Aeronautics 

and 

Space Report 

of the 

President 

Fiscal Year 

1888 

Washington, D.C. 20546 
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The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 

1958 directed the annual Aeronautics and 

Space Report to include a “comprehensive 

description of the programmed activities and the 

accomplishments of all agencies of the United 

States in the field of aeronautics and space 

activities during the preceding calendar year. ” 

In recent years, the reports have been prepared 

on a fiscal year basis, consistent with the budp 

etary period now used in programs of the 

Federal Government. This year’s report covers 

activities that took place from October 1 , 1 998, 

through September 30, 1999. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration ........ 1 

Department of Defense ......................... 17 

Federal Aviation Administration ................... 19 

...................... 39 

Federal Communications Commission .............. 47 

National Science Foundation ..................... 59 

Department of Commerce ....................... 27 

Department of the Interior 

Department of Agriculture ....................... 49 

Department of State ........................... 63 

Department of Energy .......................... 65 

Appendices .................................. 71 

Smithsonian Institution ......................... 67 

A-1 U.S. Government Spacecraft Record ............................... 72 

A-2 World Record of Space Launches Successful in 

Attaining Earth Orbit or Beyond ................................... 73 

Successful Launches to Orbit on U.S. Launch Vehicles, 

October 1, 1998-September 30, 1999 .............................. 74 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights, 

1961 -September 30, 1999 ..................................... .79 

D U.S. Space Launch Vehicles .................................... .97 

E-1 A Space Activities of the U .S. c.overr!men?-Hist~rica! Eudget SummaryB 

C 

Budget Authority (in millions of real-year dollars) ........................... 100 

E-1 B Space Activities of the U.S. Government-Budget Authority in Millions of 

Equivalent FY 1999 Dollars (adjusted for inflation) ........................ 101 

E-2 

E-3 

Federal Space Activities Budget .................................. 102 

Federal Aeronautics Budget ..................................... 103 

Glossary ................................... 105 
1 

I N I STRATI 0 N 

as its number one core value, articut to safety for the public, astronauts and 

rce, and high-value equipment and property. Each 

NASA Center conducted a safety self-assessment and developed corrective 

action plans to improve its safety and health programs. NASA safety and 

mission assurance experts conducted several independent assessments of 

key NASA systems, including United Space Alliance's Ground Operations, 

the X-33 and X-34 programs, and the expendable launch vehicle Safety and 

Mission Assurance (SMA) process, to ensure safe and successful missions. 

NASA introduced new tools for assessing safety and risk, including the first 

human factors-based failure modes and effect analysis of critical launch 

preparation opeiatietis. NASA expanded its Trobabiliwic Risk Assessment 

(PRA) activity to include a PRA of the International Space Station (ISS) 

and upgraded the Incident Reporting Information System and the Lessons 

Learned Information System to better equip NASA's workforce for the pree 

vention of future mishaps and failures. 

E 

NASA convinced the International Organization for 

Standardization's (ISO) SC14 program management standards development 

working group to incorporate NASA's risk management approach into its 
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standard, achieving the emphasis on safety that is necessary in international partnerships. In N 1999, NASA became the first government 

agency in the world with multiple sites to have every one of its sites under 

an IS0 9001 registration. NASA’s Johnson Space Center became the 

second U.S. Government installation to achieve “Star” certification under 

the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Voluntary 

Protection Program. (Last year, NASA’s Langley Research Center was the 

first installation to achieve this recognition.) 

A number of important human space flight missions marked N 

1999. Each mission was safe; each accomplished the mission objectives; 

and each was historically significant. The year began with the return to 

space of John Glenn, the first American to orbit Earth. Senator Glenn flew 

as a Payload Specialist on Space Shuttle mission STS-95. The primary 

objective of the flight was to conduct a wide array of research and technology development experiments in a microgravity environment. At age 

77, Senator Glenn is the oldest human to fly into space. His participation 

in this mission provided observational information regarding the links 

between the effects of space flight and the aging process. Ten of the 

83 experiments and payloads on the Shuttle investigated questions pertaining to geriatrics in space. STS-95 also carried a Spartan spacecraft, 

which gathered scientific data on the solar corona and solar winds. 

N 1999 also saw the first deployment by the Shuttle of an element 

of the ISS. The first U.S.-built element, Unity (Node l), along with two 

pressurized mating adapters, was successfully mated with the Russian-built 

element, Zarya, which had been launched previously on an unpiloted vehicle. During the year, a second Shuttle mission was flown to the ISS carrying 

a large amount of supplies and equipment needed to outfit the Station. 

This marked the first docking of the Shuttle with the ISS. 

Another major milestone for the Space Shuttle program was the 

launch of the Chandra X-ray Observatory. This is the world’s most powerful x-ray telescope, and it is the third in NASA’s family of “Great 

Observatories.” Because the atmosphere absorbs x-rays, this orbiting spacecraft will enable scientists to study the origin, structure, and evolution of 
the universe in greater detail than ever before. The Chandra mission was 

also flown under NASA’s first woman commander, Eileen Collins. 

The first two ISS elements were successfully launched and mated 

during the first quarter of FY 1999. The Zarya control module, or 

Functional Cargo Block (FGB), was launched on November 20, 1998, by 

a Russian Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. 

The FGB is essentially an unpiloted space “tugboat” that provides early 

propulsion, power, and control capability and communications for the 

Station’s first months in orbit. During later assembly, it will provide rendezvous and docking capability to the Service Module. Russia built the 

FGB under contract to the United States, which owns this element. The 

Unity connecting module, or Node 1, was launched from the Kennedy 

Space Center on December 4, 1998, aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour. 

This was the first of 37 planned Space Shuttle flights to assemble the 

Station. Unity is a six-sided connector for future Station components. On 

December 6, 1998, Endeavour’s crew rendezvoused with Zarya, and, using a 

Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA). 1, attached Unity and Zarya together. 

PMA-2 provides a Shuttle docking location. Eventually, Unity’s six ports 

will provide connecting points for the Z1 truss exterior framework, the 

U.S. Laboratory, the airlock, the cupola, Node 3, and the Multi-Purpose 

Logistics Modules (MPLM). The crew completed connecting the two elements during three subsequent spacewalks, and they also entered the 

interior of the fledgling ISS to install communications equipment and 

complete other assembly work. At the end of FY 1999, the two elements 

were operating nominally in an orbit approximately 250 miles above Earth, 

with some maintenance required. Tne iviission Control Center was ready 

with all the software and hardware needed to support flight 2A in the first 

quarter of N 1999. At the fiscal year’s end, the Station had completed 

more than 5,000 orbits. 

The Shuttle Discovery was launched on May 27, 1999, and performed 

the first docking with the ISS on May 29, 1999. This was a logistics flight 

utilizing a SPACEHAB Double Cargo Module. The crew unloaded almost 

2 tons of supplies and equipment for the Station and performed one 

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spacewalk to install a US.-developed spacewalkers’ crane, the base of a 

Russian-developed crane, and other spacewalking tools on the Station’s 

exterior for use by future assembly crews. Discovery fired its thrusters to 

reboost the Station’s orbit and then undocked on June 3, 1999. 

At the end of the fiscal year, US. elements for five of the next six 

assembly flights had been delivered to Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for 

launch preparation, including truss segments, the attitude control system, 

the communications system, the first solar array, thermal radiators, integrated electronics, and the U.S. Laboratory (“Destiny”). As hardware 

continued to flow into KSC, activities focused on acceptance testing, integrated element checkout, and flight software verification. Hardware 

development activities are declining, as the program enters into the assembly and operations phase. Over 83 percent of the U.S. ISS development 

contract was completed, with the majority of the US. flight hardware 

scheduled to be delivered to the launch site in 2000. 

Relative to international participation, two of the three Italian 

MPLM’s and the Canadian Space Station Remote Manipulator System 

(SSRMS) were also at KSC in preparation for launch. The Service 

Module, Zvezda, the first wholly owned Russian ISS element, is currently 

at the Baikonur launch site undergoing final testing and checkout for an 

N 2000 launch. 

Also at fiscal year’s end, the Japanese Experimental Module (JEM), 

consisting of a Pressurized Module, Exposed Facility, Remote Manipulator 

System, and Experiment Logistics Module, was on schedule for launch in 

the 2003 timeframe. The European Columbus Orbital Facility was in production and on schedule for delivery in early 2004. 

Space Station Control Center (SSCC) activities included the completion of the Moscow support room in preparation for the launch of the 

FGB in early N 1999. Interface testing between the Mission Control 

Center-Houston (MCC-H) and the Mission Control Center-Moscow 

(MCC-M) was complete in late FY 1999, and flight 2A end-to-end 

testing with KSC was completed successfully in early FY 1999. MCC-H 

and the flight control team supported flight 2A (December 1998) 
, 

and flight 2A.1 (May 1999). MCC-H/MCC-M interface testing was completed in September 1999. The Space Station Training Facility (SSTF) was 

ready for Expedition 1 training also in September 1999. Other major 

accomplishments for the SSTF included the delivery of training software 

for upcoming flights. Assembly-critical spares for flights through 12A. 1 

were defined and were being manifested on appropriate Shuttle flights. 

The development of ISS facility-class payloads made significant 

progress during FY 1999. Three of five research racks were delivered in 

preparation for launch on 5A.1, 6A, and 7A.1. The payload planning 

process was simplified to reduce documentation and risk. The development 

integration template was revised to reduce product delivery milestones and 

shorten integration timeframes. Detailed payload manifests were approved 

for 2000 and 2001. 

Contingency planning included near-term plans to augment Russian 

propulsion and logistics capabilities with the U.S. Shuttle and the preparation of the Interim Control Module (EM) for launch, needed for reboost 

and attitude control. Long-term plans included orbiter modifications for 

additional reboost capability, the development of a permanent U.S. propulsion module, and the provision of six crew return capability with Soyuz 

until the U.S. Crew Return Vehicle is delivered. In FY 1999, ISS contingency planning activities included the completion of integrated flight 

configuration tests for an ICM propulsion system, the continuation of work 

on orbiter fuel transfer modifications, and the initiation of Propulsion 

Module development. The Propulsion Module System Requirements 

Review was completed in April 1999, followed by the completion of the 

Propuision Module/Shuttle Orbiter Tropellaiit Transfer Systern 

Requirements Review in June 1999. 

NASA's space, deep space, and ground networks successfully supported all NASA flight missions and numerous commercial, foreign, and 

other Government agency missions. Included were the first U.S. launch of 

ISS hardware (the Unity Node), NASA's third Great Observatory (the 

Chandra X-ray Observatory), Mars Polar Lander, Stardust, Cassini Venus 

and Earth encounters, and Galilean Moon encounters. The networks provided data delivery for all customers in excess of 98 percent. 

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Other significant activities included the transition to a Consolidated 

Space Operations Contract (CSOC), the initiation of Deep Space 

Network (DSN) service upgrade to Ka-band capability, the completion of 

DSN 26-meter automation, the initiation of a Mars communications infrastructure phase A study, the completion of an upgrade to the Space 

Network Control Center, the negotiated coprimary status for a unified 

S-band spectrum, and the initial acquisition of commercial ground 

network services. 

The CSOC phase-in was completed from October to December 

1998, with the transition of nine legacy contracts at Goddard Space Flight 

Center, Johnson Space Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Kennedy 

Space Center, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on schedule with no significant problems. At fiscal year’s end, cost performance was on track, 

customer operations were meeting proficiency targets, and workforce 

reductions were being effected, consistent with the plan. This contract was 

expected to save taxpayers approximately $1.4 billion over 10 years. 

In terms of robotic space flights, there were 32 successful U.S. 

expendable launch vehicle launches in FY 1999. Of those, 10 were NASAmanaged missions; 1 of these was a NASA-fundedpederal Aviation 

Administration (FAA)-licensed mission, 6 were Department of Defense 

(DoD)-managed missions (1 of these was a DoD-funded/FAA-licensed 

mission), and 16 were FAA-licensed commercial successful launches. In 

addition, NASA flew one payload as a secondary payload on one of the 

DoD-managed launches. There were four launch vehicle failures-two 

U.S. Air Force-managed Ttan IV’s, a commercially licensed Athena 11, 

and a commercially licensed Delta 111. NASA participated in the DoDs 

National Reconnaissance Office (NR0)-led Broad Area Review that 

included the review of these failures. NASA also participated in the Office 

of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)/National Security Council 

(NSC)-led Interagency Study on Future Management and Use of the U.S. 

Launch Bases and Ranges. 

The Aero-Space Technology Enterprise produced many exciting 

accomplishments in support of its goals and objectives in N 1999. These 
accomplishments will directly benefit the American people through safer, 

more affordable, and more environmentally friendly air travel and more 

efficient and affordable access to space. The Enterprise continued to organize its work according to three “pillars,” with associated goals. 

Within the first pillar of global civil aviation, the Office of AeroSpace Technology undertook a number of initiatives to increase aviation 

safety and reduce its environmental impact. As part of the Airframe 

Systems Program, researchers identified several underlying causes of controlled flight into terrain. NASA also awarded 13 2- to 3-year contracts to 

develop and demonstrate approaches for fully operational and certifiable 

synthetic vision and health management systems. Researchers also continued their work on crew-centered synthetic vision display systems. 

Under the Aviation Operations Systems Program, Glenn Research 

Center completed flight tests for the 1998-99 winter icing season with 

high-fidelity icing cloud instrumentation mounted underside its wing. In 

combination with instrumentation comparison testing from Glenn’s Icing 

Research Tunnel, conducted in November 1998, this data base provided 

new knowledge of ice formation processes. NASA cooperated with 

Atmospheric Environmental Services of Canada and the FAA to analyze 

such icing data and thus improve safety. 

As part of the Advanced Subsonic Technology (AST) Program, 

researchers demonstrated a low-emission combustor on a Pratt & Whitney 

4000 development engine. Results included reductions in oxides of nitrogen (NO,) levels during the landing and takeoff cycle, reductions in 

carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon levels, and comparable 

reductions in cruise NGx emissions. 

In terms of aircraft noise reduction, the AST Program’s Aircraft 

Noise Impact Model combined airport noise prediction, census data, and 

satellite imagery into a Geographic Information System. The model optimized ground tracks and trajectories for minimized impact and validated 

the need for improvement at long range. 

In the area of weather prediction and adaptation, NASA researchers 

continued their work on the Advanced Vortex Sensing System (AVOSS). 

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New features included improved wake prediction (decay and ground 

effect), improved wake sensor-tracking algorithms and sensor-derived wake 

residence time in corridor, improvements to the observational weather 

system, and Weather Nowcast for several hours’ forecast of runway 

throughput. During the fiscal year, an experimental version of AVOSS 

became operational at Langley Research Center, with live data feeds from 

the Dallas-Fort Worth airport. 

Under pillar two, revolutionary technology leaps, NASA scientists 

and engineers continued their efforts on the High Speed Research program. They developed a new complete vehicle system design concept that 

reflected the impacts of the program technology validation efforts and 

updated technology projections. The technology configuration met or 

exceeded all of the original program goals-most notably, the takeoff noise 

goal, which was met, despite a significant increase in stringency over the 

duration of the program. 

Although slowed by technical problems, progress continued during 

N 1999 in NASA’s cooperative efforts with industry to develop advanced 

engine technology for general aviation aircraft. Researchers completed 

assembly as well as initial performance and operability testing on both the 

advanced internal combustion engine and the small gas turbine engine. 

They also completed design modifications to correct problems uncovered 

during the ground-based tests. Researchers remained confident that they 

could demonstrate both the internal combustion and the turbine engines 

on experimental aircraft at the Summer 2000 Oshkosh Fly-In in 

Wisconsin. 

Under the AST Program, NASA officials selected final systems for 

future integration into an Advanced General Aviation Technology 

Experiment (AGATE) aircraft. The prototype systems included an 

AGATE Intuitive Pilot Interface and improved structural materials. 

Researchers continued to develop the Intuitive Pilot Interface (the 

“Highway in the Sky”), in concert with a multifunctional display, to provide pilots with a graphic depiction of a desired flight path, taking into 

account weather, traffic, terrain, and any airspace issues without the use of 

voice communications. 
In July 1999, the Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor 

Technology (ERAST) project within the Flight Research Program conducted a Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) flight demonstration of an Altus 

vehicle at Edwards Air Force Base. The purpose of the demonstration was 

to validate RPA technology for use in science missions of greater than 

4 hours in areas such as the polar regions above 55,000 feet. The flight 

demonstration was a success and further increased design confidence in the 

application of RPA's as science measurement platforms. 

The Flight Research Program also completed the first low-altitude 

flight of a Helios prototype in September 1999. The flight demonstration 

included a battery-powered, remotely piloted vehicle aircraft with a 

wingspan greater than 245 feet suitable for flight to 100,000 feet in altitude 

or a duration of 100 hours once outfitted with high-performance solar cells. 

Under pillar three, access to space, testing of the first development 

aerospike engine for the X-33 began during N 1999 at Stennis Space 

Center. Although slowed by hardware delivery problems and the resolution 

of environmental concerns at the White Sands Test Facility, progress 

toward the first flight of the X-34 continued during FY 1999. Stennis Space 

Center employees conducted hot-fire testing of the Fastrac engine, while 

other researchers continued building the first powered flight vehicle (A-2). 

As a major step in the development of next-generation space transportation propulsion systems, researchers ground-tested a pair of 

hydrogen-fueled rocket-based combined cycle flowpath models. The flowpath models were tested in all expected operating modes, and the 

transition from air-augmented rocket to ramjet operating mode has been 

demonstrated in a new, unique facfiity that aflows for (he continuous variation of the simulated Mach number. 

The Advanced Space Transportation Program held a Critical Design 

Review of the Propulsive Small Expendable Deployer System experiment 

in early September 1999 to review the maturity of the system design. The 

experiment was scheduled for launch in August 2000, and it is intended to 

demonstrate the use of electrodynamic tethers as a means of propulsion in 

space without the use of propellants. 

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While there were both ups and downs for NASA's Space Science 

Enterprise this year, overall, there was a wealth of dramatic science delivered in all four of its science theme areas. In addition to the thousands of 

breathtaking images that the Hubble Space Telescope continued to deliver, 

one result was a long-awaited, scientific coup: after 8 years of painstaking 

measurements, Hubble scientists calculated a value for how fast the universe is expanding. The rate of expansion, called the Hubble constant, is 

essential to determining the age and size of the universe, which scientists 

have now determined to be approximately 12 billion years old. Measuring 

the Hubble constant was one of the three major goals for the telescope 

when it was launched in 1990. 

In planetary news, the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft has given us 

the first global, three-dimensional map of the Martian surface. This incredible data base means that we now know the topography of Mars better than 

many continental regions of Earth. This mapping mission has revealed 

many new insights about the varying topography of Mars, including an 

impact basin deep enough to swallow Mount Everest, mysterious magnetic 

lines on the ancient surface reminiscent of plate tectonics on Earth, and 

weather patterns raging across the Martian north pole. This new global 

map of Mars is changing our fundamental understanding of the Red Planet 

and will likely influence scientific research of Mars for years to come. The 

increasingly detailed high-resolution map represents 250 million elevation 

measurements gathered in 1998 and 1999. 

The Cassini spacecraft, currently on a journey to Saturn, completed 

a highly accurate swingby of Earth in August. This flyby was necessary to 

give Cassini a boost in speed, sending it toward a rendezvous with Saturn 

and its moon Titan in 2004. 

Astronomers, racing the clock, managed to take the first-ever optical 

images of one of the most powerful explosions in the universe-a gammaray burst-just as it was occurring on January 23, 1999. Such bursts occur 

with no warning and typically last for just a few seconds. Later in the year, 

other astronomers, funded by NASA, witnessed a distant planet passing in 

front of its star, providing direct and independent confirmation of the exis- 
tence of extrasolar planets that to date has been inferred only from the 

wobble of their star. 

In July 1999, the Space Shuttle Columbia successfully carried to orbit 

the Chandra X-ray Observatory, the third of NASA's four Great 

Observatories, joining the Hubble Space Telescope and the Compton 

Gamma Ray Observatory. The results to date from Chandra have been dramatic. After barely 2 months in space, Chandra took a stunning image of 

the Crab Nebula, the most intensively studied object beyond our solar 

system, and revealed something never seen before: a brilliant ring around 

the nebula's heart. Its performance and images continue to delight 

astronomers. 

Using the Japanese Yohkoh spacecraft, NASA-sponsored scientists 

have discovered that an S-shaped structure often appears on our own Sun 

in advance of a violent eruption, called a coronal mass ejection, which is 

as powerful as billions of nuclear explosions. Early warnings of approaching 

solar storms could prove useful to power companies, the satellite communications industry, and organizations that operate spacecraft, including 

NASA. 

The Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications 

(OLMSA) released five NASA Research Announcements (NRA) in FY 

1999 and built ia investigatnr cnmm~~i~7 t~! 8?? in~.7estigarinns (2 

9-percent increase over 1998) as part of continuing preparations for ISS 

utilization. In addition to regular releases of NRA's, OLMSA also began 

selecting research in biologically inspired technology through a dedicated 

NRA. FY 1999 included the flight of STS-95, a Space Shuttle mission to 

conduct research in the life and microgravity sciences, including some 

exploratory research on aging and space flight. 

Industry investment in commercial space and microgravity research 

is at an all-time high. NASA flew 10 commercial payloads, consisting of 

more than 25 commercial investigations, during FY 1999. Industry has 

reported considerable-and, in some cases, remarkable-success from 

these cooperative missions. In addition, industry affiliates in the OLMSA 

Commercial Space Centers (CSC) have again increased, this time to 

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163 affiliates at fiscal year's end. The leveraging of industry support to 

the NASA CSC's has risen to five industrial dollars for every NASA 

dollar spent. 

Life and microgravity researchers convened in FY 1999 to conduct a 

1-year postflight review of results from the Neurolab Space Shuttle mission. Data from Neurolab flight experiments confirmed and expanded 

upon previous space flight data that the vestibular system-the system that 

senses gravity, maintains balance, and helps regulate control of movement-undergoes significant remodeling in response to microgravity. 

Additional results from Neurolab include the observations that the cells in 

the cerebral cortex of fetal mice divided more rapidly in space than on 

Earth, and there was a reduction in size and development of antigravity 

muscles in young rats exposed to space as compared to those on Earth. 

As part of a continuing effort in the application of NASA technologies to telemedicine, a Virtual Collaborative Clinic was held at NASA's 

Ames Research Center on May 4, 1999. Physicians and technical staff at 

multiple remote sites interacted in real time with three-dimensional visualizations of patient-specific data using next-generation high-bandwidth 

networks. The participants were from Cleveland Clinic, NASA's Glenn 

Research Center, Northern Navajo Medical Service Center in Shiprock, 

New Mexico; Stanford University, Salinas Valley Memorial Hospital, the 

University of California at Santa Cruz, and Ames Research Center. 

Medical visualizations were a stereo reconstruction from a computerized 

tomography (CT) scan of a heart with a graft, stereo dynamic reconstructions (beating heart) of echocardiograms with Doppler effects, and 

three-dimensional virtual jaw surgery using NASA's CyberScalpel for irregular-shaped or round bones and organs. 

Dr. William Ballhaus, Vice President of Lockheed Martin 

Corporation, convened an Industrial Liaison Board, formed through an initiative of NASA's National Center for Microgravity Research on Fluids 

and Combustion. The board made an initial set of recommendations on 

ways NASA could enhance the value of its research in microgravity fluids 

and combustion research to the industrial sector. 

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A special optical detector developed by the Space Vacuum Epitaxy 

Center, a NASA CSC, may offer the gift of sight to people with a variety 

of eye problems. The detector is designed to be implanted on the back wall 

of the eye, replacing natural sensors damaged by disease or accident. The 

detector converts light into electrical signals in much the same way as rods 

and cones operate in a healthy eye, and the optical nerve then picks up 

those signals. Preliminary testing has been successful, and efforts at commercial development began during N 1999. 

The Ford Motor Company has used materials data supplied by the 

Solidification Design Center, a NASA CSC, to design new, high-quality 

sand-molding processes for creating precision automotive parts. This type 

of work is also being done by the Solidification Design Center for Alcoa 

and Howmet Corporation to cast parts that are more reliable and yet lower 

in cost. 

Two new types of cameras that were developed by the Center for 

Commercial Applications of Combustion in Space and Roper Scientific for 

combustion research have been applied to the field of medicine. A doubleimage camera and a gated integrator camera are being marketed in the 

multibillion-dollar medical imaging field. This new technology will allow 

weak images to be pulled from strong backgrounds, such as when tumors 

have the same general color and lighting as the surrounding tissue. 

FY 1999 was a year of substantial scientific accomplishment in our 

understanding of the major elements that comprise the Earth's system. Over 

the oceans, the Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) reduced the uncertainty in 

global rainfall over the tropics (helping improve short-term weather prediction and the avaiiabiiity of fiesh water giobaiiy j, produced near-daily ocean 

color maps that help us understand the role of oceans in removing carbon 

dioxide from the atmosphere, documented the waxing and waning of El 

Niiio (enabling seasonal climate prediction), and resumed global measurement of winds at the ocean surface to improve short-term weather 

prediction and the tracking of major hurricanes and tropical storms 

globally. 

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Over the ice caps, researchers determined the thinning and thickening rates for the Greenland ice sheet, provided the first detailed radar 

mosaic of Antarctica, and provided daily observations of the polar regions 

from space. Over the land, ESE produced the first satellite-derived assessments of global forest cover, began refreshing the global archive of 

30-meter land-cover data, and conducted an international field experiment in the Amazonia to help understand the role of vegetation on Earth 

in removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In terms of the solid 

Earth, ESE and the U.S. Geological Survey measured surface displacement, 

a precursor to earthquakes, in the Los Angeles basin. With respect to the 

atmosphere, ESE continued to measure concentrations of both ozone and 

ozone-depleting substances and to assess the recovery of upper ozone correlation. ESE also implemented a 17-year data record of aerosols and cloud 

properties toward predicting annual-to-decadal climate variations. 

ESE continued to fulfill its commitment to make its Earth observation data widely available for research and education. Almost 1,300,000 

distinct users obtained 5.2 million data products during the year. ESE sponsored 350 workshops to train more than 11,000 educators in the use of 

Earth science concepts and teaching tools, and it awarded 50 new fellowships to maintain support annually for 150 graduate students at U.S. 

universities to train the next generation of Earth scientists. 

ESE continued to ensure that its data and associated information and 

knowledge lead to practical solutions for business and local governments. 

ESE established 29 partnerships to develop applications of Earth remotesensing data for agriculture, natural resources management, urban and 

regional planning, and disaster mitigation. More than 100 commercial 

partnerships helped a variety of firms use remote-sensing data to develop 

or improve their products and services. ESE researchers contributed to four 

national and international scientific assessments of the environment to 

provide policymakers with an objective basis for decisionmaking. 

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During FY 1999, ESE successfully launched the Landsat 7 and Quick 

Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) spacecraft. Landsat 7 builds on the heritage of 

the Landsat program by contributing to a three-decade-long record of ter1 
restrial ecosystems and their change. The QuikSCAT instruments were 

designed to map wind speed and direction across 90 percent of Earth's icefree oceans. Scientists planned to use data from QuikSCAT and the Ocean 

Topography Experiment (TOPEX/Poseidon) to look at the effects of 

ocean height and wind patterns on the ocean waves and currents. The 

Terra launch was rescheduled to early FY 2000 because of launch vehicle 

recertification. 

NASA also continued its international outreach, expanding cooperation with its partners through new agreements, discussions in multilateral 

forums, and support for ongoing missions. NASA concluded more than 

50 cooperative and reimbursable international agreements for projects in 

each of NASA's Strategic Enterprises. These agreements include aeronautics research; the use of aircraft, balloons, and sounding rockets for 

scientific research campaigns; and the flight of instruments on satellites 

and the Space Shuttle. The ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network 

expanded to include 13 additional countries in Africa, the Americas, and 

Europe. The NASA Administrator and his counterparts signed several significant agreements for cooperation in Latin America in December 1999. 

An agreement between NASA and the Central American Commission on 

Environment and Development established cooperation on the development of a Mesoamerican biological corridor. Two agreements with Brazil 

established cooperation on the project for the Large-Scale AtmosphereBiosphere Experiment in Amazonia: one for the ecological research 

component and another for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 

(TRMM) component. 

XASA played a key role in <ne L"CE iii conference held July 

19-30, 1999, in Vienna, Austria. This third United Nations world conference on space activities produced a report with information on the status 

of space activities around the world, issues that need to be addressed, and 

recommended actions for the future. NASA participated in the preparations for the conference, including the Regional Preparatory Conference 

for Latin America, held October 12-16, 1998, in Chile, and all of the 

meetings leading up to and during the conference that reviewed and 

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approved the report and its “Vienna Declaration.” NASA provided support 

to all aspects of the conference, including governmental meetings, the 

technical forum, and the exhibit. NASA also continued to support the 

ongoing activities of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses 

of Outer Space (COPUOS) and its subcommittees, particularly on the subject of orbital debris. The Scientific and Technical Subcommittee 

concluded its multiyear work plan and published a “Technical Report on 

Space Debris.’’ Through cooperation with NASA, 0rsted and Sunsat, the 

first satellites for Denmark and South Africa, respectively, were launched 

as secondary payloads on a Delta vehicle in February 1999. 

The NASA Administrator served as the President’s Representative 

to the Paris Air Show, held in June 1999. In addition, the Administrator 

visited Russia, Spain, Italy, Germany, Norway, and Romania to meet with 

senior foreign officials concerning ongoing and potential cooperation. 
17 

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port civil aviation by further enhancing the robusmess and accuracy of the GPS. 

The U.S. delegation to the recently concluded World Radiocommunication 

Conference 2000 in Istanbul was successful in gaining approval for the third civil 

frequency and the requisite authorizations for use of all three frequencies in space. 

These new civil signals will enable the civil community to develop a broad range of 

new and improved GPS applications. 

The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System 

(NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP) is a joint mission involving the Departments 

of Defense and Commerce and NASA. Dunng FY 1999, the NPOESS program 

office and NASA developed a strategy for placing selected imaging and sounding 

systems on orbit seveml years before the first NPOESS is launched. This effort is 

known as NPP. The tri-agency NPP team performed NPP spacecraft concept studies, conducted mission architecture concept studies, and drafted the mission's 

technology demonstration plan. NPP will provide important data to NASA as a 

bridging mission between NASA's Earth Observing Systems. NPP will also provide 

technical and schedule risk reduction for new NPOESS sensors, as well as an opportunity for operational users to test the new sensors and their associated flight and 

data-processing algorithm. In addition, flight-testing NPOESS sensors on NPP 
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minimizes the test and checkout period of the first operational NPOESS satellite 

and therefore maximizes the operational utility of the first NPOESS satellite. 

Additional details on NPOESS progress are covered in the Department of 

Commerce section of this report. 

DoD, NASA, NOM, and other Federal agencies teamed together to complete a comprehensive Space Weather Architecture study during FY 1999. This study 

laid out the structure for space weather architecture to meet all US. Government 

requirements and mitigate the adverse impacts of solar events by the year 2025. 

In September 1999, DoD officials also approved the Wideband gapfiller to be 

the first DoD-owned MilSatCom system to be procured under the Federal 

Acquisition Regulation Part 12, which governs acquisition of commercial items. 

During FY 1999, DoD continued to work on the Evolved Expendable 

Launch Vehicle (EELV) program to develop a national launch capability that satisfies Government requirements and reduces launch costs by at least 25 percent. 

The Air Force announced the award of contracts valued at a total of $3 billion to 

Lockheed Martin and Boeing. DoD awarded each of the companies a $500 million 

contract for engineering and manufacturing development agreements. The two 

companies also have contracts for initial launch services of DoDs EELV program 

that total $2.03 billion; Boeing received 19 la1lnches at $1.38 billion, and Lockheed 

Martin received $650 million for 9 launches. The EELV program’s objective is to 

improve the affordability and operability of the Nation’s expendable launch systems 

and to replace the current fleet of medium and heavy launch systems with two 

modular families of launch vehicles 

During 1998-99, three DoD satellite launches on variants of the Titan IV 

vehicle and upper stages failed at a total dollar loss in excess of $3 billion. In May 

1999, the President requested that the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with 

the Director of Central Intelligence and the NASA Administrator, examine the 

failures and to provide a report on the causes and corrective actions being taken to 

prevent their recurrence and to ensure future access to space. The DoD Assessment 

of Space Launch Failures Report summarizes the results of independent industry 

reviews, Air Force accident investigation boards, and an Air Forcernational 

Reconnaissance Office (NRO)-directed Broad Area Review. It concluded that a 

combination of technical and process deficiencies contributed to the failures. DoD 

has already taken many actions to correct the specific problems that contributed to 

the three failures that sparked this intense review, and more steps are under way. 
19 

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aviation industry to update the National Airspace System Plan through 

2015. The plan is based on the “Free Flight” operational concept in which 

pilots may choose the most efficient and economical routes to their 

destinations. The agency continued to acquire new automation systems for 

the National Airspace System (NAS), installing the Host and Oceanic 

Computer System Replacement at its 20 air traffic control centers and 

three oceanic centers. The system provides information on aircraft movements throughout domestic and oceanic airspace, and it is faster and more 

reliable than its predecessor system. The agency also deployed the Display 

System Replacement to eight en route centers, replacing 30-year-old 

equipment and providing enhanced capability to display aircraft position, 

identification, and weather information, as well as monitor and control 

system equipment and support planned enhancements to the air traffic 

control environment. 

The agency achieved a major milestone in its Free Flight Phase 1 

program in FY 1999 when the Surface Movement Advisor, which provides 

aircraft arrival information to airline ramp towers and operation centers, 
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became available to airlines at Detroit Metropolitan and Philadelphia 

International Airports. The agency made two major upgrades to its User 

Request Evaluation Tool (URET) at the Indianapolis and Memphis air 

route traffic control centers. URET provides controllers with automatic 

conflict detection, trial planning for assistance with conflict resolution or 

user requests, conformance monitoring of current flight trajectory, and 

some electronic flight data capability. The FAA and NASA researchers 

also continued joint efforts on air traffic management systems that will 

enhance the capacity and efficiency of the NAS. For example, NASA is 

working with the FAA to develop some of the necessary tools to implement Free Flight Phase 1, such as the Passive Final Approach Spacing Tool 

and the Surface Movement Advisor. 

The Safe Flight 2 1 program, a joint Government-industry initiative 

designed to validate the capabilities of advanced communication, navigation, and surveillance, as well as air traffic procedures associated with 

free flight, began demonstrating Automatic Dependent SurveillanceBroadcast (ADS-B) technology. In July 1999, 25 aircraft from the Cargo 

Airline Association, the FAA, avionics manufacturers, universities, the 

U.S. Navy, and NASA participated in a flight demonstration to begin 

testing ADS-B. UPS Aviation Technologies, Inc., a subsidiary of United 

Parcel Service, demonstrated its proposed avionics equipment in Bethel, 

Alaska. As a result of that test, the FAA awarded a $3.9 million contract 

to UPS Aviation Technologies for state-of-the-art avionics systems, 

installation kits, terrain data bases, ground-based transceivers, an avionics training simulator, and training assistance. The FAA continued 

progress toward implementation of the Wide Area Augmentation System 

(WAAS) that will provide the availability, integrity, and accuracy for the 

GPS to be used for en route navigation and precision civilian 

navigation. During the fiscal year, the agency completed a series of 

Category 1 precision approach test flights at Iceland's Keflavfk airport, 

using signals from both the FAA's WAAS test bed and the United 

Kingdom's Northern European Satellite Test Bed. The FAA leased three 

ground reference stations and a master station to the Chilean government 
for flight testing satellite navigation in Chile. The Chilean government 

outfitted an aircraft with a GPS receiver to fly precision and nonprecision 

Category 1 instrument flight rules conditions at the Arturo Merino Benitez 

International Airport in Santiago. With support from the Civil Aviation 

Authority of Singapore, the FAA also installed and tested a WAAS test 

reference station at Singapore’s Changi Airport. 

During the fiscal year, the FAA developed and installed in all FAA, 

DoD, and National Weather Service NEXRAD weather radars, an 

advanced algorithm that detects tornadoes early in their development and 

indicates the direction they will move. On the prototype Integrated 

Terminal Weather System at the Orlando TRACON, the agency installed 

a convective growth and decay forecast product, which not only predicts 

thunderstorm movement, based on the storm’s track, but also includes the 

effects of storm growth and decay. 

The FAA transferred to industry its Weather Support to Deicing 

Decision Making (WSDDM) system, a stand-alone, integrated display 

system developed in response to industry’s need for accurate, local weather 

data to plan and conduct airport deicing operations, and the agency began 

using the system at LaGuardia Airport. WSDDM uses Doppler radar, surface weather station data, and snow gauges located at and near the airport 

to determine precipitation type, temperature, wind speed and direction, 

and the liquid water equivalent of snow. 

The FAA released an upgraded version of the Integrated Noise 

Model (INM) 6.0. INM is the FAA’s standard tool for assessing aircraft 

noise in the vicinity of airports and is the most widely used model of its 

kind in the world. The FAA and NASA continued research activities 

under the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP). The scientific 

findings from the AEAP served as a significant input to the Special Report 

on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere published by the Intergovernmental 

Panel on Climate Change. The report indicates that the growing demand 

for air transportation services may cause aviation’s current small contribution to climate change to increase substantially in the future. Scientific 

understanding of the effects of carbon dioxide is good, while only fair to 

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very poor for the effects of other aircraft emissions on ozone and cloudiness. 

The report is being used as a basis for policy recommendation by the 

International Civil Aviation Organization. The two agencies also completed research activities under the Advanced Subsonic Technology 

program to develop combustor technology to reduce aircraft engine 

exhaust emissions. 

During the fiscal year, the FAA and NASA expanded integrated 

efforts to reduce the fatal commercial accident rate by 80 percent by 2026. 

Researchers are working together to better understand and develop technologies to mitigate the effects of phenomena such as wind shear and 

in-flight icing and to prevent accidents by finding the means to detect 

potential structural problems in the Nation's aging airline fleet. As part of 

its safety efforts, the FAA continued advanced research activities in a 

number of critical aviation safety areas. Researchers developed new stringent fire test criteria for aircraft thermal acoustical insulation aimed at 

preventing in-flight fires originating in hidden areas of the aircraft. The 

Aging Non-Structural Systems Research Program formally got under way 

in FY 1999 to develop a test and validation infrastructure, develop wire 

testing equipment, assess visual inspection, and develop aircraft arc fault 

circuit breakers. The agency completed the construction of the Full-scale 

Aircraft Structural Test Evaluation and Research facility, which is being 

used to test fuselage panel specimens under conditions representative of 

those seen by an aircraft in actual operation. 

In addition, the agency released a software code called Design 

Assessment of Reliability With Inspection (DARWIN) that will improve 

the structural integrity of turbine engine rotor disks used in commercial aircraft engines by assessing rotor design and life management. The FAA and 

the Helicopter Association International developed and released a Webbased Maintenance Malfunction Information Reporting system, which 

allows helicopter operators and repair stations to fulfill FAA Service 

Difficulty Reporting requirements and create manufacturer warranty claim 

forms. Researchers at the FAA's Airworthiness Assurance Center of 

Excellence completed a first-generation PC version of XRSIM, which sim- 
ulates radiographic (x-ray) inspection of aircraft components and is used 

during the development of inspection procedures to optimize radiographic 

inspections. The agency also developed the Web-based Air Personnel 

Module of Safety Performance Analysis System, which expedites the 

Aviation Safety Inspector’s activities in the areas of certification, recertification, surveillance, and investigation by providing readily accessible 

information from a variety of data sources and highlighting important 

information. The agency also certified AlliedSignal TCAS I1 Version 7, 

incorporating more than 300 detailed modifications to the surveillance 

and collision avoidance algorithms and displays in TCAS I1 avionics 

equipment. 

To learn more about the occurrences and characteristics of freezing 

drizzle aloft, FAA researchers continued to develop a centralized data base 

of fine-scale measurements in these kinds of icing conditions. The agency 

also sponsored the development of a prototype aircraft-mounted wide area 

ice detection system, which is now installed in the FAA Technical Center’s 

B-727 ground test vehicle for preliminary tests. 

In May 1999, an American Eagle commuter aircraft landed long on 

runway 4R at John F. Kennedy International Airport and stopped 250 feet 

into a cellular cement arrestor bed, a passive aircraft arrestor system developed and tested by the FAA, the Port Authority of New York and New 

Jersey, and Engineered Systems Company. All 30 people on board escaped 

injury, and the aircraft experienced only minor damage. In April, the FAA 

dedicated its new National Airport Pavement Test Facility, designed to 

provide high-quality, accelerated test data from rigid and flexible pavements subjected to simulated aircraft traffic. in September, <he FAA 

conducted with Boeing the first set of full-scale pavement tests at the 

facility. 

In FY 1999, the FAA developed and initiated an extensive research 

and development program in the area of wildlife strike mitigation and 

completed a wildlife control manual, which offers practical solutions to 

problems of habitat modification and wildlife management. The agency, in 

conjunction with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, completed a study investigating the effect of tall grass on bird activity at John 

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F. Kennedy International Airport, and it continued to expand the National 

Wildlife Strike Database, which lists and details wildlife strike reports. 

Human factors research continued to increase the safety and efficiency of the NAS by developing guidance for improving the performance 

of air carrier crews, general aviation pilots, aviation maintenance personnel, air traffic controllers, and NAS system maintenance technicians. 

Aviation medicine research proceeded with efforts to improve the health, 

safety, and survivability of aircraft passengers through the development of 

recommendations for counteracting human failure conditions. During the 

fiscal year, human factors practitioners researched a new training development methodology that allows air carriers to present unique training and 

assessment experiences for each flight crew, greatly enhancing training and 

assessment capabilities and benefits. The FAA, in collaboration with 

NASA, produced a manual for developing operating documents that provide guidelines on the organization and design of checklists, quick 

reference handbooks, and guides used on the flight deck. Researchers also 

developed guidelines on maintenance resource and error management. 

The human factors research program completed a human-in-the-loop 

high-fidelity simulation to investigate controller performance and workload impacts resulting from airspace boundary adjustments. Research began 

on a congressionally directed survey focused on the effects of shiftwork 

scheduling practices and fatigue in the air traffic system workforce. The 

human factors program continued to support the National Institute for 

Occupational Safety and Health Cabin Air Quality Study ordered by 

Congress. In addition, researchers developed an analytical technique that 

employs DNA probes to differentiate blood alcohol intake before death 

from alcohol produced by the body through natural processes after death. 

This will prevent incorrect conclusions from accident investigations. 

The FAA continued its research and development activities to prevent explosives, weapons, and other threat materials from being introduced 

onto aircraft. To detect weapons in checked luggage, the FAA worked with 

industry to certify two new explosives detection systems, the L3 examiner 

3DX6000 and the InVision CTX9000. Agency researchers synthesized and 
characterized a new terrorist explosive, triacetone triperoxide (TATP), 

which recently appeared as a weapon of mass destruction in the Middle 

East, and adapted the current generation of explosives trace detection systems to detect TATP. The agency also established an explosives standard 

system (Trace Personnel Standard-Dry Transfer Method), enabling the 

evaluation of emerging explosives trace detection technology. In addition, 

the FAA completed the screener selection test assessment and fielded six 

perceptual and cognitive tests at 18 major US. airports to develop a 

screener aptitude test to predict future performance of checkpoint security 

screener candidates. The FAA provided more than 250 copies of the 

Blast/FX software tool to Government agencies. Blast/FX is a selfcontained software package that can be used to model and analyze the 

effects of a blast on facilities (see the Web site: www.blastfx.com). The 

agency also conducted two Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Baggage 

Tag trials, in conjunction with United and Continental Airlines. The tests 

provided critical operational performance information to support airline 

efforts to develop an international standard for WID Baggage Tag use. 

The FAA’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation licensed two 

successful launches by sea launch during the fiscal year. These were the first 

licensed launches without any involvement from a Federal launch range. 

Overall, there were 18 launches during the fiscal year that were FAA 

licensed as commercial, although 2 were failures. The agency also issued a 

launch operator license to Orbital Sciences Corporation for the first commercial launches from Kwajalein Missile Range, operated by the U.S. 

Army, in the Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean, and renewed five launch 

operator licenses. The FAA and NASA signed a Memorandum of 

Understanding Concerning Future Space Transportation Systems, which 

describes the FAA/NASA cooperative activities that will be conducted 

under the category of future space transportation systems and Reusable 

Launch Vehicle (RLV) technology, research, and development. The agency 

and its Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee released 

the 1999 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts, which project an 

average total of 51 commercial space launches per year through 2010, an 

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increase of over 40 percent from the 36 commercial launches conducted 

worldwide in 1998. 

The agency issued final rules on Financial Responsibility 

Requirements for Licensed Launch Activities and Commercial 

Transportation Licensing Regulation. It also issued notices of proposed 

rulemaking on Commercial Space Transportation Reusable Launch 

Vehicle and Reentry Licensing Regulation, Licensing and Safety 

Requirements for Operation of a Launch Site, and Financial Responsibility 

Requirements for Licensed Reentry Activities. In addition, the FAA published a Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for 

Commercial Launch Vehicle Programs as part of its responsibility under 

the National Environmental Policy Act. 
27 

e variety of activities that furthered 

including satellite operations and 

ilian and commercial space policy 

proval. The National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) engaged in a number of space 

activities during FY 1999. Within the National Environmental Satellite, 

Data and Informatioil Service (NESDIS), Gregory W. Withee was named 

Assistant Administrator for Satellite and Information Services in May 

1999. NESDIS operates the US. civil geostationary and polar-orbiting 

weather satellites, maintains environmental data used by scientists 

throughout the world, and licenses the commercial remote-sensing 

industry. 

N0AA"s p!ar sate!!i:es-?4OAA- 14 and NGM- 15, launched in 

December 1994 and May 1998, respectively-continued to monitor the 

entire Earth, tracking atmospheric variables and providing atmospheric 

data and cloud images. These satellites continued to send more than 

16,000 global measurements daily via NOAA's command and data acquisition stations and provide valuable information for forecasting models, 

especially for remote ocean areas for which conventional surface observations are lacking. 

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In May 1999, a $91 million contract was awarded to Ball Aerospace 

Technologies to develop a suite of satellite instruments that will significantly improve the accuracy of Earth‘s ozone measurements. The contract, 

for the design and fabrication of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite 

(OMPS), is to produce three OMPS units that will be flown as part of the 

National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System 

(NPOESS) program. 

IlT Industries was awarded a $98 million contract in August 1999 

to develop an advanced weather satellite instrument that will significantly 

improve weather forecasting and climate prediction. The contract is for a 

Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), an advanced high-spectral-resolution 

infrared sounder to be flown aboard the U.S. environmental satellites of 

the future as part of the NPOESS. The first CrIS unit is to be flown on the 

NPOESS Preparatory Project mission, beginning in late 2005, to test and 

evaluate CrIS prior to the launch of the first operational NPOESS spacecraft in 2008. 

These developments in the NPOESS program, as well as the transfer 

of satellite operations for the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program 

(DMSP) to NOMS Suitland, Maryland, facility, represented a major step 

forward in the merger of U.S. civilian and military operational environmental satellites into a single, national system. Once operational in the 

next decade, the NPOESS will satisfy both civil and national security 

requirements for space-based, remotely sensed environmental data. 

Two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites 

(GOES)-GOES-8 or GOES-East, stationed at 75 degrees west longitude 

(launched in April 1994), and GOES-10 or GOES-West, at 135 degrees 

west longitude (launched in April 1997)-continued to provide the kind 

of continuous monitoring necessary for intensive data analysis during 

severe weather conditions. These satellites transmit full-disc views of the 

majority of the Western Hemisphere that provide a constant vigil for the 

atmospheric “triggers” for severe weather conditions, such as tornadoes, 

flash floods, hail storms, and hurricanes. When these conditions develop, 

the GOES satellites are able to monitor storm development and track the 

f 
storms' movements. In addition to satellite operations, NOAA continued 

to provide space weather monitoring and forecasts to protect spacecraft 

and power grids during the current solar maximum expected to peak 

in 2000. 

The launch of GOES-L, originally planned for May 1999, was 

delayed to allow NASA, NOAA, and rocket manufacturers time to review 

recent launch failures. Successfully launched in May 2000, GOES-L will be 

stored onorbit, ready for operation when needed as a replacement for 

GOES-8 or GOES-10. After showing signs of imminent failure during 

1998, GOES-9 was moved and placed in storage mode at 105 degrees west 

longitude. 

In June 1999, NOAA announced the transition of the surplus spacecraft GOES-7, which had been launched in 1987, to 175 degrees west 

longitude to support the Pan-Pacific Education and Communications 

Experiment by Satellite (PEACESAT) program, a public service satellite 

telecommunications network that links educational institutions, regional 

organizations, and governments in the Pacific islands region. The 23-yearold satellites, GOES-2 and GOES-3, that PEACESAT was previously using 

for communications were finally brought out of orbit and replaced by the 

sturdier GOES-7. The PEACESAT program, a partnership with the 

University of Hawaii, uses a NOAA Command and Telemetry Processor 

that is no longer needed to operate the newer GOES satellites. 

NOAA participated with NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey in 

planning to support Landsat 7, which was successfully launched in April 

1999. NOAA operational responsibilities for Landsat were transferred to 

NA4SL4 and :he US. Seological Survey later in tihe year. 

A number of key milestones in NOAA's efforts to promote the commercial remote-sensing industry occurred in FY 1999. With the launch of 

the world's first 1 -meter commercial remote-sensing satellite, Space 

Imaging's Ikonos 2, in September 1999, the United States regained its 

qualitative lead in the global imagery market, thus fulfilling the vision of 

Congress and the Administration for a robust U.S. space industry. NOAA 

also licensed the world's first hyperspectral satellite systems in 1999. Four 

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amendments and four foreign agreements were also approved, enabling 

U.S. licensees to garner the investment and foreign partnerships needed to 

sustain these complex systems. Finally, in keeping with its statutory responsibilities, NOAA established a monitoring and compliance program, 

including the recruitment of the first two full-time officers. 

In the area of international cooperation and activities, NOAA continued its involvement in activities associated with the Committee on 

Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS). The former NESDIS Assistant 

Administrator headed the CEOS Strategic Implementation Team which is 

involved in further development of the Integrated Global Observing 

Strategy (IGOS). A NESDIS senior official chaired the CEOS Disaster 

Management Support Project, spearheading the pursuit of a number of 

activities in conjunction with other disaster management and space 

agencies. 

NESDIS cohosted the U.S.-Japan Global Observation Information 

Network (GOIN) Symposium and Workshop in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 

March 1999 with the University of Hawaii and NASA, at which Internetbased global exchanges of data sets for environmental monitoring and 

scientific work were demonstrated. Begun as a demonstration project under 

the US-Japan Common Agenda, the continuation of the GOIN work is 

being transferred to CEOS. 

Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and 

NOAA Administrator, Dr. D. James Baker, provided the keynote address 

at the 2nd Global Disaster Information Network (GDIN) meeting held in 

Mexico City in May 1999. GDIN continues to build a constituency and 

framework to share disaster information among data providers and data 

users to lessen the loss of life and property from natural and technological 

disasters. 

At the request of the U.S. Agency for International Development ,i 

(USAID), NESDIS participated in U.S. Government-sponsored 

Hurricane Mitch reconstruction and development activities in Central 

America. The NESDIS activity, part of a Doc-wide initiative, involves the 

installation of a regional satellite ground receiving station. This will 
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enhance access to and the use of GOES and Polar-orbiting Operational 

Environmental Satellite (POES) imagery by the national meteorological 

and hydrological agencies in Central America for weather forecasting and 

disaster preparation, management, and mitigation. As requested by 

USAID Brazil, NESDIS continued to work with the government of Brazil, 

using satellite imagery to detect wildfires that threaten the Amazon rainforest. 

The NOAA Administrator headed the U.S. Government delegation 

to the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful 

Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III), held in Vienna, Austria, in July 

1999. NESDIS specialists participated in panels focusing on the use of 

satellites for weather forecasting, environmental monitoring, and disaster 

management. 

In 1999, NOAA's National Geodetic Survey (NGS) conducted an 

evaluation of the suitability of RADARSAT imagery for delineating shoreline for hydrographic support and nautical charting in Alaska. As an aid in 

change analysis, NGS used high-resolution, spaceborne imagery as a reconnaissance tool to evaluate the temporal accuracy of previously mapped 

shoreline data. NGS began experimenting with a wide variety of spaceborne commercial imagery to conduct similar studies of shoreline accuracy. 

NGS observed radio signals from the U.S. GPS satellites to develop 

new models of the ionosphere. NGS created a global model of Total 

Electron Content, using GPS data from globally distributed International 

GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS) stations and its own National GPS 

Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network. The model 

compares favorabiy with (hose produced by other IGS andysis centers. 

Specific software was developed that continuously applies an ionospheric 

correction to GPS carrier phase measurements. 

As chair of the Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee of the 

Federal Geographic Data Committee, NGS continued its work to 

strengthen ties between the GPS positioning and navigation communities 

and to ensure that GPS meets the needs of Federal civilian service users. 

Also, as chair of the GPS Interagency Advisory Council, NGS led in the 

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development of recommendations to the Interagency GPS Executive 

Board (IGEB) regarding the design and funding for future civilian 

GPS signals. 

Throughout 1999, DOC played a critical role in the management of 

GPS as a member of the IGEB. To support the day-to-day functions of the 

board, NOM and the Technology Administration (TA) collaborated to 

establish a permanent IGEB Executive Secretariat within the DOC building. The new office includes representatives from NOAA, TA, and other 

departments. NOAA, TA, and the National Telecommunications and 

Information Administration (NTIA) participated in a number of IGEB 

working groups, including technical and budgetary efforts that led up to 

and stemmed from Vice President Gore's January 1999 announcement of a 

$400 million GPS modernization initiative. To highlight the civilian interest in GPS modernization, DOC led an assessment of U.S. industry uses of 

GPS. As part of this assessment, Deputy Secretary of Commerce, Robert 

Mallett hosted a roundtable meeting with industry executives to hear how 

their businesses might be affected by a more robust GPS service. 

DOC also served on a number of U.S. delegations that met with 

Europe and Japan to promote GPS and discuss possible areas of international cooperation in satellite navigation. TA served as the lead 

representative of U.S. commercial interests on these delegations. In 

October 1999, DOC chaired and hosted the first meeting of the bilateral 

U.S.-Japan working group on commercial and scientific uses of GPbne 

of three working groups created by President Clinton and Japanese Prime 

Minister Obuchi. 

During FY 1999, TA's National Institute of Standards and 

Technology (NIST) provided metrology support, modeling, and development activities for a variety of aeronautics and space activities. NIST 

scientists and engineers worked with NASA on more than 45 projects. I 

NIST developed design requirements for a superaccurate atomic clock to 

be used in Earth orbit-the Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space 

(PARCS)-and developed a critical element for the space clock. NIST 

continued to supply the Jet Propulsion Laboratory with time and frequency 
reference services for the NASA Deep Space Network. NIST completed a 

project to supply NASA with software tools to evaluate fire-detector systems in high-bay spaces, such as those used in staging and assembly for 

Space Shuttle missions. 

NIST also developed and delivered to NASA's Johnson Space 

Center a special refrigerator system to be used to liquefy oxygen to generate the liftoff fuel on Mars for the return to Earth of a future Mars lander. 

NIST produced a mathematical model to take into account the effects of 

convection during crystallization, which will aid NASA in the interpretation of crystal growth under microgravity conditions. NIST scientists and 

engineers developed special instrumentation used to calibrate the x-ray 

optics and detectors of NASA's orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory and 

performed dimensional verification measurements of the analyzer element 

of Chandra. Finally, NIST demonstrated new high-sensitivity detector 

technology suitable for creating imaging arrays for Goddard Space Flight 

Center's Constellation-X satellite program and other NASA Earth and 

space applications. 

During N 1999, DOC continued its efforts to foster an economic and 

policy environment that promotes the global preeminence of the U.S. 

commercial space industry. TA and the International Trade 

Administration (ITA) served as advocates for the U.S. commercial satellite-imaging industry during high-level interagency meetings and 

government-to-government meetings on U.S. remote-sensing policy 

regarding Canada, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Russia, and Spain. 

TA and ITA also represented the interests of the US. launch and satellite 

industries during preparations for annual consultations wit'n Z'nina, Russia, 

and the Ukraine on commercial space launch services. In November 1999, 

the United States and Russia finalized an exchange of diplomatic notes, 

which amended the US.-Russia Commercial Space Launch Agreement 

and increased the level of trade in launch services allowed under the 

agreement. 

TA and ITA also participated in a White House-led review of the 

U.S. space launch bases and ranges. The review was initiated in March 

33 
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1999 in light of increasing commercial space launch activity over the past 

5 years, particularly at Cape Canaveral Air Station in Florida and 

Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. During the review and the development of recommendations for future launch range management, DOC 

provided inputs reflecting the concerns of the commercial launch industry. 

In N 1999, ITA continued to assist the U.S. aerospace industry in 

competing in the global marketplace. In April, ITA and other Federal 

agencies mounted a campaign to persuade the European Union to withdraw or suspend its new regulations restricting civil aircraft that are 

modified with noise reduction devices, including aircraft engine “hushkits.” These regulations threaten to erode US. sales in Europe and disrupt 

efforts to establish a more stringent noise standard in the International 

Civil Aviation Organization. The regulations have not been overturned, 

but U.S. efforts continued in this regard. ITA was instrumental in securing 

tariff waivers for U.S. exports of aircraft to Russia under a bilateral agreement on Aircraft Market Access. ITA also supported the efforts of the 

U.S.-China Joint Committee on Commerce and Trade to expand intergovernmental cooperation and trade in civil aviation and airports. 

To promote US. aerospace exports, ITA sponsored Aerospace 

Product Literature Centers at seven major international exhibitions and air 

shows in Australia, China, France, Malaysia, Russia, Taiwan, and the 

United Kingdom. The program generated more than 8,500 trade leads for 

U.S. firms. ITA also supported U.S. contract bids in international competitions to supply helicopters, commercial transport aircraft, satellites, and 

space launch vehicles. ITA sponsored the U.S. National Pavilion at the 

Paris Air Show in June 1999. The pavilion housed the exhibits of more 

than 125 companies, U.S. trade associations, and U.S. Government agencies. This marked the first appearance of the commercial space industry at 

the Paris Air Show. 

ITA also continued its work to support U.S. access to satellite markets overseas through a variety of bilateral and multilateral initiatives. 

Under the World Trade Organization Agreement on Basic 

Telecommunications Services, ITA supported the U.S. Trade 
Representative's office in monitoring several aspects of the agreement, 

including provisions relating to market access for satellite service providers. 

ITA supported the inclusion of certain satellite products in the Information 

Technology Agreement 11, with the goal of reducing tariffs and facilitating 

increased trade. With regard to Japan, ITA monitored compliance with the 

1990 US-Japan Satellite Procurement Agreement. 

ITA updated its market data and projections on sales of aerospace 

and commercial space products and services, including aircraft, helicopters, 

satellites, and space transportation services. This information was published in the 2000 U.S. Industry and TY& Outlook. 

In March 1999, to comply with the 1998 National Defense 

Authorization Act, the Bureau of Export Administration (BXA) transferred its export licensing authority for commercial communications 

satellites to the Department of State (DoS). Because DoS was not staffed 

to meet the additional workload, satellite export applicants were subjected 

to significant licensing delays. Furthermore, under the monitoring provisions of the legislation, US. manufacturers were forced to obtain 

DoS-issued Technology Transfer Agreements for the launch support of 

satellites previously licensed by DOC, even when the customer or launch 

service provider was a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally. 

The change in jurisdiction caused harm to US. satellite and component 

makers and incited a backlash from potential foreign buyers of US. satellites. Satellite manufacturers detailed many of these problems in testimony 

to Congress. 

In FY 1999, BXA submitted its fourth annual report to Congress on 

G#jjefi in Defense TT&, which includes an analysis of impacts on the U.S. 

aerospace sector. Offsets are industrial compensation practices, required as 

a condition of purchase by foreign governments in either govemment-togovernment or commercial sales of defense articles and services. Imports of 

aircraft and aircraft engine parts more than doubled from 1993 to 1998, 

thereby displacing US. subcontractors to a degree. Offsets are thought to 

have played a significant role in this trend. 

35 ~ 
36 BXA participated in an interagency group that conducted 

exploratory discussions with Canada and the Netherlands with the objective of reducing or eliminating offsets. The group also contacted NATO 

and other allies requesting discussion on offsets. In June 1999, BXA 

Assistant Secretary Roger Majak testified before the House Committee on 

Government Reform on the subject of defense trade offsets. Rising congressional interest culminated in the Defense Offsets Disclosure Act of 

1999. This law created a Presidential Commission that will develop a strategy to eliminate offsets. 

During FY 1999, NTIA continued to provide spectrum for Federal 

agencies to operate their respective radiocommunications systems associated with aeronautical and space operations. In addition, NTIA reviewed 

and approved Federal agency requests for spectrum to support future aeronautical and space radiocommunications systems. This includes 2 systems 

for DOC valued at $2.05 billion, 24 systems for NASA valued at $2.066 billion; and 3 systems for the Air Force. NTIA also coordinated 30 U.S. 

satellite systems internationally with other countries through the 

International Telecommunications Union (ITU) to prevent interference 

to these systems as well as interference from these systems to other administrations’ receivers. 

NTIA participated in various ITU plenipotentiary conferences, 

radio conferences, technical study groups, and other forums. NTIA began 

its preparations for ITU World Radiocommunication Conference 2000 

(WRC-2000) immediately after the close of WRC-97 and continued to do 

so through N 1999. NTIA and the Federal Communications Commission 

developed draft U.S. proposals for WRC-2000 agenda items, which include 

a spectrum for third-generation wireless and sharing between nongeostationary and geostationary fixed satellite service systems. NTIA also 

contributed significantly to the Conference Preparatory Meeting by providing numerous technical papers on the aeronautical and satellite 

spectrum issues that were addressed at WRC-2000. These WRC positions 

and Conference Preparatory Meeting technical papers were also coordinated by NTIA with the Commission on Inter-American 

Telecommunications (CITEL). 
NTIA undertook a number of policy initiatives regarding satellites 

and other space-based communications systems. Specifically, NTIA provided policy guidance on the restructuring of the International 

Telecommunications Satellite Organization (1NTELSAT) and the privatization of the International Mobile Satellite Organization (INMARSAT). 

In N 1999, the Patent and Trademark Office granted 795 U.S. 

patents relating to aeronautics and space. The inventions disclosed in the 

patents broadly encompassed aircraft, missiles, satellites, space vehicles, 

and ancillary devices. These inventions promote innovation and discovery 

in vital technology fields, including the aeronautics and space industries. 

37 

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uccessfully on April 15, 1999. 

(USGS) are jointly managing the 

e medium-resolution global land coverk of the Landsat program since 1972. A 

e of relatively cloud-free coverage was collected 

during the first 6 months of operation; such coverage has not been 

achieved in nearly a decade. All Landsat 7 data received at the primary 

ground station at the USGS Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) 

Data Center are being archived and made available to the public in digital 

format within 24 hours of collection. 

I 

The USGS EROS Data Center Earth Observing System Distributed 

Active Archive Center, which is funded by NASA, supported four missions in 1999, including the prelaunch, iIistruiiieiit checkout, and 

operations activities of Landsat 7 and the prelaunch and operations readiness activities in support of the Terra mission. USGS staff participated in 

the calibration of the Terra Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and 

Reflection Radiometer instrument that is collecting information on Earth's 

environment. 

The USGS Astrogeology Program continued to make significant 

contributions to the exploration of the solar system. NASA's Galileo 

39 
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mission to Jupiter continued to return exceptional images of Io and other 

Jovian satellites that give major insight into the surficial processes at work 

on those moons. The Deep Space 1 spacecraft returned image and spectral 

data from a near-Earth asteroid, leading to new knowledge that perhaps the 

near-Earth asteroid Braille is related to the much larger and well-studied 

asteroid Vesta, perhaps as a “chip off Vesta’s old block” or as a “sibling” 

from a larger body that has long since been destroyed. USGS scientists 

contributed to all these astrogeology efforts. 

USGS scientists involved with the Mars Orbital Camera and the 

Thermal Emission Spectrometer teams of NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor 

mission continue to make observations of surface landforms and composition through those instruments, and they also assist in the selection and 

monitoring of specific targets on Mars. Unfortunately, the Mars 

Exploration Program suffered a huge setback with the losses of the Mars 

Climate Orbiter and the Mars Polar Lander: Two USGS Astrogeology 

Program scientists have been asked to serve on the Mars Program 

Independent Assessment Team, which will make recommendations on 

future Mars exploration strategies. 

Do1 continued to utilize both the DoD Navstar GPS Precise 

Positioning Service (PPS) and augmented differential GPS for real-time 

positioning in wildland areas. Laser rangefinders have also been linked 

directly to GPS receivers to assist in field work for remote positioning in 

dangerous or inaccessible terrain. Do1 continued to assist the DOT-DoD 

efforts to expand the Nationwide Differential GPS (NDGPS) by identifying project areas that are out of reach of current differential GPS methods. 

Do1 GPS coordinators continued to identify Do1 requirements for specifications of future improvements to military handheld GPS receivers. 

The Multi-Resolution Land Characterization Project, a joint activity 

of the USGS, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), NASA, 

NOAA, and other agencies, had produced medium-resolution, land-cover 

data from Landsat data for 41 States by the end of FY 1999. The USGS 

Global Land Cover data base (known as the DISCover land cover layer), 

which is derived from AVHRR satellite data, is the first and only global 
i 

land cover data base to have a statistically based accuracy assessment. 

Validation was completed in FY 1999 with an average accuracy of 73.5 percent per land-cover category. 

The Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 

(OSMRE) employed GPS in various initiatives in N 1999. OSMRE used 

GPS to locate acid seeps as part of its Appalachian Clean Streams 

Initiative. The Mountaintop Removal Task Force used GPS to locate mine 

features in the field. GPS mapping saved time and design costs at the Coal 

Basin reclamation project in cooperation with the State of Colorado. 

OSMRE and the State of Pennsylvania have monitored the surface effects 

of longwall mining with GPS techniques. 

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) used remote sensing and GPS to 

support BIA and tribal initiatives to map land use, inventory natural 

resources, and conduct environmental assessments. Digital orthophotography and National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) aerial 

photography were used as backdrops to model potential flood inundation 

zones caused by the failure of BIA-managed dams and to delineate the 

extent of irrigated agricultural lands within BIA irrigation districts on 

Indian reservations in the Western United States. Digital orthophotography and color-infrared NAPP photography were used to create maps to 

support the clearing of military ordnance from the Badlands Bombing 

Range, Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota. Landsat 7 data were 

enhanced to map the perimeter and relative burn intensity of several large 

wildfires in Nevada as part of a joint BIA-Bureau of Land Management 

firefighting effort. The BIA also expanded the applications of both civilian 

and miiicary (encryptedj crrs receivers in naturai resource planning, 

inventory, and mapping. 

--,. 

The National Park Service (NPS) used Landsat and Satellite Pour 

l'observation de la Terre (SPOT) data, along with conventional aerial 

photography and digital orthophotography, to map and monitor land 

cover, vegetation, cultural features, and other specific features in many 

National Parks, from Alaska to Florida. Approximately 400 GPS units 

were used to support mapping and navigation needs for a variety of resource 

management and maintenance applications. 

41 

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communities in Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Wyoming; Agate 

Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska; and Wind Cave National Park, 

South Dakota. The Gap Analysis Program cooperated with State and local 

partners to complete its analysis of the conservation status of vertebrates 

and plant communities in 14 States, using Landsat data, wildlife habitat 

surveys, and extensive field sampling. Other research efforts employed various types of telemetry to track terrestrial and marine wildlife and assess 

habitat use and availability. Hyperspectral imaging was used to detect and 

map invasive plants. 

The Minerals Management Service (MMS) used GPS as part of a 

US.-Mexico boundary survey to identify shoreline points to calculate the 

part of a proposed offshore boundary that is not already legally defined. The 

MMS also supported the analysis of AVHRR data and altimetry data from 

the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX) and European RemoteSensing Satellite-1 (ERS-1). Partners included the Scripps Institution of 

Oceanography (La Jolla, California), Louisiana State University, the 

University of South Florida, and Texas A&M University. 

Remotely sensed data from satellites and aircraft sensors and GPS 

technology continued to play an important role in the Bureau of Land 

Management's efforts to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of 

the public lands. The data provided critical information to resource specialists for their inventory, assessment, modeling, and monitoring efforts. 

Data from traditional and digital aerial cameras and multispectral and 

hyperspectral sensors were supplemented by Geographic Information 

System (GIS) technology to support management activities associated 

with wildlife habitat, wilderness, recreation, rangeland, timber, fire, minerals, and hazardous materials. 

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) found innovative ways to 

use GPS and aircraft for the rapid creation of data bases from field data for 

wildlife and habitat inventories. For example, the Office of Migratory Bird 

Management has implemented a data recording system that automatically 
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incorporates GPS locations for all aerial waterfowl survey observations and 

generates a ground track of the aerial flight path. FWS offices regularly use 

GPS units for navigation, both on water bodies and in roadless areas. GPS 

units are also used to create data layers for use in GIS programs, particularly 

marking facility locations and boundaries of management activities such as 

controlled burns, wildfires, and hunting units. 

The USGS National Civil Applications Program (NCAP) provides 

secure facilities for Federal civil agencies to acquire and process classified 

satellite data for applications such as land and resource management, 

global change research, environmental monitoring, and disaster detection 

and mitigation. In 1999, NCAP staff and the Department of Defense continued to test the prototype Hazard Support System, which will provide 

near-real-time warnings of wildland fires in the United States, and to monitor and report on volcanic activity and associated volcanic ash clouds 

worldwide. The Global Fiducials Library became operational, providing 

the scientific community with digital classified satellite data collected over 

selected worldwide sites for long-term environmental monitoring. 

The USGS used satellite data to measure the volumetric changes of 

glaciers in Washington and Montana. These measurements enhanced the 

USGS Benchmark Glacier program that focuses on the response of glaciers 

to climate changes. The program continued to be carried out in cooperation with the NPS at North Cascades and Glacier National Parks. The 

USGS used RADARSAT and ERS-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 

images to monitor the catastrophic retreat under way at the Columbia 

Glacier in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Compared to Captain George 

’G’ancouver’s observation from two centuries ago, Columbia Glacier is the 

only remaining tide water glacier in southern Alaska that had not 

retreated. In cooperation with glaciologists at the University of Colorado, 

the USGS used a combination of SAR images and vertical aerial photog 

raphy to measure the glacier dynamics in the critical terminus region. 

The USGS developed an algorithm that incorporates the effect of 

grain size growth to extract snow depth from the passive microwave 

observations obtained by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) 
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on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite. The 

brightness temperature of a snow pack in the microwave wavelength bands 

depends not only on the snow depth but also on the internal snow pack 

properties, particularly the grain size, which is highly variable through the 

winter. Previous algorithms did not include this effect and have yielded 

erroneous estimates of snow depth. This algorithm is being used in a joint 

USGS-NASA study of the fresh water input to the Arctic Ocean that 

results from the melting of the Siberian snow pack. Fluctuations in the 

snow pack may influence the response of the Arctic Sea ice cover to anticipated global warming. 

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data were used 

to detect and measure land-surface displacements in the Las Vegas 

(Nevada) and Santa Clara (California) valleys caused by the deformation 

of ground-water aquifer systems caused by hydraulic stresses, such as seasonal and long-term changes in ground-water pumping. These data have 

also revealed the presence of previously unmapped faults in urban areas, 

such as an extension of the Silver Creek fault in downtown San Jose, 

California. 

The USGS Volcano Hazards Program expanded its use of remotely 

sensed data in FY 1999. Applications include surface deformation monitoring, thermal monitoring, detection and tracking of volcanic ash clouds, 

and topographic mapping. Networks were expanded at two hazardous volcanoes sites, Long Valley, California, and Mauna Loa, Hawaii, that use 

GPS to monitor deformation. Hawaii Volcano Observatory scientists 

cooperated with scientists at the University of Hawaii to test the use of 

GOES thermal imagery from the Internet to monitor the ongoing eruption 

at Kilauea. Imagery was successfully acquired from classified sources to produce a new, detailed digital elevation model of Augustine Volcano. 

USGS scientists applied satellite-based InSAR techniques to study 

volcanoes in Alaska by producing deformation measurement at tens-ofmeter horizontal resolution with centimeter to subcentimeter vertical 

precision. Using this technique, scientists discovered that the center of 

Okmok Volcano subsided 140 centimeters as a result of the 1997 eruption. 

It was also demonstrated that Westdahl Volcano has been inflating with 
magma since 1992. Based on the timing of recent eruptions at Westdahl 

and the fact that it has been inflating for 7 years, a new eruption can be 

expected within the next several years. As we increase our understanding 

of the use of satellite interferometry to detect inflation at volcanoes that 

appear inactive, we will improve our ability to anticipate volcanic eruptions and, thus, to mitigate volcanic hazards. 

The USGS Alaska Volcano Observatory continued to utilize up-tothe-minute satellite data and computer modeling techniques to monitor 

volcanic ash clouds that spread into the atmosphere thousands of feet 

above Earth’s surface as a result of volcanic activity in the North Pacific 

region. The proximity of more than 40 active volcanoes in Alaska to the 

Anchorage International Airport, the largest cargo-handling facility in the 

United States, has created a potentially dangerous situation. In N 1999, 

the Observatory provided information about airborne volcanic ash from 

several eruptions to the FAA, U.S. Air Force, and National Weather 

Service to assist in aircraft hazard mitigation and weather forecasting. 

The USGS National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program used color-infrared and black-and-white NAPP aerial photographs to 

create high-resolution rectified digital images to map land-use boundaries 

within a 500-meter buffer area around water wells that are part of the 

NAWQA ground-water quality monitoring network. USGS personnel 

continued to utilize the land-use delineations to define relationships 

between land-use characteristics and ground-water quality. 

45 

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at strides in ensuring that satellite 

st interest. The FCC made a 

s during this time: (1) the 

off of INTELSAT, to provide domestic 

tellite Service (FSS) in the United States for 

the first time; (2) the merger of U.S. Satellite Brcdczstir?g md D!!?ECTV, 

which would enable DIRECTV to become a stronger competitor in the 

multichannel Direct Broadcast Service video programming distribution 

market; and (3) the authorization of direct access to the INTELSAT satellite system for international service to benefit U.S. users of INTELSAT by 

allowing them to deal directly with INTELSAT for satellite services, thus 

eliminating go-between expenses. In February 1999, the FCC made available t~ the public ekctronic fihg for satellite axd Earth statim licemes. 

Currently, approximately 10 percent of all filings are done electronically 

and save 30 to 50 days in processing time. 

The FCC authorized two commercial satellites for launch in October 

1998: Worldspace’s AFRISTAR, providing multimedia broadcasting, and 

GE Americom’s GE-5, an operational Ku-band satellite. The FCC also 

approved SEDSAT, an experimental nongeostationary satellite (NGSO), 

for launch in October. The FCC authorized the launching of two 

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providing C/Ku-band operations in the Asia-Pacific region, and PAS-6B in 

December 1998, providing Ku-band “direct-to-home” broadcasting to 

Latin America. In May 1999, Loral launched Orion 3. The failure of the 

launch vehicle resulted in the satellite being in lower-than-expected orbit 

without the possibility of recovery. In September 1999, Echostar launched 

Echostar 5, providing coverage to Alaska and Hawaii and extending the 

available lineup to 500 channels. Furthermore, the Echostar 5 satellite 

transmits high-definition programming, Internet, and interactive services. 

In addition, the FCC authorized 43 NGSO’s for launch in FY 1999. 

The provisioning of Globalstar’s NGSO communications network constituted the bulk of the satellites (32) distributed among 8 launches, with 

4 satellites in each launch. Iridium launched nine NGSO satellites, and 

Space Imaging Corporation launched two NGSO satellites, Ikonos 1 

(which experienced launch failure) and Ikonos 1B (which provides commercial remote imaging). 
I 

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used remotely sensed data and 

administer agricultural and 

Service ( ARS) enhanced 

remote-se nowledge and developed productive applications at 

research facilities located throughout the United States. At Weslaco? 

Texas, the ARS Integrated Farming and Natural Resources Unit used airborne video data integrated with Global Positioning System (GPS) and 

Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies to detect and map the 

aquatic weeds, hydrilla, and water hyacinth in the Rio Grande River in 

extreme southern Texas. The unit also developed and delivered GIS maps 

to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the Lower Rio Grande 

River Water Districts, which can use the maps to control the spread of 

these weeds. At Weslaco, aerial digital images in conjunction with yield 

monitor data were collected from 20 grain sorghum fields owned by Rio 

Farms, Inc., Monte Alto, Texas. Rio Farms managers have used the aerial 

images and yield maps, produced from the yield monitor data, to improve 

farm management. 

The ARS Hydrology Laboratory initiated work to develop methods 

for retrieving soil moisture information from satellite-borne microwave 

sensors. Scientists conducted experiments at ARS facilities in Oklahoma 
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using aircraft prototypes of these instruments. At the ARS Jornada 

Experimental Range, the Hydrology Laboratory collected laser scanning 

data and visible, thermal infrared, and video imagery to infer surface temperature, albedo, vegetation indices, roughness, and other land-surface 

characteristics. These parameters are to be used as inputs for land-surface 

models, coupled with atmospheric models. In preparation for the launch of 

NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) AM 1 satellite (now called Terra), 

the Hydrology Laboratory has flown multispectral thermal infrared sensors 

(TIMS and MASTER) over the Jornada Experimental Range to estimate 

surface emissivity and temperature. ARS will use the latter to estimate the 

surface-sensible heat flux. This approach has been successfully demonstrated with data acquired over the El Reno Grazing Lands facility in 

Oklahoma as part of the Southern Great Plains 97 experiment. 

At ARS laboratories in Ames, Iowa, ARS researchers continued to 

develop methods for detecting weeds within corn and soybean canopies. 

Scientists measured and recorded the leaf spectra of weeds, corn, and soybeans grown in single species plots and in competition. ARS made 

concurrent reflectance measurements with a broadband radiometer of plots 

with different weed densities and species composition. To discriminate 

nutrient stress and its potential impact on yields, ARS measured the 

reflectance of corn produced from various populations and nitrogen management strategies. To determine the effect of soil background on crop 

detection, scientists developed a seasonal reflectance library for corn, soybeans, and wheat with different tillage and crop residue practices. 

The ARS Great Plains System Research Unit in Ft. Collins, 

Colorado, the ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center in Tucson, 

Arizona, and Michigan State University brought private, nonprofit, and 

public-sector groups together in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and 

Nebraska to develop techniques for estimating the amount and spatial distribution of total standing, green, and senescent biomass in grassland 

ecosystems. The project was designed to demonstrate how remote sensing 

can be cost-effectively used in managing these diverse and important 

natural resources. 
In Phoenix, Arizona, the US. Water Conservation Laboratory 

(USWCL), in cooperation with the University of Arizona, designed and 

tested a system for acquiring images from sensors mounted on agricultural 

implements. Scientists used data from the system to verify a new chlorophyll index that shows promise as an indicator of crop fertilizer needs. In a 

separate study using the Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) 

facility, USWCL used measurements of plant reflectance and temperature 

to assess the response of wheat and sorghum crops to increased atmospheric 

carbon dioxide. This research will improve our ability to monitor and 

understand how various global change scenarios will affect agricultural productivity and carbon sequestration. USWCL scientists cooperated with 

NASA's Stennis Space Center, through a Space Act Agreement, to 

develop products and applications to manage crops and soils using data 

from multispectral airborne sensors. Scientists have used the data to 

devebp methods for detecting crop water stress and improving irrigation 

scheduling with minimal ground-based inputs and no image calibration. 

USWCL scientists, as members of the NASA Landsat 7 Science Team, 

combined imagery from the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus 

(ETM+) sensor with a grassland growth model to produce daily maps of 

grassland biomass, root biomass, and soil moisture over a semiarid watershed. These maps allow for better rangeland management and provide a 

greater understanding of rangeland ecology for addressing soil erosion and 

drought. 

Using remote-sensing technology, the ARS Remote Sensing and 

Modeling Laboratory (RSML) and the Hydrology Laboratory initiated a 

long-term experiment to evaluate the economic and environmental impact 

of four alternative farming practices on surface and subsurface water quality. They mapped subsurface flow patterns with Ground Penetrating Radar 

and linked them to crop yields and remotely sensed hyperspectral data. 

Their remote-sensing assessment of the spatial and temporal variability of 

crops will benefit farmers and various agricultural industries by providing a 

watershed-scale demonstration site at which crop yields, profitability, and 

environmental impact can be compared under identical hydrogeological 

setting and climatic conditions. 

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In a field study cosponsored by Stennis Space Center and ARS, 

RSML investigated the use of Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging 

Spectrometer (AVIRIS) hyperspectral data to detect nitrogen deficiency 

and water stress in crops. Scientists conducted the study at Shelton, 

Nebraska, over an irrigated corn field with 20 variable-rate nitrogen plots. 

RSML acquired coverage from three NASA AVIRIS flights during the 

growing season and made extensive ground measurements of the agronomic and spectral characteristics to facilitate the development of models 

to identify crop stress. Over spring wheat fields in Montana, North Dakota, 

South Dakota, and Minnesota, RSML identified and monitored crop stress 

throughout the growing season. Through cooperative research with the 

USDA's Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), scientists evaluated models 

for assessing spring wheat production in Siberia and Kazakhstan. Also, 

RSML used fluorescent sensing to detect ozone damage, ultraviolet radiation damage to vegetation, and the effect of increased carbon dioxide. 

RSML demonstrated that remote sensing can accurately assess tropospheric environmental problems. 

Researchers at the ARS Western Integrated Cropping Systems 

Research Unit in Shafter, California, continued to develop procedures for 

detecting and managing water stress and pest infestations. The Shafter 

Airborne Multispectral Remote Sensing System (SAMRSS), which 

acquires high-resolution imagery in the visible, near-infrared, and thermal 

infrared, was flown on 30 missions. Using this imagery and data from 

ground-based collections, researchers developed procedures for detecting 

early infestations of spider mites in cotton and the onset of water stress. 

Researchers at Shafter cooperated with colleagues from Opto-Knowledge 

Systems, Inc., and NASA in studying the use of hyperspectral imagery from 

AVIRIS in agricultural applications. In cooperation with Cotton, Inc., 

researchers purchased a cotton yield monitor and installed it on a cotton 

picker to determine spatial relationships between yields and remotely 

sensed variables. They determined that the spatial variability in cotton 

yields across a field can best be estimated using midseason multispectral 

imagery. 
The ARS Rangeland Resources Research Unit at the High Plains 

Grasslands Research Station in Cheyenne, Wyoming, collected Very Large 

Scale Aerial (VLSA) images of soil erosion plots at the Central Plains 

Experimental Range. To improve rangeland management, researchers 

there compared measurements made from this aerial imagery with handcollected data of bare ground, plant cover, microtopography and microflow 

patterns. In cooperation with the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of 

Land Management, the State of Wyoming, and private ranchers, the unit 

has used VLSA and space imagery for rangeland monitoring that is lowcost and defendable in court. An additional critical component of this 

research will relate important aspects of rangelands like leaf area of dominant functional plant types to carbon dioxide fluxes and carbon cycling. 

At Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, the ARS Northwest 

Watershed Research Center (N WRC) used satellite imagery-Landsat 5 

Thematic Mapper and Satellite Pour l’observation de la Terre (SPOT) 

3HRV-to classify accurately shrub steppe and subalpine plant communities. A practical procedure for classifying and mapping intermountain plant 

communities using satellite imagery was provided to the Bureau of Land 

Management’s Snake River District in Idaho. NWRC also has evaluated 

multispectral digital aerial photography as a tool to determine stream shading by riparian vegetation and its effects on surface water quality in 

rangelands. Using Landsat imagery, NWRC quantified leaf area indices for 

rangeland plant communities for input to water and energy balance models 

that can be used to estimate rangeland plant production. NWRC also has 

worked with NASA to develop the use of synthetic aperture radar to map 

<he distribution of frozen soil and soil-water content in rugged terrain. 

The ARS laboratory in Sidney, Montana, conducted remote-sensing 

research for noxious weed identification, mapping, and monitoring crop 

management. The laboratory used color aerial photography to map leafy 

spurge infestations in Theodore Roosevelt National Park and the 

Sheyenne National Grasslands of North Dakota. It subsequently interpreted, digitized, and incorporated the national park‘s imagery with similar 

data collected in 1993. The 5-year comparison has provided a valuable 

53 
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evaluation of leafy spurge growth, distribution, and dynamics within the 

park. The laboratory also acquired normal color aerial photography of salt 

cedar stands in Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California to develop baseline population levels for studies involving releases of biological control 

agents. Research continued on the use of aerial videography for monitoring crop development and yield prediction in western North Dakota and 

eastern Montana. The Montana research project used the remote imagery 

to develop and assess the success of precision agriculture cropping strategies. Researchers have initiated the same technologies in North Dakota to 

monitor potato crop development and production. A new hyperspectral 

radiometer and imaging system will be used to improve weed identification 

and mapping and provide calibrated data for the multitemporal evaluation 

of crop development. 

The satellite remote-sensing program of FAS, operated by the 

Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division (PECAD), remained 

a critical element in USDA’s analysis of global agricultural production and 

crop conditions by providing timely, accurate, and unbiased estimates of 

global area, yield, and production. Satellite-derived early warning of 

unusual crop conditions and production anomalies enabled more rapid and 

precise determinations of global supply conditions. The FAS/PECAD analysts employed a proven “convergence of evidence” approach to crop 

assessment-incorporating NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution 

Radiometer (AVHRR), Landsat, and SPOT imagery; crop models; weather 

data; U.S. agricultural attache reports; field travel; and ancillary data to 

forecast foreign grain, oilseed, and cotton production. 

FASlPECAD accurately forecast 1999-2000 global grain production 

to within roughly 3 percent of final output. Visual interpretation of highresolution SPOT satellite imagery provided early warning of significant 

crop stress in key Russian winter-wheat-producing regions. An analysis of 

yield-simulation models and vegetative indices derived from AVHRR 

satellite data indicated where drought impact was most severe and identified crop areas that escaped damage. Subsequent harvest reports verified 

the FAS/PECAD early-season analysis. 
FASlPECAD personnel have participated in international agricultural research studies in Russia and Kazakhstan, in conjunction with 

USDA/ARS researchers, to expand and improve crop assessment resources 

for estimating wheat production in the former Soviet Union. The team has 

worked closely with agricultural and remote-sensing researchers from the 

Kazakhstan Space Research Institute and the Institute for Environmental 

Monitoring in Western Siberia to evaluate and refine the use of yieldsimulation models and new satellite sensors. This cooperative research 

resulted in a valuable exchange of crop-forecasting technology. 

FAS remote sensing supported Department of State assessments of 

food needs in the former Soviet Union, Indonesia, and North Korea. Also, 

FAS prepared detailed analyses of the record Argentine soybean crop, the 

bumper wheat crop in Australia, the bumper soybean crop in Brazil, 

drought in the Ukraine, dryness in China and North Korea, and flooding 

in Mexico. 

The Farm Service Agency (FSA) continued to share with FAS the 

cost of analyzing imagery of the United States. A timely analysis of U.S. 

crop conditions, combined with weather data, crop model results, and GIS 

products, made possible the development of accurate and timely projections and comprehensive evaluations of crop disaster situations. During the 

1999 growing season in the United States, the domestic analysts of 

FAS/PECAD provided early warning on anomalous crop conditions, 

including severe droughts in the Mid-Atlantic States and Eastern Corn 

Belt, as well as flooding from hurricanes and subsequent rainfall in North 

Carolina and southern Virginia. The impact of the sixth consecutive wet 

spring and eariy summer on agricuiturai interests in Kortin and Soutin 

Dakota was determined and reported in interagency briefings and published on the internal FSA/FAS Web site. FSA continued to be a partner 

in the National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) and the National 

Digital Orthoquad Program (NDOP). FSA started field-reengineered business processes that combine the use of digital orthophotography, GIs, 

GPS, and satellite imagery to replace the use of hard-copy NAPP aerial 

photography and 35millimeter slides. 

55 

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The USDA Forest Service provided support to the Selection 

Committee for the NASA Research Announcement on Agriculture, 

Forestry, and Range Management by contributing three members to the 

selection panel. A proposal from the Forest Service’s Fire Sciences 

Laboratory for Mapping Fire and Fuels Characteristics Using Remote 

Sensing and Biophysical Modeling for Operational Fire Management was 

selected by the committee. This project will provide researchers at the 

Forest Service and universities with vegetation maps of areas prone to wildfires, allowing firefighters to determine which plants are more likely to fuel 

wildfires and better predict the paths of such fires. 

Project Redsky, a DoD/Forest Service experiment to detect fires 

using DoD satellites, continued in 1999. The Forest Service also has supported the implementation and testing of the Hazard Support System at 

the U.S. Geological Survey’s Reston, Virginia, campus. This system, which 

warns of the outbreak of wildfires and volcanic eruptions, is a joint program 

among the DoD, the U.S. Geological Survey, NASA, and other 

Government agencies. The Langley Research Center FireSat Team provided airborne measurements during a series of controlled fires in Gila 

National Forest; the measurements were conducted to validate the performance of the Hazard Support System. 

The Forest Service continued to study the use of Light Intersection 

Direction and Ranging (LIDAR) data to create three-dimensional structure maps for forested lands. A NASA C-130, carrying the Laser 

Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS), mapped a 200-square-mile forest area 

in northern California as a precursor to the launch of the Vegetation 

Canopy Lidar (VCL) satellite scheduled for launch in September 2000. 

The California flights will allow scientists to acquire VCL-like data that 

will be used to fine-tune data analysis methods. 

The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) used remotesensing data to construct area frames for statistical sampling, to estimate 

crop area, to create crop-specific land-cover data layers for GIs, and to 

assess crop conditions. For area frame construction, NASS combined digital Landsat and SPOT data with U.S. Geological Survey digital line-graph 
11 

i data, enabling the user to assign each piece of land in a State to a category, 

based on the percentage of cultivation or other variables. NASS implemented a new remote-sensing based area frame and sample for Mississippi. 

The remote-sensing acreage estimation project analyzed Landsat data of 

the 1998 crop season in Arkansas, North Dakota, and South Dakota to 

produce crop acreage estimates for major crops at State and county levels, 

plus a crop-specific categorization in the form of a digital mosaic of 

Thematic Mapper scenes distributed to users on a CD-ROM. For the 1999 

crop season, NASS headquarters and several NASS field offices entered 

into partnership agreements with State organizations to decentralize the 

Landsat processing and analysis tasks. Technicians collected data for 1999 

acreage estimation analysis in Arkansas, Illinois, Mississippi, New Mexico, 

and North Dakota. Vegetation condition images based on AVHRR data 

were used with conventional survey data to assess crop conditions. NASS 

employed this imagery to monitor the 1999 drought in Mid-Atlantic 

States. 

The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) continued its 

cooperative partnership with Federal, State, and local agencies in developing 1-meter digital ortho-imagery coverage of the Nation through both 

NDOP and NAPP. By year’s end, approximately 1,800 counties will have 

complete digital ortho-imagery coverage. NRCS and FSA jointly awarded 

an innovative contract for the development of digital color infrared orthoimagery for Hawaii. Imagery acquired for Hawaii will be fully digital and 

integrated with data collected by an onboard inertial measuring unit and 

dual-band GPS. The inertial measuring unit and GPS data significantly 

reduce the need for obtaining cnstly groiund conno! to generate digid 

orthoimagery to meet national map accuracy standards. NRCS continued 

to work with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to make seamless 

digital orthoimagery data accessible over the Internet. 

57 

-< 

ID 

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7 
onal Mass Ejections (CME) on the 

arth's atmosphere. 

ent progress has been made in understanding 

lar wind flow that 

rotate with the solar atmosphere. Scientists have isolated specific changes 

to t'he Sun's magnetic field that result in CMEs, a result that gives hope for 

eventually predicting the occurrence of these explosions. Scientists have 

successfully employed advanced modeling, using observations of the solar 

magnetic field as input, in determining the three dimensional flow of solar 

wind plasma away from the Sun. 

NSF researchers have also made progress in modeling the response of 

the magnetosphere to variable solar wind input. A new modeling technique called Hall Magnetohydrodynamics has been successful in modeling 

the critical role of magnetic reconnection in initiating the explosive auroral phenomenon known as a substorm. Scientists have made significant 

progress in assimilating observational data into models of the magnetos59 

phere and ionosphere, which allows improved determination of important 

space weather effects such as the transport of energetic particles in the radiation belts and the three dimensional configuration of electric fields and 

currents in Earth's ionosphere produced by substorms. 
Atmospheric studies have concentrated on the middle atmosphere, 

an altitude region that traditionally has been difficult to observe. New 

measurement techniques involving radars, lidars, and passive optical 

instruments have revealed a rich variety of phenomena manifesting the 

combined processes of chemistry and dynamics. Noctilucent clouds, often 

referred to as the harbingers of global change, have been studied extensively to identify the temperature and atmosphere composition that give 

rise to ice crystals in the polar mesosphere. Unique, high-power lidar observations from the Starfire Optical Range near Albuquerque, New Mexico, 

have produced measurements of wave activity in the middle atmosphere 

with unprecedented time and spatial resolution. This facility was also used 

to probe long duration atmospheric contrails created during the Leonid 

meteor shower in November 1998. 

Spread F is a phenomenon in the ionosphere responsible for disruptions to navigation and communications signals at middle and low 

latitudes. Spread F has been observed recently using combined optical and 

radar observations from facilities in Puerto Rico and Peru. New radar techniques now enable the separation of temporal and spatial variations to 

better understand the origin of these irregularities. The role of electric 

fields and neutral winds in the atmosphere has been evaluated in the structure and evolution of Spread F. 

Researchers working under support provided by the NSF have furthered our understanding of star formation in galaxies, learning that the 

fragmentation of a protostellar cloud early in its collapsing phase seems to 

work best as a mode of formation for long-period binaries that are widely 

spaced. Joel Tohline and his associates at Louisiana State University have 

found that instabilities in the cloud can lead to fission. They have been 

experimenting with visualizing the mass transfer in interacting binary systems. A self-gravitating rotating protostellar cloud of gas and dust becomes 

more oblate, deforms into a dumbbell shape, and then divides into a protobinary system. This work was featured in the April-June 1999 issue of 

Envision. 
The Sun is the only star for which we can resolve surface details sufficiently well to provide precise constraints on stellar modeling techniques. 

Because its activity has a direct impact on terrestrial life, understanding the 

Sun is a very high scientific priority. With NSF support, Robert Stein has 

modeled the processes by which energy leaves the Sun’s interior, manifests 

itself as material plume-like flow known as convection, and excites 

acoustic vibrations that are detectable at the solar photosphere. The 

models constructed by Stein of Michigan State University, Douglas Braun 

of the Solar Physics Research Corporation, and other solar astronomers 

have achieved an unprecedented level of agreement with observations. 

I 

Jim Hernstein and his colleagues at the NSF-supported National 

Radio Astronomy Observatory have used the Very Large Baseline Array 

(VLBA) to make measurements of water emission from the central regions 

of the galaxy NGC 4258. The measurements yielded a direct measurement 

of the distance to this object, about 23.5 million light-years. This result differs significantly from the inferred distance of about 28 million light-years 

obtained by astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope. There may be 

previously unrecognized systematic errors in the Hubble distance scale for 

the universe. 

On April 14, 1999, Geoffrey Marcy of San Francisco State 

University announced the discovery of three planets around the star 

Upsilon Andromedae. This is the first time that multiple planets have been 

discovered around a single star outside the solar system. One of the planets 

is about three-quarters the mass of Jupiter, and the others are about twice 

and four times Jupiter’s mass. 

NSF-supported research has identified <he oldest, most distant galaxy 

found to date. Kenneth Lanzetta of the State University of New York at 

Stony Brook analyzed data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Very 

Large Telescope to find this galaxy. The probable redshift of the galaxy is 

6.68. This remarkable achievement was announced on April 14, 1999, and 

the results were published in Nature. Because it has taken billions of years 

for the light from this galaxy to reach us, the galaxy is being seen as it 

existed 1 billion years after the Big Bang. 

61 
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Francois Roddier of the University of Hawaii demonstrated diffraction-limited performance with the NSF-supported Gemini-North 8-meter 

telescope, using a 36-element curvature-sensing system operating in the 

near-infrared region of the spectrum. Images of several astrophysical 

objects were obtained with a resolution of 0.07 arc-seconds. For comparison, the resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope in the same spectral 

region is approximately 0.15 arc-seconds. 

James Stone of the University of Maryland, with Jim Pringle of 

Princeton University and Mitch Begelman of the University of Colorado, 

has performed direct numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of 

accretion flows onto black holes. They find that strong convective motions 

(turbulence) dominate the flow in the inner regions, resulting in a mass 

inflow rate strongly dependent upon distance. Surprisingly, inflow is everywhere nearly exactly balanced by outflow. The net mass accretion rate is a 

small fraction of the rate at which mass is supplied from large radii. 

NSF support has enabled studies of the evolution of massive stars. 

Edward Baron of the University of Oklahoma, Peter Hauschildt of the 

University of Georgia, and Stanford Woosley of the University of 

California at Santa Cruz have developed realistic theoretical models for 

several classes of normal and peculiar supernovae. Their new grid of model 

atmospheres provides a crucial basis for ascertaining whether observations 

of Type Ia supernovae (SNe la) really imply an accelerating universe, as 

suggested by the Principal Investigator and others, or whether the physical 

properties of supernovae have evolved since the Big Bang. These models 

directly confront the observations by predicting the likely spectral evolution of SNe Ia and indirectly by helping to determine the ages of the oldest 

stars, providing an independent check on the age of the galaxy. For a few 

minutes, a gamma-ray burst radiates more light than everything else in the 

universe. Very recently, Baron, Woosley, and University of California at 

Santa Cruz graduate student Andrew MacFayden have extended their 

research to the possible connection between supernovae and gamma-ray 

bursts. These two groups have proposed that similar explosion mechanisms 

and observational selection may account for the similarities seen in supernovae and gamma-ray burst events. 
PARTMENT OF 

STATE 

third United Nations Conference 

of Outer Space (UNISPACE 111), 

Vienna, Austria. The theme of the 

umanity in the 21st Century.” 

ations conference of the century, 

brought together a unique mix of government and industry representatives 

to discuss the use of space technology to improve the quality of life and stimulate economic growth around the world. The conference was attended by 

2,500 participants from 100 nations. DoS chaired the interagency working 

group responsitle for US. participation in the conference. 

DoS continued to lead an interagency effort to promote international acceptance of GPS as a global standard for positioning and timing. 

In Xovember 1998, consultations on til-3 issues with a European team 

headed by the European Commission were held in Brussels. In late 

September 1999, the first meetings of working groups established under the 

1998 U.S.-Japan Joint Statement on GPS Cooperation took place in 

Washington, D.C. 

-I^ 

DoS also facilitated the negotiation and conclusion of memoranda of 

understanding with the government of India to implement the landmark 

1997 agreement between the United States and India on Earth and 

atmospheric sciences. 

63 
65 

of high-level cirrus clouds that 

ical Pacific for the first time 

eric research project. Sandia 

National Laboratories conducted the climate studies at the Pacific Missile 

Range Facility on the Hawaiian island of Kauai for DOE'S Atmospheric 

Radiation Measurement-Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle program. 

Researchers gathered data using specially designed instruments carried by a 

remotely piloted aircraft flying at 50,000 feet altitude off Kauai. NASA's 

Dryden Flight Research Center provided the aircraft used as an aerial platform for the instruments and funded the flight series at the U.S. Navy's 

Pacific Missile Range Facility under NASA's Environmental Research 

Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) program. The scientists' longra~lu~ l3- l3 Goal is to deXve!op enough infoma~ion to i~prove the accuracy of 

predictive models of climate change. Once the dynamics are better understood, the climate models can reflect that understanding and improve 

forecasting. 

DOE continued to support NASA's space exploration program by 

maintaining the program and facility infrastructure for providing radioisotope power sources and heater units and developing new, advanced 

power systems covering a range of power levels required to meet more 
66 

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stringent power system requirements for future missions. DOE employees 

began preparing a Final Safety Analysis Report to obtain launch approval 

for use of radioisotope heater units on the Mars 2001 and 2003 missions. 

DOE employees also initiated safety analyses to support the potential use of 

radioisotope power systems on the Europa Orbiter and Pluto/Kuiper 

Express missions. 

Scientists at DOES Los Alamos National Laboratory anticipated that 

the controlled crash of NASA's Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon 

would provide final proof for what they believed they have already measured: the presence of frozen water on the Moon. Although the crash did 

not kick up a visible cloud of dust, there still could be a small quantity of 

water buried at the lunar poles. 
67 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 

tes to national aerospace goals 

onian Astrophysical Observatory 

ts, and the National Air and Space 

, D.C. SA0 conducts a broad program of 

research in astronomy, astrophysics, Earth and space sciences, and science 

education. NASM, in addition to offering extensive research and education programs, serves as the primary repository for the archives and artifacts 

of space exploration and discovery. 

Successfully deployed from the Space Shuttle in July 1999, the 

Chandra X-ray Observatory has been orbiting Earth and sending back a 

steady stream of spectacular x-ray images. Images of objects obtained by 

Chandra's detectors, including the High Resolution Camera designed by 

SAG, are received at [lie Qerations Control C----- CllLCl Upc'dLCu -----*-A L-- IUl hl 111 A LUL C 4 

by SA0 in Cambridge. SA0 is also the site of the Chandra Observatory 

Science Center, which coordinates research of the space observatory and 

receives and archives its data for the world astronomical community. 

By observing the transits of a suspected planet in front of the star 

HD209458, SA0 astronomers have taken a giant step toward learning 

about the nature of planets outside our solar system-their size, mass, and 

density. These observations, made initially by a graduate student advisee of 
68 

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an SA0 scientist, marked the first time that astronomers had directly 

detected an extrasolar planet, in this case by watching its shadow cross the 

disk of a Sun-like star. The precise observations allowed astronomers to 

determine that the suspected planet is a “gas giant,” with a density somewhat less than that of Saturn in our own solar system and a size about 

one-third greater than Jupiter’s. 

The popular image of nascent planetary systems as thin, spinning 

pancakes of cosmic dust and debris may be changed by a new computer 

model that shows how that disk of debris is transformed into a very distinct 

ring once Pluto-like bodies start to form. By analyzing Hubble Space 

Telescope images of a suspected young planetary system recently discovered 

around the star HR 4796A, SA0 scientists and their colleagues produced 

a computer model that suggests the ring around that object probably is a 

common feature of all planetary systems. Indeed, the well-known Kuiper 

Belt of asteroids in our own solar system may even be the residual remains 

of such a ring. 

Launched from a Pegasus-XL vehicle on December 5, 1998, the 

SAO-designed Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) is the 

first spaceborne observatory to operate at submillimeter wavelengths and 

has been giving astronomers new clues to some old cosmic mysteries, 

including how stars-and their accompanying planets-are born. For 

example, SWAS discovered that large amounts of water seem to pervade 

the interstellar medium, with particularly copious amounts in the huge 

molecular clouds thought to be the incubators of newborn stars. By contrast, SWAS has so far failed to detect molecular oxygen in those same 

interstellar clouds. However, in this case, no news may be perceived as 

good news, because the apparent absence of molecular oxygen, a byproduct 

of slow chemical “aging processes” in these clouds, may actually help 

astronomers to determine their ages. 

For nearly four decades, solar scientists have been puzzled by the fact 

that the high-speed portion of the solar wind travels twice as fast as predicted by theory, with some particles reaching velocities of 2 million miles 

per hour as they stream out of the Sun and wash over the entire solar 
system. Now, observations made with instruments built by SA0 and flown 

aboard NASA’s Spartan 201 spacecraft and the international Solar and 

Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) have revealed a surprising explanation 

for this mystery: magnetic waves propel the particles through the corona 

like surfboarders riding the crests of a cosmic sea. The Sun’s outermost 

atmosphere, or corona, is an extremely tenuous, electrically charged gas 

that is seen from Earth only during a total eclipse of the Sun by the Moon, 

when it appears as a shimmering white veil surrounding the black lunar 

disk. Using ultraviolet coronagraph spectrometers on Spartan and SOHO 

to create artificial eclipses, SA0 scientists detected rapidly vibrating magnetic fields within the corona that form magnetic waves that, in turn, seem 

to accelerate the solar wind. The electrical charges of the solar wind particles, or ions, force them to spiral around the invisible magnetic lines. 

When the lines vibrate, as they do in a magnetic wave, the spiraling ions 

are accelerated out and away from the Sun. Indeed, SA0 scientists believe 

there are magnetic waves in the corona with many different “wiggling periods,” or frequencies. Thus, these waves can accelerate various solar wind 

particles at different rates. For example, SA0 researchers found, surprisingly, that the heavier oxygen ions actually move faster than the lighter 

hydrogen ions. 

On July 20, 1999, Vice President A1 Gore presented the Smithsonian 

Institution’s Langley Medal to the Apollo 11 astronauts in commemoration 

of the 30th anniversary of their lunar landing, at a ceremony in NASM’s 

“Milestones of Flight” gallery, next to the Apollo 11 command module 

Columbia and near the Wright Flyer. Special educational activities related 

to the Moon hnding and der space explorations were offered to thousands of NASM visitors on that same day, as well as later during the 

“Geography from Space” program given as part of National Geography 

Awareness Week. 

“Reflections on Earth,” supported in part through a donation by the 

Honda Corporation, developed a teaching poster distributed to 

40,000 middle schools nationwide in an effort to help students understand 

the use of space technology in the study of Earth and its environment. In 

69 
addition, NASM held a teacher workshop on forest biodiversity and 

remote sensing, supported a variety of field studies, and developed a Web 

page to disseminate results from this program. 

“Earth Today: A Digital View of our Dynamic Planet” is the 

first exhibit to display near-real-time, global-scale Earth science data 

sets collected daily by NASA, NOAA, the U.S. Navy, and the U.S. 

Geological Survey. The NASM program includes daily updates to 

changing global views of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land masses. 
71 
72 APPENDIX A-1 

U 

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d 

U.S. Government Spacecraft Record 

(Includes spacecraft from cooperating countries launched by U.S. launch uehicks.) 

Calendar 

Year 

Earth Orbit’ 

Success Failure 

Earth Escape“ 

Success Failure 

1957 

1958 

1959 

1960 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

1996 

1997 

1998 

1999 (through September 30, 1999) 

0 

5 

9 

16 

35 

55 

62 

69 

93 

94 

78 

61 

58 

36 

45 

33 

23 

27 

30 

33 

27 

34 

18 

16 

20 

21 

31 

35 

37 

11 

9 

16 

24 

40 

32 

26 

28 

31 ‘ 

24 c.d 

30 

22 

23 

23 ( 

1 

8 

9 

12 

12 

12 

11 

8 

7 

12 

4 

15 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

0 

2 

2 

0 

4 

1 

0 

0 

3 

1 

4 

1 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

1 

2 

1 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

1 

1 

0 

4 

0 

4 

4 

7 

10 

3 

8 

3 

8 

8 

3 

1 

4 

1 

2 

7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

I 

2 

2 

0 

4 

2 

2 

2 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

lb 

TOTAL 1,440 153 94 15 

a. 

b. 

C. 

d. 

e. 

f. 

The criterion of success or failure used is attainment of Earth orbit or Earth escape rather than judgment of mission success. “Escape” flights 

include all that were intended to go to at least an altitude equal to lunar distance from Earth. 

This Earth-escape failure did attain Earth orbit and, therefore, is included in the Earth-orbit success totals. 

This excludes commercial satellites. It counts separately spacecraft launched by the same launch vehicle. 

This counts the five orbital debris radar calibration spheres that were launched from STS-63 as one set of spacecraft. 

This includes the SSTI Lewis spacecraft that began spinning out of control shortly after it achieved Earth orbit. 

Counts multiple communications satellites launched on the same vehicle as one set, such as Globalstar. 
APPENDIX A-2 73 

World Record of Space launches Successful -n 

in Attaining Earth Orbit or Beyond n 

m 

(Enumerates launches rather than spacecraft; some hunches orbited multiple spacecraft .) W 

- 

< 

ID 

People's European Iu 

Calendar United USSR/ Republic United Space 7 

Year States CIS France' Italy' Japan ofChina Australia Kingdom Agency India Israel A 

1957 

1958 

1959 

1960 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 I 1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

1996 

1997 

1998 

1999 

5 

10 

16 

29 

52 

38 

57 

63 

73 

57 

45 

40 

28 

30 

30 

23 

22 

27 

26 

24 

32 

16 

13 

18 

18 

22 

22 

17 

6 

8 

12 

17 

27 

20 = 

31 E 

24 

26 

27 

32 = 

37 

36 

23 

2 

1 

3 

3 

6 

20 

17 

30 

48 

44 

66 

74 

70 

81 

83 

74 

86 

81 

89 

99 

98 

88 

a7 

89 

98 

101 

98 

97 

98 

91 

95 

90 

74 

?5 

62 

55 

45 

49 

33 

25 

19 

25 

24 

(through September 30, 1999) 

1 

1 

2 1 

2 lh 

1 2b 

2h 

1 

3 1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

1 

2 

3 

2 

2 

3 

1 

3 

3 

2 

2 

3 

2 

2 

a 

2 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

2 

_I 

1 

1 

3 

2 

I 

1 

1 

1 

3 

1 

2 

2 

4 

5 

1 

3 

1 

5 

Zb 

3d 

6 

6 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

4 

3 

2 

2 

7 

7 

9 

-I C 

7b 

7b 

6' 

12 

10 

11 

11 

5 

1 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

TOTAL 1,179 2,593 10 8 54 56 1 1 113 11 3 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

Since 1979, all launches for ESA member countries have been joint and are listed under EA. 

Includes foreign launches of US. spacecraft. 

This includes commercial expendable launches and launches of the Space Shuttle, but because this table records launches rather than spacecraft, it does 

not include separate spacecraft released from the Shuttle. 

This includes the launch of ChinaSat 7, even though a third stage rocket failure led to a virtually useless orbit for this communications satellite. 
74 

+ 

C 

W 

U 

- 

v1 

W 

L 

e 

W 

1 

+ 

b 

0 

I 

L 

0 

0. 

W 

cd 

W 

0 

m 

0. 

rri 

U 

C 

m 

v1 

U 

.- 

- 

3 

m 

8 

0 

L 

W 

Q 

APPENDIX B 

Successful Launches to Orbit on U.S. Launch Vehicles 

October 1,1998-September 30,1999 

Launch Date Apogee and 

Spacecraft Name Perigee (km), 

COSPAR Designation Period (rnin), 

Launch Vehicle Mission Objectives Inclination to Equator (") Remarks 

Oct. 3, 1998 

USA 140 

55A 

Taurus 

Oct. 5, 1998 

USA 141 

55c 

Taurus 

Oct. 9, 1998 

Hotbird 5 

57A 

Atlas HA* 

Oct. 20, 1998 

UHF F/O F9 

58A 

Atlas IIA* 

Oct. 23, 1998 

SCD2 

60A 

Pegasus* 

Oct. 24, 1998 

Deep Space 1 

61A 

Delta II 

Oct. 24, 1998 

SEDSAT 1 

61B 

Delta 11 

Oct. 29, 1998 

Space Shuttle Discovery 

64A 

Space Shuttle 

Oct. 30, 1998 

Pansat 

64B 

Space Shuttle 

Nov. 1, 1998 

Spartan 201-05 

64C 

Space Shuttle 

(STS-95) 

Military satellite 

Military 

reconnaissance 

satellite 

Communications 

satellite 

Military 

communications 

satellite 

Environmental datarelaying 

minispacecraft 

Experimental 

spacecraft with ion 

propulsion engine 

Earth-imaging 

student spacecraft 

Carried experiments 

on microgravity 

science and aging 

Communications 

satellite 

Solar observatory 

Orbital parameters 

unavailable 

Orbital parameters 

unavailable 

Geosvnchronous 

Geosynchronous 

769 km 

743 km 

99.9 min 

25.0' 

Orbital parameters 

unavailable 

1,079 km 

547 km 

101 min 

31.4" 

561 km 

551 km 

95.8 min 

28.5' 

Orbital parameters 

unavailable 

Similar to STS-95 

Eutelsat consortium 

spacecraft 

Brazilian spacecraft 

Students for the 

Exploration and 

Development of Space 

Second space flight of 

John Glenn 

Amateur student 

minisatellite 
APPENDIX B 

(Continued) 

Successful Launches to Orbit on U.S. Launch Vehicles 

October 1,1998-September 30, 1999 

Launch Date Apogee and 

Spacecraft Name Perigee (km), 

COSPAR Designation Period (min), 

Launch Vehicle Mission Objectives Inclination to Equator (") Remarks 

Nov. 6, 1998 

Iridium 2, 83-86 

66A-E 

Delta 11* 

Nov. 22, 1998 

Bonum 1 

68A 

Delta 11* 

Dec. 4, 1998 

Space Shuttle Endeavour 

69A 

Space Shuttle 

Dec. 14, 1998 

69B 

Space Shuttle 

Dec. 15, 1998 

Mightysat 1 

69C 

Space Shuttle 

Dec. 13, 1998 

ISS Unity 

69F 

Space Shuttle 

Dec. 6, 1998 

SWAS 

71A 

Pegasus-XL 

Dec. !1, loan 

MCO 

73 A 

Delta I1 

Jan. 3, 1999 

MPL 

1A 

Delta I1 

Jan. 27, 1999 

Rocsat 1 

2A 

Athena 1* 

(STS-88) 

SAC-A 

Communications 

satellites 

Communications 

satellite 

Carried a GPS receiver, 

magnetometer, and 

CCD camera 

Advanced technology 

demonstrator 

experiments 

U.S. module of the 

ISS 

Submillimeter Wave 

Astronomy Satellite 

Ma:s Climace Oibicer 

Mars Polar Lander 

Earth resources 

monitoring satellite 

536 km 

517 km 

95 min 

86' 

Geosynchronous 

401 km 

388 km 

92.4 min 

51.6" 

Similar to STS-88 

Similar to STS-88 

410 km 

390 km 

93 min 

51.6' 

651 km 

638 km 

97.6 min 

69.9" 

h~tI~~dll~LNy SpdCeCrdft 

Interplanetary spacecraft 

601 km 

589 km 

96.6 min 

35.0" 

Russian television 

satellite 

Argentine minisatellite 

Minisatellite 

Taiwanese satellite 
APPENDIX B 

(Continued) 

Successful Launches to Orbit on U.S. Launch Vehicles 

October 1,1998-September 30,1999 

Launch Date Apogee and 

Spacecraft Name Perigee (km), 

COSPAR Designation Period (min), 

Launch Vehicle Mission Objectives Inclination to Equator (") Remarks 

Feb. 7, 1999 

Stardust 

3A 

Delta 11 

Feb. 16, 1999 

JCSAT6 

6A 

Atlas HAS* 

Feb. 23, 1999 

ARGOS 

8A 

Delta I1 

Feb. 23, 1999 

Brsted 

UB 

Delta I1 

Feb. 23, 1999 

Sunsat 

UC 

Delta 11 

Mar. 5,1999 

WIRE 

11A 

Pegasus-XL 

Apr. 9, 1999 

USA 142 (DSP19) 

17A 

Ttan IVB 

Apr. 12, 1999 

Eutelsat W3 

1UA 

Atlas HAS* 

Apr. 15, 1999 

Landsat 7 

20A 

Delta 11 

Apr. 30, 1999 

USA 143 (Milstar 2) 

23A 

Ttan IVB 

Spacecraft to collect 

"interstellar" dust 

using aerogel 

technology 

Communications 

satellite 

Advanced Research 

Global Observation 

Satellite 

Ionospheric science 

spacecraft 

Research and 

education satellite 

Astronomical 

research spacecraft 

Military (missile 

warning) spacecraft 

Communications 

satellite 

Remote-sensing 

satellite 

Military 

communications 

satellite 

Interplanetary spacecraft 

Geosynchronous Japanese satellite 

842 km 

822 km 

102 min 

98.7" 

857 km 

644 km 

100 min 

96.5" 

857 km 

644 km 

100 min 

96.5" 

593 km 

539 km 

96 min 

97.5" 

Highly elliptical and 

useless orbit 

Technology demonstrator 

that should permit some 

observations 

Danish satellite 

South African satellite 

Payload became 

inoperable because of 

malfunction after launch. 

Planned to be 

geosynchronous but now 

useless in orbit 

Geosynchronous European consortium 

satellite 

698 km 

669 km 

98.4 min 

98.2" 

4,997 km 

740 km 

147 min 

In useless low-Earth orbit 
APPENDIX B 

(Continued) 

Successful Launches to Orbit on U.S. Launch Vehicles 

October 1,1998-September 30, 1999 

Launch Date 

Spacecraft Name 

COSPAR Designation 

Launch Vehicle Mission Objectives 

Apogee and 

Perigee (km), 

Period (min), 

Inclination to Equator (") Remarks 

May 5, 1999 Communications 

Orion 3 satellite 

24A 

Delta III* 

May 18, 1999 Space physics 

TERRIERS satellite 

26A 

Pegasus-XL* 

May 18, 1999 Military 

MUBLCOM communications 

26B satellite 

Pegasus-XL* 

May 22, 1999 Military spacecraft 

USA 144 

28A 

Titan IVB 

May 27, 1999 

Space Shuttle Discovery 

30A 

Space Shuttle 

June 5, 1999 Student passive 

Scarshine reflector satellite 

30B 

Space Shuttle 

June 10, 1999 Communications 

Globalstar 52, 49, 25, 47 

31A-D 

Delta II* 

June 20, 1999 Oceanographic 

QuikSCAT satellite 

34A 

%tan 11 

ISS supply mission 

(STS-96) 

satellites 

June 24, 1999 Astronomical 

FUSE spacecraft 

35A 

Delta I1 

July 10, 1999 Communications 

Globalstar 32, 20,35, 51 satellites 

3 7A-D 

Delta 11* 

1,317 km 

422 km 

102 min 

29' 

(meant to be 

geosynchronous) 

560 km 

550 km 

95.7 min 

97.8" 

790 km 

775 km 

100 min 

97.8" 

Orbital parameters 

unavailable 

340 km 

326 kw 

91.2 min 

51.6' 

395 km 

376 km 

92 min 

51.6' 

1,414 km 

1,406 km 

114 min 

52" 

815 km 

281 km 

95.6 rnin 

98.7' 

770 krn 

754 km 

100 rnin 

25" 

1,414 km 

1,413 km 

114 min 

52" 

South Korean satellite is 

now in low. useless orbit 

Tomographic Experiment 

using Radiative 

Recombinative Ionospheric 

EUV and Radio Sources 

Multiple-path Beyond 

Line-of-sight 

Communications 

Microwave scatterometer 

instrument is follow-on to 

onboard Japanese 

Advanced Earth Observing 

Satellite (ADEOS). 

Far Ultraviolet 

Spectroscopic Explorer 
78 

.- 

C 

aJ 

D 

.- 

VI 

aJ 

L 

L 

aJ 

r 

.d 

c 

0 

Y 

L 

0 

0. 

aJ 

ai 

01 

U 

ra 

Q 

v) 

D 

C 

m 

m 

u 

.- 

i 

2 

ra 

C 

0 

L 

al 

< 

APPENDIX B 

(Continued) 

Successful Launches to Orbit on U.S. Launch Vehicles 

October 1, 1998-September 30, 1999 

Launch Date Apogee and 

Spacecraft Name Perigee (km), 

COSPAR Designation Period (min), 

Launch Vehicle Mission Objectives Inclination to Equator (") Remarks 

July 23, 1999 

Space Shuttle Columbia 

40A 

Space Shuttle 

July 23, 1999 Astrophysics 

Chandra X-ray spacecraft 

Observatory 

40B 

Space Shuttle 

July 25, 1999 Communications 

Globalstar 26, 28, 43, 48 

Delta I1* 

Aug. 17, 1999 Communications 

Globalstar 24, 27, 53, 54 

43A-D 

Delta 11* 

Sep. 23, 1999 Communications 

Echostar 5 satellite 

5 OA 

Atlas HAS-Centaur* 

(STS-93) 

satellites 

41A-D 

satellites 

Sep. 24, 1999 Privately owned 

Ikonos 2 imaging satellite 

51A 

Athena 11* 

* Commercial launch licensed as such by the Federal Aviation Administration. 

280 km 

260 km 

90 min 

28.5' 

140,000 km Formerly known as 

9,942 km Advanced X-ray 

64 hours Astrophysics Facility 

28.5" (AXAF) 

1,382 km 

1,362 km 

113 min 

52" 

1,386 km 

1,362 km 

113.3 min 

52" 

Geosynchronous 

682 km 

678 km 

98.4 min 

98.2" 
APPENDIX C 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961 -September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(day8:hrs:min) 

Vostok 1 

Mercury-Redstone 3 

Mercury-Redstone 4 

Vostok 2 

Mercury-Atlas 6 

Mercury-Atlas 7 

Vostok 3 

Vostok 4 

Mercury-Atlas 8 

Mercury-Atlas 9 

Vostok 5 

Vostok 6 

Voskhod 1 

Voskhod 2 

Gemini 3 

Gemini 4 

Gemini 5 

Gemini 7 

I Gemini 6-A 

Gemini 8 

Gemini 9-A 

Gemini 10 

Gemini 11 

Gemini 12 

soyuz 1 

Apollo 7 

soyuz 3 

Apollo 8 

soyuz 4 

soyuz 5 

Apollo 9 

Apr. 12, 1961 

May 5, 1961 

July 21, 1961 

Aug. 6, 1961 

Feb. 20, 1962 

May 24, 1962 

Aug. 11, 1962 

Aug. 12, 1962 

Oct. 3, 1962 

May 15, 1963 

June 14, 1963 

June 16, 1963 

Oct. 12, 1964 

Mar. 18, 1965 

Mar. 23, 1965 

June 3, 1965 

Aug. 21, 1965 

Dec. 4, 1965 

Dec. 15, 1965 

Mar. 16, 1966 

June 3, 1966 

July 18, 1966 

Sep. 12, 1966 

Nov. 11, 1966 

Apr. 23, 1967 

Oct. 11, 1968 

Oct. 26, 1968 

Dec. 21, 1968 

Jan. 14, 1969 

Jan. 15, 1969 

Mar. 3, 1969 

Yury A. Gagarin 

Alan B. Shepard, J. 

Virgil I. Grissom 

German S. Ttov 

John H. Glenn, J. 

M. Scott Carpenter 

Andriyan G. Nikolayev 

Pavel R. Popovich 

Walter M. Schirra, Jr. 

L. Gordon Cooper, 1. 

Valery F. Bykovskiy 

Valentina V. Tereshkova 

Vladimir M. Komarov 

Konstantin P. Feoktistov 

Boris G. Yegorov 

Pavel I. Belyayev 

Aleksey A. Leonov 

Virgil I. Grissom 

John W. Young 

James A. McDivitt 

Edward H. White, I1 

L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. 

Charles Conrad, Jr. 

Frank Borman 

Jam.2~ A. Lovell, Jr. 

Walter M. Schirra, J. 

Thomas P. Stafford 

Neil A. Armstrong 

David R. Scott 

Thomas P. Stafford 

Eugene A. Cernan 

John W. Young 

Michael Collins 

Charles Conrad, Jr. 

Richard F. Gordon, Jr. 

James A. Lovell, J. 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. 

Vladimir M. Komarov 

Walter M. Schirra, 1. 

Donn F. Eisele 

R. Walter Cunningham 

Georgiy T. Beregovoy 

Frank Borman 

James A. Lovell, Jr. 

William A. Anders 

Vladimir A. Shatalov 

Boris V. Volynov 

Aleksey A. Yeliseyev 

Yevgeniy V. Khrunov 

James A. McDivitt 

David R. Scott 

Russell L. Schweickart 

0:1:48 

0:O: 15 

0:O: 16 

1:1:18 

0:4:55 

0:4:56 

3:22:25 

2:22:59 

0:9:13 

1:10:20 

423:6 

2:22:50 

1:0:17 

1:2:2 

@:4:53 

4:1:56 

7:22:55 

13:18:35 

1:1:51 

@:10:41 

3:0:21 

2:22:47 

2:23:17 

3:22:35 

1:2:37 

10:20:9 

3:22:51 

6:3: 1 

2:23:23 

3:056 

1O:l:l 

First human flight. 

First US. flight; suborbital. 

Suborbital; capsule sank after landing; 

First flight exceeding 24 hrs. 

First American to orbit. 

Landed 400 km beyond target. 

First dual mission (with Vostok 4). 

Came within 6 km of Vostok 3. 

Landed 8 km from target. 

First US. flight exceeding 24 hrs. 

Second dual mission (with Vostok 6). 

First woman in space; within 5 km of Vostok 5. 

First three-person crew. 

astronaut safe. 

First extravehicular activity (EVA), by Leonov, 

10 min. 

First US. two-person flight; first manual 

maneuvers in orbit. 

21-min. EVA (White). 

Longest duration human flight to date. 

Longest human flight to date. 

Rendezvous within 30 cm of Gemini 7. 

First docking of two orbiting spacecraft 

EVA; rendezvous. 

First dual rendezvous (Gemini 10 with 

Agena 10, then Agena 8). 

First initial-orbit docking; first tethered flight; 

highest Earth-orbit altitude (1,372 km.). 

Longest EVA to date (Aldrin, 5 hrs.). 

Cosmonaut killed in reentry accident. 

First U.S. three-person mission. 

(Gemini 8 with Agena target rocket). 

Maneuvered near uncrewed Soyuz 2. 

First human orbit(s) of Moon; first human 

departure from Earth’s sphere of influence; 

highest speed attained in human flight to date. 

Soyuz 4 and 5 docked and transferred two 

cosmonauts from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4. 

Successfully simulated in Earth orbit operation of 

lunar module to landing and takeoff from lunar 

surface and rejoining with command module. 
80 

- 

C 

01 

-0 

.- 

VI 

a, 

L 

L 

al 

z 

I 

b 

0 

3 

L 

0 

P 

al 

cz 

al 

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m 

n 

v, 

U 

C 

m 

VI 

u 

.- 

I 

3 

m 

C 

0 

L 

al 

< 

APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

spacecraft LaunchDate Crew FlightTime Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Apollo 10 

Apollo 11 

Soyuz 6 

soyuz 7 

Soyuz 8 

Apollo 12 

Apollo 13 

soyuz 9 

Apollo 14 

soyuz 10 

soyuz 11 

Apollo 15 

Apollo 16 

Apollo 17 

Skylab 2 

Skylab 3 

soyuz 12 

May 18, 1969 

July 16, 1969 

Oct. 11, 1969 

Oct. 12, 1969 

Oct. 13, 1969 

Nov. 14,1969 

Apr. 11, 1970 

June 1, 1970 

Jan. 31, 1971 

Apr. 22, 1971 

June 6, 1971 

July 26, 1971 

Apr. 16, 1972 

Dec. 7, 1972 

May 25, 1973 

July 28, 1973 

Sep. 27, 1973 

Thomas P. Stafford 

John W. Young 

Eugene A. Cernan 

Neil A. Armstrong 

Michael Collins 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. 

Georgiy Shonin 

Valery N. Kubasov 

A. V. Filipchenko 

Viktor N. Gorbatko 

Vladislav N. Volkov 

Vladimir A. Shatalov 

Aleksey S. Yeliseyev 

Charles Conrad, Jr. 

Richard F. Gordon, Jr. 

Alan L. Bean 

James A. Lovell, Jr. 

Fred W. Haise, J. 

John L. Swigert, Jr. 

Andriyan G. Nikolayev 

Vitaliy 1. Sevastyanov 

Alan B. Shepard, J. 

Stuart A. Roosa 

Edgar D. Mitchell 

Vladimir A. Shatalov 

Aleksey S. Yeliseyev 

Nikolay N. Rukavishnikov 

Georgiy T. Dobrovolskiy 

Vladislav N. Volkov 

Viktor I. Patsayev 

David R. Scott 

Alfred M. Worden 

James B. Invin 

John W. Young 

Charles M. Duke, Jr. 

Thomas K. Mattingly 11 

Eugene A. Cernan 

Harrison H. Schmitt 

Ronald E. Evans 

Charles Conrad, J. 

Joseph P. Kenvin 

Paul J. Weitz 

Alan L. Bean 

Jack R. Lousma 

Owen K. Garriott 

Vasiliy G. Lazarev 

Oleg G. Makarov 

8:0:3 

8:3:9 

4:22:42 

4:22:41 

4:22:50 

10:4:36 

5:22:55 

17: 16:59 

9:0:2 

1:23:46 

23:18:22 

12:7:12 

11:1:51 

12:13:52 

28:0:50 

59:11:9 

1:23:16 

Successfully demonstrated complete system, 

including lunar module to 14,300 m from the 

lunar surface. 

First human landing on lunar surface and safe 

return to Earth. First return of rock and soil 

samples to Earth and human deployment of 

experiments on lunar surface. 

without actually docking. Each conducted 

certain experiments, 

including welding and Earth and celestial 

observation. 

Soyuz 6, 7, and 8 operated as a group flight 

Second human lunar landing explored surface of 

Moon and retrieved parts of Surveyor 3 

spacecraft, which landed in Ocean of Storms 

on Apr. 19, 1967. 

Mission aborted; explosion in service module. 

Ship circled Moon, with crew using Lunar 

Module as “lifeboat” until just before reentry. 

Longest human space flight to date. 

Third human lunar landing. Mission demonstrated pinpoint landing capability and 

continued human exploration. 

Docked with Salyut 1, but crew did not board 

space station launched Apr. 19. Crew 

recovered Apr. 24, 1971. 

Docked with Salyut 1, and Soyuz 11 crew 

occupied space station for 22 days. Crew 

perished in final phase of Soyuz 11 capsule 

recovery on June 30, 1971. 

Fourth human lunar landing and first Apollo “J” 

series mission, which carried Lunar Roving 

Vehicle. Worden’s inflight EVA of 38 min., 

12 sec. was performed during return trip. 

Fifth human lunar landing, with roving vehicle. 

Sixth and final Apollo human lunar landing, 

again with roving vehicle. 

Docked with Skylab 1 (launched uncrewed May 

14) for 28 days. Repaired damaged station. 

Docked with Skylab 1 for more than 59 days. 

Checkout of improved Soyuz. 
APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft LaunchDate Crew FlightTie Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Skylab 4 Nov. 16, 1973 

Soyuz 13 Dec. 18, 1973 

Soyuz 14 July 3, 1974 

Soyuz 15 Aug. 26, 1974 

Soyuz 16 Dec. 2, 1974 

Soyuz 17 Jan. 10, 1975 

Anomaly (Soyuz 18A) Apr. 5, 1975 

Soyuz 18 May 24, 1975 

Soyuz 19 July 15, 1975 

Apollo July 15, 1975 

soyuz 2 1 

soyuz 22 

Soyuz 23 

Soyuz 24 

Soyuz 25 

Soyuz 26 

Soyuz 27 

Soyuz 28 

soyuz 29 

Soyuz 30 

Soyuz 31 

July 6, 1976 

Sep. 15, 1976 

Oct. 14, 1976 

Feb. 7, 1977 

Oct. 9, 1977 

Dec. 10, 1977 

Jan. 10, 1978 

Mar. 2, 1978 

June 15, 1978 

June 27, 1978 

Aug. 26, 1978 

Soyuz 32 Feb. 25, 1979 

soyuz 33 Apr. 10, 1979 

soyuz 34 June 6,1979 

Gerald P. Carr 

Edward G. Gibson 

William R. Pogue 

Petr I. Klimuk 

Valentin V. Lebedev 

Pave1 R. Popovich 

Yury P. Artyukhin 

Gennady V. Sarafanov 

Lev S. Demin 

Anatoly V. Filipchenko 

Nikolay N. Rukavishnikov 

Aleksey A. Gubarev 

Georgiy M. Grechko 

Vasiliy G. Lazarev 

Oleg G. Makarov 

Petr 1. Klimuk 

Vitaliy I. Sevastyanov 

Aleksey A. Leonov 

Valery N. Kubasov 

Thomas P. Stafford 

Donald K. Slayton 

Vance D. Brand 

Boris V. Volynov 

Vitaliy M. Zholobov 

Valery E Bykovskiy 

Vladimir V. Aksenov 

Vyacheslav D. Zudov 

Valery I. Rozhdestvenskiy 

Viktor V. Gorbatko 

Yury N. Glazkov 

Vladimir V. Kovalenok 

Valery V. Ryumin 

Yury V. Romanenko 

Georgiy M. Grechko 

Vladimir A. Dzhanibekov 

Oleg G. Makarov 

Aleksey A. Gubarev 

Vladimir Remek 

Vladimir V. Kovalenok 

Aleksandr S. lvanchenkov 

Petr I. Klimuk 

Miroslaw Hermaszewski 

Valery E Bykovskiy 

Sigmund Jaehn 

Vladimir A. Lyakhov 

Valery V. Ryumin 

Nikolay N. Rukavishnikov 

Georgi 1. Ivanov 

(unmanned at launch) 

84: 1: 16 

7:20:55 

15:17:30 

2:0:12 

5:22:24 

29:13:20 

0:0:20 

62:23:20 

5:22:31 

9:1:28 

48:1:32 

7:21:54 

2:0:6 

17:17:23 

2:0:46 

37:10:6 

64:22:53 

7:22:17 

9:15:23 

7:22:4 

67:20:14 

108:4:24 

1:23:1 

7:18:17 

Docked with Skylab 1 in long-duration mission; 

last of Skylab program. 

Astrophysical, biological, and Earth resources 

Docked with Salyut 3 and Soyuz 14 crew 

Rendezvoused but did not dock with Salyut 3. 

Test of Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) 

Docked with Salyut 4 and occupied station. 

Soyuz stages failed to separate; crew recovered 

Docked with Salyut 4 and occupied station. 

Target for Apollo in docking and joint 

Docked with Soyuz 19 in joint (ASTP) 

experiments. 

occupied space station. 

configuration. 

after abort. 

experiments of ASTP mission. 

experiments of ASTP mission. 

Docked with Salyut 5 and occupied station. 

Earth resources study with multispectral camera 

Failed to dock with Salyut 5. 

Docked with Salyut 5 and occupied station. 

Failed to achieve hard dock with Salyut 6 

station. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in 

Soyuz 27; crew duration 96 days, 10 hrs. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in 

Soyuz 26; crew duration 5 days, 22 hrs., 59 min. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Remek was first Czech 

cosmonaut to orbit. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 31; 

crew duration 139 days, 14 hrs., 48 min. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Hermaszewski was first 

Polish cosmonaut to orbit. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 29; 

crew duration 7 days, 20 hrs., 49 min. 

Jaehn was first German Democratic Republic 

cosmonaut to orbit. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 34; 

crew duration 175 days, 36 min. 

system. 

Failed to achieve docking with Salyut 6 station. 

Ivanov was first Bulgarian cosmonaut to orbit. 

Docked with Salyut 6, later served as ferry for 

Soyuz 32 crew while Soyuz 32 returned 

without a crew. 
82 

.- 

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0, 

L 

.- 

L 

0 

.- 

L 

0 

0. 

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APPENDIX C 

(Con tinted) 

US. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

( davs:hrs:min ) 

soyuz 35 

Soyuz 36 

soyuz T-2 

soyuz 37 

Soyuz 38 

SOYUZ T-3 

SOYUZ T-4

soyuz 39 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia (STS-1 

Soyuz 40 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia (STS-2) 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia (STS-3) 

SOYUZ T-5 

SO~UZ T-6 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia (STS-4) 

SOYUZ T-7

Space Shuttle 

Columbia (STS-5) 

Space Shuttle 

Challenger (STS-6) 

Apr. 9, 1980 

May 26, 1980 

June 5, 1980 

July 23, 1980 

Sep. 18, 1980 

Nov. 27, 1980 

Mar. 12, 1981 

Mar. 22, 1981 

Apr .12, 1981 

May 14, 1981 

Nov. 12, 1981 

Mar. 22, 1982 

May 13, 1982 

June 24, 1982 

June 27,1982 

Aug. 19, 1982 

Nov. 11, 1982 

Apr. 4, 1983 

Leonid I. Popov 

Valery V. Ryumin 

Valery N. Kubasov 

Bertalan Farkas 

Yury V. Malyshev 

Vladimir V. Aksenov 

Viktor V. Gorbatko 

Pham Tuan 

Yury V. Romanenko 

Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez 

Leonid D. Kizim 

Oleg G. Makarov 

Gennady M. Strekalov 

Vladimir V. Kovalenok 

Viktor P. Savinykh 

Vladimir A. Dzhanibekov 

Jugderdemidiyn Gurragcha 

John W. Young 

Robert L. Crippen 

Leonid I. Popov 

Dumitru Prunariu 

Joe H. Engle 

Richard H. Truly 

Jack R. Lousma 

C. Gordon Fullerton 

Anatoly Berezovoy 

Valencin Lebedev 

Vladimir Dzhanibekov 

Aleksandr Ivanchenkov 

Jean-Loup Chretien 

Thomas K. Mattingly I1 

Henry W. Hartsfield, J. 

Leonid Popov 

Aleksandr Serebrov 

Svetlana Savitskaya 

Vance D. Brand 

Robert F. Overmyer 

Joseph P. Allen 

William B. Lenoir 

Paul J. Weitz 

Karol J. Bobko 

Donald H. Peterson 

F. Story Musgrave 

55: 1:29 

65:20:54 

3:22:21 

79:15:17 

7:20:43 

12:19:8 

74:18:38 

7:20:43 

2:6:21 

7:20:41 

2:6:13 

8:4:49 

211:9:5 

7:21:51 

7:1:9 

7:21:52 

5:2:14 

5:0:24 

Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 37. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 35. 

Crew duration 184 days, 20 hrs., 12 min. 

Crew duration 7 days, 20 hrs., 46 min. 

Farkas was first Hungarian to orbit. 

generation ferry. 

Crew duration 7 days, 20 hrs., 42 min. 

Pham was first Vietnamese to orbit. 

to orbit. 

in Soviet program since 1971. 

Docked with Salyut 6. First crewed flight of newDocked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 36. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Tamayo was first Cuban 

Docked with Salyut 6. First three-person flight 

Docked with Salyut 6. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Gurragcha first Mongolian 

cosmonaut to orbit. 

First flight of Space Shuttle; tested spacecraft in 

orbit. First landing of airplane-like craft from 

orbit for reuse. 

Docked with Salyut 6. Prunariu first Romanian 

cosmonaut to orbit. 

Second flight of Space Shuttle; first scientific 

payload (OSTA 1). Tested remote manipulator 

arm. Returned for reuse. 

Third flight of Space Shuttle; second scientific 

payload (OSS 1). Second test of remote 

manipulator arm. Flight extended 1 day 

because of flooding at primary landing site; 

alternate landing site used. Returned for reuse. 

Docked with Salyut 7. Crew duration of 211 days. 

Crew returned in Soyuz T-7. 

Docked with Salyut 7. Chretien first French 

cosmonaut to orbit. 

Fourth flight of Space Shuttle; first DoD payload; 

additional scientific payloads. Returned July 4. 

Completed testing program. Returned for reuse. 

Docked with Salyut 7. Savitskaya second woman 

to orbit. Crew returned in Soyuz T-5. 

Fifth flight of Space Shuttle; first operational 

flight; launched two commercial satellites 

(SBS 3 and Anik (2-3); first flight with four 

crew members. EVA test canceled when 

spacesuits malfunctioned. 

Sixth flight of Space Shuttle; launched TDRS-1. 
APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961 -September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

SOYUZ T-8 

Space Shuttle 

Challenger (STS-7) 

SOYUZ T-9 

Space Shuttle 

Challenger (STS-8) 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia (STS-9) 

Space Shuttle 

Challenger 

(STS 41-B) 

SOYUZ T-10 

SOYUZ T- 1 1 

Space Shuttle 

Challenger 

(STS 41-C) 

Soy 1z T- 12 

Space Shuttle 

Discovery 

(STS 41-D) 

Space Shuttle 

Challenger 

(STS 41-G) 

Apr. 20, 1983 

June 18, 1983 

June 28,1983 

Aug. 30, 1983 

Nov. 28, 1983 

Feb. 3, 1984 

Feb. 8, 1984 

Apr. 3, 1984 

Apr. 6, 1984 

,--, IlllV 17, 1984 

Aug. 30, 1984 

Oct. 5, 1984 

Vladimir Titov 

Gennady Strekalov 

Aleksandr Serebrov 

Robert L. Crippen 

Frederick H. Hauck 

John M. Fabian 

Sally K. Ride 

Norman T. Thagard 

Vladimir Lyakhov 

Aleksandr Aleksandrov 

Richard H. Truly 

Daniel C. Brandenstein 

Dale A. Gardner 

Guion S. Bluford, J. 

William E. Thomton 

John W. Young 

Brewster W. Shaw 

Owen K. Garriott 

Robert A. R. Parker 

Byron K. Lichtenberg 

Ulf Merbold 

Vance D. Brand 

Robert L. Gibson 

Bruce McCandless 

Ronald E. McNair 

Robert L. Stewart 

Leonid Kizim 

Vladimir Solovw 

Oleg Atkov 

Yury Malyshev 

Gennady Strekalov 

Rakesh Sharma 

Robert L. Crippen 

Francis R. Scobee 

Terry J. Hart 

George D. Nelson 

James D. van Hoften 

V!adimir nzhanihetnv 

Svetlana Savistskaya 

Igor Volk 

Henry W. Hartsfield 

Michael L. Coats 

Richard M. Mullane 

Steven A. Hawley 

Judith A. Resnik 

Charles D. Walker 

Robert L. Crippen 

Jon A. McBride 

Kathryn D. Sullivan 

Sally K. Ride 

David Leestma 

Paul D. Scully-Power 

Marc Gameau 

2:0:18 

6:2:24 

149:9:46 

6:1:9 

10:7:47 

7:23:16 

62:22:43 

181:21:48 

6:23:41 

11:1?:!4 

6:0:56 

8:5:24 

Failed to achieve docking with Salyut 7 station. 

Seventh flight of Space Shuttle; launched two 

commercial satellites (Anik C-2 and Palapa 

B-I); also launched and retrieved SPAS 01; 

first flight with five crew members, including 

first woman US. astronaut. 

Docked with Salyut 7 station. 

Eighth flight of Space Shuttle; launched one 

commercial satellite (Insat 1-B); first flight of 

U.S. black astronaut. 

Ninth flight of Space Shuttle; first flight of 

Spacelab 1; first flight of six crew members, 

one of whom was West German; first non-US. 

astronaut to fly in U.S. space program 

(Merbold). 

Tenth flight of Space Shuttle; two communication satellites failed to achieve orbit; first 

use of Manned Maneuvering Unit in space. 

Docked with Salyut 7 station. Crew set space 

duration record of 237 days. Crew returned 

in Soyuz T- 1 1. 

Indian in space. Crew returned in 

Docked with Salyut 7 station. Sharma first 

SOYUZ T-10. 

Eleventh flight of Space Shuttle; deployment of 

Long-Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF-1) 

for later retrieval; Solar Maximum Satellite 

retrieved, repaired, and redeployed. 

Docked wirh Salyur 7 srarion. First female EVA. 

Twelfth flight of Space Shuttle. First flight of 

US. nonastronaut. 

Thirteenth flight of Space Shuttle; first with 

seven crew members, including first flight 

of two US. women and one Canadian 

(Garneau) . 
APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft LaunchDate Crew FlightTime Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle 

(STS 51-A) 

Discovery 

Space Shuttle 

Discovery 

(STS 5 1 -C) 

Space Shuttle 

Discovery 

(STS 51-D) 

Space Shuttle 

Challenger 

(STS 51-B) 

Soyuz T- 13 

Space Shuttle 

Discovery 

(STS 51-G) 

Space Shuttle 

Chalknger 

(STS 51-F) 

Space Shuttle 

DiSCOVery 

(STS 51-1) 

SOYUZ T- 14 

Space Shuttle 

Atlantis 

(STS 51-1) 

Nov. 8, 1984 

Jan. 24, 1985 

Apr. 12, 1985 

Apr. 29, 1985 

June 5, 1985 

June 17, 1985 

July 29, 1985 

Aug. 27, 1985 

Sep. 17, 1985 

Oct. 3, 1985 

Frederick H. Hauck 7:23:45 

David M. Walker 

Joseph P. Allen 

Anna L. Fisher 

Dale A. Gardner 

Thomas K. Mattingly 3:1:33 

Loren J. Shriver 

Ellison S. Onizuka 

James E Buchli 

Gary E. Payton 

Karol J. Bobko 6:23:55 

Donald E. Williams 

M. Rhea Seddon 

S. David Griggs 

Jeffrey A. Hoffman 

Charles D. Walker 

E. J. Gam 

Robert F. Overmyer 

Frederick D. Gregory 

Don L. Lind 

Norman E. Thagard 

William E. Thomton 

Lodewijk van den Berg 

Taylor Wang 

Vladimir Dzhanibekov 112:3:12 

Viktor Savinykh 

Fourteenth flight of Space Shuttle; first retrieval 

and return of two disabled communications 

satellites (Westar 6, Palapa B2) to Earth. 

Fifteenth STS flight. Dedicated DoD mission. 

Sixteenth STS flight. Two communications 

satellites. First U.S. Senator in space (Gam). 

7:0:9 Seventeenth STS flight. Spacelab-3 in cargo bay 

of Shuttle. 

Daniel C. Brandenstein 7:1:39 

John 0. Creighton 

Shannon W. Lucid 

John M. Fabian 

Steven R. Nagel 

Patrick Baudry 

Prince Sultan Salman AI-Saud 

Charles G. Fullerton 7:22:45 

Roy D. Bridges 

Karl C. Henize 

Anthony W. England 

E Story Musgrave 

Loren W. Acton 

JohnaDavid F. Bartoe 

Joe H. Engle 7:2:18 

Richard 0. Covey 

James D. van Hoften 

William E Fisher 

John M. Lounge 

Vladimir Vasyutin 64:2 152 

Georgiy Grechko 

Aleksandr Volkov 

Karol J. Ebbko 4:1:45 

Ronald J. Grabe 

Robert L. Stewart 

David C. Hilmers 

William A. Pailes 

Repair of Salyut-7. Dzhanibekov returned to 

Earth with Grechko on Soyuz T-13 spacecraft, 

Sept. 26, 1985. 

satellites. One reusable payload, Spartan-1. 

First US. flight with French and Saudi 

Arabian crew members. 

Eighteenth STS flight. Three communications 

Nineteenth STS flight. Spacelab-2 in cargo bay. 

Twentieth STS flight. Launched three communications satellites. Repaired Syncom IV-3. 

Docked with Salyut 7 station. Viktor Savinykh, 

Aleksandr Volkov, and Vladimir Vasyutin 

returned to Earth Nov. 21, 1985, when 

Vasyutin became ill. 

Twenty-first STS flight. Dedicated DoD mission. 
APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle 

Challenger 

(STS 61-A) 

Space Shuttle 

Atlantis 

(STS 61-B) 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia 

(STS 61-C) 

SOYUZ T-15 

%YUZ TM-2 

SOYUZ TM-3 

SOVUZ TM-4 

SOYUZ TM-5 

SOYUZ TM-6 

Space Shuttle 

Discovery (STS-26) 

Soyuz TM-7 

Oct. 30, 1985 

Nov. 27, 1985 

Jan. 12, 1986 

Mar. 13, 1986 

Feb. 5, 1987 

July 22, 1987 

Dec. 21, 1987 

June 7, 1988 

Aug. 29, 1988 

Sep. 29, 1988 

Nov. 26. 1988 

Henry W. Hartsfield 

Steven R. Nagel 

Bonnie 1. Dunbar 

James F. Buchli 

Guion S. Bluford, 1. 

Emst Messerschmid 

Reinhard Furrer (FRG) 

Wubbo J. Ockels (ESA) 

Brewster H. Shaw 

Bryan D. O'Connor 

Mary L. Cleave 

Sherwood C. Spring 

Jerry L. Ross 

Rudolf0 Neri Vela 

Charles D. Walker 

Robert L. Gibson 

Charles F. Bolden 1. 

Franklin Chang-Dfaz 

Steve A. Hawley 

George D. Nelson 

Roger Cenker 

Bill Nelson 

Leonid Kizim 

Vladimir Solovvov 

Yury Romanenko 

Aleksandr Laveykin 

Aleksandr Viktorenko 

Aleksandr Aleksandrov 

Mohammed Faris 

Vladimir Titov 

Musa Manarov 

Anatoly Levchenko 

Viktor Savinykh 

Anatoly Solovyev 

Aleksandr Aleksandrov 

Vladimir Lyakhov 

Valery Polyakov 

Abdul Mohmand 

Frederick H. Hauck 

Richard 0. Covey 

John M. Lounge 

David C. Hilmers 

George D. Nelson 

Aleksandr Volkov 

Sergey Krikalev 

Jean-Loup Chretien 

7:0:45 

6:22:54 

6:2:4 

125:l: 1 

174:3:26 

160:7:16 

180:5 

9:20:13 

8:19:27 

4: 1 

151:ll 

Twenty-second STS flight. Dedicated German 

Spacelab D-1 in shuttle cargo bay. 

Twenty-third STS flight. Launched three communications satellites. First flight of Mexican 

astronaut (Neri Vela). 

Twenty-fourth STS flight. Launched one communications satellite. First member of US. 

House of Representatives in space (Bill 

Nelson). 

Docked with Mir space station on May 5/6 

transfened to Salyut 7 complex. On June 25/26 

transferred from Salyut 7 back to Mir. 

Docked with Mir space station. Romanenko 

established long-distance stay in space record 

of 326 days. 

Docked with Mir space station. Aleksandr 

Aleksandrov remained in Mir 160 days, 

returned with Yury Romanenko. Viktorenko 

and Faris returned in Soyuz TM-2, July 30, 

with Aleksandr Laveykin who experienced 

medical problems. Faris first Syrian in space. 

Docked with Mir space station. Crew of Yury 

Romanenko, Aleksandr Aleksandrov, and 

Anatoly Levchenko returned Dec. 29 in 

SOYUZ TM-3. 

Docked with Mir space station; Aleksandrov first 

Bulgarian in space. Crew returned Jun. 17 in 

Docked with Mir space station; Mohmand first 

SOYUZ TM-4. 

Afghanistani in space. Crew returned Sept. 7, 

in Soyuz TM-5. 

Twenty-sixth STS flight. Launched TDRS-3. 

Docked with Mir space station. Soyuz TM-6 

returned with Chr&ien, Vladimir Titov, 

and Musa Manarov. Titov and Manarov 

completed 366-day mission Dec. 21. Crew of 

Krikalev, Volkov, and Valery Polyakov 

returned Apr. 27, 1989, in Soyuz TM-7. 
86 APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

.d 

c 

aJ 

U 

.- 

VI 

aJ 

L 

DSpacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle 

Atlantis (STS-27) 

Dec. 2, 1988 

Mar. 13, 1989 

May 4, 1989 

Aug. 8, 1989 

Sep. 5, 1989 

Robert “Hoot” Gibson 

Guy S. Gardner 

Richard M. Mullane 

Jerry L. Ross 

William M. Shepherd 

Michael L. Coats 

John E. Blaha 

James P. Bagian 

James F. Buchli 

Robert C. Springer 

David M. Walker 

Ronald J. Grabe 

Norman E. Thagard 

Mary L. Cleave 

Mark C. Lee 

Brewster H. Shaw 

Richard N. Richards 

James C. Adamson 

David C. Leestma 

Mark N. Brown 

Aleksandr Viktorenko 

Aleksandr Serebrov 

Donald E. William 

Michael J. McCulley 

Shannon W. Lucid 

Franklin R. Chang-Diaz 

Ellen S. Baker 

Frederick D. Gregory 

John E. Blaha 

Kathryn C. Thomton 

F. Story Musgrave 

Manley L. “Sonny” Carter 

Daniel C. Brandenstein 

James D. Wetherbee 

Bonnie J. Dunbar 

Marsha S. Ivins 

G. David Low 

Anatoly Solovyov 

Aleksandr Balandin 

John 0. Creighton 

John H. Casper 

David C. Hilmers 

Richard H. Mullane 

4:9:6 Twenty-seventh STS flight. Dedicated DoD 

mission. 

Space Shuttle 

Discovery (STS-29) 

4:23:39 Twenty-eighth STS flight. Launched TDRS-4. 

Space Shuttle 

Atlantis (STS-30) 

4:0:57 Twenty-ninth STS flight. Venus orbiter 

Magellan launched. 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia (STS-28) 

5:l Thirtieth STS flight. Dedicated DoD mission. 

Soyuz TM-8 166:6 

4:23:39 

Docked with Mir space station. Crew of 

Viktorenko and Serebrov returned in 

Soyuz TM-8, Feb. 9, 1990. 

and orbiter Galileo. 

Space Shuttle Thirty-first STS flight. Launched Jupiter probe 

Atlantis (STS-34) 

Oct. 18, 1989 

Space Shuttle 

Discovery (STS-33) 

Nov. 23. 1989 5:0:7 Thirty-second STS flight. Dedicated DoD 

mission. 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia (STS-32) 

Jan. 9, 1990 10:21 Thirty- third STS flight. Launched Syncom 1V-5 

and retrieved LDEF. 

Soyuz TM-9 

Space Shuttle 

Atlantis (STS-36) 

Feb. 11, 1990 

Feb. 28, 1990 

178:22:19 

4: 10: 19 

Docked with Mir space station. Crew returned 

Thirty-fourth STS flight. Dedicated DoD 

Aug. 9, 1990, in Soyuz TM-9. 

mission. 

Pierre J. Thuot 

Space Shuttle Apr. 24, 1990 Loren J. Shriver 5:1:16 Thirty-fifth STS flight. Launched Hubble Space 

Discovery (STS-3 1 ) Charles E Bolden, Jr. Telescope (HST). 

Steven A. Hawley 

Bruce McCandless I1 

Kathryn D. Sullivan 

Gennady Strekalov 

SOYUZ TM-10 Aug. 1, 1990 Gennady Manakov 130:20:36 Docked with Mir space station. Crew returned 

Dec. 10, 1990, with Toyohiro Akiyama, 

Japanese cosmonaut and journalist in space. 
US. and Ri 

APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

sian Human Spa-, Flight 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle 

Challenger 

(STS 61-A) 

Space Shuttle 

Atlatitis 

(STS 6 1 -B) 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia 

(STS 61-C) 

SOYUZ T- 1 5 

SOYUZ TM-2 

SOYUZ TM-3 

SOVUZ TM-4 

SO~UZ TM-5 

SO~Z TM-6 

Space Shuttle 

Discovey (STS-26) 

%YUZ TM-7 

Oct. 30, 1985 

Nov. 27, 1985 

Jan. 12, 1986 

Mar. 13, 1986 

Feb. 5, 1987 

July 22, 1987 

Dec. 21, 1987 

June 7, 1988 

Aug. 29, 1988 

Sep. 29, 1988 

Nov. 26, 1988 

Henry W. Hartsfield 

Steven R. Nagel 

Bonnie J. Dunbar 

James F. Buchli 

Guion S. Bluford, Jr. 

Ernst Messerschmid 

Reinhard Furrer (FRG) 

Wubbo J. Ockels (ESA) 

Brewster H. Shaw 

Bryan D. O’Connor 

Mary L. Cleave 

Shenvood C. Spring 

Jerry L. Ross 

Rudolfo Neri Vela 

Charles D. Walker 

Robert L. Gibson 

Charles F. Bolden Jr. 

Franklin Chang-Diaz 

Steve A. Hawley 

George D. Nelson 

Roger Cenker 

Rill Nelson 

Leonid Kizini 

Vladimir SoIovvov 

Yury Romanenko 

Aleksandr Laveykin 

Aleksandr Viktorenko 

Aleksandr Aleksandrov 

Mohammed Faris 

Vladimir Xtov 

Musa Manarov 

Anatoly Levchenko 

Viktor Savinykh 

Anatoly Solovyev 

Aleksandr Aleksandrov 

Vladimir Lyakhov 

Valery Polyakov 

Abdul Mohmand 

Frederick H. Hauck 

Richard 0. Covey 

John M. Lounge 

David C. Hilmers 

George L1. Nelson 

Aleksandr Volkov 

Sergey Krikalev 

Jean-Loup Chretien 

7:0:45 

6:22:54 

6:2:4 

125:l:l 

174:1:26 

160:7: 16 

180:5 

9:20: 13 

8:19:27 

4:l 

151:ll 

Twenty-second STS flight. Dedicated German 

Spacelab D-1 in shuttle cargo bay. 

Twenty-third STS flight. Launched three communications satellites. First flight of Mexican 

astronaut (Neri Vela). 

Twenty-fourth STS flight. Launched one communications satellite. First member of U.S. 

House of Representatives in space (Rill 

Nelson). 

Docked with Mir space station on May 516 

transferred to Salyut 7 complex. On June 25/26 

transferred from Salyut 7 back to Mir. 

Docked with Mir space station. Romanenko 

established long-distance stay in space record 

of 326 days. 

Docked with Mir space station. Aleksandr 

Aleksandrov remained in Mir 160 days, 

returned with Yury Romanenko. Viktorenko 

and Faris returned in Soyuz TM-2, July 30, 

with Aleksandr Laveykin who experienced 

medical problems. Faris first Syrian in space. 

Docked with Mir space station. Crew of Yury 

Romanenko, Aleksandr Aleksandrov, and 

Anatoly Levchenko returned Dec. 29 in 

SOYUZ TM-3. 

Docked with Mir space station; Aleksandrov first 

Bulgarian in space. Crew returned Jun. 17 in 

Docked with Mir space station; Mohmand first 

SOYUZ TM-4. 

Afghanistani in space. Crew returned Sept. 7, 

in Soyuz TM-5. 

Twenty-sixth STS flight. Launched TDRS-3. 

Docked with Mir space station. Soyuz TM-6 

returned with Chretien, Vladimir Xtov, 

and Musa Manarov. Xtov and Manarov 

completed 366-day mission Dec. 2 I. Crew of 

Krikalev, Volkov, and Valery Polyakov 

returned Apr. 27, 1989, in Soyuz TM-7. 
APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft LaunchDate Crew Flight Time Hahlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle Oct. 6, 1990 

Discovery (STS-41) 

Space Shuttle Nov. 15, 1990 

Atlantis (STS-38) 

Space Shuttle Dec. 2, 1990 

Columbia (STS-35) 

SOYUZ TM-11 Dec. 2, 1990 

Space Shuttle Apr. 5, 1991 

Atlantis (STS-37) 

Space Shuttle Apr. 28, 1991 

Discovery (STS-39) 

SOYUZ TM-12 May 18, 1991 

Space Shuttle June 5, 1991 

Columbia (STS-40) 

Space Shuttle Aug. 2, 1991 

Atlantis (STS-43) 

Space Shuttle Sep. 12, 1991 

D~scov~~~ (STS-48) 

Richard N. Richards 4:2:10 

Robert D. Cabana 

Bruce E. Melnick 

William M. Shepherd 

Thomas D. Akers 

Richard 0. Covey 4:21:55 

Frank L. Culbertson, J. 

Charles “Sam” Gemar 

Robert C. Springer 

Carl J. Meade 

Vance D. Brand 5:23:5 

Guy S. Gardner 

Jeffrey A. Hoffman 

John M. “Mike” Lounge 

Robert A. R. Parker 

Viktor Afanasyev 175:01:52 

Musa Manarov 

Toyohiro Akiyama 

Steven R. Nagel 6:0:32 

Kenneth D. Cameron 

Linda Godwin 

Jerry L. Ross 

Michael L. Coats 8:7:22 

Blaine Hammond, J. 

Gregory L. Harbaugh 

Donald R. McMonagle 

Guion S. Bluford, J. 

Lacy Veach 

Richard J. Hieb 

Anatoly Artsebarskiy 144:15:22 

Sergei Krikalev 

Helen Sharman 

Jay Apt 

Bryan D. OConnor 9:2:15 

Sidney M. Gutierrer 

James P. Bagian 

Tamara E. Jemigan 

M. Rhea Seddon 

Francis A. “Drew” Gaffney 

Millie Hughes-Fulford 

John E. Blaha 8:21:21 

Michael A. Baker 

Shannon W. Lucid 

G. David Low 

James C. Adamson 

John Creighton 5:8:28 

Kenneth Reightler, J. 

Charles D. Gemar 

James F. Buchli 

Mark N. Brown 

Thirty-sixth STS flight. Ulysses spacecraft to 

investigate interstellar space and the Sun. 

Thirty-seventh STS flight. Dedicated DoD 

mission. 

Thirty-eighth STS flight. Astro-1 in cargo bay. 

Docked with Mir space station. Toyohiro 

Akiyama returned Dec. 10, 1990, with 

previous Mir crew of Gennady Manakov 

and Gennady Strekalov. 

Thirty-ninth STS flight. Launched Gamma Ray 

Observatory to measure celestial gamma-rays. 

Fortieth STS flight. Dedicated DoD mission. 

Docked with Mir space station. Helen Sharman 

first from United Kingdom to fly in space. 

Crew of Viktor Afanasyev, Musa Manarov, 

and Helen Sharman returned May 20, 1991. 

Artsebarskiy and Krikalev remained on board 

Mir, with Artsebarskiy returning Oct. 10, 1991, 

and Krikalev doing so Mar. 25, 1992. 

Forty-first STS flight. Carried Spacelab Life 

Sciences (SLS-1) in cargo bay. 

Forty-second STS flight. Launched fourth 

Tracking and Data Relay Satellite 

(TDRS-5). 

Fortythird STS flight. Launched Upper 

Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). 
APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft LaunchDate Crew FlightTime Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

SOYUZ TM- 13 Oct. 2, 1991 

Space Shuttle Nov. 24, 1991 

Atlanris (STS-44) 

Space Shuttle Jan. 22, 1992 

Discovery (STS-42) 

SOYUZ TM-14 Mar. 17, 1992 

Space Shuttle Mar. 24, 1992 

Arlantis (STS-45) 

Space Shuttle May 7, 1992 

Endeavour (STS-49) 

Space Shuttle June 25, 1992 

Columbia (STS-50) 

SOYUZ TM-15 July 27, 1992 

Aleksandr Volkov 90:16:00 

Toktar Aubakirov 

(Kazakh Republic) 

Franz Viehboeck (Austria) 

Frederick D. Greeorv -I 

Tom Henricks 

Jim Voss 

F. Story Musgrave 

Mario Runco, Jr. 

Tom Hennen 

Ronald J. Grabe 

Stephen S. Oswald 

Norman E. Thagard 

David C. Hilmers 

William F. Readdy 

Roberta L. Bondar 

Ulf Merbold (ESA) 

Aleksandr Viktorenko 

Aleksandr Kaleri 

Klaus-Dietrich Flade 

(Germany) 

Charles E Bolden 

Brian DufYy 

Kathryn D. Sullivan 

David C. Leestma 

Michael Foale 

Dirk D. Frimout 

Byron K. Lichtenberg 

Daniel C. Brandenstein 

Kevin P. Chilton 

Richard J. Hieb 

Bruce E. Melnick 

Pierre J. Thuot 

Kathryn C. Thornton 

Thomas D. Akers 

Richard N. Richards 

Kenneth D. bwersox 

Bonnie Dunbar 

Ellen Raker 

Carl Meade 

Anatoly Solovyov 

Sergei Avdeyev 

Michel Tognini (Frdnce) 

6:22:51 

8:1:12 

145: 15:ll 

9:O:lO 

8: 16: 17 

13: 19:30 

189:17:43 

Docked with Mir space station. Crew returned 

Oct. 10, 1991, with Anatoly Artsebarskiy 

in the TM- 12 spacecraft. 

Forty-fourth STS flight. Launched Defense 

Support Program (DSP) satellite. 

Forty-fifth STS flight. Carried International 

Microgravity Laboratory-1 in cargo bay. 

First manned CIS space mission. Docked with 

Mir space station Mar. 19. The TM-13 

capsule with Flade, Aleksandr Volkov, and 

Sergei Krikalev returned to Earth Mar. 25. 

Krikalev had been in space 3 13 days. 

Viktorenko and Kaleri remained on the 

Mir space station. 

Forty-sixth STS flight. Carried Atmospheric 

Laboratory for Applications and Science 

(ATLAS- 1 ). 

Forty-seventh STS flight. Reboosted a crippled 

INTELSAT VI communications satellite. 

Forty-eighth STS flight. Carried U.S. 

Microgravity Laboratory- 1. 

Docked with Mir space station July 29. T6gnini 

returned to Earth in TM-14 capsule with 

Aleksandr Viktorenko and Aleksandr Kaleri. 

Solovyov and Avdeyev spent over six months 

in the Mir orbital complex and returned to 

Earth in the descent vehicle of the TM-15 

spacecraft on Feb. 1, 1993. 
APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961 -September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle Jul. 31, 1992 

Atlantis (STS-46) 

Space Shuttle Sep. 12, 1992 

Endeavour (STS-47) 

Space Shuttle Oct. 22, 1992 

Columbia (STS-52) 

Space Shuttle Dec. 2, 1992 

Discovery (STS-53) 

Space Shuttle Jan. 13, 1993 

Endeavour (STS-54) 

SOYUZ TM-16 Jan. 24, 1993 

Space Shuttle Apr. 8, 1993 

Discovery (STS-56) 

Space Shuttle Apr. 26, 1993 

Columbia (STS-55) 

Space Shuttle June 21, 1993 

Endeavour (STS-57) 

Loren J. Shriver 

Andrew M. Allen 

Claude Nicollier (ESA) 

Marsha S. Ivins 

Jeffrey A. Hoffman 

Franklin R. Chang-Diaz 

Franco Malerba (Italy) 

Robert L. Gibson 

Curtis L. Brown, Jr. 

Mark C. Lee 

Jerome Apt 

N. Jan Davis 

Mae C. Jemison 

Mamoru Mohri 

James D. Wetherbee 

Michael A. Baker 

William M. Shepherd 

Tamara E. Jemigan 

Charles L. Veach 

Steven G. MacLean 

David M. Walker 

Robert D. Cabana 

Guion S. Bluford, J. 

James S. Voss 

Michael Richard Clifford 

John H. &per 

Donald R. McMonagle 

Gregory 1. Harbaugh 

Mario Runco, J. 

Susan J. Helms 

Gennady Manakov 

Aleksandr Poleschuk 

Kenneth D. Cameron 

Stephen S. Oswald 

C. Michael Foale 

Kenneth D. Cockerell 

Ellen Ochoa 

Steven R. Nagel 

Terence T. Henricks 

Jerry L. Ross 

Charles J. Precourt 

Bernard A. Harris, J. 

Ulrich Walter (Germanv) 

7:23:16 

7:22:30 

9:20:57 

7:7:19 

6:23:39 

179:0:44 

9:6:9 

9:13:39 

Hans W. Schlegel (Germany) 

Ronald J. Grabe 9:23:46 

Brian 1. Dufh, 

G. David Low 

Nancy J. Sherlock 

Peter J. K. Wisoff 

Janice E. Voss 

Forty-ninth STS flight. Deployed Tethered 

Satellite System-1 and Eureka-1. 

Fiftieth STS flight. Carried Spacelab J. Jemison 

first African American woman to fly in 

space. Mohri first Japanese to fly on NASA 

spacecraft. Lee and Davis first married couple 

in space together. 

Fifty-first STS flight. Studied influence of 

gravity on basic fluid and solidification 

processes using US. Microgravity 

Payload-1 in an international mission. 

Deployed second Laser Geodynamics Satellite 

and Canadian Target Assembly. 

Fifty-second STS flight. Deployed the last major 

DoD classified payload planned for Shuttle 

(DoD 1) with ten different secondary payloads. 

Fifty-third STS flight. Deployed Tracking and 

Data Relay Satellite-6. Operated Diffused 

X-ray Spectrometer Hitchhiker experiment to 

collect data on stars and galactic gases. 

Docked with Mir space station Jan. 26. On 

July 22, 1993, the TM-16 descent cabin 

landed back on Earth with Manakov, 

Poleschuk, and French cosmonaut Jean-Pierre 

Haignere from Soyuz TM-17 on board. 

Fifty-fourth STS flight. Completed second flight 

of Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications 

and Science and deployed Spartan-201. 

Fifty-fifth STS flight. Completed second 

German microgravity research program in 

Spacelab D-2. 

Fifty-sixth STS flight. Carried Spacelab commercial payload module and retrieved 

European Retrievable Carrier in orbit since 

August 1992. 
90 

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VI 

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L 

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L 

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4- 

L 

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P 

a, 

IY 

a, 

U 

m 

P 

m 

U 

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m 

m 

v 

- 

4- 

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m 

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0 

L 

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4 

APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

SOYUZ TM- 17 July 1, 1993 

Space Shuttle Sep. 12, 1993 

Discovery (STS-5 1 ) 

Space Shuttle Oct. 18, 1993 

Columbia (STS-58) 

Space Shuttle Dec. 2, 1993 

Endeavour (STS-61) 

SOYUZ TM-18 Jan. 8, 1994 

Space Shuttle Feb. 3, 1994 

Discovery (STS-60) 

Space Shuttle Mar. 4, 1994 

Columbia (STS-62) 

Space Shuttle Apr. 9, 1994 

Endeavour (STS-59) 

SOYUZ TM-19 July 1, 1994 

Vasiliy Tsibliyev 196:17:45 

Aleksandr Serebrov 

Jean-Pierre Haignere 

Frank L. Culbertson, Jr. 

William F. Readdy 

James H. Newman 

Daniel W. Bursch 

Carl E. Walz 

John E. Blaha 

Richard A. Searfoss 

Shannon W. Lucid 

David A. Wolf 

William S. McArthur 

Martin 1. Fettman 

Richard 0. Covey 

Kenneth D. Bowersox 

Tom Akers 

Jeffrey A. Hoffman 

Kathryn C. Thornton 

Claude Nicollier 

E Story Musgrave 

Viktor Afanasyev 

Yuri Usachev 

Valery Polyakov 

Charles F. Bolden, 1. 

Kenneth S. Reightler, Jr. 

N. Jan Davis 

Ronald M. Sega 

Franklin R. Chang-Diaz 

Sergei K. Krikalev (Russia) 

John H. Casper 

Andrew M. Allen 

Pierre J. Thuot 

Charles D. Gemar 

Marsha S. Ivins 

Sidney M. Gutierrez 

Kevin P. Chilton 

Jerome Apt 

Michael R. Clifford 

Linda M. Cudwin 

Thomas D. Jones 

Yuri I. Malenchenko 

Talgat A. Musabayev 

9:20:11 

14:0:29 

10: 1958 

182:0:27 

8:7:9 

13:23:17 

11:5:50 

125:22:53 

Docked with Mir space station July 3. Haignere 

returned to Earth with Soyuz TM-16. Serebrov 

and Tsiblivev landed in TM-17 spacecraft on 

Jan. 14, 1994. 

Fifty-seventh STS flight. Deployed ACTS 

satellite to serve as testbed for new 

communications satellite technology and 

U.SJGerman ORFEUS-SPAS. 

Fifty-eighth STS flight. Carried Spacelab Life 

Sciences-2 payload to determine the effects 

of microgravity on M. Rhea Seddon 

and animal subjects. 

Fifty-ninth STS flight. Restored planned 

scientific capabilities and reliability of the 

Hubble Space Telescope. 

Docked with Mir space station Jan. 10. 

Afanasyev and Usachev landed in the TM-18 

spacecraft on July 9, 1994. Polyakov remained 

aboard Mir in the attempt to establish a new 

record for endurance in space. 

Sixtieth STS flight. Carried the Wake Shield 

Facility to generate new semi-conductor 

films for advanced electronics. Also carried 

SPACEHAB. Krikalev’s presence signified a 

new era in cooperation in space between 

Russia and the United States. 

Sixty-first STS flight. Carried U.S. Microgravity 

Payload-2 to conduct experiments in materials 

processing, biotechnology, and other areas. 

Sixty-second STS flight. Carried the Space 

Radar Laboratory-1 to gather data on the 

Earth and the effects humans have on its 

carbon, water, and energy cycles. 

Docked with Mir space station July 3. Both 

Malenchenko and Musabayev returned to 

Earth with the Soyuz TM-19 spacecraft, 

landing in Kazakhstan on Nov. 4 together 

with Ulf Merbold of Germany, who went up 

aboard Soyuz TM-20 on Oct 3, 1994. 

Merbold gathered biological samples on the 

effects of weightlessness on the human body 

body in the first of two ESA missions to Mir 

to prepare for the InternaticJnal Space 

Station. 
APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961 -September 30,1999 

Spacecraft LaunchDate Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle 

Columbia (STS.65) 

Space Shuttle 

Discovery (STS.64) 

Space Shuttle 

Endeavour (STS-68) 

SOVUZ TM-20 

, Space Shuttle 

Atlantis (STS-66) 

Space Shuttle 

Discovery (STS.63) 

Space Shuttle 

Endeavour (STS-67) 

July 8, 1994 

Sep. 9, 1994 

Sep. 30, 1994 

Oct. 3, 1994 

Nov. 3, 1994 

Feb. 3, 1995 

Mar. 2, 1995 

Robert D. Cabana 14:17:55 

James D. Halsell, J. 

Richard J. Hieb 

Carl E. Walz 

Leroy Chiao 

Donald A. Thomas 

Chiaki Naito-Mukai (Japan) 

Richard N. Richards 10:22:50 

L. Blaine Hammond, Jr. 

J. M. Linenger 

Susan J. Helms 

Carl J. Meade 

Mark C. Lee 

Michael A. Baker 11536 

Terrence W. Wilcutt 

Thomas D. Jones 

Steven L. Smith 

Daniel W. Bursch 

Peter J. K. Wisoff 

Aleksandr Viktorenko * 

Yelena Kondakova 

Ulf Merbold (ESA) 

Donald R. McMonagle 10:22:34 

Curtis L. Brown, Jr. 

Ellen Ochoa 

Joseph R. Tanner 

Jean-Fran~ois Clervoy (ESA) 

Scott E. Parazynski 

James D. Wetherbee 

Eileen M. Collins 

Bernard A. Harris, J. 

C. Michael Foale 

Janice E. Voss 

Vladimir G. Tltov (Russia) 

Stephen S. Oswald 

William G. Gregory 

John M. Grunsfeld 

Wendy B. Lawrence 

Tamara E. Jernigan 

Ronald A. Parise 

Samuel T. hrrance 

8:6:28 

16: 156 

Sixty-third STS flight. Carried International 

Microgravity Laboratory-2 to conduct research 

into the behavior of materials and life in near 

weightlessness. 

Sixty-fourth STS flight. Used LIDAR In-Space 

Technology Experiment to perform atmospheric research. Included the first untethered 

spacewalk by astronauts in over 10 years. 

Sixtyfifth STS flight. Used Space Radar 

Laboratory-2 to provide scientists with data to 

help distinguish human-induced environmental 

change from other natural forms of change. 

Soyuz TM-19 returned to Earth on Nov. 4, 1994, 

with Yuri Malenchenko, Talgat Musabayev, 

and Ulf Merbold. Valeriy Polyakov remained 

aboard Mir. 

Sixty-sixth STS flight. Three main payloads: the 

third Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications 

and Science (ATLAS-3), the first Cryogenic 

Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the 

Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (CRISTASPAS-l), and the Shuttle Solar Backscatter 

Ultraviolet (SSBUV) spectrometer. Astronauts 

also conducted protein crystal growth 

experiments. 

Sixty-seventh STS flight. Primary objective: first 

close encounter in nearly 20 years between 

American and Russian spacecraft as a prelude 

to establishment of International Space 

Station. (Shuttle flew close by to Mir.) Main 

Payloads: Spacehab 3 experiments and Shuttle 

Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for 

Astronomy (Spartan) 204, Solid Surface 

Combustion Experiment (SSCE), and Air 

Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) Calibration 

Test. Also launched very small Orbital Debris 

Radar Calibration Spheres (ODERACS). 

Sixty-eighth STS flight. Longest Shuttle mission 

to date. Primary payload was a trio of ultraviolet telescopes called Astro-2. 
92 APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961 -September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

SOYUZ TM-2 1 Mar. 14, 1995 

Space Shuttle June 27, 1995 

Atlantis (STS-7 1 ) 

Space Shuttle July 13, 1995 

Discouev (STS-70) 

SOYUZ TM-22 Sep. 3, 1995 

Space Shuttle Sep. 7, 1995 

Edauour (STS-69) 

Space Shuttle Oct. 20, 1995 

Columbiu (STS-73) 

Space Shuttle Nov. 12, 1995 

Atlantis (STS-74) 

Space Shuttle Jan. 11, 1996 

Eruknvour (STS-72) 

soYuz TM-23 Feb. 21, 1996 

Vladimir Dezhurov 

Gennadi Strekalov 

Norman Thagard (US.) 

Robert L. Gibson 

Charles J. Precourt 

Ellen S. Baker 

Gregory Harbaugh 

Bonnie J. Dunbar 

Terence Henricks 

Kevin R. Kregel 

Nancy J. Currie 

Donald A. Thomas 

Mary Ellen Weber 

Yuri Gidzenko 

Sergei Avdeev 

Thomas Reiter (ESA) 

David M. Walker 

Kenneth D. Cockrell 

James s. voss 

James H. Newman 

Michael L. Gernhardt 

Kenneth D. Bowersox 

Kent V. Rominger 

Catherine G. Coleman 

Michael Lopez-Alegria 

Kathryn C. Thornton 

Fred W. Leslie 

Albert Sacco, Jr. 

Kenneth D. Cameron 

James D. Halsell, J. 

Chris A. Hadfield (CSA) 

Jerry L. Ross 

William S. McArthur, Jr. 

Brian Duffy 

Brent W. Jett, Jr. 

Leroy Chi:i:! 

Winston E. Scott 

Koichi Wakata (Japan) 

Daniel T. Barry 

Yuri Onufrienko 

Yuri Usachyou 

* 

9:19:22 

8:22:20 

* 

10:20:28 

15:21:52 

8:4:3 1 

8:22:1 

* 

Thagard was the first American astronaut to fly 

on a Russian rocket and to stay on the Mir 

space station. Soyuz TM-20 returned to Earth 

on Mar. 22, 1995, with Valeriy Polyakov, 

Alexsandr Viktorenko, and Yelena 

Kondakova. Polyakov set world record by 

remaining in space for 438 days. 

Sixty-ninth STS flight and one hundredth US. 

human space flight. Docked with Mir space 

station. Brought up Mir 19 crew (Anatoly Y. 

Solovyev and Nikolai M. Rudarin). Returned 

to Earth with Mir 18 crew (Vladimir N. 

Dezhurov, Gennady M. Strekalov, and 

Norman Thagard). Thagard set an American 

record by remaining in space for 115 days. 

Seventieth STS flight. Deployed Tracking and 

Data Relay Satellite (TDRS). Also conducted 

various biomedical experiments. 

Soyuz TM-21 returned to Earth on Sep. 11, 1995, 

with Mir 19 crew (Anatoliy Solovyev and 

Nikolay Budarin). 

Seventy-first STS flight. Deployed Wake Shield 

Facility (WSF-2) and Spartan 201-03. 

Seventy-second STS flight. Carried out microgravity experiments with the U.S. 

Microgravity Laboratory (USML-2) 

payload. 

Seventy-third STS flight. Docked with Mir 

space station as part of International Space 

Station (ISS) Phase 1 efforts. 

Seventy-fourth STS flight. Deployed OAST 

Flyer. Retrieved previously launched 

Japanese Space Fiyer Unit sateilite. Crew 

performed spacewalks to build experience 

for ISS construction. 

Soyuz TM-22 returned to Earth on Feb. 29, 1996, 

with Mir 20 crew (Yuri Gidzenko, Sergei 

Avdeev, and Thomas Reiter). 
APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961 -September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew Flight Time Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle Feb. 22, 1996 

Columbia (STS-75) 

Space Shuttle Mar. 22, 1996 

Atlantis (STS-76) 

Space Shuttle May 19, 1996 

Endeavour (STS-77) 

Space Shuttle June 20, 1996 

Columbia (STS-78) 

SOYUZ TM-24 Aug. 17, 1996 

Space Shuttle Sep. 16, 1996 

Atlantis (STS-79) 

Space Shuttle Nov. 19, 1996 

Columbia (STS-80) 

Space Shuttle Jan. 12, 1997 

Atlantis (STS-81) 

. 

Andrew M. Allen 

Scott J. Horowit: 

Jeffrey A. Hoffman 

Maurizio Cheli (ESA) 

Claude Nicollier (ESA) 

Franklin R. ChangDiaz 

Umberto Guidoni (ESA) 

Kevin P. Chilton 

Richard A. Searfoss 

Linda M. Godwin 

Michael R. Clifford 

Ronald M. Sega 

Shannon W. Lucid** 

John H. Casper 

Curtis L. Brown 

Andrew S. W. Thomas 

Daniel W. Bursch 

Mario Runco, Jr. 

Marc Garneau (CSA) 

Terrence T. Henricks 

Kevin Kregel 

Richard M. Linnehan 

Susan J. Helms 

Charles E. Brady, Jr. 

lean-lacaues Favier (CSA) 

13:16:14 

9516 

10:2:30 

16:21:48 

,, 

Robert B Thirsk (ESA) 

Claudie Andre-Deshays (ESA) * 

Valery Korzun 

Alexander Kaleri 

William F. Readdy 10:3:19 

Terrence W. Wilcutt 

Jerome Apt 

Thomas D. Akers 

Carl E. Walz 

John E. Blaha** 

Shannon W. Lucid*** 

Kenneth D. Cockrell 17:15:53 

Kent V. Rominger 

Tamara E. Jernigan 

Thomas David Jones 

F. Story Musgrave 

Michael A. Baker 10:4:56 

Brent W. Jett 

Peter J.K. “Jeff Wisoff 

John M. Grunsfeld 

Marsha S. Ivins 

Jerry M. Linenger** 

John E. Blaha*** 

Seventy-fifth STS flight. Deployed Tethered 

Satellite System, U.S. Microgravity Payload 

(USMP-31, and protein crystal growth 

experiments. 

Seventy-sixth STS flight. Docked with Mir 

space station and left astronaut Shannon 

Lucid aboard Mir. Also carried SPACEHAB 

module. 

Seventy-seventh STS flight. Deployed 

Spartan/Inflatable Antenna Experiment, 

SPACEHAB, and PAMS-STU payloads. 

Seventy-eighth STS flight. Set Shuttle record 

for then-longest flight. Carried Life and 

Microgravity Sciences Spacelab. 

Soyuz TM-23 returned to Earth on Sep. 2, 1996, 

with Claudie Andre-Deshays, Yuri 

Onufrienko, and Yuri Usachev. 

space station. Picked up astronaut Shannon 

Lucid and dropped off astronaut John Blaha. 

Seventy-ninth STS flight. Docked with Mir 

Set record for longest Shuttle flight. At age 61, 

Musgrave became oldest person to fly in 

space. He also tied record for most space 

flights (six) by a single person. Crew 

successfully deployed ORFEUS-SPAS I1 

ultraviolet observatory and Wake Shield 

Facility payloads. 

Fifth Shuttle mission to Mir. Jerry Linenger 

replaced John Blaha as US. resident on Mir. 
94 

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APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date 

SOYUZ TM-25 Feh. 10, 1997 

Space Shuttle Feh. 11, 1997 

Discovery (STS-82) 

Space Shuttle Apr. 4, 1997 

Columbia (STS-83) 

Space Shuttle May 15, 1997 

Atlantib (STS-84) 

Spxc Shuttlc July 1. I997 

Columbia (STS-94) 

SOYUZ TM-26 Aup. 5, 1997 

Space Shuttle Aug. 7, 1997 

Discovery (STS-85) 

Spncr Shuttle scp. 25? 1997 

Atlantis (STS-86) 

Crew flight Time Highlights 

(davs:hrs:min) 

- 

Vasily Tsihlirv 

Aleksandr Lazutkin 

Rcinhold Ewikl 

Kenneth D. Bowersox 

Scott J. Horowitz 

Joseph R. Tanner 

Steven A. Hawley 

Gregory J. Harhaugh 

Mark C. Lee 

Steven L. Smith 

James D. Halsell, Jr. 

Swan L. Still 

Janice Voss 

Michael L. Gernhardt 

Donald A. Thomas 

Roger K. Crouch 

Gregory T. Linteris 

Charles J. Precourt 

Eileen Marie Collins 

Jean-FranCois Clcrvoy 

C;irlos I. Noriep;i 

Edward Twig Lu 

Elena V. Konclakovn 

Michncl Fo:iIc** 

Jerry M. Lineiipcr*** 

James 17. Halsell, Jr. 

Stisan L. Still 

Janice VCM 

Michael L. Gernhnrdt 

Donald A. Thoma5 

R~ger K. Cruuch 

Gregory T. Linterir 

Anatoly Solovyev 

Pawl Vinogradov 

Curtis L. Brown, Jr. 

Kent V. Rominger 

N. Jan Davis 

Rohert L. Curheain, Jr. 

Stephen K. Robinson 

Bjarni V. Tryggvason 

James ii. W-ctherbee 

Michael J. Bloomfield 

Scott E. P:irazynski 

Vliidiinir Titov 

Jean,Loup Chrktien 

Wendy €3. Lawrence 

l7nvld A. Wolf** 

C. Michael Foalc*** 

* 

9:23:36 

3:23:34 

9:5:21 

15:16:45 

* 

11:2@:27 

10:19:21 

Soyuz TM-24 returned to Earth on March 2, 

1997, with Reinhold Ewald, Valery Korzun, 

and Aleksandr Kaleri. 

Crew successfully performed second servicing 

mission of the Huhhle Space Telescope. 

Crew deployed a Spacelab module configured as 

the first Microgravity Science Laboratory. 

Shuttle fuel cell malfunction necessitated an 

early termination of the mission. 

Sixth Shuttle mission to Mir. Michael Foale 

replaced Jerry Linenger on Mir. 

Reflight of STS-83 and the same payload, the 

Microgravity Science Laboratory. Mission 

proceeded successfully. 

Soyuz TM-25 returned to Earth on August 14, 

1997, with Vasily Tsibliev and Aleksandr 

Lazutkin. 

CRISTA-SPAS-2 on infrared radiation and 

an international Hitchhiker package of four 

experiments on ultraviolet radiation. The 

crew also successfully performed the Japanese 

Manipulator Flight Demonstration of a 

robotic arm 

Seventh Shuttle docking with Mir. David Wolf 

replaced Michael Foale on Mir. Parazynski 

and Titov performed a spacewalk to retrieve 

four Mir Environmental Effects Payload 

experiments from the exterior of the docking 

module and left a solar array cover cap for 

possible future repair of the damaged Sprktr 

module. 

Crew successfully deployed two payloads: 
95 APPENDIX C 

(Conhnued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Spacecraft Launch Date Crew FlightTime Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle Nov. 19, 1997 

Columbia (STS-87) 

Space Shuttle Jan. 22, 1998 

Endeavour (STS-89) 

SOYUZ TM-27 Jan. 29, 1998 

Space Shuttle Apr. 17, 1998 

Columbia (STS-90) 

Space Shuttle June 2, 1998 

Discovery (STS-91) 

SOYUZ TM-28 Aug. 13, 1998 

Space Shuttle Oct. 29, 1998 

Discovery (STS-95) 

Space Shuttle Dec. 4, 1998 

Endeavour (STS-88) 

SOYUZ TM-29 Feb. 20, 1999 

Kevin R. Kregel 15: 16:34 

Steven W. Lindsey 

Kalpana Chawla 

Winston E. Scott 

Takao Doi 

Leonid K. Kadenyuk 

Terrence W. Wilcutt 8:19:47 

Joe F. Edwards, J. 

James F. Reilly I1 

Michael P. Anderson 

Bonnie J. Dunbar 

Salizhan S. Sharipov 

Andrew S. Thomas** 

David A. Wolf*** 

Talgat Musabayev * 

Nikolai Budarin 

Leopold Eyharts 

Richard A. Searfoss 15:21:50 

Scott D. Altman 

Richard M. Linnehan 

Kathryn P. Hire 

Dafydd Rhys Williams 

Jay Clark Buckey, Jr. 

James A. Pawelczyk 

Charles J. Precourt 9:19:48 

Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie 

Franklin R. Chang-Diaz 

Wendy B. Lawrence 

Janet Lynn Kavandi 

Valery V. Ryumin 

Andrew S. Thomas*** 

Gennady Padalka * 

Sergei Avdeev 

Yuri Baturin 

Curtis L. Brown, Jr. 8:21:44 

Steven W. Lindsey 

Scott E. Parazynski 

Stephen K. Robinson 

Pedro Duque (ESA) 

Chiaki Mukai (NASDA) 

John H. Glenn 

Robert D. Cabana 11:19:18 

Frederick W. Sturckow 

James H. Newman 

Nancy J. Currie 

Jerry L. Ross 

Sergei K. Krikalev (RSA) 

Viktor Afanasyev * 

Jean-Pierre Haignere (ESA) 

Ivan Bella 

Payloads included USMP-4, Spartan 201-04 

free-flyer, Collaborative Ukrainian 

Experiment (CUE) in space biology, and 

several other “hitchhiker” payloads. 

Eighth Shuttle docking mission to Mir. Andrew 

Thomas replaced David Wolf on Mtr. Shuttle 

payloads included SPACEHAB double 

module of science experiments. 

Soyuz TM-26 left Mir and returned to Earth on 

February 19 with Anatoly Solovyev, Pave1 

Vinogradov, and Leopold Eyharts. 

Carried Neurolab module for microgravity 

research in the human nervous system. 

Secondary goals included measurement of 

Shuttle vibration forces, demonstration of the 

bioreactor system for cell growth, and three 

Get Away Special payloads. 

Last of nine docking missions with Mir, this one 

brought home Andrew Thomas. Payloads 

included DoE‘s Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 

to study high-energy particles from deep 

space, four Get Away Specials, and two Space 

Experiment Modules. 

Docked to Mir using manual backup system 

because of prior failure of one of two 

automatic systems. Soyuz TM-27 left Mir 

returned to Earth with Talgat Musabayev, 

Nikolai Budarin, and Yuri Baturin. 

Payloads included a SPACEHAB 

pressurized module, the Pansat 

communications amateur satellite, and 

the Spartan 201-05 solar observatory. 

Performed biomedical experiments on 

space flight and aging. Second flight of 

John Glenn. 

Payloads included Unity (Node 11, the 

first U.S. module of the ISS, as well as 

SAC-A and Mightysat 1. 

Soyuz mission to Mir. 
96 

” 

C 

0, 

-0 

.- 

v) 

0, 

L 

II 

0, 

-c 

” 

). 

0 

- 

L 

0 

P 

0, 

E 

0, 

U 

m 

n 

vl 

-0 

C 

m 

Cn 

U 

.- 

” 

a 

m 

c 

0 

Q, 

L 

< 

~ 

APPENDIX C 

(Continued) 

U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights 

1961-September 30,1999 

Sp.cWdt LsunchDate Crew Flight Tie Highlights 

(days:hrs:min) 

Space Shuttle May 27,1999 Kent V. Rominger 9:19:13 ISS supply and repair mission; also 

Discovery (STS-96) Rick D. Husband launched the Starshine student passive 

Daniel T. Barry reflector satellite. 

Valery I. Tokarev (RSA) 

Ellen Ochoa 

Julie Payette (CSA) 

Tamara E. Jernigan 

Space Shuttle July 23, 1999 Eileen M. Collins 4:22:50 Deployed Chandra X-ray Observatory. 

Columbia (STS-93) Jeffrey S. Ashby Collins was first female commander of a 

Michel Tognini (CNES) Shuttle mission. 

Steven A. Hawley 

Catherine G. Coleman 

* Mir crew members stayed for various and overlapping lengths of time. 

** Flew up on Space Shuttle; remained in space aboard Russian Mir space station. 

*** Returned to Earth via Space Shuttle from Russian Mir space station. 
APPENDIX D 97 

U.S. Space Launch Vehicles n 

-. 

VI 

Max. Payload ( kg)d n 

er 

- Max. Dia Geosynch. SunStages: Thrust xHeight 185-km Transfer Synch. First < 

Vehicle Enginemotor Propeht' (kilonewtons)b" (m) Orbit Orbit Orbit' Launch' ID 

er 

Pegasus 

1. Orion 50s 

2. Orion 50 

3. Orion38 

Pegasus XL 

1. Orion 50s-XL 

2. Orion 50-XL 

3. Orion38 

Taurus 

0. Castor 120 

1. Orion 50s 

2. Orion 50 

3. Orion38 

Delta II 

(7920,7925) 

1. RS-2701A 

2. AJ10-118K 

Hercules GEM (9) 

3. Star48B 

Atlas E 

I 1. Atlas: MA-3 

Atlas I 

1. Atlas: MA-5 

2. Centaur I: 

RL10A-3-3A (2) 

Atlas 11 

1. Atlas: MA-5A 

2. Centaur 11: 

RL10A-3-3A (2) 

Atlas IIA 

1. Atlas: MA-5A 

2. Centaur 11: 

RLlOA-4 (2) 

Atlas IIAS 

. 1. Atlas: MA4A 

Castor IVA (4)' 

2. Centaur 11: 

RLlOA-4 (2) 

Solid 

Solid 

Solid 

Soiid 

Solid 

Solid 

Solid 

Solid 

Solid 

Solid 

LOX/RP- 1 

Solid 

N204/A-50 

Solid 

LOX/RP-1 

LOX/RP-1 

LOX/LH, 

LOX/RP-1 

LOX/LH, 

LOX/RP-1 

LOX/LH, 

LOX/RP- 1 

Solid 

LOX/LH, 

6.71~15.5~ 

484.9 1.28x8.88 

118.2 1.28x2.66 

31.9 0.97x1.34 

6.71x16.93 

743.3 1.28x10.29 

201.5 1.28x3.58 

31.9 0.97x1.34 

2.34x28.3 

1,687.7 2.34x11.86 

580.5 1.28x8.88 

138.6 1.28x2.66 

31.9 0.97x1.34 

2.44x29.70 

1,043.0 (SL) 3.05x38.1 

487.6 (SL) 1.01x12.95 

42.4 2.44x5.97 

66.4 1.25x2.04 

3.05x28.1 

1,739.5 (SL) 3.05x21.3 

4.2x43.9 

1,952.0 (SL) 3.05x22.16 

73.41 3.05x9.14 

engine 

4.2x47.5 

2,110.0 (SL) 3.05x24.9 

73.4/engine 3.05x10.05 

4.2x47.5 

2,110.0 (SL) 3.05x24.9 

92.53/engine 3.05x10.05 

4.2x47.5 

2,110.0 (SL) 3.05x24.9 

433.6 (SL) 1.01X11.16 

92.53/engine 3.05x10.05 

380 

280' 

460 

350' 

1,400 

1,080' 

5,089 

3,890' 

820' 

1,860'.' 

- 

6,580 

5,510' 

6,828 

6,170' 

8,640 

7.300' 

- 

- 

255 

1,842' 

- 

2,255 

2,810 

3,062 

3,606 

210 1990 

335 1994' 

1,020 Not 

scheduled 

3,175 1990, 

Delta-7925 

[1960, Delta] 

910' 1968, Atlas F 

[1958, 

Atlas LV-3A) 

- 1990, 1 [1966, 

Atlas Centaur] 

4,300 1991, I1 [1966, 

Atlas Centaur] 

4,750 1992, Atlas 

IIA [1966, 

Atlas Centaur] 

5,800 1993, HAS 

[1966, 

Atlas Centaur] 
98 

- 

C 

W 

U 

.- 

v1 

W 

L 

L 

W 

L 

.- 

b 

0 

+d 

L 

0 

Q 

W 

cd 

W 

u 

m 

(1 

m 

U 

C 

m 

v) 

u 

.- 

4- 

2 

m 

c 

0 

L 

W 

< 

APPENDIX D 

(Continued) 

U.S. Space Launch Vehicles 

Max. Payload (kgf 

Max. Dia Geosynch. Sun. 

Stages: Thrust x Height 185.km Transfer Synch. Fmt 

Vehicle EngineMotor PropeUant" (kilonewtons lb, E ( m Orbit Orbit Orbit' Launch' 

Titan I1 

1. LR-87-A]-5 (2) 

2. LR-91,AJ-5 

Titan 111 

0. Titan 111 SRM (2) 

(5-1/2 segments) 

I. LR87.AJ-ll (2) 

2. LR91-A]-11 

Titan IV 

0. Titan IV SRM (2) 

(7 segments) 

1. LR87-A]-ll (2) 

2. LR91-AJ.11 

Titan IV/ 

0. Titan IV SRM (2) 

(7 segments) 

I. LR87-A]-ll (2) 

2. LR91-AJ.11(1) 

3. Centaur: 

4. SRMU 

RL-IOA-3-3A 

(3 segments) 

Space Shuttle" 

1. SRB: 

Shuttle SRB (2) 

2. Orbiter/ET: 

SSME (3) 

3. OrbiterlOMS: 

OMS engines (2) 

Delta 111 

I. RS.27A 

Alliant GEM (9) 

2. RL-1OB-2 

3. Star48B 

N204/A-50 

N204/A-50 

Solid 

N204/A-50 

N204/A-50 

Solid 

N204/A-50 

N204/A-50 

Solid 

N204/A-50 

N204/A-50 

LOX/LH! 

Sold 

LOX/LH2 

N,OI/MMH 

LOX/RP- 1 

Solid 

LOX/LH, 

Solid 

3.05x42.9 1,905' 

1,045.0 3.05x21.5 

440.0 3.05x12.2 

3.05x47.3 14,515 

6,210.0 3.11x27.6 

1,214.5 3.05x24.0 

462.8 3.05x10.0 

3.05x62.2 17,700 

7,000.0 3.11x34.1 14,110' 

1,214.5 3.05x26.4 

462.8 3.05x10.0 

4.3x62.2 - 

7,000.0 3.1 lx34.1 

1,2 14.5/engine 3.05x26.4 

462.5 1.05x10.0 

73.4 4.3x9.0 

7690 3.3x34.3 

23.79~56.14~ 24,900 

11,790.0 (SL) 3.70x45.46 

1,668.7 (SL) 8.41x47.00 (ET) 

23.79~3724~ (orbiter) 

26.7 23.79~37.24~ 

- - 

5.000' - 

6,350" - 

5,760a - 

5,900r 

1988, 

Titan 11 SLV 

[1964, Titan 11 

Gemini] 

1989, 

Titan 111 

[1964, 

Titan IIIA] 

1989, 

Titan IV 

1994, 

Titan IV 

Centaur 

- 1981, 

Columbia 

1,043.0 (SL) 4~39.1 

608.11 1.16x14.7 

66.4 1.25x2.04 

110 qX8.a 

8,292 3,810 6,768 1998R 
I 

I 

i 

i 

I 

I 

I 

i 

I 

APPENDIX D 

(Con tinted) 

U.S. Space Launch Vehicles 

NOTES: 

a. Propellant abbreviations used are as follows: 

A-50 = Aerozine 50 (50% Monomethyl Hydrazine, 

50% Unsymmetrical Dimethyl Hydrazine) 

RP-1 = Rocket Propellant 1 (kerosene) 

Solid = Solid Propellant (any type) 

LH, = Liquid Hydrogen 

LOX = Liquid Oxygen 

MMH = Monomethyl Hydrazine 

N,O, = Nitrogen Tetroxide 

Thrust at vacuum except where indicated at sea level (SL). 

Thrust per engine. Multiply by number of engines for 

thrust per stage. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

Inclination of 28.5" except where indicated. 

Polar launch from Vandenberg AFB, CA. 

f. First successful orbital launch [ditto of initial version]. 

g. First launch was a failure 

i. 

j. 

Applies to Delta 11.1925 version only. 

Two Castor IVA motors ignited at liftoff. Two Castor IVA 

motors ignited at approximately 57 seconds into flight. 

k. With TE-M-364-4 upper stage. 

1. With Transfer Orbit Stage. 

m. With appropriate upper stage 

n. Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters fire in parallel with the 

Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSME), which are mounted on 

the aft end of the Shuttle Orbiter Vehicle and bum fuel, and 

oxidizer from the External Tank. The boosters stage first, with 

SSME's continuing to fire. The External Tank stages next, just 

before the orbiter attains orbit. The Orbiter Maneuvering 

Subsystem is then used to maneuver or change the orbit of the 

Orbiter Vehicle. 

0. 204-km circular orbit. 

p. With Inertial Upper Stage or Transfer Orbit Stage. 

h. Diameter dimension represents vehicle wing span. 

NOTE: Data should not be used for detailed NASA mission planning without concurrence of the 

Director of Space Transportation System Support Programs. 

-1. 
100 

- 

C 

0, 

-0 

.- 

VI 

0, 

L 

0- 

0) 

r 

+ 

L 

0 

4- 

L 

0 

n 

0, 

&i 

aJ 

U 

m 

n 

I/) 

U 

C 

m 

VI 

U 

.- 

.d 

2 

m 

C 

0 

0, 

d 

L 

APPENDIX E- 1 A 

Space Activities of the U.S. Government 

HISTORICAL BUDGET SUMMARY-BUDGET AUTHORITY 

(in millions of real-year dollars) 

NASA NASA Total 

FY Total Spaceb DoD Other‘ DOE DOC Dol USDA NSF’ DOT Space 

1959 

1960 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

TQ* 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

1996 

1997 

1998 

1999 

33 1 

524 

964 

1,825 

3,673 

5,100 

5,250 

5,175 

4,966 

4,587 

3,991 

3,746 

3,311 

3,307 

3,406 

3,03 7 

3,229 

3,550 

932 

3,818 

4,060 

4,596 

5,240 

5,518 

6,044 

6,875 

7,458 

7,573 

7,807 

10,923 

9,062 

10,969 

12,324 

14,016 

14,317 

14,310 

14,570 

13,854 

13,884 

13,709 

13,648 

13,653 

26 1 

462 

926 

1,797 

3,626 

5,016 

5,138 

5,065 

4,830 

4,430 

3,822 

3,547 

3,101 

3,071 

3,093 

2,759 

2,915 

3,225 

849 

3,440 

3,623 

4,030 

4,680 

4,992 

5,528 

6,328 

6,858 

6,925 

7,165 

9,809 

8,322 

10,097 

11,460 

13,046 

13,199 

13,064 

13,022 

12,543 

12,569 

12,457 

12,321 

12,459 

490 

561 

814 

1,298 

1,550 

1,599 

1,574 

1,689 

1,664 

1,922 

2,013 

1,678 

1,512 

1,407 

1,623 

1,766 

1,892 

1,983 

460 

2,412 

2,738 

3,036 

3,848 

4,828 

6,679 

9,019 

10,195 

12,768 

14,126 

16,287 

17,679 

17,906 

15,616 

14,181 

15,023 

14,106 

13,166 

10,644 

11,514 

11,727 

12,359 

13,203 

34 

43 

69 

200 

259 

216 

244 

217 

216 

177 

141 

115 

127 

97 

109 

116 

106 

111 

32 

131 

157 

177 

233 

233 

311 

325 

392 

580 

473 

462 

737 

560 

512 

697 

769 

698 

60 1 

629 

750 

728 

744 

937 

34 

43 

68 

148 

214 

210 

229 

187 

184 

145 

118 

103 

95 

55 

54 

42 

30 

23 

5 

22 

34 

59 

40 

41 

61 

39 

34 

34 

35 

48 

24 1 

97 

79 

251 

223 

165 

74 

60 

46 

35 

63 

102 

51 

43 

3 

12 

27 

29 

28 

20 

8 

27 

31 

40 

60 

64 

72 

22 

91 

103 

98 

93 

87 

145 

178 

236 

423 

309 

278 

352 

301 

243 

25 1 

327 

324 

312 

352 

472 

448 

435 

575 

0.2 

0.2 

1 

2 

6 

10 

9 

8 

10 

3 

10 

10 

10 

12 

12 

12 

5 

3 

2 

2 

8 

14 

17 

31 

29 

34 

33 

31 

31 

36 

42 

43 

59 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

2 

4 

1 

6 

8 

8 

14 

16 

15 

20 

19 

15 

23 

19 

18 

21 

25 

26 

29 

25 

31 

32 

37 

39 

39 

37 

0.1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

74 

77 

78 

83 

100 

106 

104 

108 

111 

116 

125 

131 

145 

139 

140 

141 

147 

152 

152 

158 

785 

1,066 

1,809 

3,295 

5,435 

6,83 1 

6,956 

6,971 

6,710 

6,529 

5,976 

5,340 

4,740 

4,575 

4,825 

4,641 

4,913 

5,319 

1,341 

5,983 

6,518 

7,243 

8,761 

10,053 

12,518 

15,672 

17,445 

20,273 

21,764 

1 26,558 

1 26,738 

3 28,563 

4 27,588 

4 27,924 

4 28,991 

4 27,868 

5 26,789 

6 23,816 

6 24,833 

6 24,912 

6 25,418 

6 26,599 

* Transition Quarter 

a. 

h. 

c. 

NSF has recalculated its space expenditures since 1980, making them significantly higher than reported in previous years. 

lncludes $2.1 billion for replacement of Space Shuttle Ch&nger. 

“Other” column is the total of the non-NASA, non-DoD budget authority figures that appear in succeeding columns. The total is sometimes 

different from the sum of the individual figures hecause of rounding, ne “Total Space” column does not include the “NASA Total” column 

because it includes budget authority for aeronautics as well as in space. For the years 1989-1997, this “Other” column also includes small 

figures for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 

SOURCE: Office of Management and Budget 
APPENDIX E- 1 B 

Space Activities of the U.S. Government 

BUDGET AUTHORITY IN MILLIONS OF EQUIVALENT FY 1999 DOLLARS 

(adjusted for infition) 

Inflation NASA NASA Total 

N Factors Total Space DoD Other DOE DOC Dol USDA NSF DOT Space 

1959 

1960 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

TQ 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

1991 

1992 

1993 

1994 

1995 

1996 

1997 

1998 

1999 

4.7531 

4.6627 

4.6188 

4.5575 

4.5017 

4.4492 

4.3923 

4.3187 

4.1415 

4.0954 

3.9494 

3.7812 

3.5889 

3.4117 

3.2543 

3.1118 

2.9055 

2.6424 

2.4647 

2.3843 

2.2863 

2.1409 

1.9861 

1.8288 

1.6683 

1.5616 

1.4945 

1.4406 

1.3953 

1.3628 

1.3277 

1.2862 

1.2383 

1.1930 

1.1498 

1.1245 

1 .@67 

1.0720 

1.0498 

1.0300 

1.0128 

1 .oooo 

1,573 

2,443 

4,453 

8,317 

16,535 

22,691 

23,060 

22,349 

20,567 

18,786 

15,762 

14,164 

1 1,883 

11,283 

11,084 

9,450 

9,382 

9,380 

2,297 

9,103 

9,283 

9,840 

10,407 

10,092 

10,083 

10,736 

11,146 

10,909 

10,893 

14,886 

12,031 

14,108 

15,261 

16,721 

16,461 

16,091 

15,979 

14,852 

14,576 

14,120 

13,822 

13,653 

1,241 

2,154 

4,277 

8,190 

16,323 

22,317 

22,568 

2 1,874 

20,004 

18,143 

15,095 

13,412 

11,129 

10,477 

10,066 

8,585 

8,470 

8,522 

2,093 

8,202 

8,283 

8,628 

9,295 

9,130 

9,222 

9,882 

10,249 

9,976 

9,997 

13,368 

11,049 

12,987 

14,191 

15,563 

15,176 

14,690 

14,281 

13,446 

13,195 

12,831 

12,478 

12,459 

SOURCE: Office of Management and Budget 

2,329 

2,616 

3,760 

5,916 

6,978 

7,114 

6,9 14 

7,294 

6,892 

7,871 

7,950 

6,345 

5,426 

4,800 

5,282 

5,495 

5,497 

5,240 

1,134 

5,751 

6,260 

6,500 

7,643 

8,830 

11,142 

14,084 

15,236 

18,393 

19,710 

22,196 

23,472 

23,031 

19,337 

16,917 

17,273 

15,862 

14,439 

11,411 

12,088 

12,079 

12,517 

13,203 

162 

201 

319 

912 

1,166 

961 

1,072 

93 7 

895 

726 

558 

435 

456 

331 

355 

361 

308 

293 

79 

312 

359 

379 

463 

426 

519 

508 

586 

836 

660 

630 

978 

720 

634 

83 1 

884 

785 

659 

674 

787 

750 

754 

93 7 

162 

200 

314 

675 

963 

934 

1,006 

808 

762 

594 

466 

389 

341 

188 

176 

131 

87 

61 

12 

52 

78 

126 

79 

75 

102 

61 

51 

49 

49 

65 

320 

125 

98 

299 

256 

186 

81 

64 

48 

36 

64 

102 

232 

194 

13 

53 

117 

120 

115 

79 

30 

97 

106 

130 

187 

186 

190 

54 

217 

235 

210 

185 

159 

242 

278 

353 

609 

43 1 

379 

467 

387 

301 

299 

376 

364 

342 

377 

4% 

46 1 

44 1 

575 

0.8 

0.8 

4 

7 

20 

33 

28 

23 

26 

7 

24 

23 

21 

24 

22 

20 

8 

4 

3 

3 

11 

19 

22 

38 

35 

39 

37 

34 

33 

38 

43 

44 

59 

4 

4 

4 

4 

7 

7 

9 

6 

11 

2 

14 

18 

17 

28 

29 

25 

31 

28 

22 

32 

26 

24 

27 

31 

31 

33 

28 

34 

34 

39 

40 

39 

37 

0.5 

5 

5 

9 

13 

13 

13 

12 

12 

8 

8 

7 

10 

10 

6 

6 

5 

2 

5 

5 

4 

147 

141 

130 

130 

149 

153 

145 

147 

147 

149 

155 

156 

167 

156 

154 

151 

154 

157 

154 

158 

3,731 

4,971 

8,355 

15,017 

24,467 

30,393 

30,553 

30,105 

27,790 

26,740 

23,602 

20,192 

17,011 

15,609 

15,702 

14,442 

14,275 

14,055 

3,305 

14,265 

14,902 

15,507 

17,400 

18,385 

20,884 

24,473 

26,07 1 

29,204 

30,367 

1 36,193 

1 35,499 

4 36,738 

5 34,162 

5 33,312 

5 33,333 

4 31,336 

5 29,379 

6 25,531 

6 26,071 

6 25,569 

6 25,743 

6 26,599 
102 APPENDIX E-2 

4- 

t 

a, 

TI 

.- 

vi 

a, 

L 

0- 

a, 

r - 

L 

0 

Federal Space Activities Budget 

(in millions of dollars by fiscal year) 

Federal Agencies Budget Authority Budget Outlays 

1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999 

actual actual est. actual actual est. 

NASA ............................ Defense ........................... Energy ............................ 

Commerce ......................... Interior ........................... Agriculture ........................ Transportation ...................... NSF .............................. 

SOURCE: Mice of Management and Budget. 

12,457 

11,727 

35 

448 

42 

39 

6 

151 

12,321 

12,359 

97 

435 

42 

39 

6 

152 

12,459 

13,203 

102 

575 

59 

37 

6 

158 

13,055 

1 1,959 

37 

336 

42 

39 

6 

146 

12,866 

12,230 

97 

326 

42 

39 

6 

147 

12,375 

12,453 

103 

43 1 

59 

37 

6 

153 
APPENDIX E-3 

Federal Aeronautics Budget 

(in millions of dollars by fiscal year) 

Federal Agencies Budget Authority Budget Outlays 

1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999 

actual actual est. actual actual est. 

NASA" ........................... 1,252 1,327 1,194 1,302 1,339 1,218 

Defenseb ........................... 6,323 6,184 5,417 6,600 6,318 5,827 

Transportation' ..................... 2,146 2,099 2,271 2,528 2,429 2,369 

a. Research, Development, Construction of Facilities, Research and Program Management 

b. Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation of aircraft and related equipment. 

c. Federal Aviation Administration: Research, Engineering, and Development; Facilities, Engineering, and Development 

SOURCE: Office of Management and Budget. 
GLOSSARY 105 

ACTS 

ADEOS 

ADS-B 

AEAP 

AGATE 

AMOS 

ARS 

AST 

ASTER 

ASTP 

ATLAS 

AVHRR 

AVIRIS 

AVOSS 

AXAF 

B 

Advanced Communications Technology Satellite 

Advanced Earth Observing Satellite 

Automated Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast 

Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project 

Advanced General Aviation Technology Experiment 

Air Force Maui Optical Site 

Agricultural Research Service (USDA) 

Advanced Subsonic Technology (Program) 

Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project 

Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science 

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 

Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 

Advanced Vortex Sensing System 

Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (former name of Chandra X-ray 

Observatory) 

- 

BIA 

Black hole 

Bureau of Indian Affairs (DoI) 

A completely collapsed, massive dead star whose gravitational field is so 

powerful that no radiation can escape from it; because of this property, 

its existence must be inferred rather than recorded from radiation 

emissions 

BXA Bureau of Export Administration (DOC) 

C 

CEOS 

CIS Commonwealth of Independent States 

CITEL Commission on Inter-American Telecommunications 

CME Coronal Mass Ejections 

CNES 

COPUOS 

Corona 

Committee on Earth Observation Satellites 

Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (France) 

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (United Nations) 

The outer atmosphere of the Sun, extending about a million miles above 

the surface 

CORS Continuously Operating Reference Station 

Cosmic rays Not forms of energy, such as x-rays or gamma rays, but particles of 

COSPAR Committee on Space Research 

CrIS Cross-track Infrared Sounder 

CRISTASPAS Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite 

csc Commercial Space Center 

csoc Consolidated Space Operations Contract 

CT Computerized tomography 

CUE Collaborative Ukrainian Experiment 

matter 

Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the 
I 

c 

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a, 

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a, 

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I 

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W 

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m 

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-0 

C 

m 

VI 

U 

.- - 

3 

m 

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0 

L 

a, 

< 

D 

DAAC Distributed Active Archive Center 

DARWIN 

DMSP 

DOC 

DoD 

DOE 

Do1 

DoS 

DOT 

DSN 

DSP 

Design Assessment of Reliability With Inspection 

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-DoD’s polar-orbiting weather 

satellite system 

Department of Commerce 

Department of Defense 

Department of Energy 

Department of the Interior 

Department of State 

Department of Transportation 

Deep Space Network 

Defense Support Program 

~~ 

EELV 

EHF 

El Niiio 

EOS 

EPA 

EPIC 

ERAST 

EROS 

ERS 

ESE 

ESA 

ET 

ETM+ 

EUV 

EVA 

F 

~ 

Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (program) 

Extremely high frequency 

A warm inshore current annually flowing south along the coast of 

Ecuador around the end of December and extending about every 7 to 

10 years down the coast of Peru 

Earth Observing System-a series of satellites, part of NASA’s Earth 

Science Enterprise, being designed for launch at the end of the 1990’s to 

gather data on global change 

Environmental Protection Agency 

Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center (EPA) 

Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (project) 

Earth Resources Observation System (USGS) 

European Remote-Sensing Satellite 

Earth Science Enterprise 

European Space Agency 

External Tank 

Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus (Landsat instrument) 

Extreme ultraviolet 

Extravehicular activity 

FAA Federal Aviation Administration 

FACE 

FAR Federal Acquisition Regulation 

FAS Foreign Agricultural Service (USDA) 

FCC Federal Communications Commission 

FGB 

Flybylight The use of light signals to connect the pilot’s control devices with the 

Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment 

Functional Cargo Block (Russian acronym) 

aircraft control surfaces; or the use of light (fiber optic) control connections with no mechanical backup linkages and providing the pilot direct 

control of aircraft motion rather than control surface position 

the aircraft control surfaces; or the use of electrical control connections 

i 

Flybywire The use of electrical signals to connect the pilot’s control devices with 
Free tlight 

FSA 

FSS 

FWS 

FY 

c 

with no mechanical backup linkages and providing the pilot direct control of aircraft motion rather than control surface position 

A concept being developed by the FAA and the aviation community in 

which pilots could ultimately choose their own routes, speeds, and altitudes in flight, thus improving safety, while saving fuel, time, and natural resources. 

Farm Service Agency (USDA) 

Fixed Satellite Service 

(U.S.) Fish and Wildlife Service (DoI) 

Fiscal year 

Gamma rays The shortest of electromagnetic radiations, emitted by some radioactive 

GDIN Global Disaster Information Network 

Geostationary 

Geosynchronous geostationary 

GIS Geographic Information System 

GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 

GOIN Global Observation Information Network 

GPS Global Positioning System 

substances 

Traveling around the Earth’s equator at an altitude of at least 

35,000 kilometers and at a speed matching that of the Earth’s rotation, thereby maintaining a constant relation to points on the Earth 

H ~~ 

Heliosphere The region of the Sun’s influence, including the Sun and the interplanetary medium 

HST Hubble Space Telescope 

Hypersonic Faster than Mach 4; faster than “high speed” 

Hyper- An instrument capability using many very narrow spectral frespectral quency bands (300 or more), enabling a satellite-based passive 

sensor to discriminate specific features or phenomena on the body 

being observed (such as Earth) 

I 

ICM Interim Control Module 

IGEB International GPS Executive Board 

JGOS Integrated Global Observing Strategy 

IGS 

INM Integrated Noise Model 

INMARSAT International Mobile Satellite Organization 

International GPS Service for Geodynamics 

InSAR 

INSAT 

Integrated 

modular 

avionics 

INTELS AT 

Interferometry 

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar 

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite 

Aircraft-unique avionics cabinet that replace multiple black 

boxes with shared common equipment and generic software 

International Telecommunications Satellite Organization 

The production and measurement of interference from two or more 

coherent wave trains emitted from the same source 

107 

A 

W 

W 

W 

I 
~ 108 Internet 

Ionosphere 

IPO 

IS0 

ISS 

ITA 

ITU 

An international computer network that began about 1970 as the NSF 

Net; very slowly it became a collection of more than 40,000 independently managed computer networks worldwide that have adopted common 

protocols to permit the exchange of electronic information 

That region of Earth’s atmosphere so named because of the presence of 

ionized atoms in layers that reflect radio waves and short-wave transmissions 

Integrated Program Office 

International Organization for Standardization 

International Space Station 

International Trade Administration (DOC) 

International Telecommunications Union 

J 

JEM Japanese Experimental Module 

JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA) 

K 

K-band 

Ka-band 

KSC Kennedy Space Center 

Ku-band 

Radio frequencies in the 20-gigahertz range 

Radio frequencies in the 30-gigahertz range 

Radio frequencies in the 1 I-12-gigahertz range 

1 

Landsat 

Laser 

LDEF 

LEO 

LH2 

LIDAR 

LOX 

LVIS 

M 

Land [remote sensing] Satellit- series of satellites designed to collect 

information about Earth’s natural resources 

Light amplified by simulated emission of radiation- device that produces an intense beam of light that may be strong enough to vaporize 

the hardest and most heat-resistant materials, first constructed in 1960 

Long-Duration Exposure Facility 

Low-Earth Orbit-100 to 350 nautical miles above Earth 

Liquid Hydrogen 

Light Intersection Direction and Ranging 

Liquid Oxygen 

Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor 

Mach 

Magnetosphere 

MCC*H 

MCC*M 

MCO 

A relative number named after Austrian physicist Ernst Mach 

(1838-1916) and indicating speed with respect to that of sound in a 

given medium; in dry air at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and at sea level, for 

example, Mach l=approximately 74 1 miles per hour (1,192 kilometers 

per hour) 

The region of Earth’s atmosphere in which ionized gas plays an 

important role in the atmospheric dynamics and where, consequently, the geomagnetic field also exerts an important influence; 

other magnetic planets, such as Jupiter, have magnetospheres that 

are similar in many respects to Earth’s 

Mission Control Center-Houston 

Mission Control Center-Moscow 

Mars Climate Orbiter 
I 

i 

MHz 

MilSatCom 

MISR 

MMH 

MMS 

MODIS 

MPL 

MPLM 

N 

NAPP 

NAS 

NASA 

NASDA 

NASM 

NASS 

NATO 

NAWQA 

NCAP 

NDGPS 

NDOP 

NESDIS 

Neutron 

star 

NEXRAD 

NGS 

NGSO 

NIST 

NOAA 

Nominal 

NOx 

NPOESS 

NPP 

NPS 

NRA 

NRCS 

NRO 

NSC 

NSF 

NTIA 

NWRC 

Megahertz 

Military Satellite Communications 

Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer 

Monomethyl Hydrazine 

Minerals Management Service (DoI) 

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer 

Mars Polar Lander 

Multi-Purpose Logistics Module 

National Aerial Photography Program 

National Airspace System (FAA) 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

National Space Development Agency (of Japan) 

National Air and Space Museum 

National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA) 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

National Water Quality Assessment 

National Civil Applications Program (USGS) 

Nationwide Differential GPS 

National Digital Orthoquad Program 

National Environmental Satellite, Data and Information Service 

(NOAA) 

Any of a class of extremely dense, compact stars thought to be composed primarily of neutrons; see pulsar 

Next Generation Weather Radar 

National Geodetic Survey 

Nongeostationary satellite 

National Institute of Standards and Technology (DOC) 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (DOC); also the designation of that administration’s Sun-synchronous satellites in polar 

orbit 

Functioning as designed 

Oxides of nitrogen 

National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System 

NPOESS Preparatory Project 

National Park Service (DoI) 

NASA Research Announcement 

National Resources Conservation Service (USDA) 

National Reconnaissance Office (DoD) 

National Security Council 

National Science Foundation 

National Telecommunications and Information Administration (DOC)- 

the Federal Government’s radio spectrum manager, which coordinates 

the use of LEO satellite networks, such as those for Landsat, Navstar 

GPS, the Space Shuttle, and the Television and Infrared Operational 

Satellite (TIROS), with other countries of the world 

Northwest Watershed Research Center (ARS) 

109 
110 + 

C 

W 

U 

.- 

YI 

W 

L 

0- 

W 

L - 

L 

0 

L 

L 

0 

Q 

aJ 

rL 

aJ 

U 

m 

P 

m 

U 

C 

m 

UI 

U 

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L 

3 

m 

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0 

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W 

L 

0- 

W 

L - 

L 

0 

L 

L 

0 

Q 

aJ 

rL 

aJ 

U 

m 

P 

m 

U 

C 

m 

UI 

U 

._ 

L 

3 

m 

C 

0 

L 

W 

d 

OAST 

ODERACS 

OLMSA 

OMPS 

Order of 

magnitude 

ORFEUSSPAS 

OSMRE 

oss 

OSTA 

OSTP 

P 

Office of Aerospace and Space Technology (former NASA office) 

Orbital Debris Radar Calibration Spheres 

Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications (NASA) 

Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite 

An amount equal to 10 times a given value; thus if some 

quantity was 10 times as great as another quantity, it would 

be an order of magnitude greater; if 100 times as great, it 

would be larger by two orders of magnitude 

Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet SpectrographShuttle Pallet Satellite 

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (DoI) 

Office of Space Science (NASA) 

Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications (former NASA office) 

Office of Science and Technology Policy 

PAMS+STu 

PARCS 

Pathfinder 

PCB 

PEACESAT 

PECAD 

Photogrammetry 

PMA 

POES 

PPS 

PRA 

Pulsar 

Passive Aerodynamically Stabilized Magnetically Damped SatelliteSatellite Test Unit 

Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space 

A program that focuses on the processing, reprocessing, maintaining, 

archiving, and distributing existing Earth science data sets to make 

them more useful to researchers; NASA, NOAA, and USGS are 

involved in specific Pathfinder efforts 

Polychlorinated biphenyl 

Pan-Pacific Education and Communications Experiment by Satellite 

Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division (FAS) 

The science or art of obtaining reliable measurements by means of 

photography 

Pressurized Mating Adapter 

Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (program) 

Precise Positioning Service 

Probabilistic risk assessment 

A pulsating radio star, which is thought to be a rapidly spinning neutron 

star; the latter is formed when the core of a violently exploding star, 

called a supernova, collapses inward and becomes compressed together; 

pulsars emit extremely regular pulses of radio waves 

Q 

Quasar A class of rare cosmic objects of extreme luminosity and strong radio 

emission; many investigators attribute their high-energy generation to 

gas spiraling at high velocity into a massive black hole 

QuikSCAT Quick Scatterometer 

R 

RADARSAT Canadian Radar Satellite 

Ramjet A jet engine with no mechanical compressor, consisting of specially 

shaped tubes or ducts open at both ends, along with the air necessary for 
combustion being shoved into the duct and compressed by the forward 

motion of the engine 

RFID Radio Frequency Identification 

RLV Reusable launch vehicle 

RPA Remotely Piloted Aircraft 

RSA Russian Space Agency 

RSML Remote Sensing and Modeling Laboratory (ARS) 

1 

~~ 

SAMRSS 

SA0 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 

SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar 

SBIRS Space Based Infrared System 

SBS Satellite Business Systems 

Shafter Airborne Multispectral Remote Sensing System 

Supersonic-combustion ramjet 

Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor 

Spacelab Life Sciences 

Safety and Mission Assurance 

Student Nitric Oxide Experiment 

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy 

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory 

A stream of particles accelerated by the heat of the solar corona (outer 

region of the Sun) to velocities great enough to permit them to escape 

from the Sun’s gravitational field 

Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy 

Satellite Pour l’observation de la Terre (French satellite for the observation of Earth) 

SPACEHAB Commercial module for housing Shuttle experiments 

Spartan 

SPOT 

SRB Solid Rocket Booster 

SRM Solid Rocket Motor 

SRMU Solid Rocket Motor Upgrade 

SSBUV Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet 

sscc Space Station Control Center 

SSCE Solid Surface Combustion Experiment 

SSME Space Shuttle Main Engine 

SSMn Special Sensor Microwave Imager 

SSRMS 

SSTF Space Station Training Facility 

SSTI Small Satellite Technology Initiative 

START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty 

STS Space Transportation System 

SWAS Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite 

Space Station Remote Manipulator System 

It,, T 

121 

d 

a 

a 

ro 

TA Technology Administration (DOC) 

TATP Triacetone triperoxide (terrorist explosive) 

TDRS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite 
~ 112 TERRIERS Tomographic Experiment using Radiative Recombinative Ionospheric 

EUV and Radio Sources 

TOMS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer 

TOPEX Ocean Topography Experiment 

TRACE 

TRACON 

TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 

Transition Region and Coronal Explorer 

Terminal Radar Approach Control (system) 

U 

UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite 

UHF Ultrahigh frequency-any frequency between 300 and 3,000 megacydes per second 

Outer Space 

UNISPACE United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of 

URET User Request Evaluation Tool 

us. United States 

USAID 

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture 

U.S. Agency for International Development 

USGS U.S. Geological Survey (DoI) 

USML U.S. Microgravity Laboratory 

USMP U.S. Microgravity Payload 

USSR 

USWCL 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 

U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory (ARS) 

VCL Vegetation Canopy Lidar 

VHF Very high frequency-any radio frequency between 30 and 300 megacycles per second 

VLBA Very Large Baseline Array 

VLSA Very Large Scale Aerial 

W 

WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System 

Wind shear Variation of wind speed and wind direction with respect to a horizontal 

or vertical plane; powerful but invisible downdrafts called microbursts 

focus intense amounts of vertical energy in a narrow funnel that can 

force an aircraft to the ground nose first if the aircraft is caught underneath 

WIRE Wide-field Infrared Explorer 

WRC World Radiocommunication Conference 

WSDDM 

WSF Wake Shield Facility 

Weather Support to Deicing Decision Making 

x-Y-z .--__ ~ .~ _- 

x-rays Radiations of very short wavelengths, beyond the ultraviolet in the 

spectrum 

XRSIM X-ray simulation software