This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A13-2244

In re the Marriage of: Christina Lynn Clark, petitioner,

Respondent,

vs.

Shon Raymond Clark,

Appellant.

Filed July 21, 2014

Affirmed

Reyes, Judge

Sherburne County District Court

File No. 71FA10341

Diane B. Bratvold, Elise L. Larson, Briggs and Morgan, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota; 

and

Kelly A. Boyd, Bolt & Hoffer Law Firm, Coon Rapids, Minnesota (for respondent)

Michael D. Dittberner, Linder, Dittberner, Bryant & Winter, Ltd., Edina, Minnesota (for 

appellant)

Considered and decided by Hooten, Presiding Judge; Smith, Judge; and 

Reyes, Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

REYES, Judge

In this appeal from the district court’s grant of respondent-mother’s motion to 

move the parties’ children to Georgia, appellant-father argues that the district court erred 
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by basing its decision on the Auge presumption and misapplying the relevant statute. We 

affirm.

FACTS

Appellant-father Shon Raymond Clark and respondent-mother Christina Lynn 

Clark married in February 2004. They have two children: a daughter born in 2006 and a 

son born in 2010. In 2010, mother obtained an ex parte order for protection after father

allegedly bit her on the arm during an argument and disciplined daughter by hitting her 

on the head. Mother commenced marital-dissolution proceedings shortly thereafter, and 

the marriage was dissolved in January 2011. Daughter was later diagnosed with related 

post-traumatic stress disorder. The dissolution decree granted mother and father joint 

legal custody of the children but gave sole physical custody to mother. The decree

included a residency restriction prohibiting either party from moving the children out of 

Minnesota without the other party’s written consent or a court order.

After the dissolution, the parties began receiving services from a parenting 

consultant who recommended that father and daughter participate in reunification 

therapy. For seven months, mother resisted reunification efforts by rejecting the

therapists proposed by the parenting consultant. But mother eventually selected a 

reunification therapist and father and daughter started reunification therapy in October 

2011. Father also met with a parenting coach and received counseling for anger 

management and gaming addiction. Meanwhile, daughter’s therapist expressed concern 

that mother was trying to sabotage father’s relationship with the children, especially 

daughter. Father started unsupervised parenting time with both children in December 
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2011; several of the therapists involved noted that father’s relationships with the children 

improved as his parenting time increased. 

In March 2012, mother began a romantic relationship with a man who lives in 

Georgia. Mother visited him several times during the following months, taking the 

children with her on two occasions. In May, mother asked father for permission to move 

the children to Georgia, stating that her employer was training her for a position there and 

that she might lose her job if she did not relocate. She also told the parenting consultant 

about the proposed move, representing it as an employment opportunity and falsely 

stating that daughter’s therapist was in favor of it. She did not disclose her romantic 

relationship to father or the parenting consultant. In June, father informed mother that he 

would not consent to her request to move the children to Georgia, and mother told father

and the reunification therapist that her employer was requiring her to move to Georgia. 

In fact, mother’s employer had put her on a performance-improvement plan. Mother’s 

employer terminated her employment later in June, but mother concealed her job loss for 

several months. Mother married the man in Georgia in September 2012 but concealed 

the marriage from father until April 2013, when she moved for a court order granting her 

permission to move the children. 

At the hearing on her removal motion, mother asserted that she would have better 

employment opportunities in Georgia, that the cost of living is lower there, and that the 

children would attend better schools. She proposed several concessions, including

increased parenting time for father during school breaks and weekend visits in Georgia, 

reduction of father’s child-support obligation to offset travel expenses, and reduction of 
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her childcare costs to reflect lower costs in Georgia. Father opposed the motion, arguing 

it would have a detrimental impact on his relationships with the children, that mother

would use the move to inhibit those relationships, and that the children have better 

educational opportunities in Minnesota. 

In October 2013, the district court granted mother’s motion to change the 

children’s residence. While noting concerns about mother’s dishonesty and the 

difficulties facing father in his efforts to maintain his relationships with the children, the 

district court also noted that mother had recently cooperated with father’s parenting-time 

schedule and decided that mother had succeeded in showing that the move would be in 

the children’s best interests. The district court stayed implementation of its order pending 

appeal. 

D E C I S I O N

“Appellate review of custody modifications and removal cases is limited to 

considering whether the [district] court abused its discretion by making findings 

unsupported by the evidence or by improperly applying the law.” Goldman v. 

Greenwood, 748 N.W.2d 279, 284 (Minn. 2008) (quotations omitted). We “set aside a 

district court’s findings of fact only if clearly erroneous, giving deference to the district 

court’s opportunity to evaluate witness credibility.” Id. (citation omitted). “Findings of 

fact are clearly erroneous where an appellate court is left with the definite and firm 

conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. (quotations omitted).
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I.

Father argues that the district court erred by basing its decision on the outdated 

Auge presumption. The presumption provided that a sole physical custodian’s motion to 

remove a child to another state should be granted unless the opposing party establishes,

by a preponderance of the evidence, that the move is not in the child’s best interest. Auge 

v. Auge, 334 N.W.2d 393, 399 (Minn. 1983). In 2006, the legislature eliminated the Auge 

presumption by amending Minn. Stat. § 518.175, subd. 3. 2006 Minn. Laws ch. 280, 

§ 13, at 1110–11. In its amended form, the statute places the burden of proof on the 

moving party unless the court finds that the moving party has been the victim of domestic 

abuse at the hands of the opposing party.1 Minn. Stat. § 518.175, subd. 3(c) (2012). The 

statute also provides that courts considering removal motions “shall apply a best interests

standard,” and provides a non-exclusive list of eight best-interests factors. Id., subd. 3(b). 

Father highlights three passages from the district court’s order in which the court, 

he argues, used language that “gives unwarranted vitality to the Auge presumption” by 

“ignor[ing] the intent of the 2006 amendments.” A full reading of the district court’s 

memorandum reveals a different picture. The memorandum begins with an express 

acknowledgment of the applicable statute and the best-interests analysis it requires, and

later uses the referenced language within a thorough, six-page analysis of the statutory 

best-interests factors. The court concluded its analysis by stating that “[u]pon 

consideration of the statutory factors, [mother] has demonstrated that the proposed 

 

1 Although an order for protection had been issued in 2010, mother did not claim that she 

was a victim of domestic abuse for purposes of her removal motion.
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move . . . is in the children’s best interests.” Thus the district court correctly placed the 

burden of proof on mother as the moving party and not on father as the opposing party. 

Additionally, the district court correctly based its decision on a detailed, fact-specific 

analysis of the best-interests factors, as required by the statute.

Because the district court completed a thorough, detailed, fact-specific analysis of 

the statutory best-interests factors, and put the burden of proof on mother as the moving 

party, we conclude that the district court did not base its decision on the Auge 

presumption. Instead, it properly rooted its decision in the process required by the 

applicable statute.

II.

Father also argues that the district court erred by improperly applying the law, 

taking issue with the district court’s analysis of the statutory best-interests factors. 

District courts applying best-interests factors are entitled to broad discretion, and the law 

“leaves scant if any room for an appellate court to question the [district] court’s balancing 

of best-interests considerations.” Vangsness v. Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d 468, 477 (Minn. 

App. 2000). We view the record in the light most favorable to the district court’s findings 

and defer to the district court’s credibility determinations. Id. at 472. 

As noted above, the district court analyzed the statutory best-interest factors in 

detail. It expressed serious reservations about the conduct of both parents. The court

characterized father’s relationship with the children as “difficult” but noted that father

had “worked hard to rehabilitate his relationship” with them. The court expressed 

concern about the children’s separation from father, but noted that the parenting-time 
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schedule mother proposed gives father significantly more parenting time than he 

previously enjoyed. The court looked poorly on mother’s attempts to block reunification

therapy and observed that mother had “done little to promote [father’s] relationship with 

the children.” The court also detailed mother’s dishonest and manipulative conduct, but 

noted that she had “recently cooperated with [father’s] parenting time schedule.” These 

findings are not clearly erroneous. 

Read as a whole, the court’s analysis of the best-interest factors shows that none 

was resoundingly in favor of either party, some favored neither, and some marginally 

favored one or the other. The tone of the opinion suggests that the district court had 

substantial difficulty reaching its decision and was deeply concerned about what it called 

“the stark reality of these children’s lives.” Yet, the district court decided mother had 

demonstrated that the move was in the children’s best interests. That decision was not an 

abuse of discretion. We conclude that the district court, in a very difficult case, properly 

applied the law and acted within its discretion. 

Affirmed.