discloses no

government conduct that “shocks the conscience” or “infringes upon a

fundamental right,” Seegmiller v. LaVerkin City, 528 F.3d 762, 768 (10th Cir.

2008), under substantive due process. Nor does it reveal that Meredith was

denied “the opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful

manner,” McDonald v. Wise, 769 F.3d 1202, 1212–13 (10th Cir. 2014) (internal

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quotation marks omitted), or that receiving a variance is a property interest to

which Meredith had a “legitimate claim of entitlement” if certain “substantive

predicates [were] present,” Brown v. Eppler, 725 F.3d 1221, 1226–27 (10th Cir.

2013), which forecloses a procedural due process claim. 

C. Section 1985 Claim

Because there is no underlying constitutional violation, the district court

correctly rejected the § 1985 claim. See Jicarilla Apache Nation, 440 F.3d at

1214.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Timothy M. Tymkovich

Circuit Judge 

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