NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

Relevant Technical 

Requirements

Design for 

Maintainability

OCHMO-TB-036

Executive Summary

Maintenance in a hostile, microgravity 

environment is a complex and undesirable task 

for humans. It also constitutes a large portion of 

a system lifecycle and can consume significant 

time during a mission. NASA-STD-3001 levies 

several technical requirements that provide 

guidance for designing equipment and systems to 

facilitate maintenance and ensure proper 

maintainability. Reduction in the time devoted to 

maintenance and servicing means more crew 

time devoted to achieving mission goals. Design 

for maintainability is about improving the ability 

to perform preventive and corrective 

maintenance. For crew to be able to preserve the 

vehicle and their own health and to meet mission 

objectives, maintenance and check-out activities 

need to be executed effectively and 

efficiently. Maintainability should be considered 

an integral part of hardware design and a lifecycle systems engineering approach should be 

employed from the earliest design phases 

throughout flight operations.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 1, Rev C

[V1 3004] In-Mission Medical Care

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2, Rev D

[V2 3006] Human-Centered Task Analysis 

[V2 3102] Human Error Analysis

[V2 9003] Routine Operation

[V2 9004] Training Minimization

[V2 9110] In-Mission Training

[V2 9111] Maintenance Concept of 

Operations

[V2 9112] Availability of Critical Systems

[V2 9113] Damage Prevention

[V2 9114] In-Mission Maintenance

[V2 9033] Mating, Demating Hazards

[V2 9035] Cable Identification

[V2 9036] Design for Maintenance

[V2 9037] Commercial Off-the-Shelf 

(COTS) Equipment Maintenance 

[V2 9038] In-Mission Tool Set

[V2 9115] Maintenance Tools Usability 

[V2 9116] Tool and Test Equipment 

Commonality 

[V2 9050] Tool Clearance 

[V2 9039] Maintenance Time 

[V2 9042] Captive Fasteners 

[V2 9043] Minimum Number of Fasteners 

– Item 
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Relevant Technical 

Requirements

Executive Summary (continued)

.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2, Rev D

[V2 9044] Minimum Variety of Fasteners 

– System

[V2 9117] Access Using Available Tools

[V2 9045] Maintenance Item Location

[V2 9046] Check and Service Point 

Accessibility

[V2 9047] Maintenance Accommodation

[V2 9048] Visual Access for Maintenance

[V2 9118] Component Identification 

[V2 9119] Visual Aids for Maintenance 

[V2 9051] Fault Detection 

[V2 9052] Failure Notification

[V2 9120] Condition Monitoring

[V2 9121] Maintenance Management 

Information

[V2 9122] Fault Management 

Information

[V2 9123] Maintenance Activities

[V2 9124] Maintenance Decision Aids

[V2 9125] Verification of Repair 

[V2 9126] Contamination Prevention 

[V2 9127] Extreme Environment (EE)

[V2 9128] Dust Tolerance

[V2 10151] Labeling Plan and Icon 

Library

Section 10: Crew Interfaces 

Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) 

Maintenance. Photo: NASA (2015)

Related OCHMO Technical Briefs:

1. OCHMO-TB-007 Mission Duration

2. OCHMO-TB-001 Artemis Lighting 

Considerations

3. OCHMO-TB-011 Lunar Dust

4. OCHMO-TB-017 Automated and Robotic 

Systems

5. OCHMO-TB-016 Behavioral Health and 

Performance 

6. OCHMO-TB-032 Cognitive Workload

7. OCHMO-TB-002 Environmental Control & Life 

Support System (ECLSS)

8. OCHMO-TB-005 Usability, Workload, & Error

2 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

For the past 60 years, crewed spacecraft have either been nonreusable, maintained on Earth, or maintained with system-level 

Maintenance Items (MI) delivered to orbit as needed. NASA-STD3001 provides guidance in designing equipment and systems to 

facilitate maintenance and ensure proper maintainability to support 

crew in routine operations and conditions requiring critical repairs. 

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2, Section 9.7 Design for Maintainability

Reduction in the time devoted to maintenance and servicing can 

mean more crew time devoted to achieving mission goals. Also, 

because of the complexity of space missions and the 

interdependency of many factors (equipment, supplies, weather, 

solar flares, etc.), designs are to minimize reliance on outside 

maintenance support. 

The most successful NASA programs have been those that include maintainability features in all facets of 

the life cycle. The frequency of maintenance for a given time highly depends on that item's reliability. 

Corrective maintenance and contingency plans are needed to ensure continued system operation if 

reliability cannot be guaranteed. 

On-Orbit Maintenance Types

• Preventive Maintenance: Regularly performed on a system to lessen the likelihood of failure. Preventive 

maintenance can be time-based, meaning the maintenance is performed routinely on a fixed schedule, 

or condition-based, meaning the maintenance is performed on contingency, depending upon the 

condition of the equipment or system. The crew trains for preventive maintenance prior to an assigned 

mission. Refer to NSA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Appendix C: Definitions

• Corrective Maintenance: Involves repairing or replacing equipment that has stopped working or is 

damaged. Corrective maintenance activities include identifying, isolating, and rectifying a fault to restore 

the failed equipment, machine, or system to an operational condition. Refer to NASA-STD-3001 Volume 

2 Appendix C: Definitions

Reference the NASA Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH) Section 9.3 Maintainability for 

additional information 

Maintainability is a quality 

that reflects the speed and 

ease with which an 

operational system can be 

retained in or restored to a 

specified condition. 

(Department of Defense, 

1997: Designing and 

Developing Maintainable 

Products and Systems. Report 

No. MIL-HDBK-470A).

Background

3 12/19/2023

Designs are to provide the tools, parts, supplies, training, and documentation necessary for crews to 

maintain efficient and safe operation. 

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 [V2 9036] Design for Maintenance
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Background

A7-L Pressure Suit with lunar 

dust Apollo 11. Photo: National 

Air and Space Museum

Maintenance Concept of Operations

Maintainability should be considered an integral part of hardware design 

and a life-cycle systems engineering approach from the earliest design 

phases throughout flight operations. Human spaceflight programs need 

to define and document a Maintenance Concept of Operations 

considering the following factors, at minimum, and updated throughout 

the design lifecycle:

a. Mission work natural environment (e.g., dust, lighting, heating, 

atmosphere, gravity) as specified in program requirements for natural 

environments (e.g., SLS-SPEC-159 Cross Program Design Specification 

for Natural Environments (DSNE)). 

b. Tools, aids, and support equipment available to the maintainers insitu. 

c. Skill-level of the maintainers (i.e., crewmembers). 

d. Access needed to equipment – considering mission-criticality, 

urgency of repair, anticipated frequency of servicing, and complexity 

of approach.

e. Reliability- or performance-driven preventive maintenance schedule.

f. Preventive and corrective maintenance plans.

g. Total crew time and number of crew needed.

Developing a plan is crucial for longer lunar surface operations where 

vehicles and equipment will reside on the Moon. The same will be true 

for Mars, compounded by long communication latencies that will not 

allow the ground to provide real-time guidance and oversight for 

preventive and corrective maintenance tasks. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 

9111] Maintenance Concept of Operations.

In addition, environmental factors associated with surface operations, 

including dust, thermal extremes, day-to-night transitions, static 

electricity, dormancy, etc., will increase maintainability challenges. 

Maintenance: All actions 

necessary to retain 

equipment in (or restore it 

to) a serviceable condition. 

Maintenance includes 

servicing, repair, 

modification, 

modernization, overhaul, 

inspection, condition 

determination, corrosion 

control, and initial 

provisioning of support 

items.

Modified based on MILHDBK-1908B, Definitions of 

Human Factors Terms.

For additional information, reference NASA OCHMO-TB-011 Lunar Dust and OCHMO-TB-017 

Automated and Robotic Systems.

4 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Background

Maintenance Levels 

Depot: Extensive overhauls or repairs are conducted at sites with specialized equipment not typically 

located at operating locations.

Orbital Replacement Unit (ORU): Repair through in-situ replacement of whole, large-scale packages of 

components. When ORUs are used, each spare package replacement removes the specific item that failed, 

and any other items packaged within the same ORU. This strategy can minimize maintenance and repair 

time but can also increase logistics mass.

Sub-ORU (intermediate): Repair or replacement at lower-level assemblies. Reduces total spare mass but 

increases the difficulty of fault isolation and access.

Unit/Component (piece part): Repair or replacement at component level. Tracing a fault to a component is 

typically more difficult than isolating it to an ORU, and replacing a component can be more intricate and 

time-consuming than replacing an ORU.

JAXA astronaut Soichi Noguchi and ESA 

astronaut Thomas Pesquet during ISS spacesuit 

maintenance training. Photo: NASA (2020)

Maintainability Design Factors 

Visibility: Visibility is an element of maintainability design that provides the system maintainer visual access 

to a system component for maintenance action(s). Designing for visibility significantly reduces maintenance 

times.

Accessibility: Accessibility is the ease of access to an item during maintenance. When accessibility is poor, 

other failures are often caused by removal/disconnection and incorrect re-installation of other items that 

hamper access, causing rework. 

Testability: Testability is a measure of the ability to detect system faults and to isolate them at the lowest 

replaceable component(s). The speed with which faults are diagnosed can greatly influence downtime and 

maintenance costs.

Simplicity: System simplicity relates to the number of subsystems that are within the system, the number of 

parts in a system, and whether the parts are standard or special purpose. System simplification reduces 

spare investment, enhances the effectiveness of maintenance troubleshooting, and reduces the overall cost 

of the system while increasing reliability.

Interchangeability: Interchangeability refers to a component's ability to be replaced with a similar 

component without a requirement for recalibration. This flexibility in design reduces the number of 

maintenance procedures and consequently lowers maintenance costs.

5 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Lessons Learned from ISS Operations

In the first five years of ISS Maintenance Operations, crews spent over 4,000 hours performing preventive 

and corrective intra-vehicular maintenance tasks. That averages 1.9 hours or more per workday and 1.8 

hours per rest day performing ISS maintenance tasks, which exceeds the time estimated by vehicle 

design.

Much of the ISS equipment was designed before a complete operational plan was available for how it 

would be used, which led to designs that are difficult to access for repairs and maintenance (access 

panels) and hardware and systems that are not durable and maintainable.

ISS Crewmember Feedback

Challenge of maintaining systems that were originally not designed to be maintained onboard.

Reliability data is often limited and inaccurate for complex systems in extreme environments. Systems 

flown to ISS sometimes require unanticipated maintenance tasks that were never intended to be 

performed onboard. Crewmembers and system engineers alike reported challenges maintaining systems 

that were not originally designed to be maintainable. A common problem is accessibility, especially at the 

sub-ORU level. Another challenge is ambiguous failures that require trial-and-error of replacing multiple 

components to determine where the failure had occurred.

Hands-on training with actual hardware (or high-fidelity mock-up) is helpful.

Crewmembers and trainers alike reported that high-fidelity mockups are critical for crewmembers to get 

familiar with system functionality, especially when working with complex systems or an unfamiliar task.

Visual aids can improve task efficiency and situation awareness.

When crewmembers work complex procedures, a lot of time may be spent up-front getting familiar with 

the task before starting (identifying parts, getting resources together) unless the crewmember is already 

very familiar with the system and task. Crew comments emphasized the need for robust visual aids that 

help identify the right components and where they go.

Lessons learned summary: Plan for maintainability and integrate it in the overall design from the 

beginning stages. Design for ease of diagnosis and prevention of human error in maintenance

Chris Hadfield replacing a lowtemperature cooling valve on 

the ISS. Photo: Canadian Space 

Agency (2020)

Background

Expedition 42/42 crew 

members Terry Virts and Barry 

Wilmore during ISS EVA 

Maintenance 7 training at the 

NBL. Photo: NASA (2013)

6 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Design for Maintainability Considerations

The following factors should be considered when designing for maintainability:

a. Non-Interference of Preventive Maintenance - Preventive maintenance should be minimized and 

require as little crew time as feasible.

b. Flexible Preventive Maintenance Schedule - Preventive maintenance schedules should be 

sufficiently flexible to accommodate changes in the schedule of other mission activities.

c. Redundancy - If maintenance is necessary and system operations will be interrupted, redundant 

installations should be considered to permit maintenance without interrupting system operations.

d. Goals of Designing for Maintainability – The following are goals for optimizing crew involvement in 

preventive and corrective maintenance:

1. Reduce training requirements of crew.

2. Reduce certain skill requirements of crew.

3. Reduce time spent on preventive and corrective maintenance.

4. Increase maintenance capabilities during the mission (especially corrective maintenance).

Application

Mission success is dependent on the availability of the critical systems that keep the crew safe and 

enable the completion of mission objectives. System reliability is one approach to assuring availability. 

Corrective maintenance and contingency plans are needed to assure system operation if reliability 

cannot be guaranteed. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9112] Availability of Critical Systems

e. Corrective Maintenance - The 

following factors should be 

considered when designing 

corrective maintenance tasks:

1. The benefit gained from repair 

should be worth the time and 

effort expended on repair.

2. The time and effort involved in 

corrective maintenance should be 

weighed against the cost and 

feasibility of carrying replacement 

units.

3. Required calibration, alignment, 

or adjustment should be easily 

and accurately accomplished.

4. Automate fault detection and 

isolation tasks whenever possible.

NASA astronauts James Voss and Michael Gernhardt work 

together at the EVA Assembly and Maintenance Task Board 

in the Space Shuttle Endeavour’s cargo bay. The EVA task 

board helped the two space walkers evaluate work that will 

be done in the relatively near future on the ISS. Photo: 

NASA (1995)

7 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Design for Maintainability Requirements

Design for maintainability is about improving the ability to perform preventive and corrective maintenance. 

It involves system-level optimization for parts, analyzing the resulting ergonomics, and considering tools and 

information as part of the design. Resilient systems are not necessarily failure-proof but recoverable 

through maintenance. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Section 9.7 Design for Maintainability levies several 

technical requirements that provide guidance for designing equipment and systems to facilitate 

maintenance and ensure proper maintainability.

The design of equipment and systems greatly affects how they are maintained in terms of complexity, 

duration, frequency, and safety. The crew needs to safely and efficiently perform routine service, 

maintenance, and anticipated unscheduled maintenance activities while wearing the most encumbering 

equipment and clothing anticipated. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9111] Maintenance Concept of Operations. 

Human factors design requirements should also be applied to ensure proper design considerations. Early 

evaluation during concept development can ensure the early application of anthropometric considerations. 

NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 3006] Human-Centered Task Analysis; OCHMO-HB-004: Anthropometry, 

Biomechanics, and Strength 

System Reliability, Maintainability, and Support Relationships (typical)

From: NASA Lesson Number 831 – Maintainability Program Management Considerations (1994)

8 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Volume is to be provided to allow the size extremes of the crewmembers performing the tasks using proper 

tools and protective equipment within the prescribed times.

Providing volume will not be possible to the same extent with longer lunar surface operations where 

vehicles and equipment will reside on the Moon. 

In addition, environmental factors associated with surface operations, including dust, thermal extremes, 

day-to-night transitions, static electricity, dormancy, etc., will increase maintainability challenges.

Exposure of space hardware to extreme environmental (EE) conditions can lead to malfunctions and, 

consequently, higher spare requirements and frequent maintenance and servicing needs. Designs are to 

prevent EE conditions from negatively impacting mission objectives and operations.

For celestial body in-situ conditions preservation, maintenance tasks should be analyzed before application 

by maintainers to ensure appropriate contamination provisions within procedures. 

Maintenance level 

Items are assembled 

units or modules 

designed to be 

isolated from the rest 

of its system and

removed, 

maintained, repaired, 

and/or replaced by 

the maintainer onmission. 

Application

9 12/19/2023

NASA-STD-8719.27 Planetary Protection Standard

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 [V2 9111] Maintenance Concept of Operations, [V2 9038] In-Mission Tool 

Set, [V2 9126] Contamination Prevention, [V2 9127] Extreme Environment (EE), [V2 9128] Dust 

Tolerance, [V2 9129] Dust Removal

Design for Maintainability Guidance

Maintenance-level items and subsystems need to be identified through the 

trade space analysis considering the following factors: reliability, redundancy, 

functionality sustainment, stress reduction, derating, accessibility, modularity, 

and condition-based monitoring. Designs and maintenance strategies should be 

analyzed (e.g., failure/process analysis) for feasibility and risk before 

incorporation. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9113] Damage Prevention

Tools and Equipment Considerations: Maintenance activities are primarily 

where tools and fasteners are used. The need for tools should be considered 

early in system design since their use can have an impact on crew training and 

flight operations. Since many tools are used with fasteners, tool design depends 

greatly on fastener design.
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Tool selection: Tool selection for planned and unplanned or contingency maintenance activities is crucial. 

When determining the tool complement for space missions, consider the following: 

• Standardization – Tools must be standardized. This includes a need for a commonality of 

measurement system. Refer to NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Section 9.1 Standardization and Section 

10 Crew Interfaces

• Minimal Tool Set – The system should be maintainable and reconfigurable using a minimum set of 

tools that are common and feasible with the other systems. A minimum set of tools, common to 

more than one system, allows many maintenance tasks to be performed without a proliferation of 

unique tools.

• Multipurpose Tools – A tool kit should include multipurpose and multi-size tools, as there are often 

unexpected needs.

• Power tools should be used to accomplish repetitive manual tasks, such as disengaging captive 

fasteners or operating mechanical drive systems. Refer to Section 9.4.3 Power Tools of the HIDH 

for additional information. 

Apollo and ISS lessons learned indicate that toolset design must also consider the complement of tools 

and equipment needed to respond to unexpected failures and hardware workarounds. Having a 

comprehensive and common toolset is especially important for future long-duration missions with 

constrained or nonexistent resupply operations

Application

10 12/19/2023

CDRA Maintenance 

Photo: NASA (2015)
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

ISS lessons learned indicate that crews often have difficulty locating the tools and test equipment 

needed for a given activity, resulting in many hours spent searching for items and delayed maintenance

Tools labeling and identification: Consistency in the manner 

of identification across items decreases the time needed for 

locating and interpreting identifications. Identifications that 

enable rapid recognition without the use of conversion tables 

are less susceptible to errors.

This is normally done by color-coding the insulation materials 

or by tagging the conductors. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 

10151] Labeling Plan and Icon Library, [V2 9118] 

Component Identification, [V2 9035] Cable Identification

It is important to accurately represent the interior of any 

flight hardware unit that can be opened to ensure crew 

safety and prevent system damage. 

Tool and tool stowage labeling and identification 

requirements must comply with the labeling guidance 

defined in NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 10151] Labeling Plan 

and Icon Library.

Clear and informative labeling can streamline this process 

and help the crew properly contextualize the components 

within the larger system. Unique identifications that enable 

rapid recognition among similar items reduce maintenance 

time. 

Placement labels should be provided for each tool in a 

stowage container. It should be obvious if a tool is outside its 

storage location.

For example, toolboxes that use different colors of foam, 

such as a yellow layer of foam beneath a blue layer. By 

providing the different colors of foam, it is easy to determine 

that a tool has yet to be returned. Tools unaccounted for can 

become hazardous to hardware and personnel.

Shuttle hand tool stowage. Photo: JSC12770 (1985)

[V2 9118] Component Identification

Flight systems shall include 

information and labeling that enables 

the crew to correctly locate, handle, 

and identify the systems components.

[V2 10151] Labeling Plan and Icon 

Library

The system shall provide labels that 

are consistent with a Labeling Plan and 

Icon Library as established by the 

program.

From: NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2

11 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

For additional information, refer to: OCHMO-TB-017 Automated and Robotic Systems

and OCHMO-TB-007 Mission Duration.

Tools stowage: Specialized tools should be located close to where they will be used. General-purpose 

tools should be stowed in one specific area. The stowage location of tool kits should be optimized for 

accessibility to workstations and/or maintenance workbenches. A systematic approach to the 

arrangement of tools in the tool kit should be applied. 

Tool and test equipment commonality: It is important to have a common set of tools for all mission 

phases to be used across all mission elements (e.g., transportation vehicle, orbital outpost, lander, surface 

habitat, and surface systems). Commonality provides redundancy and contributes to crew readiness for 

unplanned maintenance activities. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9116] Tool and Test Equipment 

Commonality 

A comprehensive and common toolset is especially important for future long-duration missions with 

constrained or nonexistent resupply operations. Designers need tools and test equipment usable under 

the most encumbering circumstances to reduce maintenance time and complexity. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 

[V2 9115] Maintenance Tools Usability

Establishing a common set of tools for maintaining all mission systems minimizes mass and complexity, 

reduces training demands, and increases redundancy for a given mission. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9004] 

Training Minimization, [V2 9110] In-Mission Training

Designing equipment based on the basic abilities and limitations of the crew to accomplish the assigned 

tasks will enable increasingly Earth-independent procedure execution, with reduced guidance and 

oversight from the ground. 

The crewmember’s skill level can also be increased using “just-in-time" onboard training specific to the 

situation or system. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Section 4 Physical Characteristics and Capabilities, [V2 

9123] Maintenance Activities

Captive fasteners: All fastener components intended for crew interaction should be captive. A captive 

fastener is one that is automatically retained in a workpiece when it is not performing its load-bearing job 

and, therefore, does not require the crew to restrain and store them during maintenance. 

Crew should have a minimum selection of fasteners to help reduce crew time devoted to maintenance 

activities. The commonality of fasteners can also reduce the time to access and the need for different 

tools. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9042] Captive Fasteners, [V2 9043] Minimum Number of FastenersItem, [V2 9044] Minimum Variety of Fasteners-System

12 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

STS-133 NASA astronauts Alvin Drew 

and Steve Bowen installed the J612 

power extension cable, moved a failed 

ammonia pump module to the external 

stowage platform 2 on the Quest 

Airlock for return to Earth later, and 

installed a camera wedge and 

extensions to the mobile transporter 

rail. Photo: NASA (2011)

Accessibility

Inspecting, removing, and replacing equipment may need to be done during any phase of flight, in which 

the spacecraft may be in different gravity conditions and by individuals wearing protective clothing and 

equipment that may limit mobility. Equipment should be designed so that the elements to be maintained 

are visible and physically accessible.

System designers need to consider crewmembers' physical capabilities and the environmental factors 

(e.g., limited gravity, physical space) when assessing accessibility. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9048] Visual 

Access for Maintenance, [V2 9117] Access Using Available Tools

Accessibility to items requiring frequent and/or critical servicing is a priority. System developers must 

identify items requiring frequent and/or critical maintenance. De-integrating and demating is a source of 

risk during maintenance. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9033] Mating, Demating Hazards

Designing the system to the physical capabilities and limitations of the maintainer (e.g., ensuring parts are 

accessible by hand) prevents collateral and inherent damage when proper procedures are followed. 

NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 0913] Damage Prevention

Reference NASA HIDH Section 9.4 Tools and 9.6 Connectors for additional information.

13 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Physical Accessibility Design Requirements 

Adequate access and working space are needed to allow personnel to efficiently access equipment to 

minimize the potential for human error or system damage. When designing for physical access, consider the 

following:

• Priority of Access – Items that are most critical to system operation and require rapid maintenance must 

be most accessible. When relative criticality is not a factor, items requiring the most frequent access 

must be most accessible. Easy access must be provided for frequently failed components (e.g., lamps and 

fuses).

• Access dimensions – Access openings for two hands, one hand, and fingers should accommodate the 

dimensions shown in Figure 9.3-1. from the HIDH. In the case where access to openings is required by a 

suited crewmember, the suit glove dimensions, tactility, and dexterity characteristics should be 

considered.

14 12/19/2023

Minimum sizes for access openings for one hand and fingers without visual access (MIL-STD -

1472F) Figure 9.3-1 HIDH
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

• Component Removal – Access to inspect or replace a component (e.g., an ORU) should not require the 

removal of other component(s) that are not the subject of the maintenance activity

• Access Covers – Access covers that are not completely removable should be self-supporting in the open 

position. Access to inspect or replace a component should not require the removal of more than one 

access cover. Access covers should not require the removal of many fasteners and, if accessed frequently, 

should not require a tool. Closures and covers should be quickly and easily removed to allow equipment 

maintenance. 

• Check Points and Service Points – Checkpoints and service points for systems must be in accessible 

locations. Access points should not be located near electrical, mechanical, or other hazards to 

protect the crew and ground personnel. If this is not possible, other means of hazard protection should 

be provided.

• Cables – Cables should be routed to be accessible for inspection and repair. Cables should have sufficient 

slack for the removal of connectors. Common cable interfaces would result in more efficient operations 

and better maintenance access. Cables must be clearly labeled to indicate the equipment and 

connectors to which the cables mate. All replaceable wires and cables must be uniquely identified in 

accordance with the labeling plan. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 10151] Labeling Plan and Icon Library, 

Appendix F: Display Standard

Astronaut Raja Chari tests using tools while wearing a spacesuit 

glove. Photo: NASA (2022)

15 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Visibility and Identifiability

Designers need to locate and design equipment such that it is directly visible during task performance. 

Direct line-of-sight visual access reduces the likelihood of human error. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Section 

9.7.5 Visibility and Identifiability, Section 10.4.2 Displays [V2 9048] Visual Access for Maintenance.

When designing for visual access, consider the following: 

Visual-Only Access – Only visual access is required. The following practices should be followed with the 

order of preference as given:

1. Provide an opening with no cover except where this might degrade system performance.

2. Provide a transparent window if dirt, moisture, or other foreign materials might create a 

problem.

3. Provide a quick-opening metal cover if a transparent cover will not meet other requirements.

Visual and Manual Access – If a crewmember needs to see the equipment to perform a maintenance 

task, the access must be large enough to allow simultaneous visual as well as physical access; 

otherwise, a separate window should be provided for visual access to monitor task performance.

Labeling – Each access should be labeled to indicate items visible or accessible through it, including a 

number, letter, or other symbol directly cross-referenced to maintenance procedures. Cables, fluid lines, 

and shields protecting other subsystems should also be labeled or otherwise coded to allow positive 

identification. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Section 10.4.3 Labels [V2 10151] Labeling Plan and Icon 

Library, [V2 9118] Component Identification, [V2 9035] Cable Identification.

Cosmonaut Valery Korzun and astronaut Peggy 

Whitson perform maintenance on the Treadmill 

Vibration Isolation System (TVIS) in the Zvezda 

Service Module on the ISS. Photo: NASA (2002)

16 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Maintenance Data Design Requirements 

• Condition Monitoring: Fault management information enables maintainers to make informed decisions 

about when and how to perform maintenance. Using real-time maintenance triggers (as opposed to 

performing preventive maintenance at scheduled intervals determined by reliability analysis) can 

eliminate unnecessary preventive maintenance tasks and make more efficient use of spare parts. 

Therefore, condition-based maintenance is advantageous for long-duration exploration missions

(LDEMs) with reduced ground support. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9120] Condition Monitoring, [V2 

9122] Fault Management Information

• Maintenance management information: Systems must alert the crew when flight-critical equipment has 

failed and is not operating within tolerance limits without removing the affected equipment. Automatic 

alerting of equipment failure expedites troubleshooting and ensures that the crew has adequate 

situational awareness of the functionality that has been lost. Efficient equipment design must minimize 

the amount of time required for maintenance. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9121] Maintenance 

Management Information, [V2 9052] Failure Notification

Maintenance Decision Aids

• Visual Aids for Maintenance: Visual aids are to be accurate to the operational environment and provide 

the appropriate amount of detail for the task to enable efficiency. Sparse or misleading visual cues can 

contribute to spatial disorientation. Appropriate visual aids are increasingly important for exploration 

beyond Low Earth Orbit LEO, where lower-level onboard maintenance will be necessary, and oversight 

from the ground will be limited. Visual aids may be provided digitally and/or within a procedure. NASASTD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9124] Maintenance Decision Aids

• Properly designed aids for fault detection and isolation can also reduce crew training requirements. 

Interactive visual aids that enable the crew to resize and rotate dynamically should be considered to 

amplify crewmembers’ understanding of the system context. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9119] Visual 

Aids for Maintenance, [V2 9121] Maintenance Management Information, [V2 9052] Failure 

Notification 

• Simplified decision aids are needed to assist crewmembers in identifying possible causes of anomalies 

and making time-critical decisions. A sequence of troubleshooting checks is to be specified at the crew 

skill level.

• To maximize the effectiveness of decision aids, the system needs to be designed to minimize ambiguity 

groups (possible failure points) and support its recommendation with relevant data. NASA-STD-3001 

Vol 2 [V2 9121] Maintenance Management Information, [V2 9124] Maintenance Decision Aids, [V2 

10170] Decision Aid Clarity, [V2 10171] Decision Aid Failure Notification

Reference OCHMO-TB-005 Usability, Workload, & Error for additional information.

17 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Verification

The system needs to include verification methods through system selftest, external measurements, or other methods. On missions beyond 

low-Earth orbit (LEO), an indication provided onboard the vehicle at the 

maintenance location will allow crewmembers to verify repair success 

without relying on ground teams.

Crewmembers will conduct more repairs on missions beyond LEO, as the 

ability to send systems to the ground for detailed investigation and repair 

is constrained; access to repair data onboard the vehicle will facilitate 

successful maintenance. NASA-STD-3001 Vol 2 [V2 9125] Verification of 

Repair

Testing: Integrated system 

testing on the ground prior 

to deployment may reveal 

unanticipated failure 

modes and prevent inmission corrective 

maintenance. See OCHMOTB-018 Human-in-the-Loop 

(HITL).

NASA Astronaut Garett Reisman makes repairs to the ISS 

during a spacewalk. Photo: NASA (2010)

18 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Back-Up

19 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Referenced Technical Requirements

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 1 Revision C

[V1 3004] In-Mission Medical Care All programs shall provide training, in-mission medical capabilities, and 

resources to diagnose and treat potential medical conditions based on epidemiological evidence-based PRA, 

individual crewmember needs, clinical practice guidelines, flight surgeon expertise, historical review, mission 

parameters, and vehicle-derived limitations. These analyses consider the needs and limitations of each 

specific vehicle and design reference mission (DRM) with particular attention to parameters such as mission 

duration, expected return time to Earth, mission route and destination, expected radiation profile, concept 

of operations, and more. In-mission capabilities (including hardware and software), resources (including 

consumables), and training to enable in-mission medical care, and behavioral care, are to include, but are 

not limited to: (see NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 Rev C for full technical requirement list).

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D

[V2 3006] Human-Centered Task Analysis Each human spaceflight program or project shall perform a 

human-centered task analysis to support systems and operations design. 

[V2 3102] Human Error Analysis Each human spaceflight program or project shall perform a task-based 

human error analysis (HEA) to support systems and operations design.

[V2 9003] Routine Operations Worksites shall be designed to provide rapid access to needed tools and 

equipment for routine / nominal operations. 

[V2 9004] Training Minimization Hardware and equipment with which crew interacts shall minimize the 

time required for training.

[V2 9110] In-Mission Training In-mission training/refreshers, including using tools and test equipment 

required for maintenance, shall be provided to ensure crew proficiency in performing maintenance activities

[V2 9111] Maintenance Concept of Operations For each maintenance-level item, the human spaceflight 

program shall define and document a maintenance operational concept considering the following factors, as 

a minimum, and updated throughout the design lifecycle:

a. Mission work natural environment (e.g., dust, lighting, heating, atmosphere, gravity) as specified 

in program requirements for natural environments (e.g., SLS-SPEC-159 Cross Program Design 

Specification for Natural Environments (DSNE)).

b. Tools, aids, and support equipment available to the maintainers in-situ. 

c. Skill-level of the maintainers (i.e., crewmembers). 

d. Access needed to equipment – considering mission-criticality, urgency of repair, anticipated 

frequency of servicing, and complexity of approach.

e. Reliability- or performance-driven preventive maintenance schedule. 

f. Preventive and corrective maintenance plans.

g. Total crew time and number of crew needed.

[V2 9112] Availability of Critical Systems System repairs and/or replacements shall be designed to be 

completed within the time-to-effect margin. 

[V2 9113] Damage Prevention The system shall be designed to prevent damage during maintenance.

[V2 9114] In-Mission Maintenance The program shall design all flight hardware and software to facilitate inmission preventive and corrective maintenance and check-out.

20

View the current versions of NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 & Volume 2 on the 

OCHMO Standards website

12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Referenced Technical Requirements

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D

[V2 9033] Mating, Demating Hazards The system shall not subject personnel and equipment to hazards,

including spills, electrical shocks, and the release of stored energy during mating or demating

[V2 9036] Design for Maintenance The system shall provide the means necessary for the crew to safely and 

efficiently perform routine service, maintenance, and anticipated unscheduled maintenance activities while 

wearing the most encumbering equipment and clothing anticipated.

[V2 9037] Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Equipment Maintenance Maintenance for commercial off-theshelf equipment shall be suitable to the spaceflight environment.

[V2 9038] In-Mission Tool Set The program shall establish a common set of in-mission tools and test 

equipment for spaceflight and surface systems. 

[V2 9115] Maintenance Tools Usability tools and test equipment shall be usable by the full range of crew 

sizes and strengths wearing any personal protective equipment (PPE).

[V2 9116] Tool and Test Equipment Commonality Systems and units of equipment shall be designed so that 

maintenance can be accomplished with the set of in-mission tools and test equipment. 

[V2 9050] Tool Clearance The system shall provide tool clearances for tool installation and actuation for all 

tool interfaces during in-mission maintenance.

[V2 9039] Maintenance Time Planned maintenance for systems and associated hardware and equipment 

shall be capable of being performed within the allotted crew schedule while wearing the most encumbering 

equipment and clothing anticipated.

[V2 9042] Captive Fasteners Fasteners used by the crew during maintenance shall be captive.

[V2 9043] Minimum Number of Fasteners – Item For items that may be serviceable by the crew, the 

number of fasteners used shall be the minimum required to meet structural engineering integrity 

requirements.

[V2 9044] Minimum Variety of Fasteners – System The system shall be serviceable with a common set of 

fasteners that meet structural integrity requirements.

[V2 9117] Access Using Available Tools Systems and units of equipment that require maintenance shall be 

accessible and openable during the mission using the on-board tool set.

[V2 9045] Maintenance Item Location The system shall ensure maintenance access to the items prioritized 

[V2 9111] Maintenance Concept of Operations, so that the maintenance task does not require the removal 

or disabling of other systems or components (excluding access panels).

[V2 9046] Check and Service Point Accessibility Check points and service points for systems, hardware, and 

equipment shall be directly accessible while wearing the most encumbering equipment and clothing 

anticipated. 

[V2 9047] Maintenance Accommodation Physical work access envelopes shall accommodate the crew, 

required tools, and any protective equipment needed to perform maintenance.

[V2 9048] Visual Access for Maintenance Maintenance tasks that require visual feedback shall be directly 

visible during task performance while wearing the most encumbering equipment and clothing anticipated. 

[V2 9118] Component Identification Flight systems shall include information and labeling that enables the 

crew to correctly locate, handle, and identify the systems components. 

[V2 9035] Cable Identification All maintainable cables, wires, and hoses shall be uniquely and consistently 

identified at the maintenance point.

21

View the current versions of NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 & Volume 2 on the 

OCHMO Standards website

12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Referenced Technical Requirements

22

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D

[V2 9119] Visual Aids for Maintenance For maintenance activities, visual aids shall be provided with 

appropriate scale, orientation, and context to enable crew to locate and identify components and execute 

the task.

[V2 9051] Fault Detection Unit of equipment undergoing maintenance shall provide rapid and positive fault 

detection and isolation of defective items. 

[V2 9052] Failure Notification The system shall alert the crew when critical equipment has failed or is not 

operating within tolerance limits.

[V2 9120] Condition Monitoring The system shall be designed to provide condition-monitoring data to an 

information system that can be accessed by the crew, to maintenance data systems or mission control. (See 

also 10.2.1 System Health and Status). 

[V2 9121] Maintenance Management Information For each maintenance-level item, as a minimum, the 

following data shall be captured and made/ available to the crew: a. Procedures; b. Visual aids; c. Functional 

state data (e.g., power, temperature, pressure, standby); d. Active indication of critical procedure step 

completion; e. Active indication of restored functionality; f. Replacement unit maintenance history; g. 

Procedure execution records.

[V2 9122] Fault Management Information For maintenance-level items experiencing off-nominal 

performance, the following data shall be made available to the crew in real-time: 

a. Live diagnostic sensor data; 

b. Troubleshooting steps and decision trees; 

c. Description of possible faults and locations; 

d. Description of test points and normal reading ranges; 

e. Test result interpretations and corrective action recommendations.

[V2 9123] Maintenance Activities Maintenance activities shall be designed to the skillset common to all 

crewmembers at the time of maintenance.

[V2 9124] Maintenance Decision Aids For corrective maintenance activities, decision aids shall be provided 

to support diagnosis, troubleshooting, and procedure execution at the expertise-level common to all 

crewmembers.

[V2 9125] Verification of Repair Preventive and corrective maintenance shall include means for verification 

of successful completion.

[V2 9126] Contamination Prevention For planetary surface missions, maintenance tasks shall be designed 

to prevent environmental contamination (e.g., dust) of maintenance items and EVA systems. 

[V2 9127] Extreme Environment (EE) Equipment, including tools and instruments, that are maintained on 

the planetary surface shall be designed to meet all performance requirements specified in NASA-STD-5017A 

Design and Development Requirements for Mechanisms during and after exposure to the expected natural 

environmental conditions specified in the SLS-SPEC-159 Cross-Program Design Specification for Natural 

Environments (DSNE). 

[V2 9128] Dust Tolerance Tool and equipment functionality shall not reduce below minimum performance 

specifications due to dust exposure when designs cannot prevent its intrusion.

[V2 10151] Labeling Plan and Icon Library The system shall provide labels that are consistent with a 

Labeling Plan and Icon Library as established by the program.

View the current versions of NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 & Volume 2 on the 

OCHMO Standards website

12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Reference List

1. Bertels, C. (2006, June 19). Crew Maintenance Lessons Learned from ISS and Considerations for Future 

Manned Missions. SpaceOps 2006 Conference. SpaceOps 2006 Conference, Rome, Italy. 

https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-5952

2. Evans, W. A., DeWeck, O., Laufer, D., & Shull, S. (2006). Logistics Lessons Learned in NASA Space Flight 

(Technical Report NASA/TP-2006-214203). John F. Kennedy Space Center, National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20110022528

3. Owens, A. C., & de Weck, O. L. (2018). International Space Station Operational Experience and its 

Impacts on Future Mission Supportability. Proceedings of the 48th International Conference on 

Environmental Systems. 48th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Albuquerque, NM. 

https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/74165/ICES_2018_198.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

4. Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. (2018). https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/

5. Apollo Flight Journal. (2019). https://history.nasa.gov/afj/index.html

6. Johnson, G. W. (2018). Lessons Learned from 50+ Years in Human Spaceflight and Safety (Contractor 

Report JSC-E-DAA-TN62036). SAIC. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20190028301

7. Sullivan, T. A. (1994). Catalog of Apollo Experiment Operations (NASA Reference Publication 1317). 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/RP-1994-1317.pdf

8. Winterhalter, D., Levine, J. S., Kerschmann, R. L., & Brady, T. K. (2020). Lunar Dust and Its Impact on 

Human Exploration: A NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Workshop (NASA/TM−2020-

5008219 NESC-RP-19-01469). https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20205008219

9. Winterhalter, D., Levine, J. S., & Kerschmann, R. (2018). The Dust in the Atmosphere of Mars and Its 

Impact on the Human Exploration of Mars: A NESC Workshop (NASA/TM-2018-220084 NESC-RP-17-

01263). https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180006321

10. Gaier, J. R. (2005). The Effects of Lunar Dust on EVA Systems During the Apollo Missions (NASA 

Technical Memorandum NASA/TM-2005-213610). Glenn Research Center. 

https://history.nasa.gov/alsj/TM-2005-213610.pdf

11. Wagner, S. (2006). The Apollo Experience Lessons Learned for Constellation Lunar Dust Management 

(NASA/TP-2006-213726). Johnson Space Center. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20060050035

12. Cain, J. R. (2010). Lunar dust: The Hazard and Astronaut Exposure Risks. Earth, Moon, and Planets, 

107(1), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11038-010-9365-0

13. NASA Handbook 5300.4(1E) prohibiting maintainer body movement, and "Maintainability Program 

Requirements for also identifies requirements necessary to Space Systems," March 10, 1987, NASA 

provide an efficient workspace for Headquarters. 

14. NASA Handbook 7120.5, "Management of drawings or sketches before detailed Major Systems and 

Projects," November 1993, NASA Headquarters 

15. Air Force Design Handbook 1-9 anthropometric considerations. Use of these "Maintainability (for 

Ground Electronic evaluations results leads to improved designs Systems)," Second Edition, Revision 7, 

February 25, 1988, United States Air Force Division. 

16. NASA/SP-2010-3407 the Human Integration Design Handbook (HIDH)

17. NASA-STD-3000. DESIGN FOR MAINTAINABILITY (nasa.gov)

23 12/19/2023
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Reference List

18. “Maintainability Program Management Considerations". Technique PM 2. [PFP#680142611] (nasa.gov)

19. "Maintainability Engineering Design and time to effect repairs, lower maintenance Cost of 

Maintainability," Revision II, January 1975, Rome Air Development Center. 

20. Reliability, Maintainability, and Supportability (RMS) Guidebook, Second Edition, 1992, Society of 

Automotive Engineers G-11 International RMS Committee.

21. MIL-STD-470B "Maintainability Program for Systems and Equipment," May 30, 1989, Department of 

Defense

22. Reliability, Maintainability, and Quality Assurance Division, NASA Headquarters. (1987). Maintainability 

Program Requirements for Space Systems (NHB-5300.4(1E)). 

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19940003824

23. NASA Reliability and Maintainability Steering Committee. (1994). Recommended techniques for 

effective maintainability. A continuous improvement initiative of the NASA Reliability and 

Maintainability Steering Committee (NASA-TM-4628). https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19950025109

24 12/19/2023