NASA SP-4016 

ASTRONAUTICS AND 

AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy 

Text by 

Science and Technology Division 

Library of Congress 

Sponsored by 

NASA Historical Office 

Scientific and Technical Information Ofice 1972 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents 

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 

Price (paper cover) $3.80 

Stock Number 3300-00483 

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 6S-60308 
Foreword 

This volume is the eleventh in NASA’s series of annual chronologies of 

astronautics and aeronautics. The intent is to provide a preliminary historical reference which at least identifies, orders, and offers partial documentation for key events of the year. 

One of the curious aspects of these chronology volumes is that the very 

process of documenting NASA’s portion of them reveals not only continuities 

but also distinctive patterns in the unfolding events. Each year has seemed 

to emerge with characteristics of its own. The year 1971 was no exception. 

As NASA’s record unfolds in these pages, it can clearly be seen as a transitional or bridging year. On the one hand many on-going programs demonstrated their value in solid accomplishments: Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 

brought manned lunar scientific exploration to dramatic maturity ; Mariner 9 

went into orbit around Mars after its 400-million-kilometer journey and 

began its extensive photography of that fascinating nearby planet; OS0 7 

discovered “polar caps” on the sun; in aeronautics jet aircraft equipped 

with the experimental supercritical wing made 27 successful research flights 

and the quiet jet engine program was successful in its initial tests. 

On the other hand, the shape of the next decade of the space program 

took much firmer shape. It became clear that after a decade in which the 

moon was the major focus of the U.S. space program, the next ten years 

would emphasize earth-orbital programs geared to intensive study of our 

homeland in the cosmos, the planet Earth. In manned spaceflight, even as 

the final preparations were underway for the final two Apollo lunar missions, all flight systems for Skylab were in final manufacturing stages or in 

checkout; another year’s intensive study by NASA and industry had refined 

and hardened the design of the space shuttle to the point that we could ask 

Administration approval to proceed, confident that a reusable, cost-effective 

space transportation system could be built. 

In unmanned space programs, the first Earth Resources Technology 

Satellite was readied for its launch in 1972, while aircraft flights were testing its remote sensing devices. In aeronautics, the joint Department of 

Transportation-NASA study of national civil aviation R&D requirements led 

to the contract for design of the experimental STOL transport aircraft. 

Administratively, the quintupling of funds for space technology transfer to 

the civilian economy and the establishment of the NASA Office of Applications were other indications of the increased priority for practical benefits 

from space research. While all of the foregoing was accomplished within 

the constraints of the lowest space budget since 1962, congressional approval of an FY 1972 budget that was slightly larger ended the trend of 

progressively smaller space budgets that had begun in 1967. This was taken 

in NASA as endorsement for the new stable realignment of the space program 

toward the needs of man on earth for the decade ahead. 

I commend to you, in the pages that follow, 1971, the year of transition. 

October 31, 1972 

James C. Fletcher 

Administrator 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

iii 

Contents 

Foreword ............................................... 

Illustrations ............................................. 

Preface ................................................. January ................................................ 

February ................................................ March .................................................. 

April ................................................... 

May .................................................... 

July .................................................... 

August .................................................. 

September ............................................... October ................................................. 

November ............................................... 

December ............................................... 

NASA Administrator James C . Fletcher 

June .................................................... 

Summary ............................................... 

Appendix A: Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights, 

a Chronicle for 1971 .................................... 

Appendix B: Chronology of Major NASA Launches, 1971 ........ 

Appendix C: Chronology of Manned Space Flight, 1971 ......... 

Appendix D : Abbreviations of References .................... 

Index and List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ................ 

PAGE 

iii 

vii 

ix 

1 

35 

59 

93 

119 

151 

185 

215 

245 

275 

305 

337 

365 

371 

407 

411 

415 

419 

V 

AGE M 

Illustrations 

NOT FIL 

Dr. George M. Low and Dr. Wernher von Braun watch Apollo 14 

launch activities in Firing Room 2 ........................ 

Saturn V propels Apollo 14 toward the moon ................. 

The modularized equipment transporter leaves tracks across the 

lunar surface ........................................... 

Scientists examine a seismic reading of the S-IVB impact on the 

moon ................................................. 

Apolb 14 astronauts relax in the recovery raft after splashdown. .. 

Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb congratulates test pilot Thomas McMurtry 

after the first flight of the supercritical wing on the TF-8A ...... 

Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin and U.S.S.R. Premier Nikita 

Khrushchev respond to crowds celebrating the first manned space 

flight-10 years ago .................................... 

Dr. James C. Fletcher is sworn in as NASA Administrator by Judge 

James A. Belson as President Nixon, Mrs. Fletcher, and Dr. 

George M. Low watch ................................... 

Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., the first American in space, stands 

by the plaque marking Launch Complex 5/6 in ceremonies 10 

years after the Freedom 7 flight .......................... 

President Kennedy-May 25, 1961-urges Congress to commit the 

United States to landing a man on the moon ................. 

The Mariner 9 spacecraft and its flight path to Mars ............ 

Interior of the U.S.S.R.’s SaZyut 1 ............................ 

Lee Scherer, Director of NASA’s Apollo Lunar Exploration Office, 

exchanges lunar samples with Soviet Academy of Sciences President Aleksander P. Vinogradov ............................ 

President Nixon and Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin 

are briefed on the Corn Blight Watch Experiment ............ 

Apollo 15 prelaunch activities : NASA Administrator James C. 

Fletcher talks with NASC Executive Secretary William A. Anders, 

L/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), and NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning Wernher von Braun ................. 

The lunar roving vehicle Rover on the moon near Hadley Rille, with 

Astronaut David R. Scott ................................. 

Astronaut James 3. Irwin scoops a trench in the lunar sur€ace .... 

The Apolb 15 command and service modules with the SIM bay orbit 

the moon .............................................. 

PAGE 

26 

26 

28 

28 

31 

66 

100 

114 

123 

143 

149 

155 

159 

169 

202 

204 

205 

206 

vii 
Apollo 15 CM splashes down on two parachutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NASA’s experimental, quieter jet aircraft engine is checked out just 

before noise tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The “Genesis rock” collected on the moon by the Ap0110 15 mission 

A white light coronagraph of solar streamers with inset of the Os0 7 

Orbiting Solar Observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . Interior of the 1-g training model of Skylab’s Orbital Workshop. . Mariner 9 photo of a sinuous rille on the surface of Mars . . . . . . . . 

One of man’s first closeup photos of the Martian moon Phobos . . . . Nix Olympica, gigantic volcanic mountain on Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

The descent apparatus of the U.S.S.R.’s Mars 3, which landed a 

capsule on the surface of Mars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Graph-US.-U.S.S.R. Space Activity, 1957-1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table-Summary of Soviet and United States Payloads by Mission 

Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

PAGE 

208 

24J 

258 

270 

285 

316 

317 

317 

338 

366 

367 

viii 
Preface 

A chronicle is not a history explaining “whys” and “wherefores” in 

refined literary form. But a reference of immediate usefulness is provided 

by a chronology attempting to be comprehensive, with documentation to 

available sources. Astronautics and Aeronautics for 1971, the eleventh 

annual volume so compiled, also helps give future historians a running 

start on events in aerospace science and technology gleaned from the vast 

contemporary literature. More detailed chronology will be derived from 

historical research in the primary document sources as well as from oral 

interviews concerning pivotal events not necessarily committed to paper 

form. This volume is thus but a first step in the historical process. 

One of the intrinsic features of this annual chronology is the inclusion 

of policy statements, some commentary on the impact of technology and 

social concerns, and biographical notes which amplify the central story of 

hardware, programs, and science activities. It covers worldwide aerospace 

events. As with earlier volumes the reader is advised to make use of the 

detailed index for subjects of particular interest. It has been somewhat 

surprising that a few readers find it of value to read through the entire 

volume. A concise chronology does not seek high literary marks other 

than brevity, accuracy, and source citation to assist additional research. 

General editor of this volume was the Deputy NASA Historian, Frank W. 

Anderson, Jr., and the technical editor was Mrs. Carrie E. Karegeannes. 

The entire NASA Historical Office participated in source selection, review, 

and publication. Archivist Lee D. Saegesser collects current documentation. 

The Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress, under 

an exchange of funds agreement, drafts monthly segments in comment 

edition form, which are circulated for corrections and use. At the Library 

Mrs. Patricia D. Davis, Mrs. Carmen B. Brock-Smith, and Mrs. Shirley M. 

Singleton carry principal responsibility. At the end of the year, the entire 

manuscript is reworked to include comments received and recent additional 

information. Arthur G. Renstrom of the Library of Congress prepared the 

extensive index, which is indispensable to the usefulness of a chronology. 

The index serves also as a glossary of abbreviations and acronyms used 

in the chronology. 

Appendix A, “Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights, 1971,” 

Appendix B, “Chronology of Major NASA Launches, 1971,” and Appendix C, 

“Chronology of Manned Space Flight, 1971,” were prepared by Leonard 

C. Bruno of the Library staff. Appendix D, “Abbreviations of References,” 

was prepared by Mrs. Brock-Smith. 

Without the validation throughout NASA and other Federal agencies, the 

content of this volume would be less reliable and less nearly complete. 

Comments, additions, and criticisms are always welcomed by the NASA 

Historical 05ce. 

Eugene M. Emme 

NASA Historian 

ix 
January 1971 

January I: Discovery of galaxies Maffei 1 and Maffei 2 about 3 million 

light years from earth was reported in Astrophysical Journal by team 

of Univ. of California at Berkeley, Cal Tech, and Carnegie Institution 

astronomers headed by Robert Landau of Univ. of California at 

Berkeley. Galaxies previously had been obscured by interstellar dust 

in Milky Way. Team had begun study after Landau read 1968 report 

of Italian astronomer Paolo Maffei that two strange objects had been 

observed on infrared photo Maffei made of region between constellations Perseus and Cassiopeia. Using Mount Palomar and Lick Observatory telescopes and advanced astronomical tools and research techniques, team had located galaxies twice as far from earth as Andromeda, 

nearest galaxy to Milky Way. Team believed brighter of new galaxies 

might be larger than either Milky Way or Andromeda and thus possibly largest member of local group of galaxies, measuring 50000 to 

100 000 light years in diameter. (Astrophysical Journal, 1/1/71, 

L25-31) 

9 Washington Post editorial commented on “verbal violence” at Dec. 26-31, 

1970, AAAS convention in Chicago: “It should not be beyond the power 

of scientists to restore reason to its normal throne at their conventions. 

They had better set about doing so without further paltering or delayby calling in the police if necessary to eject disrupters and impose 

order. It is a scientific fact, we beIieve, that only a single speaker can 

be heard at a particular time in a particular place. Those who want 

to hear him should be free to do so; those who do not should be free 

to go away. This is not alone the basis of science; it is also the 

essence of freedom.” (W Post, 1/1/71, A18) 

January 2: GAO sent report to Congress that North American Rockwell 

Corp. stood to receive extra $1.5 million for beating target costs on 

NASA contract to develop F-1 rocket while, actually, target cost had 

been overstated originally by $5 million. NR had not used most current cost data available. GAO recommended that NASA seek adjustment 

in lees to NR and ensure that cost estimates in existing and future 

contracts were based on accurate, complete data. Report included NR 

statement of disagreement with findings and recommendations. (Beckler, W Post, 1/3/71, A8) 

USAF long-range planners were advocating DOD development of pilotIess 

combat aircraft, Business Week reported. DOD had consulted USAF, 

USN, and NASA about operational robots and had talked with RAND 

Corp., Aerospace Corp., and Mitre Corp. Ryan Aeronautical Div. of 

Teledyne, Inc., Boeing Co., Northrop Corp., and Cessna Aircraft Co. 

also had given DOD their views. Experts felt existing technology used 

in unmanned spy aircraft made pilotless combat aircraft possible. DOD 

had approved experimental hardware and flight tests. (Bus Wk, 1/2/71) 

1 
January 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

January 4: NASA was looking at air bases in the Carolinas, south Florida, 

and the Bahamas as possible landing site for space shuttle rocket 

launched from KSC, UPI said in Philadelphia Inquirer. NASA engineers 

also were considering refueling shuttle booster’s 1st stage in flight 

so that it could return to launch site for landing, like aircraft. (P Znq, 

1/4/71 ) 

* Discovery of cloud of hydrogen gas 80 billion km (50 billion mi) long 

and traveling through space at 210 000 km per hr (130 000 mph) in 

different direction and at 60” angle from solar system was reported 

in Washington Post. In interview Dr. Gary Thomas, head of Univ. of 

Colorado team of astronomers that discovered cloud, had said it would 

take cloud at least 50 yrs to pass by solar system and could take 

forever. “For all we know . . . it’s been there forever.” Cloud was 

discovered first by Ogo 5 in September 1969 and later confirmed by 

same satellite three times. (O’Toole, W Post, 1/4/71, All) 

New York Assemblyman Andrew J. Stein told Washington, D.C., press 

conference he had 76 cosponsors for bill which would ban supersonic 

transports from operating at New York‘s John F. Kennedy International Airport. Bill, if passed, would make it illegal to operate any 

aircraft producing noise at levels above that of existing subsonic jets. 

(Sehlstedt, B Sun, 1/5/71, A6) 

January 5: Mayor Carl B. Stokes of Cleveland, Ohio, and LeRC Director 

Bruce T. Lundin announced that LeRC would assist Cleveland’s Div. 

of Air Pollution Control by identifying and cataloging trace elements 

and compounds in air, determining their concentrations, and finding 

trends or patterns related to weather, season, and geographical area. 

(LeRC Release 71-1) 

Oklahoma Governor Dewey H. Bartlett told state legislature in Oklahoma 

City there was good possibility that Oklahoma could become launch 

site for NASA space shuttle. “Based on the launch azimuth and the 

orbital inclinations . . . Oklahoma provides both a desirable launch 

and recovery location.” (Daily Oklahoman, 1/6/71, 1) 

January 6: NASA announced award of $$-million, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract modification to Ball Brothers Research Corp., Inc., for changes 

in OSO-H Orbiting Solar Observatory to increase experiment capacity. 

Change orders definitized by contract included larger physical volume 

to handle larger experiment packages, improved command system 

security, and increased power for instruments. OSO-H would be 

launched in mid-1971. (NASA Release 71-2) 

* Lockheed Aircraft Corp. had rejected Dec. 30, 1970, DOD proposal that 

firm accept $200-million loss on disputed C-SA contract, Lockheed 

Board Chairman Daniel J. Haughton announced at New York press 

conference. Lockheed had chosen to take matter to court. Haughton 

estimated litigation would take two to five years. (Getler, W Post, 

1/7/71, Al) 

Permanent appointment of Gustav E. Lundquist as Associate Administrator for Engineering and Development was announced by John H. 

Shaffer, FAA Administrator. Lundquist had been in acting capacity 

since January 1970. David R. Israel, former Deputy Director of 

Defense Communications Planning Group in DOD, had been named 

Director of newly created Office of Systems Engineering Management 

2 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 6 

and Spencer S. Hunn had been named Director of National Airspace 

System Program Office in FAA. (FAA Release 71-2) 

NOAA said scientific team that studied 23 310 000-hectare (90 000-sq-mi) 

region east of Barbados in summer of 1969 had reached preliminary 

conclusion that dust blown off North African deserts into upper air 

ended in atmosphere over South Atlantic and influenced North American weather. Scientists, who had hoped to find atmosphere relatively 

free of particulate matter, had discovered instead African dust in 

Barbados air at levels to 5000 m (16000 ft). (O’Toole, W Post, 

1/7/71, A15) 

JWUUTY 7: NASA launched series of three Nike-Cajun sounding rockets 

carrying GSFC experiments to obtain temperature, . pressure, density, 

and wind data in upper atmosphere by detonating grenades and 

recording their sound arrivals on ground. Rocket launched from Point 

Barrow, Alaska, reached 122-km (75.8-mi) altitude, with all 19 

grenades exploding as planned. Rocket launched from Wallops Station 

reached 130.9-km (81.3-mi) altitude, with 16 of 19 explosions confirmed by ground. Third rocket was launched from Churchill Research 

Range. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Release of “Statement of Government Policy on Satellite Telecommunications for International Civil Aviation Operations’’ was announced by 

Clay T. Whitehead, Director of Telecommunications Policy for Executive Office of the President. Statement said U.S. would promote preoperational deployment of satellite communications in Pacific in 1973 

and in Atlantic in 1975. DOT and FAA would assume program management responsibility for preoperational and operational systems and 

services. Dept. of State, with DOT, would seek international use of 

preoperational system and initiate cooperative efforts with other nations 

to establish operational system by 1980. U.S. would use commercial 

communications facilities to maximum. U.S. Government would use 

UHF frequency band near 1600 mhz in both preoperational and operational satellite air-traffic-control communications. Experimental evaluation of independent surveillance by satellite should begin with system 

deployment in Pacific and be followed by preoperational evaluation 

in air-traffic-control environment after 1975. Unified program to satisfy 

Government and airline requirements should be adopted to provide 

economic benefits of single program. ( EOP Release) 

January 8: Three aerospace teams, including seven European firms interested in support roles, submitted proposals to MSFC on preliminary 

design of research and applications module (RAM) proposed for space 

shuttle and space station. Proposals were submitted by McDonnell 

Douglas Corp., General Dynamics Corp., and General Electric Co. 

Team headed by General Dynamics would include MATRA of France, 

ERNO of Germany, SAAB of Sweden, Hawker Siddeley of U.K., and Fiat 

of Italy. General Electric team would include Messerschmitt-BoelkowBlohm of Germany and Thompson-csF of France. (MSFC Release 71-10) 

* HUD had evolved $4-million pilot project to put 1500 unemployed space 

industry technicians and former servicemen to work in model cities 

projects, Washington Post reported. Plan, developed by HUD Assistant 

Secretary Floyd Hyde, would recruit unemployed and give them fast 

orientation courses on urban problems on assumption that aerospace 

3 
January 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

skills could be transferred to urban improvement. Hyde proposed to 

start project in March with up to 350 participants and estimated cost 

to Government of about $2000 per person placed in new job. (W Post, 

1/8/71 ) 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch editorial commented on Dec. 23, 1970, DOD announcement that Sprint ABM had successfully intercepted ICBM nosecone over Pacific: Announcement “proved only two things : the military 

establishment recognizes that the wrir in Congress over full deployment 

of the ABM system is far from over; consequently the real target of 

the test firing was not a nose cone but Congressional critics whose 

arguments the Pentagon has yet to refute.” Paper wondered “why the 

secondary Sprints are needed in the allegedly foolproof Safeguard 

system if the Spartan is as successful as the military claims it to be.” 

More puzzling was “how the Pentagon can call the Sprint a success 

when the crew that fired it from a South Pacific atoll was told in 

advance exactly when the nose cone target would be fired.” (St Louis 

January 9: Apollo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell, 

and Stuart A. Roosa held press conference at MSC. Astronauts described 

plans for Jan. 31 lunar landing mission and said they were eager to 

‘fly on what Mitchell called “a more mature spacecraftn in which 

“residual risks go down.” (Lannan, W Star, 1/11/71, A4) 

Economist editorial discussed lunar science investigations : “The growing 

importance of all this peering at, prodding, pounding, baking and 

growing plants upon moon soil is that the results are contradicting 

most of the moon theories of the past 15 years. It is not often that 

scientific concepts are set by the ears, and the piquancy this time lies 

in the way that the bulk of serious scientists originally believed that 

putting men on the moon was an unnecessary extravagance; instruments and unmanned probes could do the job, they felt, for a fraction of the cost and none of the risk. But, as it turns out, they could 

not. The instruments that were sent to the moon ahead of the astronauts did not produce the same results that the actual collection of 

rock samples has done, and it will be interesting to see if the Russians 

have done any better out of the robot shovelling of Luna 16.” (Economist, 1/9/71) 

January 10: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover, energized by solar cells 

after surviving second lunar night on moon’s Sea of Rains, completed 

third exploration operation, moving about 128 m (140 yds) during 

435-hr period. Vehicle had been inoperative since beginning of lunar 

night Dec. 23, 1970, and had been opened to receive solar energy 

Jan. 8. It had been released on surface by Lum 17, which had softlanded on moon Nov. 17, 1970. (SBD, 1/11/71, 28; 1/12/71, 35) 0 Newspapers reviewed Of a Fire on the Moon by Norman Mailer. In 

New York Times Book Review Morris Dickstein said book aimed at 

confrontation with “brave new world of science and technology.” 

Mailer found himself “frustrated at every turn. The event seems packaged, distant, unapproachable. . . .” Mailer gave “rather depressed 

personal account of his attempt . . . to make an approach to the 

mission, especially to the astronauts and their machines.” Mailer felt 

“betrayed by the gap between his romantic expectations and the gray 

but immense realities. Seeking to understand, he turns the book into 

P-D, 1/8/71) 

4 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 10 

an account of the other America, the Wasp hinterland.” In end 

Dickstein concluded, “This is not perhaps the book on the impact of 

technoIogy that we needed, but it is important nonetheless, and offers 

much to ponder and prey on.” (NYT Book Review, 1/10/71, 1, 

42-45) 

In Washington Sunday Star, Day Thorpe said: “Mailer wasn’t a 

passenger on Apollo 11, but in his motel rooms in Houston and 

Canaveral, and in his home in Provincetown . . . he has put together 

a long and excellent book about the flight, the story not only of what 

the adventure meant to the three astronauts who lived it but, no less 

interesting, what it meant to Mailer himself. The bureaucrats Mailer 

encountered first in hermetic Houston and then in hermetic Canaveral 

were unlike all other bureaucrats. They were infallibly courteous, 

considerate and helpful, and they invariably told the truth.” Mailer 

showed ApoWo 11 astronauts as “three human beings, as similar as 

necessary for their mission, but as unlike one another as experimental 

prototypes should be.” (W Star, 1/10/71, D 6) 

* M/G John B. Medaris (USA, Ret.)-first Commanding General of Army 

Ballistics Missile Agency ( ABMA) at Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, 

Ala., in 1955 and head of team that launched Explorer 1 Jan. 31, 1958 

-had become an Episcopal priest, National Enquirer reported. He was 

curate of Church of Good Shepherd in Maitland, FIa. (Nut1 Enq, 

1/10/71) 

January 11 .- Apollo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell, 

and Stuart A. Roosa began preflight semiquarantine at KSC to minimize their exposure to disease or illness that could delay Jan. 31 liftoff 

toward moon. Astronauts would be restricted to three buildings and 

contacts would be limited to 160 persons, all of whom had undergone 

comprehensive medical examinations. ( UPI, W Star, 1/11/71, A9) 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Point Barrow, 

Alaska, carried GSFC payload to 115.9-km (72-mi) altitude to obtain 

temperature, pressure, density, and wind data in upper atmosphere by 

detonating grenades and recording their sound arrivals on ground. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, with all 19 grenades 

exploded and recorded as planned. Launch was part of series of similar experiments at three sites [see Jan. 71. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

January 11-14: Second annual Lunar Science Conference in Houston attracted 750 scientists who had been studying 55.8 kg (123 lbs) of 

lunar material gathered by Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions. 

ARC team of scientists headed by Dr. Charles P. Sonett announced 

that first measurements of moon’s interior indicated moon had basaltlike mantle 338 km (210 mi) deep surrounding “cool core of primordial olivine-like rock.” Measurements suggested moon’s outer layer 

was melted during first biIlion years of its 4.5-billion-yr history. 

Measurements had been made with ARC magnetometer placed on moon 

by Apollo 12 astronauts and also made by Explorer 35 moon-orbiting 

satellite launched July 19, 1967. (ARC Release 71-2) 

Cornel1 Univ. astrophysicist Dr. Thomas Gold said stratifications 

found in Apollo 12 lunar surface samples were caused by earth in 

same process that made near side of moon different from far side. 

Moon passed behind earth with face turned earthward for four days 

during regular monthly cycle and was bombarded by high-energy 

5 
January 11-14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

electrons in earth’s magnetic field. Dr. Gold said he and coworkers 

had reproduced lunar surface markings inside vacuum chamber by 

bombarding finely ground earth material and small amounts of lunar 

soil with high-energy electrons up to 800 ev. Dr. Gold‘s theory of 

“electrostatic motion” was disputed at meeting by Univ. of California 

physicist Dr. Harold C. Urey. (Lannan, W Star, 1/12/71, Al) 

NASA announced plan to continue lunar exploration with unmanned 

robots after last Apollo manned lunar landing in 1972. Plan would 

cost minimum $1 billion. Robot vehicles would travel 965 km (600 mi) 

across lunar surface and return to earth with samples or would rendezvous with other robot spacecraft that could return samples to earth. 

NASA spokesman said, “We sincerely hope that collaboration with the 

Russians takes place in space. A common program to explore the moon 

with instrumented spacecraft remotely controlled from earth might be 

the best way to help that collaboration take place.” (O’Toole, W Post, 

1/14/71, Al) 

Dr. Gerald R. Taylor, MSC scientist, described laboratory experiment 

in which three highly resistant strains of bacteria were killed within 

10 hrs of contact with one core sample from a number of centimeters 

below surface of moon’s Sea of Tranquility. Micro-organisms in protein soup had been exposed to lunar soil. 

Dr. Narenda Bhandari of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research 

in Bombay, India, reported that analysis of cosmic ray tracks on 

moon had provided “conclusive proof” of existence in lunar soil of 

fossils from chemical elements far heavier than any previopsly discovered in nature or in laboratory. If verified, discovery would greatly 

extend periodic table of elements. (Wilford, NYT, 1/14/71, 9) 

Dr. P. Buford Price of Univ. of California at Berkeley, said during 

interview that ApoZZo 12 lunar samples might contain first real evidence of “magnetic monopoles,” basic force units that were to magnetism what electrons were to electricity. If their existence could be 

confirmed, it would mean rewriting books on magnetism and electrodynamics. Dr. Price’s group of scientists appeared to have found two 

fossil tracks of nuclear type of particles which, theoretically, could have 

been made by monopoles in two lunar cysts. (Lannan, W Star, 1/14/71, 

A3 ) 

Dr. Aleksander P. Vinogradov, Soviet academician and Director of 

Vernadsky Institute for Analytical Chemistry in MOSCOW, told conference U.S.S.R. would continue to explore moon with unmanned spacecraft and would attempt bolder missions in future. He believed U.S.S.R. 

would exchange lunar samples with U.S. beginning with samples of 

Sea of Fertility returned by Soviet Luna 16. He said main task for 

Lunokhod 1, Soviet moonwalker still on moon, was to determine how 

eight-wheeled vehicle could best move about moon and how it could 

best be used in future. “We discovered that the moonwalker can move 

in very large angles and can go down into craters at angles of 20 

degrees. The mechanical qualities o€ this car are very good.” Dr. 

Vinogradov said Lunokhod 1 carried instrument to analyze soil, but 

device had not done so thus far. He described Luna 16 samples as 

bearing no evidence of water or life on moon. Drill used to dig samples had been stopped at 330 mm (13 in) below lunar surface because 

it hit rock. “We were afraid to send it any deeper.” Dr. Vinogradov 

6 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 11-14 

described Sea of Fertility as “blackish powder” sprinkled with “cosmic beads.” Luna 16 sample was similar to soil brought back by 

Apollo 12 from Ocean of Storms and not very different from samples 

returned by Apollo 11 from Sea of Tranquility. Age of Sea of Fertility 

had been calculated at 4.6 billion yrs, older than some rocks returned 

by Apollo missions. (O’Toole, W Post, 1/15/71, Al) 

Dr. Paul W. Gast, chief of MSC Earth and Lunar Sciences Div., 

reported discovery by MSC scientists of “exotic components” in lunar 

soil believed to be fragments from primitive crust that covered moon 

4.5 billion yrs ago. Fragments differed from other Apollo lunar samples and were thought to be pieces of crustal bedrock scattered by 

impact of meteorites pounding more ancient lunar highlands. Discovery, through chemical analysis, supported theory that moon once 

had hot, molten surface and that crust had hardened as it began cooling off. Discovery also helped explain why lunar soil was mostly one 

billion years older than lunar rocks. 

Dr. John A. Wood of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory described norite found in chemical analysis of five soil samples. Norite 

was lighter in color than most Apollo samples and did not appear to 

be chemically native to landing sites. Most norite represented “nearsurface material in an ancient lunar crust.” Coarser grained relative 

of norite might have come from “somewhat deeper in the moonperhaps several miles.” If discovery proved true, samples would go 

back in age to beginnings of solar system. 

Dr. Gerald J. Wasserburg-Cal Tech physicist who had dated 

Apollo 12 Sample 13, oldest rock yet found, at 4.5 billion yrs (other 

Apollo 12 rocks were about 3.4 billion yrs old)-said Sample 13’s 

oldest parts were granite that crystallized early in lunar history and 

could be some of original crustal material and some of “magic component” that accounted for difference in ages of lunar rocks and soil. 

Dr. Wasserburg believed that fact there was always some missing ingredients in lunar soil meant soil contained debris from granites and 

other materials originating elsewhere on moon. 

Dr. Gary V. Latham, Apollo program chief seismic investigator, 

reported Apollo 12 seismometer was recording weak but frequent moonquakes along rilles near landing site. He suggested rilles might be 

“fault zones,” where slight movements in lunar surface were occurring. 

(Wilford, NYT, 1/17/71,4:7; Gast, MSC) 

Janzmry 12: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 390 from Baykonur into orbit with 

270-km (167.8-mi) apogee, 202-km (125.5-mi) perigee, 89.2-min 

period, and 65.0’ inclination. Satellite reentered Jan. 25. (GSFC SSR, 

1/31/71; SBD, 1/13/71, a) 

Library of Congress published Uded States and Soviet Progress in Space: 

Some New Contrasts, report by Dr. Charles S. Sheldon 11, Chief of 

Congressional Research Service Science Policy Research Div. Report 

summarized “how far these two major space powers have come in the 

last 13 years,” gave “answers to frequently raised questions about the 

comparative aspects of the two programs,” and looked at possible 

future developments. 

Since U.S.S.R. did not disclose information on its space budget and 

manpower, exact comparison with US. could not be made. Dr. Sheldon 

specuIated, however, that Soviet budget was about 2% of Giw-more 

7 
January 12- ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

than twice as much as US. percentage-and that Soviet space work 

force was close to 600000 persons. Greatest number of successful 

launches from a single site to earth orbit and beyond between 1957 

and 1970 had been 311 from Vandenberg AFB, Calif. U.S.S.R.’s Baykonur was second with 282, followed by KSC with 189 and Plesetsk, 

U.S.S.R., with 147. There seemed to be little difference between US. and 

U.S.S.R. space programs in general purpose and direction. Both were 

broadly based with elements of scientific exploration, technology development, national image building, practical applications, and military support services. Although military missions made up about two 

thirds of launches by both countries, number of presumptively specialized U.S. military missions had declined from 34 missions in 1966 

to 16 in 1970, while U.S.S.R. total had increased from 28 missions in 

1966 to 57 in 1970. 

Although US. and U.S.S.R. were competing in space they were also 

cooperating. Cooperation already under way included exchange of information at scientific meetings, negotiation of treaties, trading of 

space-collected weather pictures, joint efforts to write textbook on 

space biology, coordination of efforts on geomagnetism, and negotiation on possible common designs for docking attachments to facilitate 

space rescue or joint projects. (Text) 

Nike-Cajun sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried GSFC experiment to 132.5-km (82.3-mi) altitude to obtain 

temperature, pressure, density, and wind data in upper atmosphere by 

detonating grenades and recording their sound arrivals on ground. 

Rocket and inslruments functioned satisfactorily with 14 of 19 grenades confirmed by sound. Launch was part of series of similar experiments from three sites [see Jan. 71. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

MSFC announced it was checking out extreme uv coronal spectroheliograph, first flight instrument to be delivered for ATM solar observatory. 

Instrument was one of two designed by Ball Brothers Research Corp. 

from NRL concepts. Second NRL flight instrument-extreme uv spectrograph-would be shipped to MSFC in March 1971. (MSFC Release 

AFSC announced plans to launch 1500-w FRUSA (flexible rolled-up solar 

array) in fall 1971. Two panels would roll into cylinder 25 cm (10 

in) in diameter for launch and would unroll in space to overall length 

of 10 m (32 ft), oriented to sun and held rigid by parallel extension 

arms. FRUSA would be placed in 740-km (460-mi) polar orbit by ThorAgena booster for six-month flight to test electrical and dynamic 

characteristics. (AFSC Release 309.70) 

DOD announced award of $148 399 036 to Boeing Co. for full production 

of SUM (short-range attack missile). Award brought total obligated 

to date under fixed-price-incentive-fee USAF contract to $183 599 036. 

(DOD Release 30-71) 

January 13 : U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 unmanned lunar rover explored lunar 

surface for six hours, testing navigation and steering techniques. 

Vehicle covered 553 m (1814 ft), bringing total distance traveled since 

landing Nov. 17, 1971, to 2930 m (9610 ft). Lunokhod I would be 

parked until Jan. 15 because high angle of sun during lunar noon 

made contrast range for TV pictures unacceptably low. (SBD, 1/14/71, 

47) 

71-7) 

8 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 13 

Calibration had been completed at MSFC on new tube wind tunnel capable 

of test speeds up to twice speed of sound, Marshall Star reported. Tube 

was 130 cm (52 in) in diameter and was 119 m (390 ft) long. It 

would be used in wind-tunnel test program for space shuttle. (Illarshall 

Star, 1/13/71, 1) 

NASA launched two Nike-Gaj un sounding rockets. Rocket launched from 

WSMR carried MSC experiment to study atmospheric composition. Mission was partial success. Rocket launched from Churchill Research 

Range carried GSFC grenade experiment and functioned satisfactorily. 

(SR list) 

* Delivery of first operational automated radar terminal system (ARTS III) 

to new control tower at Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport was 

announced by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. Computerbased system would be operational by mid-1971. Components, when 

added to existing airport surveillance radars, would permit display of 

vital flight information on radar scopes used by air traffic controllers. 

Alpha-numeric data tags would be attached to related aircraft target or 

“blip.” (FAA Release 71-5) 

January 14: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 391 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

796-km (494.6-mi) apogee, 266-km ( 165.3-mi) perigee, 95.2-min 

period, and 70.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 21, 1972. 

(GSFC SSR, 1/31/71; 2/29/72; SBD, 1/15/71,56) 

January 16: Tokyo Univ. Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science 

launched two rockets from Uchinoura to collect data on oxygen density, 

electron density, and temperature in preparation for launch of Japanese satellite Feb. 12. S-210 observation rocket launched at 11:OO am 

local time reached 115-km (72-mi) altitude; Kappa 9-M launched at 

4:45 pm local time reached 357-km (222-mi) altitude in 303 sec. 

(SBD, 1/20/71,73) 

* Soviet Academician Dr. Anatoly A. Blagonravov said in broadcast that 

Soviet lunar vehicle Lunokhod’s safety margin and “perfect design” 

had “surpassed all expectations.” He said at this stage of space technology man could not have stayed on moon for as long a time as 

Lunokhod had. In future it would be possible to assign to automatic 

devices such tasks as studying meteorites, exploring volcanoes, and 

studying radiation in near-moon space. What was more important “is 

that we now have an almost ideal means of conveyance on the moon, a 

means independent of super-rigorous conditions of vacuum and sharp 

changes of temperature. We can load such a selenomobile with different scientific apparatus.” (AF Mag, 6/71,59-9) 

* Richard Hirsch, author and retired White House and NASC staff member, 

died of heart attack at age 58. Hirsch had been writing book on NASA 

in Praeger Press U.S. Government Departments and Agencies series. 

(W Star, 1/17/71, E19) 

January 17: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover returned to Luna 17 landing stage, completing one of planned experiments for Luna 17. Tass 

said vehicle “turned in its tracks about half a kilometer [about one 

third mile] from the landing area. For some time the old track showed 

clearly on the television screen and the controllers . . . used it for 

guidance. For the first time in the history of cosmonautics there was 

a solution to a practical navigation problem: The return of the selfpropelled apparatus to a preplanned point at a preplanned time on the 

9 
January 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

surface of a different celestial body.” Vehicle had traveled 3173 m 

(10 410 ft) since it landed on moon’s Sea of Rains Nov. 17, 1970. 

(SBD, 1/19/71, 68) 

Ornithologists working with FAA had attached midget radios to migratory whistling swans to trace migration patterns and help avoid collisions with aircraft, New York Times reported. In joint project of 

Johns Hopkins Univ. and Queens Univ. in Kingston, Ontario, small 

aircraft pursued migrating flock between US. and Canada to monitor 

radios. FAA spokesman had said aircraft collisions with birds occurred 

CL fairly frequently” though fatalities were “very rare.” (Devlin, NYT, 

1/17/71,41) 

January 18: Widow of Astronaut Virgil I. Grissom, one of three astronauts killed in Jan. 27, 1967, Apollo spacecraft fire, filed $10-million 

suit in Brevard County Circuit Court against North American Rockwell Corp. and subsidiaries North American Aviation, Inc., Rockwell 

Standard Corp., and Rockwell Standard Co. Mrs. Betty Grissom charged 

negligence in fire which killed her husband and Astronauts Roger B. 

Chaffee and Edward H. White 11. Suit asserted spacecraft did not 

have proper fire extinguisher system, had no emergency egress, and 

was “defective” because electrical wiring permitted electrical arc to 

flash in cabin. (AP, W Star, 1/19/71, B10) 

January 18-21: Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, and 

Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, met 

in Moscow with representatives of other agencies to exchange views 

for increased US-U.S.S.R. cooperation in exploration and use of 

outer space for peaceful purposes. At close of meetings, joint communique was released by Soviet Academy and US. Embassy in 

Moscow. Academy and NASA officials had found discussions “useful” 

and had agreed to exchange lunar surface samples. Procedures were 

established to produce recommendations for joint consideration of 

results of space research, improvement of existing weather data exchanges, research with meteorological rockets, techniques for studying 

natural environment, expanded exchange of data on space biology and 

medicine, and work in other fields. Preliminary document was initialed on Jan. 21. (NASA Release 71-9) 

January 19: Apollo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell, 

and Stuart A. Roosa completed final dress rehearsal for scheduled 

Jan. 31 launch toward moon. Countdown began at 9:23 am EST, with 

simulated liftoff on time at 3:23 pm EST. (P Znq, 1/20/71, 3) 

NASA announced it was requesting proposals from potential US. and 

foreign experimenters for investigations of data to be acquired from 

earth resources experiment package (EREP) to fly on manned Skylab 

spacecraft in late 1972. Data would be used to appraise value and 

direct applications of space observations in agriculture, geography, 

forestry, geology, hydrology, oceanography, and cartography. Objectives of EREP were to extend use of sensors; use man to observe, discriminate, and select study areas; and provide early source of unique 

research data for analysis. Three-man experimental space station 

would be manned by three different crews for total five months during 

eight-month mission in circular orbit of 435 km (270 mi) with 50’ 

inclination. Astronauts would investigate solar astronomy, space medicine, space physics, bioscience, and material processing in addition to 

10 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 19 

operating EREP sensors, including six high-precision, 70-mm cameras, 

infrared spectrometer, multispectral scanner, microwave radiometer/ 

scatterometer and altimeter, and passive radiometer. (NASA Release 

Return of Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., to active service 

with USAF in July 1971 was announced by Gen. John D. Ryan, USAF 

Chief of Staff. Col. Aldrin would assume command of AFSC’S Aerospace 

Research Pilot School at Edwards AFB, Calif. He had joined NASA in 

January 1964 as astronaut trainee after serving with USAF in Germany 

and Korea. He held B.S. degree from US. Military Academy and Sc.D. 

degree from MIT. (NASA Special Release; DOD Release 45-71) 

January 20: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor 7 meteorological satellite from 

Plesetsk into orbit with 655-km (407.0-mi) apogee, 629-km (390.8-mi) 

perigee, 97.5-min period, and 81.2’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 1/31/71 ; 

SBD, 1/26/71,96) 0 President Nixon announced intention to nominate James H. Wakelin, Jr., 

as Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science and Technology succeeding Myron Tribus, who had resigned in November. Nomination 

was submitted to Senate Jan. 25. (PD, 1/25/71,84; 2/1/71,141) 

U.S. Geological Survey published The National Atlas of the United States 

of Ameriea, first official national atlas produced in US. Preface noted 

that revised editions might be “greatly expedited’’ by “repetitive coverage at short time-lapse intervals, possibly from orbiting satellite systems.” Systems might “expedite the production of more up-to-date and 

less costly regional and state as well as national atlases or even make it 

possible to obtain directly from storage data banks and electronic 

computers the type of information now gained in part from maps and 

atlases.” (DOI PIO; Text) 

January 21 : USAF launched unidentified satellite by Titan IIIB-Agena 

booster from Vandenberg AFB into orbit with 244-mi (392.7-km) 

apogee, 130.4-km (81-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, and 110.8’ inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 9. (Pres Rpt 72) 

Cosmos 392 was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 276-km (171.5-mi) 

apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, and 64.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Feb. 2. (GSFC SSR, 1/31/71; 2/28/71) 

USAF X-24A liftingbody vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. Manke 

in joint program, completed 21st flight from FRC. Objectives of powered 

flight were to expand flight envelope to mach 1.5, determine lateraldirectional derivatives, and obtain longitudinal trim and, lift-to-drag 

data with 40’ upper flap at 0’ rudder bias. Two of four engines were 

shut down because of sticky angle-of-attack indicator ; alternate twoengine flight plan was followed and completed successfully. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

* ATM acceptance checkout at MSFC was nearing completion and ATM 

would be ready for prototype acceptance testing in early March, MSFC 

announced. ATM would fly on Skylab cluster in 1972. (MSFC Release 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. confirmed that investigators of Dec. 30, 1970, 

crash of first prototype F-14A Tomcat fighter aircraft had found probable cause to be crack in titanium hydraulic lines caused by vibrations in hydraulic pumps. Grumman and USN investigators had recom71-5) 

71-11) 

11 
January 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

mended replacing titanium hydraulic lines with heavier stainless steel 

and installing mufflers on hydraulic pumps. (Newsday, 1/22/71, 15) 

AFSC announced award of $8.2-million contract to Bendix Corp. Instrument and Life Support Div. for 7053 improved aircraft altimeters. 

Improved altimeters-to be delivered to USAF and USN beginning in 

early 1972-had two operating modes and plus-minus accuracy factor 

of no greater than 76 m (250 ft). Some previously used systems had 

errors in excess of 305 m (1000 ft). (AFSC Release 5.71) 

* President Nixon nominated R/A Don A. Jones as Director of National 

Ocean Survey of NOAA and R/A Harley D. Nygren as Director of the 

Commissioned Officer Corps of NOAA. Both had held these positions 

in acting capacity since October 1970. (PD, 1/25/70, 85) 

January 21-22: Mockup of 12-man space station concept being studied by 

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. for NASA was inspected by 100 

Government and industry representatives attending quarterly review 

at MSFC. Mockup was 10 m (33 ft) in diameter and 15 m (50 ft) 

tall, with four decks and large simulated power section. Concept called 

for tunnel section in center with 3-m (lo-ft) diameter. (MSFC 

Release 71-13; MSFC PIO) 

January 22: NASA announced reorganization of Office of Manned Space 

Flight to reflect new management requirements for future manned 

flight programs. Reorganization established two new technical support 

offices, Engineering and Operations Office and Quality and Safety 

Office ; established two functional offices, Administration Office and 

Program Analysis Office ; and abolished Mission Operations, Field 

Center Development, Institutional Operations, and Space Medicine 

organizations. 

M/G John D. Stevenson (USAF, Ret.), Director of Mission Operations, became Deputy Director of Engineering and Operations. Capt. 

Robert F. Freitag (USN, Ret.), Director of Field Center Development, 

became Special Assistant to Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight. Space Medicine Office had been combined with other life 

science activities under Dr. James W. Humplireys, Director of Life 

Sciences, as announced Dec. 3, 1970. (NASA Release 71-10) 

New world distance record in heavyweight turboprop class was claimed 

by USN for P-3C Orion aircraft piloted 11 280 km (7010 mi) by 

Cmdr. Donald H. Lilienthal in nonstop flight from Atsugi Naval Air 

Station, Japan, to Patuxent Naval Air Station, Md., in 15 hrs 21 min. 

Previous record of 7662 km (4761 mi) had been set by Soviet 11-18 

aircraft in 1967. (DOD Newsfilm Release 60-71) 

* Plastic-coated solar cells were being developed by LeRC and Lockheed 

Missiles & Space Co. scientists to reduce cost of solar cell power systems. Cells, which produced abundant power when formed into panels 

or arrays, were lightweight, flexible, insulated, completely sealed, and 

resistant to breakage. (LeRC Release 71-5) 

Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Andoeya, 

Norway, carrying Norwegian experiment for auroral studies. Rocket 

and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Apollo 11 and ApoUo 12 lunar rock groups differed in potassiumuranium abundance systematics, JPL scientists Dr. Fraser P. Fanale 

and Douglas B. Nash reported in Science. Difference indicated “that 

relatively little exchange of regolith material has occurred between 

12 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 22 

Mare Tranquillitatis [Sea of Tranquility] and Oceanus Procellarum 

[Ocean of Storms]. Two suites appear to have been derived from materials of identical potassium and uranium content.” It appeared unlikely 

“that bulk lunar material has the ratio of potassium to uranium found in 

chondrites. However, systematic differences in the potassium-uranium 

ratio between Apollo samples and crustal rocks of the earth do not 

preclude a common potassium-uranium ratio for bulk earth and lunar 

material.” (Science, 1/22/71, 282-4) 

NSF released report on industrial R&D spending in 1969. Funds had 

totaled $18.4 billion, 6% above 1968 level and about 50% more than 

$12.6 billion in 1963. Growth was 1% from 1968 to 1969. Deflated 

1969 ievel was 22% above that of 1963. Industrial firms accounted 

for about 70% of R&D in US. Federal financing of R&D in industry 

amounted to $8.6 billion in 1969, same as in 1968. Although Federal 

support was primarily responsible for increases in industrial R&D 

between 1953 and 1966, funds had leveled off, rising less than 3% 

between 1966 and 1969. In real dollars, Federal support showed a 

decline. (NSF Highlights, 1/22/71,1) 

* President Nixon announced intention to nominate Thomas E. Carroll to 

be Assistant Administrator for Planning and Management of Environmental Protection Agency. Nomination was submitted to Senate Jan. 25. 

(PD, 1/25/70,88) 

* Harry F. Guggenheim-financier, philanthropist, sportsman, and publisher-died in Sands Point, N.Y., at age 80. His enthusiasm for aviation as pilot in World War I had led him to persuade his father, 

Daniel Guggenheim, to establish Guggenheim School of Aeronautics at 

New York Univ., first university school of aeronautics in US. 

Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics, Inc., 

of which Harry Guggenheim was president, helped establish aeronautical engineering schools at MIT, Georgia Institute of Technology, 

Gal Tech, Univ. of Washington, Stanford Univ., and Univ. of Michigan. Fund aided Charles A. Lindberg after first transatlantic crossing. 

Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Foundation, established in 1924, 

sponsored much of pioneer rocket research by Dr. Robert H. Goddard. 

(NYT, 1/23/71,1) 

January 23: Apollo 14 backup pilot Eugene A. Cernan narrowly escaped 

death when helicopter in which he was practicing lunar landing 

maneuvers crashed and burned in Indian River near KSC. After leaping from helicopter and swimming toward shore Cernan was rescued 

and taken to Patrick AFB for treatment of minor cuts and bruises and 

singed eyelids and eyebrows. (UPI, W Post, 1/24/71, A5) 

* Baltimore Sun editorial praised US.-U.S.S.R. agreement to exchange 

lunar samples : “The scientists and engineers are unmistakably pointing 

the way which soon or late must be taken if men are to make the most 

of opportunities offered them by the opening of vast new extraterrestrial horizons of inquiry and adventure.” (B Sun, 1/23/71) 

January 24: Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from 

WSMR carrying GSFC experiment to study stellar spectra. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* Love11 Lawrence, Jr., chief research engineer for Chrysler COT. since 

1964, died at age 55. Lawrence had been President of American 

Rocket Society, recipient of 1950 Goddard Memorial Lecture Award, 

13 
January 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

President of Reaction Motors, Inc., and key figure in development of 

of USA Kedstone ballistic missile. (NYT, 1/25/71, 39) 

January 25-26: Intelsat-IV F-2 comsat was launched by NASA for ComSatCorp on behalf of INTELSAT. Satellite, launched from ETR at 7:36 pm 

EST by Atlas-Centaur booster, entered elliptical transfer orbit. Primary 

objective was to place satellite into transfer orbit accurate enough for 

onboard propulsion systems to place spacecraft in planned synchronous orbit. 

Apogee kick motor was fired at 1O:U pm EST, Jan. 26, about 

11 hrs earlier than planned because of slight temperature fluctuations 

in apogee motor shaft. Intelsat-IV F-2 entered orbit with 36410.4 km 

(22 624.4 mi) apogee, 35 740.0 km (22 207.8 mi) perigee, 1450-min 

period, and 0.59” inclination. Satellite would drift from position at 

124” east longitude over Pacific to permanent station over Atlantic 

at 25.5” west longitude by about March 19. 

Intelsat-IV F-2 was first in Intelsat IV series of advanced comsats. 

Satellite-largest commercial comsat launched-was 5.4 m (17.6 ft ) 

high with 237.5-cm (93.5-in) diameter and weighed 1397 kg (3080 

lbs) at launch. It had 12 transponders, providing 12 TV channels 

and 3000-9000 telephone circuits, and was capable of multiple-access 

and simultaneous transmissions. Expected lifetime was seven yearstwo years more than Intelsat I11 comsats and over five years more 

than Intelsat I. (NASA Proj Off; ComSatCorp Release 71-4; ComSatCorp PIO) 

January 25: Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and 

Operations at MSC, directed four-hour physical examination of Apollo 

14 astronauts and declared them “certified and ready to fly.” 

Countdown for launch began on schedule at 9:00 am EST in preparation for liftoff toward moon at 3:23 pm EST Jan. 31. (AP, B Sun, 

1/26/71, A5) 

NASA launched four sounding rockets. Two Nike-Apaches, launched from 

Churchill Research Range, carried GSFC experiments to study energetic particles and fields. Aerobee 150, launched from WSMR, carried 

Johns Hopkins Univ. experiment to study Venus W. Aerobee 170, 

launched from WSMR, carried Johns Hopkins Univ. experiment to study 

dawn airglow. All rockets and experiments functioned satisfactorily. 

(SR list) 

Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, named to five-man board chaired 

by Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., to investigate Jan. 23 crash of 

NASA helicopter piloted by Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan. (MSC Release 

71-03 ) 

Newsweck commented on “shrinking space shuttle.” US. space program 

had been “hit with another budgetary broadside.” Space shuttle to 

service planned space station “will get no more than a third of the 

money its designers insist they need to build it.” Original request 

for $300 million had been cut by NASA to $225 million. “Now White 

House budgeteers have shrunk it to $105 million-and it has yet to 

face the anti-technology faction in Congress.” (Newsweek, 1/25/71) 

Steel stress plate 2.5 cm (1 in) thick and 61 crn (2 ft) wide on F-111A 

fighter cracked during ground testing at McClellan AFB, Calif. Later 

USAF reported crack came at subzero temperatures under loads equal 

14 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 25 

to 60% of maximum load aircraft was designed to withstand. (W Post, 

1/30/71, A4,) 

January 25-27: Ninth annual AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting was held 

in New York. Dr. Coleman duP. Donaldson, President of Aeronautical 

Research Associates, delivered Hugh Dryden Research Lecture, “Calculation of Turbulent Shear Flows for Atmospheric and Vortex 

Motions.” 

Sylvanus Albert Reed Award was presented to Ira G. Hedrick, Vice 

President of Engineering for Grumman Aerospace Corp., for technical excellence, design innovation and leadership in the structural 

development of several generations of aerospace vehicles.” 

Space Science Award was presented to Univ. of California physicist 

William I. Axford for “outstanding contributions to the fluid dynamics 

of the sun-earth environment and to the theory of cosmic ray interaction with the solar wind.” 

Robert M. Losey Award went to Verner E. Suomi of Univ. of 

Wisconsin for “creativity and ingenuity in designing advanced meteorological sensors for satellite applications as exemplified by the SpinScan camera which has made it possible to view the earth’s atmosphere 

as an entity.” 

G. Edward Pendray Award was presented to Dr. Nicholas J. Hoff 

of Stanford Univ. for “outstanding contributions in the fields of structures and structural mechanics through his many books and publications, as well as direct consultation for government agencies and 

industry.” 

Martin Goland, President of Southwest Research Institute, was named 

new President of AIAA. (AIAA Release, 1/8/71, 1/27/71) 

January 26: U.S.S.R.’s Venus 7 (launched Aug. 17, 1970) had landed intact 

on planet Venus Dec. 15 and “relayed scientific information from the 

surface of another planet for the first time,” Tass announced. Spacecraft, equipped with “highly stable frequency generators,” transmitted 

signals for 23 min, recording surface temperature at 748 K t- 20” 

(475°C f 20”) and pressure, at 90 t- 15 atmospheres. Tass said 

continuous measurements of the atmospheric parameters were made all 

the way to surface and it was established “that Venus possesses an 

unusually hot atmosphere the density of which, at the surface, is 

about 60 times greater than the density of the atmosphere on the 

earth’s surface.” (Sou Rpt, 3/2/71, 4; Gwertzman, NYT, 1/27/71, 1) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 393 into orbit with 417-km (259.1-mi) apogee, 

281-km (174.6-mi) perigee, 91.3-min period, and 70.9” inclination. 

Satellite reentered June 16. (GSFC SSR, 1/31/71; 6/30/71) 

e International aspects of US. space program were discussed by Dr. George 

M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, in luncheon speech before National 

Space Club in Washington, D.C.: Cooperation with Western nations in 

past decade had included 70 countries, 250 specific agreements, and 

more than 24 joint satellite projects at run-out cost in excess of $400 

million. More than 50% of total had been funded by other nations. In 

1970s, “opportunities exist for cooperation on a significantly larger 

scale.” US. wished “to build a foundation for important benefit- and 

cost-sharing in the major space programs of the future.” Canada, 

Japan, and Australia-“countries having the most obvious potential 

for post-Apollo work-sharing”-had been given “every chance to 

15 
January 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

become fully acquainted with our plans and studies” to enable them 

to decide whether they wished to commit their own resources. 

European Space Conference had put several million dollars into 

studies of post-Apollo program possibilities and some member countries 

had invested still larger amounts. British, French, and West German 

firms were working with NASA prime contractors on space shuttle 

design studies. Europe would have to choose between significant 

participation in shuttle funding and funding independent European 

rocket program. Decision would be necessary “even if Europe funds 

only 10 per cent of the shuttle’s price tab.” US. had said it would 

“sell launch services for projects consistent with peaceful purposes and 

existing international agreements . . . [and] that general technical 

access to the entire program would be available, but that technology at 

the level of commercial know-how would be transferred in either 

direction only where one side required it to complete its commitments 

to the other.” Since Europe was talking of only 10% share of shuttle 

program, “we said that we would retain decision-making responsibility 

except where European costs were directly affected, in which case 

decisions would be joint.” 

In US.-U.S.S.R. cooperation in space, “it is particularly important 

that we give clear recognition to both . . . competition and cooperation.” 

US. was competing with U.S.S.R. “because accomplishments in space 

represent a measure of the state of our technology; and in today’s 

world, the level of our technology is of first importance, strategically, 

economically, and politically.” US. was cooperating with U.S.S.R. 

“because we both live in a vast universe that must be explored, where 

important new knowledge is to he gained, for the benefit of all men, 

everywhere.” 

While US. retained demonstrated lead over U.S.S.R., “it will not 

be an enduring lead without major new initiatives on our partinitiatives like the space shuttle and the exploration of the outer 

planets. . . .” 

In Jan. 18-21 Moscow talks with Soviet Academy of Sciences, “we 

specifically agreed, initially, to exchange three grams [O.ll oz] of 

sample obtained from Luna 16, for three grams each from Apollo 11 

and 12. These relatively small amounts are sufficient for detailed 

scientific examination of a comparative nature.” 

Additional meetings on compatible docking arrangements had not 

been held because “docking discussions are well underway, and the 

planned exchange of information is taking place.” 

On visit to Soviet cosmonaut training area at Star City, “we 

were welcomed by Cosmonauts Beregovoy, Nikolayev, Leonov, Shatalov, 

and Valentina Tereshkova. We were shown the Soyuz mission trainer, 

and were invited to attempt to dock two Soyuz spacecraft in their 

docking trainer. While there, I also presented a plaque in memory of 

Yuri Gagarin [first man in space] from the US. astronauts.” (Text) 

President Nixon announced appointments of members of President’s 

Science Advisory Committee for terms expiring Dec. 31, 1974: Dr. Lee 

A. DuBridge, former Presidential Science Adviser; Dr. Herbert Friedman of NRL; Dr. Daniel P. hloynahan, former Counsellor to the 

President ; Kenneth H. Olsen, President of Digital Equipment Corp. ; 

16 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 26 

and Dr. John G. Truxal of Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. (PD, 2/1/71, 

120) 

Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) introduced S. 302 to authorize 

National Park Service acquisition of historic site in Auburn, Mass., 

where first liquid-fuel rocket Right was launched by Robert H. Goddard in 1926. Bill was referred to Committee on Interior and Insular 

AiTairs. (CR, 1/26/71, S222) 

* Philadelphia Inquirer editorial commented on Apollo 14: “With $a0 

million of taxpayers’ money behind it and the dubious future of manned 

spaceflight depending on it, the Apollo 14 mission to the moon . . . is 

grimly earnest business.” If mission was successful there would be 

“another Apollo shot in midsummer, two more next year.” If it was 

not, there would be “a whale of a battle in Congress and elsewhere about 

appropriations and the wisdom of the whole idea.” (P Inq, 1/26/71) 

Sylvia Porter analyzed Federal budget in Washington Evening Star to 

show part individual taxpayers played in financing Federal projects. 

Only small segment of tax dollars was taken by “controversial” programs. If L‘you eliminated space entirely, you’d have only 2c more left; 

if you cut out foreign aid entirely, this would give you only another 

2c extra.” (W Star, 1/26/71, All) 

January 26-28: House Committee on Science and Astronautics held 12th 

annual seminar with Panel on Science and Technology to discuss international science policy. In keynote address Secretary of State William 

P. Rogers said: “Our basic goal is to put science and technology at 

the service of human-and humane-ends.” US. was increasing 

emphasis on science and technology in our aid to developing countries. 

We are encouraging an international effort to preserve the quality of 

the world‘s environment. And we are seeking greater international 

cooperation to enhance the benefits of technology and to curb its 

dangers. . . . We now want to . . . make the exploration of space a 

truly international endeavor. Space should not be the exclusive preserve of a small number of countries. Our post-Apollo program aims 

at the development on a multilateral basis of a new generation of 

reusable space vehicles designed to make the exploration and use of 

space easier, and more economical.” (Text; Transcript) 

January 27: Apollo 14 astronauts completed test of ability to react to inRight emergencies in KSC simulators. During four-hour session, engineers simulated malfunctions that could occur during flight and 

monitored astronaut reactions. (AP, B Sun, 1/28/71, A10) 

* USN P-3C Orion turboprop antisubmarine aircraft established world 

record for nonrefueled, long-distance Right for heavyweight turboprop 

aircraft. P-3C Orion, piloted by Cdr. Donald H. Lilienthal (USN), 

attained speed of 808 km per hr (502 mph). Previous record of 727 

km per hr (452 mph) had been established by Soviet 11-18 in May 

1968. (AF Mag, 4/71, 15) 

President Nixon announced recipients of 1970 National Medal of Science, 

Federal Government’s highest award for distinguished achievement in 

science, mathematics, and engineering. Recipients included Dr. George 

E. Mueller, Senior Vice President of General Dynamics Corp. and 

former NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight. 

Dr. Mueller received award for “his many individual contributions 

to the design of the Apollo System, including the planning and 

LC 

17 
January 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

interpretation of a large array of advanced experiments necessary to 

insure the success of this venture into a new and little known 

environment .” 

Other recipients were: Dr. Richard D. Brauer, professor of mathematics, Harvard Univ.; Dr. Robert H. Dicke, professor of physics, 

Princeton Univ. ; Barbara McClintock, Carnegie Institution of Washington geneticist; Dr. Albert B. Sabin, president of Weizmann 

Institute of Science in Rehovoth, Israel; Dr. Allan R. Sandage, Cal 

Tech astronomer; John C. Slater, professor of physics and chemistry, 

Univ. of Florida; Dr. John A. Wheeler, professor of physics, Princeton 

Univ.; and Dr. Saul Winstein, deceased, formerly professor of 

chemistry at UCLA. (PD, 2/1/71,124) 

Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., OST Director and President’s Science Adviser, 

addressed AIAA luncheon held in conjunction with House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics’ 19‘71 international science panel : “One of 

the key challenges facing this nation, and other nations as well, is 

finding means by which technology can be advanced, shared, and 

applied to common problems without restricting our individual 

national ability to compete for markets with the products of this 

technology.” This could be done by application of comsats for global 

point-to-point communication. “Here we have seen the initial research 

blossom into a demonstrated capability and then into an international 

cooperative venture.” Intelsat story “indicates that we should have no 

illusion about the readiness of nations to give up competitive advantages 

without compensating return. At the same time it is fair to say that we 

have seen there a willingness to accept indirect as well as direct benefits 

. . . such things as enhanced international security resulting from 

international stability, an enriched quality of life, and better understanding of man as a biological entity. This is a hopeful sign and it is 

a point of view which I think needs to be emphasized and cultivated.” 

(CR, 2/1/71, E320-3) 

National Religious Broadcasters, at annual convention in Washington, 

D.C., celebrated 50th anniversary of first religious broadcast on commercially licensed station by beaming their closing program around 

world in first international religious broadcast transmitted by satellite. 

(Janson, NYT, 1/28/71,1) 

* USN plans to maintain offensive capability without exorbitant investment 

were described by Adm. Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr., Chief of Naval Operations, in speech before Cleveland, Ohio, chapter of American Ordnance 

Assn.: “We intend to develop small, high speed platforms. These will 

include escorts having a hard punch but which do not individually 

constitute a high percentage of our total capability. These will probably be. . . hydrofoils, air cushion platforms and surface effect ships. 

We have placed a very high priority on the surface effect ship on 

the premise that this offers the potential for destroyer-size ships to 

conduct anti-submarine warfare on top of the water at speeds 2 or 

3 times greater than the fastest submarines.” With addition of V/STOL 

aircraft, “one can envision a fleet of highly mobile craft which would 

be a potent striking force when concentrated, or a number of unique 

and flexible weapons systems when operating as individual units. By 

supplementing this force with small high speed craft as missile-launch18 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 27 

ing platforms we will add a new dimension to our present powerful 

aircraft carriers, frigates, destroyers, and guided missile ships.” (Text) 

January 28: NASA launched two Nike-Apache sounding rockets from TERLS 

carrying Indian experiments to study ionosphere. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

NASA announced award to Lockheed Electronics Co. of $800 000, 

cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for scientific and technical support services 

for MTF Earth Resources Laboratory. Contract covered one year with 

provision for two one-year extensions. Company would support laboratory in research on application of remote-sensing data to MississippiLouisiana-Gulf area. Data would be obtained from aircraft, ERTS, 

Skylab, Gemini, and Apollo experiments. (NASA Release 71-13) 

* ESRO awarded six-month study contracts for European regional comsat to 

three European consortiums-MESH (S.A. Engins M.A.T.R.A. of 

France, ERNo-Raumfahrttechnik GmbH of West Germany, SAAB Aktiebolag of Sweden, and Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Ltd. of U.K.), STAR 

(Satellites for Telecommunications, Applications, and Research), and 

COSMOS, led by Marconi Space and Defence Systems in U.K. (SF, 

4/71,121) 

0 Senate adopted S.R. 15, modifying Senate rules on total number of 

Senators assigned to certain standing committees. Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences was set at 11 members. 

Senate also adopted S.R. 16, electing majority members of Senate 

Committees. Members elected to Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences were Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman; 

Sen. Warren G. Magnuson (D-Wash.) ; Sen. Stuart Symington (D-Mo.) ; 

Sen. John C. Stennis (D-Miss.); and Sen. Howard W. Cannon 

(D-Nev.). (CR, 1/28/71, S406) 0 President Nixon submitted to Senate nominations of Robert M. White 

as Administrator of NOAA, Howard W. Pollock as Deputy Administrator, and John W. Townsend, Jr., as Associate Administrator. White 

had served as Acting Administrator of NOAA since his appointment 

as Acting Deputy Administrator Oct. 9, 1970. Before establishment of 

NOAA, he was Administrator of ESSA. (PD, 2/1/71, 127, 141) 

0 Award of $23 800 contract to American Airlines to determine feasibility 

of using STOL aircraft for short-haul runs was announced by Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. Six-month study would cover 

certification and safety, avionics, STOL service categories, system development requirements, user and community acceptance criteria, metroflight feasibility demonstration, New York area STOLport sites, and 

STOLport acceptance. (DOT Release 1771) 

European Organization for Nuclear Research announced in Geneva that 

it had effected first head-on collision between intense beams of highenergy protons. Beams of protons were injected into intersecting 

storage rings by 28-bev particle accelerator at nearly speed of light. 

Collisions occurred at intersection points of two rings in which very 

high vacuum was maintained. Experiment would enable scientists to 

study fundamental reactions that took place in interior of stars or 

in upper atmosphere. (NYT, 1/29/71,7) 

New York Times editorial commented: “The important steps recently 

taken toward great Soviet-American space cooperation are still small, 

but they provide a beginning for a much wider and mutually advan19 
January 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

tageous effort. This recent progress also suggests that there is now a 

political interest in cooperation in Moscow as well as in Washington, 

a welcome change from the situation in earlier years.” (NYT, 

1/28/71) 

Christian Science Monitor editorial praised Soviet Yen, 7 softlanding 

on Venus, “another major first in the conquest of space.” Apollo 14 

would be “bigger attention-getter” because there was “more glamour 

and excitement in manned space flight.” But U.S.S.R. had achieved 

remarkable technological performances.” U.S.S.R. could point “with 

justifiable pride” to fact that, while Venus 7 was transmitting signals 

from Venus to earth, moonrover Lunokhod 1 was also sending information from moon. (CSM, 1/28/71) 

January 29: President Nixon in message transmitting FY 1972 budget to 

Congress said: “Science and technology can make major contributions to the public by developing creative solutions to a wide range 

of national problems.. . . I am proposing in this budget a substantial 

expansion in outlays for federally supported research and development.’, President recommended increased funding to “make greater use 

of our scientific and engineering capabilities and resources to cope 

with. . . pollution, crime, health, transportation, and other environmental and social problems ; strengthen research essential to the 

advancement of our technology and economic productivity; and 

increase our investment in fundamental science which leads to the 

long-term progress of our society.” President recommended increase 

in NSF budget from $506 million in 1971 to $622 million in 1972. 

In 1972, defense spending would increase but, even with increase, 

would “drop from 36% of total spending in 1971 to 34% in 1972.” 

Human resources programs’ share would be 42% of total. Budget 

proposed “sharing Federal revenues with States and communities,” 

national strategies to improve health care” and to ensure “an income 

floor for every iamily,” and efforts toward “full-employment in peacetime with relative price stability.” (PD, 2/1/71, 130-9) 

* President Nixon sent $229.2-billion FY 1972 budget request to Congress, 

including total science R&D budget of $16.7 billion. Total request for 

NASA new obligational authority (NOA) of $3.271 billion (1.4% of 

total U.S. budget) was $27 million less than FY 1971 NOA of $3.298 

billion. NASA expenditures were budgeted to decline $216.5 million 

against decline of $486.4 million in FY 1971. Reduction to $3.152 

billion placed proposed NASA FY 1972 funding at lowest level since 

1962. Of budget request, $2.518 billion would go for R&D, $56.3 

million for construction of facilities, and $697.4 million for research 

and program management. 

Apollo funding decrease of $302.2 million, to $612.2 millionreflecting cancellation of Apollo 18 and 19-wodd be partially offset 

by increase from $515.2 million in FY 1971 to $672.8 million in 

FY 1972 for manned space flight operations. Manned space flight 

operations would include $535.4 million for Skylab, $100.0 million 

for space shuttle, and $37.4 million for orbital systems and experiments. Advanced missions would receive $1.5 million, to bring total 

for manned space flight (including Apollo) to $1.286 billion, down 

$144.6 million from FY 1971. 

Funding for space science and applications programs would in4G 

<< 

20 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1911 January 29 

crease $184.7 million, from $565.7 million in FY 1971 to $740.4 

million in FY 1972. Increases would go to physics and astronomy 

program for solar observatory ($19 million in FY 1972), High 

Energy Astronomical Observatory ($13.4 million) , and space telescope study ($500 000). Funding for lunar and planetary exploration 

would increase $166.6 million, to $311.5 million, with $38.3 million 

going toward Mariner-Venus/Mercury 1973, $180.4 million toward 

Viking project, and $18.8 million toward supporting research and 

technology advanced studies. Funding for Pioneer program of planetary exploration would decrease from $35.5 million in FY 1971 to 

$17.6 million. Funding for bioscience program, including Biosatellites, 

was eliminated from NASA budget for FY 1972. Increase of $15.5 

million in space applications programs, to $182.5 million in FY 1972, 

included $48.5 million for Earth Resources Survey, $13 million for 

Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, and $60.3 million for ATS. 

Total for advanced research and technology programs decreased 

from $264.2 million in FY 1971 to $212.8 million. STOL technology 

program would receive $15 million, against $1.9 million in FY 1971. 

NERVA rocket funding would decrease from $32 million in FY 1971 to 

$9.9 million. 

Tracking and data acquisition funding would fall $26 million, to 

$264 million. 

DOD’s FY 1972 budget of $76 billion for outlays included $1.55- 

billion space funding, $500 000 less than previous year [see April 21. 

Budget also included $370 million for B-1 intercontinental bomber, 

up from $75 million in FY 1971; $39 million for LAMPS antisubmarine-warfare helicopter, up from $4 million, $145 million for air 

defense aircraft system (AWACS), up from $87 million, $47 million 

for USAF AX close-support aircraft, up from $28 million, $409 million 

for Poseidon missile system, and $926 million for Minuteman I11 

program, up from $720 million in FY 1971. 

AEC funding for NERVA and space electric power would decrease 

from $84 million in FY 1971 to $39.7 million. 

Increase of $437 million in total DOT FY 1972 budget of $7.8 

billion would go mostly to expanded aviation and urban mass transit 

spending. DOT funding for reduction of aircraft noise and study of 

environmental effects of SST would increase from $27 million in FY 

1971 to $54 million. These funds also would be used for pollution 

reduction from Coast Guard installations. NOA of $235 million was 

requested for SST prototype program, up from $210 million in FY 

1971. (US Budget for FY 1972; BOB Special Analysis; NASA budget 

briefing transcript ; DOD budget briefing transcript; AIAA release 71-2; 

CR, 1/29/71, H265; DDR&E Dir Foster Testimony, 4/2/71) 

NASA released Jan. 28 briefing on FY 1972 budget request, in which 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Acting Administrator, said: “For the past 

several years we have reported.. . a further decrease in budget authority. This year we can report a clear halt in this trend: the budget 

authority for FY 1972 is at the same level as the funds appropriated 

for FY 1971. The exact figure for FY 1972 is $3.271 billion. 

NASA would compIete Apollo program with four previously planned 

missions but would delay Apollo 17 five months to ensure that mission 

carried experiments originally scheduled for canceled Apollo 18 and 

21 
January 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

19. Skylab missions would be delayed about four months, to follow 

as soon as practical after last Apollo flight. Plans for unmanned 

planetary exploration included two Mars orbiters in 1971, Jupiter 

flybys in 1972 and 1973, launch in 1973 for Venus-Mercury ,flyby in 

1974, and two Viking launches in 1975 to land on Mars in 1976. 

Dr. Low said NASA had asked for $190 million for space shuttle 

in FY 1972. “We have included in our budget $100 million. This 

reduction means essentially that we will move out with the engine 

development exactly as we had planned; that we are still in a position 

to make a decision after we have completed the studies on the air 

frame development, whether to continue with additional design or 

whether to proceed with the development of the air frames.” 

Near-earth science programs included Orbiting Solar Observatories 

in 1971, 1973, 1974, and 1975 and last orbiting Astronomical Observatory in 1972. 

Space applications program would progress as planned, including 

two ERTS, two Nimbus experimental weather satellites, two Synchronous Weather Satellites, and two advanced communications experiments with ATS-F and ATS-G. 

New FY 1972 projects would include start of work on High Energy 

Astronomy Observatory ( HEAO) and program for exploration of outer 

planets. “To do this we will develop a versatile new spacecraft, and 

we will plan Grand Tour missions to Jupiter, Saturn, and Pluto in 

1976-1977; and to Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, in 1979.” NASA 

also would study mission to orbit Jupiter as alternative to first Grand 

Tour. 

Major new initiative in aeronautics in FY 1972 would be development of experimental STOL aircraft. 

Downward trend in aerospace industry employment on NASA programs would be halted during FY 1972. “Although aerospace jobs will 

continue to decline in FY 1971, we expect employment to start 

increasing by the middle of FY 1972, with the end-of-year level being 

about equal to that at the beginning of the year.” 

NASA would reduce civil service work force by 1500 positions by 

end of FY 1972, bringing total decrease to 6800 since July 1967. 

Work on NERVA nuclear rocket engine would be limited to “essentially long-lead time items,” preserving ability “to move forward. . . when the need arises,” without large expenditures in FY 1972. 

Program included “no plans at this time for a manned Mars landing mission.” (Transcript) 

* NASA launched two sounding rockets to obtain data on ionosphere. NikeApache, launched from Univ. of Michigan’s Keweenaw Rocket Launch 

Site (KRLS), carried GSFC payload to 121.9-km (76.2-mi) altitude to 

obtain data during magnetic activity in ionosphere while radiofrequency absorption in 2- and 10-mhz region of spectrum was high. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

Boosted Arcas 11, launched from Wallops Station, carried GSFC 

experiment to 122-km (75.8-mi) altitude to study enhanced ionization 

of lower ionosphere and its relationship to precipitation of energetic 

electrons. One telemetry channel with one RF probe was lost; all 

other instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

0 Lunar landing trainer crashed and exploded at Ellington AFB, Tex. NASA 

22 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 29 

pilot Stuart M. Present parachuted to safety. Trainer was one of two 

$1.9-million craft used by Apollo 14 commander Alan B. Shepard, Jr., 

in training. Preliminary investigation indicated cause of crash was 

loss of electrical power. MSC Deputy Director Christopher C. Kraft, 

Jr., later said accident should not affect Apollo 14 mission since LLTV 

electrical system was “totally different from the one in the lunar 

module.” (MSC Release 71-05) 

Selected fire departments across U.S. would be testing new fire-resistant 

outfits developed by MSC for use by NASA rescue crews, NASA announced. 

Prototype outfit had been displayed at symposium of International 

Assn. of Fire Fighters. Clothing included thermal underwear, coverall, 

chaps, two kinds of trousers, two jackets, and two proximity suits 

that permitted fire fighters to move close to fire or even enter flames. 

Nonflammable materials in garments had been develoDed to ensure ‘2 

maximum safety of Apollo crews in oxygen-rich atmosphere. (NASA 

Release 71-12) 

Micrometer-sized silicate grains from all depths in Apollo 11 and 

Apollo 12 lunar core samples showed unusually high density of 

nuclear tracks, Univ. of California physicists reported in Science. 

Densities exceeding 100 billion per sq cm in several percent of grains 

indicated possibility that grains had been irradiated in space as 

extralunar dust orbiting sun before being caught by moon to build 

lunar soil-a possible extralunar origin of part of lunar soil. (Barber, 

Hutcheon, Price, Science, 1/29/71,3724) 

* Evidence obtained from uv photometers aboard two NRL Aerobee 150 

sounding rockets-one launched from White Sands into night sky in 

August 1967 and one Oct. 13, 1969-had indicated earth was immersed in magnetoglow, NRL scientists reported in Science. Glow, from 

large volume of glowing helium ions, at 304 A, was similar to geocoronal hydrogen glow “in that it extends to very high altitudes, 

but it is unique in that it is largely confined to the closed field line 

portion of the magnetosphere.” Because of magnetic containment, 

radiation had been termed “magnetoglow.” Observations. of magnetoglow from inside and outside magnetosphere cavity promised to provide “valuable means of studying the structural dynamics of the 

magnetosphere.” (Johnson, Young, Holmes, Science, 1/29/71, 379-81 ; 

* European Broadcasting Union said in Geneva that it would provide live 

TV coverage of Apollo 14 for 21 countries in Western Europe and 

North Africa and coverage for TV stations in U.S.S.R. and Eastern 

Europe. Fourteen multilateral broadcasts would be transmitted via 

Zntelsat-ZZZ F-6 to earth station at Raisting, West Germany. (NYT, 

1/31/71) 

NASA and ARPA announced selection of ARC as site for ILLIAC IV computer. 

ILLIAC IV program was ARPA-sponsored R&D effort to develop, test, and 

evaluate parallel array processing concept by constructing and operating large-capacity computer. ARC would perform final system integration and testing, operate computer for DOD, and perform NASA 

research in aeronautic fluid mechanics. Program had started at Univ. 

of Illinois in 1966 and was approaching manufacturing phase. ILLIAC 

IV computer was being built by Burroughs Corp. and would be moved 

to ARC after completion in summer of 1971. (NASA Release 71-14) 

NRL PAO) 

23 
January 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Senate adopted S.R. 20, electing minority members to Senate Committees 

for 92nd Congress. Elected to Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences were Sen. Carl T. Curtis (R-Neb.), Sen. Margaret C. Smith 

(R-Me.), Sen. Barry M. Goldwater (R-Ariz.), Sen. Lowell P. Weicker 

(R-Conn.), and Sen. James L. Buckley (R.N.Y.). (CR, 1/29/71, S505) 

lanzcary 30: President Nixon sent individual messages from Caneel Bay, 

Virgin Islands, wishing success to Apollo 14 astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell, and Stuart A. Roosa on eve of launch. 

Message to Shepard said: “The courage and determination you have 

displayed in coming back against such great odds to fly again have 

earned our unanimous admiration at home and abroad. That this 

important mission should be entrusted to our Nation’s first man in 

space makes us especially proud and confident in its success.” (PD, 

2/8/71,151) 

LRV had run into development difficulties that had boosted estimated 

cost more than 60%, Thomas O’Toole said in IVashington Post. Cost 

was now estimated at $41 million, $12 million more than $19 million 

stipulated in October 1969 contract let to Boeing Co. and General 

Motors Corp. Overrun was due “almost entirely to overtime paid to 

the two companies to make sure the Rover will be ready to fly with 

Apollo 15 when it takes off for the moon July 25.” Trouble with 

electronic controls and independent harmonic drive and other problems had delayed testing of LRV until Dec. 14, 1970, almost three 

months late. ( W Post, 1/30/71, A3) 

* Threat of military superiority was “inherent” in Soviet space program, 

New York Daily News said. “For it was the the development of a 

Russian rocket for intercontinental bombardment that led the way to 

the technological race in space in the first place. We certainly had 

nothing like it on Oct. 4, 1957, when the Russians startled the world 

with the orbiting Sputnik and came along a month later to launch 

Sputnik 11, a 1200-pound [500-kg] vehicle carrying a live dog.. . .” 

US. Saturn rocket had no military usefulness; “one doubts that the 

Russians can say the same about their spacecraft launching vehicles.” 

(Greene, NY News, 1/31/71) 

Smithsonian Institution commissioned at Fort Pierce, Fla., the JohnsonSea-Link, five-man submersible research vessel designed to operate in 

water to depth of 900 m (3000 ft). First of its kind, 8-m (25-ft) 

vessel could remain under water for up to 48 hrs. (AP, W Star, 

1/30/71, A9) 

January 31-February 9: NASA’S Apollo 14 (AS-509) carried three-man 

crew on successful lunar landing mission. LM-8 Antares landed on 

moon’s Fra Mauro and two astronauts conducted experiments and 

explored lunar surface for 9 hrs 24 min before rejoining orbiting 

CSM-110 and returning safely to earth with lunar samples in CM 

Kitty Hawk. 

January 31-February 3: Spacecraft, carrying Astronauts Alan B. 

Shepard, Jr. (commander), Stuart A. Roosa (CM pilot), and Edgar 

D. Mitchell (LM pilot), was launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, 

Pad A, at 4:03 pm EST Jan. 31 by Saturn V booster. Launch was 

40 min 3 sec later than planned because of high overcast clouds and 

rain. Delay caused revision of flight azimuth from 72’ to 75.6”. 

Launch was watched by about 2500 invited guests, including Vice 

24 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 31-February 9 

President Spiro T. Agnew, Prince Juan Carlos and Princess Sophia 

of Spain, and Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, Jr. 

Spacecraft and S-IVB combination entered parking orbit with 

188.9-km (117.4-mi) apogee and 183.1-km (113.8-mi) perigee. Midcourse correction (MCC-1) modified trajectory so spacecraft arrival 

time at moon would be same as if launch had been on time. CSM 

separated from LM/S-IVB/IU at 3 :02 GET. Onboard TV was initiated 

to cover CSM docking with LM, but difficulty in docking was encountered. First five docking attempts by CM pilot Roosa were unsuccessful. Mission Control in Houston, watching on TV, studied problem 

that could prevent extraction of LM and make lunar landing impossible. 

Alternate missions also were under study. Astronauts noted catches 

seemed properly cocked but did not release. Sixth try however, was 

successful; docking was achieved at 4:57 GET, 1 hr 54 min later than 

planned. 

Separated S-IVB/IU impacted lunar surface at 83:18 GET (2:41 am 

EST Feb. 4) at 7O49’ south latitude and 26” west longitude 174 km 

(108 mi) southeast of planned impact point. Apollo 12 seismometer 

detected impact and showed vibrations for about 2 hrs. 

Unscheduled 2-hr 22-min TV transmission from spacecraft was 

initiated at 1O:OO GET to troubleshoot probe and drogue of docking 

mechanism. Crew removed probe and drogue but found no foreign 

material or abnormal damage. Capture latch assembly was actuated 

and system performed nominally. Crew and ground were unable 

to determine why CSM and LM had failed to dock properly, but they 

found no indication that systems would not work normally again. 

Officials decided mission would continue as planned [see Feb. I]. 

Second midcourse correction, with 10.1-see SPS burn at 30:36 GET, 

increased velocity by 21.7 m per sec (71.1 fps). Following maneuver, 

crew completed about nine frames of dim-light photography on earth‘s 

dark side and continued to check out systems. GET update was performed at 55:40 GET to add the 40 min 3 sec lost by launch delay. 

MCC-3, scheduled for 60:38 GET, was not necessary. Third TV transmission, for 42 min beginning at 60:40 GET, showed Shepard and 

Mitchell transferring into LM and checking out LM systems. MCC4, at 

77:38 GET with 0.6-sec SPS burn, changed velocity 1.1 m per sec 

February 4-6: Apollo 14 entered lunar orbit with 314.1-km (195.2- 

mi) apolune and 108.2-km (67.2-mi) perilune after LOI burn at 82:37 

GET, including 40-min update (1 :55 am EST Feb. 4). Roosa called to 

Mission Control: “. . . you’re not going to believe this-it looks just 

like the map.” Shepard described the moon and near-moon space as 

“really quite a sight. No atmosphere at all. Everything is clear up here. 

Really fantastic.” Mitchell said moon looked like “a plaster mold that 

somebody has dusted with grays and browns.” Region where daylight 

stopped and darkness began had “some fairly high crater walls and 

high country, with those long shadows, it really looks rugged. It looks 

like you could walk along that surface into the darkness and fall into 

nothing.’’ 

Shepard and Mitchell reentered LM and checked out systems before 

firing RCS thrusters at 104:28 GET to separate CSM and LM. spurious 

bit in LM guidance computer was corrected to preclude inadvertent 

(3.5 fps). 

25 
January 31-February 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

January 31-February 9: Propelled into 

space by the Saturn V, Apollo 14 carried 

Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Stuart 

A. Roosa, and Edgar D. Mitchell to the moon on the third successful United 

States lunar landing mission. After Feb. 5 

touchdown, Shepard and Mitchell explored 

the Fra Mauro area for 9 hours 24 

minutes in two extravehicular periods 

before the LIVI Antares lifted them off to 

rejoin Roosa in the orbiting CM Kitty 

Hawk for the return to earth. Prelaunch 

activities were monitored by Dr. George 

M. Low (at left below), Acting NASA 

Administrator, and Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, Deputy Associate Administrator 

for Planning, in Firing Room 2 at KSC. 

26 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 31-February 9 

abort during powered descent, and Shepard controlled descent manually. 

LM Antares landed on moon’s Fra Mauro at 10854 GET (4:17 am 

EST Feb. 5) on 8’ slope 9-18 m (30-60 ft) short of planned landing 

point. “We seem to be sitting in a bowl,” Mitchell said. “It’s choppy, 

undulating. There is a large depression to our right to the north of 

us, which forms another bowl. And I can see several ridges and rolling 

hills of perhaps 35 to 40 feet (10 to 12 meters) in height.” 

First EVA began 49 min later than planned because of intermittent 

PUS communications. Shepard started down ladder, deployed MESA 

containing camera which recorded descent, and stepped on lunar surface at 114:30 GET (9:53 am EST Feb. 5). Mitchell stepped down six 

minutes later. “Not bad for an old man,” Mission Control told Shepard 

as he touched surface. “You’re right,” Shepard replied “I’m on the 

surface. It’s been a long way and I’m here. The surface on which the 

forward footpad landed is extremely soft. . . . it’s in a small depression. 

The soil is so soft that it comes all the way to the top of the footpads, 

it even folded over the sides to some degree. . . , we can see the 

boulders on the rim. It looks as though we have a good traverse route 

up to the top of the Cone.” 

Crew collected 19.5-kg (43-lb ) contingency sample; deployed TV, 

S-band antenna, American flag, and solar wind composition experiment; and photographed LM, lunar surface, and experiments. ALSEP 

was deployed about 152 m (500 ft) west of LM and laser-ranging 

retroreflector was deployed about 30 m (100 ft) west of ALSEP. Mitchell 

conducted active seismic experiment, firing 13 thumper shots into 

lunar surface. Signals were recorded by geophones and transmitted to 

earth. Eight of the 21 cartridges misfired, but the 13 fired sent vibrations 18-21 m (60-70 ft) into moon. Crew was granted 30-min extension on EVA and reentered LM after 4 hrs 49 min. 

After resting inside LM and checking plans for second EVA period, 

astronauts left LM at 131:48 GET (3:ll am EST Feb. 6)-2 hrs 27 min 

earlier than planned. Astronauts loaded MET with photographic equipment and lunar portable magnetometer (LPM) and proceeded toward 

Cone Crater. MET bounced slightly during traverse but appeared stable. 

Astronauts’ main problem was lunar dust which stuck to their space 

suits up to their knees. “We’re filthy as pigs,” Mitchell said. “Everything’s going to be covered with dust before long.” LPM site measurement was made at first stop and LPM traverse measurement was later 

made near Cone Crater. Geological features were described and materials collected. Crew was unable to reach rim of Cone Crater because 

slopes were steeper than expected and climb would have required 

running behind time line by about 30 min. Samples were collected in 

blocky field near rim. On return leg of traverse crew dug 0.5-m 

( 1.5-ft ) trench and collected samples. Unsuccessful triple-core-tube 

attempt was made and other containerized samples were collected. 

Alignment adjustment was made to ALSEP central station’s antenna to 

improve signal strength being received at MSFN ground stations. Crew 

was unable to perform a number of secondary tasks because of timeline and minor problems. 

Just before reentering LM Shepard made surprise announcement: 

“You might recognize what I have in my hand as the handle for the 

27 
January 31-February 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

28 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 31-February 9 

February 4-6: Tracks of the modularized equipment transporter, used for the first 

time on the Apollo 14 mission, were photographed (at top left) leading across the lunar 

surface from the LM Antares. The inverted umbrella of the S-hand antenna was positioned by the astronauts to the left of the LM. Lunar dust clung to the legs of 

Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell (above) as he moved across the surface during extravehicular activity. Meanwhile, in the Manned Spacecraft Center at Houston, Texas, a seismic reading of the Feb. 4 impact on the moon of the Saturn launch vehicle’s S-IVB 

stage was examined by Dr. Maurice Ewing (bottom left), Director of Columbia 

University’s Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, and Columbia graduate student 

David Lammlein. The impact released energy comparable to 11 tons of TNT. 

contingency sample return and it just so happens to have a genuine 

six iron on the bottom of it.” Shepard dropped golf ball OR lunar 

surface and on third attempt drove ball about 366 m (400 yds). 

Astronauts reentered LM at 136:26 GET, after 4 hrs 35 min, bringing 

total EVA time to 9 hrs 24 min. 

While LM was on moon, Roosa, orbiting moon in CSM, completed 

bootstrap photography of Descartes landing site and astronomic photography, including Gegenschein experiment, and prepared for shortened rendezvous technique. 

Shepard and Mitchell depressurized LM, discarded excess equipment, repressurized LM, and lifted off lunar surface with 43 kg 

(94.8 Ibs) of samples at 142:25 GET-33 hrs 31 min after landing on 

moon. During braking phase for docking, telemetry indicated that 

abort guidance system had failed, but no caution and warning signals 

were on. Docking was accomplished successfully at 144:13 GET (3:36 

pm Feb. 6) with no probe-drogue problems. Probe was returned to 

29 
January 31-February 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

earth for postflight analysis. Excellent TV during rendezvous and 

docking showed docking maneuver clearly. Crew transferred from LM 

to CSM with samples, equipment, and film. LM ascent stage was jettisoned and intentionally crashed onto lunar surface at 148:22 GET 

(7:05 pm EST Feb. 6) at 3O 35' south latitude and 19" 40' west longitude. Impact was recorded by Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 ALSEPS. Transearth injection maneuver, on schedule at 149:16 GET, injected CSM 

into transearth trajectory after 66 hrs 40 min (34 revolutions) in lunar 

orbit. 

February 7-9: MCC-5 at 166:14 GET increased velocity by 152 mm 

per sec (0.5 fps). MCC-6 and MCC-7 were not required. Inflight 

demonstrations of composite casting, liquid transfer, and heatflow 

connection were televised beginning at 172 :30 GET. Press briefing at 

195:09 GET (6:32 pm EST Feb. 8) was of good quality. 

CM Kitty Hawk separated from SM at 216:12 GET. Parachute deployment and other reentry events occurred as planned and Kitty Hawk 

splashed down in mid-Pacific about 7 km (4 nm) from recovery ship 

U.S.S. New Orleans at 216:42 GET (4.05 pm EST Feb. 9). Astronauts, 

wearing flight suits and masks, were carried by helicopter from CM 

to recovery ship, where they entered mobile quarantine facility with 

recovery physicians and technician. Crew, physicians, and technician 

would remain inside MQF until ship neared Samoa and would then 

be transferred to another MQF for flight to LRL quarantine in Houston. 

CM was retrieved and mated to MQF transfer tunnel on board recovery 

ship. From inside MQF-CM containment envelope, MQF engineer removed lunar samples and equipment through decontamination lock and 

CM was sealed until delivery to LRL. Sample return containers, film, 

and other data were flown via Pago Pago to Houston for LRL. 

Primary Apollo 14 objectives-to make selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials in preselected region of Fra Mauro; 

deploy and activate ALSEP; develop man's capability to work in lunar 

environment; and photograph candidate exploration sites-were 

achieved. Launch vehicle and spacecraft systems performance was near 

nominal except for docking problems, spurious signals, and an occasional loss of communications. Flight crew performance was excellent. 

Crew exhibited exceptional poise during CSM/LM docking attempts 

and while troubleshooting AG computer. Accomplishments included first 

use of MET, largest payload-32 500 kg (71 650 1bs)-placed in lunar 

orbit, longest distance traversed on lunar surface, largest payload 

returned from lunar surface, longest lunar surface stay time, longest 

total EVA, first use of shortened rendezvous technique, first active seismic 

experiment, and first inflight technology demonstrations. 

Apollo 14 was 11th Apollo mission to date, 8th manned Apollo 

mission, and 3rd successful lunar landing mission. Apollo 11 (July 

16-24, 1969) and Apollo 12 (Nov. 14-24, 1969) had proved capability to land men on moon and retrieve lunar samples for study on 

earth. Apollo 13 (April 11-17, 1970), aborted by SM tank explosion, 

had demonstrated capability to perform under emergency situation 

and return crew safely to earth under alternate plan. Apollo program 

was directed by NASA Office of Manned Space Flight; MSC was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC for Saturn V launch 

vehicle, and KSC for launch operations. Tracking and data acquisition 

30 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 January 31-February 9 

was managed by GSFC under overall direction of NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 71-245; NYT, 

January 31: President Nixon in Caneel Bay, Virgin Islands, issued statement following successful ApoZZo 14 launch: “Today, we take the most 

amazing things almost for granted. It is difficult to imagine, but some 

day the discovery of the New World will seem almost inconsequential 

alongside the explorations of our own time. In a way we are like the 

people who must have stood on the dock at Palos, Spain, and watched 

Columbus’ ships disappear, believing they were watching the end of 

a great event, when they were watching the beginning. But where they 

watched the world being opened, and did not know it, we are watching the heavens being opened and we do know it. While those men 

went under the patronage of individual monarchs, our men go for the 

American people and, in a larger sense, for all mankind.” (PD, 2/8/71, 

151-2) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew told workers at KSC after ApoZZo 14 launch 

that days of declining space budget were past and “we’re going forward together not just to the moon but I’m certain that the American 

program will continue and press forward into the reaches of interplanetary space.” (AP, W Star, 2/11/71, A7) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Univ. of Michigan’s 

Keweenaw Rocket Launch Site ( KRLS) , carried GSFC payload to 184.8- 

km (114.8-mi) altitude to obtain data during magnetic activity in 

ionosphere while radiofrequency absorption in 2- and 10-mhz region 

2/1-10/71; W Post, 2/1-10/71; AV Wk, 2/15/71,19) 

February 9: Safely back on earth after a nine-day journey to explore the surface 

of the moon, the Apollo 14 astronauts watched a pararescueman close their command 

module hatch following splashdown in the planned Pacific Ocean landing zone. 

31 
January 31 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

of spectrum was high. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

Data would be compared with data from similar launch Jan. 29. (NASA 

Rpt SRL; NASA Release 71-1) 

Tenth anniversary of Mercury-Redstone mission that carried chimpanzee 

Ham up to 253-km (157-mi) altitude on suborbital flight. Ham was 

recovered in good health. He was now ward of National Zoo in Washington, D.C. (AP, W Post, 1/31/71> A4; Natl Zoo PIO) 

Capabilities of NASA’s largest computer were described by Dr. Robert 

Jastrow, Director of GSFC Institute for Space Studies, in New York 

Times Magazine article: “The ‘thinking’ of this machine is carried 

out in a computing unit, containing 100,000 transistors, which performs 10 million elementary actions per second, such as addition and 

subtraction, comparisons of numbers, logical choices between alternatives. . . .” Numbers and words employed “are stored in its memory, 

which has a capacity for holding one million separate items of information and can produce . . . items, or ingest new ones, in less than 

one-millionth of a second. . . . In normal use, 5 per cent of this memory 

is filled up with the programing instructions which furnish the instinctive reactions of the machine.’’ Machine also received “specialized 

training” from GSFC staff, “a set of instructions also placed in the 

machine’s memory, and taking up . . . 10 per cent or 15 per cent of 

the total memory capacity.” Remainder of computer’s memory contained facts pertinent to problem at hand. Computer executed 24-hr 

global weather forecast in two hours. Process required “one trillion 

additions and subtractions, which would take a person working at a 

desk calculator 10,000 years to complete.” (NYT Mag, 1/31/71, 14ff) 

Author Norman Mailer said in San Francisco that Americans were as 

interested in Apollo 14 as they would be in “border war in Bolivia.” 

He criticized images of astronauts projected by NASA. They were 

tough men-daredevils” but NASA presented them as “priests.” NASA 

was “asking this country to love saints and Americans are not noted 

for that.” (AP, W Post, 1/31/71, A24) 

* Los Angeles Times editorial commented on space funding: “If Congress 

wants to be truly responsible about our national priorities, it will 

avoid making further cuts which would damage the space program out 

of proportion to the savings involved.” In addition to “advancing the 

frontiers of knowledge about the origins of the earth and the nature 

of the universe,” space program promised “to pay off in much more 

concrete ways.” 

We are already reaping huge benefits from weather and communications satellites, as well as from the development of compact, highspeed computers, new metals and fabrics, microminiature circuits and 

many other technological advances.” Space program also promised 

more efficient use of earth’s resources, help in global attack on environmental pollution, possible prediction of earthquakes, and hope for 

more productive agriculture by use of lunar soil ingredients. 

“The line between true and false economy is hard to draw. But the 

cc 

LC 

space program is one area where the time has come to draw it.” (LA 

Times. 1/31/71) ,I I , 

During January: Creation of global resources management system was discussed by Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, in guest editorial in Astronuzltics & Aeronautics: 

32 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 During January 

Can we afford to create a global resources management system? I 

think we cannot afford not to develop it. As the richest nation in the 

world we have a moral obligation to bring our new technology to bear 

to help the helpless. But let us talk about our national security. On 

both well-fed sides of the Iron Curtain, an uncomfortable amount of 

raw thermonuclear power has been piled up in the name of ‘deterring 

the other side.’ In the meantime, the under-fed, over-populated part 

of the world, too poor to build thermonuclear bombs, has quietly 

developed a far more terrifying threat to the thermonuclear powers: 

the Population Bomb. Is is not just common sense to spend at least 

a small part of our tax money set aside for national security on the 

task of defusing that bomb? It is gratifying indeed to know that, by 

establishing a global Earth-resources survey and management system, 

we can combine a project bound to vastly enhance our national security with a noble contribution to the welfare of the world, a charity 

quite likely to save the lives of millions.” (A&A, 1/71, 265) 

e NSF released Research and Development in Local Governments, Fiscal 

Years 1968 & 1969 (NSF 71-6): Local government RR~D expenditures 

doubled between 1966 and 1969, from $20 million to $40 million. 

Approximately 50% of funds spent by local governments for R&D 

came from Federal Government. Life, social, and engineering sciences 

were largest fields in local government RR~D. (Text) 

Gb 

33 

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILldD 

February 1971 

February 1: Capt. Chester M. Lee (USN), Apollo Mission Director, discussed Apollo 14’s docking problems with press at MSC and assured 

press mission would continue toward moon as planned: “. . . first of 

all we did have a successful docking and every indication is that it 

was a normal docking.” Engineers “have been making extensive analysis here and we can find nothing wrong with the probe. So far as we’re 

concerned it’s all operating. We do not fully understand why it did 

not operate or why the first attempts at docking were not successful. 

However, we are confident that the drogue . . . is good. As to the 

cause, it could have been a foreign particle. . . . we did ask the crew 

to look diligently for any foreign particles and they didn’t find any. . . . We did ask them to inspect the probe head very carefully . . . to see 

if there were any foreign particles. We found none. If that were the 

problem, it apparently dislodged and is no longer there and is no 

longer causing a problem . . . and the probe certainly works now.” 

(Transcript) 

Newspaper editorials commented on ApoZZo 14 difficulties in docking CSM 

with LM [see Jan. 31-Feb. 91. 

New York Times said that “as the world waited tensely for the outcome of the struggle to solve the problem, there was a deep sense of 

disappointment at the possibility that all the effort, training and planning that went into this mission have been imperiled.” (NYT, 2/1/71, 

Washington Evening Star editorial caIIed Apollo I4 “pressure mission.” 

It had “already qualified for several entries in the record book. It is 

the first Apollo mission to be crewed entirely by men who have never 

before flown in earth orbit and commanded by a veteran whose total 

previous time in space was 15 minutes. The mission is led by the oldest 

man to go into space, the first American to ride a rocket, the only 

astronaut to return to active duty after a medically enforced period of 

idleness. It is the first Apollo shot to be delayed because of weather. 

It is the first to run into a major problem on its first day out. It is a 

mission that, in the opinion of many in the top ranks of the space 

agency, will decide the future of manned space flight.” (W Star, 

2/1/71) 

* Zzvestia published ApoZZo 14 story filed by its New York correspondent 

claiming that cane presented as joke to Alan B. Shepard, Jr., before 

launch had become “symbolic” of entire mission. Report emphasized 

mission’s technical difficulties. (AP, It” Post, 2/2/71, A6) 

NASA issued memorandum change to solicit proposals for participation in 

analysis of space flight data from photography and auxiliary records 

acquired on Apollo lunar exploration missions. Apollo 15, 16, and 17 

would carry three orbital scientific instruments designed to provide photos and supporting data, panoramic camera, mapping camera system, 

and laser altimeter. Proposals also were solicited for analysis of lunar 

30 1 

35 
February 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

photography from ApoZZo 14 and for photos of astronomical objects 

from Apollo missions 14 through 17. (NASA Memo Change 36) 

* Lockheed Aircraft Corp. announced it would accept $200-million loss on 

C-5A transport imposed by DOD as price of resolving contract disputes 

[see Jan. 271. Lockheed Board Chairman Daniel J. Haughton said in 

statement released to press that acceptance meant Lockheed would forfeit $100 million it had already provided toward G5A costs and would 

repay second $100 million by securing lien on its investment in 

Lockheed-Georgia plant. Lockheed said it expected to conclude restructured credit arrangement successfully within a few weeks, providing additional financing for GlOll TriStar transport and other 

programs. (Lockheed Release, 2/1/71) 

President Nixon resubmitted to 92nd Congress proposals previously submitted to 91st Congress, including proposed legislation to increase airline passenger ticket tax and departure tax on international flights to 

cover cost of civil air and ground security program, particularly sky 

marshals established by Federal Government to combat aerial hijacking. President noted “number of airline hijackings that seemed to be 

taking place almost daily months ago has been reduced.” (PD, 2/1/71, 

109-20) 

* Interpretation of Gum Nebula as fossil of super nova, or exploded star, 

was reported in Astrophysical Journal by CSFC astronomers Dr. John C. 

Brandt, Theodore P. Stecher, and Dr. Stephen P. Maran and Kitt Peak 

National Observatory astronomer David L. Crawford. Gum Nebula, 

largest known object within Milky Way Galaxy, extended 60’ across 

southern sky. Light took some 3000 yrs to cross it at speed of 299 000 

km (186000 mi) per sec. Previous theory had been that nebula 

glowed visibly because it contained “hot” stars that ionized surrounding hydrogen gas cloud. New interpretation, based on more accurate 

information on nebula’s distance from earth, indicated Gum Nebula 

was produced with pulsar during supernova explosion some 11 000 yrs 

ago when burst of radiation ionized surrounding hydrogen. (Astrophysical Journal, 2/1/71, L99-104) 

* Discovery of rarest nuclear particle anti-omega-minus baryon in photo of 

nuclear interaction was reported by physicist Dr. .Gerson Goldhaber of 

Univ. of California at Berkeley at American Physical Society meeting 

in New York. Particle’s track had been found in search of more than 

500 000 photos and further confirmed that baryon particles had antiparticles. Photos of particle collisions were taken in heavy-hydrogenfilled bubble chamber of particle accelerator at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (AP, NYT, 2/2/71, 19) 

* Promotion of Thomas W. Morgan, Manager of KSC Apollo-Skylab Programs, to rank of permanent brigadier general in USAF was noted in 

Armed Forces Journal. (AFJ, 2/1/71,45) 

February 1-3 : Joint US.-U.S.S.R. editorial board for preparation and 

publication of review of space biology and medicine held second meeting in Washington, D.C. Cochairmen were Professor Melvin Calvin of 

Univ. of California and Professor Oleg 6. Gazenko, Director of Institute of Medical Biological Problems of Soviet Ministry of Health. 

(NASA Release 71-16) 

February 2-4: North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s Natosat 2 (Nato 2; 

NATO-B) military comsat was launched from ETR at 8:41 am EST by 

36 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 2-4 

NASA for USAF and NATO by thrust-augmented Thor-Delta booster. 

Spacecraft entered transfer orbit with 37 712.2-km (23 433.3-mi) 

apogee, 272.9-km (169.6-mi) perigee, 673.9-min period, and 25.9’ 

inclination. Primary NASA objective was to place spacecraft into transfer orbit accurate enough for onboard propulsion systems to place 

spacecraft in acceptable synchronous orbit. 

Apogee motor was fired at 11:56 pm EST Feb. 4, placing Natosat 2 

into circular orbit with 37 053.0-km (23 023.7-mi) apogee, 34 493.6-km 

(21 433.3-mi) perigee, and 0’ inclination. Spacecraft would drift 

about 1’ per day from 135’ east longitude until it reached permanent 

station over Atlantic at 26’ west longitude in late March. 

Natosat 2 was second of two NATO comsats launched under DODNATO agreement. USAF managed project €or DOD and would reimburse 

NASA for launch services. NATO would reimburse USAF. Initial operation 

of satellite telemetry and command functions were performed from 

USAF satellite control facility. Control of orbital operations would be 

transferred to NATO after spacecraft reached station. (NASA Proj Off) 

February 2: President Nixon sent message to Congress transmitting Aeronautics and Space Report of the President, Transmitted to the Congress January 2971: “The activities of our space program during the 

year are consistent with the recommendations I made in March for a 

balanced space program. Our goals are continued exploration, scientific 

knowledge and practical applications. The technology acquired through 

our space programs has many practical applications on earth ranging 

from communications, meteorology and navigation to agriculture, education and transportation.” Specific objectives were continued lunar 

exploration to increase scientific return on Apollo program investment, 

exploration of solar system and universe, reduction of space operation 

costs, expansion of knowledge of “man’s ability to perform productively in the hostile environment of space and to relate this knowledge to uses here on earth” and application of space technology to environmental problems. “We should also promote international cooperation in our space program by pursuing joint space ventures, exchanging scientific and technical knowledge, and assisting in the practical 

application of this knowledge. We are greatly encouraged by European interest in joining us in cooperative post-Apollo planning.” 

Year 1970 had produced “substantial contributions to continued 

US. pre-eminence in civil aviation, major improvements in aeronautical services, and impressive developments in a sound SST program.” New military aeronautics programs initiated in 1970 would 

“enhance our national security.’’ (Pres Rpt 71; PD, 2/8/Tl., 158) 

White House Office of Management spokesman said FY 1972 spending 

for public relations would be cut $45 million, or nearly 30%, under 

Nov. 6 Presidential order to curtail “self-serving and wasteful public 

relations activities.” NASA PR spending would be cut from $13.7 million to $9.7 million, one of three largest cuts. Other agencies most 

effected were HEW and DOD. (hap, W News, 2/2/71) 

U.K. government agreed to finance half of BAC’S contribution to NR’s 

Phase B space shuttle study for NASA. Total financing was about 

$550 000. (SF, 4/71, 121) 

Sen. David H. Gambrel1 (D-Ga.) was assigned to Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences. (NASA LAR X/7) 

37 
February 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

* New York Times editorial on NASA decision to continue Apollo 14 mission: “Space officials know that they have taken on an extra degree of 

responsibility with the ‘go’ decision, and have opened the way for 

massive recrimination should their judgment be proved wrong by later 

developments. Nevertheless there is some reassurance in the fact that 

the original docking problem-which for a time seemed certain to 

abort the flight-was successfully overcome by the astronauts thousands of miles from earth. The nation and the world will be watching 

this flight with renewed hope-and admiration for the brave men embarked upon it.,, (NYT, 2/2/71,34) 

February 3: Total new obligational authority for U.S. space program including all pertinent agencies in President Nixon’s proposed FY 1972 

budget was $4.707 billion-down $73.6 million, or l.l%, from FY 

1971 space NOA of $4780 billion-Space Business Daily estimated. 

Total FY 1972 space expenditures would be $4.633 billion, down 5.2% 

from $4.888 billion in FY 1971. (SBD, 2/3/71, 148) 

February 4: Rolls-Royce Ltd. declared bankruptcy. Prestigious British automotive and aircraft engine company blamed collapse on losses incurred 

in developing RB-211 engine for Lockheed Aircraft Corp. TriStar 

airbus. Rolls-Royce said it could not proceed with engine under current fixed-price contract. (Lee, NYT, 2/5/71, l) 

* USN P-3C Orion turboprop antisubmarine aircraft achieved world’s record for altitude in horizontal flight of 13 686 m (44 900 ft). Previous 

record of 12990 m (42618 ft) had been set by Soviet 11-18 in June 

1969. (AF Mug, 4/71,15) 

Training model of French-made uv panorama (S-138) experimentonly foreign-made experiment for first Skylab flight-was delivered to 

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. at Huntington Beach, Calif. 

Experiment would gather photographic data on massive hot stars. 

Training model, which weighed 68 kg (150 lbs) and was 1.2 m 

(3.8 ft) high, would be incorporated with other training equipment 

at McDonnell Douglas. Flight model would be delivered in May. 

( MSFC Release 71-19) 

House adopted resolution setting number of members of Committee on 

Science and Astronautics at 30 and resolution providing for assignment of majority and minority members of Committee. Majority 

(Democratic) members were: George P. Miller, Calif., Chairman; 

Olin E. Teague, Tex.; Joseph E. Karth, Minn.; Ken Hechler, W. Va.; 

John W. Davis, Ga.; Thomas N. Downing, Va.; Don Fuqua, Fla.; 

Earle Cabell, Tex.; James W. Symington, Mo.; Richard T. Hanna, 

Calif.; Walter Flowers, Ala.; Robert A. Roe, N.J.; John F. Seiberling, 

Jr., Ohio; William R. Cotter, Conn.; Charles B. Rangel, N.Y.; Morgan 

F. Murphy, Ill.; Mike McCormack, Wash. Minority (Republican) 

members were: James G. Fulton, Pa.; Charles A. Mosher, Ohio; 

Alphonzo Bell, Calif.; Thomas M. Pelly, Wash.; John W. Wydler, N.Y.; 

Larry Wynn, Jr., Kans.; Robert D. Price, Tex.; Louis Frey, Jr., Fla.; 

Barry M. Goldwater, Jr., Cali€.; Marvin L. Esch, Mich.; R. Lawrence 

Coughlin, Pa.; John N. Happy Camp, Okla. (CR, 2/4/71, H428, H434) 

Winners of 11th annual Federal Women’s Award were announced by 

Patricia R. Hi& Assistant Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. 

They included Rita M. Rapp, Subsystems Manager of Apollo Food and 

Personal Hygiene Items and Head of Tests and Integration Activities 

38 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 4 

for Skylab Food System at MSC. Winners, selected from 119 uppergrade Federal career women nominated, would be honored at Feb. 25 

dinner in Washington, D.C. (Federal Times, 2/17/71,3; Dean, W Star, 

2/4/71, C3) 

* U.S.S.R. would spring “Sputnik-like surprises” on U.S. this decade that 

could make major U.S. military weapon systems technically obsolete, 

Dr. Eberhardt Rechtin, DOD Principal Deputy Director of Defense 

Research and Engineering, told Univ. of Southern California audience. 

U.S. response would have to be doubling of current $7-billion-per-year 

defense budget. (Text) 

February 5 .- President Nixon telephoned MSC Director of Flight Crew Operations Donald K. Slayton and asked him to send President’s congratulations to Apollo 14 astronauts and ground crew. Later President issued 

statement: “Apollo 14’s successful landing on the moon was a thrilling 

event for humanity. I congratulate the astronauts and also the thousands of other dedicated people who helped make this awesome achievement possible.” (PD, 2/8/71, 173) 

USAF’S X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Cecil Powell (USAF), 

successfully completed 22nd flight at FRC. Purpose of glide flight was 

to check out new pilot. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Government-industry program for development of experimental jet STOL 

aircraft was proposed by NASA and DOT at meeting of NAE Aeronautics 

and Space Engineering Board in Washington, D.C. Program would 

pool Government and industry funds in partnership to develop lownoise-level jet STOL technology. Development of prototype and operational aircraft for commercial use would be left to competitive industry 

decision and financing. NASA later said development of experimental 

aircraft was necessary to complete technology and proof-of-concept 

work for production of economically and environmentally acceptable 

STOL air transport system. Roy P. Jackson, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, estimated that research 

aircraft could be flight-tested in approximately two years from inception of cooperative program. (NASA Release 71-20; NAE PIO) 

Collapsed craters formed in terrestrial basalt flows near Grants, N. Mex., 

exhibited size-frequency distributions similar to those for craters in 

terraces on inner walls of lunar crater Copernicus, ARC scientists Ronald Greeley and Donald E. Gault reported in Science. Similarities suggested Copernicus craters had origin similar to basalt collapse craters. 

Scientists suggested that interior terraces of Copernicus were lava flows 

through fractures during postimpact adjustments after formation of 

Copernicus. (Science, 2/5/71,477-9) 

Acid hydrolysis, vacuum crushing, and vacuum pyrolysis experiments 

to investigate amount: nature, and isotopic composition of carbon in 

Apollo 12 sample 12023 were described in Science by ARC exobiologists Sherwood Chang, Keith A. Kvenvolden, James G. Lawless, and 

Cyril A. Ponnamperuma and UCLA geologist I. R. Kaplan. Results 

indicated that sample contained indigenous carbide and methane in 

amounts comparable to those found in Apollo 11 fines. Hydrolyzable 

carbide in Apollo 12 sample was heavier, isotopically, than any known 

carbide phase in meteorites. Large difference between isotope values 

for lunar and meteorite carbide suggested “that the former was either 

native to the moon or deposited by meteorites and subsequently sub39 
February 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

jected to isotope fractionation processes on the lunar surface.” If meteorites were not source of lunar carbide, “then we are left with the possibilities that the carbides represent primordial indigenous lunar carbon, however formed, or the product of interaction between solar wind 

carbon and metals or metal oxides or minerals on the lunar surface.” 

Evidence existed for presence of carbides in Apollo 11 rocks but 

amounts were too low for isotopic measurements. “If the carbon was 

indeed indigenous to the lunar rocks, the observed range of isotopic 

composition would be more representative of primordial lunar carbon.” 

(Science, 2/5/71,474&) 

President Nixon’s FY 1972 science budget was analyzed in Science: 

Budget proposed selective increases for R&D which would “start the 

federal science budget upward again after several years of virtually 

static financing.” Impact in FY 1972 spending would not be dramatic 

“since there is a lag of as much as 2 or 3 years between the obligation 

and actual spending” but budget served as “declaration of intentions.” 

Nixon Administration showed “inclination to maintain high-quality 

capabilities for research but to restrain expansion of research and, 

particularly, of manpower training except in areas judged to contribute 

to the solution of major nation problems.” Priorities were indicated 

by choices of agencies and programs for major increases: NSF budget 

would exceed $600 million for first time, with major portion of increases going to additional support of research grants. New cancer 

research program would receive $100 million. Substantial increases 

would provide funds for research on environmental problems, highway 

safety, air traffic control, and crime reduction. DOD R&D spending would 

be increased with additional funds split between work on strategic and 

tactical weapons. 

Obligational authority for total Federal science budget would rise 

to $16.7 billion from $15.6 billion in FY 1971, but estimated expenditures would rise only from $15.3 to $15.6 billion. NSF would get new 

obligational authority of $622 million in FY 1972 but would spend estimated $546 million. (Science, 2/5/71,459-60) 

Astronomers had asked Tucson, Ariz., to modify its outdoor lighting so 

their view of heavens would not be obstructed by nighttime glare, 

Science reported. Astronomers at Kitt Peak National Observatory, 

National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Steward Observatory, Lunar 

and Planetary Laboratory, and Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory had complained. (Bazell, Science, 2/5/71, 561) ) 

February 6: New York Times editorial commented on Apollo 14 lunar landing: ‘L. . . no one who sat entranced before the picture of yesterday’s 

historic events can have doubted that Antares has scored a major 

triumph in the effort to advance lunar exploration. Today Shepard and 

Mitchell will face new problems and grasp new opportunities as they 

lope their way toward Cone Crater and its geological riches. These two 

brave and highly skilled men-along with their partner, astronaut 

Roosa, in lunar-orbiting Kitty Hawk-are writing another brilliant 

and memorable chapter in man$ still-infant probing of earth‘s nearest 

neighbor in the vast reaches of space.” (NYT, 2/6/71, 28) 

February 7: RM Radiation/Meteoroid satellite launched pickaback with 

Of0 satellite Nov. 9, 1970, reentered atmosphere and disintegrated. 

Satellite had demonstrated that advanced radiation system was feasible 

40 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 7 

and accurate and had verified improved instrumentation for measuring 

meteoroid impact, flux, direction, and speed. (NASA Release 7140) 

February 7-8: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover, which landed on moon 

on board Luna 17 Nov. 18, 1970, traveled 597 m (653 yds) across 

moon during first two traverses since end of third lunar night. (SBD, 

2/10/71,182) 

February 8: ApoZZo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell, 

and Stuart A. Roosa held 25-min press conference, televised from 

spacecraft during transearth coast. Mitchell called mission “quite a 

success” in spite of failure to reach Cone crater during second EVA: 

“I think the majority of the type rocks we would find at the rim were 

in the boulder field that we were working, although it was a disappointment, just as a matter of challenge, not to get up there. I think 

we accomplished the scientific objectives that we went for.” 

Shepard explained major problem was “the undulating terrain where 

you simply couldn’t see more than 100 to 150 yards [90 to 140 meters] 

away from you. Consequently, you were never quite sure what landmark would appear when you topped the next ridge. We were very 

surprised when we . . . approached the ridge which we thought to be 

the rim of Cone Crater, to find there was another one behind it. And 

that was the beginning of the real problem. As far as we were concerned, our only problem was the amount of time allotted for the 

excursion. To us it was just a matter of working against the clock. 

I don’t believe that we were disoriented or lost any time. I think if 

we had wanted to reach the top of the crater and did nothing else, 

that we could have done that within the time period allotted. But I 

think the method to which we reverted . . . of collecting rocks from 

a point not quite near the top of the crater provided a lot more geologically and gave us a better cross-section of the rocks in the area . . . than had we gone to the crater and back and not collected as many 

rocks.” (NYT, 2/9/71, 26) 

* Nutosat 2 military comsat, launched by NASA for USAF and NATO Feb. 2, 

was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft was in satisfactory orbit 

and was functioning normally. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

Univ. of Michigan experiment to observe airglow. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

USN P-3C Orion turboprop antisubmarine aircraft, piloted by Cdr. Donald 

€I. Lilienthal ( USN) , broke four “time-to-climb” records by climbing 

from brake release to 3000 m (9843 ft) in 2 min 59 sec, to 6000 m 

(19 685 ft) in 5 min 48 sec; to 9000 m (29 528 ft) in 10 min 31 sec, 

and to 12000 m (39 370 ft) in 19 min 53 sec. Aircraft also posted 

new maximum altitude record for its cIass of 14 050 m (46 100 ft). 

(AI: Mug, 7/71,15) 

Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman of Senate Committee 

on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, said in Washington, D.C., that 

cutback in funding for NERVA development in NASA FY 1972 budget 

was gross error reflecting on management capability of NASA. Cutting 

program funding to $30 million would mean virtual halt in work on 

NERVA. (AP, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 2/9/71) 

* NASA announced it had awarded Bellcomm, Inc., 17-mo, $11.5-million 

extension to contract for systems analysis, study, planning, and tech41 
February 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

nical support to manned space flight program. Extension, which would 

continue through May 1972, brought total value of contract since 

March 1962 to $91 million. (NASA Release 71-17) 

President Nixon sent message to Congress outlining 1971 environmental 

program. Program included measures to strengthen pollution control, 

control emerging problems including noise pollution, promote environmental quality in land use decisions, further institutional improvement, expand international cooperation, and establish “World Heritage 

Trust to preserve parks and areas of unique cultural value throughout 

the world.” (PD, 2/15/71,187-204) 

February 8-9: NASA Aerospace Advisory Panel met at MSFC to discuss 

safety aspects of LRV, Skylab spacecraft, and proposed space shuttle. 

(MSFC Release 71-23) 

February 9: Following Apollo 14 splashdown, President Nixon telephoned 

Apollo 14 astronauts aboard recovery ship U.S.S. New Orleans to 

express personal congratulations on successful completion of mission. 

He released statement comparing Apollo 14 with May 5, 1961, Freedom 7 mission flown by Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr.: “The difference between that first flight and this latest is a measure of how far 

we have progressed in space in the short span of 10 years. But two 

things have not changed: the courage and determination of the men 

who fly these missions, and the skill and dedication of the thousands 

here on earth who make their flights possible.” (PD, 2/15/71, 205) 

0 Cosmos 394 was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 613-km (380.9-mi) 

apogee, 572-km (355.4-mi) perigee, 96.5-min period, and 65.8O inclination. (GSFC SSR, 2/28/71) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry 

(USAF) , successfully completed fifth flight after air-launch from B-52 

aircraft at FRC. Purpose of flight was to compare flight characteristics 

of M2-F3 with those of M2-F2. Maj. Gentry was only active pilot who 

had flown both vehicles. Mission was his last before leaving for duty 

in Southeast Asia. (NASA Proj Off) 

0 Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Chairman of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics, introduced H.R. 3981, $3.271-billion FY 

1972 NASA authorization bill. Bill authorized appropriations of $2.518 

billion for R&D, $56.3 million for construction of facilities, and $697.4 

million for research and program management. (CR, 2/9/71, H588; 

NASA LAR x/11) 

Christian Science Monitor editorial commented : “Technically, the feats 

of Apollo 14 . . . are invaluable. The scientific data obtained have 

opened many new paths to broader knowledge. But far more noteworthy should be the effect which these can have upon man’s view 

of his place and role in the universal scheme. It is already historical 

fact that America’s space program has helped focus sharper attention 

on challenges at home. This is bound, in the long run, to be one of 

the program’s greatest contributions.” ( CSM, 2/9/71) 

Former New Mexico Governor David F. Cargo presented Apollo I1 moon 

fragments to Museum of New Mexico at ceremony in Santa Fe. Later, 

AP said incumbent Governor Bruce King had claimed lunar samples 

for people of New Mexico, while Cargo said they had been presented 

to him, personally, by President Nixon. AP said White House records 

42 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 9 

showed plaque presented with moon fragments was inscribed “to the 

people of the State of New Mexico.” (AP, IT’ Post, 2/11/71) 

DOD said USA had been directed to continue development of Hardsite 

Defense, supplementary ABM system that included modified Sprint 

interceptor missiles and smaller, less expensive radars than those used 

in Safeguard ABM system. (AP, B Sun, 2/10/71, Al) 

February 10: Soviet President Nikolay Podgorny sent message to President 

Nixon: “Please accept . . . our congratulations on the successful conclusion of the flight of the spacecraft Apollo 14 and on the safe return 

of the American astronauts.” Tass said he also asked President Nixon 

to forward best wishes to “courageous crew.” (Reuters, C Trib, 

2/11/71) 

European interest in US. space program had “with notable exceptions” 

dwindled since Apollo 11’s first lunar landing and “trouble-fraught” 

Apollo 13, New York Times said. Despite extensive press and TV 

coverage, Europeans had taken Apollo 14 for granted. “In some countries local events overshadowed man’s third visit to the moon,” but in 

West Germany opinion poll had shown that 64% favored continuation 

of manned space flights. Frankfurter Rdschau editorial had said, 

“What Shepard and Mitchell carried off couldn’t have been done by 

a Lunokhod.” 

Polish newspapers had given equal prominence to Lunokhod 1 and 

Apollo 14, but stressed technological feat of unmanned vehicle. 

Soviet press had highlighted Apollo 14 difficulties to suggest superiority of unmanned vehicles. Soviet man in street “seemed bored with 

space exploration, although some Russians went out of their way to 

ask Westerners about the United States moonshot.” Komsomolskaya 

Pravda, Soviet youth daily, had praised astronauts’ “indisputable 

bravery.” 

In U.K. Apollo 14 had been overshadowed by unrest in Northern 

Ireland and collapse of Rolls-Royce Ltd. Live TV coverage of Apollo 14 

had been less than of previous Apollo missions. 

Earthquake and civil disorders had crowded Apollo 14 from front 

page of Italian newspapers, and Feb. 7 power blackout in New York 

had received as much space as launch. Italian radio and TV coverage 

had been thorough but audiences seemed smaller than for previous 

Apollos. Pope Paul VI had praised Apollo 14 as advance for all mankind. 

In France interest had waned as mission progressed. Newspapers 

and TV offered comprehensive coverage but “excitement of two years 

ago” had vanished. 

Spaniards, too, were losing interest in space exploration and public 

interest had declined in Hungary and Yugoslavia. Communist student 

leader in Zagreb had said, “If the Americans and Russians would 

cooperate in space instead of carrying their rivalries to the moon, 

maybe there could be some scientific progress on earth and maybe the 

smaller nations could be helped to contribute their knowledge instead 

of being shut out of science by the expense.” (NYT, 2/10/71, 24) 

Apollo 14 technical problems were discussed by Dr. George M. Low, 

Acting NASA Administrator, in interview published by New York Times: 

“I feel that what we’ve seen on Apollo 14 is about the number of 

problems one must expect on any given flight with such a complicated 

43 
February 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

piece of hardware. Yet the spacecraft design is such that it is forgiving 

of failures. And we hope we’ll always be able to work around them 

and press on with the mission.” (Witkin, NYT, 2/10/71) 

e MSC scientists reported instruments left on moon by Apollo astronauts had 

apparently survived sudden drop in temperature during lunar eclipse. 

Instruments registered no unusual seismic events or radiation fluxes 

during eclipse. Temperature at Apollo 12 site dropped from 348.9 K 

(168.3’F) to 170.4 K (-153’F), a 178.5 K (321.3OF) change. Temperature at Apollo 14 site dropped from 341 K (154.1’F) to 170.4 K 

(-153’F). (NYT, 2/11/71,40) 

* Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations, 

announced at MSC that Apollo 14 Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., had 

become first man to gain weight while in space. Other two crew 

members had lost weight: Edgar D. Mitchell had lost 0.5 kg (1 lb) 

and Stuart A. Roosa had lost 4.5 kg (10 lbs). Shepard had gained 

0.5 kg (1 Ib). NASA physicians were making fluid tests on astronauts 

to determine reason for weight loss during space flight. (Altman, 

NYT, 2/11/71,40) 

0 Milwaukee Journal editorial on Apollo 14 commented: “The real return 

on Apollo lies in the future-beyond the more difficult missions of 

flights 15, 16 and 17. It is in Skylab, reusable space shuttles and 

sophisticated space stations to come. It is in the complex monitoring 

of the earth and its resources from space. It is in the co-operation 

and internationalization of space programs that appear to be developing-hopefully to replace competition. Here is the payoff. To this 

Apollo 14 and its crew have made their extraordinary contribution.” 

(MJ, 2/10/71) 0 NASA announced renaming of five recently reorganized units of Office of 

Advanced Research and Technology ( OART ) . Aeronautical Research 

Div. became Aerodynamics and Vehicle Systems Div. ; Environmental 

Systems and Effects Div. became Aeronautical Life Sciences Div. ; 

STOL Program Office became STOL Technology Office; ATET Program 

Office became Supercritical Technology Office; and Lifting Body 

Program Office became Entry Technology O5ce. 

Dr. Leo Fox, Deputy Director of Biotechnology and Human Resources Div., was named Director of Aeronautical Life Sciences Div. 

(NASA Special Release) 

* NASA announced appointment of Harry W. Johnson, Vice President for 

Engineering in Gates Learjet Corp.’s Aircraft Div., as Director of 

OART’S Aeronautical Propulsion Div. (NASA Release 71-19) 

Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman of Senate Committee 

on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, introduced S. 720, $3.271-billion 

FY 1972 NASA authorization bill, identical to House bill introduced 

Feb. 9 (CR, 2/10/71, S1193) 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. President Charles S. Wagner announced that 

Lockheed would lay off up to 6500 employees as result of financial 

collapse of Rolls-Royce Ltd. British concern was unable to make 

scheduled deliveries of engines for Lockheed L-1011 TriStar airbus. 

Lockheed had orders for 178 TriStars from seven airlines and three 

holding companies at approximately $16 million each. (Witkin, NYT, 

2/11/71,67) 

Long Beach, Calif., Harbor Commission refused to renew Howard Hughes’ 

44 
ASTRONAUTiCS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 10 

lease on 3-hectare (7.2-acre) site where eight-engine wooden flying 

boat Spruce Goose had been in hangar for more than 23 yrs. Lease 

would be terminated on Sept. 1 expiration because property could be 

more profitably developed as marine terminal. Hughes had designed 

and built aircraft at estimated $24-million cost. Aircraft, 67 m (219 ft) 

long with 97.5-m (320-ft) wingspan, had been flown once, by Hughes 

Nov. 3, 1947. It had not been seen by public since. (UPI, Y Post, 

2/12/71, A8) 

* President Nixon submitted nomination to Senate of Herbert F. DeSimone 

to be Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment and 

Urban Systems. (PD, 2/15/71, 209, 217) 

February 11: President Nixon signed Seabed Arms Control Treaty in State 

Dept. ceremony held simultaneously with ceremonies in Moscow and 

London. He said: “It has been very properly pointed out that the 

seabed is man’s last frontier on earth, and that frontier can either be 

a source of peril or promise. By the signing of this treaty, we have 

pledged to seek its promise and to remove its peril.” Treaty was “indication of progress that has been made and continues to be made 

toward the goal that we all seek: the control of instruments of mass 

destruction, so that we can reduce the danger of war.” (PD, 2/15/71, 

211-2) 

Dr. Robert Jastrow, Director of GSFC Institute for Space Studies, was 

quoted as saying in London that people often forgot intelligence factor 

in debate over manned versus unmanned space missions. Dr. Jastrow 

had pointed out that by time unmanned space exploration technology 

reached level of achievement already exhibited in manned exploration, 

lunar exploration-or even Martian exploration-might haTe advanced 

to stage of extended expeditions or space station. Then human performance would again have jumped ahead of machines. (Cowen, CSM, 

2/11/71) 

February 11-12: Delegation from 11-nation European Space Conference 

met at Dept. of State with State Dept., NASC, and NASA officials to 

continue discussion of possible cooperation in post-Apollo space program, particularly space shuttle and space station. Conference President The0 Lefevre, Belgian Minister for Scientific Policy and Planning, in address raised question of availability to European nations 

of U.S. launchers if European collaboration in post-Apollo projects 

failed to materialize, or materialized to smaller degree than US. 

requested. U.S. condition that its launch vehicles be made available 

only for uses compatible with international agreements raised difficulties for Europeans, especially since Intelsat agreement had not been 

completed. ESC was proposing that each party supply its partner “with 

any element of the space system which it is asked to supply, while 

leaving to its partner the final responsibility for complying with the 

international agreements it has undertaken. . . . these agreements are 

identical for the US. and the European countries.” (Text; Joint 

Communiqu6 

February 12: LRL scientists opened first box of lunar samples returned by 

Apllo 14. Samples included one rock almost pure white with some 

grey flecks and one with 10 times more potassium, thorium, and 

uranium than was found in ApZb 11 and 12 samples. Dr. Paul Gast, 

Director of Planetary and Earth Sciences at MSC, said preliminary 

45 
February 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

studies of samples were “not inconsistent” with idea that lunar highlands might represent lunar crust. “If this additional evidence that 

the (highlands) materials on the moon contain abundant rocks with 

high potassium and high uranium and high thorium . . . it means the 

highlands are almost as old as the moon itself. What we’re saying is 

that there is a layer of unknown thickness . . . on the surface of the 

moon which is of very different composition than the average moon.” 

(AP, W Star, 2/13/71, Al) 

Apollo 14 Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell had tried personal experiment in 

mental telepathy during flight to moon and back, AP reported. Mitchell, 

who had life-long interest in psychic phenomena, had concentrated at 

prearranged times on symbols. Psychic in Chicago had concentrated at 

same time in attempt to receive signals. Mitchell confirmed that he had 

conducted experiment, but declined to reveal details. (AP, B Sun, 

2/13/71, Al) 

Analysis of low-frequency sound from Apollo 14 spacecraft passing 188 

km (117 mi) over Bermuda, obtained from infrasonic sensors in Bermuda, was presented in Science by Columbia Univ. geologists. Signals, 

reminiscent of N-waves from sonic booms, were horizontally coherent, 

had nearly identical appearances and frequencies, and had supersonic 

trace velocities across tripartite sensor arrays. They had identical arrival times after spacecraft launch from ICSC and were only coherent 

signals recorded over many hours. Observations “seem to establish that 

the recorded sound comes from the rockets at high elevation” but values 

of surface pressure appeared explainable by combination of “kinetic 

theory approach to shock formation in rarefied atmospheres with established gas-dynamics shock theory.” (Cotten, Donn, Science, 2/12/71, 

Age and composition effects on alteration of lunar optical properties were 

described in Science. Evidence from Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 samples 

and telescopic spectral reflectivity measurements indicated that lunar 

seas “are similar in mineralogy on a regional scale and that the highlands are consistent with an anorthositic-gabbro composition. Bright 

craters and rays in both regions expose materials that are relatively 

crystalline compared with their backgrounds, which are richer in dark 

glass. With age, bright craters and rays in the maria darken in place by 

meteorite impact-induced vitrification and mixing with the surrounding 

material. Highland bright craters and rays may, however, darken primarily through regional contamination by iron and titanium rich mre 

material.” (Adams, McCord, Science, 2/12/71,567-71) 

* MSFC announced appointment of Dr. William R. Lucas, Director of 

MSFC’s Program Development Directorate, as MSFC Deputy Director, 

Technical, effective Feb. 15. Dr. Lucas’ position would be assumed by 

James T. Murphy in acting capacity. (MSFC Release 71-25) 

* NASA announced publication of second annual Research and Technology 

Operating Plan (RTOP) Summary. FY 1971 edition identified and described hundreds of NASA research and technology efforts. (NASA Release 71-18) 

USN announced cause of Dec. 30, 1970, crash of F-14 Tomcat fighter aircraft on second test flight was two pencil-thin hydraulic lines that ruptured after severe vibration. Findings confirmed those of aircraft man565-7)’ 

46 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 12 

ufacturer, Grumman Aerospace Corp. USN said problem could be corrected without major redesign or changes. (AP, NYT, 2/15/71, 44) 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin editorial commented on signing of seabed 

treaty: “A quarter century of fear and mistrust has left both the U.S. 

and U.S.S.R. with vast nuclear power, but little real security. The Seabed Treaty is not going to reverse this, but it is one more slim strand 

across the chasm of nationalistic rivalry upon which mankind may 

eventually suspend a bridge.” (P Bull, 2/12/71) 

February 13: President Nixon announced intention to nominate Apollo 14 

Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell for promotion to grade of captain in USN. 

Astronaut Stuart A. Roosa had been promoted by USAF to grade of 

lieutenant colonel. (PD, 2/22/71,266) 

NASA released 9 color photos, 14 black-and-white photos, and segment of 

16-mm film taken during Apollo 14 mission. Pictures showed LM, footprints, tire tracks, Astronauts Shepard and Mitchell during EVA, American flag on surface, and large boulders. (AP, W Star, 2/14/71, A3) 

February 14: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from 

Fairbanks, Alaska, carrying Rice Univ. experiment to conduct auroral 

studies. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* Historical value of Apollo 14 was appraised by Thomas O’Toole in Washington Post article. Mission “may well be remembered as a turning 

point in the sense that it taught man what his role could be in the 

exploration of space.” Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 landings had been 

“feats of technology that showed the world what its richest nation 

could do when it set its mind to something. Apollo 14 went a giant 

step further, to a place where man might appreciate what he had done 

and what he could do in the future on the surface of the moon or another planet.” (W Post, 2/14/71, C1) 

JPL announced selection of Howard H. Haglund, former Surveyor project 

manager, to be project manager for DOT’S People Mover transit system at Morgantown, W. Va. Dr. Albert R. Hibbs would be deputy 

project manager. JPL was initiating research and design of automated, 

computer-controlled system under $1 353 000 DOT contract. ( JPL 

Release 570) 

February 15: Lockheed Aircraft Corp.’s second GlOll TriStar, piloted by 

Lockheed test pilot Ralph C. Cokeley, made maiden flight from Lockheed facility at Palmdale, Calif. Aircraft was flown at speeds well under 966-km-per-hr (600-mph) capacity to test control surfaces and 

hydraulics systems. First TriStar had been flown Nov. 16, 1970. (AP, 

B Sun, 2/16/71, A6) 

Aviation Week & Space Technology editorial commented: “Apollo 14 . . . demonstrated that man still has much to learn about the moon. Even 

with the ability to land in relatively rough areas and to extend useful 

working time on the moon, the experience of the Apollo 14 duo in the 

Fra Mauro area indicates that better new equipment is needed to extend the range and accuracy of their explorations. And once the various 

typical areas of the lunar surface are reached it is obvious that vehicles 

with payloads much larger than Apollo will be required to haul the 

equipment needed to establish permanent scientific working stations on 

the lunar surface. For not until that is accomplished will man really 

begin to reap the full harvest of knowledge from his lunar capabilities.” 

(Hotz, Av Wk, 2/15/71,9) 

47 
Februaq- 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

British Aircraft Corp. said in London that Concorde test flights had “met 

with success unique in the annals of commercial aircraft flight development.” BAC chief test pilot Brian Trubshaw told press conference he 

was optimistic since British and French prototypes had flown total 393 

hrs 56 min, including 92 hrs 35 min at supersonic speeds. Aircraft 

had maintained directional stability at twice speed of sound and on 

stalling two of its four engines at same speed. Modifications would 

be made on nacelles before next phase of test flights because of Jan. 22 

incident to French prototype 001 at mach 2 over Atlantic. Air pressure 

had broken off forward intake ramp of No. 4 engine and engine had 

fallen off into sea. (Berger, B Sun, 2/16/71, C6) 

February 16: Univ. of Tokyo’s Space and Aeronautics Institute successfully 

launched Japan’s second satellite, 63-kg (139-lb) Tansei (MST-1) , from Uchinoura Space Center with four-stage Mu-4S booster. Orbital 

parameters: apogee, 1110 km (689.7 mi); perigee, 990 km (615.2 

mi) ; period, 106 min; and inclination, 29.7O. Puvpose of mission was 

to conduct “engineering test for the launching of scientific satellites.” 

Tansei, “Light Blue,” was named for Univ. of Tokyo colors. First 

satellite, Ohsumi-named for district from which it was launchedhad been launched Feb. 11, 1970. (UN General Assembly Release 71- 

03697; SBD, 2/17/71, 211; NASA Off Int Aff; W Star, 2/16/71, A7) 

Scientists at MSC, after studying Apollo 14 photos and questioning crew, 

reported Astronauts Mitchell and Shepard had turned back within 

25-50 m (80-165 ft) of Cone Crater during second EVA period. Crew 

was apparently misled by slight downhill slope around top of Cone 

Crater which led them to believe it was not part of crater. Ridge astronauts were struggling to reach appeared to have been southeast of 

Cone. (AP, B Sun, 2/17/71, Al) 

0 European Space Conference President The0 Lefevre, Belgian Minister for 

Scientific Policy and Planning, told Brussels press conference that US. 

had refused at Feb. 11-12 conference in Washington, D.C., to sell US. 

launch vehicles for European comsats. Lefevre said State Dept. had 

told him, however, that if two thirds of Intelsat’s 72 members agreed 

that launch vehicles should be so1cPU.S. would sell. (NYT, 2/17/71, 

14; W Post, 2/17/71, A13) 

* NASA announced publication of This Island Earth (NASA SP-250). Book, 

edited by L~RC Deputy Director Oran W. Nicks, contained color photos of earth taken on US. space flights. In foreword Dr. George M. 

Low, NASA Acting Administrator, said: “Photographs such as this book 

contains increase our understanding of the relationships between our 

activities and our environment. It is somewhat paradoxical that man’s 

new ability to voyage in space has provided him with a valuable way 

to appreciate his Earth.” (NASA Special Release, 2/16/71) 

February 17: USAF launched four satellites from Vandenberg AFB by one 

Thor-Burner I1 booster. Unidentified satellite entered orbit with 832.0- 

km (517-mi) apogee, 767.7-km ( 4i77-mi) perigee, 100.8-min period, 

and 98.8’ inclination. Calisphere 3, 4, and 5-launched to provide 

targets for radar calibration and evaluate surface material erosion and 

drag effects vis-a-vis their inert gold or aluminum surfaces-entered 

orbits with 833.6-km (518-mi) apogee, 762.8- to 772.5-km (474- to 

480-mi) perigee, 100.8-min period, and 98.8’ inclination. (Pres Rpt 

72; SBD, 2/18/71,224) 

48 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 17 

Unidentified satellite launched by USAF from Vandenberg AFB by ThorAgena booster exploded about 40 sec after liftoff. (UPI, W Star, 

2/ 18/7 1 ) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 395 from Plesetsk into orbit with 545-km 

(338.7-mi) apogee, 529-km (328.7-mi) perigee, 95.3-min period, and 

74.0’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 2/28/71; SBD, 2/19/71, 224) 

* Presidential Management Improvement Certificate was presented to 

NASA Interplanetary Monitoring Platforms (IMP) Management Team in 

NASA Hq. ceremony. Award was for “efficient program management and 

design improvements which permitted deferment of a launch for a year 

while maintaining the achievement of program objectives.” (NASA Org 

& Mgmt Off) 

NAS and NAE released Jamaica Bay and Kennedy Airport: A Multidisciplinary Environmental Study. Report, prepared at request of Port of 

New York Authority, recommended against expansion of John F. 

Kennedy International Airport. “Any runway construction will damage 

the natural environment of the Bay and reduce its potential use for 

conservation, recreation, and housing.” ( NAS-NAE Release 2/17/71) 

* US. Dept. of Justice asked Supreme Court to deny atheist Mrs. Madalyn 

Murray O’Hair’s request that US. astronauts be prohibited from undertaking religious activities during lunar missions. Solicitor Gen. Erwin 

Griswold said astronauts carried only personal religious items which 

improved their morale and contributed “to the success of the flight.” 

(UPI, H Post, 2/17/71) 

* MSC announced award of $800 000 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to Lockheed 

Electronics Co. for first year performance of scientific and technical 

support services for Earth Resources Laboratory at MTF. (MSC Release 

71-07) 

February 18: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 396 from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 268-km (166.5-mi) apogee, 189-km (117.4-mi) perigee, 89.0-min 

period, and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered March 3. ( GSFC SSR, 

2/28/71; 3/31/71; SRD, 2/19/71,224) 

USAF’S X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. 

Manke, successfully completed 23rd flight at FRC. Objectives of powered flight were to expand flight envelope to mach 1.5, determine lateraldirectional derivatives, and determine longitudinal trim and lift-to-drag 

ratio with 40° upper flap setting and 0’ rudder bias. Pilot performed 

pushovers, pullups, and aileron doublets at a number of angles of 

attack. (NASA Proj Off) 

* NASA Contractor Equal Employment Opportunity Program activities were 

transferred from Procurement Office to Industrial Relations Office. 

Joseph M. Hogan would continue to direct group and would report to 

Robert E. King, Director of Industrial Relations. Personnel and functions concerned with participation of minority-owned business in NASA 

procurements would remain in Procurement Office. (NASA Special Ann) 

NASA selected Wyle Laboratories to receive cost-plus-award-fee contract for 

instrument repair, maintenance, and calibration services at L~RC. Contract was for one year with two one-year renewal options at $7.5 million for three years. (NASA Release 71-22) 

February 19: President Nixon was expected to name Univ. of Utah President, Dr. James C. Fletcher, as NASA Administrator, Washington Post 

reported. Dr. Fletcher, a physicist, had been an aerospace executive and 

49 
February 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

consultant to NACA, DOD, and President’s Science Advisory Committee. 

(O’Toole, JV Post, 2/19/71, Al) 

* Evidence of nature of clouds of Venus derived from comparing polarization observations with theoretical calculations was reported in Science 

by James E. Hansen and Dr. Albert Arking of Goddard Institute for 

Space Studies. Linear polarization of sunlight multiply scattered by 

atmosphere and Venus cloud particles had been computed and compared with observations over wavelength range from uv to infrared 

region. Refractive index of cloud particles was 1.45t 0.02 at 0.55,~ 

wavelength. There was indication of slight decrease in value from uv 

to near-infrared region; mean particle radius was very near lp and 

most of particles were spherical. Cloud layer occurred high in atmosphere where pressure was about 50 millibars or equivalent to approximately 20-km (12.4-mi) altitude on earth. Results for index of refraction eliminated possibility that visible clouds were composed of pure 

water or ice. Aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid and carbon suboxide “are not absolutely excluded, but the liklihood for either is not 

high. A new look at the question of the Venus cloud composition seems 

in order.” (Science, 2/19/71,669-72) 

Boosted Arcas I sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill 

Research Range carrying Univ. of Houston experiment to measure lowaltitude x-ray spectrum and electron flux above 30 500 m (100 000 ft). 

Rocket reached 59.1-km (36.7-mi) altitude and mission was 100% 

successful. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

* ComSatCorp reported net income for 1970 was $17 501 000 ($1.75 per 

share), up from $7 129 000 (71 cents per share) for 1969. Operating 

revenues for 1970 reached $69 598 000-increase of $22 564 000 

(48% ) over $47 034 000 received in 1969. ( ComSatCorp Release 

Ten Western European nations agreed to cooperate in building 300-bev 

particle accelerator on frontier between France and Switzerland. Accelerator would fit into tunnel forming 2-km (11/4-mi) ring. Decision to 

proceed with $260-million project had been awaited since 1964. 

(NYT, 2/20/71,28) 

* The Decision To Go to the Moon, book by John M. Logsdon, was reviewed 

in Technology Review: “Logsdon has done a considerable service in 

pulling together the elements of the histories of official U.S. space policy, of .GermamAmerican rocket engineering and the obsessive aimingfor-the-stars that went with it, of congressional enthusiasm for extraterrestrial responsibilities, and finally of the months of Kennedy’s 

greatest vulnerability. The factual part of the book leaves one ready 

to draw one’s own conclusions.” Review had concluded “that we cannot hope for any useful Apollo-sized program in the absence of any 

counteEpart of the von Braun team, tirelessly bringing to perfection a 

thing that had not been asked for.’’ (Wheeler, Tech Rev, 2/19/71,22) 

February 20: National Urban Coalition released CozmterbudgetA Blueprint for Changing National Priorities, 1971-1976. Report noted diminishing public support for science and technology and recommended 

4% increase in R&D funding to prevent deterioration of Government’s 

role in science and technology in national affairs. Space program should 

be kept at funding level just over $3 billion, rather than Qg5.9-billion 

level reached in 1966. Space shuttle and station programs should be 

71-10) 

50 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 20 

continued but on stretched schedule. Mars mission should be undertaken only when it could be done internationally. Value of space program as whole lay in its scientific yield, practical results, and national 

leadership. (CR, 5/21/71, ELE836-98; NUC PIO) 

Award of contracts up to $100 000 each to LTV Aerospace Corp. and Rohr 

Corp. for preparation of proposals for installation of tracked air cushion vehicle (TACV) system along access road to Dulles Airport in Chantilly, Va., was announced by DOT. Negotiations for similar contract with 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. were continuing. (DOT Release 3071) 

February 21 : Aerobee 350 sounding rocket, launched by NASA from Wallops Station at 7:43 pm EST, carried 440.4-kg (971-lb) Columbia Univ. 

payload to 196.3-km (122-mi) altitude to search for x-ray polarization 

of Crab Nebula. Rocket and instruments-including two polarimeters 

sensitive to x-rays at 2.6 kev and 5.25 kev-functioned satisfactorily. 

Payload recovery would be attempted after daybreak Feb. 22. (WS 

Release 71-1 ) 

Text of Dr. Wernher von Braun interview by West German magazine 

Der Spiegel was released to U.S. press. NASA Associate Administrator 

for Planning was convinced that in 20 yrs “we shall have reached the 

point where space travel will earn more than it is costing.” Earnings 

from “bread and butter programs”--comsats, weather-monitoring spacecraft, and ERS satellites-could pay for permanent lunar bases and 

manned exploration of Mars. “Most important product of the seventies” would be application of “all that the space program has taught us.” 

(Wilford, NYT, 2/21/71,75) 

* LaRc engineers were using automobile fitted with diagonal braking system 

to measure slipperiness of wet runways and predict aircraft stopping 

distance to prevent accidents, NASA announced. Technique could provide data for realistic calculations of crosswind limitations. Stopping 

distances of car were measured from 97-km-per-hr (60-mph) speed for 

skidding locked wheels on wet and dry runways. Tests showed ratio of 

wet-to-dry stopping distances for auto correlated well with those of 

representative aircraft. (NASA Release 71-21) 

February 22: Portable magnetometer carried during Apollo 14 EVA had 

detected unexpected bulge in moon’s magnetic profile, ARC announced. 

Data indicated lunar magnetic field at point 297 m (325 yds) northeast of Apollo 14 landing site was about 100 gammaethree times 

higher than measurements at Apollo 12 site. Another reading, 457 m 

(500 yds) away near edge of Cone crater, measured about 40 gammas. 

(ARC Release, 714) 

First flight model LRV had begun six-week acceptance testing by Boeing 

Co. preliminary to scheduled delivery to NASA on April 1, NASA announced. Model would transport two astronauts on three extravehicular traverses during Apollo 15 mission in July. Second LRV flight model, 

being built at Boeing, was scheduled for testing in last week of March 

and for April delivery. Third model was scheduled for May delivery. 

(NASA Release 71-25) 

Julian Scheer resigned position as NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs. He had joined NASA as consultant in November 1962 and 

directed NASA public affairs activities since November 1963. Announcing %beer's resignation Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, said, “Under Julian Scheer’s leadership, the story of our achieve51 
February 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

ments in space has been told well, and the public was fully and openly 

informed.” Under Scheer’s direction, NASA had handled press requirements for Apollo flights, including worldwide communications network 

for disseminating live TV photos from moon; developed worldwide 

exhibit program; begun regular TV and radio network services ; started 

publications program; produced more than 100 major films on NASA 

programs ; and developed education program. (NASA Release 71-26) 

President Nixon accepted resignation of Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael 

Collins as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs effective 

April 11. Collins would become Director of Smithsonian Institution’s 

National Air and Space Museum. (PD, 3/1/71, 384) 

Aerobee 350 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops Station carrying Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory payload to study x-ray 

polarization. Mission was unsuccessful. (SR list) 

Reuters quoted sources as saying DOD would pay Lockheed Aircraft Corp. 

$10 million incentive award to 1969 $1-billion contract for development and first year production for superior work on Poseidon missile. 

Award increased contract price from $70 million to $80 million. 

Lockheed had bettered contract’s specifications for delivery schedule, 

reliability, and range. (NYT, 2/23/71,41) 

February 23: Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, testified 

before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences and 

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy on NERVA space nuclear propulsion program: “AS we prepared our FY 1972 budget request, we were 

faced with one of three choices for NERVA”-to continue with full 

scale development of flight engine; proceed at reduced rate, emphasizing technology and long-lead time development; or cancel NERVA 

program. “Because there is simply no need to proceed with full scale 

development now, and in view of fiscal constraints, we decided to . . . continue with the development of long lead items and technology, but 

to not proceed with the full development effort. This will preserve the 

technology that has already been gained, and the hard core capability 

that now exists, without requiring a major expenditure of funds.” 

NASA and AEC support of NERVA project was “clear example of sustained support over many years of an advanced development even 

though we have not yet come to the point of proposing the specific 

missions on which it would be used.” While best chemical propulsion 

systems operated at specific impulse of 450 sec, “with nuclear propulsion we have demonstrated . . . equivalent specific impulse of 825 

seconds and have every confidence that the technology we are developing . . . can raise this to at least 900 seconds. Thus, our justification 

for the large and continuing investment in the NERVA program is that 

we have a way of breaking one of the principal limiting constraints 

on space flight by doubling our propulsion efficiencies for many important classes of large space missions.” 

Dr. Low, in response to questions, testified that NASA plan to stretch 

out NERVA development program would necessitate immediate employment cutback from 2500 persons to 800. US. had invested $1.4 billion 

in NERVA since 1955. (Transcript; W Post, 2/24/71; B Sun, 2/24/71, 

Milton Klein, Manager, NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Systems Office, 

testified on NERVA program status: “Eighteen rocket reactors have been 

A7 1 

52 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 23 

tested, each adding importantly to our knowledge. Two experimental 

engines, which couple the reactor with the other principal components 

necessary to form a complete nuclear rocket engine, have been operated. The last of these engines, XE, was started up 28 times and tested 

over a wide variety of conditions. We have accumulated over 14 hours 

of system operating experience, including more than four hours at or 

near design power.’’ Specific impulse “of 825 seconds has been demonstrated for extended durations in a flight size reactor. A range of 

thrust levels, including 75,000 pounds [34,000 kg], has been demonstrated over a wide range of conditions, including the ability to 

throttle down to about one-half design thrust at full specific impulse. 

The ability to stop and start at will has been demonstrated. Finally, 

this system has proved to be quite predictable, an important feature 

from a development and operational standpoint. All of the technology 

goals of the program have been met and the potential for performance growth shown.” (Transcript) 

Activity at Shuang-ch‘eng spaceport-from which Chinese Communists 

launched Chicom I on April 24, 1970-indicated imminent launch of 

another satellite, according to sources quoted in Washington Post. US. 

space specialists had said second Communist Chinese launch would be 

further proof of steady scientific progress regardless of internal political turmoil in Red China. (Wilson, W Post, 2/23/71, A16) 

Citizens Bank and Trust Co. of Maryland would submit requests for 

space-derived technical information to NASA’s Regional Dissemination 

Centers, NASA announced. NASA centers would advise bank’s patrons 

as to available data and outline charges to cover service cost. (NASA 

Release 71-23) 

February 24: NASA development of short-haul jet transportation system was 

discussed by Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, at Council for Advancement of Science Writing Seminar on Science and 

Public Policy in Washington, D.C.: “We estimate that the market for 

short-haul transportation will approach 40 billion passenger miles by 

1980, and may well be between 100 and 300 billion passenger miles 

by 1995. The problems of developing such a system are exceedingly 

complex. Involved are aircraft, airways, airports, avionics, ground 

transportation, and appropriate regulations. To be acceptable, the system must be low in noise, low in pollution, and low in its contribution 

to the congestion of local transportation. The service must be easily 

accessible, dependable, and comfortable. And the fare must be reasonable.” If development were to take normal course, “it would move 

ahead very slowly. And in the meantime, a domestic need would go 

wanting.” Foreign competition, with funding by foreign governments, 

“would step in to fill the gap.” 

“Here we have a good case where the government should help. 

The need exists; an integrated approach involving government and 

industry is required; and the initial development risk is high.” DOT 

was responsible for overall short-haul transportation system ; NASA had 

responsibility for developing experimental research aircraft. “But NASA 

will not do this alone; we intend to approach this development in 

partnership-a joint enterprise-with industry. NASA and industry will 

share the development responsibility . . . and costs. The production 

airplanes . . . will be built by industry on a purely commercial, com53 
February 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

petitive basis. But the government will have served the industry in 

speeding the commercial availability of the aircraft, and will have 

served the people by speeding the availability of a needed service.” 

(Text) 

NASA launched three sounding rockets. Arcas launched from Barking 

Sands, Kauai, Hawaii, carried GSFC experiment to 56.7-km (35.2-mi) 

altitude to obtain ozone measurements in conjunction with Nimbus IV 

overpass. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and payload was recovered successfully. 

Black Brant VB, launched from Wallops Station at 8:14 pm EST, 

carried 216.8-kg (478-lb) NRL instrumented telescope to 281.6-km 

(175-mi) altitude for infrared astronomy studies. Telescope was doublewalled with unique helium cooling system that maintained unit’s temperature at 5.4 K (-450’F) to prevent telescope’s own radiation from 

interfering with measurements. Rocket and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily; payload would be recovered after daylight Feb. 25. 

Aerobee 150, launched from WSMR, carried ARC experiment to study 

micrometeorites. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

(NASA Rpt SRL; WS Release 71-2; SR list) 

* ComSatCorp announced election of John L. Martin, Jr., as Assistant Vice 

President for Domestic and Aeronautical Satellite Systems. (ComSat 

Corp Release 71-11) 

* Crises facing airlines in early 1960s and 1970s were contrasted by Floyd 

D. Hall, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Eastern Airlines, 

Inc., in speech before northeast region of Aviation/Space Writers 

Assn. in New York. Jet aircraft had offered “radically improved seatmile factor” in 1960s. There were no appreciable unit-cost savings in 

wide-bodied equipment of 1970’s. “In sharp contrast with a decade 

ago, technology promises little help.” Economists were predicting no 

general economic boom of mid-1960 proportions for at least five years 

and there was “no traffic surge in sight so great as to mask or counterbalance our other problems.” There was “new and ominous militancy” 

in labor outlook which had “sent costs soaring . . . at rate greater than 

normal even in our inflation-ridden economy.” In 1959, US. trunkline 

aviation industry had been committed to $1.7 billion in new aircraft. 

“Ten years later, in 1969, we were committed to $4.7 billion-$6 billion when the cost of spares and associated ground equipment is added 

--or more than three times as much. The value of flight equipment on 

order at the end of 1969 . . . equals nearly 87 percent of the net book 

value of existing flight equipment. The total commitment amounts to 

more than the debt and equity capital of all eleven trunklines combined 

as of year-end 1969.” In 1960s “when airlines sought new capital to 

finance their new jet fleets,” capital had been more readily available 

and airlines were able to compete for it against other industries on 

fairly favorable terms. Today we, a high-risk industry, are competing 

for it against low-risk industries, and at a time when the availability 

of capital is limited.” (Text) 

February 25: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 397 into orbit with 2241-km 

(1392.5-mi) apogee, 584-km (362.9-mi) perigee, 113.8-min period, 

and 65.8” inclination. ( GSFC SSR, 2/28/71 ) 

President Nixon addressed Nation by radio upon transmitting foreign 

policy report for 1970s to Congress: “Over the past two years in 

CI 

54 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 25 

some fields the Soviet Union and the United States have moved ahead 

together. We have taken the first step toward cooperation in outer 

space. We have both ratified the treaty limiting the spread of nuclear 

weapons. Just 2 weeks ago, we signed a treaty to prohibit nuclear 

weapons from the seabeds.” Most significant result of negotiations 

between US. and U.S.S.R. in past year “could be in the field of 

arms control.” SALT had produced “most searching examination of 

the nature of strategic competition ever conducted between our nations.,’ If talks continued in cooperative vein there was “reason to 

hope that specific agreements will be reached to curb the arms race.” 

(PD, 3/1/71,298-304) 

* President Nixon transmitted to Congress second annual report on foreign 

policy, United States Foreign Policy for the 1970’s: Building for 

Peace: Space was “clearest example of the necessity for international 

scientific cooperation and the benefits that accrue from it. The world 

community has already determined and agreed that space is open to 

all and can be made the special province of none. Space is the new 

frontier of man, both a physical and an intellectual frontier. . . . As 

mutual help and cooperation were essential to life on the American 

frontier, so it is on the frontier of space. It is with that sense that 

we approach the sharing of both the burdens and the fruits of our 

space activity. . . . We have some 250 agreements with 74 countries 

covering space cooperation.” Space was “the only area of which it can 

be literally said that the potential for cooperation is infinite. . . . We 

have opened virtually all of our NASA space projects to international 

participation.” 

President said he would submit to Senate shortly ICAO treaty which 

recognizes aircraft hijacking as a crime . . . and ensures that 

hijackers will be subject to prosecution or extradition if apprehended 

on the territory of contracting states.” U.S. intended “to exert every 

effort to ensure the widest possible international acceptance of this 

convention.” 

President’s report said it was “settled U.S. policy to encourage 

international cooperation in basic science.” Closely allied was national 

policy on technology exchange. US. preeminence in both fields posed 

question as to extent of its sharing scientific and technological knowledge. “There are obvious security implications in many technological 

developments, for example in the nuclear and space fields.” U.S. policy, 

however, “is to keep those areas as circumscribed as possible, and to 

take the leadership in encouraging the exchange of scientific and technological information.” (PD, 3/1/71,305-77) 0 Appointment of Dr. Marshall E. Alper, Manager of JPL’S Applied 

Mechanics Section since 1964, to succeed Howard H. Haglund as 

Manager of JPL’S Civil Systems Project Office was announced by Dr. 

William H. Pickering, JPL Director. Haglund had been appointed 

Project Manager of DOT’S automated transit system, JPL’S principal 

civil systems project. (JPL Release 571) 

February 25-26: Crew station review, during which stowed equipment was 

fitted to first flight model LRV for first time, was held at Boeing plant 

in Kent, Wash. Review concentrated on manual tasks of astronauts in 

setting up and operating LRV. Activities included fitness checks of 

hardware to be installed on LRV after deployment from LM, walkL< 

55 
February 25-26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

through rehearsal of manual loading and preparation of LRV equipment, and reverification of relationships between stowed components 

and LRV. (MSFC Release 71-33) 

February 26: Cosmos 398 was launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit with 232-km 

(144.2-mi) apogee, 191-km (118.7-mi) perigee, 89.0-min period, and 

51.6O inclination. (GSFC SSR, 2/28/71) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by test pilot William H. Dana, 

completed sixth flight after air launch from B-52 aircraft over FRC. 

Objectives were to obtain M2-F3 and B-52 adapter compatibility by 

captive flight at 9000-m (30000-ft) altitude and mach 0.46 to 0.67, 

expand flight envelope to mach 0.85 by climbing to 13 700 m (45 000 

ft) and releasing M2-F3, obtain stability and control data at mach 0.8, 

investigate lateral phugoid, and obtain performance data at mach 0.8. 

Alternate flight plan was flown after one of three engine chambers 

malfunctioned, but vehicle reached mach 0.8 and most objectives were 

achieved. (NASA Proj Off) 

OLeRC announced it was accurately producing and measuring surface contamination to spacecraft by harsh elements in outer space under simulated space vacuum conditions in liquid-helium-cooled space tank linked 

to computer. Facility could achieve and maintain very high vacuum. 

LeRC Aerospace Environment Branch also would study effect of exhaust 

from small reactor control thruster-like those used for Apollo attitude 

control-on optical properties of nearby surfaces in space, such as 

Skylab surface. (LeRC Release 71-6) 

0 UPI released rare photo of sun in which silhouette of jet aircraft created 

optical illusion that sun was only five times wider than aircraft. Photo, 

showing sun spots as black patches and large white areas described 

as possible incipient solar flares, was taken by Pennsylvania State 

Univ. astronomers using special filters on automatic camera. (UPI 

Photo Ed) 

NASA announced availability to general-aviation manufacturers of A 

Study of NACA and NASA Pablished Information of Pertinence in 

the Design of Light Aircraft, Volumes I, 11, and 111. Information on 

structural design, propulsion subsystems, landing-gear loads, flutter, 

refined performance calculation procedures, and high-horsepower propellers was obtained from 10 000 aeronautical documents that NASA 

had organized, cataloged, and evaluated. (NASA Release 71-27) 

The Supersonic Transport, study by George N. Chatham and Franklin P. 

Huddle, was released by Science Policy Research Div. of Library of 

Congress Congressional Research Service. Study found many uncertainties concerning SST: “as to the verity of the competition from foreign SST developments; as to whether the Boeing SST will produce the 

economic gains claimed for it; as to the extent of engineering risk 

this vehicle represents; and as to whether it can stand alone, without 

other supporting elements of a complete system of air transportation.” 

SST’S environmental aspects had received bulk of critical attention but 

most of postulated effects are found to be non-existent or of a scale 

making detection difficult.’’ Most uncertainties were in field of economics. “It is likely that these can be resolved only by actual experience with the product in use.” (Text) 

Februury 27: President Nixon announced intention to nominate Dr. James 

C. Fletcher to be NASA Administrator succeeding Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, 

u 

56 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 February 27 

whose resignation was effective Sept. 15, 1970. Dr. Fletcher had been 

President of Univ. of Utah and College of Eastern Utah since 1964. 

He had organized Space General Corp., subsidiary of Aerojet-General 

Corp. in 1960 and served as President 1960-1962 and Chairman of 

Board 1962-1964. From 1960 to 1962 he was President of Space 

Electronics Corp., which he founded. Dr. Fletcher had been Associate 

Director of guided missile laboratory at Ramo-Woolridge Corp. He 

was member of Air Force Science Advisory Board and Naval Warfare Panel. 

Nomination was submitted to Senate March 1. (PD, 3/1/71, 3834; 

3/8/71,437) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, President Nixon’s nominee for NASA Administrator, told Salt Lake City press conference he favored grand tour of 

solar system’s larger planets by unmanned spacecraft. “It would be 

very exciting for man to go beyond the moon, but I suspect that’s 

beyond the country’s budget.” Dr. Fletcher did not think it would be 

necessary to curtail space exploration sharply in coming years despite 

budget cuts. “We’ll have to do better for the same amount of 

money.. . . And we may tend to reduce manned flights in favor of 

unmanned flights.” (AP, W Star, 2/28/71; UPI, LA Times, 2/28/71) 

* Special Apollo Awards Ceremony was held at MSC to recognize individuals and support groups for their contributions to Apdlo 13 and 

ApoZZo 14 missions. Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, 

presented NASA Distinguished Service Medals to Walter J. Kapryan, 

ICSC Launch Operations Director; Eugene F. Kranz, ApoZZo 14 Flight 

Director; Glynn S. Lunney, ApdZo 13 Flight Director; former astronaut James A. McDivitt, Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager; Dale 

D. Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight; and 

Sigurd A. Sjoberg, ApoZZo 23 Flight Operations Director. 

NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal was presented to James J. 

Gavin, Jr., of Grumman Aerospace Corp.’s LM team and Public 

Service Medal to Donald E. Eyles of MIT. NASA Exceptional Service 

Medals were presented to 23 employees of MSC and KSC. Group 

Achievement Awards were presented to DOD Recovery Forces and 

Manned Spaceflight Support Network. (NASA Special Ann, 2/26/71 ; 

NASA Release 71-28) 

February 28: Analysis of discolorations on camera that had landed on 

moon with Surveyor 3 April 19, 1967, was reported in Science by 

JPL scientist Dr. Leonard D. Jaffe. Camera had been retrieved from 

lunar surface by ApoZZo 12 astronauts Nov. 20, 1969. Discoloration 

pattern indicated that camera had been whitened by impact of particles blown from lunar surface by exhaust of LM as it landed and 

also that many particles had moved at very low angles to the horizontal. (Science, 2/28/71, 798-9) 

* George H. Stoner, Senior Vice President of Boeing Co., died in Seattle 

at age 53. Stoner had previously worked on pilotless aircraft and 

Saturn programs and was to have received NASA’s highest industry 

award for his role in development of Saturn V booster. (AP, NYT, 

3/2/71,39) 

During February : Opportunity for participating in post-Apollo program 

had resulted in deep division of opinion among European countries, 

Dr. Peter Stubbs reported in Technology Review: “. . . never has SO 

57 
During February ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

much furore been generated on the basis of so little hard fact. But 

politics have taken over the scene to the almost entire exclusion of 

rational procedures.” France and West Germany had not forgiven 

U.K. for “welshing on them over the-by US. standards archaic!- 

Europa launcher.” There was fear that without independent launch 

vehicle for commercial satellites, Europe could not compete on fair 

terms with U.S. “Beneath the European tussle of threat and counterthreat . . . run deeper waters: France’s desire for her own telecornmunications satellite system to propagandize former African colonies ; 

West Germany’s urge to become a fully fledged space power; the 

British Government’s intense anxiety to enter the Common Marketeven possibly, in part, by blackmailing its way in over the space 

program.” ESRO had built competency “which should not be allowed 

to go by the board simply because a bunch of politicians can’t decide 

to what proper purpose it should be put.” (Tech Rev, 2/71, 14) 

Future of US. space program was subject of articles in America Illustrated, USA publication distributed in U.S.S.R. Jay Holmes described 

plans for next two decades in space including planetary exploration 

and Grand Tours of outer space, practical applications of space technology, and international cooperation in space. Technical advancements directly traceable to U.S. space program were described by 

James J. Haggerty, who forecast additional space benefits in future. 

Reusable space shuttle and earth-orbiting stations, continued lunar 

exploration, and manned voyages to Mars were discussed in article on 

earth, moon, and Mars. (Am ZZZ,2/71) 

U.S.S.R. issued 1971-1975 five-year plan with new emphasis on practical benefits from space. Main attention was focused on spaceborne 

communications, meteorology, earth-resources survey, geographical research, and solution of other economic tasks. (AF Mag, 6/71, 54-9) 

NSF issued Scientific Activities of Independent Nonprofit Institutions 

1970 (NSF 71-9). Independent nonprofit institutions employed 23 700 

scientists and engineers in January 1970, down from 25 600 employed 

in 1967. Decrease resulted from shift of several large research institutes from nonprofit sector to other sectors of economy and from 

slackened rate of increase in R&D activities by nonprofit institutions 

during 1966-1969. 

Life scientists composed largest occupational group-331/3 % of 

total. Engineers followed with 22%. R&D expenditures amounted to 

$845 million in 1969, actual increase of 676, but in terms of constant 

dollars only 1.3% over 1966 total. Research institutes and nonprofitadministered Federally funded R&D centers together accounted for 

more than 6634% of scientists and engineers and about 75% of 

intramural R&D expenditures. (Text) 

* NSF released Federal Funds for Academic Science, Fiscal Year 1969 

(NSF 71-7). Ten Federal agencies reported total $2.314 million for 

academic science activities during FY 1969-same level of funding 

reported for FY 1968. HEW was primary source, accounting for 

$1.245 million, or more than SO%, of all obligations from Federal 

Government. NSF was second with $362 million, DOD was third with 

$272 million. Dept. of Agriculture accounted for $155 million, NASA 

for $125 million, and AEC far $121 million. (Text) 

58 
March 1971 

March 1: President Nixon submitted to Congress nomination of Dr. James 

C. Fletcher as NASA Administrator [see Feb. 271. (PD, 3/8/71, 437) 

President Nixon presented NASA Distinguished Service Medal to Apollo 14 

Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell, and Stuart A. 

Roosa at White House dinner. President recalled briefing of President 

Eisenhower after Soviet launch of Sputnik 1 : “And the briefing was a 

very exciting one by one of the scientific advisers to the President. . . . But then I shall never forget that at the conclusion . . . the one who 

was briefing the President . . . turned to him and said, ‘Mr. President, 

members of the Cabinet, I simply want to say that probably the most 

important discovery we will make in our exploration of space is not on 

this chart.’ And that was a lesson for me. It was a great lesson for the 

American people. Exploration . . . involves going into the unknown.” 

In space, “we think we know what we want to find and what we may 

find, but the more we explore we break into new vistas of knowledge. 

. . . America must continue to be a great nation. We must explore the 

unknown, not because of what we are going to find or think we are 

going to find, not because of the uses that we expect to get from space, 

but because there is something there, something there that we must 

explore. It’s there to find. . . . this Nation with all of its capability and 

with all of its promise is first in space today and America, as a great 

nation, must set as its goal remaining first in space, because that’s the 

way to continue to be a great nation. This is a goal that we must set 

for ourselves. 

“NOW, to do this requires thousands of men and women on the 

ground, devoted and dedicated men in the scientific field, in the engineering field and other areas. It requires very brave men going on 

these journeys into outer space with all of the uncertainties that we 

saw on Apollo 13 and very brave women waiting at home with their 

children, their fathers, and their mothers.” (PD, 3/8/71, 407-11) 

* Apollo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell, and Stuart 

A. Roosa held news briefing in Washington, D.C. Crew showed film 

and slides and described mission and preliminary results. 

To question on future of manned space flight Shepard said: “The 

relative comparison of the efficiency of the manned versus the unmanned systems, I think we tried over the years to show where we 

feel that man has his point, has his place in space . . . and with 14, 

certainly, there were several instances where basic reflexes, basic judgment, and human instincts made it a successful flight where it would 

not have been successful otherwise. 

“Obviously, we brought back a lot more rocks than the Lunokhod 

has brought back. But I don’t think that is the point. I think the point 

is that we have chosen to exercise part of the expenditures of our 

money along the areas that we have found to be successful; that is, 

manned flight. I think we have shown on the 14 . . . that manned space 

59 
March 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

flight can contribute on a scientific basis and contribute efficiently 

when it comes to assessing the dollar value put on it.” (Transcript) 

* NASA announced selection of Mississippi Test Facility near New Orleans, 

La., as site for sea-level testing of space shuttle rocket engines. Testing 

under simulated altitude conditions would be done at USAF’S Arnold 

Engineering Development Center at Tullahoma, Tenn. Test program 

would include some 1200 development and acceptance tests from 1973 

through 1979, with 45 to 50 sustaining engineering tests per year afterward, and some 100 development tests under simulated altitude conditions from 1974 through 1976. Site Evaluation Board had selected 

sites after surveying existing Government-owned or controlled properties. Space shuttle engine would be reusable, high-performance, highchamber-pressure engine using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. 

First stage would be larger than J-2 engine in Saturn V, with 249 500- 

kg (550 000-lb) thrust. Orbiter stage engine would have extendable 

nozzle skirt for use in space. (NASA Release 71-30) 

MSFC issued RFPS to Aerojet-General Liquid Rocket Co., United Aircraft 

Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div., and NR Rocketdyne Div. on development 

of main engines for two-stage reusable launch vehicle (space shuttle). 

Companies had been performing preliminary design and definition 

studies of shuttle under independent, $Qrnillion, parallel contracts 

since June 1970. In June 1971 one company would be chosen to develop 

engine. (MSFC Release 71-37) 

National Civil Service League announced selection of 10 Federal officials 

to receive annual Career Service Awards. Recipients included NASA 

Associate Deputy Administrator Willis H. Shapley, cited for “his 

administrative expertise which enables him to help design major policy 

directions at NASA and interpret them to the Congress and the public.” 

Honorees would receive $1000, watches, and citations at banquet April 

23 in Washington, D.C. (W Star, 3/2/71, A2) 

Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

Univ. of Wisconsin experiment to study stellar UV. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* Multipurpose system of three large in-orbit satellites and network of 132 

earth stations to provide nationwide communication services to various customers was proposed by ComSatCorp President Joseph V. 

Charyk in letter to FCC Chairman Dean Burch. Proposal would require 

initial investment of $250 million. (Text) 

AIAA published The Supersonic Transport: A Factual Basis for Decision. 

Report by ad hoc committee concluded that DOT plans for SST prototype program were “reasonable and proper and in the best interests of 

this nation.” Committee found SST performance objectives could be met 

“with as high a confidence level as on any previous developmental 

program prior to flight test.” Technically, successful production SST 

could be built following prototype phase, which was estimated to require 

additional Federal funding of $250 million over two years. Stretchout 

in prototype funding would cause “extensive immediate cost increases”; 

resulting delay in production aircraft market penetration would “curtail total revenues, reduce new job opportunities and impair favorable 

impact on international balance of trade.” Abandonment of U.S. SST 

Program could lead to “takeover of U.S.’s traditional civil aircraft sales 

dominance by foreign interests.” SST would meet demands for inter60 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 1 

continental air travel during 1980s while providing productivity gain. 

SST would “meet or better all engine-noise specifications” and two 

prototype SST’S would “not produce any equilibrium environmental 

changes.” (Text) 

March 2: Apolb 14 astronauts and families visited both houses of Congress. Astronauts reported to Senate and House on mission. Commander Alan B. Shepard, Jr., told Senate they had “a totally successful mission, not only from the areas of scientific and technical endeavors achieved, but also in the areas of international prestige and 

the tremendous posture of this country.” (CR, 3/2/71, 52306-7) 

* Appointment of Dr. Alfred J. Eggers, Jr., NASA Assistant Admhistrator 

for Policy, as Assistant Director for Research Applications, NSF, was 

announced by Dr. William D. McElroy, NSF Director. Dr. Eggers would 

head major new organizational unit of NSF designed to support research applied to environmental and societal problems. ( NSF Release 

March 3 : Communist China launched her second satellite, from Shuangch‘eng at 8:15 pm local time. Satellite entered orbit with 1815-km 

(1127.8-mi) apogee, 266-km (165.3-mi) perigee, 105.9-min period, and 

69.9’ inclination. Launch was unannounced, but it was monitored by 

NORAD and accidently observed by BSN pilot returning to carrier off 

Vietnam coast after mission over Southeast Asia. First satellite, Chicom 

1, had been launched April 24, 1970. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/71; Finney, 

NYT, 3/4/71,1) 

0 U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 399 from Baykonur into orbit with 438-km 

(272.2-mi) apogee, 196-km ( 121.8-mi) perigee, 90.8-min period, and 

64.9O inclination. Satellite reentered March 17. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/71; 

SBD, 3/8/71,40) 

NASA announced prime and backup crews for Apollo 16 mission, scheduled 

for launch in March 1972. Prime crewmen were John W. Young (com- 

. mander), Thomas K. Mattingly I1 (CM pilot), and Charles M. Duke, 

Jr. (LM pilot). Backup crewmen were Fred W. Haise, Jr., Stuart A. 

Roosa, and Edgar D. Mitchell. Mission would last about 12 days, with 

lunar surface stay time of about 67 hrs-including three EVA periods 

totaling about 20 hrs. Site for lunar landing had not yet been selected. 

(NASA Release 71-31) 

Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, presented NASA FY 1972 

budget request to House Committee on Science and Astronautics: FY 

1972 projects-including Apollo 15 and 16, two Mariner spacecraft, 

first ERTS satellite, and continuing work toward future flights of 

Apollo 17, Skylab, earth resources and ATS satellites, and Viking probes 

-represented “the fulfillment of enterprises of the 1960’s, the tailing 

off to completion of work in progress for many years. By 1974 the 

number of NASA space launches per year will have declined from 26 in 

1966 to eight. After the Skylab missions in 1973, we face at least 4 

years in which there will be no United States manned space flight. 

“Five years ago there were over 390000 people in industry employed on NASA work. By the end of fiscal year 1971 that figure will 

be about 108000. The decline will continue €or a few more months, 

but we expect it to start increasing by the middle of fiscal year 1972, 

with the end-of-the-year total being about equal to that at the beginning.” U.S. was “running a serious risk of losing too much of the 

71-118) 

61 
March 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

aerospace capability that is an essential ingredient of our long term 

national strength and security.” 

There was every indication US. would lose leadership in space 

“unless we move forward now with our space programs for the 1970’s. 

In 1970 the Soviets launched 88 payloads into space compared to . . . 36 for the United States. Their R&D budget is continuing to increase. 

They have seldom missed a launch window in the exploration of Venus 

and Mars while we have many gaps in our planetary program. We 

would expect them to use automated vehicles and sample return spacecraft from the planets, while we have no such program. Finally the 

Soviets have a systematic continuing manned space flight program and 

have stated that they expect to fly a space station before we do.” U.S. 

should continue to compete with U.S.S.R. “because accomplishments 

in space represent a measure o€ the state of our technology; and in 

today’s world, the level of our technology is of first importance, strategically, economically, and politically.” Dr. Low believed U.S. could 

cooperate with U.S.S.R. “in the areas we have under discussion without prejudicing any of our vital national interests.” 

NASA was reexamining procurement policies and practices and “beginning a serious critical appraisal of the proper size, composition, and 

organization of NASA’s institutional base.” Position reduction of 1500 

in FY 1972 budget was in anticipation that “reduction of this mapitude would be found possible without unduly impairing our ability to 

carry out the program. Our budget justifications show this reduction 

as a flat percentage cut-about 5.10/,-in all of our major activities. 

The actual adjustments . . . will be refined as our study of the NASA 

institutional base proceeds.” 

NASA program was 1.4% of US. budget, contrasting with 53% for 

domestic programs related to human and physical resources, yet U.S. 

stood to gain “tremendous benefits now and in the future” from exploration and applications of space science and technology. And whole 

future “as a nation and as mankind” depended on space science. “For 

in order to survive in the changing environment on our planet Earth, 

we must understand the processes that govern our universe.” 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, said purpose of NASA Meteorology Program was to “develop and 

demonstrate sensors and spacecraft for making those meteorological 

measurements that will enable a continued improvement in weather 

forecasting throughout the world with an ultimate view to a limited 

degree of weather modification and control of severe weather systems. 

Projections indicate that by about 1980 it should be possible to reach 

a global capability to acquire information throughout the atmosphere 

and to develop comprehensive weather models. Once developed, these 

models can be used to make 14day weather forecasts and long-range 

climate estimates.” Ability to develop weather models would permit 

basic experimenting in weather control. 

Space shuttle was key NASA development believed essential in 1970s, 

Dr. von Braun said, presenting U.S. with its greatest technology challenge for space in this decade. “Preliminary analysis indicates that if 

the shuttle is used in lieu of current expendable systems, the transportation costs will be reduced by at least a factor of ten. . . . Only 

by an investment now will we be able to have operational an economi62 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 3 

cal transportation system by the end of the 1970’s to support a vigorous 

and balanced space flight program.” (Transcript) - Findings that liked light flashes experienced by astronauts in periods of 

otherwise total darkness to high-speed cosmic rays passing through 

eye retina were reported at NASA and American Nuclear Society Conference in Las Vegas, Nev. Findings were from studies by scientists of 

Univ. of Washington at Seattle and Univ. of California at Berkeley. 

Dr. Cornelius A. Tobias and Dr. Thomas F. Budinger of Univ. of 

California at Berkeley had twice exposed themselves to low doses of 

cyclotron-accelerated cosmic rays aimed at their eyes in effort to reproduce flashes described by Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., 

and Apollo 14 Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell. Scientists said they saw 

flashes that differed from visual phenomena associated with x-rays or 

electrical and magnetic exposures. They concluded that flashes came 

from ionization and excitation of atoms in retina as it was bombarded 

by cosmic rays, Evidence indicated flashes were detected by retinal 

rods, structures in eyes that allowed night vision. Radiations were not 

believed to be hazardous to astronauts on short flights, but longduration effects had not yet been evaluated. (Wilford, NYT, 3/4/71, 

NASA launched two Arcas sounding rockets. Boosted Arcas I, launched 

from Churchill Research Range, carried Univ. of Houston experiment 

to 64.9-km (40.3-mi) to measure low-altitude x-ray spectrum and 

electron flux above 30 500 m (100 000 ft). Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. Data would be correlated with high-altitude 

data from Black Brant launched 30 sec earlier by Canadian National 

Research Council. 

Arcas launched from Barking Sands, Kauai, Hawaii, carried GSFC 

experiment to 58.6-km (36.4-mi) altitude to obtain ozone measurements in conjunction with overpass of Nimbus ZV satellite. Rocket 

and instruments functioned satisfactorily. Launch was second in series 

of two; first had been launched Feb. 24. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

White House announced that Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., President’s Science Adviser, had chaired working conference with industry, education, and Government representatives on employment problems of 

scientists and engineers in aerospace and defense industries. Meeting 

had been called at President Nixon’s request. (PD, 3/8/71, 436) 

Rep. Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.) introduced H.R. 5529 “to authorize the 

coinage of 5O-cent pieces to commemorate the Apollo 11 lunar landing 

and to establish the Apollo Lunar Landing Commemorative Trust 

Fund.” Measure was referred to House Committee on Banking and 

Currency. (CR, 3/3/71, H1254) 

March 4: Dale D. Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, testified before House Committee on Science and Astronautics 

during hearings on NASA FY 1972 authorization bill: “With the 

Apollo 14 scientific instruments operating properly, we now have begun to develop the networks of instrumentation at different locations 

on the lunar surface which will allow us to use normal triangulation 

procedures to establish the details of the moon’s structure. We have 

two passive seismometers and two suprathermal ion detectors in operation, one each at the Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 sites, about 115 miles 

[I85 km] apart. Last week several moonquakes were reported . . . 

18 1 

63 
March 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

when the moon reached its perigee. Our instruments pinpointed the 

location of these events . . . close to the Fra Mauro crater area. 

“We also have a laser ranging retroflector at the Apollo 11 Tranquility Base and another at Fra Mauro-750 miles [1200 km] apart. 

The laser ranging team at the MacDonald Observatory in Texas has 

reported high-quality returns from the Apollo 14 reflector. As the 

world’s observatories refine their ability to use these instruments, we 

hope that they will be able to detect random wobbles of the earth’s 

rotational axis. If so, this may contribute to the ability to predict 

major earthquakes.” 

During past year, design and essentially all phases of development 

testing had been completed for Skylab and flight hardware was in 

fabrication. Definition of space shuttle was nearing completion. To 

develop limited capability to rescue Skylab astronauts from space, 

NASA had initiated design action on modification kit to give Skylab CM 

capacity to carry two men up to orbit and five men back to earth. 

Stranded astronauts could use Skylab cluster as shelter while modification kit was installed and Apollo-Saturn IB launch vehicle assigned 

to next revisit was made ready for launch. (Transcript) 

0 New York Times editorial commented on nomination of Dr. James C. 

Fletcher as NASA Administrator: “Mr. Fletcher’s highest priority at 

NASA will undoubtedly be to try to restore morale, insofar as possible, 

in a program whose ranks have been decimated by the budget cuts of 

recent years. NASA’s new chief apparently takes the job with few illusions. This is suggested by his recent comments that budgetary problems 

will probably force a shift from manned to unmanned space exploration, especially beyond the moon.” Such realism should “serve Mr. 

Fletcher well in the difficult days ahead as he tries to lead NASA toward a new equilibrium with a Congress largely disillusioned about 

the worth of showy and ultra-expensive ventures in space.” (NYT, 

3/4/71) 

March 5: Cold-cathode ion gauge left on moon by Apollo 14 astronauts had 

discovered first hard evidence of gas escaping from lunar surface, Dr. 

Gary V. Latham, Apollo program chief seismic investigator, said at 

MSC. At same time, seismometer left at Apollo 14 mission landing site 

had detected moonquake, suggesting quake might have released gas 

from moon or that sudden venting of gas trapped in cavern beneath 

lunar surface initiated quake. (O’Toole, W Post, 3/6/71, Al) 

Analysis of magnetometer data from Ezplorer 35 (IMP-E) (launched 

July 19, 1967) was described in Science by ARC scientists J. D. Minalov and Charles P. Sonett, MIT scientist J. H. Binsack, and Univ. of 

Manchester, England, scientist M. D. Moutsoulas. Magnetization of 

selected nonmare areas on moon’s far side was inferred from positive 

disturbances in magnitude of magnetic field exterior to magnetic signature of lunar cavity. (Science, 3/5/71,892-5) 

NASA launched two sounding rockets. Nike-Cajun, launched from Kourou, 

French Guiana, carried GSFC experiment to 23.1-km (14.4-mi) altitude 

to verify rocket vehicle and launch facility compatibility and rocket 

vehicle and radar tracking system compatibility in preparation for 

future launches. Rocket performed satisfactorily; no instrumentation 

was carried on flight. Launch was first in series of four. 

Arcas, launched from Barking Sands, Kauai, Hawaii, carried GSFC 

64! 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 5 

experiment to 58-km (36-mi) altitude to obtain ozone measurements 

in conjunction with overpass of Nimbus ZV satellite and to study 

anomalous absorption detected by Arcas launched Feb. 24. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily and good data were acquired. 

(NASA Rpts SRL) 

* FAA plan to create V/STOL Special Projects Office to formulate and maintain development plan for V/STOL program, provide executive management of FAA V/STOL R&D, and make economic studies and market 

analyses of V/STOL sales and service potential was announced by John 

H. Shaffer, FAA Administrator. Jerold M. Chavkin, Special Assistant 

to Associate Administrator for Engineering and Development, would 

be acting Director (FAA Release 71-2%) 

* Election of Dr. ,Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman, as honorary member 

of Soviet Academy of Sciences was reported in Washington Post. 

( W Post, 3/5/71, A18) 

March 5-6: Apollo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell, 

and Stuart A. Roosa spent 26 hrs in Chicago, during which they were 

honored at City Council meeting, attended civic luncheon, and presided at press conference with 3000 high school students. (Chicago 

Today, 3/7/71) 

March 6-8: Apollo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, 

and Edgar D. Mitchell, and wives on three-day visit to New York taped 

TV programs, visited U.N., and rode in motorcade from hotel to City 

Hall for official reception. (Montgomery, NYT, 3/9/71, 1) 

March 8: USAF X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Cecil Powell 

(usAF), reached mach 1 and 18 300-m (60 000-ft) altitude during 

24th flight from FRC in joint NASA-USAF research program. Purpose 

of powered flight was to determine lateral-directional derivatives with 

power on and to determine longitudinal derivatives at mach 0.6 

(NASA Proj Off) 

US. Supreme Court refused to grant hearing to atheist Mrs. Madalyn 

Murray O’Hair on appeal of suit charging NASA had knowingly used 

taxpayers’ money for religious activities by permitting astronauts to 

conduct Bible readings and prayer services while orbiting moon. 

(Reuters, B Sun, 3/9/71, A3) 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and Microwave Communications, Inc., would 

petition FCC for authorization to construct and operate $169.4-million 

domestic comsat system under name MCI Lockheed Satellite Corp., 

Washington Evening Star reported. Firms said system could be operational by 1975 and produce $70 million per year revenues. (W Star, 

3/8/71, A12) 

Economic slump that hit Cape Kennedy and Brevard County, Fla., after 

space program cuts appeared to be bottoming out, New York Times 

reported. Three Chambers of Commerce and county economic development council were spending $260 000 annually, “compared with 

next to nothing three years ago,” to promote KSC tours and area’s 

natural assets. Decline in jobs since 1968 had leveled off and panic 

sale of homes at bargain prices had ended. (Janson, NYT, 3/8/71, 25) 

March 9: NASA supercritical wing was flown successfully from FRC during 

first flight on TF-8A jet aircraft piloted by NASA test pilot Thomas C. 

McMurtry. Purposes of flight were to conduct functional check of aircraft and stability-augmentation system and evaluate low-speed han65 
March 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

March 9: Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb (left), developer of NASA’s supercritical wing, 

congratulated test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry after the successful first flight of the 

wing on the TF-8A jet aircraft. Program Manager John G. McTigue looked on. The new airfoil shape, undergoing tests at the Flight Research Center, was designed to 

reduce bufleting at high subsonic speeds ana! permit increased aircraft performance. 

dling qualities. Aircraft reached 3000-m (10 000-ft) altitude at 220 

and 300 knots. (NASA Proj Off) 

U.S.S.R.’s Lunolchod 1 lunar rover was activated on moon’s Sea of Rains 

after surviving fourth lunar night since landing on moon on board 

Luna 17 Nov. 17,1970. (SBD, 3/10/71,55) 

U.S.S.R. had again tested “hunter” satellites, designed to locate and 

destroy other satellites, George C. Wilson reported in the Washington 

Post. Cosmos 394 (launched Feb. 9) had entered circular orbit and 

had been intercepted by Cosmos 397 (launched Feb. 25), he said. 

Satellites’ inclination suggested launches were from Plesetsk rather 

than Tyuratum [Baykonur] and “probably means that the Soviet 

Union considers its satellite inspection system in the operational rather 

than experimental category.” ( W Post, 3/9/71, A3) 

Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science 

and Applications, testified in FY 1972 authorization hearings before 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics: “. . . true boundaries 

of our ecological system have not been determined, but they certainly 

extend to the known dimensions of the universe. The forces and laws 

which affect the most distant star are directly relevant to the problems 

of energy generation and control on Earth. Mankind is just beginning 

to grasp the fact that all natural systems are intimately related and 

interdependent” and man must learn “to manage wisely what he can, 

and to live in equilibrium with what is beyond his control. It is to 

66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 9 

these ends . . . that we have structured the nation’s continuing space 

activities in science and applications.” 

Most significant new astronomy program element was HEAO, “designed to unlock some of the most profound and puzzling secrets of 

modern physics.” There was evidence that in pulsars and quasars “a 

whole new regime of power generation exists and operates at levels 

that cannot be explained by modern nuclear physics.” Understanding 

these energy processes might lead to harnessing of powers “heretofore 

unimaginable.” 

Both planetary and lunar exploration should provide clues to earth‘s 

past and future, to factors that caused long-period environmental 

changes and how to control them. Earth observations program also was 

addressed to fundamental problems of environmental and ecological 

management. Satellites could see, record, and transmit information on 

causes and effects in global air-ocean-earth interactions. 

Trend in US. space science and applications had been decreasing 

budget and launch rates; OSSA had had to “cut back ongoing projects, 

dispense with backup payloads, stretch launch schedules and mission 

intervals, and defer promising new projects,” but had “preserved a 

steady momentum and a balanced program thrust wherever possible.” 

High level of productivity in science, exploration, and applications had 

been possible “because of the background in technology, in engineering, in conceptual thinking that was built up earlier.” But many 

valuable and important missions had been deferred into future, “a 

future we expect will permit us to revolutionize the way space is 

explored and used.” Key feature of this revolution would be reusable 

space shuttle “that makes access to space for man and machines an 

economical, routine excursion rather than the difficult task it presents 

now.” (Transcript) 

0 NAS released Priorities for Space Research, 1971-1980. Report of study 

group of NAS-NRC Space Science Board recommended priorities for 

NASA OSSA programs at three funding levels for space missions in 

1970s. Study was made at NASA’s request. Highest priorities were 

recommended for probes of Venus and Jupiter beginning in 1975; 

completion of three remaining Apollo manned lunar missions and 

unmanned landers and rovers for lunar and planetary studies; series 

of HEAO satellites for x-ray, gamma-ray, and cosmic-ray exploration; 

Small Astronomy Satellites ( SAS) ; increased astronomy rockets, balloons, and aircraft; development of mirror for Large Space Telescope 

(UT) ; continued study of earth-orbiting gyroscope and ESRO sunorbiting satellite for studies of gravitational physics in mid-1970’s; 

pair of satellites to study interaction between earth’s magnetosphere 

and solar wind and doubling of funds for solar-terrestrial physics; 

three satellite programs and increased data analysis for meteorology 

and earth resources surveys ; and ground-based research to support 

Viking softlander and future exobiology missions. Report recommended next larger level of NASA funding provide for 1.5-m (60-in) 

space telescope, OSO, and additional Atmospheric Explorers and Earth 

Resources Satellites. Grand Tour of planets between 1975 and 1980 

was recommended only if NASA’s budget was increased still further. 

( NAS--NRC-NAE News, 3/9/71) 

67 
March 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

William A. Anders, NASC Executive Secretary and Apollo 8 Astronaut, 

and Astronauts John L. Swigert, Jr., William R. Pogue, and Jack R. 

Lousma met with President Nixon at White House to report on their 

visits to 17 college campuses from October to December 1970. At 

White House press conference later, Anders said meetings with students had been “very positive.” Students had been “very curious about 

the Space Program.” (PD, 3/15/71, 475; Transcript) 

Communist China possibly had made limited-range 3200-km (2000-mi) 

shot of prototype ICBM in late 1970, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. 

Laird said in posture statement before House Armed Services Committee. Range probably had been limited to keep test within Chinese 

national borders. “Estimated earliest possible [Communist Chinese] 

ICBM capability is 1973, with the more likely time being the mid1970s.” (Testimony) 

March 10: Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences unanimously approved nomination of Dr. James C. Fletcher as NASA Administrator, following one-hour hearing. Dr. Fletcher told Committee US. 

had made “some small steps” toward cooperation with U.S.S.R. in 

space. “I think we can make these even larger steps.” Asked if he 

thought NASA needed any change in direction Dr. Fletcher said, “No 

organization is perfect, and a new administration will always look 

at the program to see if it can make any changes and I intend to do 

that.” In response to question from Sen. Margaret Chase Smith 

(R-Me.), Dr. Fletcher said it was “not NASA’s mission” to act as technological WPA in aiding depressed areas through the channel of space 

contracts. (CR, 3/10/71, D144; O’Toole, W Post, 3/11/71) 

* NASA launched series of five sounding rockets from Wallops Station to 

collect data for comparison with data collected during March 7, 1970, 

solar eclipse. Two Nike-Cajuns each carried 31-grenade payload to 

113-km (70.2-mi) altitude. All but one grenade ejected and exploded 

as planned. Three Nike-Apaches carried Pitot-static probe payloads to 

179-km (111.2-mi) , 178-km (110.6-mi) , and 171-km (106.3-mi) altitudes. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily and good data 

were obtained. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

First flight model LRV was formally’ delivered to NASA in ceremony at 

Boeing Co.’s Space Center at Kent, Wash. Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rem, 

MSFC Director, accepted first of three flight models from Boeing Co. 

Group Vice President for Aerospace 0. C. Boileau. Model would be 

shipped to arrive at KSC March 15 for final checks and installation 

aboard Apollo 15 LM. Delivery would be two weeks before April 1 

contract delivery date. (NASA Release 71-38; Boeing Release 3/10/71) 

NASA plans to develop first space rescue capability during 1972 Skylab 

program were described by Dr. Wernher von Braun, Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Planning, before AAS meeting in Washington, D.C. : 

Studies indicated NASA could have rescue spacecraft standiag by on 

launch pad 20 days before scheduled Skylab launch in spring 1973. 

Rescue technique would be facilitated by equipping Apollo spacecraft 

with two extra seats beneath three regular crew seats. In space emergency, modified spacecraft would be launched with two-man crew 

rather than three. It would rendezvous with distressed Skylab vehicle 

to recover three-man Skylab team. Rescue vehicle would have im68 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 10 

proved hydraulic telescoping landing legs to absorb impact on land 

if water landing was not practical. (AP, Huntsville Times, 3/11/71) 

NASA Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition Gerald 

M. Truszynski testified on FY 1972 budget request during House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics authorization hearings. During 

1970 OTDA supported some 50 ongoing scientific, applications, planetary, 

and lunar experiment missions as well as some 14 new flight projects 

launched in year by NASA and DOD. During Apollo 13 mission, with safe 

return after inflight explosion, MSFN “demonstrated that it is, in fact, 

the astronauts’ life-line to earth.” Valuable clues to origin of explosion 

were found in analysis of recorded telemetry data. MSFN was still 

supporting experiments left on moon by Apolb 12 and 14 missions. 

After FY 1972’s Apollo 15 and 16 missions, network would be continuously monitoring 16 ALSEP experiments. Satellite network provided 

tracking and data acquisition for average monthly workload of some 

40 earth-orbital satellites, including NASA’s scientific and applications 

satellites and projects of other Government agencies and foreign countries. DSN supported Mariner 6 and 7 probes in extended mission 

phase and Apollo 13, as well as four ongoing Pioneer missions 

(6 through 9). Data acquired by Goldstone antenna on effect of solar 

gravitation on Mariner spacecraft signals had verified Einstein theory 

of delay of 200 microseconds in return of signals from gravitational 

field of sun. Construction continued on second 64-m (210-ft) antenna 

at Tidbinbilla, Australia, and ground was broken for third near 

Madrid, Spain. (Transcript) 

ComSatCorp released 1970 annual report. Highlights of 1970 included: 

declaration of corporation’s first dividend; increase in net income 

from 70 cents per share to $1.75; submission to FCC of proposal for 

domestic comsat system for lease to AT&T; completion of Bartlett earth 

station at Talkeetna, Alaska, and nine new foreign earth station antennas, bringing total antennas to 51 ; beginning of construction of new 

antenna at Andover, Me.; launch of the last three Intelsat I11 satellites; 

and election of Joseph H. McConnell as ComSatCorp Chairman. (Text) 

* Informatics Tisco announced it had received one-year, $4.8-million, incentive contract extension from NASA for operation of NASA Scientific and 

Technical Information Facility at College Park, Md. (Informatics 

Release) 

* Sen. Joseph M. Montoya (D-PI. Mex.) introduced S. 1184, “to establish 

a Department of Science and Technology, and to transfer certain 

agencies and functions to such Department.” Bill provided that NASA, 

NSF, and AEC be transferred to new department. Sen. Montoya had 

introduced similar legislation on Oct. 12, 1970. (CRY 3/10/71, 

s2800-12; NASA LAR, x/22) 

Sen. Winston L. Prouty (R-Vt.) introduced S. 1168, $619-million NSF 

FY 1972 authorization bill. (CRY 3/10/71, S2783-4) 

Murch 11 .- Senate confirmed nomination of Dr. James C. Fletcher as NASA 

Administrator. (CRY 3/11/71, 53088) 

Goddard Memorial Trophy for 1971 was presented by Mrs. Esther 

Goddard to James E. Webb, NASA Administrator from 1961 to 1968, 

at 14th annual Goddard Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C. 

National Space Club award-named for late Dr. Robert H. Goddard, 

“father of American rocketry”-was given to Webb for “unprece69 
March 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, l!Xl 

dented accomplishments.” Citation said his management of Apollo 

program leading to manned lunar landing “was matched only by the 

accomplishments in international scientific cooperation, the technology 

utilization program, the sustaining university program and the greatest 

industrial team ever assembled.’’ 

Astronautics Engineer Award was presented to Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, 

Apollo Program Director, “for his outstanding personal leadership of 

the Apollo mission to the Moon.” 

Wallace H. Deckert of ARC Advanced Aircraft Programs Office was 

awarded Hugh L. Dryden Memorial Fellowship “in recognition of the 

need for the continued scientific and intellectual growth of the individual, who is already pursuing the challenges of research, exploration 

and administration in astronautics, so that he may continue to seek 

and maintain a pre-eminence in outer space for the United States.” 

Nelson P. Jackson Aerospace Award was presented to NASA-NOAA 

Space Meteorology Team “for opening a revolutionary dimension in 

observing earth‘s weather, and for significant help in mankind’s perpetual battle with the elements.’’ National Space Club Press Award 

was presented to Kenneth F. Weaver of National Geographic magazine 

“for his illuminating and imaginative editorial contributions to astronautics and his excellence in conveying to the public at large man’s 

expanding concept of his cosmos.” 

Dinner, which honored “decade and more of international cooperation in space,” was attended by Apollo 14 astronauts, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly F. Dobrynin, Indian Ambassador Lakshmi Kant Jha, 

comedian Bob Hope, and US. Ambassador to U.N. George Bush. 

(Program; Dean, W Star, 3/13/71, C1) 

NASA OART officials testified before House Committee on Science and Astronautics during hearings on FY 1972 NASA authorization. Roy P. Jackson, Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, 

said aeronautics was largest part of OART program for first time. In 

military aviation, “work is under way at the Centers in support of the 

F-14 for the Navy. , . . Over a dozen wind tunnels and simulators . . . are used in this support. We are helping the USAF with . . . the F-15, 

their new B-1 bomber and we plan to assist” with the A-X. One ARC 

facility was on indefinite loan to USA. “In all, we use over a third of 

our available facility time to support military needs. Research on 

transonic aerodynamics, the NASA supercritical airfoil, fly-by-wire flight 

controls, spin stabilization, and advanced structures using beryllium or 

composites are some of the areas where NASA is making research contributions to meet military requirements in the future.” 

In civil aviation effort, OART was providing DOT with assistance on 

SST. ARC was assisting FAA in certification studies of Concorde and SST. 

ARC flight simulator for advanced aircraft was “proving to be the most 

useful facility available in the free world for studying airworthiness 

standards for supersonic transports.’’ NASA and DOT were completing 

joint study of “relationships between the benefits that accrue to the 

Nation from aviation and the level of R&D effort. The study displays 

the ways in which civil aviation can affect regional development, 

population distribution, [and] land use, and contribute to many other 

social and economic goals of the Nation.’’ Problems under study included aircraft noise, air pollution from aircraft engine emissions, and 

70 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 11 

aeronautical operating problems “such as approach and landing safety, 

delays, congestion, and community noise caused by operation of aircraft.” OART Aeronautical Operating Systems Div. had established joint 

STOL operating problems experiments program with DOT and FAA, and 

Aeronautical Life Sciences Div. “to study man’s role in advanced aeronautical systems . . . as an operator, as a passenger, and as a member 

of the community exposed to air operations.” 

Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, Deputy Associate Administrator (Aeronautics), described improvements in aircraft materials and 

structural design: “I have been particularly impressed with the progress 

of the composite materials. The potential of boron and carbon fibers 

imbedded in an epoxy resin matrix to provide high strength, low 

weight structures has been discussed with you for several years. This 

year the testing of special glass fibers has revealed the possibility that 

low cost, stiff composites may be fabricated with much greater strengths 

than previously thought possible. Composites are finding application 

both as a replacement for metallic components and by augmenting 

metal strengths using selective reinforcement. In the forthcoming year 

we propose to construct several airplane components of primary structure for installation and flight demonstration. We believe that these 

new materials will find widespread use in the industry when the 

technical risk has been demonstrated to be acceptable.” 

Milton Klein, Manager of Space Nuclear Systems Office, reported on 

progress of NERVA program: “Through the systematic engineering design process . . . design concepts to be incorporated in NERVA were 

formulated, requirements were specified, and a baseline engine design 

has been established. The design provides a thrust level of 75000 lbs 

E334 000 newtons], and a specific impulse of 825 seconds. High reliability and safety in operation are provided through the use of redundancy in critical areas and conservative design approaches. The endurance goal for the reusable system is 3.0 hours, coupled with the 

ability to undergo 60 start-and-stop cycles, and the key fuel element 

technology continued to make good progress toward that goal.” 

(Transcript) 

RCA Corp. announced it had filed application with FCC for construction 

and operation of $l98-million domestic satellite system for 50 states 

and Puerto Rico. System would consist of three satellites and 13 major 

earth stations. At Washington, D.C., news conference, Howard R. 

Hawkins-President of RCA Global Communications, Inc., and RCA 

Alaska Communications, Inc.--said system could begin first phase in 

1974. System would include distribution of motion pictures by closed 

circuit telecasts instead of film. (AP, NYT, 3/12/71, 62) 

NASA announced award of $18 704 300 cost-plus-award-fee contract to 

Boeing Co. for installation and technical support services at KSC. Contract was for 11 mos with four one-year options. New contract combined work previously performed under three separate contracts. 

TWA, which had been performing support services, had been denied 

preliminary injunction to halt contract award, in Federal court 

March 10. (NASA Release 71-39; WSJ, 3/12/71) 

Sen. George McGovern (D3.D.) introduced, for himself and cosponsors, 

S. 1191 “to assist workers whose jobs may be terminated by reduction 

in defense and space spending, to establish a system of benefits to ease 

71 
March 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

the transition of such workers to civilian occupations, to minimize the 

hardships encountered by communities which are dependent upon 

defense industry and employment, to encourage cooperation between 

the United States and defense contractors in meeting the challenge of 

economic conversion and diversification brought on by changing defense needs, . . . and to facilitate the transfer of public and private 

resources to new national priorities.” Bill would require that portion of 

profits from military, space, and atomic energy contracts be deposited 

in reserve to be administered by National Commission on Peacetime 

Transition. Funds would be available to benefit workers who lost income 

as a result of cutbacks. Bill was referred to Senate Committee on 

Government Operations. (CRY 3/11/71, S2926-35) 

* Kansas City Times editorial commented on appointment of Dr. James C. 

Fletcher as NASA Administrator: Dr. Fletcher had “earned respect at 

Utah as a master of administrative analysis and detail, a man able to 

wring the last measure of usefulness out of every available dollar and, 

at the same time, to command intense loyalty from those who work 

with him. No qualities are likely to prove of more service to a man 

responsible for leading the American space program out of its nadir 

of tight money and flagging morale.” (KC Times, 3/11/71) 

* New York Times commented on orbiting of second Communist Chinese 

satellite: It had provided “impressive evidence of the advance of Communist China in war-related technology. It hardly needs underlining 

that a rocket capable of orbiting a sputnik could also deliver a 

hydrogen -bomb to a distant target on ear$.” It was evident that 

“Ma0 Tse-tung has been trying to insulate a small group of scientists 

and their activity in weapons development from the general turmoil of 

the cultural revolution as well as from the inadequate supply of practically everything in normal Chinese economic life. That effott has 

apparently been successful.” (NYT, 3/11/71, 38) 

March 12: Apollo 14 astronauts were presented Distinguished Service 

Medals at DOD ceremonies. Secretary of the Navy John H. Chaffee 

presented USN DSM to Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., and Edgar D. 

Mitchell. Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., presented USAF DSM and Command Pilot Astronaut Badge to Astronaut 

Stuart A. Roosa. (NASA Activities 4/15/71, 61; DOD Release 218-71; 

MSC Hist Off) 

New photographic process that produced nickel image by exposing ammonium, lithium, lead, and nickel hypophosphite to electrons or x-radiation had been developed by LeRC scientists Dr. Warren H. Philipp, 

Dr. Charles E. May, and Stanley J. Marsik, Lewis News reported. 

Advantages were that nickel compound was cheaper and more abundant than silver used in standard photographic process and, because 

nickel compound was not sensitive to visible light, process eliminated 

need ’for darkroom or cassette containers for undeveloped film. (Lewis 

News, 3/12/71,1) 

March 13-17: ExpZorer 43 ( IMP-I) Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 

was launched by NASA from ETR by three-stage, thrust-augmented 

Thor-Delta M-6 booster at 11 :15 am EST. Spacecraft entered highly 

elliptical orbit with 206 049-km (128 032-mi) apogee, 241-km 

(149.8-mi) perigee, 6012-min period (4 days 12 hrs 12 min), and 

28.6’ inclination. Primary objective was to investigate during pe72 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 13-17 

riod of decreasing solar activity and through several solar rotations, 

the nature of the interplanetary medium and interplanetary-magnetospheric interaction, including characteristic features of solar wind, 

interplanetary fields and sector structure, and modulation effects on 

cosmic rays. By March 17 onboard computer and 9 of 12 science 

experiments were operating satisfactorily. 

Explorer 43 was first of series of second-generation spacecraft designed to study solar-lunar-terrestrial relationships. It was eighth of 

10 IMPS and at 288 kg (635 lbs) was largest as well as most advanced 

spacecraft in Explorer series. Seventh IMP, Explorer 41, had been 

launched June 21, 1969, and was still operating. IMP program was 

managed by GSFC under OSSA direction. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 

March 13: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 unmanned lunar rover explored 457-m 

(500-yd) crater on moon, made chemical analysis of soil, photographed 

area around crater, and “engaged in Cosmo-physical measurements,” 

Tass announced. (UPI, W Star, 3/14/71, A15) 0 Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying Univ. of Colorado airglow experiment. Mission was unsuccessful. 

(SR list) 

In cable to Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.), Jean-Jacques ServanSchreiber, member of French National Assembly, said Anglo-French 

Concorde supersonic transport “looks to us . . . like an industrial 

Vietnam.” Every Concorde cost analysis had proved to be wrong. Cost 

had “multiplied here, as it will everywhere, four times the initial 

evaluations.” Facts had not been available until recent months. “Now 

the public eye is on the project and what it sees is bankruptcy.” 

(Kenworthy, NYT, 3/14/71,21) 

March 14: FRC and MSC scientists and engineers would begin research in 

adapting Apollo hardware to “fly-by-wire” electronic control system 

for future aircraft, NASA announced. System substituted lightweight 

wires for push-rods and added redundant wire paths at different locations in aircraft, to make overall system less vulnerable to damage. 

Electronic system could soften bumps, sways, and lurches of aircraft 

in rough weather and ease pilot’s load. (NASA Release 71-36) 

Moscow newspaper Sotsialisticheskaya Zndwtriya quoted unidentified 

“Chief Designer of Spaceships’’ as saying U.S.S.R. was preparing 

further manned orbital flight of long duration as prelude to creation 

of permanent space laboratory. Soyuz spacecraft had “undergone 

necessary modifications to insure fulfillment of a long and extensive 

program.” Later New York Times said designer was believed to be 

Mikhail K. Yangel, member of Soviet Academy of Sciences. (NYT, 

3/15/71 ) 

March 15: Detection of “possible spinar”-celestial object which could 

be link between galaxies and quasars in outer space-was described 

by NRL team headed by Dr. Herbert Friedman in Astrophysical Journal. Spinar, 200 million light years from earth, could be entire galaxy 

of collapsed and rotating neutron stars or single, massive pulsar. 

Object had been found by x-ray detector aboard Aerobee sounding 

rocket. 

In interview with Washington Evening Star later, Dr. Friedman 

said new source, classified as a Seyfert Galaxy, emitted “soft x-rays.” 

71-35; SSR, 3/31/71) 

73 
March 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Spinar would radiate 1000 times less visible light than quasar and 

12 000 times more infrared than visible light energy-approximately 

what had been found in Seyfert Galaxy. But x-ray emissions perhaps 

as much as 10 trillion suns indicated it might be powered by same 

mechanism as pulsar. Dr. Friedman speculated that pulsar such as 

spinar could be missing link between conventional galaxy like Milky 

Way and quasars and that spacecraft-mounted x-ray detectors would 

find “tens of thousands” of such sources. (Astrophysical Jourd, 

3/15/71, G81-5; Lannan, W Star, 3/19/71, B5) 

* NASA launched two Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets-one from Fox 

Main, Dew Line Station, Alaska, and one from Pin Main-to study 

electric fields. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

(SR List) 

House Committee on Appropriations by vote of 26 to 15 approved full 

$290 million requested by DOT for continued SST development. (CR, 

3/15/71, D164; AP, NYT, 3/16/71,62) 

* FCC deadline for filing proposals to build domestic comsat systems. Eight 

proposals had been filed, calling for launch of 19 satellites and expenditure of more than $1 billion. 

Fairchild Hiller Corp. and Tele-Communications, Inc., had said 

they would petition FCC for permission to orbit domestic comsat systems, WaZl Street Journal reported. Fairchild Hiller proposal called 

for two satellites in equatorial orbit with third reserve satellite on 

ground. Tele-Communications envisioned $66-million comsat system of 

two satellites and six ground stations to start. (WSJ, 3/15/71, 13; 

3/16/71,7) 

Feasibility of comsats for helicopter communications had been demonstrated by tests conducted with DOD’S Tacsat 1 comsat over Pacific 

Ocean, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Tests at UHF 

and super-high (X-band) frequencies used different antennas for 

each, mounted on Army/Bell UH-ID helicopter atop rotor mast to 

avoid signal modulation by rotating blades. (Av Wk, 3/15/71, 39) 

US. and U.S.S.R. opened fourth round of Strategic Arms Limitation 

Talks (SALT) in Vienna. (AP, W Star, 3/15/71, A3) 

President Nixon, in Key Biscayne, Fla., sent message to Congress transmitting 10th annual report of US. Arms Control and Disarmament 

Agency: “For the first time a realistic dialogue is taking place between the Soviet Union and ourselves about the management of our 

strategic relations. The mutuality of interests which brought us to the 

table encourages our hope that the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 

will succeed.” (PD, 3/22/71, 492) 

New York Times editorial commented on Pioneer F: “The mission of 

Pioneer F-the spacecraft that will be launched next year to visit 

giant Jupiter and send back photographs and scientific data-opens 

some of the most exciting vistas yet in the entire space program. 

If accomplished. . . this mission would mark a major advance in man’s 

understanding of a hitherto unpenetrated section of the solar system.” 

(NYT, 3/15/71,38) 

illurch 15-16: NASA launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets from Kourou, French Guiana, carrying GSFC experiments to measure ozone 

distribution at low latitudes near equinox from 70- to 15-km (44- to 

9-mi) altitude. Rockets reached 75.5- and 72.5-km (46.9- and 45.1-mi) 

74 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 15-16 

altitudes with rockets and instruments functioning satisfactorily. 

Launches were second and third in four-launch series; first had been 

conducted March 5. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

March 15-18: AIAA Space Shuttle Development, Testing, and Operations 

Conference/NASA Space Shuttle Technology Conference was held in 

Phoenix, Ariz. Charles J. Donlan, Deputy Associate Administrator 

(Technical), OMSF, said NASA plans called for unmanned testing of 

reusable space shuttle beginning in 1976 and manned tests in 1977. 

Fully operational vehicle would be ready in 1979. 

Col. John G. Albert, USAF Director of Space Operations, said DOD 

was “putting its faith in the shuttle and as a result we are not developing any other space rocket beyond the present Titan 3. We intend to 

use the shuttle for all military space operations.” Use would include 

communications, navigation, weather-watching, and surveillance. 

Shuttle would place military satellites in orbit and perform specialized missions in orbit for periods up to seven days. Col. Albert told 

news conference later that DOD would “certainly make a sizable funding contribution at the proper time” to assist NASA in shuttle development. To be useful to the military, shuttle must be able to operate 

like jet transport with quick turnaround on runway after conventional 

landing. (AP, B Sun, 3/16/71) 

Jean Bernard LaGarde, liaison officer for European Space Conference 

and French representative to ESC, said Europe would contribute $1 billion to US. manned space programs in future if U.S. lifted ban on 

launching comsats for European nations. LaGarde said US. would 

have to give positive answer by late April or early May. (LA Times, 

3/17/71) 

AIAA President Martin Goland at banquet March 16 presented Haley 

Astronautical Award of $500, medal, and certificate, to Apollo 13 

Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr., Fred W. Haise, Jr., and John L. 

Swigert for “exceptional manner in which the Apollo 13 crew conducted themselves and their spacecraft under extraordinary circumstances of extreme stress.” 

Octave Chanute Award of $500 and certificate was presented to 

William M. Magruder, Director of SST Development for DOT, for “outstanding contributions by a pilot to the development of safer, more 

efficient air transportation.” 

AIAA History Manuscript Award for “best historical manuscript 

dealing with the science, technology, and impact of aeronautics and 

astronautics on society” went to Constance McLaughlin Green and 

Milton Lomask for “A History of Project Vanguard” [published in 

NASA Historical Series in March as Vanguard-A History, SP42021. 

(AIAA Release; AZAA Bull, 3/71; NASA Hist Off) 

March 16: Peking Radio announced that Communist China’s second satellite, launched March 3, was transmitting scientific data in “whistles, 

pips, bleeps, and blurrs.” Announcement broke two-week silence on 

launching of satellite. New China News Agency said satellite weighed 

220.5 kg (486 Ibs) and was in elliptical orbit. (Reuters, W Post, 

3/17/71, A12) 

NASA Associate Administrator for Organization and Management Richard 

C. McCurdy testified on research and program management (R&PM) 

budget request during House Committee on Science and Astronautics 

75 
March 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 197l 

hearings on NASA FY 1972 authorization: FY 1972 request was $21 

million less than in FY 1971, primarily because of continuing reduction in permanent positions. Request of $697.4 million was based on 

further reduction of Government personnel of 1500 positions, lowering 

employment to 28 350-total reduction of 6971 positions from 1967 

peak and lowest level since 1963. Cut of “some 20 percent in the 

1967-72 period is by a considerable margin the greatest, proportionately, to be made by any Government agency in the period.” Of total 

NASA force, scientists and engineers made up 44~8%~ technicians 26.7%, 

administrative personnel 13.9%, and clerical 14.6%. Hiring restrictions had reduced number of new college graduates added to work 

force and raised average age to 41.3, with rate of 8/10 a year each 

year, endangering health and vigor of NASA. 

“In the past decade, the aerospace industry, overall as well as that 

portion serving NASA, has passed through a substantial perturbation. 

Contractor employment climbed to a high peak, then dropped drastically. The current estimate for industry employment on NASA work at 

the end of this year and next is about 108,000-less than one-third 

of what it was at the peak of the space program. But with the major 

reductions in the space program over the last several years, this is 

how it must be.” 

Daniel J. Harnett, Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs and 

Technology Utilization, testified on NASA management of its new technology as “a repository of national resources”: Some 20000 technical 

contributions had been disclosed by NASA contractors, 3500 in past 

year. Another 4000 had been reported by NASA employees from 

inhouse projects. Contributions reported were evaluated, defined, and 

published for use by others. Allocations for FY 1972 were increased 

over previous year as NASA began to work with innovative events of 

early stages of 1970s R&D programs. (Transcript) 

0 President Nixon transmitted NASA’s 22nd Semiannual Report to Congress 

covering July 1 to Dec. 31, 1969. 

In letter accompanying report, Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA 

Administrator, wrote, “The two successful Moon missions [ApoUo 11 

and 121 fulfilled the national goal of a manned lunar landing and 

safe return within the decade of the sixties and convincingly demonstrated the technological competence of the Apollo program.” Flights 

had shown “value of the space program as a unifying force in international relations, for interest in the Moon landings and in the astronauts transcended national boundaries. This Nation, in turn, took the 

view that the achievement was a triumph for all mankind even though 

the deed itself was performed by American astronauts.” (Text; CR, 

3/17/71, H1631) 

* President Nixon transmitted to Congress NSF annual report for FY 1970. 

He said: “Science has entered an era of unprecedented fruitfulness. 

The investment we have made in the last three decades offers us an 

array of scientific talent and a heritage of scientific achievement unprecedented in human history.” (PD, 3/22/71, 495-6) 

* NASA launched Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket from Fairbanks, Alaska, 

carrying Univ. of Alaska experiment to conduct auroral studies. Mission was unsuccessful. (SR list) 

0 Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) introduced S. 1261, to authorize 

76 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 16 

NSF “to undertake a loan guarantee and interest assistance program to 

aid unemployed scientists and engineers in the conversion from 

defense-related to civilian, socially-oriented research, development, and 

engineering activities.” (CR, S3225-31) 

Senate passed S.R. 17, establishing Joint Committee on the Environment. (CR, 3/16/71, S3317-25) 

March 17: NASA supercritical wing, flown on TF-8A jet aircraft piloted by 

test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed second flight 

from FRC. Aircraft reached 7600-m (25 000-ft) altitude and 300 knots 

(mach 0.75). Purpose of flight was io continue evaluation of aircraft’s 

handling qualities at higher altitudes and speeds. (NASA Proj Off) 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, testified before Senate 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences during hearing on 

US.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation: Recent agreements had been directed toward “achieving common objectives,” not “exchange of technology.” Review of relations between NASA and U.S.S.R. “suggests 

that we should exercise considerable caution in assessing the prospects 

for prompt and effective implementation of these agreements.” But 

US. negotiators of October and January agreements had observed 

“definite improvement” over past decade. Negotiations had been 

“more straight forward, less political. . . . A closer kind of relationship seems to be intended by the.Soviet side. The top level of the 

Soviet Academy for the first time participated directly. The negotiations were attended by the first instances of meaningful access to Soviet 

facilities.” 

Dr. Low said he had “spent a half-hour or more inside the Soviet 

simulator with a young Russian engineer who explained in detail the 

working of that spacecraft and answered every question that I had. 

Later on, I was in the docking and rendezvous trainer with one of 

their cosmonauts and was allowed to attempt to fly a docking of one 

Soyuz against another. I did not succeed in bringing the two together. 

In addition, in January our delegation was invited to the principal 

Soviet tracking station in the Crimea. Unfortunately, the time available . . . did not permit us to make this visit, but we have every intention of doing so in the future.” 

Advocating “air of cautious optimism,” Dr. Low said U.S.S.R. had, 

“in effect, met the schedules laid down in the first agreement with a 

variance of only a few days. In any event, we have laid out and agreed 

to specific milestones for an even-handed exchange, so that neither side 

will gain more than the other.” 

In response to question, Dr. Low said military components of US. 

and Soviet space programs had not been discussed at NASA-soviet 

Academy of Sciences meetings. (Transcript) 

* Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Fairbanks, 

Alaska, carrying Univ. of Alaska experiment to conduct auroral studies. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Doyle G. Berry, owner of Berry Aviation Co., said in New Orleans that 

he had reached exclusive agreement with U.S.S.R. to sell Tu-144 supersonic transport in Western Hemisphere. Contract was being drawn up 

subject to State Department approval. (NYT, 3/19/71) 

Two Sprint missiles successfully intercepted ICBM nosecone over Pacific 

in latest test of Safeguard defense system. It was first time two mis77 
March l’i ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

siles were used in Safeguard test. Target was launched from Vandenberg AFB, Calif., 6700-km (4200-mi) distance. (Reuters, C Trib, 

2/23/71,8) 

March 18: House voted 215 to 204 to end Federal funding for SST development. It was first time in seven years that House had voted against 

measure though it had passed House in 1970 by only 20 votes. Washington Post said turnaround was due to growing ecological and economic lobby against SST program, to new House members who voted 

33 to 18 against it, and to spotlight on record vote. It was first time 

House had cast recorded vote on SST issue. Post said supporters of SST 

program predicted House vote would kill program, at least for present; 

private industry could not raise funds needed to finance it. (CR, 

3/18/71, H171749; Lyons, W Post, 3/19/71, Al) 

0 NASA launched two sounding rockets. Nike-Caj un, launched from Kourou, 

French Guiana, carried GSFC experiment to 125-km (77.7-mi) altitude to measure upper atmospheric pressura, temperatures, densities, 

and winds near equatorial latitudes and to verify operation of ground 

instrumentation in preparation for future grenade missions. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. All 18 grenades detonated and 

were recorded on ground. Launch was last of four in Kourou series. 

Previous launches had been conducted March 5 and March 15-16. 

Nike-Tomahawk, launched from Fox Main, Dew Line Station, Alaska, 

carried experiment to study electric fields. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL; SR list) 

* Dr. Marvin J. Kelly, former President and Board Chairman of Bell 

Telephone Laboratories, died at age 77. After retiring from Bell in 

1959 Dr. Kelly had been named adviser to NASA Administrator and 

consultant to IBM, Ingersoll-Rand Co., and Kennecott Copper Corp. 

(NYT, 3/20/71,32) 

March 19: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos Po0 into orbit with 1005-km (624.5- 

mi) apogee, 983-km (610.8-mi) perigee, 104.9-min period, and 65.8’ 

inclination. (GSFC SSR, 3/31/71; UPI, W Star, 3/19/71, A6) 

* NASA launched three-Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets from Alaska: one 

from Fox Main, Dew Line Station, carrying GSFC experiment to study 

electric fields; one from Fairbanks, carrying Univ. of Alaska experiment to conduct auroral studies; and one from Fox Main carrying 

GSFC experiment to study magnetic fields. Rockets and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. 

* Senate passed unanimously S. 1117, to regulate public exposure to sonic 

booms by prohibiting supersonic flights of civil aircraft over continental U.S. (CR, 3/17/71, S3466-76) 

GAO study had disclosed that cost overruns on 61 weapon systems had 

reached $33.4 billion, of which some $9.5 billion had taken place 

before production began, Washington Post reported. Report blamed 

“deliberate underestimating,” unanticipated development difficulties, 

faulty planning, poor management, bad estimating, inflation, and desire to exploit new technology. It said newer DOD programs “are characterized by a slower development pace and more conservative procurement practices.” (Nossiter, W Post, 3/19/71, Al) 

* Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., received Honorary Knight of St. Patrick 

Award from College of Engineering, Univ. of Missouri at Columbia, 

Mo. (NASA Activities, 4/15/71,61) 

78 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 19 

Boeing Co. had presented to its management results of diversification 

study completed by panel of Boeing executives, Wall Street Journal 

reported. Principal conclusion had been that best chances for new 

nonaerospace work lay in fields of surface transportation and community development. Study envisioned broadening Boeing’s business 

base so that in 10 years’ time one-third of Boeing’s output would be 

outside its traditional product lines. (WHY 3/19/71) 0 Washington Post editorial commented on House vote against SST funding: “. . . we do not see the need to hurry-either across the oceans 

or into the building of an aircraft which will convenience only a tiny 

fraction of the population at a time when great numbers of our people 

have more urgent needs. Some would say that we can have the SST and 

everything else at the same time, and perhaps we can. But we aren’t 

doing the other things, which is precisely why the SST has become a 

very meaningful symbol of misplaced values and disordered priorities.” 

(W Post, 3/19/71) 

Murch 20: NASA launched two sounding rockets. Nike-Tomahawk launched 

from Fox Main, Dew Line Station, Alaska, carried GSFC experiment to 

study electric fields. 

Aerobee 170 launched from WSMR carried Univ. of Wisconsin experiment to study soft x-rays, but mission was unsuccessful. (SR list) 

Tass reported on meeting of Soviet Transport Commission of Council of 

Mutual Economic Assistance in Moscow. Soviet bloc’s economic alliance had discussed “coming” introduction of Soviet supersonic transport Tu-1U and future operation of subsonic jumbo jets on Soviet 

bloc routes. Report had mentioned no date for introduction of Tu-144 

into commercial service. (Shabad, NYT, 3/21/71) 

Murch 21: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Titan IIIB-Agena booster into orbit with 39 266.4-km (24 399-mi) 

apogee, 328.3-km (204-mi) perigee, 701.8-min period, and 63.2O inclination. (Pres Rpt 72; Av Wk, 4/26/71, 19) 

0 NASA launched two Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets from Alaska. Rocket 

launched from Fox Main, Dew Line Station, carried GSFC experiment 

to study electric fields. Rocket launched from Fairbanks carried Univ. 

of Alaska experiment to conduct auroral studies. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

March 22: Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from 

Fox Main, Dew Line Station, Alaska, carrying GSFC experiment to 

study magnetic fields. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. 

(SR list) 

* New York attorney Paul Sawyer was sworn in as consultant to NASA 

Administrator on NASA Public Affairs Program. Sawyer was member 

of law firm of Phillips, Nizer, Benjamin, Krim, and Ballou. (NASA 

Release 7146) 

Approval of full appropriations for National Air and Space Museum and 

increases in funding for National Museum of Natural History were 

urged by Sen. Barry M. Goldwater (R-Ariz.) in testimony before 

Senate Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Appropriations 

for Dept. of Interior and Related Agencies. Top priority in Air and 

Space museum budget was $1.9 million for planning and redesign 

of new building to be opened July 4, 1976. “The building project has 

been on dead center for five years now, though Congress provided 

79 
March 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

authority €or it in 1966. Land is set aside on the Mall and a complete 

set of blueprints are in hand, ready for use; but a combination of 

resistance by the budget bureau and a recommendation from the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration have held the building 

back.” Museum was needed to “tell the story of America’s monumental 

achievements in flight. It will offer a mixture of regular and shifting 

exhibits of original aircraft and spacecraft from which the average 

citizen can see for himself the significant breakthroughs in flight and 

what lies beyond.” Sen. Goldwater supported request for redesign of 

original plans for Museum as “surest and swiftest route toward completion of the project.’’ Since building was authorized in 1966, estimated expense of $40 million had climbed to $70 million. (CR, 

3/23/71, S3605-7) 

* FAA announced start of major program to criss-cross U.S. with area 

navigation airways. Four transcontinental routes would link New York 

City with san Francisco and Los Angeles, effective April 29. FAA 

would announce additional 115 area navigation routes within next 

two months. Shorter interim area navigation routes had already been 

established to test and develop air traffic control and piloting techniques. Area navigation used airborne computers that permitted pilots 

to extrapolate signals from existing ground navaids, allowing greater 

choice and flexibility in route selection. (FAA Release 71-33) 

DOD was developing three aircraft for “what some influential lawmakers 

view as essentially the same mission,” close air support, Wushington 

Post reported. To buy USA’S Cheyenne helicopter, USAF’S AX, and 

USMC’s British-built Harrier-about 1000 aircraft all told-would cost 

taxpayers $4 billion to $5 billion over next few years. (Getler, W 

Post, 3/22/71, Al) 

March 23: Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, testified before 

House Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee on HUD-SpaceScience in support of NASA FY 1972 budget request: “We have recently 

settled on a single set of performance characteristics for the preliminary design of the two-stage fully reusable [space] shuttle. Alternate 

approaches are also still under study. We expect to be in a position to 

make decisions this summer on how we will proceed with airframe 

design or development in FY 1972. The $100 million recommended in 

the FY 1972 budget will support, in addition to the engine development, either continued intensive design studies and related efforts or 

the initiation of airframe development.” 

Dr. Low noted “tremendous interest in exploration during Apollo 11, 

when an estimated 107 million people in the US. watched our first 

manned lunar landing mission; and we saw it again last month, when 

104 million watched Apollo 14.” (Text) 

NASA announced award of $S-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract to 

Mason-Rust for support services at Michoud Assembly Facility. Contract was for one year with two one-year options. (NASA Release 7147) 

March 24: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Thorad-Agena boostey. Orbital parameters: 235-km ( 146-mi) apogee, 

172.2-km ( 107-mi) perigee, 88.5-min period, and 81.5O inclination. 

Satellite reentered April 12. (Pres Rpt 72) 

* Senate voted 51 to 46 to cut off all Federal funding for SST, apparently 

ending controversial project. House had voted to stop Federal funding 

80 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 24 

March 18. Specific proposal before Senate had been to provide $134 

million more for continued work on two SST prototypes for next three 

months. Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) said Nixon Administration 

had requested $235 million for SST development in FY 1972 budget, 

but he predicted that if White House continued to seek appropriations 

it would be defeated, Wall Street Journal reported. (CR, 3/24/71, 

S3818-69; WSJ, 3/25/71) 

President Nixon issued statement following Senate disapproval of funds 

for SST, calling action “a reversal of America’s tradition of staying in 

the vanguard of scientific and technological advance.” He said: “It has 

always been America’s pride, and the source of much of our strength, 

that we have constantly reached out toward new horizons in the search 

for knowledge--not from a chauvinistic desire to be number one, but 

from the conviction that we must continue to develop the countless 

new benefits that flow from exploration of the unknown. Development 

of the SST has been a part of that psoud, creative, and deeply humanistic tradition. Though the Congress has declined to continue helping 

fund this development, I shall strive to ensure that the tradition is 

maintained.” (PD, 3/29/71,541) 

Boeing Co. Vice President for Industrial Relations Lowell P. Mickelwait 

said company would lay off about 7000 workers and disband SST program as result of Senate’s rejection of SST financing. Plans were in 

anticipation of notice of SST program termination from DOT. Of workers to be laid off within seven weeks of notice, 4500 were force working directly on SST production. Others were clerical and office workers. 

Mickelwait said Seattle-area work force could drop to 26 500 or remain 

as high as 31 000 after SST program cancellation. Estimate of 29 000 

workers was “reasonable.” (AP, B Sun, 3/25/71, Al) 

NASA announced selection of RCA Corp. to receive $12-million, cost-plusaward-fee contract for Atmosphere Explorer (AE) satellites C, D, and 

E. Spacecraft would be launched in 1973, 1974, and 1975 to study 

upper atmosphere between 80 and 240 km (50 to 150 mi). NASA 

Release 71-43) 

NASA announced availability of computer information packages NASA/ 

STIMS (Scientific and Technical Information Modular System) and 

NASA/RECON (Remote Console) from Computer Software Management 

and Information Center (COSMIC), operated by Univ. of Georgia under NASA contract. Packages would enable users to set up on-line information retrieval systems similar to NASA’s. (NASA Release 71-44) 

March 25: ARC researchers had used sensors on twin-engine Cessna 401 

light aircraft to detect and measure oil spills in Pacific Ocean off 

California, NASA announced. Sensors had detected slicks from heavy 

and light crude oils and light diesel oil. ARC researchers John P. 

Millard and John C. Arveson had said approach should be applicable 

to satellite-borne sensor system. (NASA Release 71-42) 

West Germany’s Bochum Observatory reported Communist China’s second satellite (launched March 3) had stopped transmitting signals on 

March 23. Scientists did not know whether satellite had failed or had 

been turned off. (AP, W Star, 3/25/71, Al) 

President Nixon sent message to Congress proposing establishment of 

Dept. of Natural Resources, Dept. of Community Development, Dept. 

of Human Resources, and Dept. of Economic Affairs. Dept. of Natural 

81 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1Wl 

Resources would absorb Dept. of Interior and would include functions of DOT, NOU, and civilian power functions of AEC. While DOT 

was relatively new entity it was “organized around methods and not 

around purposes.” Much of DOT would be moved into new Dept. of 

Economic Affairs, “but those functions which particularly support 

community development would be placed in the Department which is 

designed to meet that goal.’’ 

Dept. of Economic Affairs would include National Transportation 

Safety Board, Transportation Systems Center, FAA, Science Information Exchange program from Smithsonian Institution, and Office of 

Technology Utilization from NASA (PD, 3/25/71,54560) 

* President Nixon spoke by telephone with Boeing Co. employees in Seattle, Wash., and Wichita, Kans., to express thanks for work on SST 

project: “The reason I fought so hard to keep the SST project alive was 

that I believe deeply that America must remain in the vanguard of 

scientific and technological progress-the kind of progress your team 

represents.” (PD, 3/25/71,560-1) 

Report that Japan planned to build supersonic transport aircraft since 

US. had dropped SST program was denied by Shoichi Akazawa, official of Japanese International Trade and Industry Ministry in Tokyo. 

(Reuters, a7 Post, 3/25/71, A23) 

Economic impact of end of SST subsidy was described by Frank C. Porter 

in Wushington Post: While move could idle 13 000 workers across US., 

“it is unlikely immediately to cause more than a ripple in the $1 trillion American economy.” Some experts had suggested that continued 

SST development could cost more jobs ultimately than it would create. 

Meanwhile, it would cost US. Government extra $97 million to scrap 

program: contract termination costs of $52 million to Boeing Co., $33 

million to General Electric Co., $10 million in miscellaneous termination costs, and $2 million to close SST project office at DOT. Government also would have to return $22.4 million in downpayments made 

by airlines. (W Post, 3/25/71, A23) 

Tass announced construction by Soviet scientists of ‘‘world’s first operating installation” to convert atomic energy directly into electricity. 

Installation had produced “several kilowatts” for “new major achievement of Soviet atomic science and technology.” AEC said later that, 

while US. had done same thing on smaller scale, U.S.S.R. might be 

closer to building unit large enough to power giant, multichannel 

comsats, long-range space missions, or compact power station under 

sea or in remote places. (Cohn, W Post, 3/26/71, Al) 

* Sen. Edmund S. Muskie (D-Me.) introduced, for himself and cosponsors, S. 1382, “to authorize the Secretary of Transportation to carry 

out a special program of transportation research and development 

utilizing the unique experience and manpower of the airframe and 

defense industries.” (CR, 3/25/71, S3900) 

9 French government approved plans for construction of world’s first commercial air-cushion railroad to relieve auto traffic crisis. (Hess, NYT, 

3/26/71,65) 

March 26: Intelsut-IV F-2, launched by NASA for ComSatCorp Jan. 25, 

began commercial service, transmitting to 15 earth stations in Western Europe, Latin America, and North America. Satellite was initially 

March 25 

82 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 26 

carrying 830 circuits and transmission was excellent. ( INTELSAT Release 71-20; ComSatCorp PIO) 

* NASA announced plans for first launchings of NASA sounding rockets from 

French Guiana Space Center at Kourou in cooperative France-US. 

upper-atmosphere research project. Project would launch 20 French 

Centaure and NASA Nike-Cajun rockets to obtain data on structure and 

circulation of equatorial atmosphere between 30- and 95-km (18- and 

60-mi) altitudes. Under agreement between French National Center 

for Space Studies (CNES) and NASA, CNES would provide Centaure 

rockets with sodium vapor payloads, F-1 launcher, launch team, and 

tracking and ground support. NASA would be responsible for NikeCajuns with grenade and ozone payloads, one Nike with an inert 2nd 

stage, and ground support for payloads. Each agency would bear cost 

of its agreed responsibilities. (NASA Release 71-53) 

LeRC tests had shown turbofan built by General Electric Co.’s Aircraft 

Engine Group was quieter than any in use on commercial jets, NASA 

announced. Noise data from January tests of three GE turbofans had 

been analyzed. Francis J, Montegani of L~RC Quiet Engine Project 

had said if four quiet turbofans were installed in long-range subsonic 

transport, noise level would be within FAA standards. (NASA Release 

71-81) 

* Despite basic differences, lunar samples were not completely different 

from terrestrial rocks, Northern Illinois Univ. geologist S. S. Goldich 

wrote in Science. Basalt horn€els from Keweenawan Duluth complex in 

Minnesota, containing 7% by weight of titanium, were similar in many 

respects to ApoZZo 11 lunar samples. Hornfels’ texture, as well as primary textures in lunar rocks, resembled those in Keweenawan rocks. 

(Science, 3/26/71,1245-6) 

Preliminary results of studies of nuclear tracks in glass lens cover of TV 

camera landed on moon by Surveyor 3 April 19, 1967, and retrieved 

by Apollo 12 mission were reported in Science by Washington Univ. 

physicists G. Crozaz and R. M. Walker. Studies gave information about 

low-energy nuclear particles from sun and provided basic calibration 

for nuclear tracks in lunar rock surfaces-erosion rate of nearly 10 

millionths cm per year. Results also suggested “small-scale erosion 

process in lunar rocks.” 

Use of Surveyor 3 TV camera glass filter had enabled .General 

Electric Co. scientists R. L. Fleischer, H. R. Hart, Jr., and G. M. 

Comstock to determine, for first time, energy spectrum of solar cosmicray particles of iron group over energy range from 1 to 100 million 

ev per nucleon. Difference between observed spectrum and limiting 

spectrum derived previously from lunar rock tracks gave erosion rate 

of 0 to 2 A per year. “High-energy fission of lead, induced by galactic cosmic ray protons and alpha particles, has also been observed.” 

(Science, 3/26/71, 123741) 

Element variation and possible material source of ApoZZo 12 crystalline 

rocks was discussed in Science by Univ. of Tokyo geologists Ikuo 

Kushiro and Hiroshi Haramura. Chemical analysis of nine rocks had 

shown five rocks contained normative quartz; others had normative 

olivine and hypersthene. Rocks showed wide range in ratio of iron to 

magnesium. Findings led investigators to suggest rocks, with one exception, represented different parts of differentiated magmatic body, 

83 
March 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

in which magmatic differentiation by crystallization and settling of 

olivine was most effective. Source material of original magma might 

be peridotite with or without plagioclase or spinel or garnet, depending on depth of magma generation. (Science, 3/26/71, 1235-7) 

* Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, had been selected to receive 1971 

James Watt International Medal from Institution of Mechanical Engineers in Lpndon, MSC Roundup announced. Dr. Gilruth had been 

nominated by American Society of Mechanical Engineers and was 

cited for his “distinguished services to Aeronautical and Space Research and for . . . engineering leadership which inspired and directed 

the Manned Space Flights and successful landings on the Moon.” 

(MSC Roundup, 3/26/71,1) 

0 NASA announced appointment of B. Porter Brown, Director of Operations Support Requirements in OMSF, as Special Assistant for Missions, Skylab Program, OMSF. (NASA Release 71-45) 

New York attorney Paul Sawyer, who had joined NASA to evaluate 

agency’s public relations efforts on March 22, had taken 30-day leave 

from law firm in which he represented astronauts in negotiating exclusive rights to their stories for magazines, Washington Post reported. 

Sawyer had said he would not be representing astronauts during NASA 

assignment. (W Post, 3/26/71, A3) 

March 27: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 4001 into orbit with 291-km (180.8- 

mi) apogee, 186-km (115.6-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, and 72.8” 

inclination. Satellite reentered April 9. ( GSFC SSR, 3/31/71; 4/30/71) 

Washhgton Post editorial commented on NASA’s public information policy: “There is something strange about the decision . . . to bring in a 

New York lawyer, Paul Sawyer, as a consultant on its public affairs 

policies. NASA has had, for a decade now, what seems to us and to most 

journalists to be the most effective and most honest public information 

program in government. It is hard to see why public monies should be 

spent to study it, particularly when the man chosen to make the study 

has represented the astronauts in recent months in negotiating private 

contracts for the stories of their activities.” (W Post, 3/27/71, A18) 

Pattern of recent ICBM construction in U.S.S.R. might presage deployment of new Soviet offensive weapon system, according to US. officials quoted in New York Times. Construction detected Dec. 20, 1970, 

had shown 20 holes large enough to accommodate Soviet SS-9 ICBM 

or even larger weapons. Holes were distributed in five clusters along 

wide arc forming Soviet offensive missile system from Polish border to 

Chinese frontier. (Szulc, NYT, 3/21/71,1) 

* New Republic published interview with Communist China Premier Chou 

En-lai by Edgar Snow. Premier had said in Peking: “. . . our nuclear 

tests are still in the experimental stage, and every test carried out is 

limited and made only when necessary. The aim of our nuclear tests 

is to break the nuclear monopoly and nuclear blackmail and prevent 

a nuclear war. Therefore, each time when we conclude a test, we 

declare that at no time and in no circumstances shall China be the 

first to use nuclear weapons.” (New Republic, 3/27/71, 20-3) 

March 28: Foreign sources interested in buying SST development package 

had contacted DOT, WilliamaM. Magruder, Director of DOT’S SST pro- - 

gram, told press in Washington, D.C. Inquiries had come from Japanese trading firm Ataka, from Middle East source, and from West 

84 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1Wl March 28 

German source. Magruder said congressional leaders “have made no 

attempt to discourage” plan to seek package to recoup termination 

costs of SST program, estimated at between $97 million and $157 million, depending on whether airlines got back SST purchase deposits. 

(AP, B Sun, 3/29/71, A3) 

JPL announced that Dr. Gary A. Flandro, former JPL scientist who formulated planetary Grand Tour concept, had been named winner of 

British Interplanetary Society’s Golovine Award for “outstanding contributions to astronautics” through basic mathematical work he did 

at JPL from 1965 to 1968. Dr. Flandro, now associate professor at 

Univ. of Utah, would receive award in June. (JPL Release 574) 

* Eugene C. Draley, LaRC Director for Center Development, died at age 

55. Draley had joined LaRC research staff in 1938 and had held increasingly responsible positions, from Head of 8-Foot High-speed 

Tunnel to LaRc Assistant Director. (LangZey Researcher, 4/2/71, 1) 

Sherman M. Fairchild, founder and board chairman of Fairchild Hiller 

Corp., died at age 74. Fairchild had invented first aerial camera and 

had been honored in 1970 by Smithsonian Institution for 50 yrs’ 

service in aviation industry. (Fowle, NYT, 3/29/71, 32) 

March 29: X-24A lifting body reached its maximum speed of 1687 km 

(1048 mph) and 21 300-m (70 000-ft) altitude during 25th flight from 

FRC. USAF aircraft, launched from EL52 aircraft, was piloted by NASA 

test pilot John A. Manke on powered flight to expand flight envelope, 

determine lateral-directional derivative with rudder bias at 2’ toe 

out, and check lateral-acceleration feedback to control system. (NASA 

Proj Off; Pres Rpt 72) 

* U.S.S.R. announced that Soviet supersonic transport Tu-144 had reached 

designed 2400-km-per-hr (1500-mph) speed at 16 700-m (55 000-ft) 

altitude during test flight Nov. 12, 1970. (NYT, 3/29/71, 53) 

0 NASA announced award of seven-month study contracts totaling $1 387 576 

to nine universities and one NASA center to define requirements for 

seven astronomy experiments for proposed High Energy Astronomy 

Observatory ( HEAO) . ( MSFC Release 71-52) 

* FAA and DOT announced awards totaling $14246542 in amendments to 

contracts with IBM Federal Systems Div. for additional equipment and 

services to automate air traffic control system. (FAA Release 71-35) 

* Immediate one-year freeze on deployment by US. and U.S.S.R. of landbased missiles was urged by Sen. Henry M. Jackson (D-Wash.) in 

Senate speech. Both countries would retain freedom to ensure survivability of strategic land-based forces as long as they did not add 

to offensive potential. (CR, 3/29/71, S4035-6) 

Editorial in Aviation Week & Space Technology commented on rejection by Government of further SST funding: “The fate of the SST 

should serve notice . . . that the aerospace industry can no longer 

survive with its political naivete and aloofness from the fray.” It was 

“sad day when a deliberate national decision is made to abandon a 

major frontier of technological advance. But it will be even sadder 

when the victors in this significant debate gird for their next assault 

on the space shuttle program.” (Hotz, Av Wk, 3/29/71, 9) 

March 30: Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, testified on 

aerospace unemployment before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences during FY 1972 authorization hearings: From number 

85 
March 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

of studies of unemployment of scientists and engineers, estimated 

30 000 to 40 000 were out of work at end of 1970. “The majority of 

these came from aerospace-related industries. Projections indicate that 

this number could more than double by June 1972, which means that 

as many as 30 percent of the Nation’s aerospace scientists and engineers will be unemployed. The effect of this national trend-in terms 

of an individual scientist or engineer being reemployed-is magnified 

by the concentration of this unemployment, geographically and by 

training and experience. . . . This not only causes great personal hardship but . . . represents the loss of a tremendous national resource.” 

NASA-sponsored survey by Battelle Memorial Institute of persons laid 

off by group of NASA contractors from June 1968 to September 1970 

had made preliminary findings: only 31% had found permanent jobs, 

32% had found temporary jobs, 32% were still unemployed, and 

5% had left work-force. Average person was unemployed 31 weeks. 

Of those who had found permanent jobs, only 18% returned to aerospace. Of those permanently employed outside of aerospace, only 12% 

reported having positions highly related to aerospace skills and 50% 

reported new positions unrelated to aerospace. Unemployment rate of 

those over 50 was 48%. Of those who had found permanent work 

outside, 31% said they would not return to aerospace if given opportunity; 16% said they would. Preliminary results of survey indicated 

we are losing much of the aerospace capability that is an indispensable ingredient of our long term economic strength and national 

security.” 

In closing, Dr. Low made point that there was “no either/or choice 

between technological advances and social advances. Without technology, we cannot maintain the capability to deal effectively with any 

national problem.” 

Dr. Low was questioned on his testimony that U.S.S.R. was spending more on R&D than U.S. was spending in total science and technology area. He answered that Soviet space program, with apparent 

Soviet policy of steadily increasing R&D investment, would soon match 

and then surpass US. program in size and accomplishment. “For this 

comparison, I am dealing with the combined civil and military space 

programs of both nations; to try to differentiate between civil and 

military activities of the U.S.S.R. would be speculative at best. The 

most difficult comparison to try to make between the US. and 

U.S.S.R. economies or programs is in terms of absolute costs: each 

national economy is geared and motivated to produce a different, nonparallel mix of goods and services.” (CR, 7/31/71, E8611-2) 

Dale D. Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, discussed future of Apollo program: “We can now move with 

confidence to the final phase. . . . In these last missions, we will expand 

the capability of the system very dramatically. Design changes in the 

spacecraft and supporting equipment will allow the two astronauts in 

the lunar module to remain on the moon up to 67 hours, as compared 

with 34 hours on Apollo 14. The scientific payload landed on the moon 

will be doubled to above 1200 lbs [54& kg]. Changes in the command 

and service modules will permit up to 10 days total flight time and 

major increases in orbital scientific activities. During the Apollo 15 

cc 

86 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 30 

and 16 missions small subsatellites will be placed in lunar orbit and 

will continue to make scientific measurements long after the astronauts 

return to earth.” 

In Skylab program, “three separate three-man Skylab flight crews 

will be selected during the coming year. Scientist astronauts will be 

included. . . . They plan to perform about 50 experiments in various 

disciplines. Twenty of these are in the life sciences, to determine how 

human beings adjust and perform under the conditions of prolonged 

space flight, up to 2 months’ duration. 

“They will also operate the Skylab Earth Resources Experiment 

Package in the second space flight phase of NASA% earth resources 

program. These observations will be in conjunction with [and] complementary to those [of] the automated earth resources test technology 

ERTS, to be launched in 1972.” 

FY 1972 request for space shuttle of $100 million would provide for 

broad spectrum of studies, including analysis of new alloys and promising external materials for thermal protection ; test demonstrations of 

design concepts for structures; wind-tunnel tests to define aerodynamic 

heating, launch aerodynamics, etc. ; design of long-leadtime hardware, 

subsystems, and test devices; initiation of scaled model for flight tests; 

dynamics testing; electronic-data-bus-system demonstration testing; and 

integration of upgraded fuel-cell electrical power subsystem with other 

components for proof-of-concept testing. (Transcript) 

Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, testified on 

DOD applications of space transportation system and DOD-NASA teamwork on space shuttle : “Present DOD satellite communications program 

consists of two major systems: The long distance point to point or 

strategic system and the local-area multiple-user or tactical system. . . . We are pursuing a new system called Defense Satellite Communications 

System, Phase 11, which can provide many voice channels to selected 

limited areas of the earth. These present and proposed systems give 

us the flexibility for voice and teletype communications from our forces 

overseas and allow rapid transmission of photographic images from 

operational theaters to the United States.” 

In conjunction with NASA studies, USAF was analyzing defense applications of space shuttle to provide better insight into utility of concept 

for DOD. USAF was providing NASA with data to help ensure that configuration was of maximum utility to DOD. 

NASA and USAF had worked jointly on engine development. Air Force 

“has supported advanced development efforts on liquid rocket engines 

in the past, and more recently concluded a hydrogen/oxygen high 

performance engine demonstration program.” Engine, XLR-129, had 

“provided the basis for selection of the reusable high pressure rocket 

engine concept for the shuttle. It also provided design data for a 

250 000-pound [ 1100-kilonewton] thrust engine which supports the current shuttle engine design concepts.’’ 

In operational testing area, “USAF and NASA recently conducted 

unpowered approach and landing demonstrations with F-111s and 

l3-52s. . . . These demonstrations investigated terminal area energy 

management for maneuvering reentry vehicles and have a relationship 

to the Space Shuttle operational concepts.” (Transcript) 

87 
March 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

DOT request to Congress for $97.3 million to terminate SST Development 

program was prepared by James M. Beggs, Under Secretary of 

Transportation. Sum did not include repayment of $58.5 million risk 

capital contributed by nine US. airlines and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines to support SST R&D. (AP, NYT, 3/31/71, 3:27) 

* U.K. government and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. agreed on terms for perpetuating Rolls-Royce engine developed for Lockheed’s GlOll TriStar 

jet transport after two-day meetings in Washington, D.C. Terms would 

be submitted to airlines that had ordered aircraft and to banks financing sales. (Witkin, NYT, 3/31/71,1) 

ABC, CBS, and NBC TV networks had filed statement with FCC saying they 

planned use of other domestic comsats for program transmission rather 

than building separate satellite system of their own, Wall Street Journal 

reported. Networks were negotiating with several companies on use 

of domestic comsats but would like to keeD their own oDtion oDen in 

case negotiations failed to lead to %atisfa&ory” arrangiments. *( WS], 

30/30/71,6) 

U.S.S.R. at Geneva disarmament conference introduced draft treaty that 

would bind nations “not to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise 

acquire’’ microbiological or other biological agents or toxins “not 

designed for the prevention of disease or for other peaceful purposes.” 

(Lusinchi, NYT, 3/31/71,1) 

March 31 : Canadian Isis 2 (ISIS-B) International Satellite for Ionospheric 

Studies was launched by NASA from WTR 6:57 pm PST by thrustaugmented three-stage Thor-Delta booster. Satellite entered orbit with 

1423-km (884.2-mi) apogee, 1355-km (842.0-mi) perigee, 113.5-min 

period, and 88.2’ inclination. Primary NASA objectives were to place 

Isis 2 into circular earth orbit that would permit study of topside of 

ionosphere above electron peak of F region and to extend cooperative 

Canadian-US. program of ionospheric studies initiated by Alouette 1 

(launched Sept. 28, 1962) by combining sounder data with correlative 

direct measurements for time sufficient to cover latitudinal and diurnal 

variations during high solar activity. Spacecraft was operating satisfactorily and was expected to be fully operational by April 17. 

Canadian-built Isis 2 was eight-sided spheroid that weighed 264 kg 

(582 lbs) , was 127 cm (50 in) in diameter with two sounder antennas, 

and carried 12 ionospheric investigation experiments. Satellite was 

fourth in series of five satellites to improve understanding of ionospheric physics. First launch in series (Nov. 28, 1965) had orbited 

Canada’s Alouette 2 and US. Explorer 31. Isis 1 had been launched 

Jan. 30, 1969. ISIS program was joint undertaking of NASA and 

Canadian Defence Research Board (DRB) under December 1963 

Memorandum of Understanding. DRB was responsible for spacecraft 

design, fabrication, electrical testing, experiment integration, and 

satellite control. NASA provided launch vehicle and launch facilities. 

(NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 71-41 ) 

NASA announced confirmation of text of agreement with Soviet Academy 

of Sciences on exchange of lunar samples and on procedures toward 

recommendations for joint consideration of objectives and results of 

space research [see Jan. 18-211. Agreement had been confirmed by 

exchange of letters between Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Adminis88 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 March 31 

trator, and Academician Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet 

Academy. (NASA Release 71-57) 

* Data from Explorer 42 (Uhuru, launched Dec. 12, 1970) was reported 

at American Astronomical Society meeting in Baton Rouge, La., by 

Dr. Riccardo Giaconni of American Science and Engineering, Inc., 

principal investigator for satellite. Explorer 42 had detected new x-ray 

pulsar Cygnus X-1 generating x-ray pulses at 15 per sec in Constellation Cygnus, 13 new x-ray objects in Milky Way and remote galaxies, and confirmed that quasar 3C273 in Seyfert Galaxy was x-ray 

emitter. Quasar was billion light years away-most distant object from 

earth known to emit x-rays. (NASA Release 71-50) 

* Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Churchill 

Research Range carrying TRW Inc., experiment to conduct auroral 

studies. (SR list) 

MSFC announced award of $2 24+9 700, one-year contract to Air Products 

and Chemicals, Inc., to supply and deliver liquid hydrogen for all 

Government aerospace use in eastern U.S. (MSFC Release 71-55) 

During March: Prestige of U.S. science was being undermined by assaults 

from many side-which might leave US. “a second-rate power and a 

third-rate place to live”-Lawrence P. Lessing wrote in Fortune 

article. 

Funds had been “damagingly cut in such basic areas as the life and 

medical sciences . . . while a large amount of advanced but abstract 

technology, which could begin to solve the problems of overcrowding, 

energy, pollution, transportation, and waste, . . . are going neglected.” 

New hostility to science and technology had arisen among many “ordinary Americans,” even from within science itself, and among young 

activists. But if man’s store of knowledge were torn down, man would 

“backslide not a few centuries but two hundred thousand years.” 

Severe cutback in research and development because of Vietnam 

war, inflation, and contracted economy-with Federal R&D expenditures 

declining in real dollars by more than 20%-possibly endangered 

whole structure of science. Decline followed post-World War I1 growth 

that had produced antibiotics, atomic power, cryogenics, computers, 

jet planes, rocket vehicles, radar, transistors, masers, and lasers and 

had spurred U.S. to do its own basic research. “From . . . only a 

sparse dozen Nobel Prizes in the forty years up to 1940, U.S. scientists 

went on in the next thirty years to win forty-five.” 

“While men and talent are . . . going to waste the things that need 

doing . . . keep piling up.” US. was beginning to lag behind other 

nations in high-energy physics, radioastronomy, plasma physics, conventional energy research, space science, transportation, and life 

sciences. “With two of the later, more scientifically oriented Apollo 

moon flights canceled, though equipment is bought and paid for, 

work on NASA’s forward-looking space station, nuclear-powered rocket, 

and unmanned planetary exploration vehicles has been so cut back that 

after 1975 almost nothing will be scheduled. And research funds in life 

sciences were still lagging 20% behind research capacity-in field 

that held promises for much safer biological insecticides, genetic 

repair of congenital defects, and basic attacks on cancer and heart disease. (Fortune, 3/71,88-9, 153-5) 

89 
During March ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Production of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and glycolic acid in uv tests 

under simulated Martian conditions indicated organic material was 

probably be& produced by sunlight on Mars’ surface, JPL scientists 

Dr. Norman H. Horowitz, Dr. Jerry S. Hubbard, and Dr. James P. 

Hardy reported in Proceedings of National Academy of Science of 

USA. Same organic compounds were believed to have been precursors 

to biological molecules on primitive earth. Dr. Horowitz said findings, 

obtained from irradiation of fine soil and powdered glass samples by 

high-pressure xenon lamp and low-pressure mercury lamp, provided 

“most favorable indication for a possible Martian biological evolution 

that we have had in the last five years.” There were “still many uncertainties, however, which won’t be resolved until we land on the 

planet.” (Proceedings of NAS, 3/71,5744) 

Promise of zero g in manufacturing in space was described by A. R. 

Sorells in Amrica Illustrated, USIA publication distributed in U.S.S.R. 

Technicians anticipated future world of factories in space, where 

machines were grown molecule-b y-molecule, as nature grew plants. 

First space workshops were scheduled to fly during decade as pioneers 

of later manufacturing islands circling above earth. Even dream of 

perpetual motion machines might materialize. (Am Ill, 3-71, 34-37) 

NASA published Manned Space Program Accident/Incident Summaries. 

Result of NASA Safety Office survey of accidents and incidents that 

occurred during Apollo Program development years could be used in 

NASA training programs. Of some 10 000 case documents reviewed, 508 

mishaps had been studied closely. Of these, 47% had occurred during 

operational test and checkout. Procedural deficiencies were largest 

contributor to accidents-46%-and 74% had human error as contributing factor. ( NASA Awareness) 

Scientific impact of SST was described by James J. Haggerty in Air Line 

Pilot magazine: “SST . . . represents one of the most sweeping aeronautical advances since Kitty Hawk, one that, brought to fruition, will 

have follow-on impact comparable to the introduction of jet propulsion 

or the first conquest of the sound barrier. It has particular importance 

as a research vehicle, because there is no other airplane flying or in 

development with its particular combination of performance characteristics. It is equally important as an impetus to technology, since the SST 

contains thousands of components that have never been built before.” 

SST was “atmospheric Apollo, a prober of new regions of flight and 

- . . a thrusting force pushing aeronautical technology to a new plateau.” 

(Air Lhe Pilot, 3/71) 

The Making of an Ex-astronaut by former astronaut Dr. Brian T. O’Leary 

was reviewed by Edwin E. Salpeter in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: 

“The most apparent human drama in the book is the clash between two 

alien cultures, or rather the struggle of a minority culture, the scientist 

surrounded by the dominant culture of the technologist-testpilotadministrator combination.” It was interesting psychological sidelight 

that Dr. O’Leary had not worried about “large but inevitable dangers 

inherent in spaceflight itself, but bitterly resented the additional danger 

of flying jets (about a 10 per cent probability of death in a jet accident 

over a 10-year service in the program).” While jet flights had been 

emphasized, opportunities for scientist-astronauts to participate in 

space missions had receded and opportunities for keeping up scientific 

90 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 During March 

career in space program “were severely limited.” Dr. O’Leary had 

become, in 1968, first scientist-astronaut to resign. (Bull of Atomic 

Scientists, 3/71, 44) 

Second edition of one-volume Soviet space encyclopedia Cosmnautics 

was published in Moscow, Book listed as editor Valentin Petrovich 

Glushko, reputed chief designer of Soviet rockets and missiles, and 

featured biographical article on him describing his work. Pravda, in 

post-publication article on encyclopedia, had identified chief editor as 

“Professor G. Petrovich.” (NYT, 3/19/71,3) 

* Freeze on missile testing was advocated by Stanford Univ. geneticist Dr. 

Joshua Lederberg in Bulletin of Atomic Scientists: “From a technical 

standpoint, the most amenable place for controls is testing; a comprehensive freeze on all missile tests would be most easily verified and 

would provide the utmost assurance against the perpetuation of a 

costly technology race. It would complicate some peaceful applications 

of space technology. However, none of these require precise reentry 

after a brief, high velocity flight. Furthermore, nothing would be lost 

in requiring a definite pattern of international participation in space 

missions to assure that these were a net benefit to the whole earth from 

which they have embarked.” (Bull of Atomic Scientists, 3/71, 4-6, 43) 

91 

April 1971 

April 1: Discovery that comets were made of water-ice and discovery of 

new concept of dynamics of interstellar hydrogen gas from data obtained by Ogo 5 (launched March 4, 1968) and Oao 2 (launched 

Dec. 7, 1968) were announced. Dr. Charles Lillie and Dr. Gary 

Thomas of Univ. of Colorado and Prof. Jacques E. Blamont of Univ. 

of Paris said at NASA Hq. press conference that OAO observations indicated comets were water with traces of methane, ammonia, and 

cyanogen. OGO observations showed gas surrounding comets to be 

composed almost totally of hydrogen and that interstellar wind previously believed to be coming from constellation Hercules actually 

seemed to be coming from Sagittarius and Scorpius. Scientists now 

surmised that there was no stellar wind, but only apparent wind 

caused by passage of solar system through thin and nearly stationary 

interstellar medium of hydrogen. (Lannan, W Star, 4/2/71, A9) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 402 from Baykonur into orbit with 1035-km 

(643.2-mi) apogee, 948-km (589.1-mi) perigee, 104.9-min period, and 

64.9’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/71; SBD, 4/5/71, 181) 

* Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, summarized reasons 

NASA proposed space shuttle development as top space priority for 

1970s, during Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences 

NASA FY 1972 authorization hearings: US. “should and will continue 

an active space program from now on” and new approach was needed 

to make space “practical and economical” for all Users-NASA, DOD, 

other Government agencies, and commercial enterprises. Reusable 

shuttle, “entirely new concept in space operation,” would deliver and 

retrieve manned and unmanned payloads; “we will be able to repair, 

modify, or update payloads in orbit and . . . reduce drastically the 

costs of payloads by taking advantage of the much larger weight and 

volume that will be available. . . . When future space programs using 

the shuttle are compared with those using conventional launch vehicles, the shuttle offers a very real economic advantage.” 

Shuttle development should proceed in FY 1972 because necessary 

technology was available, delay in development would widen existing 

four-year gap in US. manned space flight schedule, and shuttle was 

“keystone to the total plan for the US. space program.” 

KASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale D. 

Myers discussed candidate concepts for space shuttle : “The principle 

objective in examining various systems is to determine which systems 

have the greatest potential for low operational costs together with low 

development costs. The most attractive system . . , is the fully reusable 

system where nothing is discarded in the course of the flight and the 

orbiter and booster are ‘turned around’ with minimum maintenance 

for reuse. This concept has been the subject of intense ‘phase B’ definition studies over . . . the past 9 months.” 

Dr. John E. Naugle, Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, reviewed OSSA programs, goals, and motivations : “When 

93 

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c 
April 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

we speak of ‘space’ science and ‘space’ applications, we are talking 

about using a new technology . . . to enhance scientific progress and 

its translation into benefits. In this role, NASA is a service agency; we 

provide the technology, the engineering, the management, and the 

leadership that make possible the exploration of space and the practical use of space flight. The scientific community, which represents the 

focus of man’s unceasing drive for understanding, identifies the problems and the unknowns, and designs the experiments that will answer 

the key questions. Society levies demands upon us for useful services, 

valuable products, and improvements in the quality of life.” There was 

no difficulty in identifying needs or new missions; acute problem was 

to select those offering greatest reward as range of highest national 

priorities expanded but resources remained limited. (Transcript) 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), Chairman of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics, introduced H.R. 7109, $3.434-billion FY 

1972 NASA authorization bill. Bill added $163 million to Administration’s requested $3.271 billion, including additional $45 million for 

Skylab and $25 million for space shuttle, $39.9 million for NERVA 

engine, and $25 million for aeronautical research and technology. Bill 

provided $2.668 billion for R&D, increase of $150 million over requested $2.518 billion; $58.6 million for construction of facilities, up 

$2.3 million from $56.3-million request; and $706.9 million for research and program management, increase of $9.5 million over requested $697.4 million. (H Rpt 92-143) 

Soviet Academy of Sciences President Mstislav V . Keldysh told session 

of Soviet Party Congress that “we must to a large extent apply [space 

activities] to the solution of practical problems. Armed Forces Journal 

later observed that previously, U.S.S.R. had spoken mostly of furthering “scientific knowledge” as basis of its space program. (AFJ, 6/71, 

5479) 

* Leaders of aerospace industry, professional societies, and academic community met with President Nixon; Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., Science 

Adviser to President; and James D. Hodgson, Secretary of Labor. 

Meeting discussed Technology Mobilization and Reemployment Program to alleviate unemployment in aerospace industry. (PD, 4/5/71, 

592) 

Tenth anniversary of Air Force Systems Command. AFSC-in charge of 

planning, developing, and acquiring all USAF weapon and space systems and supporting technologies-administered annual contracts worth 

about $48 billion. Annual expenditures accounted for more than one 

fourth of total USAF budget. AFSC was staffed by 9600 officers, 18500 

airmen, and 31 000 civilians. (AFSC Release 94.71; AFM, 4/71, 43) 

April 2: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 403 from Plesetsk into orbit with 213- 

km (132.4-mi) apogee, 205-km (127.4-mi) perigee, 88.6-min period, 

and 81.3’ inclination. Satellite Ieentered April 14. (GSFC SSR, 

4/30/71; SF, 10/71, 386) 0 NASA’s supercritical wing, flown on TF-8A jet aircraft piloted by test 

pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed third flight from 

FRC. Objectives of flight-to expand flight envelope to higher altitudes 

and higher speeds, evaluate augmented stability and control, and 

determine loads and buffet boundaries-were achieved. Aircraft 

reached 10 700-m (35 000-ft) altitude and mach 0.8. (NASA Proj Off) 

94 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 April 2 

* NASA announced ic was expanding its airborne research program by acquiring two Lockheed U-2 high-altitude aircraft under loan agreement with USAF and concentrating flights over four ecological test areas 

in US. Program objectives were to simulate data output of ERTS 

scheduled for 1972 launch, collect data simultaneously over various 

test sites with passes of ERTS and Skylab after they were orbited, support earth resources survey programs of other agencies, and make 

observations in astronomy, atmospheric physics, and geophysics for 

NASA’s physics and astronomy programs. (NASA Release 71-60) 

Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., Director of Defense Research and Engineering, 

testified on DOD space activities during authorization hearings before 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences: DOD space 

funding program for FY 1972 called for $1552.6 million, slightly 

under the $1553.1 million of FY 1971. “The design and fabrication of 

a new set of satellites intended to replace the interim Defense Satellite 

Communications System (DSCS) will be completed in 1971. These satellites, to be launched next month, have significantly higher power and 

greater bandwidth than their predecessors, and each is equipped with 

a versatile set of antennas capable of serving fixed and transportable 

users dispersed over large areas of the earth. Among these are steerable antennas which can be oriented to satisfy contingency needs in 

changing global situations. To exploit the potential of this new system, we will need better surface terminal equipment. Accordingly, we 

intend to continue the intensive development of new reliable terminals 

and modulation and antijamming equipment.” 

In FY 1972, DOD expected “to start developing a satellite communications system that operates in the military ultra-high-frequency 

(UHF) band and is tailored to the characteristics of the mobile users. 

When deployed, this system should allow us to retire much of our HF 

radio equipment.” 

Use of navigational satellites “has the potential of attaining a continuous, highly accurate worldwide position-fixing system. That system 

could support many ground, sea, airborne and space applications.” 

In FY 1972, DOD planned “to undertake system definition and design 

studies of the next-generation Defense Navigation Satellite System 

( DNSS ) .” 

Under Doppler Geodetic Satellite Program coordinated by Defense 

Intelligence Agency, geodetic Doppler receivers would observe USN 

navigation and other Doppler-equipped satellites. Program would provide worldwide geodetic data. 

DOD proposed “to continue a small eflort in FY 1972 to develop 

propulsion technology for high-energy orbit-to-orbit stages that will 

be compatible with the shuttle system, with a view to future space 

maneuvering missions projected for the late 1970’s and early 1980’s.” 

(Transcript) 

* USAF planned to measure static electrification on Titan IIIC missile from 

preignition to orbit at KSC during second quarter of 1971, AFSC announced. Data would be gathered from two field meters---one on missile and one on ground-and would help define electrostatic requirements for future missile systems. (AFSC Release 82.71) 

AEC announced it was developing plutonium-fueled water recovery and 

waste management system for crew on extended space flights. Device 

95 
April 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

converted liquid wastes into sterile drinking water by high-temperature 

processing and disposed of nonmetallic cabin wastes by incineration. 

System would meet needs of four astronauts for up to 180 days. (AEC 

Release 0-47) 

* LeRC announced award of $4 264 734, fixed-price, supplemental agreement to United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div. for 12 RL-10 

rocket engines for Centaur boosters. (LeRC Release 71-11) 

April 4: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 404 from Baykonur into orbit with 

1009-km (627-mi) apogee, 817-km (507.7-mi) perigee, 103.1-min 

period, and 65.7’ inclination. Satellite reentered same day. ( GSFC 

SSR, 4/30/71; SF’ 10/71,386) 

NASA manned space flight officials proposed four-launch program to place 

astronauts in earth orbit to map US., study earth resources, and study 

pollution. NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale 

D. Myers said in AP-reported interview that program was in preliminary stages and would require additional funding from Congress. 

MSC Deputy Director Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., said project would keep 

US. in manned space flight business during period when U.S.S.R. 

would probably be very active in the field. Project would fill four-year 

gap between Skylab and manned space shuttle tests. It would also 

directly benefit mankind, Kraft explained: “The two-man crews will 

fly at a higher inclination than we’ve ever flown before in earth orbit. 

Using photographic and other sensing equipment developed in the 

space program, they could accurately map the entire United States, 

including Alaska. The astronauts also could make earth resources and 

environmental measurements.” ( AP, W Star, 4/4/71, A16) 

* Team of 108 scientists from US. and six foreign countries had been 

chosen from some 500 scientists who submitted proposals to participate in definition phase of proposed outer planets missions in late 

1970s, NASA announced. Teams from 13 investigating areas would be 

represented by team leader on Outer Planets Mission Steering Group 

responsible for integrating overall science. Scientists represented 26 

U.S. institutions and institutions in Canada, Denmark, West Germany, 

France, Sweden, and U.K. (NASA Release 71-56) 

April 5: First simulated altitude test of manned Apollo 15 CM in KSC 

vacuum chamber was postponed after oil was found leaking from light 

fixture. Problem did not affect spacecraft. (SBD, 4/6/71, 183) 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences continued hearings on NASA FY 1972 authorization. Roy P. Jackson, NASA Associate 

Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, testified that 

WRC quiet engine program was proceeding on schedule: “Tests of 

full-scale fans for the engine have revealed much new information ‘on 

the interrelationships among noise, aerodynamic performance, and 

structural integrity. The complete experimental engine will be operated in about 6 months. Results . . . indicate that we may expect to 

better the original noise abatement goals. Program results are given 

to industry on a continuing basis. . . . We can expect some of our 

improvements to be adopted by industry in new engine designs before 

completion of our program.” 

NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Systems Office Manager Milton Klein said: 

“Reactor power sources will be required to provide power in amounts 

greater than a few kilowatts for many of the missions of the future. 

96 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 April 5 

For unmanned military satellites, radiation hardening-mandatory for 

certain military missions-and low recurring costs for multiple missions are important advantages of small reactor systems. For unmanned NASA earth orbit missions, reactors become cost effective 

above a few kilowatts, a power range needed for such applications 

missions as communications satellites. In manned missions . . . overriding advantage of reactor systems is their ability to accommodate 

unforeseen large increases in power demand.” Advanced reactor systems “are needed for electric propulsion systems capable of high energy 

missions . . . to the far planets.” 

Associate Administrator for Tracking and Data Acquisition Gerald 

M. Truszynski reported that satellite network included “ten electronic 

ground stations . . . operated by NASA, which are supplemented by an 

optical tracking network operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical 

Observatory. The electronic stations provide a worldwide system which 

. . . tracks each satellite, . . . determines the status of onboard systems, 

. . . commands the satellite’s functions, and . . . acquires stored or 

real-time data from the satellite. The optical stations, which include 

laser capabilities at selected sites, provide specialized services in precision orbital tracking.” (Transcript) 

* URC was studying blown-flap STOL aircraft using series of fans mounted 

atop each flap semispan, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

Concept was similar to fadflap arrangements studied in wind tunnel 

tests; Bleed air from main engines was ducted to periphery of each 

fan nacelle and drove fans through tip turbines. Flow from fans then 

passed over flaps, which could be deflected up to 60’ for landing. 

(Av Wk, 4/5/71,44) 

April 5-7: Conference on Remote Sensing of Chesapeake Bay was held at 

Wallops Station to identify primary environmental problems of area 

and determine extent to which remote sensing from aircraft or satellites could contribute to solution. States of Maryland and Delaware, 

Commonwealth of Virginia, NASA, and Smithsonian Institution participated. Chesapeake Bay area was one of four regional test sites under consideration for evaluation of remote sensing techniques. Experiments would be conducted in area using data to be acquired by first 

Earth Resources Technology Satellite ( ERTS-A) scheduled for launch 

by NASA in spring 1972. (NASA Release 71-55; WS PAO) 

National Endowment for Humanities sponsored Thomas Harriot Symposium at Univ. of Delaware, honoring Elizabethan mathematician, 

astronomer, geographer, navigator, and philosopher sent to New World 

in 1585 by his patron, Sir Walter Raleigh. Harriot had written first 

English account of wealth of America, A Briefe and True Report of 

the New Found Land of Virginia. After 350 yrs of obscurity, Harriot 

was being revived by scholars who were mentioning his name with 

Kepler and Galileo, New York Times reported. Harriot had independently begun telescopic observation of heavens in July of 1609, at about 

time Galileo did in Italy, and had drawn what was believed to be 

earliest map of moon in which vast seas and craters were recognizable. He had observed and counted sun spots through telescope 

using London fog as filter and had calculated period of solar rotation 

and traced moons of Jupiter. In 1601 he had discovered law governing 

refraction of light. (Reinhold, NYT, 4/8/71,39) 

97 
April 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

April 6: Intelsat 1 (Early Bird), in orbit over Pacific, was reactivated to 

mark its sixth anniversary and relay first message ever transmitted 

directly from Hawaii to US. East Coast via commercial satellite. 

Satellite-first commercial comsat-had been launched from KSC 

April 6, 1965, (ComSatCorp Release 71-23) 

Distribution of about 6.8 kg (15 lbs) of the 42.6 kg (94 lbs) of samples 

returned from moon’s Fra Mauro area by ApoUo 14 astronauts had 

begun, NASA announced. To date, 187 scientific teams in US. and 14 

foreign countries had been scheduled to receive samples. Additional 

proposals for consideration under Apollo 14 through Apollo 17 sample 

program were under review. More than 700 scientists would analyze 

samples, believed to include material formed at same time as original 

lunar crust. Investigating teams in US. were at 65 different institutions in 30 states and Virgin Islands. The 56 foreign teams were at 

41 institutions. (NASA Release 71-62) 

0 Third attempt to test manned Apollo 15 LM in simulated environment 

was completed at ICSC. Two attempts during previous week had been 

unsuccessful because technician failed to open oxygen valve and 

because two oxygen regulators failed. (SBD, 4/7/71, 192) 

* LeRC announced award of $7939400 follow-on contract to General 

Dynamics Corp. Convair Div. for Centaur launch and test support 

services at ETR. Cost-plus-award-fee contract would cover one year, 

during which six Centaurs would be launched. (IRRC Release 71-13) 

Dr. F. A. Speer, head of MSFC’S Mission Operations Office in Program 

Management, became manager of newly augmented HEAO task team 

at MSFC. Team would continue feasibility and definition work for 

proposed 1975 mission. (MSFC Release 71-75) 

* AP quoted Fairchild Hiller Corp. spokesman as saying firm was serving 

as clearinghouse for proposals for SST funding. “Sketchy and tentative plans’’ existed, AP said, to finance SST through public stock issue 

backed up by $1 billion in bank loans. (AP, B Sun, 4/7/71, A6) 

April 6-7: Space Shuttle Technology conference at MSFC discussed space 

vehicle propulsion systems with operational life requirements of 100 

flight missions. (MSFC Release 71-59; MSFC PAO) 

April 7: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 405 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

681-km (423.2-mi) apogee, 674-km (418.8-mi) perigee, 98.2-min 

period, and 81.2’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/71; SBD, 4/8/71, 

197) 

U.S.S.R.’s Lurwkhod 1 lunar rover began sixth lunar day on moon’s Sea 

of Rains, traveling 301 m (988 ft) across lunar surface and completing two communications sessions with ground. Vehicle had landed 

on moon on board Luna 17 Nov. 17, 1970. (SBD, 4/9/71, 205) 

* NASA and Dept. of Agriculture announced advance plans were under way 

for ground and air study of possible southern corn leaf blight during 

1971 growing season. Remote aerial sensing techniques would be used 

in coordination with special ground observations. NASA high-altitude 

aircraft would photograph cornbelt area using special infrared and 

natural color film. Data would be sent to photo-interpretation team 

at Purdue Univ. for analysis. (NASA Release 71-64) 

Computer method being developed by NASA and Stanford Univ. team 

would provide simple means of viewing heart in action, NASA announced. System projected three-dimension animated cartoon-like image 

98 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 April 7 

of any desired chamber of patient’s heart in lines of light on computer screen. Display, which would enable doctors to detect cardiac 

malfunctioning more simply than by conventional diagnostic methods, 

was derived from two-dimensional “x-ray movies” made by injecting 

x-ray contrast dye into desired heart chamber. (NASA Release 71-58) 

President Nixon sent message to Congress proposing improvements for 

District of Columbia: “A number of construction projects included in 

my budget for fiscal year 1972 . . . point to an attractive new look 

for Federal Washington by 1976. These include the Smithsonian Institution’s plans to build a new National Air and Space Museum on the 

Mall and a new display area for cultural and technological advances 

of the past two centuries in the National Museum of History and 

Technology.” President asked Congress to appropriate necessary funds 

for these and other projects. (PD, 4/12/71, 605-10) 

President Nixon transmitted Marine Science Aflairs : Annwl Report of 

the President to the Congress on Marine Resources and Engineering 

Development: US. marine science program in 1970 had been marked 

by sound accomplishments and “new policies and programs that fulfill the objectives of the Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act.” FY 1972 budget request provided $609.1 million for 

marine science, technology, and services, “an increase of more than 

$70 million over my request of a year ago. These funds will permit 

NOAA to undertake priority programs of fundamental importance to 

the Nation’s marine science interests; they will permit us to continue 

the accomplishments of the Sea Grant program; to further our participation in the International Decade of Ocean Exploration; to insure 

that necessary marine research and development is conducted for 

national security purposes; and to make certain that marine research 

and development, generally, continue to make productive contributions 

to our growing use of the sea” (PD, 4/12/71, 611) 

Szpril 8 .- Miniature analytical clinical laboratory to monitor astronauts’ 

health on spacecraft was being developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, AEC announced. “Gravity-Zero” system would permit astronauts to perform quickly and automatically 16 parallel chemical tests 

on samples of plasma or serum, based on colorimetric determinations. 

Test results would be automatically radioed to ground control, which 

would recommend action to astronauts. (AEC Release 0-51) 

MSFC announced award of $29 136 622 contract modification to Chrysler 

Corp. for additional work in Saturn IB program. Chrysler, prime contractor for Saturn IB first stage (S-IB), would maintain nine boosters 

in storage and make prelaunch checkout of three of the boosters for 

Skylab program. (MSFC Release 71-60) 

0 Fritz von Opel-engineer, pilot, and industrialist-died in St. Moritz, 

Switzerland, at age 71. Von Ope1 had flown in rocket-propelled glider 

in 1929 and had developed rocket car which he drove at more than 

3 km (2 mi) per minute in 1928. (UPI, NYT, 4/12/71, 38) 

April 9: Cosmic ray tracks found in helmets of Apollo astronauts had indicated that exposure during space mission was sufficient to damage 

certain nonreplaceable cells on long flights, General Electric R&D 

Center team reported in Science. On two-year mission, fraction of 

cells killed could rise to 0.12% in cerebral cortex, 0.05% in retina, 

and more than 1.5% for giant cells. Proportions might be “highly 

99 
April 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

worrisome, since additional safe shielding would impose important 

weight considerations on spacecraft design.” (Comstock, Fleischer, 

et at., Science, 41/9/71, 154-6) 

April 12: Tenth anniversary of U.S.S.R.’s Vostok 1, first manned space 

flight, piloted by Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin. Anniversary was celebrated in Moscow with 6000 guests attending memorial meeting in 

Kremlin’s Palace of Congresses and with Soviet newspapers filled with 

articles commemorating flight. 

At Moscow ceremony Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, said U.S.S.R. was looking forward to time “when man 

will make interplanetary flights. Tremendous potentialities in the study 

of the earth’s natural satellite were uncovered by the flights of American astronauts to the moon and the development in our own country 

of new types of automatic lunar stations.” Successful operation of 

U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod I lunar rover represented start of new era envisioned by Soviet scientists, Keldysh said. U.S.S.R. would emphasize 

unmanned flights with particular stress on long-term orbiting space 

stations. 

Cosmonaut Andrian G. Nikolayev told meeting U.S.S.R.’s 1971-1975 

economic plans called for “fundamental development of scientific research, with a significant role for lunar and solar investigation.” 

April 12: Tenth anniversary of the first manned space Bight, made by Cosmonaut 

Yuri A. Gagarin in the Vostok 1. In the April 14, 1961, photo Gagarin and U.S.S.R. 

Premier Nikita Khrushchev, standing atop the Lenin-Stalin Mausoleum, responded 

to a welcome by crowds during a ceremony in Moscow’s Red Sqwre. (Photo by 

courtesy of the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 April 12 

In letter to Pravda, group of Soviet cosmonauts said “it is our 

opinion that businesslike cooperation of space researchers of different 

countries, including the U.S.S.R. and the United States, should develop 

and grow stronger in the interests of peace and friendship among the 

peoples of our planet.” 

Soviet Academician Boris N. Petrov said in article reprinted in a 

number of Soviet journals that “main trend of the next development 

of cosmonautics and space exploration . . . will probably be as follows: 

Further investigation of near-Earth space, studying the Earth from 

space for purposes of space meteorology, geology, agriculture, oceanology, and marine and air navigation. The task of constructing space 

exploration facilities and the usage of outer space for peaceful purposes is the favorable basis for fruitful international cooperation 

wherein both big and small countries can effectively participate.” 

U.S.S.R. had ‘‘always directed its efforts into an arena of peace and 

international cooperation. . . . The time is not behind the mountains 

when the remarkable idea about construction of long-duration, piloted 

orbital stations will be implemented.” 

Soviet Military Review editorial said Soviet space program had 

demonstrated “the benefiting the whole of mankind and the contribution to worldwide progress. The Gagarin flight, as all subsequent 

achievements of Soviet space exploration, demonstrated the organizing 

and guiding role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the 

inexhaustible potentialities of the socialist social system and of the 

Soviet economy, science, and technology. Consistency and purposefulness are a feature of the Soviet program of exploration in outer space, 

on the Moon and on the planets of the solar system.” (Yuenger, 

C Trib, 4/13/71; Shabad, NYT, 4/13/71; UPI, W News, 4/12/71; 

UPI, LA Her-Exam, 4/12/71; SBD, 4/12/71, 263) 0 Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins assumed duties as Director of 

Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. He had 

served as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs after leaving 

NASA. (Smithsonian Ann; Smithsonian PIO) 

* NASA selected Boeing Co. Commercial Airplane Group, General Dynamics 

Corp. Convair Div., and Lockheed-Georgia Co. to conduct nine-month 

studies to determine benefits of applying advanced aeronautical technologies to 1975-1985 transport aircraft. ( NASA Release 71-66) 0 NASA announced award of $2-millionY one-year, fixed-price contract to 

General Dynamics Corp. Convair Div. for definition and preliminary 

design of Research and Applications Module (RAM) that could be 

attached to space shuttle. (NASA Release 71-67) 

April 13: NASA% supercritical wing, flown on TF-8A jet aircraft piloted 

by test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed fourth flight 

from FRC. Purposes of one-hour flight-to expand flight envelope to 

higher altitudes and higher speeds, evaluate augmented stability and 

control, determine handling qualities with stability augmentation system on and off, determine structural loads and buffet boundaries, and 

make preliminary evaluation of ‘flutter characteristics-were achieved. 

Aircraft reached 10 700-m (35 000-ft) altitude and mach 0.9. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

NAE announced election of 29 US. engineers to NAE, bringing total membership to 356. New members included L/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), 

101 
April 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Commander of SAMSO; Joseph F. Shea, Senior Vice President and 

General Manager of Raytheon Co. Equipment Div.; and Ronald Smelt, 

Vice President and Chief Scientist, Lockheed Aircraft Corp. ( NAE 

Release) 

April 14: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 46 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

222-km (137.9-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.7-mi) perigee, 88.6-min 

period, and 81.3’ inclination. Satellite reentered April 24. (GSFC SSR, 

4/30/7 1 ) 

Representatives of 79 INTELSAT member nations opened negotiating and 

organizing meeting at Dept. of State. Twelve observers, including representatives from Communist countries, attended. Purpose of meeting 

was to discuss proposed agreement to base member nation’s voting 

power on its use of INTELSAT and limit US. power to 40%. (AP, NYT, 

4/15/71,14) 

Communist Party General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev had been guiding 

Soviet space research and rocket engineering since 1963, Wall Street 

Journal reported. Information had been contained in article circulated 

to Moscow correspondents by a Soviet news agency. (WSJ, 4/14/71,1) 

Discovery of “first incontrovertible evidence” of existence of natural 

plutonium 244 by team of Univ. of California at Berkeley scientists 

was described by Dr. Calvin Alexander in Washington, D.C., press 

interview. Dr. Alexander and team had baked 15 mg of Pu 24Ltwo 

thirds of world’s supply-in vacuum system at 2144.3 K (3400’F). 

Pu 244 had been made expressly for experiment by Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory. It survived experiment almost intact, having lost only 

a hundred milliom atoms of mass” in form of rare gas, xenon. Those 

atoms had provided “fingerprint” for Pu 244 similar to fingerprint 

found in certain meteorites. Scientists had suspected meteorite fingerprint had been remnant of completely decayed Pu 244, but until 

Berkeley experiment they had had no “file” against which to check it. 

(Lannan, W Star, 4/15/71, A6) 

AAAS held symposium in Boston on use of long-baseline interferometryantennas thousands of miles apart, working together, to determine 

angular width and precise direction of distant radio sources. Three 

teams of astronomers who had worked independently reported observation in distant space of what appeared to be two objects flying apart 

at 10 times speed of light, but were unable to agree on plausible explanation for phenomenon that defied laws of physics that said such 

velocity was impossible. Discovery had been made originally by nineman team of scientists from MIT, GSFC, JPL, and Univ. of Maryland. 

Team, under direction of Dr. Irwin I. Shapiro of MIT, using MIT 

Haystack antenna and JPL’S Goldstone antenna, had observed two 

components of quasar 3C-279 accidentally during experiments conducted in October 1970 to observe passage of 3C-279 around sun. 

Discovery also was described by Dr. David L. Chauncey of Cornell 

Univ. and team from Cal Tech and National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Dr. Alan T. Moffet of Cal Tech reported on joint observations 

of phenomenon with Australian astronomers. . Following symposium, Rumford Premium, oldest scientific prize 

given in US., was presented to 21 scientists from US. and Canadian 

observatories who had pioneered in development of baseline interferometry. (Sullivan, NYT, 4/15/71, 33) 

(6 

102 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 April 14 

MSC announced signing of $11 577 561 supplemental agreement with 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. for changes in Apollo LM contract. Agreement brought total value of contract since January 1963 to $1617 

510 000 (MsC-Release 71-18) 

Dr. Armand N. Spitz, astronomer and author, died at age 66 after heart 

attack. Dr. Spitz had founded Spitz Laboratories, organized NASA 

Moonwatch program of using volunteer astronomers to track satellites, 

and created Spitz planetarium--small, inexpensive instrument used in 

schools and small museums. He was member of AAS, fellow of AAAS, 

consultant to NSF, and author of numerous publications. (W Star, 

4/16/71, B5) 

April 15: France launched 90-kg (198-lb) D2-A satellite Tourmsol (Sunflower) from Kourou, French Guiana, by Diamant-B booster. Satellite, 

which would measure radiation for six months, entered orbit with 

696-km (432.5-mi) apogee, 457-km (284-mi) perigee, 96.2-min period, 

and 46.3’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/71; SBD, 4/16/71, 239; SF, 

6/71,197; Spacewarn, 3/23/71,6) 

President Nixon transmitted to Congress World Veather Program, Plan 

for Fiscal Year 1972. Report described significant activities of program 

and planned participation of Federal agencies. In message of transmission President said: “Satellite technology is being used with increasing effectiveness to gather global information for earlier, more 

accurate predictions and warnings of hazardous weather. New stations 

are being established for long-term measurement of atmospheric change. 

Computers have been programmed to determine the effect of pollution 

upon the atmosphere. A major international experiment in the Atlantic 

Ocean is being prepared under the Global Atmospheric Research 

Program. During the past year many nations, inchding the United 

States, have indicated their support of this tropical experiment and 

have made tentative commitments to provide ships, aircraft, satellites, 

and other observing facilities. Linked with an increased computer 

capability to assess and integrate results, this experiment should be 

an important step toward attaining a true understanding of the global 

atmosphere.” (PD, 4/19/71,630) 

* President Nixon transmitted to Senate Convention for the Suppression of 

Unluwfd Seizure of Aircraft and requested advice and consent to 

ratification. Convention “to ensure that all hijackers, wherever found, 

would be subject to severe punishment for an act which endangers the 

safety and lives of passengers and crew aboard” had been signed at 

Diplomatic Conference at The Hague Dec. 16, 1970. President said: 

“Because of the worldwide threat of hijacking, the Convention provides 

that all States may become parties. I hope that it will be applied universally.” (PD, 4/19/71,630) 

0 New US.-U.S.S.R. missile gap was described by Sen. Henry M. Jackson 

(D-Wash.) in speech before American Society of Newspaper Editors: 

“Today the United States bomber force is less than 600, our sublaunched missiles have numbered 656 for four years, and our landbased missiles have totaled 1,054 for four years. During this time the 

Soviet bomber force has remained almost constant, but their submarine 

missile force has grown to almost 400 launchers and is expected to 

overtake ours in two to three years. And the Soviet land-based intercontinental force has risen to over 1,440 operational launchers-with 

103 
April 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

more on the way. Thus, while the Soviets are gaining and will soon 

ex ed us in missile weaponry at sea, we have already fallen distinctly 

behi d them on land. 

‘‘ ver the same period, the actual destructive power of the US. 

forces has continually decreased, while the Soviet’s destructive power 

has gre tly increased, until the total megatonnage that the Soviets could 

deliver a 

“The onh strategic area in which we are staying ahead is in the 

number of i ividual warheads, and we are doing that only by going 

to small-yield ultiples. Even here, the Soviets could in time overtake 

us, since their issile forces have considerably greater payloads than 

ours.y7 (Text) \ 

April 16: NASA announced development of new underwater camera system 

designed to photograph algae on bottom of Lake Erie. Developed by 

LaRC for Environmental rotection Agency, 35-mm Nikon-F camera 

with Braun Lite 515 flash it, timing electronics, and water-tight 

more than 10 days underwater and unattended. Summer 1970 joint 

study with Canadian Centre of Inland Waters-Project Hypo-had 

investigated causes of eutrophication (process leading to overabundant algae growth, robbing lake of oxygen). The 400 color slides taken 

traced developments in seasonal surge of algae growth and revealed 

previously unobserved effects of bottom currents on sediment resuspension. (NASA Release 71-65) 

* Government of Jamaica had asked US. to assist in surveying Jamaica’s 

natural resources with aircraft specially equipped for purpose, NASA 

announced. U.N.’s Food and Agricultural Organization had invited 

NASA to provide instrumented 6130 aircraft to gather experimental, 

thermal imagery data by cameras for high- and low-altitude infrared 

photography and sensors during flights at altitudes from 900 to 7600 m 

(3000 to 25 000 ft) over Jamaica and selected coastal waters. Jamaican 

Geological Survey and US. Geological Survey would provide personnel 

and equipment for gathering ground data. (NASA Release 71-70) 

US. and Canadian scientists were planning to build $12- to $15-million 

upper-atmosphere observatory to study relationship of space energy to 

weather, radio communications, and other phenomena on earth, Science 

reported. Transmitter and four receivers would be erected near Great 

Lakes, “where the earth’s magnetic field causes ionized layers of the 

upper atmosphere to form a low-density ‘trough.’ ” Preliminary engineering studies for observatory, which was scheduled for completion in 

1974, were being conducted under $99950 NSF grant. (Science, 

4/16/71,244) 

* ComSatCorp reported net income for first quarter of 1971 had increased 

to $6 691 000 (67 cents per share) from $3 345 000 (33 cents per 

share) for first quarter of 1970. Operating revenues for first quarter 

of 1971 totaled $21 934 000, increase of $6 499 000 (42%) over 

$15 435 000 received in first quarter of 1970. (ComSatCorp Release 

* Science editorial commented on underemployment of scientists and engineers: “Some companies and congressmen would like to believe that 

high technology can be effectively directed to solving problems of 

society such as pollution. This is only wishful thinking. A limited 

inst US. targets is several times our own. 

y-1.:, 

l 

plastic cases could automatically \ cick off one frame per hour for 

71-25) 

104 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 April 16 

number of individual scientists and engineers are being hired by 

municipalities, states, and industries, but no mass hiring is likely.” 

It would be “mistake to place too much dependence on government.” 

Retraining without specific job openings was “waste of money, time, 

and emotion.” Experience had shown scientists and engineers quickly 

developed needed skills on the job. “What is needed is a strenuous 

effort to identify possible openings that match to some degree the 

potentialities of individuals.” (Abelson, Science, 4/16/71, 221) 

April 17: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor 8 meteorological satellite from Plesetsk 

into orbit with 633-km (393.3-mi) apogee, 609-km (378.4-mi) perigee, 

97.1-min period, and 81.2’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/71; SBD, 

4/21/71,265) 

April 17-18: Wallops Station held open house for public in joint Federal 

activities in area that included Assateague National Seashore Park, 

Chincoteague Coast Guard Station, and Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge. (WS Release 71-5; WS PIO) 

April 18: FAA issued multiyear aviation forecast: passengers carried by 

scheduled airlines would increase from 173.2 million expected in 

FY 1971 to 186.9 million in FY 1972. Increase of 8% would contrast with growth of about 2% in FY 1970 and 1% increase expected 

in FY 1971. Annual growth rate of 10% was projected through remainder of decade, with total passengers reaching 513.5 million in 

FY 1982. Over 12 yrs covered by forecast, number of hours &flown in 

general aviation was expected to double, reaching 49.6 million in 

FY 1982. Scheduled revenue passenger-miles flown by U.S. certificated 

airlines was expected to grow from 133.7 billion in FY 1971 to 147.3 

in FY 1972, 10.2% increase. By FY 1982, figure would reach 485 

billion. (FAA Release 11-49) 

April 19: U.S.S.R. launched unmanned Salyut 1 orbital scientific station 

from Baykonur into orbit with 269-km (167.2-mi) apogee, 256-km 

(159.1-mi) perigee, 89.7-min period, and 51.5” inclination. Tass said 

experiment was designed for “perfecting the elements of the design 

and the on-board systems and for conducting scientific research and 

experiments in space.” Western speculation, later confirmed [see 

April 23-25], was that Salyut 1 would dock with manned spacecraft 

in attempt to establish first manned orbital workshop. (GSFC SSR, 

4/30/71; SBD, 4/20/71, 254; Mills, B Sun, 4/20/71, Al) 

MSC announced issuance of RFPS for development of human waste collection and storage system for space shuttle orbiter stage. Contractor 

would receive $90 000, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract under which firm 

would fabricate for testing one fully functional unit that could be used 

individually during week-long test by team of three men and one 

woman. (MSC Release 71-23) 

0 Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from TERLS carrying 

Indian experiment to study luminescent clouds. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR List) 

Space Program Advisory Council, established by NASA to advise on space 

program goals and objectives and aid in reviewing plans for and work 

in progress on space programs and accomplishments, held first meeting. 

Council of prominent scientists would report to NASA Deputy Administrator on findings of four committees-Applications, Physical Sciences, 

Life Sciences, and Space Systems. (NASA Release 71-71) 

105 
April 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

April 20: Dr. George M. Low, Acting NASA Administrator, and Alan Gotlieb, 

Deputy Minister of Canadian Dept. of Communications, signed agreement at NASA Hq. for first cooperative international project for experimental communications technology satellite. Cooperative Applications 

Satellite C (CAS-c) would be launched into geostationary orbit by 

NASA in 1974 to conduct communications experiments with ground terminals operating at extremely high frequencies, test one-kilowatt solarpower-cell arrays that would unfurl in space like window shades, and 

test electric propulsion and stabilization systems. Canadian DOC would 

be responsible for design, construction, integration, and subsystems 

testing of spacecraft and for tracking, data acquisition, command, and 

control of spacecraft after it reached orbit. NASA would provide ThorDelta booster, launch services, superefficiency power tubes and associated equipment, and environmental testing of integrated spacecraft. 

Thel\e would be no exchange of funds between DOC and NASA. Project 

was fifth in series of cooperative satellites which began with launch 

of Alowtte 1 Sept. 28, 1962. (NASA Release 71-72) 

National Space Club luncheon honored Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, late NASA 

Deputy Administrator, physicist, and Director of NACA from 1947 to 

1958. Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, said in 

speech: “Dr. Dryden held that the decentralization of authority was a 

desirable goal and dictatorial control of projects, funds, and facilities 

should be avoided. He knew that ideas and skills would be widely 

dispersed. Even though the goals of applied research and development 

projects were concrete and specific, the approach to these goals had 

to be diversified. Freedom of the agencies and scientists engaged in 

the work was a necessity here, as it was in fundamental research, if 

the best use was to be made of their abilities. These concepts have 

lived and grown, and I believe, still represent the fundamental policy 

for the management of programs at NASA today.” 

During luncheon, bust of Dr. Dryden, commissioned by National 

Space Club and executed by sculptress Una Hanbury, was officially 

presented to NAS President, Dr. Philip Handler. (Text; NSC News 

Letter) 

MSFC announced award of $1 081 343 contract to Research, Inc., to 

design, fabricate, install, and check out electrical heating devices for 

space shuttle prototype heat protection systems. Device would be 

installed in an existing structural test facility at MSFC and would heat 

up to 1600 K (2500°F) on lower surface and 1300 K (1800°F) on 

top surface of test articles. Work on device would be funded in increments, beginning with $100 000 for preliminary design phase. (MSFC 

Release 71-67) 

0 Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., received Golf Magazine’s All-America 

Award for making first golf shot on moon during Apollo 14 mission 

(Jan. 31-Feb. 9). (NYT, 4/21/71,57) 

April 21: L~RC had turned over to St. Vincent Charity Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio, small analog computer designed by L~RC scientists Vernon 

D. Gebben and John A. Webb, Jr., at cost of $1500, NASA announced. 

Computer measured increase or decrease of stroke volume of heart, or 

changes in length of time heart valves remained open, to detect certain 

abnormalities early in develapment. Hospital planned to use computer 

106 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1Wl April 21 

experimentally before application to human patients recovering from 

open heart surgery. (NASA Release 71-69) 

MSC announced signing of $10 699 4,004, contract modification with Martin Marietta Corp. for equipment in support of Skylab earth resources 

experiment package ( EREP) . Modification brought total value of contract since February 1970 to $60 million. (MSC Release 71-25) - Soviet ICBM construction program was increasing, Secretary of Defense 

Melvin R. Laird said in speech before American Newspaper Publishers 

Assn. in New York: “In December and January it began to look as if 

the Soviet Union was slowing down its rapid rate of ICBM deployments after having reached a level of land-based ICBM’s that gave them 

approximately 400 more than the 1054 possessed by the United States. 

The situation began to change in February and March. . . . More 

recent evidence confirms the sobering fact that the Soviet Union is 

involved in a new-and apparently extensive-ICBM construction program.” (Text ) 

* FAA-DOT program to lower base of positive control airspace to 5486 m 

(18 000 ft) over entire U.S. by end of 1971 was announced by FAA 

Administrator John H. Shaffer. Purpose was to reduce potential for 

midair collisions. Current positive control base was between 5486 and 

18 288 m (18 000 and 60 000 ft) over northeastern and north central 

U.S. and between 7315 and 18 288 m (24 000 and 60 000 ft) over 

remainder of conterminous 48 states. (FAA Release 71-50) 

* Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced appointment of 

John E. Hirten, former President of Institute of Planners of California, 

as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment and 

Urban Systems. Hirten would succeed Michael Cafferty, who had 

returned to private law practice. (DOT Release R-24) 

April 22: USAF launched unidentified satellite on Titan IIIB-Agena booster 

from Vandenberg AFB into orbit with 400.7-km (249-mi) apogee, 

130.4-km (81-mi) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 110.9’ inclination. 

Satellite reentered May 13. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/71; 5/31/71; Pres Rpt 

e House Committee on Science and Astronautics favorably reported with 

amendment H.R. 7109, 9g3.434-biHion NASA authorization bill [see 

April 11. (Text; NASA LAR X/35) 

* Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried 

Dudley Observatory payload to 123.5-km (76.7-mi) altitude to measure particulate matter in upper atmosphere by photometer, microphones, 

plasma detector, and particle collection. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and payload was recovered as planned. (NASA Rpt 

SRL) 

* Largest inff ux of immigrant scientists, engineers, and physicians over 

past 20 yrs was reported by NSF for FY 1970. After sharp decline of 

21% between 1968 and 1969, rise of 30% in 1970 had brought number of entries to over 13000 level. (NSF Highlights, 4/22/71, 1) 

April 23-25: U.S.S.R.’s Soyuz IO-carrying Cosmonauts Vladimir A. 

Shatalov, Aleksey S. Yeliseyev, and Nikolay N. Rukavishnikov-was 

launched from Baykonur at 4:54 am local time April 23 (6:54 pm 

EST April 22). Orbital parameters: apogee, 224 km (139.2 mi); 

perigee, 200 km (124.3 mi) ; period, 88.2 min; and inclination, 51.3O. 

Tass said spacecraft would conduct joint experiments with Salyut 1 

72) 

107 
April 23-25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

(launched April 19), make comprehensive check of onboard systems, 

test manual and automatic control systems, check out spacecraft orientation and stabilization in different flight conditions, and conduct 

medical-biological research on influence of space flight factors on 

human organism. 

On April 24 Soyuz 10 linked with Salyut 1 for 5% hrs, undocked, 

and pulled away. Taped pictures released later on Moscow TV showed 

Soyuz 10 moving away from Salyut 1 after docking experiment while 

commentator said : “The principles of rendezvous and docking with the 

use of new equipment were tested and checked out in the course of the 

joint experiment. A rigid mechanical link-up was achieved, followed by 

undocking of the manned ship from the orbital station. After the end 

of this experiment in maneuvering, both vehicles continued to fulfill 

their program.” According to information released later, Soyuz 10 

caught up with Salyut 1 in two stages. First stage automatically brought 

Soyuz 10 within 180 m (590 ft) of target vehicle; in second, approach 

and docking were effected manually. After separation Soyuz 10 circled Salyut 1 for about one hour, photographing and filming it from 

various angles. 

Tass announced Soyuz 10 reentered and landed near Karaganda, 

Kazakhstan, at 4:40 am Baykonur time April 25 (6:40 pm EDT April 

24) after “fulfilling the program of studies. The studies carried out 

during this flight are a stage in the general program of work with the 

orbital scientific station.” (GSFC SSR, 4/30/71; NYT, 4/23-26/71; 

W Post, 4/25/71, Al) 

April 23: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 407 from Plesetsk into orbit with 818- 

km (508.3-mi) apogee, 791-km (491.5-mi) perigee, 100.9-min period, 

and 74.0’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 4’/30/71; SBD, 4/26/71, 290) 

* NASA announced tentative schedule for 12-day Apollo 15 manned lunar 

landing mission. Spacecraft, carrying three-man crew, would be 

launched from KSC at 9:34 am EDT July 26. Apollo 15 LM would land 

near moon’s Hadley Rille at about 6:15 pm EDT July 30. Two astronauts would spend 67 hrs on moon making three trips across surface 

on LRV. Spacecraft and crew would splash down in Pacific at 4:46 EDT 

pm Aug. 7. (NASA Release 71-73) 

USAF F-111 on test flight from Edward AFB, Calif., crashed on gunnery 

range near Barstow, Calif., killing pilot and copilot, who had ejected. 

(UPI, JP Post, 4/25/71, A2) 

NASA launched two Nike-Apache sounding rockets from WSMR. One carried Univ. of Colorado and GSFC experiment to study airglow, and one 

carried Dudley Observatory and GSFC experiment to collect micrometeoroids. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Perspective in science funding was drawn by Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA 

Associate Administrator, in Science editorial: “The funding proposed 

for 1972 for basic science ($2.4 billion), or even that for the entire 

space exploration program ($3 billion), is a very small fraction of 

the funding that is proposed for efforts to ameliorate societal problems today ($90 billion). The real need is not so much for additional 

dollar attention as it is for attention of a different kind. Ideas, new 

approaches, and new insights into the wise management and utilization of our human and natural resources are what is required. Many 

108 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1Rl April 21 

experimentally before application to human patients recovering from 

open heart surgery. (NASA Release 71-69) 

MSC announced signing of $10 699 4,004 contract modification with Martin Marietta Corp. for equipment in support of Skylab earth resources 

experiment package ( EREP) . Modification brought total value of contract since February 1970 to $60 million. (MSC Release 71-25) 

9 Soviet ICBM construction program was increasing, Secretary of Defense 

Melvin R. Laird said in speech before American Newspaper Publishers 

Assn. in New York: “In December and January it began to look as if 

the Soviet Union was slowing down its rapid rate of ICBM deployments after having reached a level of land-based ICBM’s that gave them 

approximately 400 more than the 1054 possessed by the United States. 

The situation began to change in February and March. . . . More 

recent evidence confirms the sobering fact that the Soviet Union is 

involved in a new-and apparently extensive-ICBM construction program.” (Text) 

0 FAA-DOT program to lower base of positive control airspace to 5486 m 

(18 000 ft) over entire U.S. by end of 1971 was announced by FAA 

Administrator John H. Shaffer. Purpose was to reduce potential for 

midair collisions. Current positive control base was between 5486 and 

18 288 m (18 OOO and 60 000 ft) over northeastern and north central 

U.S. and between 7315 and 18 288 m (24 000 and 60 000 ft) over 

remainder of conterminous 48 states. (FAA Release 71-50) 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced appointment of 

John E. Hirten, former President of Institute of Planners of California, 

as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment and 

Urban Systems. Hirten would succeed Michael Cafferty, who had 

returned to private law practice. (DOT Release R-24) 

April 22: USAF launched unidentified sateIlite on Titan IIIB-Agena booster 

from Vandenberg AFB into orbit with 400.7-km (249-mi) apogee, 

130.4-km (81-mi) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 110.9’ inclination. 

Satellite reentered May 13. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/71; 5/31/71; Pres Rpt 

72 ) House Committee on Science and Astronautics favorably reported with 

amendment H.R. 7109, $3.434-billion NASA authorization bill [see 

April 11. (Text; NASA LAR X/35) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried 

Dudley Observatory payload to 123.5-km (76.7-mi) altitude to measure particulate matter in upper atmosphere by photometer, microphones, 

plasma detector, and particle collection. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily and payload was recovered as planned. (NASA Rpt 

SRL) 

Largest influx of immigrant scientists, engineers, and physicians over 

past 20 yrs was reported by NSF for FY 1970. After sharp decline of 

21% between 1968 and 1969, rise of 30% in 1970 had brought number of entries to over 13000 level. (NSF Highlights, 4/22/71, 1) 

April 23-25: U.S.S.R.’s Soyuz 10-carrying Cosmonauts Vladimir A. 

Shatalov, Aleksey S. Yeliseyev, and Nikolay N. Rukavishnikov-was 

launched from Baykonur at 4:54 am local time April 23 (6:54 pm 

EST April 22). Orbital parameters: apogee, 224 km (139.2 mi) ; 

perigee, 200 km (1N.3 mi) ; period, 88.2 min; and inclination, 51.3O. 

Tass said spacecraft would conduct joint experiments with Sulyut 1 

107 
April 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

building spacecraft and conducting launch operations. NASA provided 

Scout booster, two experiments, technical consultations, launch crew 

training, and spacecraft tracking and data acquisition. (NASA Release 

71-63; NASA Proj Off; GSFC SSR, 4/30/71) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 408 from Plesetsk into orbit with 1510-km 

(938.3-mi) apogee, 200-km ( 124.3-mi) perigee, 102-min period, and 

81.8’ inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 29. (GSFC SSR, 4/30/71; 

12/31/71; SF, 10/71, 386) 

* New York Times editorial commented on Soyuz-Salyut mission: “The 

latest Soviet spade spectacular follows a long series of indications by 

Kremlin leaders that their present priority in manned space flight is 

establishment of a long-lasting station in space. This latest experiment 

seems an important-as well as expensive-step on the road toward 

that objective.” But there was no guarantee that space stations would 

be restricted to benign purposes. “Logically, there should be no national space stations in space. All such facilities should be operated by 

the United Nations employing crews from many nations and they 

should all be open to appropriate international inspection.” Principle 

had been recognized in Antarctic “where the presence of Soviet scientists in American bases and American scientists in Soviet bases has a 

long, useful and honorable history. With the latest Soyuz and Salyut 

vehicles in orbit, the sensitive issues raised by space stations must be 

faced in the nearest future.” (NYT, 4/241/71) 

Soviet bloc geologists meeting in four-day conference at Riga, Latvia, 

had decided to establish International Coordinating Center of Marine 

Exploration in U.S.S.R., New York Times reported. Center, to ensure 

rational use of mineral resources of the oceans,” would be open to 

members of Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon) , economic alliance of U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe. (Shabad, NYT, 

4/24/71,9) 

April 25: First flight-model Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was installed on 

board Apollo 15 LM on test stand at KSC. LM would be moved to 

Vehicle Assembly Building May 8 to be mated to Saturn V booster 

and CSM. Complete Apollo 15 vehicle would be rolled out to launch 

pad May 11. (MSFC Release 71-71; Murshull Star, 4/28/71, 1) 

At press conference following Soyuz 10 landing Cosmonaut Aleksey S. 

Yeliseyev described Sulyut 1 as “overwhelming. It was a little like a 

train entering a railroad terminal. That’s how we felt as our rather big 

Soyuz eased up to the station. 

The rendezvous maneuver began from a long distance away. At 

first we could not see the orbital station and we corrected our orbit 

to get closer. We first saw the Salyut from a distance of about 15 kilometers [9 mi]. At that distance we were able to see the station through 

a special optical device. At first it looked very tiny, just a black spot. . . of small size. The station flashed special light beacons for easier recognition. From that moment on we kept it constantly in view as we proceeded with the rendezvous maneuver. 

“As we approached the station, we kept looking at the station through 

instruments. It was quite an imposing sight. Then the docking took 

place. All the time we kept the required components of the station 

in the field of vision of our television and optical devices. Then we 

(6 

LL 

110 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 April 25 

separated and circled the station, looking at it from all sides and 

shooting movie film of it. 

It was an overwhelming sight: There was this structure in flight, 

with a tremendous amount of apparatus and all sorts of antennas.”’ 

(Shabad, NYT, 4/26/71,1; 4/27/71,30) 

Cosmonaut Konstantin P. Feoktistov later said that in future, “it will 

become necessary to learn to dock a relatively small transport spaceship with a high flying multipurpose laboratory. . . . it is already 

necessary to look for more national technical solutions, in particular 

of docking units, as much depends on their design and perfection. 

A new version of docking units was tested during the flight.” 

Cosmonaut Boris Yegorov said “operations of docking and rendezvous lead to a considerable emotional burden on the cosmonauts. 

Medical men and engineers are looking for and finding the most 

rational combination of man and automatic equipment in such a complex maneuver in orbit. . . . quite a few problems of engineering and 

cosmic psychology must be solved to achieve the best possible coordination of man and automatic equipment.” 

Soviet comments on its space station program had shifted in emphasis to possible future docking experiments between Salyut satellites 

and manned spacecraft and had “left open the question of whether . . . Soyuz 10 . . . succeeded in doing all it set out to do,” Anthony 

Astrachan later suggested in the Washington Post. Comments by 

Feoktistov strongIy suggested that the Soyuz-Salyut experiment was 

only prelude to creation of permanent orbital lab. (W Post, 4/26/71, 

A1 1 

Texas A&M Univ. scientists had irradiated five grams of lunar soil to 

determine whether its elements, apparently soluble in water, were 

absorbed in growing lettuce plants, AP reported. Laboratory plants 

growing in moon soil mixture had grown better than those in ordinary soil. Dr. Paul Baur, Jr., botanist working at MSC, had said if 

plants took up activated elements from lunar soil they could be 

detected on x-ray plates. “This may give us new clues to the fertilizer requirements of plants.” (W Star, 4/25/71, A16) 

9 NASA launched two Nike-Apache sounding rockets from TERLS. One carried India-Japan experiment to study ionosphere. Mission was partial 

success. Second rocket carried Indian experiment to study luminescent 

clouds. Mission was unsuccessful. (SR list) 

Interview with Chien Wei-chang, professor of engineering at Chinghua 

Univ. in Peking who had worked at JPL from 1940 to 1946, was published in Washington Post. Asked if he had had anything to do with 

China’s earth satellite program, Chien had replied, “What do you 

think?” (Roderick, AP, W Post, 4/25/71, A26) 

* U.S.S.R. was “clearly a big jump ahead” of US. in “post-moon race 

operations,” Detroit News editorial said. “Credit must be given the 

Russians for having the shrewdness to go all out for orbital space 

stations when they realized, as they must have done before Armstrong 

and Aldrin landed on the moon . . . that they were sure to lose the 

moon race. We shall have to watch for a few years because the decision has been made to slash the space budget.’’ (Detroit News, 

4/25/71,4M) 

bt 

111 
April 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

ICSC tourist facilities were described in New York Times travel section: 

In these days of popular denigration of space exploration, the tourist 

is likely to approach this vast space-age outdoor science museum in 

a defensively skeptical frame of mind. Three or more hours later he 

is likely to leave the center convinced that it was a valuable and 

exciting experience.” ICSC was “one of the least commercialized major 

tourist attractions of the,world.” NASA was “selling . . . on tapes and 

in guide lectures, but not offensively and not at the expense of information you want.” There was little evidence of security “and the 

guides emphasize that you may photograph anything you see.” (Friedlander, NYT, 4/25/71) 

April 26: NASA launched series of four Nike-Cajun sounding rockets from 

Arenosillo, Spain, carrying Spanish experiments to study luminescent 

clouds. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

“The short and uneventful flight of Soyuz 10 suggested . . . that the Soviet 

Union ran into technical difficulties in its first attempt at establishing 

a manned workshop in earth orbit,” Thomas O’Toole said in Washington Post. “Just what the difficulties might have been is unclear, but the 

landing of Soyuz 10 after only two days in space, the brief time Soyuz 

spent docked with the Salute workshop and the apparent failure to 

transfer crew members . . . all added up in American minds to a 

bungled mission.” (W Post, 4/26/71, A21) 

* Possibility of using electrically controlled optical sensors and signal 

processes-techniques used to guide military missiles to targets-was 

being examined as substitute for sightless eyes by Huntington Institute 

of Applied Medical Research team led by Dr. Robert H. Pudenz, 

New York Times reported. Electrical impulses, as coded messages, 

would stimulate visual cortex of central nervous system and communicate pulses of information to brain bv wav of optic nerve. Artificial 

(6 

., system would bypass eyes and optic nerve and radio signals directly 

to brain. (Holles, NYT, 4/26/71,23) 

* House Committee on Armed Services’ subcommittee investigating Dec. 30, 

1970, crash of USN F-14 Tomcat fighter aircraft during test flight at 

Grumman facility in Calverton, N.Y., received communication from 

identified source containing 13 allegations of defects and deficiencies 

in F-14A design, manufacture, testing, and administrative controls. 

Rep. F. Edward Hebert (D-La.), as Chairman of investigation subcommittee, ordered full inquiry into charges. (Subcom Rpt, 12/20/71) 

Sonic booms from USAF jets had smashed prehistoric ruins and caused 

disintegration of cliff faces at Yellowstone and Teton National Parks, 

Director of National Park Service George B. Hartzog said in testimony before House Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee on 

Department of the Interior and Related Agencies. He believed jets 

originated in California but had received no meaningful response from 

correspondence with USAF. (Testimony) 

April 26-28: NAS held annual meeting for first time in $4.25-million 

Washington, D.C., facility that contained 68Pseat Dryden Auditorium. 

Auditorium had been funded in part by Hugh L. Dryden Memorial 

Fund as tribute to former NACA director and NASA Deputy Administrator who died in December 1965. Dr. Dryden had been NAS Home 

Secretary for 10 yrs. 

Dr. Frederick Seitz, former NAS President, paid tribute to Dr. Dryden 

112 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 April 26-28 

at opening session: “I am particularly pleased that these remarks can 

manned missions. In 

d as by fate to the 

scientific and technological watershed represented by a successful 

Apollo program. Today we stand beyond that watershed and are privileged to inspect new vistas.” 

Dr. Dryden had become “perhaps the central figure” in US. transition to space age following 1957 launch by U.S.S.R. of first successful Sputnik. He had helped prepare legislation to establish NASA. “In 

this process, he . . . drew upon his creative genius in helping to devise 

an administrative and operational instrument which would make flexible 

use of the existing and potential resources of our country and at the 

same time, focus, in a relentlessly systematic way, upon well-defined 

missions. Many individuals have contributed to the success of our 

space program, but none have been more crucial than Hugh Dryden 

working at his broadest as the scientist, the administrator, and the 

visionary.” 

Dr. Seitz estimated Dryden Memorial Fund contribution to auditorium’s construction represented nearly 40% of total cost. 

Following Dr. Seitz’ remarks, bust of Dr. Dryden presented to NAS 

by National Space Club was unveiled. 

At business session, NAS announced decision to increase membership 

to include leaders in medical, social, and behavioral research. Limit 

of 50 new members elected annually would be raised to 75 in 1972 

and 100.in 1973. Thereafter limit would be reduced over several years 

to 60. (NAS-NRC-NAE News Rpt, 3/71, 1; Text; NASA Special Ann; 

Program; Schmeck, NYT, 4/28/71,3:32) 

April 26-29: American Physical Society held spring meeting in Washington, 

D.C. 

Dr. Gary V. Latham, chief Apollo program seismologist, said most 

quakes shaking two Apollo seismometers left on moon appeared to be 

coming from one place that could be 644 km (NO mi) below lunar 

surface. Dr. Latham guessed quakes were result of molten rock being 

moved about under moon by tidal forces on earth. Larger quakes were 

too deep to be caused by escaping gas, which led to his theory that 

sublunar volcano caused quakes. He was unable to pinpoint quake 

source, except that they emanated from somewhere along 1290-km 

(800-mi) line between seismometers left n by Apollo 12 and 

Apollo 14 astronauts. (O’Toole, W Post, 4 

Discovery by Ubru (Explorer 42) Astronomy Satellite 

(launched Dec. 12, 1970) of slowdown in spin rate of x-ray star 

Centaurus X-3 in Milky Way Galaxy was reported by Dr. Riccardo 

owing several successful 

n’s professional life w 

113 
April 26-29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

floated freely through atom unless they hit its nucleus squarely. If 

Dr. Davis’ observations were confirmed, they would contribute to 

understanding of how sun produced energy. Neutrinos were thought 

to be largely produced by reactions that began with fusion of two 

hydrogen nuclei (protons). (Sullivan, NYT, 4/30/71, 3:23) 

Dr. V. Paul Kenney of Notre Dame Univ. told press briefing that 

every 20 years or so we get a 1000 fold increase in the energy of 

our accelerators and each time we enter a new era of physics.” 

(Lannan, W Star, 4/30/71, A16) 

Forty-second annual scientific meeting of Aerospace Medical Assn. was 

held in Houston, Tex. Approximately 5000 aerospace doctors attended. 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and Operations, was out-going president. ( MSC Release 71-22) 

April 27: Dr. James C. Fletcher was sworn in as NASA Administrator by 

D.C. Superior Court Judge James A. Belson in White House ceremony 

attended by President Nixon. (NASA Off Admin; W Post, 4/28/71, A2) 

USN TF-SA jet aircraft with NASA’s supercritical wing, piloted by test pilot 

Gary Krier, successfully completed fifth flight from FRC. Flight achieved 

planned purposes : to extend flight envelope to higher dynamic pressures; evaluate augmented stability and control ; determine handling 

qualities, structural loads, and buffet boundaries ; and make preliminary evaluation of flutter characteristics at higher dynamic pressures. 

Aircraft reached 7600-m (25 000-ft) altitude and mach 0.9. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

Paul F. Bikle, ,Director of FRC since 1959, would retire May 31, NASA 

announced. To ensure smooth transition until appointment of new 

66 

April 27: Dr. James C. Fletcher was sworn in as NASA Administrator by District of 

Columbia Superior Court Judge James A. Belson m President Nixon, Mrs. Fletcher, and 

Dr. George M. Low, Deputy Administrator (behind), watched in the President’s ofice. 

114 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 April 27 

director De E. Beeler, FRC Deputy Director, was named Acting Director with Bikle acting as an adviser. (NASA Release 71-77) 

April 28: NASA announced decision to discontinue quarantine of astronauts, 

spacecraft, and lunar samples for remaining three Apollo Bights. Dr. 

George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, said NASA had concluded 

from analysis of Apollo 11, 12, and 14 quarantine information “that 

there is no hazard to man, animal, or plants in the lunar material. 

These results have been reviewed by the Interagency Committee on 

Back Contamination, and that committee has recommended that further lunar missions need not be subject to quarantine.” (NASA Release 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 49 from Plesetsk into orbit with 1228-km 

(763-mi) apogee, 1172-km (728.3-mi) perigee, 109.4-min period, and 

74.0” inclination. (GEFC SSR, 4/30/71; SF, 10/71, 386) 

* Dr. Clarence L. Johnson, Senior Vice President of Lockheed Aircraft 

Corp., received NAE’S sixth Founders Medal for designing advanced 

aircraft and for experimental and theoretical investigations in aerospace sciences. Dr. Johnson was best known for his work in designing 

Hudson bomber, Constellation and Superconstellation transports, P-38, 

T-33 trainer, F-90, JetStar, U-2, Warning Star, YF-12A, and SR-71. 

(NAE Release, 7/13/71; NAE Bridge, 7/71,1) 

April 29: USN TF-8A jet aircraft with NASA’s supercritical wing, piloted by 

test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed sixth flight from 

FRC. Purposes of flight-to explore flutter boundary and evaluate stability and control characteristics-were achieved. Aircraft reached 

12 000-m (40 000-ft) altitude and mach 0.95. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and GSFC experiment to study solar x-ray 

emissions. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

NASA announced selection of Boeing Co. to build Mariner Venus-Mercury 

’73 spacecraft-first to explore two planets on single mission. Boeing, 

one of four companies that had submitted proposals, submitted estimated cost of $47 million, with award fee based on performance. 

(NASA Release 71-81 ) 

Major Soviet space station project included “powerful new launch vehicle 

in the class of America’s Saturn 5,” Kenneth Gatland said in New 

Scientist and Science Journal article. Prototype had been destroyed by 

fire in 1969 while undergoing static test on launch pad at Baykonur, 

he reported. (New Sci & Sci J, 4/29/71,256-7) 

Change in name of Fairchild Hiller Corp. to Fairchild Industries, Inc., 

was approved by stockholders at annual meeting in Germantown, Md. 

(W Post, 4/29/71, B11) 

April 29-30: Geology fieId trip and lunar EVA practice session using lunar 

roving vehicle simulator was conducted at China Lake, Calif., by 

Apollo 15 prime and backup commanders and LM pilots. Astronauts 

would use LRV to explore moon’s Sea of Rains during July lunar 

landing mission. (NASA Special Release; W Star, 4/30/71, A9) 

April 30: Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched by NASA from TERLS 

carrying India-GsFC experiment to study ionosphere. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Recent Soviet launches “indicate continued progress toward a system for 

inspecting and possibly destroying American satellites,” George C. 

71-78) 

115 
April 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Wilson reported in the Washington Post. Cosmos 400, target satellite 

launched March 19, was hunted by Cosmos 404, launched April 4, 

which “went through a series of maneuvers under propulsion supplied 

by the giant SS-9 rocket. . . . The Soviet Union has conducted such 

space marksmanship tests before . . . But this time the test showed 

more sophistication . . . as the hunter satellite stayed in phase with 

the target for a longer period of time than on previous shots.” 

(W Post, 4/30/71, Al) 

USAF placed its 257 operational F-111s on suspended status after investigation of April 23 fatal crash showed cause to be failure of ejection 

capsule to function. (Schmidt, NYT, 5/2/71, 66) 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced retirement of Director of Program Management Lee B. James, effective May 31. James, who would 

return to academic community, would be replaced in acting capacity 

by James T. Shepherd, Deputy Director (Technical), Program Management. (MSFC Release 71-77) 

During April: NASA issued Funds for Research, Development, R&D Plant 

and Scientific and Technical Information, Fiscal Years 1970-1972: 

Annual Report to The National Science Foundation. In FY 1972 

budget, NASA was seeking authorization of $3.271 billion. Effect on 

programs would be: Funds for basic research would remain at FY 

1970 level in FY 1971 and rise in FY 1972, reflecting increased 

funding for Viking and initiation of outer planets Grand Tour project. 

In applied research, estimates for FY 1971 reflected 10% increase 

over 1970 and slight increase in FY 1972, primarily for earth resources surveys and space station. Budget authority for development 

activities would decline in 1971 and 1972, primarily as result of completion of Apollo program and reduction in NASA-AEC NERVA program 

effort. R&D funds were requested in FY 1972 for space shuttle technology and engine development facilities. (Text) 

AIA Aerospace Research Center published National Technology Support: 

A Study of Research and Development Trends and Their Implications: 

New patterns were emerging in magnitude and direction of R&D in 

US. “Recent R&D trends reflect diminishing governmental leadership 

in R&D which could lead to an erosion of the national research effort. 

The impact of continued inflation, the higher costs and longer leadtimes 

associated with increasingly sophisticated projects, plus accelerated 

efforts to meet specific national goals, suggest an even greater degradation of the total R&D effort than an examination of expenditures would 

indicate.” 

Recent growth of industrial financing and leveling of Federal funding indicated shift in direction of national R&D activities. (Whereas 

industrial research and development has focused primarily upon product improvement and product development, most of the nation’s basic 

research and the high risk, high cost activity has been financed by the 

Federal Government. Although their respective R&D programs frequently are complementary, certain technological projects traditionally 

initiated or sponsored by the Federal Government are beyond the 

financial scope of private enterprise. Consequently, a reduction in 

Federal R&D activity could have a negative impact on the level of 

sophisticated effort nationally.” 

116 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 During April 

Investments in higher education, level and nature of Federal R&D 

support, and utilization of existing manpower “provide some indication of the long-term scientific and technical capability of the nation. 

Previous Federal support of certain programs has had a feedback 

effect on the desirability of pursuing certain careers. Thus the failure 

to consider the long-term relationship among various fields of science 

implies future imbalances.” Establishment of longer range RW priorities and well defined national technological strategy was needed. (Text) 

* Challenge of educational satellite telecommunications was discussed in 

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists by Delbert E. Smith: While advances 

in comsat technology promised to revolutionize global communication, 

“it is not certain that educational uses of such a satellite system will 

develop concomitantly. They may, in fact, be lost in the speed with 

which our society utilizes the more spectacular and commercialIy 

viable facets of the medium.” Educational Satellite Center at Univ. 

of Wisconsin had been established to work toward “fuller understanding of the social, cultural, political and legal consequences of the inevitable massive transformations in global communication patterns 

which are imminent.” Objectives of EDSAT Center were : to provide 

focus for multidisciplinary research and training in educational and 

social applications and impact of comsats, to develop working models 

for application of satellite telecommunications systems to educational 

and social problems, to develop and maintain satellite transmission and 

reception capability for integration of hardware and software research, 

and to disseminate information on educational and social applications 

of space telecommunications. (Bull of Atomic Scientists, 4/71, 14-8) 0 Changes and chances in US.-U.S.S.R. foreign affairs were described by 

Dr. Hans J. Morgenthau of Univ. of Chicago and City Univ. of New 

York in Foreign Affairs: ‘L. . . future of American-Soviet relations is 

shrouded in uncertainty. Neither amity nor enmity is foreordained. 

Those who proclaim the inevitability of conflict on ideological grounds 

are as wrong as those who assert the inevitability of peace, or even 

friendship, because the United States and the Soviet Union have 

become more restrained in words and deeds in dealing with each 

other. The future depends first of all upon how the two governments 

conceive of their respective interests and how they will go about 

defending and protecting them. If they conceive of them in compatible terms and pursue them with appropriate concern for each 

other’s sensibilities, the future might well witness the realization of 

Roosevelt’s dream, Stalin’s grand design, and Mao’s nightmare : the 

cooperation of the United States and the Soviet Union in establishing 

and maintaining a modicum of order in the world. Otherwise the 

world will continue to hover on the brink of self-destruction.” (Foreign 

Affairs, 4/71, 42W1) 

Study completed by TRW Inc. for DOD and CIA estimated that multiple 

warheads flight-tested to date with Soviet SS-9 ICBMS were not accurate enough to knock out U.S. Minuteman ICBMS in surprise attack. 

Study said warhead accuracy probably could not be improved enough 

with current techniques to achieve first-strike capability. (Getler, 

W Post, 6/17/71, Al) 

NSF published Research and Development in Industry, 1969: Funds, 1969; 

Scientists & Engineers, January 1970 (NSF 71-18). In 1969 industry 

117 
During April ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

spent $18.5 billion for ~-6% above 1968 level of $17.5 billion and 

5 times amount spent on R&D in 1953. Increase in 1968-1969 was due 

to increase in companies’ own funds. Between January 1969 and 

January 1970 full-time equivalent number of R&D scientists and engineers employed in industry dropped from 387 100 to 380 600. Decline 

-first recorded by NSF in 13-yr series of reports, was primarily caused 

by cutbacks in personnel working on Federal R&D programs. Most of 

R&D unemployment among scientists and engineers occurred in aircraft 

and missiles industry. Number of R&D professionals in DOD programs 

remained level between 1968 and 1969. Federal Government was source 

of 47% of R&D dollars spent by industry during 1969, down from 59% 

in 1959. DOD and NASA furnished 89% of Federal R&D funds to industry 

in 1969 and supported 89% of industrial scientists and engineers 

working on Federal programs, at average annual cost of $56 200 each. 

In 1969 industry financed 53% of its R&D with its own funds, increase 

from 41% in 1959. Industry allocated 3% of its 1969 R&D funds to 

basic research with more than 50% of this amount spent on physical 

sciences. (Text) 

Government Exeeuive editorial noted that many experts feared “nation’s 

wealth of technological brainpower has . . . been clobbered by budget 

cuts close to the point of no recovery. And history records so consistently it’s become a politico-economic truism that the civilization 

which does not face up to these technological challenges sooner or 

later becomes captive of the civilization which does.” (Gmt Exec, 

4/71,9) 

118 
May 1971 

May 1: NASA launched two sounding rockets from WSMR. Aerobee 150 

carried GSFC experiment to study stellar W, and Aerobee 170 carried 

MIT-GSFC experiment to study stellar x-ray sources. Rockets and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

May 2: FY 1972 NASA budget placed agency “in good shape” for next year, 

Dr. Edward E. David, Jr., Presidential Science Adviser, said in AP 

interview published in Chicago Tribune. “I think there will have to 

be some major decisions in the next 18 months about the future of 

the space program.” He also said that there was “activity” in Communist Chinese missile program, “but at the moment . . . I would say 

their activities are more threatening to the Soviet Union than they are 

to us.” (AP, C Trib, 5/2/71,8) 

* Previously unidentified Soviet “specialist in space engineering” had been 

identified as Boris V. Raushenbakh, corresponding member of Soviet 

Academy of Sciences, New York Times said. Raushenbakh, jet combustion engineer, had joined Soviet Cosmonauts Konstantin P. Feoktistov and Boris B. Yegorov in giving interviews to Soviet reporters 

on Salyut 1-Soyw IQ mission April 23-25 at mission control center 

for Salyut-Soyuz. Times said it was believed to be first time that 

Academy member had been publicly associated with operation of 

space experiment. Normally, only former cosmonauts were identified 

with mission control on ground. (Shabad, NYT, 5/2/71) 

May 3: U.S.S.R. was “showing signs of an accelerated effort” in space 

“stretching far beyond the implications of last month’s start on an 

orbiting space station,” Aviation Week & Space Technology said. 

“Latest analysis of orbital changes achieved by Cosmos 382, launched 

by a Proton booster . . . last fall . . . shows that the large unmanned 

satellite was moved once at an acceleration corresponding precisely 

to that required for lunar orbit insertion and once at exactly the 

velocity change needed for trans-earth injection.” (Av Wk, 5/3/71, 13) 

Dept. of Labor’s Manpower Administration began Technology Mobilization and Reemployment Program to help find jobs for 30 000 of 100 000 

iinemployed scientists, engineers, and technicians in 14 target areas 

hit by layoffs in aerospace and defense industries. (Labor Dept PIO) 

Defeat of SST program and “widespread public antipathy toward technology” had “encouraged the political liberals to intensify their attack 

on defense spending and press for a larger welfare budget,” Robert 

Hotz said in Aviation Week & Space Technology editorial. “The Air 

Force B-1 supersonic bomber program will inherit a11 the supersonic 

transport’s onus since it has basically the same flight characteristics.” 

(Av Wk, 5/3/71,9) 

May 3-14: International Workshop on Earth Resources Survey Systems was 

held at Univ. of Michigan to inform representatives of 51 countries 

and international organizations of latest techniques for interpreting 

earth resources data acquired by aircraft and satellite remote sensing 

119 
May 3-14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

systems. Workshop was sponsored by NASA, Dept. of Agriculture, NOAA, 

US. Geological Survey, USN Naval Oceanographic Office, AID, and 

Dept. of State. 

Ambassador George H. W. Bush, US. Representative to U.N., in 

welcoming address called space technology a global tool and said, 

“for a global tool to be used productively and efficiently, there must 

be a climate of international cooperation.” Workshop and U.N. could 

provide policy makers and program managers in developing countries 

with the basic information to enable them to consider seriously how 

this new technology may help them meet their needs.” 

Dr. William T. Pecora, Under Secretary of the Interior, said in 

keynote address that earth-surveying satellites were “must” for world’s 

welfare. “Whether or not our great population can avoid intolerable 

social problems of a crowded world and maintain the hoped-for living 

standards is a matter of conjecture, but our ability to survive will 

depend in large part on critical assessment of all the earth’s resources.” 

Leonard Jaffe, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Applications, 

described NASA Earth Resources Aircraft Program ( ERAP) : “Instead 

of waiting for data acquired from spacecraft, users are presently 

obtaining multispectral data of Earth phenomena from sensors carried 

by NASA aircraft . . . to evaluate the sensors and to develop a solid 

foundation for observational and interpretive techniques for earthresources space missions.” ERAP included RB-57FY P-3AY and C-130B 

aircraft. “We shall shortly add two more high altitude (U-2) aircraft.’’ 

Lockheed C-130B was flying optical and infrared laboratory with 

24-channel multispectral scanner to provide information on signatures 

used to separate, classify, and identify specific earth resources. “This 

is an expansion of the 12-channel scanner of the University of Michigan C47 aircraft which we also use for the same purposes. The P-3A or Electra is our radio-wave instrument development laboratory.” 

Radio antennas on underside of aircraft were used heavily for oceanographic and hydrological studies. Since remotely sensed data had to 

be verified with actual ground data, “complementary ground efforts 

are necessary during the research phase of the program.” 

In spacecraft program to begin in 1972, “ERTS satellites will be 

placed into a 920-kilometer [ 570-mi1, sun-synchronous (near polar) 

orbit. This will permit the satellite, with its narrow-angle sensors, to 

observe the same spot on Earth once every 18 days. It also ensures 

that observations are made with a nearly constant solar-illumination 

angle required for developing identification signatures. The altitude 

permits narrow-angle sensors to be used to obtain virtually undistorted 

images.” (NASA Release 71-74; GE Challenge, Summer 1971; Transcript) 

May 4: Apollo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott and James B. Irwin demonstrated LRV Rover for press at IGC. Newsmen were permitted to take 

turns driving vehicle at maximum 16-km-per-hr (10-mph) speed. Scott 

told press, “We expect this little buggy to work just fine on the moon. 

It’s really a very straightforward little vehicle, just like driving your 

own automobile.” On first LRV excursion, Scott and Irwin would drive 

about one kilometer (six tenths mile) from Apollo 15 landing site at 

Hadley Rille to west edge of foothill for Hadley Delta at average speed 

of eight kilometers per hour (five miles per hour). On second excur66 

120 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS7 1971 May 4 

sion next day, they would drive to location as far as eight kilometers 

(five miles) from landing site and seek place to climb front and survey 

valley. “We’ll be looking for bedrock or some unique feature that 

might have sprung up from the moon with the front,” Irwin told 

press. “If we see it and the trail upward looks traversable, we might 

climb as high as 600 ft [180 m] to get to it.” Third and last trip on 

third day on moon would take astronauts to edge of Hadley Rille and 

north along ravine to sample crater cluster that appeared to scientists 

to be volcanic in origin. On return, astronauts would park LRV 90 m 

(300 ft) east of LM with TV camera pointed directly at LM. Irwin 

told press if all went well worldwide TV audience would get first live 

picture of spacecraft rocketing off moon on first leg of return journey 

to earth. (O’Toole, W Post, 5/5/71) 

MSFC announced plans to launch 914mm (36-in) Stratoscope I1 balloonborne astronomical telescope from MSFC in August. Objective of mission 

was to study Galaxies M31 and M32, Planetary Nebula (NGC 7662), 

Orion Nebula, and planet Saturn. Stratoscope I1 project management, 

previously directed by Princeton Univ., had been recently assigned to 

MSFC as part of project reorganization. Seven previous launches had 

been from National Center for Atmospheric Research‘s Scientific Balloon Flight Station at Palestine, Tex. (MSFC Release 71-78) 

Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong received 14th annual Sylvanus 

Thayer Award from US. Military Academy Assn. of Graduates in 

ceremony at West Point, N.Y. Citation read: “For his selfless devotion 

to this nation’s aviation and space efforts reflecting the ideals symbolized in the West Point motto-Duty, Honor, Country. His outstanding 

accomplishments, spanning more than two decades of aeronautical history, have made him an acknowledged leader among American space 

pioneers.” 

Earlier he received sabre from 1800-member cadet corps and told 

cadets, “As I stood on the Sea of Tranquility and looked up at the 

Earth, my impression was of the importance of the small, fragile, 

remote blue planet.” Asked about future of US. space programs, 

Armstrong told press, “I am certainly optimistic, but we’re doing considerably less than we’d like to. But space is here to stay for all 

humanity.” (NASA PAO; Everly, AP, NY Post, 5/5/71, 17) 

0 US. space program was “beyond the days of reacting to each major 

Soviet space event,” Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, 

said in speech before Aviation/Space Writers Assn. meeting in Wichita, Kans. NASA’s FY 1972 request was typical of those to come for 

several years; “we have made no commitment to any new program 

beyond the 1972 budget.” In response to questions, Dr. Low said 

Soviet Salyut 1-Soyuz 10 mission was “not clearly successful or unsuccessful.” It was “inconceivable” that total planned mission was 

48-hr (flight to rendezvous and dock briefly. But U.S.S.R. had “strong 

program. They are concentrating very hard on a major space effort.” 

(Aero Daily, 5/10/71) 

NASA planned to study “dial-a-plane” system in which computer would 

accept telephone requests, determine best aircraft itinerary to minimize 

trip lengths and passenger waiting, and provide effective air transportation system for smaller cities and less densely populated areas, NASA 

announced. If studies proved concept feasible, proposal for demon121 
May 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

stration project would be made to DOT and FAA, with NASA supplying 

route-scheduling computer and software. (NASA Release 71-79) 

Spokesman for Army Corps of Engineers announced personnel at I<SC 

District Ofhe would be cut from 30 to 15, effective June 30. Change 

was “result of a greatly diminished workload for NASA and the Air 

Force in the Cape Kennedy area.” (Cocoa, Fla, Today, 5/5/71, B1) 

U.S.S.R. had been running more than seven years behind US. in development of third-generation computers using integrated circuits, 

Mikhail Y. Rakovsky, Deputy Chairman of Soviet State Planning 

Committee, said at Moscow news conference. Integrated circuit computers had appeared in US. in 1964 but were scheduled for production in U.S.S.R. under five-year plan that went into effect this year. 

U.S.S.R. ranked fifth among world’s computer users, behind U.S., West 

Germany, U.K., and Japan. (Shabad, NYT, 5/5/71,13) 

Bipartisan 115-member congressional group-Members of Congress for 

Peace Through Law-issued report criticizing proposed B-1 bomber 

aircraft as unnecessary, ineffective, and obsolete in nuclear age. Report was prepared by Sen. George S. McGovern (DS.D.) and Rep. 

John F. Seiberling (D-Ohio). (CR, 5/5/71, H3558-63) 

May 4-6: Conference on aircraft safety and operating problems was held 

at LBRC. NASA speakers reported on supercritical wing work, effects of 

aircraft noise, general aviation aircraft experience, STOL operations, 

collision hazard warning, steep instrument approaches, ditching, trailing vortex, exhaust pollutants, and sonic booms. (NASA Release 71-76; 

LaRC PIO) 

May 5: USAF launched unidentified satellite from AFETR on Titan IIIC 

booster into eccentric orbit with 35 787-km (22 237-mi) apogee, 295- 

km (183.3-mi) perigee, 631-min period, and 26.4’ inclination. According to press reports satellite was reconnaissance mission to monitor 

Soviet and Communist Chinese missile tests and provide 30-min warning of long-range rocket attack. The 800-kg (1800-lb) satellite would 

be transferred to synchronous orbit and stationed over Asia at 36 000- 

km (22 300-mi) altitude. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/71; World Data Center A; 

SBD, 5/6/71,28; AP, B Sun, 5/6/71, AS) 

Tenth anniversary of first US. manned space flight. Freedom 7-Mercury spacecraft launched May 5, 1961-had achieved objective of putting man into suborbital flight when Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., 

went to 185-km (115-mi) altitude during 15-min flight. Anniversary 

was observed at ICSC with exhibition of Mercury spacecraft and Redstone launch vehicle in main auditorium, motion pictures on Freedom 7 

and Apollo 14, and guided tours. Following commemorative ceremony, 

Shepard visited Freedom 7 Elementary School in Cocoa Beach, Fla., 

where he told students he had made his last venture into space and 

would step aside to give younger astronauts a chance. (MSC Release 

71-28; MSC PAO; W Star, 5/6/71) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Salyut I orbital scientific station launched April 19 had completed 425 orbits of earth by 1:OO pm Moscow time (6:OO am EDT). 

All systems were functioning normally. ( FBIS-SOV-71-95, 5/10/71, 

L11) 

NASA and DOT released information given in Joint DOT-NASA Civil 

Aviation Research and Development Policy Study Report dated March 

1971. Study had been recommended by Congress and made by NASA, 

122 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 5 

May 5: Dedication ceremonies for the 

historic launch site at Kennedy Space 

Center marked the 10th anniversary of 

the first US. manned space flight, flown on the Freedom 7 Mercury spacecraft. 

The first American to go into space, 

Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr.-who 

also was commander of the Apollo 14 

lunar landing mission Jan. 31-Feb. 9 this 

year-stood by the plaque marking the 

site at Launch Complex 5/6 during cere- monies attended by 3000 guests. The site 

had been restored to its original condition. 

DOT, and FAA, with assistance from DOD, CAB, and eight other Federal 

agencies. Report concluded that aircraft noise abatement deserved 

highest priority because OI widespread concern for environment and 

because noise abatement program’s success would affect solution to 

other aviation problems. Study recommended reductions of at least 

10 decibels every 10 yrs until aircraft noise was suppressed into community background noise. 

Continued Federal support at high level of aeronauticaI R&D was 

necessary to ensure strong technical base. Continued R&D was essential 

if current and future problems of civil aviation were to be solved and 

if civil aviation was to contribute to such future areas as regional 

development. Study recommended Government evaluate its regulatory 

role to be certain that policies were not inhibiting innovations by 

industry and that NASC develop permanent mechanism to review and 

recommend policies affecting civil aviation that embraced several agencies. Study called for exchange of middle management personnel be123 
May 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

tween aviation-related agencies like NASA, DOT, DOD, and CAB. (NASA 

Release 71-82; Text; Av Wk, 5/10/71,20-1) 

Eastern Airlines signed conditional agreement with Lockheed Aircraft 

Corp. to purchase 50 L-1011 TriStar jet aircraft which it had previously ordered. Eastern thus became first of nine companies with 

L-loll orders to reaffirm purchase agreement since February bankruptcy of’ Rolls-Royce, Ltd., manufacturer of aircraft’s RB-211 engines. (Bedingfield, NYT, 5/6/71,63) 

* Soviet pilots in Egypt were testing “superjets,” probably Mi&%, according to diplomatic sources quoted by UPI in Boston Gbbe. Aircraft 

were understood to be capable of reaching altitudes to 24000 m 

(80 000 ft) and speeds up to three times speed of sound. They outmatched U.S. F4 Phantoms used by Israeli air force. (B Globe, 

USN was concerned that F-14 fighter aircraft might go into potentially 

dangerous flat, fast spin, Capt. Lionel E. Ames, Jr. (USN), F-14 

Project Manager, said in testimony before Senate Committee on Armed 

Services. (Transcript) 

May 6: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 410 from Baykonur into orbit with 288- 

km (179-mi) apogee, 203-km (126-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, and 

65’ inclination. Satellite reentered May 18. (SBD, 5/7/71, 39; GSFC 

SSR, 5/31/71) 

Sen. Edward W. Brooke (R-Mass.) introduced S. 1805, “to provide 

relocation assistance, training assistance, and interest supplements to 

adversely affected workers separated from their employment because 

of the termination of defense and space contracts.” (CR, 5/6/71, 

56341) 

After meeting with President Nixon at White House, Secretary of the 

Treasury John B. Connally, Jr., announced President’s intention to 

send to Congress request for legislation providing $250 million in loan 

guarantees for Lockheed Aircraft Corp. (PD, 5/10/71, 738) 

Administration officials had been “playing politics with some of the most 

sensitive secrets that come into the Pentagon-namely, the intelligence 

gleaned from our space photography,” Jack Anderson said in Washington Post. Satellite reconnaissance intelligence, known by code name 

Tango-Kilo” was so tightly guarded that some DOD intelligence analysts 

could not get clearance. “Yet Defense Secretary Me1 Laird and CIA 

Chief Richard Helms have been giving out selective T-K intelligence 

to favorite senators to win support for the defense budget.” (W Post, 

5/6/71, F7) 

Federation of American Scientists issued report Is There an R&D Gap? 

Report examined DOD charges that U.S.S.R. R&D expenditures exceeded 

those of US. and would result in Soviet assumption of technological 

superiority. Conclusion reached was: “This entire episode has been a 

classical numbers game featuring selective disclosure, questionable 

assumptions, exaggeratedly precise estimates, misleading language, and 

alarmist nonsequiter conclusions.” There was “no claim, much less any 

evidence” that U.S.S.R. was spending more than U.S. on military technological advances as measured by “military technology baseresearch, 

exploratory develapment and a fraction of advanced development.’’ No 

one had claimed to be able to measure Soviet expenditures in this 

category. “These expenditures would amount to a few billion at most 

5/5/7176 1 

CL 

124 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 6 

and be most difficult to estimate. Necessary expenditures become 

progressively larger as one moves from research on basic technological 

discoveries to development of weapons. This shows the extreme Hi$- 

culty in making meaningful comparisons on a financial basis of efforts to protect against technological surprise. Neither the funding nor 

numbers of personnel involved are a sensible measure of original 

technological advance. Of far greater importance is the organization 

and application of available intellectual and other resources.” (Senate 

Com on Armed Services, Hearings on FY 1972 Auth; Science, 8/29/71, 

May 7: U.S.S.R. launched eight Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk on one 

booster. Each satellite was about 0.8 m (2.5 ft) in diameter, 0.9 m 

(3 ft) long, and weighed 36-45 kg (80-100 lbs). Cosmos 411 entered 

orbit with 1493-km (927.7-mi) apogee, 1317-km (818.3-mi) perigee, 

113.8-min period, and 74’ inclination. Others entered following orbits: 

Cosmos 412, 1536-km (954.4-mi) apogee, 1482-km (920.9-mi) 

perigee, 116.1-min period, and 74’ inclination; 

Cosmos 413, 1508-km (937-mi) apogee, 1476-km (917.2-mi) perigee, 

115.7-min period, and 74’ inclination; 

Cosmos 414, 1495-km (928.9-mi) apogee, 1428-km (887.3-mi) 

perigee, 115.1-min period, and 74,O inclination; 

Cosmos 41 5, 1501-km (932.7-mi) apogee, 1453-km (902.9-mi) 

perigee, 115.4-min period, and 74O inclination ; 

Cosmos 416, 1493-km (927.7-mi) apogee, 1373-km (853.1-mi) 

perigee, 114.4-min period, and 74’ inclination ; 

Cosmos 41 7, 1494-km (928.3-mi) apogee, 1345-km (835.7-mi) 

perigee, 114.1-min period, and 74O inclination ; 

Cosmos 418, 1494-km (928.3-mi) apogee, 1401-km (870.5-mi) 

perigee, 114.8-min period, and 74O inclination. (CSFC SSR, 5/31/71 ; 

SBD, 5/11/71, 53) 

0 Nonexplosive Sprint missile guided by Safeguard radar system successfully intercepted Polaris missile warhead over Pacific Ocean during 

DOD test. DOD spokesman later said Sprint, launched from Kwajalein 

Missile Range in Pacific, had passed close enough to target fired from 

USN missile-firing ship U.S.S. Observation Island to have destroyed it if 

it had been armed with operational nuclear warhead. (UPI, W Post, 

5/13/71, A4) 

French President Georges Pompidou was passenger aboard Concorde 001, 

French prototype of Anglo-French supersonic airliner, in 75-min flight 

from Paris to Toulouse. Aircraft reached twice speed of sound. Later, 

Concorde 002, British prototype, was forced to turn back after taking 

off from Toulouse because of faulty landing gear. Aircraft circled for 

half hour at 600 m (2000 ft) but made perfect landing 38 min after 

takeoff. (Reuters, B Sun, 5/8/71) 0 AIA President Karl G. Harr, Jr., told press in Washington, D.C., that 

aerospace industry employment would decline almost 12% during 

1971-much less than the 17%% loss in 1970. “This lends support 

to our expectations that 1972 will see a reversal of the declining employment trends experienced during the past three years.” AIA forecast industry’s payroll would shrink by year’s end to 943 000 persons, 

first drop below one million since record keeping began in 1959. From 

1969 to 1970, industry had been forced to release more than one 

707-9) 

125 
May 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

third of its labor force. AIA survey indicated aircraft industry employment would decline by 67000 to 506000; missiles and space by 

39 000, to 291 000; and commercial transport aircraft by 14 000, to 

76 000. (AP, W Star, 5/7/71, A3) 

Wallops Station announced selection of Lockheed Aircraft Service Co. 

to receive $300 000, cost-plus-award-fee contract for aircraft maintenance and operations at Wallops Station. Contract would cover one 

year, beginning in July, with two one-year options. (WS Release 71-7) 

Library of Congress Congressional Research Service released report, The 

Soviet SST. Report by John D. Holmfeld summarized progress of 

Tu-144 from press reports and US. and U.K. technical journals. Tu-144 

was “clearly an aircraft which is competitive with the Concorde.” It 

had 27.1-m (89-ft) wing span and Concorde’s was 25.6 m (84 ft) ; 

it was 56 m (184 ft) long and Concorde was 62.1 m (204 ft). Tu-144 

weighed 149 700 kg (330 000 lbs) ; Concorde weighed 174 600 kg 

(385000 lbs). Tu-144 would cruise at 2490 km per hr (1550 mph) 

at 19 800-m (65 000-ft) altitude; Concorde cruised at 2170 km per hr 

(1350 mph) at altitude of 18 000 m (60 000 ft) . On New York-London 

route, Concorde flight time was estimated at 3 hrs and 30 min; Tu-144 

probably would require 3 hrs and 10 min. Tu-144 maximum range was 

estimated to be 6400 km (4000 mi). Tu-144 was powered by four 

Kuznetsov NK-144 turbofan engines with 127 480-newton (28 660-lb) 

thrust. Concorde’s four Rolls-Royce Olympus engines had 146 000- 

newton (32 825-1b) thrust. (Text) 

May 7-8: Working Group on Philosophy, Science, and Technology met at 

MIT. NASA Associate Administrator, Dr. Homer E. Newell, reviewed 

US. space program: “It is improper, I believe, to claim the ability to 

assess at this time the impact of space on human history. Our involvement in space has not been an isolated event, nor even a short term 

episode, in man’s growing awareness of his universe and his built-in 

drive to dominate it. Space is simply another dimension of human 

endeavor, of success and failure, of progress and achievement. The 

reasons that the Space Age began when and how it did could be discussed at length; the fact of the matter is that we stand now well 

within it, and cannot have the perspective to grasp its full implications. But one can discern numerous impacts, many of which contribute in a variety of ways to our country and to the world. Among 

these contributions have already been: An uplifting of the human 

spirit, with an undoubtedly major impact on the human horizon, the 

scale of man’s thought, and his estimate of his own capabilities. The 

openink of a new frontier. Major advances in technology and in our 

expectation of technology. The development of practical applications, 

with the special long range impact of a quantum jump in communications. Substantial contributions to the advancement of science and 

human knowledge. The exploration of our solar system. 

“These benefits are worth a substantial investment of the Nation’s 

resources, not to the neglect of other needs of our Nation and humanity, but as part of our investment in the continuing future and strength 

of our Nation.” (Text) 

May 8: Mariner 8 (Mariner-H) Mars probe, launched by NASA from ETR, 

Launch Complex 36, Pad A, at 9:11 pm EDT, failed to enter orbit 

when Centaur stage of Atlas-Centaur booster malfunctioned after nor126 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 8 

mal countdown and liftoff. Anomalies began to appear with Centaur 

main engine start. Centaur stage oscillated in pitch in diverging manner and subsequently tumbled out of control, engines shut down from 

starvation caused by tumbling, and Centaur and spacecraft separated 

and reentered earth’s atmosphere approximately 1500 km (900 mi) 

down range and 400 km (250 mi) north of Puerto Rico. 

Failure investigation team composed of LeRC, General Dynamics 

Convair Div., KSC, and JPL personnel had been established to determine cause of failure and recommend corrective action required before 

launching Mariner-I. (NASA Proj Off) 

Interview with Tu-lU designer, Academician Aleksey N. Tupolev, was 

published in Pravda. Asked to comment on report Tu-144 would go 

into commercial service before Concorde Anglo-French supersonic airliner, Tupolev said: “In accordance with world standards, a new plane 

must fly several million kilometers before it is granted a ladder for the 

boarding of the first passengers. Many stages of development and testing are already behind the TU-144. And things here are good absolutely according to the program.” ( FBIS-SOV-71-97, 5/17/71, L13) 

May 9: Of0 Orbiting Frog Otolith satellite, launched by NASA Nov. 9, 1970, 

reentered atmosphere. Mission had been adjudged successful Dec. 11, 

1970. All objectives-including maintenance of two bullfrogs in space 

to obtain information on functioning and adaptability in weightlessness 

of vestibule, portion of inner ear which controlled balance-had been 

achieved. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/71) 

* First detailed Soviet analysis of US. plan for Grand Tour of outer planets 

was reported by New York Times. In Vestnik, principal publication of 

Soviet Academy of Sciences, Soviet space expert Timur M. Eneyev had 

suggested that four missions covering two planets each might be more 

successful than the two missions to three planets contemplated by NASA. 

He indicated Soviet scientists favored approach of delivering automatic 

space stations to outer planets and suspending them by balloons in 

planetary atmosphere. He said technique, “for all its exotic aspects and 

difficulties of realization, is probably the most promising because it 

would yield far more data about the nature of the giant planets than 

could be obtained from fly-by trajectories.’’ (Shabad, NYT, 5/9/71) 

May 10: Dr. James C. Fletcher held first press conference as NASA Administrator. In response to questions Dr. Fletcher said strength of US. 

depended critically on development of new technology. “And this means 

new technology of all kinds-electronics, computers, materials, as well 

as military technology. And I think that’s . . . why NASA . . . programs 

should be vigorously pursued.’’ NASA had studied possibility of second 

Skylab and “many other manned missions in space, most of them somewhat cheaper than the second Skylab; and we intend to look at these 

very carefully to see what programs, if any, made sense after . . . the 

first Skylab is flown.” Dr. Fletcher thought NASA STOL experimental 

aircraft program was “long overdue.” 

Asked his personal plans for NASA, Dr. Fletcher said, “I can’t say 

that I want to go in a new direction from the way NASA has been 

going, except maybe up instead of down.” He was interested in inter- . national cooperation in space and “whole business of commercial use 

of the things that NASA has been developing,” including “strides in the 

applications satellites area.” He was “great supporter of the shuttle,” 

127 
May 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

and had been “for many years before coming to NASA.” With development of shuttle, or “a cheap transfer system to orbit . . . it’ll open up 

all kinds of new things you can do in space. Since the costs will be 

much less-the costs per launch will be so much less. That is, all kinds 

of new applications, all kinds of new science programs, new manned, 

near-earth programs, almost anything you can think of can be done 

much cheaper once you have the shuttle developed.” With sufficient 

funds, NASA would probably pursue space station. “But in my judgment, if you have to decide between the shuttle and the space station, 

you pick the shuttle first because you have to have that for the 

second.” (Transcript) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 419 from Baykonur into orbit with 340-km 

(211.3-mi) apogee, 203-km (126.1-mi) perigee, 87.5-min period, and 

51.5” inclination. Satellite reentered May 12. (SBD, 5/18/71, 88; 

GSFC SSR, 5/31/71) 

NASA announced signing of contract with Telesat Canada under which 

NASA would launch two Telesat satellites for Canadian Domestic Communications System. Telesat’s Anik (Eskimo for “brother”) satellites 

would each provide 12 RF channels-10 for commercial use and two 

in reserve. Each RF channel would be capable of carrying one color 

TV channel or up to 960 voice channels. System would be first operational comsat system established entirely for domestic communications. 

Two satellites would be launched from KSC, one in late 1972 or early 

1973 and one six months later. Telesat would reimburse NASA for 

Thor-Delta booster and launch services and would have options for 

additional launches as required. (NASA Release 71-85) 

LRV qualification test unit, replica of flight LRVS, was delivered to MSFC 

by Boeing Co., prime LRV contractor. Second flight model LRV, scheduled for use on January 1972 Apollo 16 mission, would be turned over 

to NASA May 12 and stored at Boeing’s Kent, Washington, Space 

Center until after Apollo 15 mission in July 1971. (MSFC Release 71-80) 

MSFC announced new projects in research program on application of 

remote sensing techniques. Land-use survey of five north Alabama 

counties would photograph area from air with remote sensing camera 

to study how land was being used. Results would be used by Top of 

Alabama Regional Council of Governments. In “ground truth survey” 

with Alabama A&M Univ., MSFC would supplement aerial photography ; 

university personnel would make sample ground study to correlate 

remote sensing information. ( MSFC Release 71-79) 

* Experiments by airlines to fill “growing gap in transportation for small 

isolated communities” caused by rising operating costs of larger aircraft, loss of train service, and steady population drop were described 

in New York Times. Frontier Airlines was using 15-passenger Beechcraft 99s to serve seven communities in rural Nebraska, Wyoming, and 

South Dakota. Trans-Texas International Airlines was using Beechcraft 

on some routes and planned to evaluate other small aircraft as replacement for full sized airliners, and Allegheny Airlines had turned over 

its service in 16 cities to nine small air taxi lines, some of which used 

Beechcraft 99s. 

More than 50 small towns had lost regularly scheduled air service 

in past five years. Growing number of independent air taxi commuter 

airlines using 10- to 20-passenger aircraft were gaining economic sta128 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 10 

bility, improving safety records, and carrying increasing number of 

passengers over short routes that regular airlines did not want. (Lindsey, NYT, 5/10/71,29) 

May 10-14: International Solar Energy Society held conference at GSFC. 

In keynote speech Dr. Manfred Altman, Univ. of Pennsylvania nuclear 

engineer, said there was “great need” for US. and other countries to 

develop energy sources “for which they will not have to compete.” 

There was “total absence of air and water pollution” in use of solar 

energy. “We are facing an uncertain future as far as energy resources 

and energy converters are concerned. One thing which we have learned 

. . . in the aerospace industry is that one cannot make choices among 

alternatives unless they are all roughly at the same stage of development. Let us make sure that solar energy is brought up to the level 

of the other contenders-lest we make poor choices later on. Solar 

energy is not just a dream-if we will it-it can play a major, beneficial role in our lifetime.” (CR, 6/4/71, S8262) 

May 11: NASA announced availability of new publications: Space Shuttle 

Technologies, FY 1971 Programs, compilation of 110 projects making 

up NASA shuttle technology program, described projects and listed FY 

1971 funding for each. 

Significant NASA Inventions Available for Licensing in Foreign 

Countries listed abstracts of inventions in which NASA owned principal 

or exclusive rights and which were available for patent licensing in 

various countries. (NASA Special Release ; NASA Release 71-83) 

* General Dynamics Corp. demonstrated CL-215 Air Tanker over Anacostia 

River in Washington, D.C. Amphibious aircraft scooped up 5.5 cu m 

(1440 gal) of water from river, took off, and released water from two 

2.7-cu-m (720-gal) tanks to show what it could do to forest fire. 

General Dynamics was interested in selling three CG215s at $1.4 

million each to US. Forest Service, Washington Post reported. (Barnes, 

W Post, 5/12/71, B1) 

Visit to US. by Soviet Americanologist Georgy Arbatov reflected continuing tension between US. and U.S.S.R., Joseph Kraft said in Baltimore Sun. While Arbatov had been received cordially “in very high 

places,” difficulties arose “whenever conversations came round to specifics.” Subject of strategic arms had been particularly thorny, “for 

the Russians appear to be forcing the pace in the arms race with the 

new holes apparently set out for deployment of an improved SS-9 or 

some other monster weapon.” (B Sun, 5/11/71, 17) 

9 New York Times editorial advocated reimbursement by Government of 

airlines’ investment in SST: “The bill which the SST lobby seeks to 

amend is a Supplemental Appropriations bill that contains money for 

the Government’s closing costs arising from cancellation of the contract 

for the plane. The bill does provide an opportunity for the Government to consider its debt of honor to the airlines. They were strongly 

advised by the Department of Transportation in 1967 to advance money 

to the Boeing Company, to be credited against the future purchase of 

SST’S. The airlines realistically recognized that this was risk capital if 

the plane should prove a technological failure, but in view of the 

Federal Government’s insistent if unwise pressure in behalf of the 

plane, they had good reason to rely upon continued Government back129 
May 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

ing for the project. Although the $58.5-million involved is not a legal 

obligation, Congress should honor this commitment.” (NYT, 5/11/71) 

May 12: USAF X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by Maj. Cecil A. Powell 

(USAF) in joint NASA-USAF research program, reached 21 000-m 

(70000-ft) altitude and mach 1.35 during 26th flight after air launch 

from B-52 aircraft from FRC. Objectives were to determine lateraldirectional derivative with rudder bias at 2O toe out, check out lateral 

acceleration feedback to control system, and check out automatic mach 

schedule for upper flaps. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

MSC experiment to study airglow. Rocket and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily. (SR list) 

NASA’s work on quiet engines was described by Roy P. Jackson, Associate Administrator, OART, at 1971 Society of Automotive Engineers 

Meeting in Atlanta, Ga.: ‘‘The first objective of our work on design 

principle for quiet engines is an experimental CTOL [conventionaltakeoff-and-landing] engine and nacelle with 15 to 20 PNdb [perceived noise in decibels] less noise than the comparable JT3D class of 

engines in service today. Program began in 1969 and would be completed by end of 1972. General Electric co. and NASA’s LeRC were 

working together on program. “It is on schedule and should meet or 

surpass the noise reduction objectives. We believe that production of 

quiet engines using this technology could begin to be available for 

retrofit and new aircraft beginning in 1976. . . . Such quiet engine 

installation in aircraft and the size of the 707 and DC-8 could permit 

this class of aircraft to operate fully 10 db lower than the present FAR 

36 standard for new aircraft.” NASA expected “to continue technology 

that will show how to drive the noise level down another significant 

increment like 6 db within a few years.” Aircraft “the size of the 707 

should be able to operate at a noise level of 92 EPNdb [effective perceived noise in decibels]. Our objective is to develop the necessary 

technology for this by 1977. Production engines meeting such noise 

standards could then be developed by industry through normal development and certification cycles and be available for next-generation 

aircraft of all types beginning in the late 1970’s or early 1980’s.’’ 

(Text) 

House, in Committee of the Whole, agreed to amendment to H.R. 8190, 

supplemental FY 1972 appropriations bill, to appropriate $85.3 million for continued SST development. Record teller vote was 201 to 195, 

with 2 voting “present.” After committee rose on request, for separate 

vote, SST amendment was agreed to by vote of 201 to 197. (CR, 

5/12/71. H3837-62) 

* President Nixon congratulated House for reversing earlier position on 

Federal funding for SST: “Congress has today taken an important first 

step on behalf of thousands of workers across the country who have 

been engaged in the SST program-and whose vital skills and experience might otherwise be lost to the Nation.” (PD, 5/17/71, 755) 

LM similar to those used on Apollo 11, 12, and 14 was placed on permanent display at Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. ( W Post, 5/7/71, B1; Smithsonian PIO) 

NASA released Apolb 11 Misswn Report (NASA SP-238) , summarizing 

events and results of July 16-24, 1969, Apollo 11 manned lunar land130 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 12 

ing mission. Report was for sale by National Technical Information 

Service in Springfield, Va. (Text) 

New York State Court of Appeals approved sale of Cornel1 Aeronautical 

Laboratory to EDP Technology, Inc., affirming lower court ruling that 

sale of research facility to private firm was legal. (W Post, 5/13/71, 

K11) 

May 13: Uhuru (Explorer 42) Small Astronomy Satellite-launched Dec. 

12, 1970-was adjudged successful by NASA. Satellite had completed 

full systematic scanning of galactic plane and substantially complete 

scan (95% ) of celestial sphere. Experiment instrumentation was functioning in outstanding manner, exceeding many design objectives. 

Spacecraft control section performance-except for tape recorder and 

slight decrease in telemetry modulation, which had not affected data 

quality-was excellent. Acquired scientific data had touched on every 

aspect of observational x-ray astronomy and significant unexpected 

phenomena had been observed. Discovery of three new x-ray pulsarsCygnus X-1, Centaurus X-3, and Lupus X-1-revealed class of pulsating x-ray source that differed in many respects from previously 

known x-ray pulsar in Crab Nebula. (NASA Proj Off) 

0 Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

MSC experiment to study airglow. Rocket and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* Senate Committee on Appropriations favorably reported H.R. 8190, supplemental FY 1972 appropriations bill that contained $85.3-million 

for further SST development. 

In New York Times Richard Witkin said bipartisan House effort 

to resurrect SST program, led by minority leader Rep. Gerald R. Ford 

(R-Mich.) , had been “kept at low key so as not to alert the opposition.” 

Knowing issue could be raised when H.R. 8190 came up, “rescue team” 

had “sounded out colleagues to see if the job layoffs and other effects 

of the SST’S defeat had raised doubts in the minds of some who had 

voted to cancel the program.” Help had been enlisted from Administration and from AFL President George Meany. (CR, 5/13/71, D412; 

NYT, 5/13/71, 26) 

* Federal court in Orlando, Fla., had dismissed $5-million damage suit 

filed by widow of Astronaut Virgil I. Grissom, killed in Jan. 27, 1967, 

Apollo spacecraft fire, on grounds it was filed after statute of limitations 

expired, Washington Post reported. (V Post, 5/13/71, A9) 

* MSC announced selection of Dynalectron Corp. Land-Air Div. to receive 

$1 805 000, one-year, cost-plus-award-fee contract for support services 

at White Sands Test Facility, N. Mex. (MSC Release 71-33) 

* William M. Allen, Boeing Co. Chairman, received 1970 Robert J. Collier 

Trophy during Washington, D.C., ceremonies. Citation was to “the 

Boeing Company as leader of the Industry-Airline-Government team 

which successfully introduced the 747 into commercial service with 

particular recognition to Pratt & Whitney division of the United Aircraft Corporation and to Pan American World Airways.” (NAA 

Release) 

USAF cleared 40 F-111s to fly after main parachute compartments had 

been fitted with new ejection explosives. Entire F-111 fleet had been 

restricted April 29 following April 23 crash near Edwards AFB, Calif., 

that killed both crewmen. (UPI, NYT, 5/15/71,9) 

131 
May 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

President Nixon designated Robert C. Tyson Chairman of US. delegation to World Administrative Radio Conference for Space Telecommunications in Geneva, June 7 through July 17. (PD, 5/17/71, 759) 

Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Chairman of Senate Committee 

on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, submitted to Senate resolutions 

authorizing printing of Committee reports International Cooperation in 

Outer Space: A Symposium and Soviet Space Programs, 1966-70 as 

Senate documents. (CR, 5/13/71,5684&5) 

May 14: Three men would spend up to 56 days in MSC altitude chamber in 

early 1972 to obtain medical data and evaluate medical experiment 

equipment for Skylab program, NASA announced. Test would closely 

simulate Skylab conditions so that differences observed during actual 

flight might be attributed to causes such as weightlessness which could 

not be simulated in chamber tests. Test would evaluate 16 medical 

experiments and selected items of experiment equipment and aid in 

training ground-based medical operations team for their participation 

during actual space flight. Chamber was 6 m (20 ft) in diameter and 

was being modified to resemble Skylab Workshop crew quarters. Atmosphere would be 70% oxygen and 30% nitrogen at 34.5 kilonewtons per sq m (5 psi) pressure with 45% to 60% humidity. (NASA 

Release 7 1-86 ) 

Evidence obtained by two Aerobee sounding rockets launched from WSMR 

March 14, 1969, supported “closed universe theory” that expanding 

universe would slow down and then reverse itself until cosmos compressed again into fireball, team of NRL and Johns Hopkins Univ. 

scientists said in Nature. X-ray telescopes aboard rockets had observed 

x-ray flux in Coma and Virgo galaxies 20 times as great as would 

have been expected from individual galaxies. This proved gas in clusters was different from intergalactic gas and supported theory that 

gases were spread around universe in sufficient density to bring on 

collapse of universe. (Meekins, Fritz, et al., Nature, 5/14/71, 107-8) 

* Lockheed Aircraft Corp. issued statement saying it would be forced into 

bankruptcy if it could not find sufficient financing for GlOll TriStar 

airbus. Bankruptcy could “create great confusion, greatly increased 

costs to the government and displacements and hazards for Lockheed 

employes and shareholders.” (Text) 

MSC announced issuance of RFPS on $400000 design study of space shuttle auxiliary propulsion system. Study would define oxygen-hydrogen 

system compatible for use in both booster and orbital vehicles. (MSC 

Release 71-35) 

May 16: MSC announced issuance of RFPS for technological development of 

new surface materials that could stand environmental extremes expected to be experienced by space shuttle. MSC would award fixedprice contract to company that designed and developed best ceramic 

insulator. (MSC Release 71-36) 

May 17: Completion of first phase of high-altitude photography for joint 

NASA, Dept. of Agriculture, and cornbelt states 1971 Corn Blight 

Watch Experiment [see April 71 was announced by NASA. RB-57F 

aircraft based at Scott AFB, Ill., had obtained black and white photos 

of areas of cornbelt region to orient personnel using remote aerial 

sensors and ground observations to study possible southern corn leaf 

blight during 1971 growing season. Second phase, to obtain baseline 

132 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 17 

color infrared photos, was in progress for completion later in month. 

Infrared photos would be used for analysis of soil conditions before 

emergence of corn crop. Third phase, from June to September, would 

consist of high-altitude infrared photography in test areas every two 

weeks. (NASA Release 71-88) 

U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover completed six months of lunar exploration and was still functioning satisiactorily. Pravda reported vehicle 

was being activated on a month-to-month basis by Crimea tracking 

station. According to Pravda, Lunokhod 1’s systems “began to give 

out” at beginning of fifth lunar day in early April, but recuperated. 

“Now at the height of the sixth lunar day the vehicle, heeding command from earth, continues to live, work and move about as if it 

[were] only yesteday, and not Nov. 17 [ 19701, that it descended from 

the landing stage that had brought it to the Sea of Rains. The viability 

of the Lunokhod’s design had turned out to be far greater than its 

creators expected.” (NYT, 5/18/71) 

* D. J. Fink, Vice President of .General Electric Co. and General Manager 

of Space Div., told Ninth International Symposium on Space Technology and Science in Tokyo that US. did not have monopoly on 

earth resources programs. “A11 of us need the ingenuity of the entire 

world on how to utilize this technology, so I encourage your expanding 

participation and cooperation.” (GE Reprint) 

NASA’s 13 scientist-astronauts were -‘fuming,” Thomas O’Toole said in 

Washington Post. They had been selected to be members of Apollo 

crews landing on moon, primarily as geologists, and members of Skylab crews, as physicians, physicists, and chemists. But “no geologist 

has landed on the moon yet, and only one has a chance of making it,” 

O’Toole said. Among names of nine prime Skylab crew members and 

six backups recently circulated at MSC, three prime and two backup 

members were scientists and “this enraged the scientists who were 

hoping for two-thirds representation on Skylab.” Three meetings had 

taken place between scientist-astronauts and senior NASA officialsDr. John E. Naugle, Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications; Dr. Homer E. Newell, Associate Administrator ; and 

Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight. 

Scientist-astronauts had asked for more freedom in developing their 

scientific careers. O’Toole said NASA officials had been said to be sympathetic, “but the gripe about getting their own experiments aboard 

Skylab fell on deaf ears.” ( W Post, 5/17/71, Al) 

Eastern Airlines announced it was introducing advanced magnetometer 

at departure gates of major airports in US., Puerto Rico, and Virgin 

Islands to detect potential hijackers carrying weapons. Device, with 

existing equipment, could provide Eastern with 100% screening capability, according to Eastern Manager of Operational Safety Jack E. 

Shields. (NYT, 5/19/71,45) 

May 18: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 420 from Baykonur into orbit with 

248-km (154.1-mi) apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee, 88.9-min 

period, and 51.7O inclination. Satellite reentered May 29. (GSFC SSR, 

5/31/71) 

* Benefits of US.-U.S.S.R. cooperation in space under agreements signed 

by NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences in October 1970 and January 

1971 were described by Arnold W. Frutkin, NASA Assistant Adminis133 
May 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

trator for International Affairs, during testimony before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on International 

Cooperation in Science and Space: “If a cautious optimism proves 

justified, we can expect definite benefits. Each side will gain access to 

lunar materials from sites additional to those it had explored on its 

own. We will nearly double the coverage of our operational meteorological satellites. We shall have created a global network for sounding 

rocket observations of basic importance to world meteorological research. We shall have demonstrated a mutual participation in earth 

resources survey work. We can greatly expand our knowledge of the 

behavior of man in flight through data on Soviet missions in addition 

to our own. We shall make it possible to avoid any undesirable duplication of scientific work in space, to plan complementary missions, 

and to verify anomalous results-all helping us to develop opportunities for more rational and economic conduct of space science and 

exploration.” Successful performance of rendezvous and docking agreement ‘‘will give us greater flexibility in space emergencies and for 

joint activities in space which could go a long way toward reducing 

international tensions and demonstrating common human interest.” 

(Testimony) 

* Sen. Robert P. Griffin (R-Mich.) introduced for Sen. Edward J. Gurney 

(R-Fla.) S.R. 101, “to authorize and request the President to issue 

a proclamation designating July 20, 1971, as ‘National Moon Walk 

Day.’ ” (CR, 5/18/71, S7165) 

FAA released annual statistical report on aircraft landing facilities in US. 

and its territories : Airports, heliports, and seaplane bases totaled 

11261 as of Dec. 31, 1970-net increase of 211 over end of 1969. 

Included were 20 facilities in Puerto Rico, 4 in Virgin Islands, and 11 

in South Pacific Island territories. During 1970, 204 airports, 35 

heliports, and 11 seaplane bases had been reported abandoned. Of 

national total, 4260 landing facilities were classified as publicly owned 

and 7001 as privately owned and operated. (FAA Release 71-68) 

May 19: U.S.S.R. launched Mars 2 probe toward Mars from Baykonur at 

9:23 pm local time (12:23 pm EDT). At 10:59 pm Baykonur time 

(159 pm EDT) spacecraft was injected into flight trajectory for Mars 

from “artificial earth satellite” in terrestrial orbit, according to Tass. 

Instruments were said to be working normally and flight was said to 

be close to calculated course. 

Primary objective of six-month, 470-million-km (292-million-mi) 

mission, Tass said, was to conduct complex research of Mars and its 

atmosphere and study characteristics of solar plasma, cosmic rays, 

and radiation along Mars route. Satellite was scheduled to reach Mars 

vicinity in November, when planet was 129 million km (80 million mi) 

from earth. Mars 2 was said to weigh 4650 kg (10 250 1bs)-almost 

five times weight of 1000-kg (2200-lb) Mariner-I scheduled for 

launch by NASA toward end of May. Size of Mars 2 had led U.S. 

space experts to predict that it might attempt Mars orbit. 

Mars 1, launched Nov. 1, 1962, had failed when radio contact was 

lost 106 million km (66 million mi) from earth. Zond 2, launched 

Nov. 30, 1964, had also ended in communication failure. (GSFC SSR, 

5/31/71; SBD, 5/21/71, 112; Shabad, NYT, 5/20/71, 1; FBIS-SOV98-71,5/20/71, L1; A&A, 1962; 1963; 1964) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 19 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 421 from Plesetsk into orbit with 464km 

(288.3-mi) apogee, 273-km (169.6-mi) perigee, 91.9-min period, and 

70.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 8. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/71; 

11/30/71; SBD, 5/21/71,119) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew presented Harmon International Aviator’s Trophy for 1970 to Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, 

Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins in Washington, D.C., ceremony. Other recipients were RAF Squadron Leaders Graham Williams 

and Leslie Lecky-Thompson, first to cross Atlantic nonstop in VTOL 

aircraft, and Turi Wideroe of Norway, first female airline pilot. 

(W Post, 5/20/71, A28) 

* Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

MSC experiment to study uv spectra. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Vanguard satellite whose launch had been attempted Dec. 6, 1957, was 

presented to National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, by Dr. John P. Hagen, former director of U.S. IGY satellite program. Spherical payload of Test Vehicle 3 (TV-3), first complete 

Vanguard launch vehicle with three live stages, had been thrown 

clear when vehicle exploded on pad. (NASA Hist Off; Vanguard-A 

History, SP-4202,1970) 

* Senate, by unanimous vote of 94, passed H.R. 8190, supplemental FY 

1972 appropriations bill that authorized use of $10 million provided 

in Independent Offices and HUD Appropriations Act, 1971, for improvements to MTF/Slidell Computer Complex. Before passage Senate 

voted 58 to 37 to strike from bill $85.3 million for continued SST 

development and, by vote of 92 to 3, adopted amendment appropriating $155.8 million for expenses to terminate SST program. Expenses 

included $58.5 million refund to airlines; $85.3 million refund to 

Boeing Co., prime airframe contractor, and to General Electric Co., 

prime engine contractor; and $12 million to cover administrative 

costs. Earlier, White House Press Secretary Ronald L. Ziegler had 

told press Administration had decided after May 18 meeting with 

Boeing officials that it would cost more to continue with SST development than to terminate program. Bocing had added condition to completion of contract; condition called for development, at $350-million 

cost, of quieter engine for prototypes. (CR, 5/19/71, S7343-63, 

S7442-56; Lyons, W Post, 5/20/71, Al; WSJ, 5/21/71, 1) 

NASA announced award of $61.6-million, cost-plus-award-fee contract to 

General Electric Co. for hardware development of Earth Resources 

Technology Satellite ( ERTS) system. Under provisions of award-which 

definitized July 27, 1970, letter contract-GE would develop two flight 

spacecraft ( ERTS-A and ERTS-B) , provide equipment and services 

needed for GSFC ground data-handling system, and develop spacecraft 

receiver and six ground platforms for remote-site data-coIIection-system 

experiment. (NASA Release 71-89) 

* Administration officials expected U.S.S.R. to test-fire SS-9 ICBMS within 

few months, New York Times reported. Two silos were being rebuilt 

at Baykonur test center in Kazakhstan to same dimensions as larger 

silos that had been appearing all over western Russia since December. 

(Beecher, NYT, 5/19/71,1) 

135 
May 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

May 20: NASA held Hq. news conference on Mariner status. Dr. George M. 

Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, reported on failure of May 8 

Mariner-H launch. Review by JPL, LeRC, and General Dynamics Convair Div. personnel had isolated failure to integrated circuit in pitch 

channel of rate gyro preamplifier in Centaur stage autopilot. When 

Atlas-Centaur ignited, “amplifier output was . . . only 20 to 40 percent 

of what it should be.” Second anomaly had been noted 25 sec after 

main engines started; “engines did not gimbal all the way to the stops. 

. . . At 1.2 degrees they stopped and hung up. So the signal for the 

first 20 or 25 seconds indicated that the engines oscillated with increasing amplitude in response to autopilot signals but the signals were 

at a lower gain than they should have been. . . . With the engine then 

thrusting at an angle, the vehicle wound up and started tumbling.” 

Amplifier had functioned properly during checkout 40 min before 

liftoff, “so sometime between T-30 minutes and the Atlas sustainer 

engine shutdown ignition of the Centaur stage, this component failed.” 

Investigators had assumed “that we had in the circuit a failed diode 

or a diode with a loose connection in it, that a voltage transient during 

powered flight . . . then got into the integrated circuit and caused all 

of the other events.” 

To avoid repetition of anomaly, NASA was “subjecting the autopilot 

cans to additional temperature cycling and vibration tests” to ascertain 

they were operating within limits “under some off-nominal conditions.” 

New test was being conducted on autopilots for Mariner-I Atlas-Centaur 

23 “to make sure that the diodes are indeed there and properly functioning and properly protecting the integrated circuit . . . before we 

fly again.” 

Failure of three Atlas-Centaurs in 15 flights had led to appraisal of 

general quality of the vehicle,” Dr. Low said. Conclusion “was that, 

if anything, quality has improved. There is no trend away from improving quality. . . .” 

Vincent L. Johnson, Deputy Associate Administrator, OSSA, described 

checkout problem with propellant utilization in Atlas-Centaur 23. Short 

had been discovered in system that measured amount of hydrogen and 

oxygen in tanks and controlled flow of each propellant to engine. 

“Therefore it became necessary to open the tank and get inside to 

locate the fault, find it and fix it.” Reassembly was expected to be 

completed by weekend and five- to seven-day checkout on Mariner-I 

begun. Launch date could occur from May 28 until June 6 with good 

launch windows available. (Transcript) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, reviewed NASA program before 

25th annual conference of AIAA Board of Governors in Williamsburg, 

Va.: “This country needs space programs that move out vigorously to 

create new technology. A space effort that limps along on yesterday’s 

knowhow will not do much for the country. A slow program may cost 

less, but be worth nothing in terms of meeting the country’s needs. 

And a slow program-or no program-is all we are going to have withQUt the strong support of the public. . . . We should invent and fly 

more self-supporting satellites. We are seeking and getting valuable 

scientific knowledge from space we could not get in any other way . . . about the Earth and its atmosphere, the sun and the planets, and the 

universe. And about man himself.’’ National security was at stake. 

LC 

136 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 20 

“It would not be safe for the United States, with its great responsibilities for world peace, to lag behind any other country in space 

technology. This is an axiom we did not quibble about in the ’60s and 

should not quibble about in the ’70s.” Space program had proved 

“excellent hotbed for forcing new technology, which in turn raises our 

national productivity and prosperity and increases our ability to solve 

pressing social problems of today’s urban society.” Finally, space exploration was needed as inspiration for modern man. “I think we are 

inspired, and our children are inspired, to be living in an age when 

man first moved out into space and began the exploration of our solar 

system. I think we should be ashamed of ourselves, as a society, if 

we withdrew from space exploration now after such an auspicious 

beginning.” (Text) 

* Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., was named Deputy Director of Science 

and Applications at MSC. Veteran of four space flights totaling nearly 

30 days in space, Lovell would assist in overall management of Science 

and Applications Directorate. (NASA Special Release ; wsc Release 

NASA-inspired Earth Awareness Foundation-nonprofit, educational and 

advisory body originated by NASA officials and Apollo astronautsmarked first anniversary. Group was chartered to develop community 

solutions to environmental problems using NASA-developed knowledge 

to maximum extent practicable. During first year group had established community chapters called “Earth I Care” clubs, mostly on 

school campuses ; started “Summer Scientist” program to study pollution; established newsletter; presented awards for concern with environmental quality ; and produced slides and films on environment 

from NASA photos taken in orbital flight. (MSC PAO) 

President Nixon announced agreement between U.S. and U.S.S.R. “to 

concentrate this year on working out agreement for the limitation of 

the deployment of antiballistic missile systems (ABMs)” and to “agree 

on certain measures with respect to the limitation of offensive strategic 

weapons.” Agreement had been made “in the conviction that it will 

create more favorable conditions for further negotiations to limit all 

strategic arms.” President called agreement “major step in breaking 

the stalemate on nuclear arms talks.” Agreement was announced 

simultaneously in Moscow. (PD, 5/24/71,783) 

House, by rollcall vote of 116 to 157, rejected entire sum of $155.8 

million that had been approved by Senate May 19 for termination of 

SST program. Senate and House conferees then met in executive session to resolve differences between Senate and House versions of 

H.R. 8109, supplemental FY 1972 appropriations bill. 

At evening session, House agreed by voice vote to include in bill 

$97.3 million for SST termination costs, but rejected inclusion of 

$58.5 million for refunds to airlines. (CR, 5/20/71, D449; 5/21/71, 

57594) 

Plans for offshore airport in Atlantic Ocean off Long Beach, N.Y., were 

described by Lawrence Lerner of Litton Industries Environetics Div. 

at national convention of NoIsE-organization to represent persons 

bothered by aircraft noise. Called ctvetp~rt,’7 facility designed to 

handle jet aircraft would consist of 14-km (9-mi) platform 8 km (5 mi) 

offshore, constructed on reinforced concrete. Facility could be pre71-34) 

137 
May 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

fabricated on land and floated to its location. With nine runways in 

operation, wetport could serve 50% more air traffic than New York’s 

airports combined. “Fingers” of structure would contain basins and 

harbors for 80 to 120 ships. (Carper, Y Post, 5/21/71) 

May 21: Draft treaty to establish new organization to operate worldwide 

comsat system was approved by 73 of 79 nations holding membership 

in INTELSAT. Key provisions of treaty included creation of new policymaking board of governors on which US. control would shrink from 

52% to 40%, appointment of new director general to assume control 

of INTELSAT system currently operated by ComSatCorp, new six-year 

contract with ComSatCorp for continued operation and technical management of INTELSAT system, and limitation of board of governors to 

12 nations that used INTELSAT most. Board actions on important matters were to require two-thirds vote. No single nation nor any threenation group would be able to block decision under board‘s consideration. Agreement could be amended either by two thirds of members 

holding two thirds of investment or by 85% of members holding 45% 

of investment. Signatories would meet every year to determine membership shares on which seats on board would be based. 

Following approval of agreement, President Nixon said: “. . . this 

kind of breakthrough, through which it will be possible to have instant 

communication around the world, will reduce the ignorance. It will 

increase the information. It will reduce those areas of difference which 

exist because of ignorance and lack of information to a minimum.” 

(W Star, 5/21/71 ; PD, 5/24/71, 786-7; INTELSAT PIO) 

* President Nixon presented National Medal of Science to nine scientists 

in White House ceremony. Recipients, announced Jan. 27, included 

Dr. George E. Mueller, Senior Vice President of General Dynamics 

Corp. and former NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight. (PD, 5/24/71,784) 

* Dr. Donald L. Holmquest, scientist-astronaut selected in August 1967, 

had been granted one-year leave from NASA for teaching and medical 

research at Baylor Univ. School of Medicine in Houston, NASA announced. Dr. Holmquest would pursue “sub-specialty studies in the 

field of nuclear medicine in addition to general medical research and 

research related to NASA programs, such as a more convenient method 

of measuring changes in body calcium.yy He would return to astronaut 

program May 15,1972. (MSC Release 71-73) 

Senate voted 27 to 25 to adopt conference report on H.R. 8190, supplemental FY 1972 appropriations bill. Report deleted $58.5 million for 

refunds to airlines from SST termination funds. (CRY 5/21/71, 57593- 

7697, S7610-20) 

William M. Magruder, Director of SST Development for DOT, told press 

in Washington, D.C., that Ataka and Co. of Japan had suggested it 

could obtain financing of $500 million or more from major Japanese 

industrial concerns to resurrect SST program. In return Ataka would 

become 50% partner in enterprise. On May 23, however, Ataru 

Takizawa, Vice President of Ataka and Co., said in Tokyo there was 

no truth to report that his firm made exploratory proposal to revive 

US. SST program. (Aug, W Star, 5/22/71; AP, a7 Post, 5/23/71) 

US.-sponsored resources survey of Jamaica, in which NASA provided 

C-130 aircraft [see April 161, had been described as among most 

138 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 21 

complete and efficient jobs accomplished in air and ground data 

gathering, MSC Rod~p reported. Allen H. Watkins, MSC Manager 

of Earth Observations Aircraft Program, had said 95% of data acquisition objectives had been achieved in “most complete ground truthing 

that the aircraft program has ever experienced.” (MSC Roundup, 

5/21/71,1) 

* Boeing Co. Chairman William M. Allen received National Transportation Award of silver bowl from Vice President Spiro T. Agnew during 

Washington, D.C., ceremonies. Award was for Boeing’s construction 

of 747 jumbo jet aircraft. (AP, B Sun, 5/22/71) 

* FAA said air traffic congestion had eased sufficiently at New York’s 

Kennedy International Airport to permit suspension of hourly limits 

on landings and takeoffs that it imposed in 1969. Flight quotas would 

probably be removed after June 15. (Lindsey, NYT, 5/22/71, 54:3) 

* New York Times editorial commented on NASA under new Administrator, 

Dr. James C. Fletcher: “The task of reversing NASA’s downhill course 

will not be easy, but there are grounds for believing that this period 

of doldrums can be overcome. It will help . . . if the agency’s efforts 

in respect to Mariner 9 and Apollo 15 succeed as planned.” Two 

forces at work suggested “NASA may yet recapture some of the public 

support and interest which evaporated after its first spectacular 

Apollo flights to the moon’s surface. One is the capability of satellites 

to survey the earth with an efficiency never before known. . . . Beyond 

this there is the promising possibility of use of space research as a 

means of encouraging international cooperation. . . . over the next 

decade NASA may make its most important contribution as an instrument for demonstrating that men and women from many nations and 

many ideologies can work together for the benefit of all the earth.” 

(NYT, 5/21/71,23) 

* New York Times editorial praised end of SST: “This action expresses a 

sound sense of nationd priority and of concern with ecological values. 

It also exposes last week‘s surprise vote in the House to revive the SST 

as a political power play that reflects no credit on the leadership of 

either party. To reopen a major issue without advance warning to 

opponents was highhanded; to do so without getting up-to-date cost 

estimates from the Boeing Company was frivolous.” (NYT, 5/21/71) 

May 21-22: Application of laminar air-flow techniques in medical surgery 

was discussed during symposium on Clean Room Technology in Surgery Suites at IGC. (NASA Special Release 5/14/71; KSC PAO) 

May 22: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 422 into orbit from Plesetsk with 

1011-km (628.2-mi) apogee, 986-km (612.7-mi) perigee, 105-min 

period, and 74O inclination. (CSFC SSR, 5/31/71; SF, 11/71, 428) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover would begin “a new mode of operation requiring only minimum movements,” Tass announced. Vehicle 

would remain in semihibernation, photographing surrounding area and 

transmitting data to earth until its instruments wore out. (UPI, NYT, 

5/23/71; SBD, 5/25/71,129) 

0 Reuters quoted MSC spokesman as saying scheduled technical talks between U.S. and U.S.S.R. on space cooperation had been postponed 

because Soviet specialists were too busy to attend. (NYT, 5/23/71) 

* Future space shuttle missions were described by Dale D. Myers, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, in speech before 

139 
May 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

South Carolina Lions Clubs in Greenville, S.C.: “These payloads cover 

the areas of space physics, astronomy, space applications, life sciences, 

unmanned planetary exploration, and earth resources, military and 

commercial.” Payloads ranged from 113-kg (250-lb) Explorer and 

Space Physics Satellites to 9100-kg (20 000-lb) astronomy mission 

requiring annual revisits by the shuttle for servicing maintenance 

and updating of instrumentation.” Sortie flights conducted solely by 

shuttle could be made within its seven-day orbit capability. Scientist 

could “conduct his own experiment in the orbiting shuttle and return 

with the data as well as his own observations. When the space station 

becomes operational, crew rescue missions could also be flown.” (Text) 

* Activities of Soviet aircraft industry were described in Izvestia by U.S.S.R. 

Aviation Industry Minister Pave1 Dementyev: “Recently the IG62, 

TU-134 and YAK40 aircraft, which are of a high modern technical 

standard, have been developed and are being produced and used. This 

year the major route TU-154 aircraft comes into service. These liners 

are the basic aircraft of our civil fleet and are to replace their predecessors-the TU-104, AN-10, IL-18 and IL-14.” (FBIS-~ov-71-103, 

5/27/71, K5) 

Soviet progress in thermonuclear synthesis was described in Pravda 

article by Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences: “Over recent years we have successfully developed work on hightemperature plasma in connection with the search for ways of solving 

the problem of thermonuclear synthesis. In the 5-year period that has 

begun the creation of a Tokamak-type installation with optimum 

parameters is planned in order to increase two or three times, the 

density of the particles and the retention-time of the plasma, which 

is an essential condition for the creation of a thermonuclear reactor. 

Evidently the time has already come for starting research into the 

transformation of the energy emitted in the process of thermonuclear 

synthesis into electrical energy.” (FBIS-sov-71-103, 5/27/71, L1) 

Washington Evening Star editorial said “sad little commentary on the 

times” had arisen from NASA report of space age spinoff, a miniaturized 

ultrasonic alarm system that had been used to aid accident and illness 

victims. “But the purpose which NASA foresees is what’s depressing.” 

NASA OART saw invention’s main value “in preventing minor challenges 

to teachers or fights between students from developing into major disturbances or even riots. That’s the view from space of this poor earth 

beneath, but what a pity. Whatever happened to that luminous blue 

ball, ashine in the limitless, starry night?” (W Star, 5/22/71) 

May 23: Chinese-built version of Soviet ~icil9 fighter produced at Mukden, Manchuria, at rate of 200 per year had been “backboneyy of 

Communist Chinese Air Force for number of years, New York Times 

said. So many had been produced from blueprints supplied by U.S.S.R. 

before Sino-Soviet split in early 1960s that Communist China had sold 

some to neighboring Pakistan. Western sources quoted by Times had 

recently reported that 2800 combat aircraft of Communist Chinese Air 

Force were being supplemented by new jet fighter of Chinese design 

being produced in China at rate of 10 per month. Aircraft, called F-9 

in West, flew at twice speed of sound, had combat range of 480 to 800 

km (300 to 500 mi) and could operate above 15 000 m (50 000 ft) . (NYT, 5/23/71) 

u 

140 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 24 

May 24: NASA supercritical wing, flown on TF4A jet aircraft piloted by 

NASA test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed seventh 

flight from FRC. Aircraft reached 12 900-m (42 500-ft) altitude and 

mach 0.98. Objectives were to expand flight envelope to higher altitudes and explore flutter and buff et boundaries, evaluate stability and 

control characteristics, and evaluate control system. (NASA Proj Off) 

At Apollo 15 press briefing in Washington, D.C., Astronaut Alfred M. 

Worden, CM pilot, described planned activities in lunar orbit, including first “working walk” in space. At 320 000 km (200 000 mi) from 

earth on return journey from moon, he would move outside CM, handwalk on 7.6-m (25-ft) tether along rail, and open bay in SM to 

retrieve two canisters of film used to photograph moon while spacecraft was in lunar orbit. It was necessary to retrieve film before SM 

was jettisoned 160 km (100 mi) from earth before CM’S reentry. 

Worden said one hour had been allotted to space walk but underwater 

practice had indicated retrievals could be completed in 20 min. Two 

roundtrips from CM to SM were necessary because only one canister 

could be carried at a time. 

First canister would weigh 36.3 kg (80 lbs) and hold 2000 m 

(6700 ft) of film, including more than 1600 exposures of lunar surface taken from 113-km (70-mi) lunar orbit. Photos would be enlarged on earth to compose blowup 15.2 m (50 ft) wide and 160 km 

(100 mi) long showing details on lunar surface as small as 1.5 m 

(5 ft) in diameter. NASA hoped these would include photo of LRV. 

Second canister would weight 3.6 kg (8 lbs) and hold 1100 m (3600 

ft) of film used in mapping camera. 

While Worden retrieved cannisters, CM’S hatch would be opened. 

Astronaut James B. Irwin would guide Worden along tether and 

Astronaut David R. Scott would stow canisters when Worden passed 

them through hatch. Worden told press, “We’re going to be doing 

something out there, not just testing out an engineering concept or 

working out a procedure to do something.” (Transcript) 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. pilots Robert K. Smyth and William H. 

Miller conducted successful 58-min flight of USN F-14 from Grumman 

facility at Calverton, N.Y. Same pilots had flown first USN F-14 on 

second flight, on Dec. 30, 1970, when it crashed into woods near 

Grumman facility seconds after they successfully ejected. Aircraft was 

kept at speeds below 467 km per hr (290 mph) during maneuvers to 

familiarize pilots with handling characteristics. (Witkin, NYT, 5/25/71) 

Rep. Glenn M. Anderson (D-Calif. ) introduced Emergency Conversion 

Loan Act to aid victims of aerospace industry depression. Legislation 

would immediately qualify jobless engineers, scientists, and technicians for conversion loans from banks in amounts up to 60% of prior 

salary, but not to exceed $12000. (CR, 5/24/71, m915) 

* Dept. of Labor released results to date of Technology Mobilization and 

Reemployment Program to relocate unemployed aerospace and defense 

industry personnel. While 10 284 professionals had registered with 

state unemployment agencies since program’s May 3 inception, about 

300 jobs had come into registry. These did not include aerospace and 

defense jobs already listed but not yet tallied. Labor Dept. spokesman 

said program hoped to provide jobs for about 30000 out of about 

141 
May 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

100 000 scientists, engineers, and technicians it would serve over next 

two years. (Shabecoff, NYT, 5/25/71) 

May 24-25: Technical conference sponsored by MSFC and Huntsville, Ala., 

section of Optical Society of America at MSFC reviewed research in 

holography and optical filtering being conducted by NASA, industry, 

and universities. Holography was technique of using lasers to obtain 

three dimensional image of object or scene without use of camera or 

lenses. Method was employed in display systems and testing. (MSFC 

Release 71-85; MSFC PAO) 

May 24-26: Eleventh European Space Symposium was held in West Berlin, Germany, to discuss applications satellites. In welcoming address 

Dr. Manfred Bodenschatz of German Society for Aviation and Astronautics (DGLR) said: “We have passed through the infancy period of 

space flight and realized the untold possibilities of utilization. . . . It is only to be regretted that the general public has not apparently 

fully realized this and one does . . . begin to note a certain indifference to space flight accompanied by the feeling that the major space 

powers will be doing it for us anyway.” Purpose of symposium was 

“to demonstrate clearly that a whole range of , . . fields of application 

already exists and must be enlarged upon, and that European space 

technology, science, and industry can and must render its own important contribution here if it does not want to be left hopelessly behind.” 

(SF, 10/71, 393-4) 

May 25: USAF’S X-24A lifting body, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. 

Manke, successfully completed 27th flight after air launch from B-52 

aircraft over FRC in joint NASA-USAF program. Objectives of powered 

flight were to determine lateral-directional derivatives with rudder bias 

at 2’ toe out, evaluate handling qualities with y accelerometer feedback and power on, determine transonic pitch damping, and obtain 

upper-flap pressure with upper flaps at 13O. Although only three of 

four engine chambers ignited, most objectives were achieved, with 

vehicle reaching 19 500-m (64 000-ft) altitude and mach 1.1. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

* Tenth anniversary of President Kennedy’s message to Congress urging 

that US. “commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is 

out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth.” 

Rep. Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.) said on House floor: “As we attempt 

to plan for a significant and aggressive national space program for 

the 1970’s, it is well to remember that on this date in 1961 the late 

President John F. Kennedy made an equally difficult and challenging 

decision. It is time again that we seize the initiative and make a positive decision for a strong national space program.’’ (CRY 5/25/71, 

S7698, E5023) 

Apollo 15 lunar surface experiments-passive seismic, lunar surface 

magnetometer, solar wind spectrometer, suprathermal ion detector, 

cold cathode gauge, and heat flow-were described by experimenters 

during NASA Hq. press briefing on Apollo 15 science objectives. Mission would return up to 68 kg (150 lbs) of lunar samples rather than 

maximum 44.5 kg (98 lbs) for previous Apollo missions; man-hours 

spent on moon would increase from 18 to 40; and area covered could 

extend to 56 km (35 mi) by use of LRV. 

Dr. Gary V. Latham, Apollo Program Chief Seismologist, said pri142 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 25 

May 25: Tenth anniversary of President Kennedy’s message to a joint session of 

Congress urging that the United States “commit itself to achieving the goal, before this 

decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth.” The 

goal was achieved when Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, on the Apollo 11 mission, became 

the first man to set a foot on the lunar surface, at 1056 pm EDT, July 20, 1969. 

mary aim of passive seismic experiment was to discover where moonquakes occurred. “SO far we have identified 11 zones in which moonquakes occur, but one of these is particularly active, accounting for 

about 80 percent of the energy we record.” Source might be “an isolated pocket of magma under pressure at depths between 30 and 400 

miles [SO and 600 km] .” Third seismometer, to be placed on moon by 

Apollo 15, was expected to provide data as to whether all 11 zones 

corresponded to same source mechanism ; i.e., small magma reservoirs. 

Active zone fell on line that bisected Apollo 12 and 14 seismometer 

stations, “so that makes 15 an exceedingly vital station to us. If we just 

get one perigee passage and a couple of these moonquakes before 

station 12 or 14 ceases to function, we’ll have taken quite a step forward.” Apollo 15 would be at edge of prominent mascon basins, 

Serenatatis and Imbrium. “We expect . . . to impact an S-IVB smack 

in the middle of one of them, probably Serenatatis. So this will be the 

first time we get seismic waves propagating through one of these mascon 

features, and, hopefully, we will be able to say something about how 

its structures differ from the other mare we have been able to record 

seismic waves through.” 

143 
May 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Edward M. Davin, Program Scientist, Lunar Surface Experiments, 

said Apollo 12 magnetometer had been ‘‘very successfully recording a 

surprising magnetic field. . . . we now have a general model of the 

moon based upon three layers . . . a crust, an inner layer, and a core.” 

Apollo 15 lunar surface magnetometer could determine “if there is 

any asymmetry in the magnetic field” and provide additional information on electrical conductivity that indicated thermal distribution of 

lunar interior. 

JPL scientist Dr. Conway W. Snyder said solar wind spectrometer 

experiment would be “measuring the weather in space. The solar wind 

which is a plasma-this is an ionized gas-is quite analogous to 

weather on earth. . . . it is the phenomenon that determines what magnetic fields are in space, affects cosmic rays, and generally is the fundamental entity in space once you stop considering the planets themselves.” With addition of second spectrometer on moon “we hope to 

be able to start making some definite interpretations of the very complicated kind of plasma effects that go on the moon.” 

Suprathermal ion detector experiment was described by Rice Univ. 

scientist Dr. Kent Hills. ApoZZo 12 and 14 ion detectors had revealed 

ion clouds that were not lunar-oriented but had been formed elsewhere 

“from an expanding neutral gas cloud.” With Apollo 15 experiment, 

third station north of other two would give “extended distance with 

which to investigate these things and . . . a different direction.” 

Cold cathode gauge experiment would indicate amount of gas on 

moon, Dr. Francis S. Johnson of Univ. of Texas at Dallas said. Ion 

detector already on moon had detected gas clouds in which concentration sometimes increased 100 times. With second gauge “we hope that 

there will be the prospect oE seeing the same event on two gauges, and 

then we will be able to tell quite a lot more about where these gas 

sources would be and also learn something about how they propagate 

across the lunar surface.” 

Heat flow experiment, with 3-m (10-ft) drill, was to measure amount 

of heat coming from interior of moon, Columbia Univ. astronomer Dr. 

Marcus E. Langseth said. Measurement would be made by monitoring 

heat budget in near-surface material (lunar regolith) over one year 

with thermometers on probes about 2 m (6 ft) below lunar surface. 

Measurements could be useful in resolving contradictory data from 

magnetometer experiments on Apollo 12 and 14. 

Experiments outside Apollo 15 ALSEP package-laser ranging retroflector, lunar field geology, and lunar soil mechanics-were discussed 

by Wesleyan Univ. astronomer Dr. James E. Faller; Donald A. Beattie, 

Program Manager, Lunar Surface Experiments; and Dr. James K. 

Mitchell of Univ. of California at Berkeley. Laser array would provide 

third leg of triangle formed by laser retroflectors on ApoZZos 12 and 

14, improve ranging reliability from current stations, and “provide 

for greater efficiencies in telescope use time.” Geology experiment 

objectives were to sample Apennine Mountain front, study Hadley Rille, 

examine mare, sample volcanic complex to north of landing site, and 

study cluster of craters southeast of landing site. Soil mechanics experiment would measure density, strength, compressibility and adhesive 

and cohesive characteristics of material on lunar surface. “The thing 

that is going to be of considerable interest is the lunar roving vehicle 

144 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 25 

because if we can calibrate this vehicle . . . a knowledge of vehicle 

tracks and power consumptions should provide . . . continuous record 

of the soil conditions as the crew m d from point to point.” (Transcript) 

Mstislav V. Keldysh was reelected President of Soviet Academy of Sciences at general assembly meeting in Moscow. Following reelection, 

Tass said: “The successes of the U.S.S.R. in the exploration of space 

have been associated with Keldysh’s work. They included the first 

Sputniks, the flights to the moon and around it, flights to the planets 

of the solar system, the first manned space flight, the first experimental 

orbital station, the return ol Luna 16 with lunar soil to the earth and 

the first Soviet moon rover.” (FBIS-Sov-71-102, 5/26/71, L1; Shabad, 

NYT, 5/31/71,32) 

Sen. Lawton Chiles (D-Fla.) inserted House Memorial 780 from Florida 

Legislature in Congressional Record “to request that Kennedy Space 

Center be the site for construction of the space shuttle.” (CR, 5/25/71, 

S7680) 

Gen. Charles P. Cabell (USAF, Ret.), former CIA Deputy Director and 

NASA consultant, died at age 68 after heart attack. (Honsa, ?V Post, 

5/27/71, B17) 

May 26: NASA supercritical wing, flown on TF-8A jet aircraft piloted by 

NASA test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed eighth 

flight from FRC. Objectives of flight-to explore flutter boundary and 

evaluate stability and control characteristics near speed of soundwere achieved. Aircraft reached 14 000-m (46 000-ft) altitude and 

mach 0.975 with military rated power and 10 600-m (35 000-ft) altitude and mach 1.1 with afterburner. Flight was last in exploratory 

flight program; aircraft would be checked out and cleaned before 

beginning performance-data-gathering program in late July or early 

August. (NASA Proj Off) 0 Cooperative US. and West Germany barium cloud experiment originally 

scheduled for launch during April 20-26 launch window, had been 

postponed until September because of unfavorable weather conditions 

and minor technical difficulties, NASA announced. Experiment was to 

study behavior of barium ion cloud at high altitudes to measure magnetic and electrical fields in space and to study plasma physics. (NASA 

Release) 

* RAND Corp. report The Space Shuttle as an Element 2n the National 

Space Program (RM 6244-1PR) completed in October 1970-study 

that questioned economic feasibility of NASA’s reusable space shuttle 

program-was entered in Congressional Record’ by Sen. Walter F. 

Mondale ( D-Minn.) Study, undertaken for USAF, concluded “total space 

funding requirements over the next 20 years are not significantly different for plans that use the shuttle and those that accomplish the same 

missions without the shuttle.” Results indicated “that criteria other than 

cost should be used to evaluate the desirability of the space transport 

system.” (CR, 5/26/71, S7823-9) 

Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) on Senate floor questioned need for 

space shuttle and space station: “I have written to NASA on a number 

of occasions to ask whether . . . there is a need for the space shuttlespace station. All NASA has told me in reply is that first, the shuttle 

would enable us to continue to have an active space program, and 

145 
May 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

second, it would reduce the costs of the space program. But why do 

we actually need it? What would it help us to accomplish that we 

could not otherwise accomplish? NASA seemingly has no answer to 

these questions.” (CR, 5/26/71, S7811-2) 

0 DOD spokesman Jerry W. Friedheim told press new large missile silos being built in U.S.S.R. appeared to be designed for two different kinds 

of ICBMS but more than half of new holes might be for relatively small 

SS-11 ICBM. (Getler, W Post, 5/27/71) 

NSF published Recent Trends in Enrollment and Manpower Resources in 

Graduate Science Education, 1969-70. Graduate enrollment in sciences 

and engineering declined slightly between 1969 and 1970. Decrease and 

declining growth rate 1967-1969 contrasted with 9% annual rate of 

increase in enrollment for advanced degrees in science and engineering 

that characterized seven-year period from 1960 to 1967. Number of 

faculty and post-doctoral students had increased during 1969-1970, but 

annual rates of growth were “far below” comparable figures for 1967- 

1969. (NSF Highlights, 5/26/71) 

May 26-28: NASA’s second Goveinment-Industry System Safety Conference 

was held at GSFC. In keynote address Rep. Jerry L. Pettis (R-Calif.) 

said: “The traumatic and inspiring experience of Apollo 13 now can 

be given profound symbolic meaning. The life on board became vitally important to millions of fellow passengers on Spaceship Earth. 

For a few moments in history we glimpsed the highest priority. The 

support crew focused on solving the most urgent problem-and succeeded like seasoned professionals.” 

Agenda covered results of application of NASA system safety techniques to automotive design, oil drilling and exploration, consumer 

products, surface ships, helicopters and urban transit, and aeronautics 

and space. NASA’s first System Safety Conference had been held in 

1968. (NASA Release 71-52; CR, 6/7/71, E55234; GSFC PAO) 

May 27: Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, announced in released 

statement he had approved launch of Mariner-I Mars probe: “I have 

reviewed the results of the Mariner H failure analysis, and of the 

Mariner I Launch Readiness Review. I am satisfied that a complete and 

thorough job has been done, that the failure has been identified, and 

that proper corrective action has been taken. At the same time, I fully 

recognize that the Atlas-Centaur is an extremely complex vehicle, that 

there are literally thousands of parts and components that must function perfectly, and that a finite probability of failure must exist on 

each launch.” Failure of Mariner-H May 8 had been traced to integrated circuit in Centaur booster. (NASA Release 71-92) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 423 from Plesetsk into orbit with 489-km 

(303.9-mi) apogee, 279-km (173.4-mi) perigee, 91.9-min period, and 

71’ inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 26. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/71; 

11/30/71; SBD, 6/2/71, 169) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, met with MSC officials during his first official visit to Center. Later, at press conference, he said 

NASA’s image could not rest on “absolutely fantastic achievement” of 

first lunar landing by man. NASA needed to convince taxpayers of basic 

technology that had been developed on way to moon. Each part of 

NASA program “has to be defended as a separate piece.” (Maloney, 

H Post, 5/28/7 1 ) 

146 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 27 

* Growing climate in U.S. of “irrational hostility” toward science and technology was scored by Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Planning, in speech before Washington, D.C., 

chapter of Aviation/Space Writers Assn. : “It is irrational precisely 

because those most vocal . . . are the very ones professing the greatest 

concern about poverty, poor housing, hunger, and the quality of the 

environment. All of these problems of society depend in varying degree 

upon our technoIogica1 capabilities, and certainly on increased productivity for their solutions. Some . . . require advanced research into 

the nature of the environment and ecological interactions.” Anti-science 

and anti-technology voices were doing U.S. “great disservice. The 

problems they are rightly anxious and concerned about cannot be 

solved by a return-to-nature cult.” Resources of knowledge that awaited 

man in space had “great significance to man, to Earth environment, 

and to the ecology. We are learning of the relationships between Earth 

and Sun and their effects on our lives which could be learned in no 

other way save by means of the rocket and spacecraft.” (Text) 

LeRC announced NASA had awarded Air Research Manufacturing co. of 

Garrett Corp. $4.5-million7 /I.O-mo, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to build 

four turbine-alternator compressors ( TAC) for experimental nuclear 

power generation system. System was to produce up to 100 kw as 

part of LeRC Brayton cycle power conversion system. (LeRC Release 

71-23; NASA Release 71-93) 

Soviet scientist Anatoly Fedoseyev, head of Soviet delegation to Paris 

Air Show, defected to West, according to French sources later quoted 

by UPI. (UPI, W Post, 6/20/71, Al) 

* Lockheed Aircraft Corp. had said settlements with US. Government on 

military contracts and other problems had resulted in net loss of $86.3 

million in 1970 and $96.6 million in fourth quarter of 1970, Wall Street 

Journal reported. (WSJ, 5/27/71,3) 

May 27-June 6: Twenty-ninth Paris International Air Show was held at 

Le Bourget Airport. More than one million visitors to world’s largest 

air show viewed Soviet Tu-144 supersonic transport in its first appearance in West ; Anglo-French supersonic airliners, Concorde 001 

and 002; Soviet Mi-12, world’s largest helicopter; Lockheed C-5A 

Galaxy, world’s largest aircraft; Lockheed 1011 TriStar ; and more 

than 200 private aircraft in total exhibition of 600 aircraft. US. 

Pavilion exhibited Apollo moon rocks. Canadian Pavilion contained 

mockup of integrated STOL system envisaging 10-min air hops between suburban shopping areas and city centers. (B Sun, 5/26/71, 

5/31/71; Hess, NYT, 5/26/71) 

Muy 28: Mars 3 probe was launched by U.S.S.R. from Baykonur at 8:26 

pm local time (11:26 am EDT) into parking orbit from which it was 

injected into heliocentric trajectory toward Mars. Payload would supplement that of Mars 2, launched May 19. All instruments functioned 

normally. By 10 pm Moscow time (3 pm EDT), Mars 2 was 2495000 

km (1 550 000 mi) from earth and Mars 3 was 44 000 km (27 000 mi) , Tass reported. Each satellite weighed 4650 kg (10 250 lbs) and had as 

prime mission objective complex research of Mars and its atmosphere. 

Tass said that Mars 3 carried instrumentation for exploration of Mars 

and neighboring space, for investigating solar radio emission in onemeter wave band in experiment developed and manufactured by 

147 
May 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

French specialists in French-Soviet cooperative program, and for 

measuring characteristics of solar plasma and cosmic rays. ( FBIS-SOV71-104, 6/1/71, L1; SBD, 6/2/71, 69; Shabad, NYT, 5/29/71, 1) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 424 from Plesetsk into orbit with 287-km 

(178.3-mi) apogee, 198-km (123-mi) perigee, 88.9-min period, and 

65.3O inclination. Satellite reentered June 10. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/71 ; 

6/30/71; SBD, 6/2/71,169) 

New mission plan had been adopted for Mariner-I (Mariner 9) Mars 

probe scheduled for launch no earlier than May 29, NASA announced. 

New plan-which would provide high-quality data return for all of 

original experiments but less data than planned for original twospacecraft mission-assigned 65” inclination, 12-hr period, and 1200-km 

(750-mi) periapsis (low point in orbit around Mars) to Mariner-I, 

with Nov. 14, 1971, arrival date. New inclination would yield map 

covering almost 70% of Mars and period would ensure two-tape-loadper-day data return. (NASA Release 71-94) 

0 Soviet Aviation Industry Minister Pave1 Dementyev told Paris press conference Soviet supersonic transport Tu-144 was expected to go into 

commercial service in late 1973 or early 1974, about same time as 

Anglo-French Concorde. Only one Tu-144 was operational; two other 

prototypes under construction were expected to fly at year’s end. 

Tu-144 had logged several hundred flying hours and flown at 2458 km 

per hr (1528 mph) at 6100 m (20000 ft). Aleksey N. Tupolev, designer of Tu-144, said at press conference that Pan American World 

Airways President Najeeb E. Halaby was interested in aircraft, “but 

it is too soon to speak about markets or negotiations with international airlines until the Tu-144 has completed its test program.” 

(Reuters, W Post, 5/29/71) 

December 1970 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 experiments to simulate w 

spectrum that would be viewed by uv spectrometer observing Jupiter 

or other outer plants were described in Science by Univ. of Colorado 

scientists J. B. Pearce, K. K. Kelly, and C. A. Barth, and JPL scientist 

A. L. Lane. Mixture of ammonia, nitrogen, and hydrogen had been 

released from spacecraft 240 million km (149 million mi) from earth 

and 120 million km (74.5 million mi) from sun. Spectra were recorded while gases were illuminated by sunlight. (Science, 5/28/71, 

941-3) 

Fourth round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ended in Vienna. Talks 

would resume in Helsinki July 8. (W Post, 5/29/71) 

May 29: Countdown for launch of NASA’s Mariner-I spacecraft toward Mars 

orbit was interrupted by hold at 4:59 pm EDT 72 min from launch. 

Hold was caused by difficulty in interpreting data from Centaur stage 

guidance package. Difficulty was not resolved by 6 pm and launch was 

postponed to next day. (NASA Proj Off) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 425 from Plesetsk into orbit with 550-km 

(341.8-mi) apogee, 508-km (315.7-mi) perigee, 95.1 min period, and 

74” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 5/31/71; SBD, 6/2/71, 169) 

May 30: NASA successfully launched Mariner 9 (Mariner-I) from ETR at 

6:23 pm EDT on Atlas-Centaur 23 booster into 398-million-km (247- 

million-mi) direct-ascent trajectory toward Mars. No problem had been 

found in Centaur guidance package when May 29 data was fully 

understood. Launch was second attempt to send spacecraft to orbit Mars 

148 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 May 30 

May 30: Mariner 9, launched from the Eastern Test Range on a 398-million-kilometer 

(247-million-mile) direct-ascent trajectory, headed toward the planet Mars. Encountering Mars NOD. 13, the spacecraft would be the first to orbit a planet other 

than earth. Mariner %weighing 1000 kilograms (2200 pounds) and spanning almost 

7 meters (22% feet) with its solar panels eztended-would orbit Mars 90 days to 

study the atmosphere and surface in detail and map 70 percent of the surface. 

during 1971 opportunity; Mariner 8 (Mariner-H) launch attempt 

May 8 had failed because of malfunction in Centaur stage of booster. 

Scheduled for arrival at Mars on Nov. 14, Mariner 9 would make 

detailed study of Martian surface and atmosphere and map 70% of 

surface during planned 90-day orbit of planet. 

Launch vehicle performance and spacecraft injection were nominal. 

Spacecraft separated from Centaur, deployed four solar panels at 6:40 

pm, and locked sensors on sun at 7:16 pm, soon after leaving earth's 

shadow. About four hours into flight Canopus sensor was energized 

and spacecraft rolled 55" and locked onto star Achernar. Canopus acquisition was achieved at 10:26 pm and spacecraft would remain in sunCanopus orientation for mission except during maneuvers. All spacecraft systems were operating normally. 

49 
May 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Mariner 9 weighed 1000 kg (2200 lb) at launch and carried six 

scientific experiments: infrared radiometer to measure surface temperature ; w spectrometer to investigate composition and structure of 

atmosphere ; infrared interferometer spectrometer to measure surface 

and atmospheric radiation ; S-band occultation experiment to study 

pressure and structure of atmosphere; TV cameras to transmit lowand high-resolution photographs of surface ; and experiment to investigate Martian gravity field. Orbit of spacecraft was designed to guarantee it would not hit Mars for at least 17 yrs, to avoid contamination 

of planet before studies on surface were made by landing spacecraft. 

OSSA assigned project responsibility to JPL, including mission operations and tracking and data acquisition. Launch vehicle was responsibility of LBRC, with contractor General Dynamics Corp. Convair 

Division. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 71-75) 

May 30-June 6: Apollo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. 

Mitchell, and Stuart A. Roosa during visit to France attended Paris 

Air Show ; inspected aerospace facilities at Bretigny, Toulouse, and 

Salon-de-Provence, and attended reception by Mayor of Dijon. (NASA 

Release 71-84; MSC PIO) 

Muy 31: Since Tu-144 had been exposed to Western inspection at Paris 

Air Show, Soviet press had been “slowly coming to grips with problems of supersonic flight long passed over in silence,” New York Times 

reported. Sowetskaya Rossiya had quoted Western comments that 

Tu-144’s engines were quieter and produced less pollution than those 

of Concorde. “Extensive discussion” of possible environmental and 

health problems caused by supersonic transport had not been reported 

in U.S.S.R. previously. (Shabad, NYT, 5/31/71) 

* Communist China was preparing to test-fire its first liquid-fuel ICBM 

beyond its borders, probably into Indian Ocean, New York Times 

quoted US. China experts as saying. Preparations for ICBM launch 

included outfitting of tracking ship and extension of missile range 

tracking stations in Sinkiang Province, but political consideration 

might cause deferment of testing for several months. It was estimated 

it would take at least three years after initial testing for China to move 

its first group of operational ICBMS. (Beecher, NYT, 5/31/71) 

Igor I. Sikorsky, founder of Sikorsky Aircraft Div. of United Aircraft 

Corp., had been named 1971 recipient of USAF Academy’s Thomas D. 

White National Defense Award, presented annually for contributions 

‘<to the national defense and security of the United States,” Aviation 

Week & Space Technology reported. (Aw Wk, 5/31/71, 23) 

150 
June 1971 

June 1: US.-Canadian agreement on joint program to use satellites and 

aircraft in surveys of natural environment was announced by NASA. 

Objective was to advance remote sensing technology for monitoring 

air, water, land, forest, and crop conditions and for mapping ice movements, ocean currents, and geologic, hydrologic, vegetation, and soil 

phenomena. Canadian Dept. of Energy, Mines and Resources (EMR) 

would receive data at ground station in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, 

and data-handling facility at Ottawa directly from NASA’s ERTS satellites, scheduled for 1972 and 1973 launch. Canadian and U.S. test 

areas would be designated. Ground and aircraft data acquired and 

exchanged would be available to international community as soon as 

practicable. No funds would be exchanged between EMR and NASA. 

(NASA Release 71-95 ) 

* British aviatrix Sheila Scott left London Airport in twin-engine Piper 

Aztec for 55 000-km (34 000-mi) flight around world one and one 

half times, during which her physical reactions would be relayed via 

Nimbus 4 satellite to ground station at Fairbanks, Alaska, and then to 

GSFC computer. NASA and U.K.’s Institute of Aviation Medicine had 

installed equipment in aircraft to monitor pulse, breathing, voice, 

brainwaves, mental alertness, and other functions while Miss Scott 

spent 18 hrs in air under cramped conditions. Instrumentation also 

would monitor air pollution at normal flight level of 3000 m (10 000 

ft). (Cerutti, C Trib, 6/2/71; NASA OSSA) 

* Storage lifetime of seals, O-rings, and gaskets in rocket engines and 

Saturn IB and Saturn V booster stages had been extended from 8 to 

10 yrs in program of rocket test firing at MSFC, MSFC announced. 

(MSFC Release 71-91) 

Comments on US. Mariner 9 and U.S.S.K. Mars 2 and 3 missions were 

made in New York Times editorial : Three spacecraft-“one American 

and two Soviet-now speeding toward Mars represent the best type of 

international competition. Their rivalry centers about the pursuit of 

knowledge, with the honors going to that nation whose instruments 

send back the most important data on the red planet that is one of the 

earth‘s nearest space neighbors.” US. led Mars race to date, “because 

of the brilliant feats by Mariners 4, 6, and 7. In the 1960’s the pictures and other data acquired by these pioneering vehicles completely 

revolutionized scientists’ views of the Martian terrain and environment.” (NYT, 6/1/71) 

* NASA issued Management Instruction continuing NASA Historical Advisory 

Committee to advise and assist in implementation of NASA historical 

program and designating as members Dr. Louis Morton, Chairman of 

Dartmouth College Dept. of History, Committee Chairman; Dr. A. 

Hunter Dupree, Dept. of History, Brown Univ.; Dr. Melvin Kranzberg, Dept. of Humanities, Case Western Reserve Univ.; Dr. Rodman W. 

Paul, Dept. of History, Cal Tech; and Dr. John B. Rae, Dept. of His151 
June 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

tory, Harvey Mudd College. Executive Secretary for Committee was 

James P. Nolan, Jr., of NASA Office of Management Development. 

(NASA NMI 1156.2C) 

President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Frederic G. Donner 

for reappointment as member of ComSatCorp Board of Directors. (PD, 

6/7/71,867) 

June 2: DOD spokesman Jerry W. Friedheim told press in Washington, D.C., 

that cost increase for USN F-14 fighter aircraft was about $2 billion. 

If tentative plans to produce more than 700 aircraft materialized, cost 

would increase $2.8 million per aircraft, from $11.5 million to $14.3 

million. Earlier, manufacturer Grumman Aerospace Corp. had blamed 

cost increase on inflation and other factors contributing to poor business conditions. (Witkin, NYT, 6/3/71,15) 

Physicist Dr. Edward Teller criticized DOD secrecy in speech at PMR Hq. 

at Point Mugu, Calif. He said Soviet development of SS-9 ICBM and 

expanded ABM system posed threat to U.S. deterrent capability but 

DOD secrecy made it impossible to reveal details of threat. As result, 

many in Congress and Nation doubted threat’s reality. (PMR Missile, 

6/3/7191) 

June 3.- House, by vote of 302 to 64, passed H.R. 7109, $3.433 billion 

FY 1972 NASA authorization bill, after agreeing by voice vote to 

amendment deleting $500 000 for feasibility studies of offshore airports. House rejected amendment that would have eliminated $125 

million for space shuttle system. (CRY 6/3/71, H4588-628) 

At Paris Air Show Apollo 14 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Edgar D. 

Mitchell, and Stuart A. Roosa met in Soviet Pavilion with Vostok 4 

Cosmonaut Pave1 R. Popovich and Soyuz 9 Cosmonauts Vitaly I. 

Sevastyanov and Andrian G. Nikolayev. Astronauts saw models of 

Baykonur launch complex, Vostok 1, and Soyuz spacecraft ; examined 

display devoted to 10th anniversary of first space flight by Yuri A. 

Gagarin on April 12, 1961; ascended to Soyuz CM; and admired 

Lumkhod 1 lunar vehicle and Luna 16 unmanned spacecraft that had 

returned lunar samples to earth. Later astronauts and cosmonauts 

went to U.S. Pavilion where cosmonauts were shown Apollo 12 spacecraft and other exhibits. Cosmonauts presented astronauts with model 

of Soyuz spacecraft ; astronauts reciprocated with small Soviet flag 

they had carried to moon aboard Apollo 14 and NASA astronaut badges. 

( FBIS-SOV-71-108, 6/4/71, F1; NYT, 6/3/71,41) 

Ground test version of Skylab workshop arried at MSFC aboard NASA barge 

Orion from MSC. Called “dynamic test article,” workshop would be 

modified for extensive structural testing in MSFC dynamic test tower 

during two-month program to start about Nov. 1. (MSFC Release 71-93) 

Langley Visitor Information Center was dedicated in formal ceremonies 

at LaRC. Dr. James C. Fletcher attended, in first official visit of new 

NASA Administrator to any NASA center. Rep. Thomas N. Downing 

(D-Va.) said in dedication speech: “Space ,flight has opened up new 

vistas of flight and of the mind to understand the universe and our 

place in it. Our technology has become the world’s best and has 

brought us prosperity in a highly competitive environment.” 

Dr. Fletcher said center would give public broad understanding of 

what was happening in aerospace technology. Science was “part of our 

152 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 3 

everyday life.” Technological society would continue “for the next 100 

or perhaps 1,000 years.” 

Center displayed model aircraft, model spacecraft, lunar sample, and 

suit used by Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., while training for 

Apollo 14 mission. (Langley Researcher, 5/28/71,1; 6/11/71, 1: Text) 

NASA Performance Evaluation Board had given NR Space Div. incentive 

award fees of $234600 and $307350 for Apollo CSM and Saturn V 

2nd stage (S-11) , NASA announced. Awards covered management performance under contracts during 1970. ( NASA Release 71-97) 

“USAF in Space” exhibit opened at Smithsonian Institution. Exhibit included two Vela nuclear detection satellites and DOD comsat, scale 

models of wind tunnels and space chambers, no-torque impact wrench 

to counter effect of weightlessness, astronaut equipment, prototype 

space tool for tests simulating weightlessness under water, and sextant 

used on Dec. 4-18, 1965, Gemini 7 mission. Also exhibited were scale 

models of AFCRL solar telescope and Titan boosters and integrating 

maneuvering life support System-NASA-USAF spacesuit for EVA outside orbiting laboratories. (AFSC Newsreview, 9/71, 8-9) 

* House agreed to H.R. 461 electing Rep. Mendel J. Davis (D-S.C.) to 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics. (CRY 6/3/71, H4628) 

June 4: Mariner 9, en route to Mars on orbiting mission, successfully completed first midcourse maneuver with 5.11-sec burn that produced 

6.7-m-per-sec (15.1-mph) velocity change. Maneuver placed Mariner 9 

on trajectory that would approach to within 1600 km (1000 mi) of 

Mars; second maneuver would be conducted Oct. 24 if necessary to 

correct trajectory further. Spacecraft had traveled 21 779 000 km 

(13 533 000 mi) since launch May 30 and was 2 076 000 km (1 290 000 

mi) from earth, traveling at 10 985 km per hr (6826 mph). It was 

scheduled to reach Mars vicinity Nov. 13. (NASA Releases 71-96, 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 426 from Plesetsk into orbit with 1996-km 

(1240.3-mi) apogee, 389-km (241.7-mi) perigee, 109.2-min period, 

and 74” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 6/30/71; SBD, 6/14/71, 231) 

0 USAF X-24A lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot John A. 

Manke, completed 28th flight from FRC in joint NASA-USAF test program. Objectives were to obtain lateral directional derivatives with 

rudder bias at 2” toe out, evaluate handling qualities with power and 

yaw accelerometer feedback system on, and determine supersonic liftto-drag ratio data and longitudinal trim. Flight was intended to reach 

maximum mach number, but only two of four chambers ignited. Pilot 

immediately switched to two-chamber profile and mission plan. (NASA 

Proj Off) 

Draft treaty on lunar law was submitted to U.N. Secretary General 

U Thant in letter from Soviet Foreign Affairs Minister Andrey 

Gromyko with request it be included in agenda of 26th U.N. General 

Assembly meeting: “In all stages of the exploration of outer space, 

the Soviet Union has invariably advocated a progressive development 

of international space law in the interests of all people. The building 

of a firm international foundation for the activity of states in outer 

space promotes the cause of peace and helps to strengthen mutual 

understanding and cooperation between states.” Soviet government 

felt “steps should be taken now with the object of further elaborating 

7 1-1 00 ) 

153 
June 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

and giving concrete expression to the standards of international law, 

regulating the activity of states on the moon.” 

Treaty specified that future exploration and use of moon be based 

upon consideration for well being of present and future generations ; 

barred use of moon for “hostile actions”; reaffirmed ban on deployment of nuclear and other weapons of mass annihilation on moon and 

on use of moon for military purposes; ensured against unfavorable 

change or pollution of lunar environment; specified that surface and 

interior of moon could not become property of any state, states, persons, or organizations; and urged that signatory states ensure that all 

steps be taken to preserve man’s life and health on moon. (Tass, 

President Nixon sent message to Congress on energy sources. Of solar 

energy, President said: “The sun offers an almost unlimited supply of 

energy if we can learn to use it economically.” NASA and NSF were 

reexamining their efforts in this area and we expect to give greater 

attention to solar energy in the future.” President proposed that all 

important Federal energy resource development programs be consolidated within new Dept. of Natural Resources. “We believe that the 

planning and funding of civilian nuclear energy activities should now 

be consolidated with other energy efforts in an agency charged with 

the mission of ensuring that the total energy resources of the Nation 

are effectively utilized. The Atomic Energy Commission would still 

remain intact, in order to execute the nuclear programs and any related 

energy research which may be appropriate as part of the overall energy 

program of the Department of Natural Resources.” (PD, 6/7/71, 

855-66) 

John C. Lindsay Memorial Award for 1971 was presented to Harry E. 

Peters of GSFC Laser Data Systems Branch during GSFC Scientific Colloquium. Award, given annually to GSFC employee who had made outstanding contribution to science or technology, was presented for 

individual contributions to the advancement of hydrogen maser frequency standards resulting in most stable frequency standards known 

and making possible dramatic improvement in space tracking and 

system precision. (Goddard News, 6/14/71, 1) 

June 6-30: Soym 11-carrying Cosmonauts Georgy T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, and Viktor I. Patsayev-was launched by U.S.S.R. from 

Baykonur at 9:55 am local time (12:55 am EDT) to join Sdyut I 

“orbital scientific station” (launched April 19). After manned flight 

record of almost 24 days in space, mission ended in tragedy June 30 

when the three cosmonauts were found dead in returned spacecraft. 

Orbital parameters for Soyua; 11 were apogee, 237 km (147.3 mi) ; 

perigee, 163 km (101.3 mi) ; period, 88.4 min; and inclination, 51.5’. 

Spacecraft dbcked with Sdywt 1 at 10:45 am Moscow time (3:45 am 

EDT) June 7. Tass announcement said: “In accordance with the Soviet 

programme of creating long-term orbital stations, the ‘Salyut’ orbital 

scientific station has started to function as the first piloted scientific 

station. . . . After successfully docking the Soyuz-11 transport spaceship with the scientific station . . . the crew of Soyuz-11 entered the 

scientific station. Solved for the first time was the engineering and 

technical task of delivering a crew to an orbiting scientific station by 

a transport ship.” Tass said Salyut-Soyuz space system was 20 m 

FBIS-~OV-71-l10, 6/8/71, A1 ) 

66 

154 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 6-30 

(66 ft) long, weighed more than 25 tons, and consisted of compartments containing equipment for scientific and technical experiments, 

for spacecraft control, and for crew work and rest. Cosmonauts would 

check out spacecraft subsystems ; test orientation and navigation equipment ; study geological-geographical objects on earth’s surface, atmospheric formations, and snow and ice cover; study physical characteristics, processes, and phenomena in atmosphere and outer space; and 

study medico-biological influence of space ,flight factors on human 

organism. 

Cosmonauts checked out systems, conducted experiments, and sent 

messages of thanks to scientists, engineers, and workers who took part 

June 6-30: Soyuz 11 carried Cosmonauts Georgy T. Dobrovolshy, Vladislav N. Volkav, 

and Viktor I. Patsayev into space for transfer to Salyut 1, an “orbital scientific 

station” launched April 19. After a record-breaking 24-day flight the crew, returning in the Soyuz 11, died before landing because an imperfectly sealed hatch 

permitted air to escape. The interior view of the forward section of the Salyut 

spacecraft’s main working area shows the command and control panel and two seats. 

155 
June 6-30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

in creation of space station system. TV transmissions showed crew 

performing duties in spacecraft. After one week in orbit, crew was 

in good health and had completed first phase of experiments with all 

systems functioning normally. Crew was allowed one-day rest before 

continuing experiments. By 1:00 pm Moscow time (6:OO am EDT) 

June 13 Salyut-Soyuz station had completed 100 orbits of earth. 

Cosmonauts continued to follow preplanned program of work, rest, 

and two hours of exercise per day and reported they were in good 

health. Experiments included communications with ground via orbiting Molniya I comsat, astronomical observations, medical experiments, observation of cyclone in Pacific near Japan, and experiments 

with plants in hothouse on board. They reared tadpoles into frogs and 

grew cabbages and onions. By 12:OO noon Moscow time (5:OO am 

EDT) June 22 station had completed 245 orbits of earth. Station completed 18th day in orbit June 24, surpassing 17-day 17-hr endurance 

record set by Soym 9 June 2-19,1970. 

On June 29 cosmonauts completed flight program and prepared for 

reentry. Crew transferred equipment to Soyuz 11 and undocked from 

Salyut 1 at 9:28 pm Moscow time (2:28 pm EDT). Crew reported successful undocking and said all systems were functioning normally. At 

1:35 am Moscow time June 30 (6:35 pm EDT June 29) spacecraft’s 

braking engine was fired for prescheduled period. At end of engine 

firing communication with Soym 11 crew ceased. 

Tass said: “According to the program, after aerodynamic braking 

in the atmosphere the parachute system was put into action and 

before landing-the soft-landing engines were fired. The flight of the 

descending apparatus ended in a smooth landing in the pre-set area. 

Landing simultaneously with the ship, a helicopter-borne recovery 

group, upon opening .the hatch, found the crew . . . in their seats, 

without any signs of life. The causes of the crew’s death are being 

investigated.” ( GSFC SSR, 6/30/71; FBIS-Sov-71-109-126,6/7-30/71; 

Newsweek, 7/12/71) 

June 7: Preparations for Apollo 15 mission were proceeding on schedule 

with liftoff planned for July 26, Capt. Chester M. Lee (USN, Ret.), 

Apollo Mission Director, told press in Washington, D.C. Astronauts 

would be able to remain on lunar surface for long EVA periods because of new spacesuit that would give astronauts greater mobility 

and facilitate experiments. New suit had neck and waist convolutes 

to permit bending at neck and waist, improved zipper for pressure 

control, improved thermal garment, more abrasive material protection, and increased water and oxygen supply. Suits also had pocket 

for fruit bar so astronauts could take bites during mission. (Transcript) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said in Washington that 

Salyut l-Soym 11 mission was “clear demonstration of the Soviet 

Union’s continuing interest in manned space flight and represents a 

further experiment to determine the value of manned earth orbital 

operations.” He wished Soviet cosmonauts “every success in their 

mission.” (Reuters, B Sun, 6/8/71) 

Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Salyut 1-Soym 11 

mission: “The Russians deserve congratulations for the achievement, 

which puts them some two years ahead of the United States in the 

space platform game.” News from Moscow implied “that another 

156 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 7 

kind of breakthrough may be in the making; development of far 

greater significance to the future of man in spac than the momentary 

triumph of an orbital linkup or a moon landing. There is evidence 

that the traditional Soviet passion for secrecy in space is beginning to 

COOL” (W Star, 6/7/71) 

* Tu-144 Soviet supersonic transport was expected to go on international 

market at $25 million less than Anglo-French Concorde, Armed Forces 

Journal said. Informed scmrces had said U.S.S.R. would offer airlines 

up to 10 yrs credit to obtain sales in West. (AFJ, 6/7/71, 13) 

* House passed H.R. 7960, g622-milIion FY 1972 NSF appropriations bill 

by vote of 319 to 8. FY 1971 appropriation was $511 million. (CR, 

6/7/71, H4763-85 

Retired Lam scientist William J. O’Sullivan, who had conceived and 

developed Echo I comsat (launched Aug. 12, 1960), died at Newport 

News, Va., at age 55. He had received NASA Exceptional Scientific 

Achievement Award in October 1961 and National Rocket Club award 

for conceiving use of lightweight inflatable satellites for communications relay and air density studies. (W Post, 6/8/71, C8) 

June 8: USAF launched Sesp satellite on Thor-Burner I1 booster from Vandenberg AFB into orbit with 579.4-km (360-mi) apogee, 544-km 

(338-mi) perigee, 95.8-min period, and 90.2” inclination. Satellite, 

would test infrared celestial mapping sensor system. (GSFC SSR, 

6/30/71; Pres Rpt 72; SBD, 6/11/71, 221) 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences favorably reported 

H.R. 7109, $3.281-billion NASA FY 1972 authorization bill-$152 million less than $3.433 billion approved by House June 3 and almost 

$10 million above NASA request of $3.271 billion. Committee deleted 

$45 million increase voted by House for Skylab and additional $25 

million House had voted for space shuttle. 

Committee version of bill would provide $2.543 billion for R&D, 

$55.3 million for construction of facilities, and $681.3 million for 

research and program management. Total of $3.281 billion was lowest 

total recommended by Senate Committee since FY 1962 and was 

$35.1 million less than total Committee recommended in FY 1971. 

(S Rpt 92-146) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Mars 2 and Mars 3 spacecraft were functioning normally en 

route to Mars, Tass announced. At 6:OO am Moscow time June 8 

(11:OO pm EDT June 7) Mars 2, launched May 19, had completed 14 

communications sessions and was 4 897 000 km (3 042 900 mi) from 

earth. Mars 3, launched May 28, had completed 19 communications 

sessions and was 2 880 000 km (1 789 000 mi) from earth. (Sov Rpt, 

6/25/71,7) 

FAA released statistics on aircraft hijacking: Since 1961, 28 persons had 

been convicted for hi jacking US. aircraft and had received sentences 

of up to 50 yrs or life; 12 cases were awaiting trial or outcome of 

mental examinations; and in 8 others charges hac! been dismissed 

when offenders were committed to mental institutions. FAA said 146 

persons had participated in 113 successful and unsuccessful hijacking 

of US. aircraft. Of these, 92 persons were listed as fugitives, one of 

whom was believed to have committed suicide. Fifteen hijackers who 

fled to Cuba had returned and had been tried. (FAA Release 71-82) 

157 
June 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

NR Rocketdyne Div. had been granted $26 228 158 contract modification 

for continued support on Saturn launch vehicle rocket engines, MsFC 

announced. Contract-effective July 1, 1971, through Dec. 31, 1972- 

allowed analysis of F-1, J-2, and H-1 engine performance, field engineering, logistics, and retention of Rocketdyne problem-sdving group 

for remainder of Saturn program. (MSFC Release 71-97) 

* Washington Daily News editorial commented on Salyut 1-Soyuz 11 mission: “What is significant . . . is not the docking, in itself, but the 

evidence oi the Soviet Union’s zealous determination to exceed everybody in space-for whatever purpose. There is nothing in all this that 

the US. space agency cannot, when it chooses, accomplish-given the 

funds and priorities. It is not a question of firsts-the US. has had 

its share of those, and more. The difference is that to Russia the priorities and judgments are made in one place, the Kremlin. In the United 

States, not only the space agency but the President, Congress and the 

prevailing public mood share the decisions.” (W News, 6/8/71) 

June 9: Newspaper editorials commented on Salyut 1Soyuz I1 missions : 

New York Times: “It must be recognized that Salyut and its successors raise important new problems ior international law and international relations. Back in 1960, during the celebrated case of the 

American U-2 plane shot down over the Urals, Soviet leaders became 

very indignant about a manned American vehicle flying over their 

country. There have been no similar protests about the manned and 

unmanned satellites of the space era, but uneasiness must grow as 

political leaders in many countries contemplate the potential military 

uses of large semipermanent manned space stations such as Salyut.” 

(NYT, 6/9/71) 

Baltimore Sun: “One point the achievement demonstrates is the 

intensity of Russian concentration on a definite program. As repeatedly 

defined, and demonstrated in practice, it is a program which sees orbital endeavor as the logical next step, with deeper explorations limited 

for the time to automatic systems.” (B Sun, 6/9/71) 

MSFC announced it was evaluating proposals to provide technical systems 

to develop and calibrate instruments for marine and atmospheric research from 6 firms out of 80 who had received RFPS. Contract winner 

would install equipment in MTF’S Central Instrument Facility. ( MSFC 

Release 7 1-99) 

Deputy Secretary of Defense David M. Packard, in testimony before Senate Banking and Currency Committee investigating financial status of 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp., warned against danger of setting precedent in 

passing legislation to guarantee up to $250 million in private loans to 

Lockheed: “It’s very desirable not to establish a precedent that the 

government will [aid) any company that gets into irouble.” (Samuelson, NYT, 6/10/71, 1) 

NASA selected eight firms to negotiate contracts for MSFC engineering 

support services. One-year contracts to be negotiated were: $8 million 

to Brown Engineering Co. for services at Astronautics Laboratory, 

$1.5 million to Hayes International Corp. for services at Product Engineering and Process Technology Laboratory, $4 million to Federal 

Electric Corp. for services at Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory, $3.5 million to Northrop Services Inc. for services at AeroAstrodynamics Laboratory, $1 million to Planning Research Corp. for 

158 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 9 

June 10: Director Lee R. Scherer of NASA’s Apollo Lunar Exploration Ofice received 

Soviet lunar samples from Vice President Aleksander P. Vinogradov of the Soviet 

Academy of Sciences in exchange for Apollo 11 and 12 samples. Participating in de 

ceremony at the Academy in Moscow were (left to right) Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of 

the Manned Spacecraft Center‘s Planetary and Earth Sciences Division; Scherer ; 

Prof. Vinogradov; interpreter lgor Pochitalin; and Soviet Academician Boris Petrov. 

services at Central Systems Engineering Office, and $10 million to 

Sperry Rand Corp. for services at Astrionics Laboratory. (NASA Release 

7 1-1 02) 

June 10: U.S. and U.S.S.R. exchanged lunar samples in Moscow ceremony 

to mark expansion of cooperation in space. Lee R. Scherer, Director 

of Apollo Lunar Exploration Office, presented three grams (0.10 02) 

of ApoZZo I1 and three grams of ApolZo 12 lunar material to Academician Aleksander P. Vinogradov, Vice President of Soviet Academy of 

Sciences, and received three grams of Soviet Luna 16 samples in 

return. Scherer said, “Although the quantity of material is small, its 

significance is very great.” US. Embassy in Moscow released statement saying exchange provided opportunity for scientists of both 

countries to benefit from study of material from lunar areas to which 

they would not otherwise have access. “The exchange of lunar samples 

exemplifies the desire of NASA, as stated in the agreement of January 21, 

to expand cooperation in space research and exploration. The US. 

Government looks forward to the broadening and deepening of this 

cooperation.” (NASA Release 71-103 ; Shabad, NYT, 6/11/71, 10) 

Aerobee 350 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carrying Johns Hopkins Univ. experiment to study airglow. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

0 Appointment of L/G Charles H. Terhune, Jr., (USAF, Ret.), as Deputy 

Director of JPL was announced by Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL 

Director. Gen. Terhune would assume duties July 9, succeeding Adm. 

John E. Clark (USN), who had announced his retirement. (JPL Release 571 ) 

159 
June 10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

for OMSF space shut 

in Washington, D.C., 

program were announced by 

ould be responsible for overall 

cluding assignment of responsibilities, basic performance requirements, control of major milestones, and funding allocations to NASA centers. Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for 

Manned Space Flight, had assigned responsibility for program control, overall systems engineering and systems integration, and overall 

responsibility for definition of elements of total system that interacted 

with other elements to MSC, which also would be responsible for shuttle’s 

orbiter stage. MSFC would be responsible for booster stage and shuttle’s 

main engines. KSC would be responsible for design of launch and 

recovery facilities. All three centers would station personnel at MSC 

for systems engineering and integration activity. (NASA Release 71-104) 

June 11: Cosmos 427 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Plesetsk. Satellite 

entered orbit with 301-km (187-mi) apogee, 207-km (128.6-mi) perigee, 89.7-min period, and 72.9’ inclination and reentered June 23. 

(GSFC SSR, 6/30/71; SF, 11/71, 456) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, delivered commencement 

address at Cal Tech: “One of the paths we can take-the obvious one 

-is to help develop some new area of high technology that will serve to 

strengthen our Nation’s economic base, and thus indirectly, our whole 

culture. We don’t necessarily have to perform this task with productivity foremost in our minds . . . even though that’s really the way it 

works. 

“A second path-and the demand for this path will be growing 

rapidly, I believe-is to attack directly the social, economic, and other 

serious problems of our time that have a definite technological component. Problems of ecology . . . have technological solutions. Urban 

and interurban transportation have technological solutions. As soon as 

we determine the appropriate political system which will spend the 

time and money, we already know a good deal abaut how to solve 

problems like these, and what remaining technology needs to be developed will undoubtedly appear. Other problems such as rural and ghetto 

health, housing, hunger, and poverty, have only a partly technological 

solution ; still others, with strong human and sociological components, 

are even harder to deal with, and it may be a long time before 

problem-solvers learn to deal with ‘people’ problems. . . . while it 

wasn’t easy to land men on the Moon-it was nevertheless a straightforward, engineering kind of problem. And as someone has said, there 

weren’t any people between here and there.” 

Third path-and he thought few persons “yet realize what a broad 

and important path it can be in years ahead”-was “to pursue longrange study and research on applications of problem-solving techniques 

to some of the more purely human problems.” (Text) 

NASA Wallops Station participation in Cornell Univ. experiment to obtain 

data on importance of celestial, magnetic, topographic, and meteorological cues in guidance systems of nocturnally migrating birds was announced by NASA. Station would provide support in tracking birds with 

18-m (60-ft) dish on space range antenna ( SPANDAR) . Birds would be 

captured in nets, examined, and small magnets would be attached. 

They would then be released by weather balloon to continue flight 

under varying cloud conditions. Each bird would be tracked by radar 

160 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 11 

as it made orientational decision and departed in migration. (NASA 

Release 71-98) 

* Space officials feared budget pressures could prompt either President 

Nixon or Congress to cancel final two Apollo missions in 1972, Wall 

Street Journal said. In event of cancellation, NASA would propose to use 

Apollo equipment for “lengthy orbital flights due to start in 1973” in 

the Skylab program. (WSJ, 6/11/71, 1) 

NSF released Federal Support to Universities and Colleges, Fiscal Year 

1970. Between 1969 and 1970 Federal funds had declined by $227 

million, or nearly 7%, to level of $3.227 billion-lowest funding level 

since 1966 and first drop in actual dollars in Federal support since 

1963. Decline might be attributed to shift in Government policy from 

direct Federal grants for facilities construction to subsidizing interest 

charges on loans from non-Government sources. ( NSF Highlights, 

6/11/71, 1) 

0 Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Chairman Daniel J. Haughton told Senate Committee on Banking and Currency he would resign if change in Lockheed management was condition for firms receiving $250-million 

Government loan guarantee. (Samuelson, W Post, 6/12/71, Al) 

June 13: Appointment of Laurence T. Hogarth as Deputy Director, Office 

of Long-Range Plans, in NASA Central Planning Office became effective. 

(NASA Activities, 7/15/71, 119) 

June 14: Status of space shuttle technology was described by MSFC propulsion engineer Gerald M. Thompson during AIAA/SAE Seventh Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference at Salt Lake City, Utah. Because 

“shuttle propulsion technology has been vigorously pursued in a totally 

organized approach for several years,” no major technology work 

remained to be done before shuttle main engine development phase 

began. Designs with strong technical bases were ready to proceed. 

However, if hydrogen propulsion was selected for air-breathing engines 

that would return shuttle stages to landing fields on mission completion, 

additional technology development would add about one year to 

schedule. Main engine development was to begin in 1971, with flight 

certification targeted for March 1978. ( MSFC Release 71-103) 

Plans for joint experiments in which ATS-F (scheduled for May 1973 

launch) would be used from September 1973 to May 1974 to explore 

technical, economic, and educational practicality of regular TV transmissions to low-cost ground receivers in remote areas of US. were 

announced by NASA, HEW, and Corp. for Public Broadcasting. Experiment would begin with transmission of educational and health programs to ground receivers in Rocky Mountain region and Alaska. 

NASA was designing 15-w transmitters to operate in 2500- to 2690-mhz 

band and would provide access to ATS ground station. Other ground 

transmission and receiving facilities would be provided by HEW and 

CPB. (NASA Release 71-105) 

Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

Univ. of Hawaii solar astronomy experiment. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* Japanese Space Development Committee’s First Technical Div., which had 

been investigating performance of Mu-4 carrier rocket that orbited 

Tansei satellite Feb. 16, had recommended that plans for launching 

first “full-fledged” scientific satellite during summer 1971 be approved, 

161 
June 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Space Business Daily reported. Recommendation followed assessment 

of malfunctions during launch and orbit which caused mission to fall 

short of its programmed objectives. Satellite, which had orbited earth 

96 times to date, had malfunctions of its solar battery performance 

measuring device, control command device, and stabilization device. 

(SBD, 6/14/71,228) 

Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D-Minn.)-who had been Vice President 

under President Johnson-addressed Space Seminar of Hugh O’Brian 

Youth Foundation at KSC: “One of the reasons that I have been active 

in the Space Program is because I believe that this program did something for all of the things I thought were important in life.” Space 

program was “pioneer in beginning to make the discovery in environmental control.” It had proved men could live in pure environment 

and “that there’s a relationship between the living space that we have 

and the number of people that can be there . . . [and] that you can 

have clean water and clean air. And it’s proven to us that you can 

work together.” 

Space program had helped produce computer and had developed 

satellite monitoring system. Possibly “one of the greatest efforts for 

world peace has come right out of the science and technology of space 

research.” 

Sen. Humphrey recalled his role as negotiator of Nuclear Test Ban 

Treaty: “I went to Moscow when it was signed. I have the pen that 

President Kennedy used to sign the treaty . . . he said, ‘I give you 

this pen, Hubert, because it’s your treaty.’ ” 

He had been in Moscow when ApoZZo II Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong made first moon walk. “I was in the offices of Pravda and 

Izvestia . . . and a dispatch came through from Reuters . . . noting 

that the launch had been successful, and I had said to the editors of 

Pravda, ‘Why don’t you run this as a headline?’ There was nothing in 

their paper that indicated that our launch had taken place. And when 

I went to Izvestia the same afternoon I said ‘Look, the launch has 

taken place and I see nothing in your headlines in your papers.’ I am 

happy to tell you that they were somewhat embarrassed and the next 

morning, at the National Hotel, under my door was a copy of Pravda 

and Izvestia with front page stories saying that there had been a successful launch.” When Neil Armstrong “touched down that Sunday 

night . . . the only information that I was able to get was out of the 

Voice of America through the United States Embassy because the 

Russians had blacked OU~.” (CRY 6/18/71, H548G7) 

Representatives of Bankers Trust Co. and Bank of America told Senate 

Banking and Currency Committee investigating financial condition of 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. that they would not make further loans to 

Lockheed without Government guarantee. (Samuelson, W Post, 

6/14/71, A2) 

0 Role of radioelectronics in space was described in Pravda by Soviet 

Academician V. Andreyanov: “Radioelectronics might be called the 

nervous system of cosmonautics. It links our planet by living threads 

with the spacecraft and apparatuses when they fly to Mars, work on 

the moon, or study the earth and circumterrestrial space, like the 

Salyut station. In less than 15 years, research into space and the 

nearest planets has not only stimulated the development of many fields 

162 
June 14 

of science and technology but has also been accompanied by the emergence of new fields of knowledge and technical methods. A ‘spacification’ of the sciences had been noted. Concepts which were earlier unusual have also appeared in radioelectronics : space radio communications, space telemetry and television, space radionavigation, and 

radio methods for studying celestial bodies and interplanetary space.” 

June 15: USAF launched unidentified satellite at 11:41 PDT from Vandenberg AFB on new Titan IIID booster. Satellite entered orbit with 289.7- 

km (180-mi) apogee, 178.6-km (111-mi) perigee, 89.1-min period, and 

96.3O inclination. Booster used five-segment, 3-m (lo-ft) solid-fuel 

strap-on boosters and was reportedly capable of placing 6800 kg 

(15 000 lbs) in low earth orbit. Satellite reentered Aug. 6. (GSFC SSR, 

6/30/71; 8/31/71; SBD, 6/18/71,258; Pres Rpt 72) 

NASA announced completion of supercritical wing shakedown flights 

aboard modified USN F-8 jet fighter from FRC. Last flight in eightflight series to allow test pilots to “get feel” of aircraft and investigate 

effects on wing at various speeds and altitudes, had taken place May 26. 

FRC officials reported finding no “surprises” during test series and said 

air foil appeared to confirm wind-tunnel tests. Research aircraft would 

be off flight status for two months while small irregularities on wing 

surface were corrected and network of about 250 pressure sensors 

was added to wing’s top surface to locate and measure any shock wave 

created in air flow. Effectiveness of supercritical wing depended on 

moving shock wave to near back of wing for increase in total wing 

efficiency. (NASA Release 71-101) 

Rep. F. Edward Hebert, Chairman of House Armed Services Committee, 

announced that he would move to block $806-million procurement 

funds for USN F-14 jet fighter aircraft until USN solved overcost problems. Funds were included in $21.9-billion military weapons authorization bill before House. (AP, W Post, 6/16/71, A2) 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. released statement saying it would be 

very appropriate” for Congress to stop funding USN’S F-14 jet fighter 

aircraft until cost-overrun problems were settled. (W Star, 6/16/71, 

Dr. Vasily V. Parin-Soviet physiologist, former President of Soviet 

Academy of Medical Sciences, and member of Soviet Academy of 

Sciences-died at age 68 of liver ailment. Dr. Parin had been known 

primarily for his work during 1960s on human physiological problems 

during space flight and had authored studies on effect of weightlessness 

on functioning of heart and circulatory system. He had received Order 

of Lenin, U.S.S.R’s highest award, in 1963 for his work in developing 

Soviet medical science. (AP, NYT, 6/17/71, 42) 

June 15-1 7: House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee 

on NASA Oversight held hearings on failure of Atlas-Centaur to launch 

Ats 4 into planned orbit Aug. 10, 1968, and failure to orbit OAB-B 

Nov. 30,1970, and Mariner 8 May 8,1971. 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, testified June 15 

on NASA policy on backup spacecraft and Centaur reliability: “In the 

manned program, all possible steps are taken to assure the safety of 

the astronauts. Single point failures are reduced to an absolute minimum. Missions are planned to build upon the previous missions so as 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

(FBIS-sOV-71-123,6/23/71, L5) 

6b 

A4 1 

163 
June 15-17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

to reduce the number of unknowns.” Within missions, “plateaus are 

established so that all systems can be checked out in real time prior 

to committing to the next plateau. Vigorous testing procedures coupled with redundancy and in many cases dual redundancy are adopted 

before a system is ‘man-rated.’ ” 

In Skylab “we are building a back-up workshop which will be 

brought right up to the point of actual checkout. This will permit 

us to proceed with the program even in the event that the first workshop would not be successfully launched. Similarly, we will have a 

single back-up Command and Service Module-Saturn IB capability 

for the three manned visits to the workshop.” Capability was built into 

program and was “key to the plan for a rescue capability in Skylab 

which we recently adopted.” 

In earth-orbital automated programs “we generally plan a series of 

related missions, using identical or similar hardware. If we have a 

mission failure, decisions will then be made, based on all available 

factors, whether we will (1) prepare and fly a specific back-up to the 

mission which failed, (2) modify succeeding flights . . . to achieve 

the objectives, or (3) defer achieving the mission objectives to future 

years.” 

In planetary programs, with launch opportunities at only discrete 

intervals, NASA usually had provided for two identical launches. Each 

launch in dual mission was planned to complement its twin, while at 

same time serving as backup if twin were lost. This year Mariner 9 

was backup, flying hybrid mission. 

Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle had history of 3 failures out of 16 

operational vehicles, without apparent relationship between failures, 

giving probability of success of 80% if based solely on past experience. 

Launch vehicles for automated missions-such as Scout, Delta, and 

Atlas-Centaur-were “complex systems without much redundancy, and 

cannot be expected to achieve reliabilities much greater than about 

90% without very major and costly changes. They certainly cannot be 

considered ‘man-rated’ vehicles.” Addition of redundant systems would 

be investigated again but was not complete solution. Redundancy added 

weight, reduced payload capability, and was expensive. For launch 

vehicles of size of Titan-Centaur, which would carry Viking and Grand 

Tour payloads, additional redundancy might be practicable and desirable and would be actively studied. Major increase in reliability of 

achieving orbit would be one of important attributes of space shuttle. 

Dr. John E. Naugle, Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, on June 16 continued testimony on backup philosophy, 

expanding on application in OSSA: “We do not schedule backup missions for observatory spacecraft. We always buy, and intend to fly, at 

least two flight units of a new series of observatory-class spacecraft. 

When we have a failure or a malfunction in a spacecraft or a launch 

vehicle we will always do everything possible to thoroughly understand and correct all other future missions which could conceivably be 

subject to a similar malfunction. When we have a failure we will always review the effect of the loss on the program, determine the alternative recovery plans by which we can attain the objectives of the lost 

mission, assess the cost and any other impact of those alternatives on 

the program and then decide which alternative to choose.” 

164 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 15-17 

Vincent L. Johnson, Deputy Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, testified June 17 : “In the basic considerations which 

establish the philosophical approach to reliability of unmanned space 

vehicles, the over-riding necessity for protection of the lives of human 

passengers is absent. The result is an approach to reliability in which 

cost and simplicity play a much larger part. We have not imposed a 

requirement for total elimination of single point failure modes, but 

have concentrated upon reducing the probability of failure by careful 

design, parts application, major quality and reliability efforts, and, 

most importantly, tender loving care. Our launch vehicles . . . are 

characterized as simplex systems, implying lack of the complexity 

characteristic of redundancy.” (Testimony ; Subcom Rpt, 10/71) 

Representatives of nine European Space Conference member countries 

and five Atlantic and Pacific area countries met at FAA Hq. to explore 

possibilities for unified preoperational program in aeronautical satellites over Pacific and Atlantic Ocean areas. At final meeting, group 

decided to establish International Collaboration Ad Hoc Group to 

make specific proposals for unified program to Second Aeronautical 

Satellite Meeting in Madrid Aug. 3. (FAA Releases 71-91, 71-93) 

lune 16: NASA interest in “phased approach” to development of reusable 

space shuttle system was announced by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA 

Administrator. Contractor studies near completion indicated “preferred configuration” was “two-stage delta-wing reusable system in 

which the orbiter has external propellant tanks that can be jettisoned.” 

While studies to date had favored “concurrent approach” in which 

development and testing of orbiter and booster stages would proceed 

simultaneously, NASA also had studied feasibility of sequencing development, test, and verification of system’s features. “We now believe 

that a ‘phased approach’ is feasible and may offer significant advantages.” Additional studies in progress, plus those nearing completion, 

would enable NASA “to make a decision this fall on the technical and 

programmatic approach to be followed in the space shuttle program.” 

(NASA Release 71-107) 

0 NASA and USAF signed agreement to conduct joint Transonic Aircraft 

Technology (TACT) Program to explore application of supercritical 

wing technology to highly maneuverable advanced aircraft. F-111 was 

selected as test bed aircraft. NASA’s Law, USAF, and General Dynamics 

Corp. had completed more than 1600 hrs of wind-tunnel tests to 

develop supercritical airfoil for TACT program. Final configuration 

development and wind-tunnel tests for low-speed high-lift devices and 

transonic and supersonic conditions would be conducted at ARC. 

(AFSC Release 188.71; NASA Release 71-124) 

House considering H.R. 8687, FY 1972 military procurement authorization bill agreed to amendment cutting $806 million for procurement of 

F-14A jet fighter aircraft. (CR, 6/16/71, H5266-303) 

* Thirtieth anniversary of opening of Washington National Airport. Number of passengers using facility annually had grown from fewer than 

400000 in 1941 to nearly 10 million in 1970. At commemorative 

ceremonies FAA award for extraordinary service was presented to 

Edward V. Rickenbacker, veteran pilot and retired Eastern AirIines 

Chairman. Airport received commemorative plaque from Arlington 

165 
June 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

County (Va.) Board. (FAA Release 71-89; Bernstein, W News, 

6/16/71,35; Eisen, W Post, 6/17/71, D3) 

June 17: NASA announced selection of Descartes as lunar landing site for 

Apollo 16, scheduled for launch in March 1972. Descartes, in central 

lunar highlands, provided opportunity to sample volcanic-like highlands basin fill and uplands volcanic terrain. (NASA Release 71-106) 

Impact of NASA installations on local communities was described by NASA 

Deputy Assistant Administrator for Industry Affairs George J. Vecchietti in testimony before House Select Committee on Small Business’s 

Subcommittee on Small Business Problems in Smaller Towns and 

Urban Areas. During hearings on impact of Government installations 

on small business, Vecchietti testified : “The rapid growth of facilities 

and activities at NASA installations over the past few years have unquestionably generated development o€ a wide range of commercial 

facilities. . . . Unfortunately . . . most of the impacts are of an intangible nature and difficult to quantify. Economic impacts, for the most 

part, have been favorable. But . . . those communities bordering NASA 

installations have been adversely affected by the wind-down in space 

activity.” (Testimony) 

Apollo 7 Astronaut R. Walter Cunningham announced his resignation 

from NASA, effective on or about Aug. 1, to become Vice President of 

Operations for Century Development Corp., developers of Greenway 

Plaza in Houston, Tex. (NASA Releuse 71-110) 

New civilian program to “absorb the nation’s technical talent, respond to 

our unmet social needs, and enlist widespread enthusiasm and support” was proposed by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) in speech 

before National Society of Engineers meeting in Washington, D.C. 

The development of new cities may be the important challenge we 

face, because it dramatizes the need for new research and engineering 

in the way the challenge of the Soviet Sputnik spurred the American 

space program in the late fifties and early sixties.” (Text) 

Launching of eight Soviet Cosmos satellites, Mars 2, and Muriner 9 had 

raised number of man-made objects in space to 2378, Reuters reported. Of total, little more than one fifth were satellites or payloads; 

remainder was space junk. Spokesman for USAF Air Defense Command had said USAF had recorded 2840 objects, 760 payloads, and 

2080 bits of debris that had decayed since launch of Sputnik 1 

Oct. 4,1957. (LA Times, 6/17/71) 

* President Nixon issued Proclamation 4060 commemorating World Law 

Day. He said: “We can see many heartening evidences that law is 

becoming stronger and more just around the world under the pressures which reason and necessity exert. Within the nations, human 

rights and ecological wisdom continue to gain stature in the law. 

Among the nations, security and cooperation-on every front from 

space to the seabeds-are being enhanced through negotiations, treaties, and conventions. The United Nations is entering its second quarter of a century, and many other international organizations are 

working effectively through and for world law.” (PD, 6/21/71, 942) 

June I7-Jdy 2: Fourteenth Plenary Meeting of Committee on Space. Research (COSPAR) was held in Seattle, Wash. International meeting of 

scientists hosted by NAS included symposia and working groups on 

66 

166 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 17-July 2 

1970 total solar eclipse, astronomical observations from space, use of 

stratospheric balloons in space research, and lunar lasers. 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. scientist Dr. Henry C. Courten, professor of astronomy at Dowling College, said mysterious tracks on 

photographic plates he made during 1966 and 1970 solar eclipses 

appeared to be of small planet or asteroid belt inside Mercury’s orbit. 

Cal Tech scientist and lunar expert Dr. Gerald J. Wasserburg told 

COSPAR meeting four rocks gathered by Apolb 14 astronauts had 

ages ranging from 3.85 billion to 3.95 billion yrs. Ages were surprising “since it was anticipated that Fra Mauro would yield rocks of 

greater antiquity.” Discovery suggested that volcanism was active on 

moon far longer than had been thought and was still forming lunar 

crust more than 600 million yrs after moon came into being. It also 

suggested that Sea of Rains had been carved by collision 600 million 

yrs after moon’s formation, or 100 million to 150 million yrs later 

than lunar experts had originally believed. 

Soviet scientists Yuri G. Nefyuduv, L. I. Kakurin, and A. D. 

Yegorov said Soyuz 9 Cosmonauts Andrian 6. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. 

Sevastyanov “found it difficult to keep the upright posture and had to 

be assisted while walking” during first three hours after return from 

June 2-19, 1970, mission. “Next day . . . their walk was still inadequate and erect positions were maintained with great efforts.” When 

cosmonauts returned to physical activity, few days after flight, effects 

of prolonged weightlessness had proved temporary. 

Astronaut John W. Young represented U.S. astronaut corps at ceremony to honor 10th anniversary of first space flight by Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin. He asked, “What better tribute to the memory 

of Yuri Gagarin can we offer than the hope that the growing unity of 

efforts in space-which this COSPAR meeting so well exemplifiesmay one day extend to all the Earth? (NAS Release, 4/21/71; AP, 

W Post, 6/13/71, A7; O’Toole, W Post, 6/27/71, Al; UPI, W Post, 

6/28/71, A7; NASA Activities, 7/15/71,107) 

NAS and NRC submitted to COSPAR United States Space Science Program, comprehensive summary of scientific research in space science 

in U.S. during 1970. Report included summaries of observations from 

spacecraft, sounding rockets, high-altitude balloons, and aircraft made 

or reported during 1970 and discussed flights planned for 1971. (Text) 

June 18: Discoveries of identical, complex patterns of amino acids and 

pyrimidines in two meteorites might indicate basic phase of chemical 

evolution leading to origin of life, ARC scientist Dr. Cyril A. Ponnamperuma told meeting of New York Academy of Sciences. Team of ARC 

scientists had found that Murray meteorite that fell in Kentucky in 

1950 had same 18 amino acids, plus two pyrimidines, as were discovered in December 1970 in Murchison meteorite (which fell in 

Victoria, Australia, in September 1969). “Starting with these 18 

amino acids, it would be theoretically possible to build up a living organism.” Discovery appeared to be first conclusive proof of extraterrestrial chemical evolution, strengthening case for chemical evolution 

theory and increasing likelihood of life elsewhere in universe. (NASA 

Release 71-709) 

David S. .Gabriel, Deputy Manager of AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Systems 

Office, was appointed by Bruce T. Lundm, L~RC Director, to chair 

167 
June 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Centaur Quality and Workmanship Review Board. Board was to 

“carefully examine and reevaluate the philosophy, practices and procedures employed in the Centaur quality assurance and workmanship 

program” and to report findings and recommendations by mid-August 

1971. (Review of Recent Launch Failures, House Sci & Astro Com, 

NASA Oversight Subcoin, 10/71; OSSA) 

U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod I lunar rover, on moon’s Sea of Rains, completed 

experiments for eighth lunar day and was put in stationary position 

for lunar night. Experiments had included examinations of lunar 

rocks, stereoscopic panoramic photography, and measurements of 

chemical composition and physico-mechanical properties of crater 

150 m (164 yds) in diameter. Vehicle had traveled more than 10 km 

(6 mi) since landing on moon Nov. 17, 1970, and was still functioning 

normally. (Sou Rpt, 7/8/71, 12) 

Second phase of joint NASA, Dept. of Agriculture, and corn belt states 

1971 Corn Blight Watch Experiment [see May 171 had been completed and participating RB-57F aircraft was photographing sevenstate area of about 11.7 million hectares (45000 sq mi) in third phase 

of experiment, NASA announced. (NASA Release 71-112) 

Pravda described French bubble hydrogen-filled chamber “Mirabelle,” 

scheduled to enter operation soon for particle research. Active volume 

of chamber was cylinder 4.5 m (24.8 ft) long and 16 m (52.5 ft) high 

with 1.6-m (5.3-ft) diameter. In opinion of Soviet Academy of Sciences member Anatoly Logunov, “the considerable volume of ‘Mirabelle’ will make it possible . . . to trace the mechanism of birth of new 

particles during the collision o€ the known ones. It is also planned to 

carry out a research into the symmetry of elementary particles. The 

chamber which has almost the largest volume in the world today in 

the aggregate with the most powerful in the world Serphukov Accelerator is a qualitatively new means for research into . . . elementary 

particles.” ( FBIS-SOV-71-120, 6/22/71, L3) 

June 19: Soviet space official Anatoly Fedoseyev, head of Soviet delegatfon 

to Paris Air Show, had defected to West May 27, UPI quoted French 

sources as saying. Reportedly Fedoseyev had been refused asylum at 

Le Bourget Airport in Paris by French officials, who later relented and 

allowed him to proceed to NATO Hq. in Brussels aboard USAF helicopter. 

Fedoseyev was believed to be one of highest ranking Russians to defect 

to West-vice minister in charge of space research for Soyuz and 

Luna spacecraft programs. Sources had further reported that 80 members of Soviet delegation to Air Show had been recalled to Moscow 

May 27 and Soviet oficials had refused to sit down with French 

Defense Minister Michel Debr6 at official luncheon in protest of French 

action. UPI said both NATO and US. officials later had denied knowledge of Fedoseyev and his mission. (UPI, W Post, 6/20/71, A19) 

June 20: PAET Planetary Atmosphere Experiments Test was launched by 

NASA from Wallops Station at 3:31 pm EDT on four-stage Scout booster. 

Primary objective was to investigate means of determining structure 

and composition of unknown planetary atmosphere. Secondary objectives were to determine profile of water vapor in earth‘s atmosphere, 

with altitude, from absorption measurements of reflected sunlight in 

infrared; investigate effect of radio signal attenuation on relay communications when transmitting from aft hemisphere of a blunt entry 

168 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUMCS, 1911 June 20 

June 18: NASA announced completion of the second phase of the 1971 Corn Blight 

Watch Experiment by NASA, the Department of Agriculture, and the corn belt states. 

President Mixon and Secretary of Agriculture Cliford M. Hardin (center left to 

right) were briefed in Indianapolis June 24 on the RB-57 aircraft‘s role in the 

experiment, by Air Force Maj, Francis X. McCabe and Dr. Arch B. Park, Chief of 

NASA’s Earth Resources Survey Program. In the second phase, color infrared photos were taken of the test area for analysis of soil conditions before emergence of the corn crop. In the third phase, June to November, high-altitude IU photos would be made every 

two weeks to watch for signs of the southern leaf blight’s occurrence in the crop. 

vehicle; determine if nearly circular spiral pitching motion could be 

achieved with blunt entry vehicle; obtain flight-performance data on 

low-density ablator ; and measure vehicle and spacecraft performance 

parameters. 

Spacecraft achieved planned trajectory within nominal limits, reached 

6500-m-per-sec (21 327-fps) entry vehicle velocity at time of separation, and impacted within expected area 965 km (600 mi) downrange about 158 km (85 nm) northeast of Bermuda. PAET entry vehicle instrumentation was functioning during reentry. Real-time and 

delayed-time playback telemetry records covering reentry period and 

radar track to near impact were obtained. 

PAET entry spacecraft was 641 cm (25.2 in) long and 91.4 crn 

(36 in) in diameter. Forebody was blunt cone with spherical segment nose and afterbody was hemispherical. PAET program was directed by OART. ARC was responsible for spacecraft design, fabrication, and testing. Wallops Station was responsible for launch, tracking, 

and data acquisition. (NASA Proj Off; WS Release 71-10) 

169 
June 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

ARC would join California Statewide Air Pollution Research Center in 

smog research program to sta n late June, NASA announced. Program 

would include 12 Cessna 40 rcraft flights over San Francisco Bay 

area yearly for three years, to trace photochemical production of pollutants and their dispersion in atmosphere. Aircraft would carry some 

230 kg (500 lbs) of research equipment for tests at altitudes to 5200 m 

(17 000 ft) . Data collected would be available to research collaborators 

and data users in Air Pollution Control Office of US. Environmental 

Protection Agency, California State Air Resources Board, Los Angeles 

Air Pollution Control District, Assn. of Bay Area Governments, and 

other NASA centers. (NASA Release 71-108) 

June 21 : Extrasensory perception tests aboard Apollo 14, launched Jan. 31, 

were described by Apollo 14 Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell during press 

conference at Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man at 

Durham, N.C. In unauthorized experiment, Mitchell had tried to send 

messages to four “receivers” on earth while en route to moon. He had 

carried cards bearing ESP test symbols and concentrated on random 

order of cards while receivers on earth wrote down order in which 

they believed he was “transmitting.” While plan had called for “transmission” once daily for six days, Mitchell had been able to perform 

experiment for only four days. Two of his receivers had reported 

receptions” for all six days, one for one day only, and another for 

two days. Mitchell said preponderance of wrong answers was significant because it was “so far below chance that the odds are approximately 3000 to one against it being a chance result.” If it was not 

chance, Mitchell said, results indicated “extrasensory exchange.” 

Mitchell declined to identify his receivers, but Olof Johnsson of Chicago 

had said he was one psychic who had participated. (AP, NYT, 6/22/71, 

22; UPI, W Star, 6/22/71, Al) 

* Senate passed S.J.R. 101, to “authorize and request the President of the 

United States to issue a proclamation designating July 20, 1971, as 

‘National Moon Walk Day.’ ” (CR, 6/21/71, S9476) 

* NAE announced reelection of Clarence H. Lindner as full-time President 

for three-year term, and election of new members to NAE Council. New 

council members were Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, NSF; Francis H. 

Clauser, Cal Tech; James Hillier, RCA Corp.; Frederic A. L. Holloway, 

Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey; J. Ross Macdonald, Texas Instruments, Inc.; and Kenneth G. McKay, AT&T. Robert W. Cairns, Hercules, 

Inc., was reelected to Council. (NAE Release) 

* St. Louis Post-Dispatch editorial described plight of McDonnell Douglas 

Corp. in “aerospace depression”: Total employment was off almost a 

third from high of 43 500 in mid-1967 and layoffs were continuing 

though at declining rate. “The loss of these 14,100 jobs is equivalent 

to a loss of income for all the families in a city of 35,000 persons. . . .” 

In one 30-day period, 1600 McDonnell Douglas workers had been laid 

off. “That is equal to 20 per cent of the workforce from a city the size 

of Berkeley, where the corporation has its headquarters.” Hope for 

McDonnell Douglas “rests in large measure with the company’s plans 

to produce the F-15 fighter-bomber. Already Congress is looking at 

this program with a wary eye, and . . . there are indications that 

production may be slowed as part of an increasingly cautious congressional approach to military spending.” (St Louis P-D, 6/21/71 ) 

(4 

170 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 J~ne 21-25 

June 21-25: US.-U.S.S.R. negotiations on compatible docking systems for 

spacecraft resumed as three joint working groups, including some 20 

Soviet scientists and engineers, met with NASA scientists and engineers 

at MSC. Purpose of meeting was to devise single set of technical requirements for docking systems. Soviet delegation was headed by 

Boris N. Petrov, Chairman of Intercosmos Council of Soviet Academy 

of Sciences. Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, headed NASA group 

participating in meetings provided for in US.-U.S.S.R. agreement 

reached in Moscow Oct. 28,1970. 

Delegates discussed possibility of joint test flights to test requirements being developed for docking systems. Experiments “might be 

conducted between spacecraft of the Apollo and Salyut station types 

and between spacecraft of the Soyuz and Skylab programs,” NASA 

statement said. 

Soviet visitors were escorted on tour of MSC by Astronauts Fred W. 

Haise, Jr., Thomas K. Mattingly 11, and John W. Young. Several 

“flew” computerized simulators used to train Apollo astronauts to dock 

CM and LM for lunar landing. (NASA Release 71-111; Transcript) 

Jamaican and U.N. officials visited MSC to review data acquired by NASA, 

Jamaican Geological Survey, and US. Geological Survey during earth 

resources survey of Jamaica made in April at request of Jamaican 

government and U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization. NASA’s 

instrumented C-130 aircraft had gathered data on Jamaica water supply. Jamaica had average 508-cm (200-in) annual rainfall but much 

mountain river water never reached reservoirs. It was believed that 

submarine springs carried portion of water offshore into Caribbean 

Sea. Allen H. Watkins, Manager of MSC Earth Observations Aircraft 

program, said excellent data gathered on flights had been supplemented 

by most nearly complete “ground truth” operation yet attempted by 

MSC aircraft program. During MSC visit, Jamaican group was trained 

by NASA to use equipment needed for later analysis of data in Jamaica. 

(MSC Release 7142) 

June 22: NASA received design patents No. 220980 through 220985 for 

early conceptual designs of space shuttle. Inventors were employees 

of Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and North American Rockwell Corp. Space 

Div. (Jones, NYT, 6/26/71; Patent Off PIO) 

* MSC announced selection of GE Houston Operations to receive $576730, 

cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for Skylab flight garments and crew provisions. ( MSC Release 7141) 

Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

MSC experiment to study atmospheric composition. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Soviet scientist Anatoly Fedoseyev, said to have defected to West on 

May 27 [see June 191, had been given permission to stay in England, 

London Times reported. (London Times, 6/22/71 ; British Embassy 

Sen. Jacob K. Javits (R-N.Y.) introduced for himself and cosponsors 

amendment to H.R. 7109, FY 1972 NASA authorization bill that would 

require “reasonable and economic” percentage of recycled scrap 

materials be used in NASA construction and procurement programs. 

(CR, 6/22/71,59615-20) 

PIO) 

171 
June 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

June 23: Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, testified before Senate 

Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee on HUI), Space, and Science during hearings on NASA FY 1972 appropriations bill. He urged 

that “strong program in space and aeronautics is essential to our longterm national well-being. Our capabilities as a Nation to deal with 

domestic problems of high priority-poverty, cities, the environment 

. . . and indeed, our pursuit of happiness and cultural advance-ultimately depend on whether we can maintain a strong economy with 

continually increasing productivity. Increasing productivity, in turn, 

depends primarily on technological advance, which, in turn, results 

primarily from the large scale focussed technological efforts like our 

major space programs.” 

In addition were both long-term and near-term direct benefits, many 

already realized. “When 50,000 lives were saved as a result of satellite 

advance warning at the time of hurricane Camille, the space program 

probably paid for itself. . . . “I believe that the space program is a value in itself to the nation 

and to the whole world. With our everyday preoccupation, necessarily, 

with the many serious and often depressing problems we face . . . there is, I believe, a human hunger for positive elevating goals to 

work for at the same time as we do what needs to be done in all these 

other difficult areas. I believe the strong attraction that the landing 

of the first man on the moon had on people everywhere, and much of 

the underlying basis of support in the country for the space program, 

stems from the fact that the space program provides such goals. The 

space program gives us goals seemingly beyond human capability, 

goals which transcend earthly boundaries.’’ 

Space shuttle had tremendous impact for future because it not only 

reduced cost by being reusable itself, but it also gave options of reusing 

payloads. “You do not have to throw them away once you put them 

up there. . . . There are many more application satellites we can use 

with this kind of an arrangement, because we will be able to reuse 

them.” 

Skylab, “first and only NASA experimental space station,” due to fly 

in 1973, would be “larger but 2 years later than the Soviet Salyut 

now in orbit.” U.S.S.R. probably would be able to “do things in space, 

laboratories, 2 years earlier than we . . . to know what the earth is 

like, to know what the clouds are like, to understand more about the 

earth’s resources. . . . Another aspect, which I am uncertain about, 

is what they plan to do in a military way. . . . they will have the 

potential of doing military things on this same vehicle. We do not 

plan to do this on the Skylab. We also must consider the scientific 

value of Salyut, which I think is important, but not as important to 

us as the applications and the military aspects of it.” 

Associate Administrator for Organization and Management Richard 

C. McCurdy testified that “models” of anticipated further reduction of 

1500 civil service positions in fall “indicate that we have reached a 

point in which really good people of considerable experience will be 

going out the door. Certain parts of our operations will be closed. This 

means that we have come to a place where reductions in force are 

eating into our capability to do the job.” (Transcript) 

172 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 23 

* House Committee on Appropriations favorably reported H.R. 9382, FY 

1972 HUD-space-science appropriations bill which cont $3.272 

billion NASA appropriation. Committee recommended tion in 

Apollo program funding from $612.2 million requested to $610.2 million; increase in Skylab funding from $535.4 million to $550.4 million 

to provide rescue capability; additional $5 million over estimate for 

STOL development, to total $115 million; deferment of $20 million 

proposed for space shuttle facilities; and reduction of $6.6 million in 

$726.6 million requested for research and program management. 

(H Rpt 9230.5) 

* US. and U.S.S.R. reached compromise agreement at Geneva conference 

on draft treaty to provide compensation for damages caused by objects 

from outer space and submitted draft articles of proposed treaty to 

legal subcommittee of U.N. Committee on Outer Space. Key articles 

provided for arbitration with final decision not binding on signatory 

states, although there would be moral and political obligation to pay 

compensation high enough to restore injured person or damaged 

property to original condition, if possible. (UPI, W Star, 6/23/71, A12) 

NASA held pre-proposal conference for study of tracking and data relay 

satellite system (TDRSS) to provide design and cost information on 

tracking and data relay satellites and interfacing elements of overall 

system. TDRSS was envisioned in RFP as providing extended coverage 

and service to comsats in near earth orbit. NASA intended to award 

two separate and concurrent contracts for definition studies of system 

to include spacecraft, user telecommunications system, ground station, 

and network scheduling and operations control center. About 90 RFPS 

had been mailed in advance of conference. (NASA Release 71-113; 

* Rep. J. Edward Roush (D-Ind.) introduced H.R. 9379, “bill to establish 

an Office of Technology Transfer.” He said: “As a nation we have 

enjoyed many valuable side-effects, spin-offs or ‘fallouts’ from [Federal] research. Many of the examples of the miracles of modern science, oi technology transfer, the path from ‘science to sales’ come from 

the annals of NASA, largely because NASA has made a concerted effort 

to accomplish the transfer of their space technology to everyday usage 

and have publicized that effort especially well.” (CR, 6/23/71, 

H5825-6) 

* NASA announced receipt of more than 600 proposals from potential domestic and international users of data expected from ERTS and earth 

resources experiment package to be carried on Skylab. It was greatest 

number of proposals for experiments ever received by NASA in response to announcement of opportunity for analysis of space-derived 

data. ERTS-A would be launched in spring 1972 and ERTS-B in 1973. 

First Skylab carrying EREP would be launched in 1973. Proposals in 

response to February invitation had come from more than 550 domestic 

and 80 international sources. They were being evaluated by nine panels of more than 100 scientific experts in various disciplines. (NASA 

Release 71-114) 

U.K. government confirmed to Congress that financing of Rolls-Royce 

engines for Lockheed Aircraft Corp.’s GlOll TriStar jet aircraft 

would “not become effective,’ unless Congress acted by Aug. 8 to 

authorize US. Government loan guarantee to Lockheed as requested 

NASA PAO) 

173 
June 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

by Nixon Administration. Confirmation was in letter to Senate Banking and Currency Committee. (NYT, 6/24/71,56) 

NASA selected General Electric Co. and RCA Service Co. for further competitive negotiations leading to award of contract for technical support services at MTF. (MSFC Release 71-109) 

June 24: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 428 from Baykonur into orbit with 

248-km (154.1-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 89-min period, and 51.7O inclination. Satellite reentered July 6. (GSFC SSR, 

6/30/71,7/31/71; SBD, 6/25/71,299) 

NASA launched three Nike-Cajun sounding rockets carrying GSFC experiments to obtain temperature, pressure, density, and wind data between 

35 and 95 km (22 and 59 mi) by detonating grenades and recording 

their sound arrivals on ground. Rocket launched from Point Barrow, 

Alaska, reached 110.8-km (68.9-mi) altitude, with all 19 grenades 

exploding as planned. Rocket launched from Churchill Research Range 

carried 19 grenades to 124.4-km (77.3-mi) altitude; 17 soundings were 

recorded. Rocket launched from Wallops Station carried 31 grenades 

to 114.3-km (71-mi) altitude; all 31 detonated and were recorded on 

ground. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

0 Aerobee 350 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. x-ray astronomy experiment. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

USAF YF-12 aircraft, one of two in joint NASA-USAF aeronautical research program to advance technology of supersonic military and civil 

aircraft, crashed on routine flight from Edwards AFB, Calif. Both 

pilots parachuted to safety. 

Coincidentally, NASA announced addition of another USAF YF-12 

to program. New aircraft was specially instrumented for inflight propulsion studies of engine internal flow dynamics, propulsion and airframe interreactions, air inlet dynamics, atmospheric turbulence and 

temperature variations, rapid airflow changes, and factors affecting 

inflight stopping and restarting of engines. (AFSC PIO; FRC Release 

16-71; Aero Daily, 6/28/71, 316) 

Lowell Observatory astronomers had made first accurate mapping of 

weather of Mars as result of worldwide cooperation of observatories in 

NASA-funded ground-based planetary patrol program centered at Lowell, 

Christian Science Monitor said. Principal investigator Dr. William A. 

Baum had said object of program, begun in 1969, was to “maintain 

nearly continuous photographic surveillance of Mars, Jupiter, and 

Venus during favorable periods.” Mars weather seemed analogous to 

weather in arid regions of earth. (CSM, 6/24/71) 

* TRW Inc. would develop conceptual designs for manned research laboratory to support communications and navigation experiments under 

10-mo, $288 000 contract, MSFC announced. Study assumed laboratory 

would be launched in 1980s and could be flown as research and applications module or as segment of orbiting space station. (MSFC Release 

* Information systems on board manned orbital stations could collect data 

on geological formations and potential mineral deposits, G. Katys, 

head of Soviet institute for problems of control, said in interview 

released by Tass. TV systems, panoramic cameras, radiometers, and 

spectrometers in infrared range would find application on orbital sta71-108) 

174 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 24 

tions for earth resources research. There would be need to install heatsensitive devices to locate volcanoes and sources of geothermal energy 

and TV cameras to clarify topographic maps. Identification of photos 

had already produced tangible results in hydrologic and oceanologic 

research. Photos of rocks, geological structure, and tectonic disturbances had been interpreted. Cosmonauts on orbital stations could 

conduct research in various sectors of earth's surface, choosing most 

interesting zones. ( FBIS-SOV-71-126, 6/30/71,16-17) 

MSFC announced selection of NR Rocketdyne Div. for l6-m0, $1.1-million 

contract to develop turbopump assemblies for hydrogen and oxygen 

space shuttle auxiliary propulsion system ( APS) technology program. 

Six-phase contract included exploratory study; design for tubopump 

components; fabrication of turbopump system; testing, refurbishing, 

acceptance testing, and delivery to NASA ; and engineering support. 

(MSFC Release 71-110) 

MSFC announced it had modified existing contract with Martin Marietta 

Corp. for work in Skylab Program to incorporate earth resources 

experiment package ( EREP) into flight version of multiple docking 

adapter, device to permit Apollo spacecraft to dock with Skylab cluster. Total cost of modification was $6070 500. EREP would contain 

photographic experiments to study earth from orbit. (MSFC Release 

0 JPL announced selection of Motorola, Inc., Government Electronics Div. 

for negotiations on $2 179 000 contract with award fee to design, 

fabricate, and test flight-data subsystem for NASA Mariner VenusMercury spacecraft for 1973 mission. JPL also had selected Litton 

Industries Guidance and Control Systems Div. for negotiations on 

$10.4-million contract for development, fabrication, and testing of 

gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (to be carried on Viking 

lander) to analyze Mars surface. (JPL Releases 581,582) 

* House passed by voice vote H.J.R. 742 making continuing appropriations 

for FY 1972, including provisions under H.R. 9382 for NASA, NASC, 

and NSF [see June 231. (CR, 6/24/71, H5848-50) 

NSF released Federal R&D Expenditures Related to Budget Functions, 

1960-72. Between 1960 and 1972 chief areas of Federal R&D funding 

had been defense, space research and technology, and health-totaling 

86% of estimated R&D expenditures of $15.7 billion for 1972. In 1960 

same three categories had totaled 95% of $7.3-billion R&D funding. 

Throughout 1960-1972 period, these three functions had led in R&D 

expenditures in same order. Ratio of R&D expenditures to total Federal 

budget outlays rose from 8.5% in 1960 to 12.4% in 1965. Ratio had 

decreased each year since 1965 and 7.4% estimated for 1972 was 

lowest in 1960-1972 period. Decline reflected more the absolute increase in total Federal outlays since 1965-from $111 billion to estimated $211 billion in 1972, excluding interest-than any substantial 

absolute decline in R~D expenditures. These expenditures rose from 

$13.8 billion in 1965 to $16.3 billion in 1968, but dropped back to 

$15- to $16-billion range after that. 

Defense consistently accounted for bulk of R&D expenditures but its 

share fell from 87% of Federal R&D total in 1960 to 53% in 1966, 

when space expenditures peaked. Later defense share increased but 

leveled off from 1968 at 57% to 58% of total Federal R&D. Space 

7 1-1 11 ) 

175 
June 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

research and technology rose from 5% share of Federal R&D expenditures in 1960 to 36% in 1966. “This function experienced a dramatic 

rise in funds during that period followed by sharp cutbacks.” Space 

had been only function with smaller R&D expenditure in 1970, 1971, or 

1972 than in 1966. Its expected 1972 share was 20%. (NSF Highlights, 

6/24/71,1) 

Dr. Addison M. Rothrock, retired NASA Director of Plans and Programs, 

died in Alexandria, Va., at age 68. During 4.5-yr career as propulsion 

research scientist he had joined NASA’s predecessor, NACA, in 1926 and 

had become Assistant Director for Research in 1947. When NASA was 

established in 1958 he was appointed to similar post. Dr. Rothrock had 

retired from NASA in 1963 to serve as professor of applied science at 

George Washington Univ. ( W Post, 6/27/71, C6) 

June 25: Four-stage Javelin rocket, launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

at 4:44, am EDT, carried NOAA experiment to 662-km (411-mi) altitude. Objective of mission was to investigate region of ionosphere 

above maximum electron density, where it could be treated as electron 

gas, Data was to be compared with data from GSFC Langmuir probe 

in payload and with measurements taken simultaneously by NBS Ionosphere Sounding Station at Wallops Island, Va. Mission was unsuccessful.( WS Release 71-12; SR List) 

NASA announced assignments within MSC Flight Crew Operations Directorate: ApoZZo 10 Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford had been named 

Deputy Director and ApuZZo 14 Commander Alan B. Shepard, Jr., 

would resume duties as Chief of Astronaut Office. Stafford also would 

assist Donald K. Slayton, Director of Flight Crew Operations, in 

technical matters related to flight crew activities. Post of Deputy 

Director had previously been vacant. (NASA Release 71-116) 

ComSatCorp filed with FCC for first-step rate reduction of 25% for 

Atlantic area satellite services, effective July 1, and proposed secondstep reduction for leased voice-grade channels affecting Atlantic and 

Pacific area in early 2972, provided satellite traffic met forecast increases. ( ComSatCorp Release 71-36) 

Tass reported death of Soviet rocket designer Aleksey Isayev and identified him for first time as designer of engines for Vostok and Voskhod 

rockets and Soyuz manned spacecraft. Tass said Soviet unmanned 

“interplanetary stations” also had been created under Isayev’s direction. Izvestia said in biographical sketch that Isayev was one of main 

creators of aircraft that had made world’s first jet powered flight on 

May 5,1942. (AP, W Star, 6/27/71, All) 

June 26: Anatoly Fedoseyev, who had been described as Soviet space 

expert, had sought asylum from U.S.S.R. in France on May 27 [see 

June 191 and was in England “reportedly talking to British and 

American interrogators,“ Chicago Tribune editorial said. “He could, 

if he desired, supply information of great value in the launching of 

our own space laboratory, Skylab, in 1973. More important, he could 

tell us whether Salyut is being used as a superspy in space to track 

our Polaris submarines.” Some scientists believed Polaris might be 

tracked by heat produced in its nuclear reactors. “And they suspect 

that the cosmonauts aboard Salyut are busy testing this very concept 

with delicate electronic sensors.” (C Trib, 6/26/71) 

176 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 26 

Soviet Salyut 1-Soyuz 11 cosmonauts were described by Dr. Vladimir 

Dupik in Sovietskaya Rossiya article as best-fed crew in history of 

space flights. Length of flight had necessitated diet of four hot meals 

daily including “first breakfast” of veal, bread, candy, and coffee; 

second breakfast” of tongue, sausage, and curds; lunch of dried, 

salted fish, borscht, meat, bread, cake and black currant juice. Fourth 

meal was not described. Oven had been installed in spacecraft for 

first time in Soviet space program, spices had been added to meats to 

improve flavor, and 14 varieties of meat carried had “higher moisture 

content which makes them juicier and gives off a nice aroma.’’ (UPI, 

W Star, 6/27/71, All) 

NASA announced resignation of Ronald J. Philips, Director of Office of 

Technology Utilization, effective July 3. He would become Senior Vice 

President of technology application program sponsored jointly by 

International City Management Assn., National League of Cities, US. 

Conference of Mayors, and Ford Foundation. (NASA Release 71-117) 

* New York Times reported comments on U.S.S.R. acceptance at Geneva 

conference of idea that claims commission of outside parties could fix 

amount of compensation for damages caused by objects launched into 

space. Observers saw acceptance as “major breakthrough in seven-year 

United Nations effort to complete space treaty covering payment for 

such damages.’’ While US. and smaller powers had urged course, 

U.S.S.R. had heretofore refused. (Teltsch, NYT, 6/26/71, 5) 

AAAS Board agreed to accept invitation from AAAS Soviet counterpart 

Znaniye (Knowledge) for annual exchange of four scientist-lecturers. 

(AAAS Bulletin, 2/72; AAAS PIO) 

IATA Secretary General Knut Hammarskjold expressed IATA’S opposition 

to proposed use of UHF band in satellite communications along air 

routes over Pacific Ocean. He said its use would make system twice 

as costly as one functioning on VHF band already employed in airway 

communications. Opposition was expressed in letter to US. and member governments of ESRO, which planned similar system for Atlantic 

Ocean. (NYT, 6/26/71) 

June 28: NASA press conference at MSC summarized June 21-25 US.- 

U.S.S.R. discussions on joint space docking. Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC 

Director and head of NASA delegation to discussions, said talks had 

been friendly throughout. “It was a period of hard work covering very 

difficult technical areas.” Meetings had been successful “in reaching 

conclusions, in principle, on all these subjects that we discussed, and 

in some detail in several of the subjects.” Need had been felt by both 

sides for “possibility of flight studies to test the technical requirements for docking and rendezvous, . . . one that would use the actual 

kind of compatible . . . equipment” that would make possible space 

rescue from spacecraft of either side that might be in trouble. US. 

and Soviet CMS and space stations with mixed crews could orbit earth 

within four years. Soviet crews and US. crews “would no doubt, if 

they docked, . . . want to open the hatches and visit with one another.” 

Dr. Gilruth said flight test might take place in mid-70s. (Transcript) 

* Sen. Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.), on behalf of himself, Sen. Clifford P. 

Case (R-N.J.), Sen. Jacob K. Javits (R-N.Y.), and Sen. William 

Proxmire (D-Wis.), called up his amendment to H.R. 7109, FY 1972 

Gb 

177 
June 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

NASA authorization bill, which would delete from bill $138 million for 

space shuttle development. (CR, 6/28/71, ,510061-80 ; 10084r112) 

Senate passed H.R. 7960, $706.5 million FY 1972 NSF authorization bill. 

Bill included $2.5 million for Global Atmospheric Research Program 

(GARP) ; $4 million for Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico; $7.7 million for Kitt Peak National Observatory; $2.5 million for Cerro Tololo 

Inter-American Observatory in Chile ; $7 million for National Radio 

Astronomy Observatory; and $19 million for National Center for 

Atmospheric Research. Report accompanying bill described program 

of Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) established by NSF 

during FY 1971 to coordinate research in selected environmental, 

social, and technological problems. Major research efforts consolidated 

to form RANN were : weather modification, earthquake engineering, 

interdisciplinary research relevant to problems of our society ( IRPOS) , and other efforts formerly funded under scientific project support. 

* MSC announced award of $125 000, one-year, fixed-price R&D contract to 

NR to study safety techniques for spacecraft in earth orbit. (MSC 

Release 71-44) 

Bruce N. Torell was elected President of Pratt & Whitney Div. of United 

Aircraft Corp. at regular meeting of board of directors. Torell would 

succeed Bernard A. Schmickrath, who was elected a vice president. 

Changes would be effective July 1. (P&W Eagle, 7/71, 2) 

Gen. Thomas D. White Space Trophy for 1970 was presented to B/C 

Robert A. Duffy (USAF), Vice Commander of SAMSO, in Washington, 

D.C., ceremony. Citation was for efforts bringing “dramatic improvements in the effectiveness and maneuverability of advanced re-entry 

systems, and in both the effectiveness and variety of penetration aids 

designed to compound the difficulties of an enemy in intercepting reentry systems.” (W Star, 6/29/71, A4) 

0 NASA announced it had issued Management Study of NASA Acquisition 

Processes, report of team established in September 1970 to review 

NASA project and program planning for R&D and activities and procedures for acquiring goods and services from definition of requirements through contract award. Report covered processes used for acquisitions leading to use of formal source evaluation boards for agencylevel and field center-level source selections. Study group had concluded that basic framework of NASA acquisition process was sound, 

but it recommended some improvements in project planning, source 

solicitation, and source selection. (NASA Release 71-118; Text) 

June 2830: AAS 17th annual meeting in Seattle, Wash., was devoted to 

exploration of outer solar system. 

JPL astronomer Dr. Donald G. Rea said Jupiter was biggest enigma 

and challenge to most space scientists. It “emits about three times as 

much energy as it receives from the Sun. It has a magnetic field 20 

times that of Earth, intense radiation belts, and apparently rotates at 

three different speeds. An important characteristic for flight projects 

is its gravity which will allow us to send a spacecraft to study Jupiter 

and then continue on” to investigate outermost planets of solar system. 

JPL scientist James E. Long recommended spacecraft be launched 

in 1981 for insertion into Jupiter orbit early in 1984 after 750-day 

trip from earth. “Depending on Jupiter’s radiation hazard, the space- 

(CR, 6/28/71, S997P-81; S Rpt 92-232) 

178 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 28-30 

craft will have an active li 

“imperative that we get direct 

phere over long periods . . involved.” 

Technology for Thermoelectric Outer Planet Spacecraft (TOPS) , sustained by self-repairing computers and capable of 10-yr scientific 

missions to outer planets, was described by JPL engineers Car1 C. 

Wertz, Paul 0. Chelson, and Richard A. Easton, JPL computers being 

developed and tested were STAR (self-testing and repairing) and CATS 

(computer-aided telemetry system) . Both had built-in redundancy, with 

backup parts for each unit that might fail. Easton said STAR computer 

was spacecraft’s brain and CATS computer its nervous system. Selfrepairing computers were needed for outer planetary mission because 

potentially hazardous environments, such as the asteroid belt between 

Mars and Jupiter, or radiation from Jupiter itself, require that Grand 

Tour spacecraft subsystems be self-adaptive to either transient or permanent failures. Another consideration is the eight-hour roundtrip 

communications delay from Neptune or Pluto.” 

Leonard Jaffe, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Applications, 

received Lloyd V. Berkner Award, presented annually by AAS to persons making significant contributions to commercial space utilization. 

AAS Flight Achievement Award was presented to Astronaut John L. 

Swigert, Jr., for Apollo 13 crew. 

LaRC Director Edgar M. Cortright received AAS 1970 Space Flight 

Award “in recognition of his contribution to space ‘flight through early 

planning for the organization of NASA, his direction of the Lunar and 

Planetary Program, his influence while Deputy Associate Administrator 

of the Office of Space Science and Applications, and later the Office 

of Manned Space Flight and his current position as Director of NASA 

Langley Research Center.” 

In speech on technology crisis Cortright said: “It is ironic that after 

10 years of ‘delivering the goods’ in an unparalleled manner, culminating in manned exploration of the Moon, the space program is fighting for its life with a host of other priority programs. Already the 

national team of Government, industry, and university scientists, engineers, and technicians has been reduced to about 1/3 of its peak of over 

400000. If we are not to see the progress of a decade of dedicated 

national effort squandered away, we had better make our case for 

space loud and clear. I think we have a compelling case-even in these 

days of relevancy.” ( JPL Releases 577, 578, 579; NASA Activities, 

7/15/71, 117 ; 8/15/71, 129-34; Langley Researcher, 7/19/71, 1 ; 

Boeing Release 5-0826) 

June 29: Mariner 9, en route to Mars, was 7 900 000 km (4 909 000 mi) 

from earth at 9:OO am EDT after traveling 82 500 000 km (51 263 000 

mi) and receiving over 500 commands since launch May 30. Spacecraft was expected to accomplish its basic 90-day scientific mission 

objectives, but was using more nitrogen gas than predicted for maintaining attitude stabilization. Current predictions indicated nitrogen 

gas supply would be depleted in early August 1972, nine months after 

spacecraft went into orbit around Mars. Increased rate of consumption 

was due to circuit design error in attitude-control-system electronics. 

(NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 71-120) 

6‘ 

179 
June 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Tenth anniversary of launch of SNAP-3AY first radioisotope thermoelectric generator-launched from KSC aboard USN Transit &A satellite 

by Thor-Able-Star booster June 29, 1961, in joint NASA-DOD-AEC program to develop use of nuclear power in space. SNAP-3A was still 

transmitting signals earthward but was no longer in use. It had 

orbited earth more than 50 000 times and traveled more than 2.4 billion km (1.5 billion mi). (AEC Release 0-103; A&A, 1961) 

Senate, by vote of 82 to 5, passed H.R. 7109, $3.281-billion FY 1972 

NASA authorization bill, after rejecting by vote of 64? to 22 Mondale 

amendment No. 233 that would have deleted from bill $138 million for 

space shuttle program. 

Senate also passed by voice vote H.J.R. 742, making continuing 

appropriations for FY 1972, after rejecting by vote of 63 to 24 modified Proxmire amendment limiting ceiling for defense expenditures to 

$68 billion. (CRY 6/29/71, S1012fj-62, S10177, S10272-98) 

* Plans for 1974 World Weather Program experiment GATE (GARP Atlantic 

Tropical Experiment) were announced by NOAA. Part of Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) , project would study behavior of 

cloud clusters and their role in larger circulation of atmosphere in 

Atlantic Ocean area from west coast of Latin America eastward to 

Ethiopia, with more intensive study of cloud clusters in smaller ocean 

area. GATE project was one of succession of experiments to increase 

understanding of atmosphere in order to develop numerical models 

and program computers for long-range weather prediction. ( NOAA 

Release 71-82) 

MSFC announced award of $97996 contract to Brown Engineering Co. 

for development of systems simulator to assess life support and habitability requirements for future space applications. Simulator was scheduled for Oct. 1 delivery. (MSFC Release 71-112) 

President Nixon transmitted to Congress third annual report of National 

Science Board, Environmental Science: Challenge for the Seventies. 

Report found environmental science “unable to match the needs of 

society for definitive information, predictive capability, and the analysis 

of environmental systems as systems. Because existing data and current 

theoretical models are inadequate, environmental science remains unable in virtually all areas of application to offer more than qualitative 

interpretations or suggestions of environmental change that may occur 

in response to specific actions.” Situation constituted “crisis for the 

Nation.” Report recommended establishing national program for advancing science of environmental systems. (PD, 7/5/71, 1019; Text) 

June 30: Soyllz 11 Cosmonauts Georgy T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, and Viktor I. Patsayev were posthumously awarded titles of Hero 

of the Soviet Union for “heroism and courage shown during the test 

of the new space complex, the orbital station Salyut and the transpori 

ship Soyuz-11.” Cosmonauts had died during reentry from June 6-30 

mission. (FBIS-SOV-71-127, 7/1/71, L1) 

Soviet government ordered formation of special commission to investigate 

deaths of Soyzu 11 cosmonauts during reentry from 24-day mission. 

(Mills, B Szm, 7/1/71, Al) 0 President Nixon sent message to Nikolay V. Podgorny, Chairman of 

Presidium of Supreme Soviet, on death of Soyuz 11 cosmonauts: “The 

American people join me in expressing to you and the Soviet people 

180 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 30 

our deepest sympathy on the tragic death of the three Soviet cosmonauts. The whole world followed the exploits of these courageous 

explorers of the unknown and shares the anguish of their tragedy. 

But the achievement of cosmonauts Dobrovolsky, Volkov and Patsayev 

remains. It will, I am sure, prove to have contributed greatly to the 

future of space and thus to the widening of man’s horizons.” (PD, 

7/5/71,1010) 

* Donald K. Slayton, MSC Director of Flight Crew Operations, sent cable 

on behalf of U.S. astronauts to Soviet Academy of Sciences: “We 

share with the world community deep sorrow for the loss of Cosmonauts Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov and Viktor Patsayev, and 

we mourn with all the Russian people the deaths of three brave countrymen.” (Reuters, B Sun, 7/1/71, A2; MSC pro) 

US. manned space flight program would continue on schedule despite 

Soyuz II tragedy, Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, told press in 

Houston. 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and Operations, said cosmonauts could have been killed by a toxic gas that accidently escaped, either by a chemical reaction or by a substance being 

heated inadvertently. He said odds were 1000 to 1 against one cosmonaut dying from effects of 24 days of weightlessness and it was almost 

impossible for all three to die simultaneously from weightlessness. 

Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, told press cosmonauts’ deaths might have been caused by failure of spacecraft’s 

oxygen-supply system or by physical rupture of spacecraft. Deaths, 

he said, were “a terrible tragedy. They were pioneers in their achievements in space-in establishing the first manned space station. Our 

hearts go out to their families and to their colleagues. The cause of 

their death is not yet known to us. But I would speculate that the 

fault was with the spacecraft and not with the men. In all of our experience man has readily adapted to new conditions, while machines 

have sometimes failed.” Dr. Low said he did not expect changes in 

NASA% Skylab program because of cosmonauts’ deaths: “All of our 

experience in 24 manned flights suggests we can and should move 

ahead.” (UPI, W Star, 7/1/71, A3; NASA Activities, 7/15/71, 107) 

Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

GSFC solar astronomy experiment. Rocket and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily. (SR list) 

0 Discovery of two discrete sources of very-high-energy gamma rays in 

southern Milky Way by team of scientists from Case Western Reserve 

Univ. and Univ. of Melbourne, Australia, was announced by NSF. Rays 

had been detected by instruments aboard three balloon flights made 

at altitude of 40 km (25 mi) in stratosphere on Feb. 6 and 27 and 

Nov. 27, 1969. All three balloons had been launched from Australia. 

Newly discovered sources also emitted x-rays. Scientists hoped that fact 

sources emitted both gamma and x-rays might provide additional clue 

as to how their energy was generated. They might be related to other 

unusual objects discovered during last decade such as quasars and 

pulsars. (NSF Release 71-171) 

0 Breaking-in process of world’s most powerful atom-smasher-500-bev 

accelerator at Batavia, 111.-began with first firing of protons around 

6.4-km (4-mi) ring. Accelerator would build up to original design 

181 
June 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

energy of 200 bev and was expected ultimately to produce seven times 

the energy of Soviet accelerator at rpukhov, near Moscow. (Sullivan, 

NYT, 7/2/71,24) 

* International law had been “enuichedY’ by draft of international convention on responsibility for damaging space objects, Tass reported from 

Geneva. Document had been completed by juridical subcommittee of 

U.N. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Tass said convention, which would be submitted to September meeting of U.N. space 

committee, provided “reliable and acceptable . . . juridical foundation 

for %tiling problems of material responsibility which . . . may arise 

due to the rapidly expanding research programmes and the use of 

space.” (FBIS-~ov-71-126,6/30/71, L8) 

* Soviet progress in science and technology was discussed in Sovetskaya 

Rossiya article by M. D. Millionschikov, Vice President of Soviet Academy of Sciences: “In recent years there has been an immense improvement in the development of astronomy and astrophysics. Our science 

has made discoveries of fundamental significance and has shifted considerably the limits of phenomena in the universe known to man. 

Research into the nature of powerful sources of radiowaves discovered 

some years ago has led to the conclusion that the objects noted are 

located almost on the edge of the observable area of the universe at 

a distance of 5 billion light years. The power of radiation exceeds all 

currently known scales. In order to explain the colossal energy they 

radiate from the standpoint of the most powerful known mechanism 

for emitting energy-thermonuclear synthesis-it is necessary to suppose that its source must be simultaneous thermonuclear explosion of 

a mass equivalent to a hundred million stars the size of the sun.” 

Miss Baker-13-yr-old South American squirrel monkey launched and 

returned from 483-km (300-mi) altitude on USA Jupiter missile May 

28, 1959-arrived at Alabama Space and Rocket Center, where she 

would reside permanently. Monkey was transferred from US. Naval 

Aerospace Medical Institute. (Huntsville Times, 6/29/71) 

* Award by DOT of $3.5-million contract to Grumman Aerospace Corp. for 

construction of tracked air cushion research vehicle was announced by 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. Vehicle, 15.5 m (51 ft) 

long and weighing nearly 27 000 kg (60 000 lbs) , would accommodate four persons including operator and test engineer. DOT would 

test vehicle at its High Speed Test Center in Pueblo, Colo., on its completion¶ scheduled for March 1972. (DOT Release FRA 971) 

0 FAA announced award of $390 000 contract to Saphier, Lerner, Schindler 

-Environetics (Div. of Litton Industries) for proposed two-phased 

study of offshore jetport [see May 211 to serve metropolitan New 

York City. (FAA Release 71-99) 

NASA leaders were “realistic enough to sense that their case for the [space] 

shuttle must be built on more than chauvinistic appeal to national 

prestige, which sold the Apollo in the early 1970s,” Jonathan Spivak 

said in Wall Street Journal. They were “working hard to trim the shuttle’s prospective costs, demonstrate its economic payoff and convince 

the scientific community that it offers attractive new opportunities for 

research.” But NASA’S “primary problem” was “convincing the public 

and the politicians that it still makes sense to go into space at all. The 

(FBIS-~OV-71-134,6/30/71, L1) 

182 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 June 30 

moon is no Ionger a glamorous goal; Mars is too far distant and 

expensive, and orbiting space stations to date have made few influential 

converts.” (VS,I, 6/30/71, 10) 

During June: Skylab was described in article by Dr. George M. Low, NASA 

Deputy Administrator, in Astronautics & Aeronautics: “By far the 

largest manned spacecraft we have ever built, Skylab will be the forerunner of permanent stations in space. In orbit 435 km [270 mi] 

above Earth, the Skylab cluster will be 36 meters [118 ft] long and 

will weigh 82 238 kilograms [E31304 lbs]. One of its major components will be a workshop with 362 cubic meters [474 cu yds] of work 

area. Other parts will include a Multiple Docking Adapter, Airlock 

Module, Apollo Command and Service Module, and an Apollo Telescope Mount, the last of these a full-fledged solar observatory capable 

of observing, monitoring, and recording phenomena on the Sun’s surface that cannot be seen from Earth.” Skylab would carry from earth 

orbit “about 50 scientific, medical, applications, and solar-astronomy 

experiments. Twenty of these will be in the life sciences, to determine 

how man performs and adjusts under conditions of prolonged space 

flight. The study of materials and manufacturing will be another area 

of interest. By means of an electron-beam generating device and an 

electric furnace, metals will be melted, molded, and welded, and other 

metallurgy and crystal tests performed in a work chamber exposed to 

zero-gravity and the vacuum of space.” (A&A, 6/71, 20-1) 

* NASA released two publications for sale by Superintendent of Documents, 

GPO. Apollo 14 Prelimin,ary Science Report (NASA SP-272), prepared 

by MSC, described Apollo 14: mission and summarized scientific results. 

On the Moon With Apollo 15, guidebook to Hadley Rille and Apennine Mountains, had been prepared by Dr. Gene M. Simmons, MSC 

Chief Scientist. Publication would aid in following progress of Apollo 

15 mission by giving timeline for mission, describing and illustrating 

lunar surface scientific experiments, and defining terms. (Texts) 

* NASA released Goals and Means in the Conquest of Space by R. G. 

Perel’man (NASA Technical Translation F-595 dated May 1970). 

Translation of Tseli i Puti Pokoreniva Kosmosa, “Nauka” Press, 

Moscow, 1967, concluded: “The time will come when space liners will 

be sent across interstellar routes, but the achievements of Soviet science and technology will never be forgotten, since they first made it 

possible for man to set foot in the universe, and since the labor of 

every Soviet citizen is involved.” (Text) 

Stanford Univ. and MIT experiments to determine internal structure of 

protons and neutrons by use of 21-bev beam at Stanford’s Linear 

Accelerator Center were described in Scientific American by Dr. Henry 

W. Kendall of MIT and Dr. Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky of Stanford Univ. 

Scientific team had smashed what they thought were basic atom particles, to find that “the way ultrahigh-energy electrons are scattered by 

protons and neutrons suggests that these ‘elementary’ nuclear particles 

have a complex internal structure consisting of pointlike entities.” 

New entities had been named “partons” because they seemed to be 

parts within parts. Scientists had concluded, “It is still too early to 

say whether the parton model will lead to an understanding of the 

nucleon’s structure or whether entirely new ideas may be required.” 

(Scientif;c American, 6/71, 61-77) 

183 

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FIL 

July 1971 

July 1: Bodies of dead Soyuz 11 cosmonauts, killed during return from 

June 6-30 mission, lay in state in flower-decked biers in Central House 

of Soviet Army in Moscow. Thousands of persons waited in mileslong line to pay last respects. Top Communist Party and U.S.S.R. government leaders appeared shortly after hall was opened. Bodies would 

be cremated in preparation for July 2 funeral. (Gwertzman, NYT, 

7/2/71,14; B Sun, 7/2/71) 

Newspaper editorials commented on death of Soyuz I1 cosmonauts: 

Chicago Tribune: “Any one of a million things could have gone 

wrong, because there are a million things that have had to go right 

for each Soviet and American success in space. It is no discredit to 

Russian scientists that something went wrong at the last moment. It is 

testimony to the good fortune and skill and care of the United States 

space prbgram that something of this kind hasn’t happened yet to us.” 

(C Trib, 7/1/71) 

Christian Science Monitor: cL. . . those men who fly such missions 

are taking the risk for the aspirations of mankind to break the limitations of earth’s gravitational and atmospheric fields. They depend on 

the accumulating technological knowledge of mankind to protect them. 

As a result, the Soyuz 11 event argues the more determinedly that 

nations-for the moment chiefly the United States and the Soviet 

Union-should share their space research efforts.” (CSM, 7/1/71) 

Washington Post: “The special sorrow that must be felt at this event 

does not proceed from their numbers-three deaths next to, say, thousands among the world‘s more recently savaged refugees. Nor does it 

proceed alone from their conspicuous bravery, their willingness to 

take the ultimate risk in pursuit of a national mission: daiIy, men in 

combat make the same commitment and do so minus the glory and 

unambiguous sense of purpose that cosmonauts and astronauts share. 

So it is more than the death of three men on a high risk venture that 

must move the earthbound to a special sorrow: it is the death of these 

men in pursuit of the ultimate adventure, exploration of the outer 

limits of human knowledge and endurance-and beyond.” ( W Post, 

7/1/71) 

New York Times: “. . . it should be apparent that the staggering 

dangers of space can be met most effectively by mobilizing all the 

knowledge and talent available irrespective of nationality. It is time 

to abandon the wasteful irrationality of prestige-motivated competition. 

The real lesson of this tragedy is . . . that space exploration ought to 

be a cooperative endeavor of all nations.” (NYT, 7/1/71) 

Baltimore Sun: “The three cosmonauts lived in space for almost 23 

days, and by all indications the station’s operation came up to its 

designers’ hopes. Only in the final brief stage, a stage often successful 

before, did disaster intervene. It is tragedy, but it is not defeat.” (B 

Sun, 7/1/71) 

185 
July 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

* MSC announced award of four, four-month, fixed-price extensions to 

contracts for space shuttle preliminary design. McDonnell Douglas 

Corp., North American Rockwell Corp., and General Dynamics Corp. 

would each receive $2800000, and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. would 

receive $1 400 000. (MSC Release 71-46) 

NASA issued invitation to scientists to participate in definition phase for 

Planetary Explorer missions to Venus. Emphasis would be on low-cost 

approach using spin-stabilized Explorer spacecraft launched by Delta 

booster. From respondents to invitation NASA would select scientists to 

play active role in defining typical payload for initial missions in 1976 

and 1977 and to make recommendations for subsequent orbiter and 

probe missions in 1978 and 1980. (Text; NASA Release 71-124) 

Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., retired from NASA to become 

Commandant of Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards AFB, 

Calif. He had logged 289 hrs 53 min in space during astronaut career. 

(AP, W Post, 7/2/71, A3) 

* LaRC Director of Aeronautics Laurence K. Loftin assumed for one year 

post of Special Assistant for Aeronautics to Assistant Secretary of the 

Air Force for R&D Grant L. Hansen. (Aw Pk, 5/31/71, 23) 

* Robert F. Froehlke was sworn in as Secretary of the Army. (USA PIO) 

July 2: Ashes of Sopz 11 Cosmonauts Georgy T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav 

N. Volkov, and Viktor I. Patsayev, killed during reentry from June 6- 

30 mission, were buried in Kremlin Wall in Moscow’s Red Square. 

Military funeral, climaxing national day of mourning, was watched by 

millions of TV viewers and attended by leading Soviet and foreign 

officials and thousands of other onlookers. Condolences were sent by 

world leaders. Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford represented President 

Nixon at funeral. 

Eulogy at funeral was presented by Andrey P. Kirilenko, head of 

funeral commission: “On a small island of the motherland traveling at 

a fantastic speed across the expanses of the universe they were filled 

with courage and the conviction that the tasks of the party and people 

would be fulfilled ; and they fulfilled these tasks, successfully completing a complex and varied program oi scientific research and technical experiments. The results of their observations are invaluable for 

science, for the future of space technology, fcr mankind. For 24 days 

we saw the valorous cosmonauts on the television screens and listened 

to their voices. With unbated attention we followed their work. Millions of people, as it were, became intimately linked with the heroes of 

the cosmos. We all impatiently awaited the cosmonauts’ safe return to 

home territory. Their lives tragically came to an end when the long 

cosmic journey was close to completion.” 

Letter from 19 surviving cosmonauts printed in Pruwdu said: “Today we are paying the last tribute to our talented and courageous comrades. There is not only grief in our hearts, but also pride for what 

they have done for the homeland in outer space. We know that our 

road is a difficult and thorny one, but we never doubted the correctness of our choice and were always ready for any difficult flight. We 

express firm confidence that what happened cannot stop the further 

development and perfection of space engineering and man’s striving 

for space, striving for knowledge of the mysteries of the universe.” 

186 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 2 

(FBIS-sOV-129--3, 7/6/71, L1; Kingston, Canada, Whig-Standard, 

7/2/71,1; AP, W Star, 7/1/71, A2) 

Unofficial sources in Moscow said deaths of Soyuz 11 cosmonauts had 

been caused by embolism which occurred because of improperly sealed 

hatch, according to press reports. London Evening News Moscow correspondent Victor Louis reported cosmonauts had failed to close hatch 

securely during undocking from Salyut 1; as spacecraft reentered atmosphere it had lost pressure and crew had been deprived of oxygen. 

Official commission formed to investigate deaths had not yet released 

findings. (Mills, B Sun, 7/3/71, Al; Auerbach, W Post, 7/3/71, Al) 

Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C., was opened to public for signing 

of condolence book for Soyuz 11 cosmonauts. (W Post, 7/3/71, A12) 

NASA launched series of Nike-Cajun sounding rockets carrying GSFC 

grenade experiments to obtain temperature, pressure, density, and 

wind data between 35 and 95 km (22 and 59 mi). First rocket, 

launched from Churchill Research Range, carried 19 grenades to 

122.4-km (76.1-mi) altitude, with all 19 grenades exploding as 

planned. 

Second rocket was launched from Point Barrow, Alaska, with 31 

grenades, but electrical power to DOVAP ground transmitter was lost 

and no trajectory data were recorded beyond 4.5 sec GET. All grenades exploded and were recorded, but data were not useful without trajectory data. Third rocket, launched from Point Barrow as 

backup, successfully carried 19 grenades to 94.5-km (58.7-mi) altitude, with all grenades detonating and recorded as planned. 

Fourth rocket, launched from Wallops Station, carried 19 grenades 

to 122-km (75.8-mi) altitude. All 19 grenades detonated as planned 

and 14 sound arrivals were recorded. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

NASA announced award of $2.3-million contract to Sperry Rand Corp. 

Flight Systems Div. for design and construction of STOLAND. Advanced STOL avionics system based on digital computer would provide navigation and control information to pilot via advanced electronic displays and drive aircraft’s control surfaces in response to 

inputs from pilot or computer. STOLAND would be installed in C-8 

Buffalo aircraft being modified as jet STOL aircraft in NASA-DOT-FAA 

program to develop data base for systems concepts, design criteria, 

operational procedures, and certification criteria for STOL aircraft, 

STOL runways, and STOL air traffic control system. (NASA Release 

Decline of science in America was discussed by Arnold Thackray, Univ. 

of Pennsylvania professor of history and sociology, in Science : “That 

some new social accommodation and organization of the scientific 

enterprise is in process of formation is, I think, evident from the 

present restlessness in the larger scientific and political community . . . reflected in a host of articles, meetings, discussions, and resolutions. 

From a historian’s perspective the central question would seem to be 

whether specialist societies will reorganize in ways that help accommodate broader social concerns, or whether such societies will undergo 

a relative decline in importance. It could well be that generalist 

societies, like the AAAS and the National Academy of Sciences, are 

better adapted to pioneer these new roles, which also cut across traditional disciplinary boundaries and concerns. If so, we may be on 

71-125) 

187 
July 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

the edge of a new era in the life of scientific societies as social organisms, an era in which both general and scientific politics feature unashamedly in the raisons d’etre of reinvigorated and reorganized generalist scientific societies.” (Science, 7/2/71,27-31) 

NSF published Unemployment Rates for Scientists, Spring 1971. Rate 

was 2.6% in 1971, jumping from 1.5% in 1970. National unemployment rate for all workers for first quarter 1971 averaged 6.5%. 

Doctorates experienced 1.4% unemployment rate in 1971 and 0.9% 

in 1970, while nondoctorate scientists were reported at 3.570 rate in 

1971 and 2.9% in 1970. Defense and space constituted largest areas 

of activity, with 11% and 4% of unemployed. Approximately 45% 

of 1971 unemployed scientists reported last science-related job had 

been supported to some degree by Government funds. (NSF Highlights, 

7/2/7191) 

John R. Schaibley, Executive Assistant to Apollo Program Director, 

OMSF, died in Virginia after extended illness. He had been with NASA 

since 1959 and had received NASA Exceptional Service Medal. (NASA 

Ann) 

July 3: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover was activated following eighth 

lunar night since vehicle was landed on moon by Luna 17 Nov. 17, 

1970. Temperature in instrumentation compartment was 295 K 

(72OF), pressure was 100 375 newtons per sq m (753 mm mercury), 

and all systems were functioning satisfactorily. (Tass, FBIS-sov-129-3, 

7/6/71, L1) 

July 4: Boris Petrov, chairman of Soviet Intercosmos Scientific Council 

on Space, said in Pravda that deaths of Soyuz 11 cosmonauts would 

not halt U.S.S.R.’s manned orbital space station: “New flights into 

space, the building of new manned orbital stations of the Salyut type, 

lie ahead. Undoubtedly, larger and more complex multipurpose and 

specialized manned space stations will be built. One can say with 

confidence that the 1970s will become an epoch of the development 

and broad use of long-term manned orbital stations with changing 

crews which will make it possible to switch from occasional experiments in space to a regular vigil by scientists and experts in space 

laboratories.” (UPI, NY News, 7/5/71, 7) 

July 5: L/G Samuel C. Phillips, SAMSO Commander, had been appointed to 

NASA Space Systems Advisory Committee, Aviation Week & Space 

Technology reported. (Av Wk, 7/5/71,9) 

* Aviation Week & Space Technology editorial commented on deaths of 

Soviet cosmonauts: “Space technology has already proved some of its 

greatest gains for the common good on earth are in medical areas. 

If the deaths of the Soyuz 11 cosmonauts focus more attention not 

only on the need for this research but also for the need to share it 

with all mankind, they will have made a contribution far beyond the 

specific achievements” of their voyage. (Hotz, Av Wk, 7/5/71, 7) 

July 6: Apollo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred 

M. Worden began three-week preflight medical isolation to minimize 

exposure to disease or illness that could delay planned July 26 launch 

to moon. Crew would be confined to ICSC crew quarters, training building, and launch pad until liftoff. (W Post, 7/7/71, A13) 

Award of $1.4million cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to Boeing Co. Vertol 

Div. for fabrication and test of hingeless, low-disk loading tilt rotor 

188 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 6 

was announced by NASA. Contract was part of joint USA-NASA program 

to provide technology for design of research aircraft. Although actual 

flight had not been scheduled, rotor would be fabricated consistent 

with flight application. (NASA Release 71-126) 

* MSC announced selection of McDonnell Douglas Corp. to receive 

$380 009, 10-mo, firm-price extension to contract for design study of 

space shuttle auxiliary propulsion system (APS) . McDonnell Douglas 

would define oxygen-hydrogen system compatible for both booster and 

orbiter vehicles. (MSC Release 71-47) 

* Astrologer Jeane Dixon in Fashington Daily News predicted “tremendous adventures in space for the United States . . . provided we keep 

an eye on platform placements and docking attempts above earth.” She 

also said that three US. satellites had been intercepted “and deadened” 

by U.S.S.R. (V News, 7/6/71, 7) 

jzdy 7: NASA announced it had issued RFPS for automated HEAO to study 

high-energy radiation from space. Proposals were due Aug. 27 at MSFC 

and contract would be awarded early in 1972 if HEAO became approved project in FY 1972. Single contract for two spacecraft would 

continue through launch and mission operations support for seven 

years. Contract called for system engineering of HEAO payload; design 

and development of spacecraft ; pFocurement and integration of orbit 

adjust stage and shroud; integration of experiments; design, development, and delivery of one set of HEAO ground support equipment; and 

launch operations support. Winning contractor also would provide mission operations support for observatory for up to two years for each 

mission. (NASA Release 71-127) 

Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine at New York Univ. Medical Center 

had accepted for evaluation and testing motorized wheelchair controlled by sight-switch, NASA announced. Switch, worn on head, enabled 

user to open and close circuit controlling chair’s wheel movements with 

his eyes. It had been developed under NASA direction to help astronauts 

in training to operate equipment under extreme flight conditions. Institute’s director, Dr. Howard A. Rusk, had estimated that more than 

100000 quadriplegics-persons with no use of arms or legs-could 

achieve mobility if chair could be made available. (NASA Release 

Pravdu article said prospects were good for US.-U.S.S.R. agreement in 

SALT, which resumed in Helsinki July 8, but stressed that agreement 

must provide “equal security” for both nations. “Action is met by 

counteraction. If one side strengthens its defense, then the other feverishly looks for new, more powerfuI means to pierce the defensive 

shield of the opponent. This process, if it is not stopped with the help 

of reasonable agreements in curbing the arms race, is endless.” (NYT, 

July 8: NASA launched NRL’S Sohd 10 (Ezpplorer &) (Solrad-C) solar 

radiation satellite from Wallops Station at 6:58 pm EDT by Scout 

booster. Satellite entered orbit with 630.3-km (391.7-mi) apogee, 436.3- 

km (271.1-mi) perigee, 95.3-min period, and 51” inclination. NASA 

mission objective was to place satellite in orbit where it could monitor 

sun’s x-ray and uv emissions. 

Solrad 10, 115-kg (253.5413) 12-sided cylinder, carried 14 experi71-122; A&A 1970) 

7/8/71,3) 

189 
July 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

ments to monitor solar electromagnetic and uv radiation continuously 

and to measure, on command, stellar radiation from other celestial 

sources. Information gained by satellite was expected to contribute to 

better understanding of physical processes in solar flares and other 

solar activities and potential effects of this activity on shortwave communications and on manned space travel. Satellite was third in series 

of solar radiation satellites launched from Wallops Station in joint 

NASA-NRL program. Two previous satellites were Explorer 30 (Solrad 8, 

launched Nov. 19,1965) and Explorer 37 (Solrad 9, launched March 5, 

1968). Solrad program was sponsored jointly by OSSA and Naval Air 

Systems Command, with NRL providing project management for mission. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 71-115; WS Release 71-13) 

0 Technological intelligence concerning SALT was reaching U.S. through 

Soviet scientist who had defected to West under pseudonym of Anatoly 

Fedoseyev [see May 261 but had been identified subsequently as 

Ignatiy A. Nikitrine, deputy director of Soviet space program iq charge 

of electronics and cybernetics, Don Cook of Los Angeles Times reported 

in Washington Post. Meanwhile, AP said, British officials insisted scientist’s real name was Fedoseyev and that he was expert in field of 

powerful magnetrons’’ whose research had applications to Soviet space 

effort. (W Post, 7/8/71, Al; AP, W Post, 7/9/71) 

US. and Soviet astronomers had concluded joint observations of quasars 

to determine their size and structure, Tass reported. Observations had 

been conducted from three locations-in Crimea, in eastern, and in 

western parts of U.S.-about 10000 km (6200 mi) apart. Soviet 

scientists had used 22-m (72-ft ) radiotelescope. ( FBIS-SOV-71-132, 

7/9/71, L1) 

* MSC announced selection of Lockheed Electronics Co., Inc., to receive 

$20-million, one-year, cost-plus-award-fee contract for general electronic, scientific, and computing center support services, at MSC. 

(MSC Release 71-48) 

* MSFC announced award of $325000 contract to North American Rockwell Corp. for 12-month study of inspace propellant logistics and 

safety. (MSFC Release 71-116) 

* Lockheed Aircraft Corp. had released market analysis that showed it could 

sell at least 400 new GlOll TriStar jet airbuses-about 60% more 

than needed for firm to break even, Dow Jones reported in Washington 

Evening Star. (W Star, 7/8/71, B9) 

July 9: NASA began distribution to 24 US. scientists of lunar soil samples 

returned by Soviet Luna 16 spacecraft and exchanged by U.S.S.R. for 

Apolb 11 and 12 samples June 10. About 50% of total three grams 

(one tepth ounce) of material would be distributed to principal U.S. 

experimenters in stages. First lot was about 600 mg (9 grains), or 

about 20% of total sample. Dr. Paul Gast, chief of MSC Planetqry and 

Earth Sciences Div., had said Soviet scientists had implied samples 

from Sea of Fertility differed from US. lunar samples because regolith 

was thinner and closer to underlying strata than soil of other lunar 

mare areas. Dr. Gat said Soviet samples contained wider grains than 

did U.S. samples. (NASA Release 71-128) 

Aerobee 170B sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR to 

191.5-km (119-mi) altitude on flight performance mission. Rocket and 

(6 

190 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 9 

instruments functioned satisfactorily and payload was recovered. (SR 

list; Proj Scientist) 

President Nixon, in Proclamation 4066 proclaiming Oct. 24 United 

Nations Day, said: “Through the UN, we all share stewardship over 

the planet Earth: together we face the challenges of coordinating 

measures to heal and protect the world’s fragile ecosystems; of ensuring that the new resources of the sea are developed for the benefit 

of all mankind; of promoting international cooperation in the use 

of outer space.” (PO, 7/12/71,1044) 

* Appointment of Robert E. Bower, Director of Advanced Development for 

Grumman Aerospace Corp., as Director for Aeronautics at LaRC had 

been announced by LaRC Director Edgar M. Cortright, Langley Researcher reported. Bower succeeded Laurence K. Loftin, Jr., who had 

become Special Assistant for Aeronautics to Assistant Secretary of the 

Air Force for R&D [see July 13. (Langley Researcher, 7/9/71, 1) 

* Award to Global Associates of $4-millionY one-year, cost-plus-award-fee 

contract to provide institutional support services at MTF was announced by MSFC. Selection had been made following competitive negotiations during which eight firms had submitted proposals. Contract 

included maintenance of rocket stage testing facilities in standby status 

and support services for other Fideral agencies using MTF.. (MSFC 

Release 71-117) 

International Galabert Prize, awarded annually by French for outstanding 

successes in exploration of outer space, had been presented to Soviet 

Academy of Sciences for Luna 16, Tass reported. (FBIS-SOV-71-133, 

7/9/71, L2) 

Sen. Hugh Scott (R-Pa.) said at Washington, D.C. press conference, 

‘‘I hope to see the day when our astronauts go up in Russian spacecraft and the Russian cosmonauts in ours.” He would explore idea with 

Soviet Ambassador Anatoly F. Dobrynin before he left for visit to 

U.S.S.R. in August, “if our own government will permit me to do so.” 

(UPI, W Post, 7/10/71, A3) 

July 10: Soviet defector Anatoly Fedoseyev told London Daily Telegraph 

he had left U.S.S.R. because life had become unbearable and “sooner 

or later I would have finished up in a prison or concentration camp.” 

He had laughed at reports he was space expert comparable in importance to NASA% Dr. Wernher von Braun and that his name was 

Nikitrine [see July 51. Fedoseyev told Telegraph he had “nothing to 

do with space projects” and was not ABM specialist. (AP, W Star, 

7/10/71) 

Jdy 11: Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, commented on 

Salyut 1-Soym 11 docking in AP interview published by Chicago 

Tribune. Docking indicated U.S.S.R. was “more or less on schedule 

in their declared program for developing a major experimental station 

in space, at least two years ahead of us.” In answer to question Dr. 

Fletcher said prospect “frightens me only because I don’t know what 

they’re doing there. They may have some military purposes that we 

don’t know about.” On U.S.S.R.’s two vehicles en route to Mars he 

said that ‘%re don’t know what these vehicles are going to do, but it’s 

conceivable that there will be attempts to land.” Dr. Fletcher said 

NASA had been “shocked and saddened” by loss of Soyuz 11 wsm 

191 
July 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

nauts but “we find no reason to make any major changes in our plans 

for manned missions.” (AP, C Trib, 7/11/71) 

e Jeffrey T. Hamilton, Special Assistant to NASA Assistant Administrator 

for Industry Affairs and Technology Utilization, became Director of 

Technology Utilization, succeeding Ronald J. Philips, whose resignation had been announced June 26. (NASA Ann, 7/13/71) 

Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director, announced appointment of Dr. 

Aaron Finerman of State Univ. of New York at Stony Brook to manage 

JPL’S newly established Office of Computing and Information Systems. 

(JPL Release 583) 

Boeing Co. was reactivating 767 project that was “simmering on a back 

burner” while SST was alive, William Hines said in Washington 

Sunday Star. Project “borrows liberally” from NASA aircraft development work. Boeing 767 subsonic jet would be about same size as 

Boeing 707, with same passenger capacity, but would be more than 

160 km per hr (100 mph) faster. Cruising speed would be 1167 km 

per hr (725 mph) or mach 0.98, “about the greatest achievable without generation of a sonic boom.” 

LaRc Director Edgar M. Cortright had said aircraft’s speed was 

attributable to its supercritical wing that could operate at speeds near 

mach 1 in shockproof condition. Boeing spokesman had said aircraft 

could be in service by end of decade. Hines said Boeing also was considering production of stretched version of 727. (W Star, 7/11/71, D4) 

Jdy 12: U.S.S.R. announced findings of special commission which investigated deaths of Soya II cosmonauts during reentry from June 6-30 

mission. Official report distributed by Tass said spacecraft’s flight had 

proceeded normally up to descent trajectory, with cosmonauts Georgy 

T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, and Viktor I. Patsayev performing according to flight program. About 30 min before landing “there 

occurred a rapid drop of pressure within the descent vehicle, which 

led to the sudden death of the cosmonauts. This is confirmed by the 

medical and pathologico-anatomic examinations. The drop in pressure 

resulted from a loss of the ship’s sealing. An investigation of the 

descent vehicle, which made a soft landing, showed that there are no 

failures in its structure.” (Tass, FBIS-SOV-133-3, 7/12/71, L1) 

NASA launched series of three Nike-Cajun sounding rockets carrying GSFC 

grenade experiments to obtain temperature, pressure, density, and wind 

data beGeen 35 and 95 km (22 and 59 mi) by detonating grenades 

and recording their sound arrivals on ground. Rocket launched from 

Churchill Research Range carried 19 grenades to 124.9-km (77.6-mi) 

altitude with 18 grenades detonating as planned and 16 sound arrivals 

recorded. Rocket launched from Point Barrow, Alaska, carried 31 

grenades to 108.8-km (67.6-mi) altitude with 31 explosions and 30 

sound arrivals recorded. Rocket launched from Wallops Station carried 19 grenades to 135.8-km (84.3-mi) altitude, with 19 explosions 

and sound arrivals recorded. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

0 NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale D. Myers 

had selected MSFC to integrate two proposed earth orbital projects, 

space station and research and applications modules (RAM), by supervising definition, design, and verification of design concepts, MSFC 

announced. Development of space station would follow development of 

192 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 12 

space shuttle. RAM was family of space payload carrier modules to be 

delivered to earth orbit by shuttle. (MSFC Release 71-118) 

* NASA announced availability of two new publications. First, Implantable 

Biotelemetry Systems (SP-50944, listed biomedical telemetering instruments developed by NASA for monitoring physiological functions 

in human beings and animals and described devices and techniques 

for radiotelemetry physiological monitoring. Analysis of Apollo 10 

Photography and Visual Observations (SP-232) described Apollo 10 

mission and contained miniature halftones of photos taken by ApoZZo 

10 astronauts, which could be obtained for study. (NASA Release 

* FAA announced it would lower base of area-positive-control airspace 

(APC) from 7300 m (24000 ft) to 5500 m (18000 ft) over southwestern US., effective Aug. 19, to provide operating aircraft with 

additional protection against midair collisions. (FAA Release 71-105) 

* President Nixon forwarded to Congress nomination of L/G Benjamin 0. 

Davis, Jr. (USAF, Ret.) , Deputy Assistant Secretary of Transportation 

for Safety and Consumer Affairs, to be Assistant Secretary of Transportation (Safety and Consumer Affairs). (PD, 7/19/71, 1060) 

AFSC announced reassignment of officers: M/G Lee V. Gossick, Deputy 

Chief of Staff, Systems, would become Chief of Staff for AFSC on 

departure of M/G Clifford J. Kronauer; M/G Kenneth W. Schultz, 

Deputy for Minuteman, SAMSO, Norton AFB, Calif., would succeed 

M/G Gossick as Deputy Chief of Staff, Systems; B/G Abner B. Martin 

would succeed M/G Schultz as Deputy for Minuteman; B/G Herbert A. 

Lyon, Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, Systems, AFSC, would succeed 

B/G Martin as Deputy for Reentry Systems; B/G William W. Gilbert, 

Vice Commander of USAF Flight Test Center, Edwards AFB, Calif., 

would command European Communications Area, with additional 

duties as Deputy Chief of Staff , Communications, USAF, Europe. 

(AFSC Release 216.71; AFSC PIO) 

July 13: ApoZlo 15 completed simulated liftoff at 9:34 am EDT in preparation for launch from KSC July 26. Spacecraft was unmanned and fully 

loaded with propellants. Astronauts would practice countdown in spacecraft without fuel July 14. (SBD, 7/14/71,56) 

* Selection of NR Rocketdyne Div. for negotiations leading to award of 

$500-rnilliony cost-plus-award-fee contract for development and delivery 

of 35 space shuttle engines by 1978 was announced by NASA. Selection 

followed 12-mo competition during which NASA had accepted proposals 

from three firms on April 21. Program would be managed by MSFC 

and would support space shuttle orbital flights beginning in 1978. 

(NASA Release 71-131) 

NASA launched two Nike-Tomahawk sounding rockets from Wallops Station carrying Univ. of Texas experiments to study ionosphere. Rockets 

and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Sleep analyzer developed for NASA by Dr. James D. Frost of Baylor Univ. 

and built by SCI Electronics, Inc., Div. of SCI Systems, Inc., as Skylab 

experiment had been made available as research device to US. medical 

institutions, NASA announced. Device would record quality of sleep of 

Skylab astronaut during 28-day stay in space by combining and evaluating inputs of electro-encephalogram and electro-occulogram. Medical 

application of device could be to treat insomniacs and other patients 

71-30; NASA Hq WB, 7/12/28) 

193 
July 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

experiencing “sleep neuroses.” FAA doctors were considering study of 

sleeping patterns of air controllers and pilots after stressful duty. 

(NASA Special Release) 

* Senate Committee on Banking approved by vote of 10 to 5 revised bill 

authorizing Government guarantee of loans to companies whose failure 

would “adversely and seriously affect the economy of the nation.” Bill 

would permit Government to guarantee up to $2 billion in such loans, 

with limit of $250 million for one company. Bill represented first 

legislative test of Administration’s efforts to save Lockheed Aircraft 

Corp. from bankruptcy, New York Times said. (Witkin, NYT, 

7/14/71,1) 

President Nixon announced appointments to Citizen’s Advisory Committee on Environmental Quality, including Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank 

Borman. (PD, 7/19/71,1056) 

FAA announced award of $530 125 contract to Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., for analytical and experimental program to develop new 

microwave landing system ( MLS) for civil-military common use, to 

replace VHF/UHF instrument landing system ( ILS) developed in early 

1940s. Microwave system would provide more precise electronic guidance to aircraft on approaches and landings than current system ; 

selectable flight paths to permit greater number of aircraft operations 

at airports; closer spacing of parallel runways; and procedures to ease 

noise over surrounding communities. (FAA Release 71-109) 

US. faced no dire threat from current “numbers or accuracy’’ of Soviet 

SS-9 missiles, but must extend its own antimissile system as “bargaining chip” with U.S.S.R. at SALT, Deputy Secretary of Defense David 

Packard said in testimony before House Committee on Foreign Relations’ Subcommittee on Arms Control. (NYT, 7/14/71, 7) 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced FAA was considering major policy change to permit establishment of FAA facilities and 

services at privately owned airports open to public. Such facilities 

and services were restricted to publicly owned airports. FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer said policy change would be “in accord with 

FAA% assigned mission and responsibility of assuring safety and efficiency of all civil aircraft operations and of promoting air commerce 

and civil aeronautics.” (FAA Release 71-110) 

Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, AEC Chairman, was formally presented with membership in Soviet Academy of Sciences by Soviet Ambassador Anatoly 

F. Dobrynin in ceremony at Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C. 

( AEC Release 0-120) 

Cornell Univ. and EDP Technology, Inc., announced that contract for sale 

of Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory by Cornell to EDP had been 

allowed to expire by mutual consent. (Van Gelder, NYT, 7/14/71, 58) 

Jdy 14: Apollo 15 completed final practice countdown at KSC in preparation for launch to moon July 26. (Wilford, NYT, 7/15/71, 16) 0 Discovery of hydroxyl molecule in interstellar dust between stars of M-82 

and NGG253 galaxies 97 billion km (60 billion mi) from earth by 

use of big dish radio telescopes, was reported by Dr. Leonid N. 

Weliachew, visiting fellow at Cal Tech from Meudon Observatory in 

France. Discovery implied that chemical evolution was proceeding 

throughout universe. Hydroxyl was considered a chemical essential to 

evolution of life. (LATNS, W Post, 7/15/71, A3; B Sun, 7/19/71) 

194 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 14 

MSFC announced award of $250000, 10-mo, “phase A” contract to NR 

Space Div. to study feasibility of developing low-cost, reusable, chemical-propulsion stage that could be launched from earth on space shuttle 

booster and refueled in space for up to 10 missions. Vehicle could be 

used for high-lift capability to low earth orbit, for placing large payloads in geosynchronous orbit, and for lunar and unmanned planetary 

missions. (MSFC Release 71-120) 

0 MSC announced award of three seven-month, firm, fixed-price contracts 

for development of new surface materials for space shuttle orbiter stage. 

McDonnell Douglas Corp. would receive $325 000 ; GE Aerospace 

Group, $319200; and Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., $322500. 

(MSC Release 71-50) 

Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D-Minn.) and Sen. Edmund S. Muskie 

(D-Me.) proposed US. and U.S.S.R. freeze deployment of nuclear 

weapons while they sought agreement to control strategic arms at SALT. 

Joint proposal was made during hearings of Senate Committee on 

Foreign Relations’ Subcommittee on Arms Control. (Finney, NYT, 

7/15/71,1) 

July 15: Senate Committee on Appropriations favorably reported H.R. 9382, 

FY 1972 HUD-space-science appropriations bill that contained $3.325- 

billion NASA appropriation. Committee added $24 million for NERVA to 

NASA request of $2.518 billion for R&D, making total of $2.542 billion, 

and rejected House recommendations for cuts in construction of facilities appropriation, including $20 million for space shuttle funding. 

(CR, 7/15/71, D703; SBD, 7/16/71,70) 

LaRC awarded $3 934 000 contract to Carey General Contractors, Inc., and 

Metropolitan Construction Co. of Missouri for joint construction of 

4200-sq-m (45 500-sq-ft ) Aircraft Noise Reduction Laboratory. Research facility, to be completed by November 1972, would include 

acoustics physics laboratory, applications area with anechoic room and 

reverberation room, and external effects simulation laboratory. (NASA 

Release 71-133) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, presented LM similar to those 

used for Apollo 11, 12, and 14 lunar landings to Michael Collins, 

Director of Smithsonian Institution’s Air and Space Museum and 

Apollo 11 astronaut. LM would remain on permanent display at 

museum. (Smithsonian Release 111-71 ; NASA PAO) 

July 26: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Thorad-Agena booster. Orbital parameters: apogee, 506.9 km (315 mi) ; 

perigee, 487.6 km (303 mi) ; period, 94.5 min; and inclination, 75’. 

(Pres Rpt 72; SBD, 7/26/71,109) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Meteor 9 from Plesetsk into orbit with 642-km (398.9- 

mi) apogee, 615-km (382.1-mi) perigee, 97.2-min period, and 81.1” 

inclination. Tass said satellite carried meteorological equipment to 

obtain pictures of clouds and snowcaps on day and night sides of earth 

and data on thermal energy reflected and radiated by earth and atmosphere. ( GSFC SSR, 7/31/71 ; SBD, 7/19/71, 78; FBIS-SOV-71-137, 

7/16/71, L1) 

* Findings on atmosphere of Mars from uv spectrometer observations made 

during NASA’s 1969 Mariner flyby missions were reported in Science 

by Univ. of Colorado scientists Dr. Charles A. Barth and Dr. Charles 

W. Hord: “Mars . . . reffects sunlight in the ultraviolet, but it is the 

195 
July 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

atmosphere, not the surface, that is responsible for the reflected light. 

Even though there are atmospheric scatterers in addition to the 

molecular scatterers, it is possible to relate the intensity of the scattered radiation with the atmospheric pressure. The variation of the 

pressure over the planet reveals the topography to vary over 7 kilometers [41/2 miles] in height and to be correlated with visible features. 

The carbon dioxide polar cap, in addition to being a cold trap for 

volatile gases in the atmosphere, may also be a very efficient absorption trap for nonvolatiles. This last property may make the cap a 

repository for gases produced by geological or biological activity.” 

(Science, 7/16/71,197-201) 

* Lowell K. Zoller, Chief of Program Control Group in MSFC Office of 

Program Development, had been appointed manager of task team 

for research and applications modules (RAM) by MSFC Director, Dr. 

Eberhard F. M. Rees, MSFC announced. RAM was proposed family of 

space payload carrier modules to be delivered to earth orbit by space 

shuttle. ( MSFC Release 71-122) 

White House announced President Nixon would accept resignation of 

Dr. William D. McElroy as Director of National Science Foundation. 

Dr. McElroy would remain in position until February 1972. (PD, 

7/26/71,1078) 

July 16-18: Lewis Research Center celebrated 30th anniversary. Groundbreaking had been on Jan. 23, 1941, but anniversary celebration had 

been postponed for summer weather. Ceremonies honored former 

LeRC employees who had transferred to other NASA centers, retired 

employees, and visiting NASA officials, including Dr. George M. Low, 

Deputy Administrator. Each employee received 30th anniversary coin 

and special anniversary edition of Lewis News. Anniversary exhibition included F-106 aircraft, Apollo 8, Gemini 7, and Mercury spacecraft. Center Director Bruce T. Lundin described progress of LeRCwhich had been dedicated May 28, 1943, as aircraft engineering 

research laboratory by Dr. George W. Lewis, NACA Director of Aeronautical Research, for whom it was later named. Center now occupied 

3400 hectares (8500 acres) with 4000-member staff and plant valued 

at $311 million. Open House was held for general public July 17 and 

18. (LeRC Release 71-30; Lewis News, 7/16/71, 1; NASA Hq WB, 

July 17: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover completed experiments planned 

for ninth lunar day on moon’s Sea of Rains and was preparing for 

lunar night, Tass announced. Experiments included stereoscopic photography of crater bed and slopes, chemical analysis of rock, studies 

of crater 190 m (208 yds) in diameter, and measurements of cosmic 

radiation. Vehicle had traveled 10.2 km (6.3 mi) over lunar surface 

since landing on moon Nov. 17, 1970. (FBISSOV-138-3, 7/20/71, L1) 

Nine Soviet scientists visited AEC’S Nevada test site near Las Vegas during meeting of US. and Soviet scientists on peaceful uses of atomic 

energy. (NYT, 7/14/71,41; AEC PIO) 

July 19: Apollo 15 astronauts would wear pressure suits-instead of flight 

coveralls as originally planned-during LM jettison, NASA announced. 

Requirements for crew to wear suits had been reevaluated after deaths 

7/5/7171) 

196 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 19 

of three cosmonauts during reentry from June 6-30 Soyuz 11 mission. 

(NASA Release 71-134) 

U.S.S.R. sent telegram to American Science and Engineering, Inc., designer of Apollo 15 x-ray detector, accepting invitation to cooperate 

with US. in studying x-ray sources during Apollo 15 mission. Soviet 

scientists would train 2591-mm (102-in) telescope on same region of 

sky that Apollo 15 crew would explore during return to earth and 

would compare notes on how strongest x-ray source in sky appeared 

through telescope and through x-ray detector. (McElheny, W Post, 

7/21/71, A10) 

Clare F. Farley, Executive Officer in Ofice of NASA Administrator since 

1968, became Assistant Administrator for Technology Utilization. 

Farley was succeeded as Executive Officer by Henry E. Clements, 

formerly of USAF Hq. Directorate of Space Research and Development. 

(NASA Ann, 7/12/71) 

Sen. B. Everett Jordan (D-N.C.) introduced, for himself and cosponsors, S. 2302 “to establish an Office of Technology Assessment for the 

Congress as an aid in the identification and consideration of existing and probable impacts of technological application; to amend the 

National Science Foundation Act of 1950; and for other p~rposes.’~ 

(CRY 7/19/71, 511346) 

0 President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Stanford Univ. 

chemist John D. Baldeschwieler to be Deputy Director of OST. He 

would succeed Dr. Hubert Heffner, who had resigned to return to 

duties at Stanford. (PD, 7/26/71, 1066,1080) 

Apollo program’s contribution to lunar science was praised in Aviation 

Week & Space Technology editorial: “Apollo has taken lunar exploration out of the hands of tree-full-of-owls theorists and put it into 

the care of the lunar explorers, who will eventually provide sufficient 

data to unravel some of the major mysteries of the moon and our 

universe.” (Hotz, Av Wk, 8/19/71,7) 

Los Angeles Harbor Commission granted one-year extension to lease 

with Hughes Tool Co. for storage area for Spruce Goose, mammoth 

wooden flying boat designed by Howard Hughes and flown once, on 

brief taxi test in 1947 [see Feb. lo]. (UH, W Post, 7/21/71, C8) 

July 20: Final countdown for July 26 launch of Apollo 15 manned lunar 

landing mission began at ICSC at 6:30 am EDT. (AP, B Sun, 7/21/71, 

More than 20 hrs of live TV coverage from ApoIIo 15 spacecraft and 

lunar surface would be carried via orbiting Intelsat comsats, ComSatCorp announced. Coverage would include liftoff, transposition and 

docking, intravehicular transfer, landing site approach, lunar surface 

exploration, first color broadcast of lunar liftoff, rendezvous and docking, film transfer in space, lunar eclipse, press conference from space, 

and splashdown. ( ComSatCorp Release 71-39) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 429 from Baykonur into orbit with 256-km 

(159.1-mi) apogee, 177-km (110-mi) perigee, 88.8-min period, and 

51.7’ inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 2. (GSFC SSR, 7/31/71; 

8/31/71; SBD, 7/26/71,109) 

* President Nixon issued Proclamation 4067 designating day as National 

Moon Walk Day, “to commemorate the anniversary of the first moon 

walk on July 20, 1969, and to accord recognition to the many achieveA1 ) 

197 
July 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

ments of the national space program.” He said, “Two years after the 

first landing . . . other brave men are .following in the footsteps of 

[Astronaut Neil A.] Armstrong and [Astronaut Edwin E.] Aldrin 

to explore the unknown and advance scientific knowledge for the 

benefit of all mankind.” (PD, 7/26/71,1068) 

U.S.S.R., in first status report on Sulyut 1 (launched April 19) since 

deaths of Soyuz 11 cosmonauts June 30, said Salyut 1 was functioning normally after 1490 orbits of earth. Tass said station was in orbit 

with 262.3-km (163-mi) apogee and 223.7-km (139-mi) perigee and 

all systems were functioning normally. (UPI, C Trib, 7/21/71) 

e Senate by unanimous vote of 87 passed H.R. 9382, FY 1972 HUD-spacescience appropriations bill that included $3.321 billion NASA appropriation and $647-million NSF appropriation (after adopting amendment increasing NSF research funds by $25 million). (CR, 7/20/71, 

Senate passed H.R. 9388, FY 1972 AEC authorization bill that contained 

additional $37 million in operating costs for space nuclear propulsion 

program, bringing total authorization for space nuclear propulsion to 

$52 million. (CR, 8/20/71,S11502-65) 

Members of 28-nation U.N. Scientific Subcommittee on Space, meeting 

in New York, had agreed to establish study panel to examine uses of 

satellites for earth resources surveys, New York Times reported. 

Agreement represented compromise. U.S. and U.S.S.R. had opposed 

earlier Swedish proposal that panel consider establishment of operational systems within U.N. framework. U.S. position, expressed by 

NASA Assistant Administrator for International Affairs Arnold W. 

Frutkin, had been that practical application of using satellites for 

remote sensing of earth would be demonstrated adequately only after 

testing of NASA’s ERTS in spring of 1972. (Teltsch, NYT, 7/20/71, 12) 

Wapakoneta, Ohio, birthplace of ApoZZo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, 

celebrated second anniversary of first moon walk by Armstrong with 

display of flags and model of LM on concrete blocks on street corner. 

For third anniversary, in 1972, Armstrong expected to return to home 

town for dedication of $l-million Armstrong Museum being constructed at edge of town. Daniel R. Porter, Director of Ohio Historical 

Society, had said museum would feature Ohio’s contributions to aerospace age from early balloon ascents through achievements of Wright 

brothers, who had lived in Ohio, to space exploits of Ohioan Astronaut John H. Glenn. Exhibits would include experimental aircraft 

flown by Armstrong as test pilot, gallery of flight artifacts, “NASA 

Room” containing space travel exhibits, and “infinity cube,” mirrored 

room with lighting to give effect of projection into infinity. (Wilford, 

NYT, 7/21/71,22) 

FAA announced award of two cost-sharing research contracts totaling 

almost $6 million to Boeing Co. to determine feasibility in design 

hardware of acoustical treatment techniques in reducing noise levels 

of United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div.’s JT8D and JT3D 

engines. (FAA Release 71-118) 

July 21 : Senate-House conferees on H.R. 7109, FY 1972 NASA Authorization bill, filed H Rpt 92-368 proposing compromise bill authorizing 

$3.355 billion. Report authorized $702.7 million for space flight 

operations, $30 million above NASA request of $672.7 million, and 

- 

S11478-502) 

198 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 JuIy 21 

recommended $15 million be spent on Skylab rescue capability and 

$15 million on space shuttle. (H Rpt 92-368) 

Black Brant VC sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops 

Station on test and support mission to evaluate flight performance. 

Vehicle developed aerodynamic instability and payload broke off. 

(SR list; Proj Scientist) 

* President Nixon accepted resignation of Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg as AEC 

Chairman, effective on date to be determined, but asked him to remain as head of U.S. delegations to atomic energy conferences in 

USSR., Geneva, and Vienna during 1971. President also asked Dr. 

Seaborg to serve as consultant after meetings. He said: ‘&As a world 

famous chemist, scholar, and administrator, you have contributed in 

a unique and meaningful way to far greater understanding and application of the miracles of the atom.” 

President submitted to Senate nomination of James R. Schlesinger, 

Assistant Director of Office of Management and Budget, to be AEC 

member and successor to Dr. Seaborg as AEC Chairman. (PD, 7/26/71, 

1069,1080) 

“Apollo Day” was celebrated in State of Indiana. Gov. Edgar H. Whitcomb attended ceremonies at Spring Mill State Park honoring 

Indiana-born astronaut, the late Virgil I. Grissom who was killed in 

Jan. 27,1967, Apollo fire. (MSFC Hist Off) 

Dr. Dudley G. McConnell, Assistant Executive Secretary in NASA Office 

of Administrator, became Director of Office of Scientific and Technical Information in NASA Office of Industry Affairs and Technology 

Utilization. (NASA Release 71-142) 

July 22: NASA and AFCRL scientists would measure plume from Apollo 15 

during launch July 26 in attempt to solve mystery of ApoZZo 12 lightning strike during Nov. 14, 1969, launch, AFSC announced. Measurements were part of Lightning Strikes to In-Flight MissiIes program 

to test conductivity and electrical field breakdown strength on Minuteman and Atlas missiles. Scientists theorized that exhaust plume acted 

as electrical conductor and might have influenced electrical fields in 

thunder clouds and provoked lightning stroke. 

AFCRL project scientist John L. Heckscher said USAF tests showed 

that “the rocket plume acts as a good conductor of electricity-like a 

wire . . . stretched from the rocket to the ground. And, should the 

rocket enter a thunder cloud, it would act like a lightning conductor. 

In the Apollo 15 launch we’re primarily interested in the effective 

length of the conducting plume. The rocket is 363 feet [110 m] long, 

and the visible portion of the plume, which contains incandescent carbon particles and other burning matter, is perhaps another 500 ft 

[152 m] of good conductor. However the trailing invisible portion 

may also be electrically conductive and that’s what we want to find 

out.” (AFSC Release 180.71) 

* Mariner 9, launched by NASA May 30, had covered 142600000 km 

(88600000 mi) in 167-day journey to Mars. Spacecraft was 

15300000 km (9500000 mi) from earth and had received more 

than 600 commands. (NASA Release 71-136) 

ARC-developed oximeter-device to measure oxygen content of blood by 

light absorption of blood circulating through ear-was being used by 

National Cancer Institute’s Leukemia Service for early detection of 

199 
July 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

shock, NASA announced. Device had been introduced to Cancer Institute by Biomedical Application Team (BATEAM) of Research Triangle 

Institute. Team was employed by NASA to exchange space-developed 

technology between physical and medical sciences. Oximeter had been 

developed in 1960s to study effects of rapid acceleration in centrifuge 

on subjects, to determine reactions to simulated manned space flight 

conditions. (NASA Release 71-132) 

Tass said Communist Party Central Committee and Soviet Council of 

Ministers had decided to unveil busts of Salyut 1Soyyuz 11 Cosmonauts Georgy T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, and Viktor I. 

Patsayev in their home towns and to erect obelisk in their honor at 

landing site of Soyuz 11 spacecraft. Memorial plaques would be 

placed on buildings at cosmonaut training center and at cosmonauts’ 

schools. Cosmonauts’ names would be given to their schools and to 

streets in Odessa, Moscow, and Aktyubinsk, cosmonauts’ home towns. 

* Japan would launch scientific observation satellite from Uchinoura Space 

Center Sept. 20, Space Business Daily reported. Satellite design and 

planned orbit would be similar to that of Japan’s Tansei, launched 

Feb. 16. (SBD, 7/22/71,96) 

SES-100B Surface Effect Ship, built for USN by Textron Bell Aerospace 

Div., was launched at Michoud Assembly Facility. Ship was 23.7 m 

(78 ft) long, weighed 90 700 kg (100 tons) , and traveled at 41 m per 

sec (80 knots) on air cushion maintained by eight lift fans and contained by catamaran-style side hulls and flexible bow and stern seals. 

Test and evaluation program would be conducted in Lake Pontchartrain 

and Gulf of Mexico beginning July 23. (Bell Aerospace Div Release) 

July 23: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 430 from Plesetsk into orbit with 265- 

km (164.7-mi) apogee, 187-km (116.2-mi) perigee, 89-min period, 

and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 5. (GSFC SSR, 7/31/71; 

8/31/71; SBD, 7/26/71, 109) 

Battery and companion unit in Apollo 15 LM failed during tests at ICSC 

and were replaced. Investigation revealed battery had been contaminated with magnesium chips. Problem did not delay countdown, which 

continued on schedule toward 9:34 am EDT liftoff July 26. (Wilford, 

NYT, 7/24/71,29) 

9 NASA’s M2-F3 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot William H. 

Dana, successfully completed seventh flight from FRC, reaching 18 300-m 

(60000-ft) altitude and mach 0.83. Objectives were to expand flight 

envelope to mach 0.85, obtain stability and control data at mach 0.8, 

and evaluate reaction control system. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Appointment of John P. Donnelly, Vice President for Corporate Communications of Whittaker Corp., as NASA Assistant Administrator for 

Public Affairs effective Aug. 15, was announced by NASA. He would 

be responsible for development and direction of public affairs activities, 

including public information, public services, and educational programs. Acting Public Affairs chief since resignation of Julian W. Scheer 

March 22 had been Alfred P. Alibrando, Director, Public Affairs Div. 

(NASA Release 71-137; NASA Ann, 2/23/71) 

* NASA announced it had signed agreement with New York Times Special 

Features, syndicate division of New York Times, for one byline article 

each by Apollo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and 

(FBIS-SOV-71-142,7/22/71) 

200 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 23 

Alfred M. Worden after mission and three articles by Scientist-A 

Harrison H. Schmitt while crew was on lunar surface. Agreement, 

extending to 30 days after mission’s end, provided for payment by 

Special Features of 50% of gross proceeds from syndication of articles. 

It also permitted still photos in Apollo 15 astronauts’ homes and interviews of family members. Agreement did not infringe on NASA policy 

of free flow of information to all media nor limit NYT coverage of all 

aspects of space program. (NASA Release 71-138) 

* The Decision To Go to the Moon by John M. Logsdon of George Yashington Univ. was reviewed in Science by L. Vaughn Blankenship, State 

Univ. of New York at Buffalo political scientist: Book pulled together 

most of the publicly available data and commentary on the events 

surrounding President Kennedy’s decision in May 1961 to commit the 

United States to effecting a lunar landing before 1970.” Logsdon 

seemed to conclude that “because the decision process somehow corresponded to his theory of how decisions are, or should be made . . . the 

decision must have been a good It was “legitimate to choose to 

present a history of this decision within the limited framework adopted 

in this book” but “less legitimate to tout this decision as evidence of 

a political system operating at its best. Or if it is its best, we may well 

worry for the future.” Dr. Logsdon replied to review Sept. 17. (Science, 

7/23/71,317-8; 9/17/71,1079-80) 

GAO published Comparison of Military Research and Development Expenditures of the United States and the Soviet Union. Report quoted 

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD) as 

saying much Soviet R&D was likely to have been directed toward military and space programs. Spin-off to civilian industry in U.S.S.R. was 

considered to have been small because all invention and innovation of 

military application, while in principle available for civilian use, was 

surrounded by impenetrable security blanket. Consequently, strain of 

R&D effort had been much greater for Soviet economy than for that 

of US. (CRY 7/31/71, E8607-81) 

July 24: President Nixon issued statement supporting legislation before 

Congress to provide emergency loan guarantees for major business 

enterprises confronted with temporary financial stringencies : “The administration originally sought legislation only to help the Lockheed 

Aircraft Corporation. That support is still needed very badly. But I 

have instructed Secretary of the Treasury Connally . . . to accept the 

broader legislation. It wouId be most useful in providing a systematic 

procedure for helping any major business enterprise with temporary 

financial problems whose failure would adversely affect the economy 

of the Nation or a region thereof.” (PD, 7/26/71, 1078) 

July 25: President Nixon telephoned Apollo 15 astronauts to extend good 

wishes on eve of launch. (PD, 8/2/71,1099) 

* KSC launch complex where Apollo 15 spacecraft and Saturn V booster 

stood ready for liftoff had been struck by lightning 11 times during 

past six weeks, Vashington Post reported. First strike, June 14, had 

been equivalent to 98000 amps-almost three times as powerful as 

average lightning strike and two thirds as strong as biggest lightning 

strike ever recorded in Florida. Two more strikes had followed within 

15 min of each other and a 31 000-amp strike had hit launch pad one 

day later. On July 20 five separate lightning bolts with total amperage 

u 

201 
July 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

July 26-August 7: Apollo 15 carried three astronauts on the fourth successful lunar 

landing mission, returning them with 77 kilograms (170 pounds) of samples after 

66 hours 55 minutes on the moon’s surface. During prelaunch activities in Firing 

Room 1 of the Kennedy Space Center‘s Launch Control Center, Dr. James C. 

Fletcher, NASA Administrator (right) , spoke with NASC Executive Secretary William A. 

dnders; L/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), former Apollo Program Director; and 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning (left to right). 

of almost 100000 amps had been recorded. Ninth strike of 22000 

amps had occurred June 25, and last-weakest to date at 6600 ampshad occurred July 19. Neither spacecraft nor launch vehicle had been 

damaged. Apollo 15 was first spacecraft to have even a near miss from 

lightning strikes while being prepared for launch. (W Post, 7/25/71, 

A16) 

July 26-August 7: NASA’s Apollo 15 (AS-510) carried three-man crew on 

fourth successful lunar landing mission. LM-10 Falcon landed on 

moon’s Hadley-Apennine region and two astronauts conducted experiments, rode first manned lunar roving vehicle (LRV) on moon, and 

explored lunar surface. After 66 hrs 55 min on surface, Falcon rejoined orbiting CSM-112 Edeavor and astronauts transfered for safe 

return to earth with lunar samples. 

July 26-28: Spacecraft-carrying Astronauts David R. Scott (commander), Alfred M. Worden (CM pilot), and James B. Irwin (LM 

pilot)-was launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, Pad A, on time 

at 9:34 am EDT July 26 by Saturn V booster. Launch was watched by 

2000 invited guests-including 185 members of British Astronomical 

Society and Royal Astronomical Society and 41 Congressmen-and 

estimated 1 million other viewers. 

Spacecraft and S-IVB combination entered parking orbit with 

171.4-km (106.5-mi) apogee and 169.4-km (105.3-mi) perigee. Translunar injection (TLI) was achieved at 2:56 GET and CSM separated 

from LM/S-IVB/IU at 3:22 GET. Docking of CSM with LM at 3:34 GET 

was shown clearly by onboard color TV. 

202 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 26-August 7 

seismometer 55 sec after impact. 

First midcourse correction (MCC-1) was canceled because spacecraft trajectory was near nominal. Shortly after CSM-LM docking, 

telemetry data indicated electrical sh service propulsion system 

(SPS) . Troubleshooting isolated pro d MCC-2 at 28:41 GET 

used SPS bank A to analy nt short. Data indicated 

bank A could be safely nually. Modified procedures were 

developed for using bank B alone for remaining midcourse corrections 

except lunar orbit and transearth insertions, which would be dual 

bank burns. 

Scott and Irwin entered LM at 33:56 GET, 50 min earlier than 

planned, to check out LM communications and other systems. TV pictures of CSM and LM interiors were shown between 34:55 and 35~46 

GET. During checkout crew discovered range/range-rate exterior glass 

cover had broken, removing helium barrier. Crew began LM housekeeping 1% hrs earlier than scheduled and vacuumed broken glass. 

At 61 :13 GET, during preparations for water chlorination, water leak 

developed in CM chlorination septum gland but was stopped by crew, 

following repair instructions from ground, and water was absorbed 

with towels. Door of scientific instrument module ( SIM) was jettisoned 

at 74:06 GET. 

Jdy 29-August 4: Apollo 15 entered lunar orbit with 314.8-km 

(195.6-mi) apolune and 107.5-km (66.8-mi) perilune after LOI burn 

at 78:32 GET (4:06 pm EDT July 29). “This is really profound . . . it’s 

fantastic,” Scott said of view from moon. Apennine Mountains looked 

unreal. “They stand out in tremendous relief. They appear to be smooth 

or rounded. But they are cratered and in many places rough in texture. 

We don’t see any jagged peaks. They don’t look like . . . any other 

mountains we’ve seen on earth.” 

CSM-LM undocking and separation maneuver was initiated during 

12th lunar revolution, on far side of moon at 100:14 GET, but spacecraft did not undock. Worden entered tunnel to inspect CSM-LM umbilical and found plug was loose. After he reconnected plug and 

adjusted spacecraft attitude, undocking and separation were achieved 

at 100:39 GET-about 25 min later than planned. 

LM Falcon touched down in moon’s Hadley-Apennine region near 

Salyut Crater at 104:42 GET (6:16 pm EDT July 30) about 600 m 

(656 yds) north-northwest of planned target. “OK Houston,” Scott 

said after touchdown, “the Falcon is on the plain at Hadley.” He said 

LM’S engine had stirred up so much dust that landing site had been 

completely obscured from 15-m (50-ft ) altitude to touchdown: “We 

dew IFR from then on down.” 

Stand-up extravehicular activity ( SEVA) to observe and photograph 

landing site and surrounding area began after cabin depressurization 

at 106:43 GET. Scott put his head out of upper hatch and described 

and photographed area for 33 min. Scott said he could describe site 

\ 

203 
July 26-August 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

July 29-August 4: Apollo 15 entered lunar orbit July 29 and the LM Falcon touched 

down in the moon’s Hadley-Apennine region July 30 for three EVA periods of 

exploration. The lunar roving vehicle Rover, deployed during the first EVA July 31, 

was photographed by Astronaut James B. Irwin near Hadley Rille (right center above), 

with the Hadley Delta in the background and St. George Crater partially visible at 

the upper right edge. Astronaut David R. Scott was working at the Rover. In the 

photo at right Irwin scooped a trench, with Mount Hadley in the background. A 

gnomon indicated the local vertical and the sun angle. Meanwhile CM pilot Alfred M. 

Worden, orbiting the moon in Endeavor, completed lunar and astronomic photography. 

for hours. Area was covered with craters, but strewn with very few 

large boulders; it was hilly, but not rocky or rugged. 

First EVA began July 31 at 9:04 am EDT. Scott climbed down ladder, 

deployed MESA containing camera which recorded his descent, and 

stepped on lunar surface. Irwin followed and, while Scott removed TV 

camera from MESA and deployed it on tripod, Irwin collected contingency sample. Crew had difficulty deploying LRV Rover; during checkout they found that front steering mechanism was inoperative and that 

there were no readouts on LRV battery No. 2 amp-volt meter. Battery 

was found to be operating satisfactorily and decision was made to 

perform EVA-1 without LRV front-wheel steering. Crew mounted LRV 

and proceeded on EVA-1 traverse at 121:45 GET. Crew described EVA 

as “exploration at its greatest,” and repeatedly used words “fantastic,” 

“breathtaking,” and “spectacular” to describe features as they rode 

LRV at about eight km per hr (five mph). Scott said Rover handled 

quite well: “It negotiates small craters quite well, although there is a 

204 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July %-August 7 

lot of roll. The steering is quite responsive . . . and I can maneuver 

pretty well. . . . There is no accumulation of dirt in the wire wheels.” 

Stops at stations where crew collected lunar samples and took photos 

were broadcast on TV with excellent transmission. At end of traverse 

ALSEP was deployed. Scott and Irwin reentered LM after 6 hrs 33 min 

exploring surface, 28 min sooner than planned because Scott used up 

more oxygen than anticipated. 

After resting inside LM, recharging and repairing portable life support system (PLSS), and reviewing plans for second EVA, astronauts 

left LM at l42:15 GET (7:49 am EDT Aug. 1). LRV was powered up, 

circuit breakers were cycled, and LRV front steering was found to be 

completely operational. EVA-2 traverse included stops at Spur Crater, 

Dune Crater, Hadley Plains, and area between Spur and Window 

craters. Numerous samples and photos were obtained and TV transmission was good. Crew completed heat flow experiment initiated during EVA-1, collected core sample, and deployed U.S. flag. After stowing sample container and film in LM, astronauts reentered LM at 1499327 

GET, after 7 hrs 12 min on surface during EVA-2. 

Third EVA began at 163:18 GET (4:52 am EDT Aug. 2), 1 hr 45 min 

later than planned because of cumulative changes in surface activities 

timeline. Late start and requirement to protect nominal liftof€ time 

required shortening EVA. Alternate EVA plan was devised with traverse 

west from LM to Hadley Rille. Astronauts traveled to Scarp Crater, 

“The Terrace” near Rim Crater, and Rim Crater, collecting samples 

and photographing lunar surface features. Scott tripped over a rock 

205 
July 26-August 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

July 29-August 4: The command and’service modules were photographed in lunar orbit 

from the lunar module, giving a view of the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay, 

housing cameras and sensors to record data from the moon’s surface and atmosphere. 

and fell, but experienced no difficulty in getting up. Astronauts retrieved drill-core-stem sections and samples near ALSEP, returned to 

LM, off-loaded LRV and stationed it for TV coverage of LM liftoff, and 

reentered LM at 168:08 GET, after 4 hrs 50 min-bringing total EVA 

time to 18 hrs 35 min. 

While LM was on moon Worden, orbiting moon in Endeavor, completed lunar and astronomic photography and prepared for rendezvous. 

His observations included discovery of fields of cinder cones made by 

volcanic eruptions, delineation of landslide or rock glacier on northwest rim of crater on lunar farside, interpretation of ray-excluded zone 

around crater Proculus as result of fault system, and discovery of layers 

on interior walls of several craters, suggesting volcanic collapse craters 

of calderas in maria. 

Scott and Irwin depressurized LM, discarded excess equipment, repressurized LM, and lifted off lunar surface with 77 kg (170 lbs) of 

lunar samples at 171:34 GET (1:ll pm EDT Aug. 2)-66 hrs 55 min 

after landing on moon. Liftoff, accompanied by USAF anthem “Off We 

Go Into The Wild Blue Yonder” taped and broadcast by astronauts 

from LM, was photographed in color by camera on LRV left on moon 

and was seen by millions of TV viewers. Spacecraft docked successfully at 173:36 GET, as TV viewers watched. Scott and Irwin transferred from LM to CSM with samples, equipment, and film. CSM-LM 

separation and LM jettison were delayed one revolution to verify that 

206 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 26-August 7 

CSM and LM hatches were completely sealed. LM ascent stage was jettisoned and intentionally crashed onto lunar surface at 26" 22' north 

latitude and 15' east longitude at 181:30 GET, 93 km (59 mi) west of 

Apollo 15 ALSEP site. Impact was recorded by Apollo 12, Apollo 14, 

and Apollo 15 seismometers. 

Orbit-shaping maneuver was performed during "3rd lunar revolution in preparation for subsatellite launch. Scientific subsatellite was 

launched at 222:39 GET (4:13 pm EDT Aug. 4) into lunar orbit with 

141.3-km (87.8-mi) apolune and 102.0-km (63.4-mi) perilune. Hexagonal, 36-kg (80-lb) satellite 79 cm (31 in) long and 36 cm (14 in) 

in diameter carried three experiments and was housed in SIM bay 

with seven other new experiments. Satellite extended three 11/-m 

(5-ft) booms, one with magnetometer to measure interplanetary and 

earth magnetic fields near moon and two for stabilization. Satellite also 

carried charged-particle sensors and equipment to detect variations in 

lunar gravity caused by mascons. 

Transearth injection maneuver at 223:49 GET put cSM on trajectory 

for home after 85 hrs 18 min (74 revolutions) in lunar orbit. 

August 5-7: At 241:58 GET (11:32 am EDT Aug. 5) Worden left 

CSM for inflight EVA to retrieve panoramic and mapping camera film 

cassettes from SIM on SM. He made three trips to SIM bay, two to 

retrieve cassettes and one to observe condition of instruments, reentering CSM after 38-min 12-sec EVA. 

CM Endeavour separated from SM at 294:44 GET. Drogue and main 

parachutes deployed but one of three main parachutes partially closed 

during descent, causing harder landing than expected. CM splashed 

down in mid-Pacific about 10.1 km (5.5 nm) from recovery ship 

U.S.S. Okinawa at 295:12 GET (4:47 pm EDT Aug. 7)-12 days 7 hrs 

12 min after liftoff. Astronauts, we ring fresh flight suits, were carexaminations. After being declared in very good shape, astronauts 

were flown on following day to Hickam AFB, Hawaii, and to Ellington 

AFB, Tex. CM was retrieved and placed on board recovery ship. Lunar 

samples, data, and equipment were flown to Elliigton AFB, and CM 

was off-loaded at San Diego. 

Mission achieved primary Apollo 15 objectives: to make selenological survey and sampling of materials in preselected area of 

Hadley-Apennine region ; emplace and activate surface experiments; 

evaluate capability of Apollo equipment to provide extended lunar 

surface stay time, increased EVA operations, and surface mobility ; 

and conduct inflight experiments and photographic tasks from lunar 

orbit. Launch vehicle and spacecraft systems performance were near 

n Delta V thrust switch 

ried by helicopter to biomed area 4 on recovery ship for post-flight 

rbits) ; first subsatellite 

207 
July 26-August 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

launched in lunar orbit; and largest amount of lunar samples brought 

to earth. 

Apollo 15 was 12th Apollo mission to date, 9th manned Apollo 

mission, and 4th successful lunar landing mission. Apolb 14 mission had been conducted Jan. 31-Feb. 3. Apollo program was directed by OMSF; MSC was responsible for Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC for Saturn V launch vehicle, and KSC for launch operations. Tracking and data acquisition was managed by GSFC under 

overall direction of OTDA. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 71-245; 

NYT, 7/26-8/7/71; W Post, 7/27-8/8/71; GSFC SSR, 7/31/71; 

NASA Special Release; NASA Release 71-119K; Lannan, W Star, 

7/30/71, Al; AP, W Star, 8/1/71, A101 

July 26: President Nixon issued statement on successful Apollo 15 launch: 

“The flight of Apollo 15 is the most ambitious exploration yet undertaken in space. Even as it reflects man’s restless quest for his own 

future, so it also reenacts another of the ‘deeper rituals of his bones’- 

not only the compulsion of the human spirit to know where we are 

going, but the primal need in man’s blood to know from what we 

have come. We hope, by this journey, to know better the origins of 

Earth, the moon, and their other planets. We hope to understand 

something more of the mysteries of God’s great work. And . . . we 

hope to understand more of man himself.” (PD, 8/2/71, 1088) 

August 7: Safe splashdown--with an extra bump. The Apollo 15 command module, 

completing its 1%-day lunar mission, descended to the waves on two of its three 

parachutes. The third parachute collapsed, increasing impact velocity to 35 km 

per hr (22 mph), but did not endanger the astronauts or the spacecraft. 

208 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 26 

* House and Senate conferees submitted H. Rpt. 92-377 on H.R. 9382, 

FY 1972 HUD-space-science appropriations bill. Report recommended 

total NASA appropriation of $3.298 billion. Recommended NASA appropriation included $2.523 billion for R&D instead of $2.518 billion 

proposed by House and $2.542 billion proposed by Senate; $52.7 

million for construction of facilities instead of $33.8 million proposed 

by House and $56.3 million by Senate; and $722.6 million for research and program management as proposed by Senate, instead of 

$720 million as proposed by House. 

Report also recommended $622-million NSF appropriation, $1.150 

million below NSF budget request. (H Rpt 92-377) 

* Rep. Joel T. Broyhill (R-Va.) introduced H.R. 10065 “to redesignate the 

Washington National Airport as ‘Neil Armstrong Airport.’ ” Bill was 

referred to House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. 

(GR, 7/26/71, H7164) 

Union of Concerned Scientists-Boston area coalition of scientists, engineers, and other professionals-issued report saying AEC tests had 

confirmed unreliability of emergency cooling system designed to supply water to nuclear reactors but that AEC continued to license operation and construction of reactors containing system. Report said if 

accident occurred “resulting catastrophe and loss of life might well 

exceed anything this nation has seen in time of peace.” (AP, NYT, 

7/27/71, 53) 

July 27: U.S.S.R.’s Mars 2 (launched May 19) and Murs 3 (launched May 

28) were continuing to operate satisfactorily en route to Mars, Tass 

announced. By 6:OO am Moscow time (11 :00 pm EDT July 26) Mars 2 

had completed 43 communications sessions and was 17 580 000 km 

(10 924 000 mi) from earth; Mars 3 had completed 38 sessions and 

was 16 400 000 km (10 190 000 mi) from earth. Data from Mars 2 

and Mars 3 measurements of corpuscular beams of solar and galactic 

cosmic radiation had confirmed data from same measurements conducted by Lunokhod 1 lunar rover on moon. (Tass, FBIS-Sov-1&3, 

7/27/71, L1) 

* House agreed to conference report on H.R. 7109, FY 1972 NASA authorization bill, and sent measure to the Senate for further action. Report 

had recommended total authorization of $3.355 billion [see July 211. 

(CR, 7/27/71, H7185-8, D768) 

Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

Univ. of Michigan experiment to study airglow. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

UPI compared $4OO-million cost of ApoZZo 14 mission (Jan. 31-Feb. 9) 

with $445-million cost of Apollo 15 mission. Breakdown of Apollo 15 

cost was reportedly: CSM, $65 million; LM, $50 million; Saturn v 

booster, $185 million; ALSEP, $25 million; LRV, $8 million; lunar orbit 

science laboratory, $17 million; and operations, $95 million. Total 

estimated cost of entire A~ollo lunar exploration program through 

Apollo 17 was $26.5 billion. (UPI, NYT, 7/27/71, 14) 

NASA’s Apollo 15 was 5351st man-made object launched since U.S.S.R.’s 

Sputnik I Oct. 4, 1957, according to Air Defense Command Hq. figures 

reported by AP. Center was tracking 2454 objects still in orbit. (NYT, 

7/27/71,14) 

209 
July 28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

July 28: U.S.S.R. launched Molniyu 1-18 comsat from Plesetsk to ensure 

operation of a system of long-distance telephone and telegraphic radio 

communications, and also the transmission of programs of USSR central television to points of the ‘Orbita‘ network . . . in the far north, 

Siberia, the Far East, and Central Asia.” Orbital parameters : apogee, 

39 340 km (24 444.7 mi) ; perigee, 995 km (618.3 mi) ; period, 707.2 

min; and inclination, 65.3”. (GSFC SSR, 7/31/71 ; Tass, FBIS-SOV-71- 

145,7/28/71, L1; SF, 1/72,30) 

* Senate agreed to conference report on H.R. 7109, FY 1972 NASA authorization bill that recommended $3.355-billion authorization. Bill was 

cleared for President’s approval. (CR, S12328-9) 

NASA announced it would start Life Scientist Program, recommended by 

NAS, to increase cooperation between university and NASA life scientists 

in advancing disciplines related to NASA mission. Disciplines included 

medical, biological, behavioral, bioengineering, and life support engineering sciences as related to support of living systems in aeronautic 

and space operations, and exobiology-inquiry into existence of life 

outside universe, scientific origin of life, and planetary ecology. Program would start with selection of five scientists from different universities by evaluation of proposed investigations and their relevance 

to NASA% needs and interests. Scientists selected would spend one third 

of time with their graduate students at MSFC, ARC, or LaRC. Each would 

be awarded three-year grant on step-funded basis. (NASA Release 

USN had been forced to drop plans for purchase of F-14B jet fighter 

aircraft-more powerful version of F-14 Tomcat fighters-because of 

continuing financial problems, which had already pushed estimated 

price to $16 million per aircraft, Wushington Post reported. (Getler, 

W Post, 7/28/71, Al) 

Soviet biochemist Zhores Medvedev, in book smuggled to West, had said 

that, despite space achievements, science in U.S.S.R. was being throttled by bureaucracy and political ideology, AP reported. In Plight oj 

Soviet Science Today Medvedev had said system willing to let only 

certain scientists travel abroad harmed U.S.S.R. (AP, NYT, 7/29/71, 

July 29: USAF X-24A lifting-body vehicle had completed flight-test program 

and would be reshaped and renamed X-24B, FRC announced. Decision 

to end flight operations and reshape vehicle had been made by joint 

NASA-USAF flight research team. 

X-24A was one of three lifting-body vehicles in joint NASA-USAF 

program managed since 1967 by FRC. Vehicle had made 28 flights10 glide and 18 powered-since beginning test program April 17, 1969, 

reaching 1687 km per hr (1048 mph) and 22 000-m (71 000-ft) altitude. New X-24B would be built around existing basic X-24A structure, but outward appearance would be changed dramatically, with 

sharply pointed flat-iron shape replacing bulbous one. New shape 

would also have improved hypersonic lift-to-drag ratio that would 

permit investigation of how well vehicle designed for good hypersonic 

performance would perform at low supersonic, transonic, and subsonic 

speeds, with emphasis on landing. Other changes would include 4.6-m 

(15-ft) extension of nose, removal of rear center fin, 1.5-m (5-ft) widening in rear, and 680-kg (1500-lb) increase in weight. Modifications 

46 

71-140) 

37 1 

210 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 29 

would be completed by Martin Marietta Corp. in about one year. (FRC 

Release 18-71) 

0 NASA announced selection of Martin Marietta Corp. to receive $12-million7 

award-fee contract to support JPL in design and development of major 

subsystems of Viking Orbiter. Martin Marietta would assign engineers 

and technicians to JPL and provide major subassemblies for propulsion system. (NASA Release 71-143) 

House, by vote of 362 to 30, agreed to conference report submitted 

July 26 on H.R. 9382, FY 1972 HUD-space-science appropriations bill 

that recommended NASA appropriation of $3.298 billion. (CR, 7/29/71, 

H7363-72) 

* U.K. Aerospace Minister Frederick Corfield told Parliament Black Arrow 

Iaunch vehicle would be abandoned after final launch in 1971. Project, 

which cost $27.6 million and took six years to develop, was U.K.’s only 

satellite launching program. (AP, W Star, 7/30/71) 

* Moscow Trud published account of test flight by Soviet pilot Oleg Gudkov 

of new supersonic fighter aircraft to ascertain whether aircraft could 

be brought out of spin. Test had been successful. (FBIS-SOV-71-149, 

8/3/71, M1) 

DOD spokesman Jerry W. Friedheim said next round of 48 F-14 Tomcat 

fighter aircraft for USN probably would not include improved “B” 

version but denied July 28 Washington Post report that USN had 

dropped plans to purchase F-14Bs. Friedheim said in press interview 

that new engine to power F-14B had fallen behind schedule and that 

lag in production had affected decision on next 48 aircraft. When 

engine became available, “assessment will be made on proceeding with 

the F-14B.” ( W Post, 7/29/71, A7) 

0 First two DC-10 jet transport aircraft were delivered by manufacturer 

McDonnell Douglas Corp. to American Airlines and United Airlines 

at Long Beach, Calif. (Bedingfield, NYT, 7/30/71, 54) 

House, by vote of 306 to 98, agreed to Senate amendment to H.R. 9667, 

$2.9-billion FY 1972 DOT appropriations bill that included $58.5 million 

to repay airlines for money they invested in SST. (CR, 7/29/71, 

H7373-87) 

Washington Post editorial criticized NASA agreement with New York Times 

Special Features, syndicate division of New York Times, for byline 

articles by ApoZZo 15 astronauts [see July 231 and reprinted excerpt 

from Sept. 19, 1963, New York Times editorial that had scored earlier 

NASA agreement with publications. Post said: “. . . we would like to 

record . . . some reservations about the practice of commercializing 

the space program by permitting any of its official participants to sell 

personal accounts of their experiences. Strictly in legal terms, there 

is not much doubt that such material is subject to copyright protection. But, leaving aside regulations, there is a question of propriety, 

first raised back in 1963, when the Field Enterprises Educational 

Corp. and Life Magazine nailed down contracts totaling $1 million 

for the personal stories of 16 astronauts over a four-year span.” New 

York Times editorial in 1963 had said sale of astronauts’ stories represented “stain of commercialism on the record of the space program,” 

and that astronauts “should not be permitted to reap enormous private 

profits from outside sources on the basis of their participation in a 

great national effort.” (W Post, 7/29/71, A14) 

211 
July 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

e Dept. of Commerce issued Metric America (SI?-345). Report said US. 

was only major nation that had failed to convert to metric system and 

urged Congress to effect conversion within 10 yrs. (AP, B Sun, 

7/30/71, Al; DOC PIO) 

July 30: President Nixon telephoned congratulations and good wishes to 

ground and flight crews of Apollo 15 following moon landing. (PD, 

8/2/71,1099) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 431 from Baykonur into orbit with 284-km 

(176.5-mi) apogee, 165-km (102.5-mi) perigee, 89-min period, and 

51.7” inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 11. (GSFC SSR, 7/31/71; 

8/31/71, SBD, 8/2/71,148) 

Apollo missions plus Surveyor, Orbiter, and Soviet missions had permitted first detailed study of formative stages of planetary body, UCLA 

scientist Dr. George W. Wetherill said in Science article. “Future work 

will require sampling distinctly different regions of the moon in order 

to provide data concerning other important lunar events, such as the 

time of formation of the highland regions and of the mare basins, and 

of the extent to which lunar volcanism has persisted subsequent to the 

first third of lunar history. This work will require a sufficient number 

of Apollo landings, and any further cancellation of Apollo missions 

will jeopardize this unique opportunity to study the development of a 

planetary body from its beginning. Such a study is fundamental to 

our understanding of the earth and other planets.” (Science, 7/30/71, 

House, by vote of 192 to 189, passed H.R. 8432, to authorize emergency 

loan guarantees to major business enterprises. Bill would provide for 

$25O-million loan to Lockheed Aircraft Corp. to stave off bankruptcy, 

New York Times said. (CR, 7/30/71, H7453-520; Shanahan, NYT, 

7/31/71,1) 

B/G Benjamin N. Bellis (USAF), project manager for F-15 jet fighter 

aircraft and for F-14 and F-15 joint engine development, said in 

interview with Washington Evening Star that USN had instructed him 

to drop plans for construction of F-14B engine in FY 1972 and 1973 

and to assume USN would not want new engines until at least FY 1974. 

DOD spokesman Jerry W. Friedheim later told Star that top DOD officials insisted no final decision against proceeding with advanced 

version of F-14 had been made. (Kelly, W Star, 7/29/71, 4) 

White House announced Administration had requested $ll2-million 

supplemental appropriation for DOD to pay for 12 additional F-111 

fighter bombers. Washington Evening Star later said this would be 

sufficient to keep production line at General Dynamics Corp. Fort 

Worth, Tex., plant o en. It -had been scheduled to close in spring of 

1972. (W Star, 7/31771, A13) 

President Nixon formally changed name of Presidential Boeing 707 

aircraft from Air Force One to The Spirit of ’76. Change was made 

at request of David J. Mahoney, Chairman of American Revolution 

Bicentennial Commission. Air Force Two would retain its name. (AI?, 

W Post, 7/31/71, A2) 

FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer announced FAA was installing new 

computer-assisted weapon detection system at one gate of Dulles 

International Airport in Virginia to keep potential hijackers from 

boarding commercial flights. System automatically screened passen383-92) 

212 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 July 30 

gers at rate of 20 per min as they p through electro-magnetic 

fields that detected metal. Information evaluated by computer 

that could discriminate between di tal objects on basis of 

weight. Alarm sounded when excess metal or gun was detected. 

(FAA Release 71-126) 

* New York Times editorial commented on resignation of Dr. Glenn T. 

Seaborg as AEC Chairman and appointment of Dr. James R. Schlesinger 

to succeed him: “In an earlier era the nation looked to the A.E.C. 

primarily to produce the nuc ons on which national defense 

policy rested. Today the emp shifted to the task of generating vast amounts of nuclear energy for present and future needs, to 

do so economically and in a manner that safeguards the environment, 

and it is in this area particularly that Dr. Schlesinger will be expected 

to throw light and show leadership.” He could “take another hard 

look at the prospects for controlled thermonuclear fusion as an energy 

source. Substantially increased research funds invested in this area 

might enable this country in the decades ahead to increase power 

production and consumption greatly at minimum cost to the environment.’, (NYT, 7/30/71,30) 

July 31 : President Nixon, at ceremonies marking dedication of Rathbun 

Dam in Centerville, Iowa, referred to Apollo 15 astronauts: “At this 

very hour, if you were watching television you could see that fantastic ride in a golf cart on the moon.” Apollo 15 astronauts “look down 

on earth. What does it look like? Well, we’ve had descriptions from 

other astronauts and often they have remarked about the fact that 

from far out there the earth looks like a very peaceful planet.” (PD, 

New York Times editorial commented on Apollo 15 lunar landing: 

“Today, tomorrow and Monday will come the payoff for the years of 

work by the astronauts and thousands of others who made possible 

last night’s success. The trek across the moon’s surface these next 

three days wilI be the longest both in time and in distance to date, 

partly because of the availability of the lunar rover to permit moon 

rides as well as moon walks. The vast variety of geological conditions 

in the neighborhood of the Falcon’s landing site suggests that these 

excursions may be extremely fruitful.” (NYT, 7/31/71) 

* NASA launched two Nike-Apache sounding rockets from ESRANGE, Kiruna, 

Sweden, to sample noctilucent clouds and particulate matter in upper 

atmosphere. First payload was launched to altitude of 114, km (70.8 

mi) and recovered within 2 hrs 15 min after launch in good condition. Mission was considered 100% successful. 

Second payload attained 106 km (65.9 mi) and was recovered 

within 2 hrs of launch. Two of eight collector doors opened prematurely and caused slightly reduced apogee, but experiment results 

were not affected and mission was judged 100% successful. (NASA 

Rpts SRL) 

During JuZy: Sen. Howard W. Cannon (D-Nev.) praised US. space shuttle program in Aerospace article: “Logic dictates that we should move 

ahead with the shuttle program, Experience tells us that the aerospace industry can respond to even seemingly impossible challengesand that nations that reject the major challenges of their times do not 

remain major powers. And a hard fact of international economics is 

8/9/71,112-5) 

213 
During July ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

that the United States can remain prosperous in this world only by 

maintaining and utilizing its advanced technology.” (Aerospace, 

7/71,3-7) 

First book taken from earth to moon was not microfilmed Bible carried 

by Astronaut Edgar D. Mitchell on Apollo 14 (launched Jan. 31, 

1971) as had been reported by UPI, Robert H. Goddard Library 

publication Goddard Biblio Log said. Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., 

had carried miniature copy of Robert Hutchings Goddard-Father of 

the Space Age on Apollo 11 (launched July 16, 1969, 45 years after 

Goddard’s first liquid-fueled rocket flight) but had not been allowed 

by NASA to leave book on moon. Apollo 11 astronauts had given threeby two-inch book, published by Achille J. St. Onge, to Mrs. Esther 

Goddard, who had donated it to Goddard Library at Clark Univ. 

(Goddard Biblw Log, 7/71,11-2) 

After more than quarter century of dominating international aviation 

scene, US. was “well on its way to becoming, if not an also-ran, just 

another contender for the trophies of the world’s aviation markets,” 

John F. Loosbrock said in Air Force Magazine article. “For indicators, one only had to stroll the display line, watch the flying demonstrations, and eavesdrop at the chalets” at Paris Air Show. Bitterest 

pill was “lack of American presence in the supersonic-transport competition, while the Soviet TU-144 and the Anglo-French Concorde 

were impressing customers, the press, the public. . . .” Equally important was “dazzling array of commercial and military aviation 

products” displayed by European suppliers. For US. to forge ahead 

again in aviation and advmced technology generally it was going to 

require “new ways of looking at the problem, new ways of doing 

things. We are pricing ourselves out of the market, not only for what 

we hope to sell abroad, but even for what we would like to sell to 

ourselves.” (AF Mag, 7/7, 6) 

214 
August 1971 

August 1: Pope Paul VI told crowd assembled at Castel Gondolfo that he 

had sent confidential message to Apollo 15 astronauts on their July 26- 

Aug. 7 lunar mission. Astronauts had replied: “Our journey is for all 

men and we hope that the talents which God has given us will enable 

us to satisfy those who so kindly support our undertaking.” (AP, 

W Star, 8/2/71, A2) 

Number of accredited newsmen covering ApoUo 15 mission had dwindled to 402 from high of 1200 for Apollo 11, UPI noted. ApoUo 12 

had been covered by 700 newsmen and Apollo 14, by 600. (W Star, 

8/1/71, A10) 

* Cuban internal radio newscasts gave detailed account of Apollo 15 mission. Radio RELOJ, all-news station in Havana, read reports of astronauts’ activities on moon. (NYT, 8/3/71) 

Twenty-fifth anniversary of AEC. In statement commemorating event 

Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, outgoing AEC Chairman, said, “The primary 

mission of the Atomic Energy Commission to develop and use atomic 

energy to improve the public welfare, to promote world peace and to 

assure the common defense and security has been a success.” (AEC 

Release 0-131) 

August 2: Twin eight-cent stamps commemorating decade of US. achievement in space were issued during ceremonies at KSC, MSC, and MSFC 

in conjunction with Apollo 15 mission. Stamps, depicting Apollo 15 

lunar landing and LRV carrying Apollo 15 astronauts, later went on 

sale throughout U.S. (MSFC Release 71-132; NYT, 7/18/71, 24; W 

Star, 8/1/71, B7; MSFC PAO) 

* Interview of Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director, was published by US. News & Forld Report. Dr. Petrone said: “Many people think Apollo had only a singular goal-that is, land a man on the 

moon and return him safely to earth. That was not the only goal of 

Apollo. Very clearly, in President Kennedy’s address to the Congress 

in May of 1961, a landing on the moon was chosen as a focal point. 

The intention was that the U.S. would become pre-eminent in spacelearning to operate, I believe as President Kennedy said, on a new 

ocean, a new frontier.” Space research was “definitely relevant. Many 

of the problems we’re trying to solve have to do with the environment. 

We’ve already made a head start in that field with our work on 

spaceships, which requires that we carry the environment with us. 

We have got to purify the gases we have, we’ve got to remove odors, 

we have to restore the oxygen we use. . . . We are learning how to 

rehabilitate an environment. These tools, these techniques, these understandings will have relevance here on earth.” (US News, 8/2/71) 

* Newspapers commented on Apollo 15 mission, while astronauts were 

exploring lunar surface. 

Christian Science Monitor editorial praised Apollo 15: “Once 

again, a superbly synchronized lunar mission has proven man’s 

215 
August 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

capacity to focus the knowledge of hundreds of specialists to achieve 

a singular goal. Apollo 15 is one more grand historic achievement. 

It testifies to the benefit that science and technology, properly harnessed, can reap for mankind.” (CSM, 8/2/71) 

French novelist and TV critic Jean Dutourd commented on Apollo 

15 TV coverage in France Soir. It had made him walk away from TV 

set. “It must be confes~ed,~~ he wrote, “that these experiments are an 

unspeakable bore.” (Reuters, W Post, 8/3/71, All) 

New York Times editorial defended manned space flight: “After 

Apollos 16 and 17 next year, there are no known plans of any nation 

to send any more men to the moon. A vast and complex technology 

developed at the cost of many billions of dollars over the last decade 

is being abandoned even as its vast potentialities are being demonstrated. If American resources do not permit manned lunar exploration beyond the end of next year, the United Nations should take 

over the task, appealing to all governments for funds and soliciting 

contributions as well from private individuals and private business 

enterprises. The dusty planet that is the moon could become the 

planet of human cooperation, a new frontier of hope for all mankind.” (NYT, 8/2/71, 22) 

9 Senate approved conference report submitted July 26 on H.R. 9382, 

FY 1972 HUD-SpaCe-SCienCe appropriations bill that included $3.298- 

billion NASA and $619-million NSF appropriations. Bill was cleared for 

President’s approval. (CR, 8/2/71, 5128324; PD, 8/16/71, 1157) 

Louis H. Brennwald, former Vice President of Northrop Aircraft Corp. 

in charge of Puerto Rico operations, became Director of Administration for Ames Research Center. (ARC Astrogram, 9/2/71, 1; ARC 

PIO) 

* Senate by vote of 49 to 48 passed and cleared for President’s approval 

H.R. 8432, authorizing $250 million for emergency loan guarantees 

to major business enterprises. Legislation ended immediate threat of 

bankruptcy to Lockheed Aircraft Corp. and assured Lockheed adequate funds to complete construction of GlOll TriStar jet transport 

aircraft, Washington Post later said. 

President Nixon issued statement following Senate action : “The 

Senate’s decision to approve a government loan to the Lockheed 

Corporation is in the best interests of all the American people. I 

greet this vote-as I greeted the vote in the House of Representatives 

last week-with gratitude and deep satisfaction. This action will save 

tens of thousands of jobs that would otherwise have been eliminated. 

It will have a major impact on the economy of California, and will 

contribute greatly to the economic strength of the country as a whole. 

It will help ensure that the Nation’s largest defense contractor, and 

its largest airframe manufacturer, will continue serving the Nation’s 

needs. It will also help ensure that this country will continue to play 

a leading role in the development of aerospace technology.” (CR, 

8/2/71, S12823-63; Samuelson, W Post, 8/3/71, Al; PD, 8/9/71, 

116-7) 

August 2-6: US. and Soviet scientists met in Moscow to recommend joint 

projects and exchanges in near-earth space research, investigations of 

moon and planets, development of spave meteorology, and space applications related to natural environment. Recommendations of three 

216 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 2-6 

working groups representing NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences 

would be forwarded to Academy President Mstislav V. Keldysh and 

to Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, for considerationUS. participants were led by Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate 

Administrator for Space Science and Applications ; Deputy Associate 

Administrator (Science) Leonard Jaffe; and NOAA’S Director of 

National Environmental Satellite Services David S. Johnson. U.S.S.R. 

participants were headed by Dr. Boris N. Petrov, Chairman of Council for International Cooperation in Space Research of Soviet Academy of Sciences; Vice President Aleksander P. Vinogradov of Soviet 

Academy; and Deputy Chief L. A. Aleksandrov, Deputy Chief for 

Technology, Main Administration of Hydrometeorology Services, 

U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers. (NASA Release 71-147; NASA Int Aff) 

August 3 .- Astronaut-geologist Harrison H. Schmitt praised ApoZZo 15 

astronauts in MSC briefing for their completion of EVA geological 

activities: “I don’t think there is any question that we had a fantastic exploration mission. There’s just no question in my mind we 

sent two very competent observational scientists to the moon.” Samples collected, Schmitt said, “sounded very much like . . . crystalline 

rocks . . . that may well, and I emphasize may . . . represent the early 

lunar crust. I am not sure until we see the samples that we’re much 

closer to understanding the origin of the rille than when we started, 

except that there probably are some origin theories that can be 

eliminated now. 

‘? think that the net result of the mission was to indicate that our 

preliminary thinking about the moon . . . still looks like a valid picture, it’s a valid foundation [on] which to attempt to further select 

sites and to further approach the analysis of rocks and soils that are 

brought back.” (Transcript; AP, B Sun, 8/4/71, A6) 

Apollo 15 LM Falcon’s liftoff from moon was described by Tom Wicker 

in New York Times: ‘‘The first televised liftoff of a manned spacecraft from the moon had none of the beauty and power of those 

moments when a huge Saturn rocket rises majestically into space 

from Cape Kennedy. The quick pop that sent off the Falcon in a 

shower of sparks looked more like something held over from the 

Fourth of July, and the part of the landing craft left on the moon was 

all too suggestive of an auto graveyard.” Two years after first moonwalk, “Americans do not . . . seem nearly so interested as they were 

in these prodigious feats of modern man. Even in living color and 

with that great American love object-an auto, of sorts-to liven up 

the scene, the latest moon show seemed to need something. Unfortunately the LEM liftoff didn’t turn out to be it.” (NYT, 8/3/71, 27) 

U.S.S.R.’s Lumkhod 1 lunar rover (landed on moon by Luna 17 Nov. 

17, 1970) was powered up to begin experiments for 10th lunar day. 

(UPI, W Post, 8/4/71, A6) 

* New York Times editorial commented on Apollo 15: “All the evidence 

suggests that this is the most productive scientific expedition ever 

carried out in space. Even before the astronauts’ own return, the 

information they have sent back has already forced reconsideration 

of some key ideas about the natural history of the moon. In ultimate 

perspective, however, it may turn out that the dividends from the 

Falcon’s stay on the moon will be as substantial in the realm of 

217 
August 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

changed human ideas and aspirations as in scientific knowledge. For 

millions who watched the superb television pictures of the two astronauts working comfortably on the lunar surface, the image that came 

across was that of a friendly moon, a place where men could walk 

and ride and work with ease. This is a far cry from the traditional 

picture of the moon as a hostile, alien environment totally inhospitable to man.” (NYT, 8/3/71) 

GAO investigation of NASA selection of NR Rocketdyne Div. for prime 

contract for final design and manufacture of reusable space shuttle 

[see July 131 was requested by Bruce N. Torell, President of Pratt & 

Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp., in telegram to Elmer B. 

Staats, US. Comptroller General. Bases for protest were that source 

selection had disregarded objective of the RFP, NASA had failed to 

conduct “written or oral discussions” on proposals, Pratt & Whitney 

felt its proposal was “clearly entitled to a superior technical evaluation to the technical proposal of Rocketdyne,” and NASA had failed 

to give proper consideration to “Pratt & Whitney’s test-proven flight 

weight design and greater expesience.” 

In letter to Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, nine senators requested that no award of space shuttle engine contract be made 

until GAO investigation had been completed. (CR, 8/6/71, S13789) 

0 Arcas sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Wallops Station carrying Univ. of Pennsylvania Ionospherics experiment. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

* Twenty-fifth anniversary of invention of computer by Dr. J. P. Eckert 

and Dr. John W. Mauchly of Univ. of Pennsylvania. New York Times 

editorial Aug. 9 commented on anniversary: “Man’s invasion of 

space, up to and including Apollo 15’s latest feats, would have been 

impossible without computers. So would much of the rest of modern 

science and technology.” (Smith, NYT, 8/4/71, 43: NYT, 8/9/71, 28) 

Dr. Georgy N. Babakin, prominent Soviet space scientist who had designed equipment for unmanned Soviet spacecraft, died at age 56. 

Izvestia obituary said Dr. Babakin had been recipient of Hero of 

Socialist Labor, highest Soviet civilian title, and corresponding member of Soviet Academy of Sciences and had made “a great contribution to the development of Soviet space technology and the study of 

the moon and Venus.” (NYT, 8/5/71,34) 

* Of 80 new underground missile silos being constructed by U.S.S.R., at 

least 6 had been started after US. and U.S.S.R. announced May 20 

that they would seek to limit construction of nuclear weapons, Wushington Post quoted sources as saying. (.Getler, W Post, 8/3/71, Al) 

August 4: NASA issued RFPS to major airframe manufacturers for design 

and fabrication of two experimental transport jet STOL aircraft to 

start Quiet-sToL program to relieve airport noise and congestion. 

Aircraft, incorporating propulsive lift principles, would provide technological data and experience for developing environmentally acceptable, economical, and safe fan-jet STOL transport system in NASA-DOTFAA-USAF program. Program would implement major recommendations of joint NASA-DOT Civil Aviation Research and Development 

(CARD) Study by providing industry with basis for STOL development, 

Government regulatory agencies with rules for STOL certification and 

218 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 4 

operation, and USAF with modernized tactical airlift capability. 

(NASA Release 71-146) 

Committee for the Future-group of wealthy private citizens-was seeking to finance return trip to Hadley Rille, ApoZZo 15 landing site, 

with surplus Apollo spacecraft, Reuters reported in Baltimore Sun. 

Group hoped to recover contemplated $4800-million investment by 

selling moon rocks, TY film, and photographic and literary rights, and 

by charging for scientific experiments conducted. Group had announced proposal to operate mission “Harvest Moon” after final 

ApoIIo flight in 1972 because it seemed incredible that man could 

invest $25 billion and 10 yrs to reach moon and then “stop without 

. . . looking at the moon’s value to man and his future.” Members of 

committee had spoken informally with NASA officials, Reuters said. 

Officials had said privately that plan stood little chance of approval. 

(B Sun, 8/4/71, A6) 

* NASA, National Weather Service and Environmental Data Service 

spokesmen, questioned by Washington Post, said their agencies had 

received complaints from public that ApolZo 15 mission had caused 

heavy rainfall over Washington, D.C., area. They denied that mission was responsible and that rains accompanying Apollo 13 and 14 

missions had been anything more than coincidence. (Cohen, W Post, 

8/5/71, B1) 

Senate Committee on Armed Services unanimously approved H.R. 8687, 

$21-billion FY 1972 military procurement authorization, decrease of 

$100 million over House-passed figure of $21.1 billion. Committee, at 

Administration’s request, restored $801 million for procurement of 

48 F-147 carrier-based fighter aircraft built for USN by Grumman 

Aerospace Corp. (CR, 8/4/71, D824; Finney, NYT, 8/5/71, 11) 

August 4-13: ARC’S specially equipped Convair 990 jet aircraft Galileo 

carried 29 scientists and 4500 kg (10 000 lbs) of instruments on series 

of ‘flights from Hickham AFB, Hawaii. Purpose of flights was to investigate Mars’ invisible infrared light radiations while flying above 

99% of earth‘s occluding atmospheric water vapor during Mars’ closest 

approach to earth since 1671. Flight path was 869 km (540 mi) south 

of Hawaii along 13” north latitude meridian. Mars was about 56 million km (35 million mi) from earth. Galileo also carried vector magnetometer to investigate continental drift and sea floor spreading in ARC 

experiment. Expedition was sponsored by ARC Airborne Science Office. 

(NASA Release 71-145; UPI, NYT, 8/7/71, 8; ARC Astrogram, 8/19/ 

7L1) 

August 4-20: Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, outgoing AEC Chairman, and group 

of US. nuclear scientists toured peaceful nuclear energy facilities in 

U.S.S.R. at invitation of Chairman Andronik Petrosyants of Soviet 

State Committee for Nuclear Energy. (AEC Release 0-126; AEC PIO) 

August 5: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 432 from Baykonur into orbit with 

252-km (156.6-mi) apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee, 89.1-min period 

and 51.7” inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 18. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/71, 

SBD, 8/9/71,179) 

ESRO and FAA announced in Madrid agreement on program for use of 

satellites to control civil air traffic. At least four satellites would be 

launched over Atlantic and Pacific beginning in 1975. System would 

be used for air-to-air communications and as navaid to avoid midair 

219 
August 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

collisions. Committee to administer program would be appointed from 

ESRO, FAA, and representatives of Australia, Canada, Ireland, Philippines, Japan, and Portugal. (Reuters, B Sun, 8/6/71, A2) 

British aviatrix Sheila Scott arrived at London Airport in Piper Aztec 

aircraft to complete 55 000-km (34 000-mi) solo flight during which 

she participated in NASA Nimbus 4 experiment [see June 11. Miss Scott 

claimed seven records. ( W Post, 8/6/71, A6) 

First commercial flight of McDonnell Douglas DC-10 jet transport aircraft was ‘flown by American Airlines between Los Angeles and Chicago. 

More than 80% of seats were occupied during 3 hr 18 min flight. 

(CR, 8/6/71, E9096-7; Yarborough, W Star, 8/18/71, D10; AAL 

Soviet engineer 0. Sashin described in Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya activities of U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover, landed on moon by 

Luna 17, Nov. 17, 1970: At time of launch “it was supposed that the 

whole . . . program could be fulfilled in 3 lunar work days. . . . Over 

these three days Lunokhod-1 . . . visited a multitude of craters, repeatedly surmounting rock fields. . . . In all, during the 3 working 

days envisaged by the initial program, 42 radio communications sessions were held with Lunokhod-1, during which 8,924 radio commands 

were issued and fulfilled. . . . the route covered by the apparatus 

amounted to 3,551 meters [3883 yards], the television cameras transmitted to earth more than 80 high-quality panoramas of the surrounding locality and the scientists obtained vast information about 

the moon. The fourth working day passed, then a fifth, and a sixth. . . . Each was succeeded by a 2-week lunar night with all its ‘charms’ including an outside temperature which drops to below minus 150 

degrees. But the next morning came and Lunokhod-1, roused by a 

radio command from earth, obediently set about its work. 

“The work of the self-propelled lunar scout . . . continues. . . . 132 

radio communications sessions have been held . . . in which 22,792 

radio commands have been given. A route 10,226 meters [ll 183 

yards] . . . over the lunar surface has been covered. The 10th working day on the moon has arrived. And again the indefatigable scout 

[is] continuing its search.” (FBIS-~ov-158-3, 8/16/71, L1-3) 

Results of Harris survey of 1614 US. households on priority areas for 

cuts in Federal funding were published in Washington Post. Top three 

candidates for cuts were Vietnam war, foreign aid, and space program; 

50% of those polled favored cut in space program; 13% would cut 

program least of Federal spending areas listed. Support for spending 

in education, urban aid, and environmental areas, Harris said, “appears 

to be on the rise.” (Harris, W Post, 8/5/71) 

August 6: USAF launched nine satellites from Vandenberg AFB by one Atlas 

booster at 5:11 pm PDT (8:ll pm EDT). Ov 1-20 Orbiting Vehiclecarrying energetic proton analyzer, particle energy and flux thermal 

detector, and w solar radiation experiment-entered orbit with 1932.8- 

km (1201-mi) apogee, 136.8-km (85-mi) perigee, 105.9-min period, 

and 92” inclination and reentered Aug. 28. Ov I-21-carrying velocity 

mass spectrometer, atmospheric composition sensor, and ELF/VLF antenna effects transceiver-entered orbit with 917.3-km (570-mi) apogee, 

788.6-km (490-mi) perigee, 101.9-min period, and 87.6” inclination. 

Cannonball 2 (OAR 901) carried accelerometers to model atmospheric 

PRO ) 

220 
August 6 

It reentered Sept. 19. 

Five remaining satellites were ejected from Ov 1-21. RTD 701, 

which would serve as calibration target, enter with 915.7-km 

569-mi) apogee, 774.1- 

87.6’ inclination. Four 

data for use in design and de 

parameters : apogee, 917.3 

(474-482 mi) ; period 101. 

(Pres Rpt 72; SBD, 8/10/71, 187; GSFC SSR, 1/31/72) 

0 President Nixon approved H.R. 7109, $3.384-billion NASA FY 1972 authorization bill that became P.L. 92-68. Total authorization was $84 

million above budget request of $3.300 billion and $86 million above 

FY 1971 new obligational authority (NOA) of $3.298 billion. Bill 

authorized for R&D $2.603 billion, increase of $85.5 mill‘ ion over 

budget request of $2.518 billion and decrease of $90 million from 

FY 1971 authorization of $2.693 billion; for construction of facilities, 

$58.4 million, up $2.1 million from budget request of $56.3 million 

and $24 million above FY 1971 authorization of $34.5 million; and 

for research and program management, $723 million, down $4 million 

from budget request of $727 million but $40 million above $683.3 

million authorized in FY 1971. 

Bill included $29.3-million budget amendment to cover Federal pay 

increases. It added $30 million to budget request for Skylab and Space 

Shuttle programs, $43 million for nuclear power and propulsion, $2.5 

million for earth resources survey, and $12.5 million for aeronautical 

research and technology. It reduced requested authorization for lunar 

and planetary exploration by $10 million. (PD, 8/9/71, 1136; NASA 

Budget Off; A&A 1970) 

Final communications session of 10th lunar day was held by Soviet 

ground controllers with Lunokhod 1 lunar rover on moon, Tass announced. Vehicle had traveled 215 m (235 yds) during 10th lunar 

day, bringing total distance covered since landing on moon Nov. 17, 

1970, on board Luna 17 to 10 452 m (11 430 yds) . (FBIS-SOV-159-3, 

8/17/71, L1) 0 NSF announced $51000 grant to Emory Univ. to develop and evaluate 

experimental program to reorient former defense-aerospace scientists 

and technologists into research on societal problems. ( NSF Release 

Daniel J. Haughton, Chairman of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., told press in 

London that he hoped GlOll TriStar airbus and Rolls-Royce RB-211 

engine program would be revived in “matter of weeks.” Lockheed 

needed more orders to reach estimated breakeven figure on TriStar 

sales of from 255 to 265 aircraft. (AP, NYT, 8/7/71, 28) 

a Senate confirmed nom on of Dr. James R. Schlesinger and William 0. 

Doub as members c. (CR, 8/6/71, D845) 

August 7: President Nixon issued statement following successful splashdown 

of Apollo 15 spacecraft: “Apollo 15 has returned safely to Earth. It 

brings with it new proof of man’s invincible will to master the moment 

71-177) 

221 
August 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

of his own destiny. It brings new tribute to man’s unquenchable thirst 

for understanding. It brings the seeds of scientific understanding which 

may open a new chapter in the history of our planet. We salute Astronauts Scott, Irwin and Worden, who have stood poised on behalf of 

mankind on the brink of man’s new world.’’ (PD, 8/16/71, 1154) 

* Delegation of congressmen watched Apollo splashdown from onboard 

recovery ship for first time. Congressmen-prevented from attending 

previous manned space splashdowns by limited space on ships and 

expense of flying them from Washington, D.C., to mid-Pacific-were 

flown to U.S.S. Okinuwa from Hawaii by helicopter. Congress was not 

in session. Watching ApolZo 15 splashdown were Rep. Olin E. Teague 

(D-Tex.) , Chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ 

Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight; Rep. Edward P. Bolane 

(D-Mass.) ; Rep. J. Edward Roush (D-Ind.) ; Rep. Richard T. Hanna 

(D-Calif.); Rep. Joseph M. McDade (R-Pa.); and Rep. Charles A. 

Mosher (R-Ohio). (W Post, 8/8/71, A10) 

U.N. Secretary General U Thant said in message to President Nixon that 

Apollo 15 was “another brilliant chapter in man’s peaceful exploration 

of outer space.” (Reuters, NYT, 8/8/71) 

Philadelphia Inquirer editorial praised Apollo 15 crew : “Their workmanlike approach to arduous tasks, combined with fascinating descriptive 

commentary, gave Scott and Irwin good credits for showmanship as 

well as technical expertise. And the superb orchestration from mission 

control in Houston with Joseph Allen directing the score with the 

precision of a maestro on the podium, added an esthetic touch to a 

performance that should win raves from drama critics as well as space 

buffs. All concerned with Apollo 15 rate the nation’s applause for an 

almost flawless performance thus far.” (P Znq, 8/7/71) 

Arcas sounding rocket launched by NASA from Ft. Greely, Alaska, carried 

GSFC experiment to obtain ozone measurements in conjunction with 

Nimbus 4 satellite overpass. Because of problems with ground tracking 

equipment no telemetry signal was received from payload until rocket 

reached 27-km (16.8-mi) altitude on descent side of apogee. Radar 

did not acquire rocket or ejected payload and payload was not recovered. Flight, first in three-flight series, was rated partially successful. 

Second and third rockets in series would be launched Aug. 9 and 14. 

(NASA Rpt SRL; SR list) 

August 8: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 433 into orbit with 299-km (185.8-mi) 

apogee, 112-km (69.6-mi) perigee, 88.6-min period and 49.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered Aug. 9. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/71) 

ApoZZo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. 

Worden were greeted by crowd of 3500 persons during brief stopover 

in Hawaii en route to Ellington AFB, Tex. On arrival in Texas astronauts were cheered by 2500 persons who waved banners and flags while 

band played “Fly Me to the Moon.” Astronauts were first to return 

from moon without being required to undergo quarantine. (Stevens, 

NYT, 8/9/71,1; AP, C Trib, 8/10/71) 

Soviet President Nikolay V. Podgorny had sent congratulations to President Nixon on successful completion of Apoh 15 mission, Tass reported. Podgorny had asked President Nixon to convey congratulations 

and good wishes to “courageod Apolb 1s astronauts. (FBIS-sOv-71- 

153,8/9/71, GI) 

222 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 8 

Newspapers published preliminary summary of Apollo 15’s scientific and 

technical achievements. Thomas O’Toole said in Washington Post: “The 

voyage of Apollo 15 did far more than extend man’s reach into the 

heavens. It showed dramatically that man belongs in space. At the 

end of their three days on the moon and six in lunar orbit, the astronauts . . . had gathered more scientific information about the moon 

than all the manned and unmanned spacecraft that had flown before 

them.” 

Cameras and instruments in SIM had made first extensive observations from lunar orbit. One of first findings was confirmation that 

moon was not perfectly round and was dimpled. Evidence from seismometer was backed up by bistatic radar in which spacecraft signals 

were used to penetrate lunar surface to core. Seismometer’s reception 

of LM’S impact on moon indicated that even small explosion or impact 

could be recorded at extreme range and verified earlier hypothesis that 

meteorite impacts were being recorded daily from all over lunar surface, 

Addition oi Apollo 15 station to existing seismic net completed triangular array of instruments for determining focal points of moonquakes. 

Data from cold cathode gauges at Apollo landing sites and mass 

spectrometer in orbiting Endeavour confirmed presence of thin lunar 

atmosphere. Spectrometer picked up pockets of neon and argon and 

scooped up carbon dioxide that had apparently burst from fissure near 

where sun was lighting lunar surface at daybreak. Other data obtained 

by Endeavour’s instruments indicated lunar highlands were rich in 

aluminum and deficient in magnesium. Waterless basins were rich in 

magnesium and deficient in aluminum. Most highland regions contained three times as much aluminum as lowlands, and one mountainous region had five times as much aluminum as typical lunar basin. 

Magnetometer on subsatellite launched into lunar orbit discovered 

moon had electromagnetic boundary layer. Camera system recorded 

data for comprehensive map of areas never before flown over, with 

details and resolution previously impossible. 

Report by Astronauts David R. Scott and James B. Irwin of terracing 

along sides of Hadley Rille identical to terracing noted on sides of two 

tallest mountains in Apennine group-Hadley Delta and Mt. Hadleysuggested mountains and Hadley Rille had been thrust up from moon 

by internal pressures that built up inside moon when object the size 

of state of Rhode Island struck moon and created Sea of Rains 4 billion 

yrs ago. Scientists had previously thought Hadley Rille to be younger 

than mountains and independent of their formation. Samples might hold 

clues to sun’s history and its effects on earth climate, past and future. 

Walter Sullivan said in New York Times: “Sun-determined changes 

in the earth’s climate have controIIed man’s history, from the ice ages 

that plagued the cave men to the desiccation that buried Middle Eastern civilizations, not under invading armies but invading sands. By 

understanding the role of the sun in these past events, man may be able 

to assess the effect our parent star will have in determining climates 

of the future.” (W Star, 8/8/71, AlO; W Post, 8/8/71, B1; NYT, 

8/8/71 ) 

* Newspaper editorials praised U.S. exploration. 

New York Times: “The Apollo program was born a decade ago as 

an element in Soviet-American rivalry for prestige and political advan223 
August 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

tage. But the program’s brilliant success has made obsolete the nationalistic considerations that seemed so important in the early 1960’s. Now 

it is evident that lunar exploration and eventual settlement offer rewards 

and challenges for all mankind. Do Washington and Moscow have the 

courage and imagination to begin makingthat prospect a reality?” 

(NYT, 8/8/71) 

Washington Post: “There seems to be very little doubt that the mission completed yesterday by astronauts Scott, Irwin and Worden has 

been the most productive in the history of the Apollo program. The 

yield of scientific data has already been large and much more is sure 

to come as laboratories around the world analyze the rocks, pictures 

and other material. . . . The trip has been a bonanza . . . and it may 

well go down in history as one of the most useful expeditions ever 

conducted in helping mankind understand the universe in which it 

lives.” ( W Post, 8/8/71) 

Responsibility for NASA space tug activities was assigned to MSFC by Dale 

D. Myers, Deputy Administrator for Manned Space Flight, in letter to 

Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, MSFC Director. MSFC would manage “inhouse and contracted activities” and provide liaison with DOD and 

European groups interested in participating in development and use 

of space tug. Dr. Rees later said Space Tug Project Group would be 

established within Advanced Systems Analysis Office of Program Development. (MSFC Release 71-178) 

Joint NASA-US. Geological Survey project CARETS (Central Atlantic 

Regional Ecological Test Site) was described in Washington Post 

article. NASA high-altitude aircraft were flying from Wallops Station 

over Maryland and Virginia to obtain data for ecological analysis. 

Information gleaned would be included in land use maps, water use 

and pollution maps, and research reports. (Pfeiffer, W Post, 8/8/71, 

ClO) 

U.S.S.R. had in past year “become the potential target of a vastly increased number of nuclear bombs and missile warheads,” Washington 

Sunday Star noted. While US. was menaced only by Soviet nuclear 

weapons, U.S.S.R. had become “first to be put at a disadvantage in 

the game of nuclear proliferati~n.~~ France and China had begun 

deploying missiles that could reach targets within U.S.S.R. but not 

targets in US. France’s first squadron of nine intermediate-range 

nuclear missiles had become operational Aug. 4. Another nine were 

to be added. Missiles carried 100-kiloton warhead-five times as 

powerful as atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima-and sufficient range 

to reach some major industrial cities of U.S.S.R. Communist Chinese 

had deployed small number of medium-range nuclear missiles and 

US. experts thought they were not concentrating on development of 

intermediate range and intercontinental missiles. 

US. had 100 Minuteman missiles, 50% of which would carry up 

to three warheads; 54 Titan missiles; 41 submarines carrying 16 missiles each, with 31 submarines being converted to carry 10-warhead 

Poseidon; and 470 strategic bombers. U.K. had 3 Polaris submarines; 

40 Canberra V-8 bombers; and 2 aircraft carriers with 80 Buccaneer 

strike aircraft capable of delivering nuclear weapons. French also had 

36 Mirage IV-A aircraft capable of low-level delivery of 60-kiloton 

nuclear bombs. NATO forces in Europe had 7000 tactical nuclear 

224 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 8 

weapons available, with about 2250 missiles and aircraft to deliver 

them. (Kelly, W Star, 8/8/71, A15) 

Augmt 9: Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director of Medical Research and 

Operations, told press at MSC that preliminary examination of Apollo 

15 crew had revealed astronauts were in good health, but were not 

returning to normal as rapidly as expected. Examination had also 

revealed that Astronaut David R. Scott had ruptured blood vessels 

under four fingernails-apparently during first EVA on moon. Ruptures 

had resulted from increased pressure on fingers from spacesuit as Scott 

moved his arms to conduct experiments. Although Scott had mentioned 

some discomfort to his hands after EVA-1, officials had assumed discomfort was typical hand cramp experienced by previous astronauts. 

Dr. Berry said Scott’s injury was not serious enough to warrant spacesuit modifications: “It’s just one of those things that you’ve got to put 

up . . . with, and we keep trying to make suits better all the time, and 

I think this current suit is probably as far along the line to being 

comfortable and providing mobility as any suit we’ve ever had. . . .” 

(Transcript) 

* NASA’S M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by NASA test pilot William H. Dana, 

reached mach 0.93 during eighth flight from FRC in joint NASA-USAF 

program. Purposes of flight were to evaluate effects of moving center 

of gravity slightly forward and of decreasing launch mach number by 

launching at 12 200-m (40 000-ft) altitude instead of 13 700 m 

(45000 ft). (NASA Proj Off) 

* Arcas sounding rocket launched by NASA from Ft. Greely, Alaska, carried 

GSFC payload to obtain ozone measurements in conjunction with 

Nimbus 4 satellite overpass. Because of problems with ground tracking equipment, no usable telemetry signal was received from payload 

until rocket reached 45-km (28-mi) altitude on descent side of apogee. 

Payload recovery was not successful; telemetry data were late and 

quality of signal was poor. Experiment was rated partially successful. 

Launch was second in three-flight series. First had been conducted 

Aug. 7. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Newspaper editorials praised Apollo 15. 

Washington Daily News: “The record harvest of rocks and other 

data brought back by Apollo 15 may turn out to be one of the biggest 

steps ever toward understanding the solar system, the dominant influence on earthly existence. This has been the most remarkable decade 

of research and development in history, and the space program has 

been the core of it.” (W News, 8/9/71) 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin: “The pictures taken by Endeavour 

and the data being supplied by the tiny satellite the astronauts left 

orbiting the moon are providing the most exact and comprehensive 

intelligence yet about minerals on the moon.” It was “becoming obvious that what we spend in space we are investing in the future of 

mankind.” (P Bull, 8/9/71) 

Prague newspaper Rude Pravo commented on Apollo 15: “The scientists 

eagerly anticipate the results of the work of the astronauts and instruments which were sent on such a long trip. People of goodwill 

throughout the world who follow these flights will always wait long 

into the night for the two words from Houston, Baykonur, and even225 
August 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

tually from other places on earth: ‘Mission complete.’ ” (FBIS-Czechoslovakia-71-155,8/1 1/71, D1) 

President Nixon had sent letter to daughter of Soyuz I1 Cosmonaut 

Georgy T. Dobrovolsky after seeing photo of girl at cosmonauts’ 

funeral, Time reported. Letter had said: “I know your father would 

want YOU to face his loss with a strength and courage to match his 

own. As your sister Natasha grows older I know you will help her 

understand how very proud of her father you both should be.” (Time, 

8/9/71,31) 

August 10: President Nixon approved H.R. 9382, FY 1972 HUD-spacescience appropriations bill that contained $3.298-billion NASA FY 1972 

appropriation and $619 million NSF appropriation. Bill became P.L. 

92-78. NASA total included $2.523 billion for R&D, $52.7 million for 

construction of facilities, and $722.6 million for research and program 

management. Bill appropriated $39 million for NERVA program, $13 

million for space shuttle main engine test facilities, and $5.5 million 

for space shuttle thermal-protection facilities. 

President also signed H.R. 9667, $2.9-billion DOT FY 1972 appropriations bill that included $58.5 million to repay airlines for money 

they invested in SST but eliminated funding for SST program. Bill 

became P.L. 92-96. (PD, 8/16/71, 1157; NASA Budget Off; H Rpt 

92-377) 

Scientists at LRL in Houston began opening bags of rocks returned from 

moon by Apollo 15 crew. Before and after day-long debriefing Astronauts David R. Scott and James B. Irwin assisted geologists in identifying samples. Material included football-size piece of black, glass-like 

rock ; brick-size chunk of volcanic rock pitted with small cavities 

(vesicular basalt) ; and 91/2-kg (21-lb) rock, largest single sample ever 

returned from moon, from rim of Hadley Rille. Scientists were anxiously 

waiting to examine crystalline rock in sample bag No. 196, scheduled 

to be opened Aug. 12, that Scott had described as possible chip of 

moon’s original crust, (W Post, 8/11/71; AP B Sun, 8/10/71, Al) 

Lagos, Nigeria, Morning Post congratulated Apollo 15 astronauts for successful mission, which they attributed to ingenuity and resourcefulness 

of NASA. Lunar explorations, Post said, would strengthen faith in and 

appreciation of God’s work. ( FBIS-Nigeria-71-153, 8/11/71, W6) 

NASA launched three sounding rockets from WSMR. Two Aerobee 170 

sounding rockets, one carrying NRL experiment to study stellar spectra 

and one carrying GSFC experiment to conduct x-ray studies, were unsuccessful. Boosted Arcas I1 carried GSFC experiment to 70-km (43.5- 

mi) altitude to measure mobility of charged particles in lower D 

region. Rocket functioned satisfactorily, but some anomalous data were 

received. Data would be correlated with data from two Nike-Cajun 

launches scheduled for Aug. 31. (SR list; NASA Rpt SRL) 

Australian pilots Trevor Brougham and Bob Dickeson landed twin-engine 

Beechcraft Baron aircraft at Darwin, Australia, after 125-hr 27-min 

flight round the world which was believed to have set world record for 

light aircraft. (Reuters, W Post, 8/11/71, A6) 

August II: Dr. Paul W. Gast, Director of Planetary and Earth Sciences at 

MSC, explained at MSC briefing significance of photos taken by Apollo 

15 astronauts: Scientists had always wondered whether earth and moon 

had a gradual or cataclysmic kind of history. “What we’ve sort of seen 

226 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August I1 

in the Apollo 15 site is that indeed the lunar history is in part cataclysmic.” Dr. Gast said photos of Apennine Mountains confirmed that 

mountains wereformed out of same collision that created Sea of Rains 

north of mountain range, involving another body as big as state of 

Rhode Island. “We theorized that this would be the case,” Dr. Gast 

said, “but until now it had just been a hypothesis.” Dr. Gast and his 

colleagues had examined about 24 of the more than 1400 photos taken 

on lunar surface, but they were able to make conclusions because pictures were clear and detailed. (Transcript; O’Toole, W Post, 8/12/71, 

A13) 

August 12 : USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Titan IIIB-Agena booster. Satellite entered orbit with 402.3-km 

(250-mi) apogee, 133.6-km (83-mi) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 

110.9’ inclination and reentered Sept. 3. (Pres Rpt 72; SF, 2/72) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 434 from Baykonur into orbit with 11 798-km 

(7331.0-mi) apogee, 187-km ( 116.2-mi) perigee, 228.2-min period, 

and 51.5O inclination. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/71; SBD, 8/13/71, 205) 

* ApoZZo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. 

Worden held press conference at MSC, during which they showed films 

and described mission. Irwin and Scott praised performance of LRV 

Rover and said it had exceeded their expectations. Showing film taken 

from Rover during traverse, Irwin said he hoped simulated ride didn’t 

make viewers seasick. Ride on LRV, he said, “is kind of a combination 

of a small rowboat in a rough sea and a bucking bronco.” 

Scott said only change he would recommend for Rover was “some 

manner of strapping yourself in the vehicle other than just pure seat 

belts.” He also said moon should be explored to far greater extent 

than was currently planned, with :‘a whole base of scientists” and “a 

Rover that can carry 6 to 10 men. I think we can . . . establish bases 

on the moon similar to those in the Antarctic and explore it and discover a vast amount of data that we don’t even know we have up 

there.” 

Core sample drilling, Scott said, was “one of the best things we 

ever did on the moon. It was very difficult, very time consuming and 

at times it was rather perplexing . . . because we did not expect the 

regolith or the surface material to be quite as well integrated or 

packed as it was. There was nothing wrong with the equipment, it 

was just that we encountered the unknown. And we had to compensate for that and . . . that’s why man goes to the moon. His subjective 

mind can evaluate the situation and come up with a fix far better 

than a machine. The machine would have stopped. It would have 

never gotten the drill.” 

Scott said in closing, “We went to the moon as trained observers . . . to gather data, not only with our instruments on board, but with our 

minds, and I’d like to quote a statement from Plutarch . . . : ‘The 

mind is not a vessel to be filled, but a fire to be lighted.’” 

Astronauts later revealed they had left plaque and tiny silver figure 

of a fallen man on moon as memorial to 14 astronauts and cosmonauts who had died in pursuit of space exploration. Plaque, bearing 

names of eight astronauts and six cosmonauts, had been left in small 

crater about 6 m (20 ft) north of rille. (Transcript; AP, B Sun, 

8/13/71, Al) 

227 
August 12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

* Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying NRL experiment to conduct solar studies. Mission was partial success. (SR list) 

LRL geologists Dr. William C. Phinney and Dr. Paul W. Gast described 

anorthosite rock from Apollo 15 sample bag No. 196 to press at MSC 

lunar sample briefing. Dr. Phinney, praising crew’s descriptions of 

samples, said ‘Las in all cases so far where we’ve looked at what the 

rocks are, it matches exactly what the astronauts said it was. It’s 

about fist size, 269 grams-1/-lb-anorthosite . . . essentially pure 

plagioclase.” Grain was quite coarse, 1-cm (0.4-in) grains, “about the 

coarsest grain size of any lunar rocks that we’ve seen so far.” Its 

milky-white color suggested ‘‘that it has probably undergone a fair 

amount of stress, maybe a shock type of deformation.” 

Rock, popularly called “Genesis rock,” was significant because it 

supported hypothesis that moon had been extensively molten with 

anorthosite crystallizing from liquid, floating to top, and producing 

anorthositic crust. Although discovery did not prove hypothesis, Dr. 

Gast explained, it was “a long step in the direction” of determining 

moon’s origin. “If results on the dating of this anorthosite and some 

of the chemistry on it . . . turn out that all point to the fact that it is 

essentially 4.6 or 4.7 billion years old, which is the time that we think 

the moon formed, . . . it gets to be rather difficult to argue with the 

hypothesis.” (Transcript ) 

August 13: Dr. Charles A. Beiry, MSC Director of Medical Research and 

Operations, described Apolb 15 crew’s medical status to press at 

MSC. Astronauts James B. Irwin and David R. Scott had suffered brief 

periods of irregular heart rhythm on moon, probably as a result of 

extreme fatigue. Irwin also had dizzy spells in space. Arythmic heartbeats and dizziness had not been disclosed to press earlier, Dr. Berry 

said, because tests were still being conducted and complete information was not known. Until Aug. 13 Irwin was still suffering from 

effects of weightlessness; he still had mild dizzy spells and, when lying 

prone, felt as if his bed were tilted downward about 30°. Astronaut 

Alfred M. Worden’s medical data during transearth coast EVA had 

been close to predicted, and Worden was adjusting better than Scott 

and Irwin. 

None of the three, however, had returned to preflight norms, but 

there was “no medical danger” as far as crew was concerned. “Things 

from past space flights were all going in a pattern and now suddenly 

these guys don’t fit the pattern.” In assessing astronauts’ return to 

normal it was important to note how Apollo 15 differed from previous manned space flight missions. Important factors were longer time 

spent on lunar surface, longer lunar orbit stay time, and longer time 

spent in 100% oxygen atmosphere. 

Heartbeat irregularities, which had lasted about 10 heartbeats, were 

usually associated with fatigue, low potassium level, and increased 

adrenalin flow-all of which were present in astronauts. Because of 

fatigue levels of which astronauts were often unaware, flight surgeons 

were considering recommending that first EVAS on Apollo 16 and 

Apollo 17 be shortened. (Transcript; AP, NYT, 8/14/71, 1) 

NASA announced selection of Apollo 17 prime and backup crews. Prime 

crewmen were Eugene A. Cernan (commander), Ronald E. Evans 

228 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 13 

( CM pilot) , and scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt (LM pilot). 

Backup crewmen were David R. Sco 

B. Irwin. Apollo 17 would be laun 

lunar-landing mission with 68-hr stay time. (NASA 

Release 71-149) 

New York Times editorial noted that U.S. planned to cut back on Apollo 

program to fund space station and shuttl hile U.S.S.R. Sulyut I was 

already in orbit: “In effect, the unique ican capability to land 

men on the moon is being abandoned ahead of the original schedule 

so that this country can concentrate on an attempt to compete with 

what already exists under Russian auspices. To make it even more 

bizarre, when and if both countries have rival manned space stations 

in orbit, each is likely to suspect the other of using these installations 

for military as well as civiiian purposes. This is a prospect that literally borders on lunacy.” (NYT, 8/13/71,26) 

August 13-14: New York Times published series of three articles by 

Apollo 15 astronauts describing the July 26-Aug. 7 lunar-landing 

mission. 

Astronaut David R. Scott said excitement of being on moon came 

in waves: “They are gentle swells, the kind that stop you, buoy you, 

but never sweep you off course. The wave enveloped me the moment 

our lunar module, Falcon, cleared the peaks of the Apennines and 

pitched over for our final descent to the moon.” Greatest thrill had 

been discovery of anorthosite rock: “. . . I radioed to mission control, ‘I think we found what we came for.’ I must confess that the 

sight of that rock, sitting there millions of years waiting for our 

arrival, set off another wave of excitement for me. It triggered an 

emotion much like finding The Easter Egg. You know, there are lots 

of eggs spread across the lawn, but there’s only one golden one, and 

there it was-The Golden Egg.” 

Astronaut James B. Irwin said, although others might describe 

moon as barren and desolate dead world, ‘‘it can be a beautiful one 

to anyone who loves the mountains of earth. . . . When I first 

climbed down the ladder . . . I was really taken back by those mountains [that] almost encircled Hadley Base. They seemed so close and 

so tall. But the real surprise was that the mountains, at first sight, 

were not grey or brown as I had expected. They were golden. Looking 

to the south and east, I saw the reflection of the early morning sun 

glancing off the mountains, especially Hadley Delta, giving them a 

glow of gold. It seemed like a friendly place, which surprised me. . . you would have thought we would have felt a little lost, a little out of 

place. But no, I felt that I was where I should be. I knew exactly 

what to do, after more than a year of training, and I felt right at 

home.” 

Astronaut Alfred M. Worden compared orbiting moon in CSM with 

“riding in a free air balloon, floating over the countryside. You are 

suspended. You have no sensation of motion unless you look down 

and see the lunar landscape sweeping below you. At times, I thought 

of myself as a bird, soaring without sound, seemingly detached from 

all that is below. . . . one of the most important observations from 

Apollo 15, as far as I’m concerned, is the apparent evidence of a 

great deal more volcanic activity in the moon’s past. In our training 

229 
August 13-14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

we studied and discussed volcanoes . . . but I guess I wasn’t really 

prepared for the magnitude of the volcanic evidence I saw on the 

moon.” (NYT, 8/13/71,1; 8/14/71,1) 

August 14: Arcas sounding rocket launched by NASA from Ft. Greely, 

Alaska, carried GSFC payload to obtain ozone measurements in conjunction with Nimbus 4 satellite overpass. Ozone payload and ground 

telemetry tracking equipment functioned satisfactorily. Payload was 

recovered and good data were collected. Launch was last in threeflight series that began Aug. 7. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Chicago Tribune editorial commented on Apollo 15 crew: “Out of all 

they saw, collected and recorded by camera they hope to make a 

significant contribution to science and the understanding of the universe, and they hope from this to apply what they learned to the 

betterment of life on earth. If there is one regret, it is, as Scott said, 

that after the vista from this peak of experience, what comparable 

mountain remains to be searched?” (C Trib, 8/14/71) 

August 15: John P. Donnelly, former Vice President for Corporate Communications for Whittaker Corp., became NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs. Appointment had been announced July 23. 

(NASA Activities, 8/15/71, 135) 

0 Baltimore Sun editorial praised NASA decision to include scientistastronaut Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt in Apollo 17 crew: “Exploration 

of the moon can be scientifically justified as a great and extremely 

costly project only by the faith that it will produce evidence on which 

the world’s whole scientific community can agree regarding the origins and age of the moon, the earth, perhaps the entire solar system.’’ 

Even though Apollo program was to end with Dr. Schmitt’s flight, “it 

may very well take a new turning by reason of his presence.” (B Sun, 

8/15/71) 

August 16: France’s Eole (CAS-1) Cooperative Applications Satellite was 

launched by NASA from Wallops Station at 2:39 pm EDT. Four-stage 

Scout boosted spacecraft into orbit with 906.1-km (563.6-mi) apogee, 

677.8-km (421.2-mi) perigee, 100.7-min period, and 50.2O inclination. 

Primary NASA objectives were to place spacecraft into appropriate 

earth orbit to obtain meteorological data from balloons and to analyze 

meteorological data acquired from constant-density surface balloons for 

study of characteristics and movements of air masses. Secondary NASA 

objective was to acquire technology of satellite range and range-rate 

system for locating free-moving balloons. 

The 85-kg ( 187-lb) satellite-developed by France’s Centre Nationale 

d’gtudes Spatiales (CNES) and named for mythical God of Windswould collect information on wind, temperatures, and pressures from 

up to 500 instrumented balloons flying at 11 900-m (39 000-ft) altitude in Southern Hemisphere. Balloons, to be launched by CNES and 

Argentine personnel from three sites in Argentina, could be interrogated by Eole day and night, individually, in sequence, or in programmed group of up to 64 at a time. 

Eole’s meteorological objectives were to study circulation of atmosphere from tracks of balloons, provide basis for standard reference 

system of pressure and temperature to be used in World Weather 

Program, and learn more about local winds. Mission would prove 

feasibility of modified Doppler system plus range measurements to 

230 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 16 

determine accurately location of each balloon and prove out superpressure balloon design and lightweight, frangible balloon-borne electronics. 

Eole was launched under May 27, 1966, Memorandum of Understanding between CNES and NASA with no exchange of funds. CNES 

designed, built, and tested spacecraft and balloons and would manage 

balloon launchings, spacecraft tracking, data acquisition, and data 

processing. NASA provided launch vehicle, prelaunch support, launch 

operations, and initial tracking and data acquisition. Data would be 

analyzed simultaneously by CNES and by Eole Data Interpretation 

Group comprising representatives of NASA, CNES, NCAR, NOAA, and 

UCLA. (NASA Proj off; NASq Release 71-144) 

Gerald J. Mossinghoff, formdr Director of Congressional Liaison Div. in 

NASA Office of Legislative Affairs, became Deputy Assistant Administrator (Policy). Robert H. Hood, former Manager of Spacecraft and 

Launch Systems in Washington, D.C., office of McDonnell Douglas 

Corp., became Deputy Assistant Administrator (Programs). (NASA 

Ann, 8/13/71) 

August 16-ZU: Working Group on Remote Measurement of Pollution met 

at LaRC to investigate remote sensing in identifying and monitoring 

contaminants. Group reported trace gases were amenable to remote 

sensing, water pollutants could be measured in limited number, and 

remote measurement of specific particulate pollutants would follow 

only after improved understanding of their physical, chemical, and 

radiative properties. Remote sensing could provide essential information in all three categories that could not be obtained from other 

sources. Satellites and aircraft could obtain overall picture of global 

or regional pollution from gases but were inappropriate for local 

measurements because of inability of instruments to measure gases 

in upper atmosphere. 

Group recommended global measurement from satellites of gases 

contributing to ozone photochemistry and radiative equilibrium; study 

to establish feasibility of measuring these gases with current techniques in stratosphere and troposphere; acceleration of research on 

application of remote sensing to water pollution ; coordinated physiooptical research program to advance level of understanding of optical 

properties of real atmosphere ; immediate measurement of earth‘s 

albedo, reflected electromagnetic radiation ; and establishment of 

global network of atmospheric turbidity-monitoring sites to determine 

any changes in worldwide turbidity due to man-made particulate 

matter. (Remote Measzcrement of Pollution, NASA SP-285) 

AWmt 17: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover completed experiments and 

was powered down for 11th lunar night on moon. Vehicle had landed 

on moon on board Luna 17 Nov. 17, 1970. (FBIS-SOV-71-137-3, 

8/13/71, L1) 

* High-power radar transmitter was being added to 3000-m-dia (1000-ftdia) radio telescope near Arecibo, Puerto Rico, in joint NASA-NSF 

program, NSF announced. Modifications would make telescope most 

powerful antenna in world for radar studies of planets and satellites. 

(NSF Release 71-178) 

Completion of arrangements for exchange of four computer programs 

between NASA and Japan’s Hitachi Central Research Laboratory was 

231 
August 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

announced by NASA. Exchange, negotiated by NASA OART and Computer Software Management and Information Center (COSMIC) operated at Univ. of Georgia under NASA contract, would make two 

Japanese programs available to US. users in exchange for two NASA 

programs that had been available to US. public for several years. 

(NASA Release 71-148) 

OST released Final Report of the Ad Hoc Supersonic Transport Review 

Committee of the Ofice of Science and Technology, March 30, 1969. 

Release of previously secret report was prompted, OST said, “by continued public interest and certain impressions that the government 

may be concealing factual data on the SST program.” Report recommended “termination of the development contracts and the withdrawal 

of Government support from the SST prototype program.” Reasons 

given were: SST operating costs would exceed those of then-available 

subsonic aircraft ; “attendant surcharge makes the airline market uncertain” ; program was unattractive to private financing and “substantial government involvement is likely to be sought in the supply 

or guarantee of some $3-5 billion of capital for the certification and 

production of a US. SST” ; there was “substantial uncertainty regarding the range and payload and the environmental effects” of SST and 

“costs and duration of the program are both likely to increase’’ in 

attempt to develop production aircraft; there was “substantial doubt 

that the present configurations of the Conmrde and the TU-144 will 

become commercially viable aircraft”; balance of payments argument 

was not sufficiently strong to warrant Government investment in SST ; 

U.S. leadership in aviation did not depend upon affirmative SST decision in near future; and, “when the right combination of technology 

and market demand appears, the US. aircraft industry may well decide 

on its own to proceed with the development and production of an 

SST.” (Text) 

Precision stepping-drive mechanism to position scale models of spacecraft 

accurately about horizontal axis in wind tunnels and other testing 

situations had been used by clock manufacturer to replace gears and 

other continuous-drive mechanisms in electric clocks, NASA announced. 

Device, developed from NASA technology, when coupled with highaccuracy oscillator provided accurate time by advancing digital clock 

in increments of one second or any interval required. (NASA Release 

7 1-153 ) 

* U.S. Postal Service public relations officers had asked Astronauts Neil A. 

Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., to accompany cancellation 

of lunar landing commemorative stamp on moon during Ap0110 11 

mission with dialogue from two “casual, conversational” scripts, Julian 

W. Scheer, former NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, 

said in Washington Post article. “But NASA, figuring the first manned 

lunar landing was hairy enough without ceremonials, declined politely 

and, instead, Armstrong and Aldrin quietly canceled the first moon 

stamp and came home without postal fanfare.” 

Washington Post editorial commented on article: “While we have 

not cast the roles and read the script aloud, timer in hand, it is our 

definite impression that this spontaneous little exchange might have 

been good for the better part of one orbit of the moon and good also 

232 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 17 

for a veritable barrage of phone calls from a flabbergasted public.” 

( W Post, 8/17/71, A14) 

* George W. Cherry, Director of Aeronautical Operating Systems Div. in 

NASA OART, received AIAA Mechanics and Control of Flight Award in 

ceremonies at Hempstead, N.Y. Award was for “pioneering the development of the digital control system for space vehicles and the application of these techniques to the Apollo Command and Service Modules 

and the Lunar Modules.’’ (NASA Activities, 9/15/71, 155) 

* Dr. James R. Schlesinger was sworn in as AEC Chairman, succeeding 

Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, whose resignation became effective Aug. 16. 

(AEC pro) 

Augwt 18: NASA supercritical wing, flown on TF-8A jet aircraft piloted by 

NASA test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed ninth 

flight from FRC. Objectives of flight-to obtain pressure distribution 

data at high supersonic speeds and evaluate augmented damping characteristics at low supersonic speeds-were achieved. Flight, made at 

10 700-m (35 000-ft) altitude, was first in series to obtain data for 

performance evaluation ; previous Iflights had been for pilot familiarization. Pressure distribution data were obtained from mach 0.80 to 

0.97 and damping characteristics were evaluated at mach 1.1 and 1.6. 

(NASA Proj Off) 

NASA announced formation of Transport Experimental Programs Office in 

OART to direct experimental STOL transport research airplane program. 

RFPS for design and fabrication of STOL aircraft had been issued 

Aug. 4, requesting proposals by Oct. 15. Program would provide data 

and experience for development of environmentally acceptable, economical, and safe fan-jet STOL transport systems. New office, directed 

by Gerald G. Kayten, would integrate activities of STOL Technology 

Office and Supercritical Technology Office. (NASA Release 71-155) 

* NASA announced it had begun joint program with USA Air Mobility 

Research and Development Laboratory to develop flight research 

vehicle to test various rotors in actual flight under controlled conditions with provision for extensive engineering measurements during 

maneuvers. L~RC had issued RFPS for two parallel design studies requiring 10 mos to determine feasibility of attaining Government’s research 

goals and provide development plan for further phases of program. 

Joint NASA-Army team would base detailed specifications for vehicle 

preliminary-design competition on results of predesign studies. (NASA 

Release 71-152) 

Pratt & Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp. filed formal protest against 

NASA award of $500-miflion space shuttle main engine contract to NR 

Rocketdyne Div. and asked Federal Government to reverse award. In 

letter to GAO, Pratt & Whitney charged selection of Rocketdyne was 

“illegal, arbitrary and capricious, and based on unsound decisions” 

and reiterated complaints cited Aug. 3 to GAO. (W Post, 8/19/71, C12; 

SBD, 8/19/71,230) 

Special medallion to commemorate 1971 quadricentennial of Johannes 

Kepler was issued by American Museum-hay den Planetarium. Kepler 

-born Dec. 16, 1571-had founded science of optics, was first to 

ascribe tides to moon, shaped much of comet theory, and came close 

to theory of gravity. His Somnium, highly technical “dream” of voyage 

233 
August 18 ASTRONL4UTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

to moon, had been first work of modern science fiction. (American 

Museum-Hayden Planetarium Release, 8/13/71) 

August 18-24: Thirteenth International Congress of the History of Science 

was held in Moscow. 

Section on History of Aircraft, Rocket, and Space Science and 

Technology was held Aug. 19. Paper “The Historiography of Rocket 

Technology and Space Exploration” submitted by Dr. Eugene M. 

Emme, NASA Historian, was summarized at meeting by Dr. Lloyd S. 

Swensen, Jr., of Univ. of Houston. Paper covered features of evolution 

of rocket technology pertaining to beginning of space exploration and 

exploitation and discussed work of international pioneers like Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert H. Goddard, and Hermann Oberth, who became 

interested in space exploration before deducing that liquid-propellant 

reactive thrust was the best technology. 

Dr. Swenson, coauthor of book This New Ocean: A History of 

Project Mercury, presented his own paper “On the Mixture of Science 

and Technology in the Apollo 8 Circumlunar and the Apollo 11 Lunar 

Landing Missions.” Paper examined effect of internal pressures on 

overall posture and achievements of Apollo project as illustrated by 

Apollo 10 and 11. 

Anatoly A. Blagonravov and V. N. Sokolsky of Soviet Academy of 

Sciences submitted paper on “Main Lines of Research in the Field of 

the History of Aeronautics and Astronautics.” (Program ; NASA Hist 

Off) August 19: Apollo 17 Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Harrison H. Schmitt, 

and Ronald E. Evans held press conference at MSC. Ph.D. geologist 

Schmitt defended his selection for mission and declared his readiness 

to “compete with anybody” in flying Apollo spacecraft. Schmitt, 

selected over Astronaut Joseph E. Engle, said Engle was “one of the 

most outstandingly qualified test pilots in the business” and speculated 

that Engle, transferred to space shuttle program, would “probably . . . contribute for the next 10 or 15 years a . . . lot more than maybe 

even we can contribute by a lunar mission.” Sending a “professional 

observer” like himself to moon, Schmitt explained, would significantly 

increase knowledge gained, particularly concerning early history of 

earth and sun. (Transcript; Reuters, TV Post, 8/20/71, A2) 

NASA launched series of three sounding rockets from Wallops Station to 

measure diurnal oxygen, density, pressure, and temperature and to 

obtain comparisons of pitot and active-sphere density measurements. 

Rockets were launched during daylight hours and data would be 

compared with data from similar series to be launched during darkness Aug. 20. 

Viper Dart carried WSMR experiment to 135-km (83.9-mi) altitude 

to provide density, temperature, pressure, and wind data from 40 to 

130 km (25 to 80 mi). Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily, with Robinette sphere ejecting and inflating as programmed. 

Nike-Cajun carried Univ. of Michigan and NOAA experiment to 126-km 

(78.3-mi) altitude to measure diurnal variation of atomic oxygen in 

80- to 120-km (50- to 75-mi) region. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. Nike-Apache carried Univ. of Michigan and 

GSFC experiment to 171-km (106.3-mi) altitude to obtain diurnal 

measurements of density, pressure, and temperature and obtain com234 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 19 

parisons of pitot and active-sphere density measurements. Rocket and 

instruments functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

French Centre National d’gtudes Spatiales ( CNES) announced U.S.S.R. 

would cooperate in launching two space probes from France’s Kourou 

Space Center. French Veronique rocket would launch Soviet radiofrequency spectrometer in mid-December in first use of Kourou facilities by U.S.S.R. France would also track Soviet MR-12 rocket carrying 

French mass spectrometer after launch in December from Soviet ship 

near Kourou. 

CNES also announced French Centaure rocket would launch Indian 

equipment Oct. 8 to test recovery system for space probe instruments. 

(Reuters, NYT, 8/22/71, 35) 

* Successful completion of over 2000 hrs of testing-equivalent to 80-day 

space mission-of prototype water vapor electrolysis system was announced by NASA. Developed at ARC, system converted moisture in air 

directly into hydrogen and oxygen and released reclaimed oxygen 

back into air. It could be used instead of heavy, bulky tanks of 

breathing oxygen on future long-duration space missions. It would 

also reduce load on humidity control equipment by removing excess 

water vapor from cabin atmosphere. (NASA Release 71-150) 

NASA and Stanford Univ. Biomedical Technology Transfer Team 

(BATEAM), fourth BATEAM to be established and first formed at leading medical school, would apply NASA-generated aerospace technology 

to problems in cardiology, NASA announced. Team of five medical 

consultants and five aerospace engineering consultants under Stanford 

Univ. cardiologist Dr. Donald C. Harrison would concentrate on cardiovascular medicine. 

NASA had eight special teams-four working on environmental problems and four on biomedical activities. (NASA Release 71-154) 

Data obtained during Soviet Zond missions from September 1968 to 

October 1970 were described by Soviet scientists, including Oleg 

Gazenko of Academy of Sciences, in Moskovskaya Pravda article, Tass 

reported. Zond spacecraft had carried turtles, drosophilas, onions, 

wheat and barley seeds, chlorella strains, intestinal bacilli, and other 

objects. Total dosage of radiation had been same for all flights. After 

return to earth turtles were active and had good appetite. During 

experiments they lost 10% of weight. “Some blood tests . . . and 

electrocardiographs did not reveal essential divergencies from control 

animals.” Morphological and histochemical analyses of organs and 

tissues of turtles aboard Zurzd 5 (launched Sept. 15, 1968) had revealed changes in glycogen and iron content of liver and structural 

changes in spleen. Subsequent experiments had not confirmed findings. 

Flight conditions had given rise to “comparatively large increase in 

the number of chromosome changes in the seeds of pine and barley, 

and a rise in the mutants of chlorella strains.” (FBIS-sov-71-161, 

8/19/71, Ll) 

NASA announced issuance of RFPS for eight-month study of applications 

of dual-mode nuclear rocket engine to propel spacecraft and generate 

electrical power for use on board. (NASA Release 71-157) 

* Long-term commitment and definition of policy for storage and curatorial handling of lunar materials had been urged by Cal Tech scientist Dr. .Gerald J. Wasaerburg, AP reported. A principal investigator 

235 
August 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

of lunar material, Dr. Wasserburg had said lack of planning and 

handling could deny future generations use of moon rocks now being 

studied. (P Bull, 8/19/71) 

Washington Evening Star editorial commented on selection of scientistastronaut Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt for Apollo 17 crew: “The argument for the scientist-astronaut has come. So far as we are concerned, 

it always made sense. Therefore, any congratulations to [NASA~ for 

finally putting one of the flying geologists to work might be accompanied by a raise of eyebrows over the obvious tokenism of the 

assignment and a reproachful question as to why they waited so long 

to put a scientist into the richest geological treasure house that man 

has yet discovered.” (W Star, 8/19/71) 

August 20: No viable organism and no evidence of fossil material had 

been found in Apollo 14 lunar samples, Lunar Sample Preliminary 

Examination Team reported in Science. Major findings had been : 

only 2 of 33 rocks had basaltic textures; samples differed from earlier 

lunar rocks and from their closest meteorite and terrestrial analogs in 

chemical content; chemical composition of soil resembled that of 

rocks ; rocks displayed characteristic surface features and shock 

effects similar to those of Apollo 11 and 12 samples; concentration 

of solar-wind-implanted material in soil was large, as in ApoZZo 11 

and 12 material, but solar wind contents of rocks ranged from that 

of soil “to essentially zero”; carbon content of Apollo 14 rocks was 

within range of that for ApoWo 11 and 12 rocks; four fragmental 

rocks showed surface exposure time about an order of magnitude 

less than typical exposure times of ApoZZo 11 and 12 rocks; broader 

range of soil mechanics properties had been found at Apollo 14 site 

than at Apollo 11 or 12 sites and Surveyor landing sites; and no evidence of biological material had been found in Apollo 14 samples to 

date. (Science, 8/20/71, 681-93) 

Apollo 12, 14, and 15 seismometers had located source of 80% of 

moonquakes in area 10 km (6 mi) wide and 650 km (400 mi) below 

lunar surface in Ocean of Storms, Dr. Gary N. Latham, Apollo program chief seismologist, reported in interview published in Wmhington Post. (Brett, W Post, 8J20/71, A2) 

* NASA launched series of three sounding rockets from Wallops Station to 

measure diurnal oxygen, density, pressure, and temperature and 

obtain comparisons of pitot and active-sphere density measurements. 

Rockets were launched during darkness and data would be compared 

with data from daylight series launched Aug. 19. 

Nike-Cajun carried Univ. of Michigan and NOAA experiment to 

132-km (82-mi) altitude to measure diurnal variation of atomic oxygen in 80- to 120-km (50- to 75-mi) region. Nike-Apache carried Univ. 

of Michigan and GSFC experiment to 180-km (111.8-mi) altitude to 

obtain diurnal measurements of density, pressure, and temperature in 

80- to 120-km (50- to 75-mi) region. Viper Dart carried WSMR experiment to lukm (89.5-mi) altitude to provide density, temperature, 

pressure, and wind data from 40 to 130 km (25 to 80 mi). All rockets 

and instrumentation functioned satisfactorily. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

Three Nike-Apache sounding rockets were launched by NASA from Wallops Station carrying Univ. of Illinois and GCA Corp. experiments to 

measure electron concentration, collision frequency, and temperature 

236 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

U.S.S.R. launched Ve 

463-km (287.7-mi) 

ionospheric param 

consisted of instrument compartment and recoverable container carrying scientific equipment for heliophysical research and HungarianCzechoslovakian-Soviet instruments to study micrometeors. Instrument compartment carried equipment for heliophysical and ionospheric research designed by Bulgarian, East German, Czechoslovakian, and Soviet scientists. Rocket and instruments functioned 

satisfactorily and payload was recovered. (Tass, FBIS-SOV-163-3, 

8/23/71, L1) 

Permanent charter for INTELSAT was signed by 54 nations-51 of whom 

were members of 80-member interim INTELSAT consortium-during 

State Dept. ceremonies. Signatures of three more original members 

were required for two-thirds majority necessary to inaugurate new 

agreement providing for gradual relaxation of U.S. control. 

Under permanent charter INTELSAT Assembly of Parties, prime 

organ of multitiered organization, would meet biennially and take 

decisions with one vote for each nation. Annual Meeting of Signatories would decide on financial, operational, and technical aspects 

of programs with one vote for each member. INTELSAT Board of 

Directors would meet at least four times a year to vote on design, 

development, construction, establishment, operation, and maintenance 

of space segment. No single Board member could cast more than 40% 

of total vote; decisions would be taken by two-thirds majority; and 

nonveto provisions had been written into charter. U.S. had agreed to 

relinquish unilateral veto power it had under interim arrangements. 

Permanent charter created new executive organ to assist Board of 

Governors, headed first by Secretary General and later by Director 

General. ComSatCorp would continue to provide technical and operational management of INTELSAT space segment under six-year contract. 

Net investment ceiling of US. $5 million was established with discretion in Board of Governors to increase ceiling by 10%. (Lydon, 

NYT, 8/21/71, 40; “Permanent Arrangements for the Global Commercial Communications Satellite System of Intelsat,” IAF 22nd Int’l 

Astro Congress, 9/25/71) 

August 21 .- WTTGTV in Washington, D.C., carried one-hour special telecast “Giant Leap for Mankind.” Program reviewed Apollo program 

and described NASA future plans. (NASA Special Ann, 8/18/71; NASA 

* Appointment of Richard P. Skully, Manager of FAA’s Miami Area Office, as Director of FAA Office of Environmental Quality was announced by FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer. (FAA Release 71-134) 

August 22: Use of machines, rather than men, in space after final Apollo 

ated by Cornel1 Univ. astronomer Dr. Thomas Gold 

in New York Times Magazine article. For lunar or Martian exploration he suggested “roving vehicle with television eyes and one or 

two telefactor hands, a modern version of a centaur-half man, half 

automobile.” Vehicle could travel longer distances on lunar surface 

PAO) 

237 
August 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

than man and retrieve samples of different terrain. “The remote 

hands could pick up rocks and examine them under the television 

eyes, and, if desired, put them in a hopper for eventual transmission 

back to earth. The vehicle might then rendezvous with another that 

has earth-return capability and hand over the contents of the hopper 

to it. While this type of vehicle would allow us to explore almost all 

regions of the moon, manned missions have been severely limited 

both in the type of terrain for the landing and the distance that astronauts can travel from their spaceship.” Scientists had favored use of 

telefactor with sample-return capability but “the very success of the 

Apollo program had diverted attention from it.” Now that no “really 

purposeful” manned program was planned, Dr. .Gold asked, “would 

not this be the right time for really learning how to do good remote 

control ? ” (N YT Magazine, 8/22/71 ) 

August 23: ApoZZo 15 Astronauts James B. Irwin, Alfred M. Worden, and 

David R. Scott addressed National Press Club luncheon in Washington, D.C., before flying to New York for official welcome by city 

and appearance at U.N. Scott called for greater cooperation in space 

and said he looked forward to flight with Soviet cosmonaut. ‘‘I know 

six cosmonauts personally, and I would be glad to fly with any one 

of them any day. And I hope we get that chance.” Scott said core 

sample 3 m (8% ft) long he had brought from moon contained 55 

separate layers of soil that illustrated last 2.4 billion yrs of lunar 

history. Layers, discovered through x-ray examination, would show 

changes occurring over billions of years in sun’s radiation as it hit 

lunar surface. 

Later, in telephone interview with Washington Post, LRL scientist 

Dr. John F. Lindsay said layers ranged in thickness from 12.7 mm 

(1/2 in) to 127 mm (5 in) with each stratum probably representing 

different meteorite impact on lunar surface. While no analysis of core 

could be made until it was opened by geologists in January, Dr. 

Lindsay said x-rays had indicated that Scott had not drilled through 

solid rock. (UPI, NYT, 8/24/71, 25; Auerbach, W Post, 8/24/71, A3) 

* NASA had laid off approximately 740 employees effective Oct. 1 to reduce 

to authorized FY 1972 level of 28 352, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. MSC had dismissed 132; MSFC, 197; GSFC, 149; 

IRRC, 123; URC, 54; ARC, 78; FRC, 12; and NASA Pasadena Office, 2. 

Force reductions at Hq. and KSC had been made entirely through 

attrition. (Av Wk, 8/23/71, 21) 

* U.S.S.R. had improved reliability and performance of Molniya I comsat; expanded network of Orbita system ground receiving stations to 

35, including Cuban station and station at Ulan Bator in Mongolia; 

and would build six to eight additional ground stations annually for 

indefinite period, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Mongolian station had been activated in February 1970. (Av Wk, 8/23/71, 

President Nixon sent memorandum and statement of Government patent 

policy to heads of executive departments and agencies. Improvements 

in 1963 policy statement would provide agency heads with authority 

to permit contractors greater rights to inventions where necessary to 

achieve use or where equitable circumstances justified, additional 

guidance in promoting use of Government-sponsored inventions, clari51-2) 

238 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 23 

fication of states’ and municipal governments’ rights in Federal Government-licensed inventions, and more definitive data base for evaluating patent policy’s administration and effectiveness. (PD, 8/30/71, 

1209) 

August 23-24: Scientific results from Om 2 were reported during Univ. 

of Massachusetts symposium held in conjunction with AAS conference. 

GSFC, Lehigh Univ., and Univ. of Wisconsin scientists reported discovery of “black hole” in space, remnant of star that had shrunk to 

such density that no light could leave it. Black hole would be result 

of collapsing process in which material remaining from burned-out 

star was drawn in upon itself by its own gravity. Densities of black 

holes were said to be so great that globe with 3.2-km (2-mi) radius 

could collapse to size of pinhead and still retain its original mass. 

(NYT, 9/2/71,14) 

August 24: Apollo 15 Astronauts Alired M. Worden, David R. Scott, and 

James B. Irwin rode in motorcade to City Hall in New York, where 

they received gold medals from Mayor John V. Lindsay. Astronauts 

presented Mayor Lindsay with flag carried on Apollo 15 mission. 

Later astronauts were welcomed to U.N. by Secretary General U 

Thant, to whom they presented replica of plaque they had placed on 

moon to commemorate astronauts and cosmonauts who had died in 

performance of duties. (NASA Activities, 9/15/71, 147-8; Kaufman, 

NYT, 8/25/71,1) 0 Locked-on antenna control system on NASA’s Ats 3 applications technology satellite (launched Nov. 5, 1967) had caused satellite to stop 

transmitting data temporarily, NASA announced. Officials believed 

antenna, on top and north side of spacecraft, had overheated and 

stopped spinning when sun was north of equator during summer. 

Antenna had operated sporadically during July and August, but officials said malfunctioning was consistent with similar past problems 

and antenna would recover as sun moved south. (NASA Release 71-158) 

August 25: NASA’s M2-F3 lifting-body vehicle, piloted by NASA test pilot 

William H. Dana, reached 20 400-m (67 000ft altitude) and mach 

1.05 during ninth flight from FRC. Objectives were to determine 

aileron effectiveness at speed greater than mach 0.9, obtain stability 

and control data at mach 0.95 and 0.90, expand flight envelope, and 

evaluate speed brake. (NASA Proj Off) 

Resignation of Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, first man to set 

foot on moon, was announced by NASA. Armstrong, Deputy Associate 

Administrator for Aeronautics, OART, would join Univ. of Cincinnati 

as its first professor of aerospace engineering Oct. 1. He would continue to serve NASA as consultant. Armstrong had joined NASA in 1955 

and had served as aeronautics research pilot for NACA and NASA. He 

had piloted X-15, X-1, F-100, F-101, F-102, F-104, F-5D, and 

B47 aircraft and, as B-29 “drop” aircraft pilot, had participated in 

more than 100 rocket aircraft flights. Armstrong had been selected by 

NASA as astronaut in September 1962. He had served as backup command pilot for Gemini 5; command pilot for Gemini 8 (launched 

March 16, 1966), during which he had performed first successful 

docking of two vehicles in space; backup command pilot for Gemini 

11; backup command pilot for Apollo 8; and commander of Apollo 

11. (NASA Release 71-159) 

239 
August 25 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

PAET Planetary Atmosp Experiment Test, launched June 20, was 

adjudged successful b . Test had successfully demonstrated capability of selected experiments to determine structure and composition 

of an unknown planetary atmosphere from probe entering atmosphere 

at high speeds. (NASA Proj Off) e Appointment of Mrs. Ruth Bates Harris as Deputy Director of NASA 

Equal Employment Opportunity Office and Director of NASA Equal 

Employment Opportunity Program was announced by NASA. Appointment was effective Oct. 4. Mrs. Harris had been Director of 

Dept. of Human Relations of Montgomery County (Md.) Public 

Schools. (NASA Special Ann) 

August 26: Explorer 43 ( IMP-I) interplanetary monitoring platform was 

adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft, launched March 13, had 

exceeded objectives and was functioning nominally with 11 scientific 

instruments providing detailed information on galactic and solar 

cosmic rays, interplanetary medium, and distant magnetosphere. All 

systems and scientific instruments were functioning normally except 

GSFC plasma probe, which malfunctioned 30 days after launch, and 

Univ. of Chicago cosmic ray telescope, which partially malfunctioned 

64 days after launch. (NASA Proj Off) 0 NRL’S Solrud 10 (Explorer 44) solar radiation satellite, launched by 

NASA July 8, was adjudged successful by NASA. Spacecraft was functioning nominally and all 15 scientific instruments had been turned 

on and were operating satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., received rear admiral stars from Secretary of the Navy John H. Chaffee during Pentagon ceremonies. 

Shepard was first astronaut to achieve rear admiral rank. (W Post, 

8/27/71, Al) 

Immediate report from NASA on role of Dale D. Myers, Deputy Administrator for Manned Space Flight, in award of $500-million space shuttle engine contract to NR Rocketdyne Div. was requested by Rep. 

William R. Cotter (D-Conn.) . In statement to press, Rep. Cotter said 

Myers “as co-chairman of the joint NASA-Pentagon space transportation system committee, may have been instrumental in cutting off 

Air Force funding of Pratt & Whitney’s space shuttle research under 

the XLR-129 program.” Cotter said Pratt & Whitney Div. of United 

Aircraft Corp. had based its contention of superior “technical knowhow” on shuttle engine development [see Aug. 31 on its 10-yr XLR129 research. Myers had been a Rocketdyne Vice President before 

coming to NASA in 1970. (Text; Warden, C Trib, 8/27/71,22) 

Lee B. James, former Director of Program Management at MSFC, had 

joined faculty of Univ. of Tennessee Space Institute, UPI reported. 

James’ retirement from NASA had bcen announced April 30. (UPI, 

W Post, 8/27/71) 

August 27: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 435 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

478-km (297.0-mi) apogee, 272-km (169.0-mi) perigee, 92.0-min 

period, and 70.9O inclination. Spacecraft reentered Jan. 28, 1972. 

(GSFC SSR, 8/31/71; 1/31/72; SBD, 9/14/71,27) 

* NASA’supercritical wing, flown on TF-8A aircraft piloted by NASA test 

pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed 10th flight from 

FRC. Objectives of U-min flight were to obtain additional pressure 

distribution and performance data at high subsonic speeds and evalu- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 27 

August 27: Noise tests of NASA’s experimental, quieter jet aircraft engine were under way in Peebles, Ohio, the Lewis Research Center announced. The project 

sought to develop an engine of 97850-newton (22000-pound) thrust that would operate 

at 15 to 20 decibels quieter thun engines used in present subsonic air transports. 

In the photo the engine was being checked out before the General Electric Co. noise 

tests, A probe inserted in the exhaust nozzle (left) measured the smoke produced. 

ate flutter characteristics at low supersonic speeds. Aircraft reached 

12 000-m (40 000-ft) altitude, with pressure distribution and performance data obtained from mach 0.80 to 0.97 and flutter characteristics evaluated at mach 1.05 and 1.10. (NASA Proj Off) 

* Experimental, quieter jet aircraft engine was undergoing noise tests at 

Peebles, Ohio, LeRC announced. Engine was being developed under 

contract by GE’s Aircraft Engine Group. (LeRC Release 71-38) 

* Effects of levels of ionizing radiation on passengers and crew members 

in supersonic aircraft flying at 18 000 to 20 000 m (60 000 to 65 000 

ft) were described in Science by USN biophysicist Hermann J. 

Schaefer. Level of galactic radiation per mile for SST was smaller than 

that for conventional jet aircraft. “Even in the extreme case of someone’s spending, for a full year, 10 )percent of his time at SST altitude, 

the integral dose equivalent would still not exceed 1 rem.” Increase in 

risk of shortening residual life-span was “insignificant.” (Science, 

8/27/71,780-3) 

* Easier relations between Soviet and visiting foreign scientists attending 

15th International Union of Geodesy and .Geophysics in Moscow, 

Aug. 1-14, were reported in Science by Philip H. Abelson. “To an 

extent not previously possible, Americans were entertained profes241 
August 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

sionally and socially and were invited to visit Soviet research facilities. Only a few Russians would be so bold as to act counter to official 

policy in their contacts with foreigners; therefore, the extent of the 

hospitality reflected national policy.” (Science, 8/27/71, 797-800) 

August 28: Oxford Univ. atmospheric physicist Dr. John Houghton told 

British press two-year research program at Oxford had shown “even 

with 500 SST aircraft flying, there would be no danger of ultraviolet 

radiation at ground level being increased by any significant amount.” 

Dr. Houghton said program had been similar to research that had led 

Univ. of California at Berkeley scientist Dr. Harold Johnston to predict that exhaust from supersonic aircraft could have dangerous effect 

on stratosphere and might imperil life on earth. (London Times dispatch, NYT, 8/28/71, 4<1) 

Apollo 14 Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., was awarded honorary Doctor of Science degree by Univ. of Miami in Oxford, Ohio. (NASA 

Activities, 9/15/71, 155) 

August 29: Washhgton Post editorial commented on DOT-NASA report that 

jet engine noise was high-priority problem [see May 51. Report “does 

not offer all the solutions, but it does recognize that sociological, 

economic and engineering considerations must be taken into account 

in finding them. The prescription makes good sense both for the economically strained industry and the exasperated potential passenger.” 

(W Post, 8/29/71, B6) 

August 30: Election of Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. 

Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins to International Aerospace Hall of 

Fame was announced by Hall of Fame President Martin R. Engler, Jr. 

Awards for 1971 would be presented to astronauts in San Diego, 

Calif., Oct. 23. Astronauts had been nominated “in view of their epic 

flight and its representation as one of the greatest single scientific 

achievements in the history of man.” (Letter to NASA Historian) 

Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, MSFC Director, announced establishment of 

temporary HEAO Office in MSFC’S Program Management Directorate 

to plan High Energy Astronomy Observatory. Office would replace 

HEAO Task Team formed in spring 1971. (MSFC Release 71-148) 

FAA certification of 201 series Guppy cargo aircraft and sale of one aircraft to Airbus Industries of France, European cargo airline, were 

announced by aircraft’s manufacturer, Aero Spacelines, Inc. New 

aircraft was sixth in Guppy series, created to airlift space booster 

components for NASA. With fuselage 7.6 m (25 ft) in diameter, new 

Guppy could lift 24 500 kg (54 000 lbs) of cargo and fly it for 3200 

km (2000 mi) nonstop at 470 km per hr (290 mph). First 201 

series Guppy would move wing and fuselage assemblies of Concorde 

supersonic transport and 300-passenger European airbus from points 

of manufacture to Toulouse, France, for assembly. (C Trib, 9/2/71) 

Response by Soviet Ambassador Anatoly F. Dobrynin to National Space 

Club letter of condolence to Soviet government on death of Soyuz 

cosmonauts was published in NSC News Letter: “We highly appreciate your expression of respect for the heroic endeavour of the space 

explorers who died for the progress of all mankind.” (NSC News 

Letter, 8/30/71, 2) 

* Yugoslavia was urging other East European countries to participate 

actively in INTELSAT, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

242 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 August 30 

Discussions had been held with Rom*& and Hungary on possibility 

that they would use ground termkral that Yugoslavia expected to be 

operational in 1974. (Av Why 8/30/71,11) 

Time magazine reviewed Secret Sentries in Space by Philip J. Klass. 

“No one else has written in comparable detail about spy satellites,” 

Time said. Klass had described latest US. SAMOS (satellite and missile observations system). “Big Bird” was 10 900-kg (12-ton) spacecraft capable of operating in orbit for several months. It could transmit high-quality pictures by radio and eject capsules of exposed film, 

which then dropped by parachute. Big Bird also included infrared 

heat-sensing equipment that allowed it to “see” through ice and snow 

to locate Soviet underground weapons. Klass had reported heaviest 

concentration of long-range Soviet missiles in Siberia and behind 

Ural mountains in Central Asia. (I’ime, 8/30/71, 26) 

Mrs. Irene Bolam, named in book Amelia Earhart Lives as being missing 

aviatrix Amelia Earhart, filed $1.5-million libel suit against authors 

Joseph Klass and Joseph Gervais. Mrs. Bolam claimed book damaged 

her reputation by depicting her as bigamist, spy, and traitor. Book 

claimed Amelia Earhart had disappeared in 1937 while ffying US. 

spy mission, was captured by Japanese, and might have been World 

War I1 Japanese propagandist Tokyo Rose. (UPI, W Post, 9/1/71, D5) 

* Washington Daily News editorial commented on Aug. 25 resignation 

from NASA of Apollo 11 Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong: “Offhand, it is 

regrettable to see any of these accomplished men leave the program 

they helped make such a smashing success. But Mr. Armstrong will 

be teaching engineering and it will be no surprise if some of his 

students wind up in future space exploration. So count his ‘defection’ 

to education as another spinoff benefit of the space program.” (W 

News, 8/30/71,22) 

August 31 : NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences had confirmed results of 

June 21-25 Joint Working Group meetings at MSC, NASA announced. 

Groups had considered technical requirements for compatible systems 

for space rendezvous and docking, radio and optical reference, communications, life support, crew transfer, and docking assemblies. They 

had agreed to study experiments to test technical solutions. Experiments might include docking spacecraft of Apollo type with orbital 

scientific station of Salyut type and docking spacecraft like Soyuz 

with station like Skylab. Mission models would test suitability of technical requirements and solutions. Next working group meeting was 

scheduled for late November in MOSCOW, to complete agreement on 

technical requirements for compatible systems. Working Groups had 

been established under Oct. 28, 1970, agreement. (NASA Release 71- 

164) 

Denver mint held preview showing of nickel alloy Eisenhower dollar 

which would be released in October. Back of coin depicted ApoZZo 11 

lunar landing. (UPI, W Post, 9/2/71) 

0 President Nixon, from San Clemente, Calif., issued Proclamation 4078 

designating Oct. 11 Columbus Day, 1971. He said, “In this present 

age of epic journeys in space, we can appreciate more than ever the 

great achievements of Christopher Columbus.” (PD, 9/4/71, 1224-5) 

During August: Gabriel Board appointed June 18 to examine and reevaluate philosophy, practices, and procedures in Centaur quality 

243 
During August ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

assurance and workmanship program reported findings and recommendations to House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on NASA Oversight: “Aggressive and creative” new policy 

with “thorough and conservative approach to the use of new hardware in flight” was needed to improve Atlas-Centaur quality and 

workmanship. Board recommended enhanced emphasis on employee 

motivation, manufacturing, engineering, and planning, quality assurance planning “with preventative aspects dominant, workmanship 

training, inspection training, quality audit, and vendor control improvements.” (Review of Recent Launch Failures, Subcom Print, 

10/7 1 ) 

USN participation in space shuttle program was urged by L/Cdr Preston 

E. Beck (USN, Ret.), in U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings. USN experience had shown close parallel between life support criteria and fuel 

management for nuclear submarines and that required for space shuttle. USN Office of Naval Research (ONR) and USN Systems Command 

should determine feasibility of using air entrainment, hydroskis, skids, 

and hydrofoils to permit sea-level landing point for shuttle spacecraft 

with one or more engine inoperable after reentry. Sea transport and 

barge storage of fuels and oxidizers for shuttle spacecraft would 

ensure safety of flight personnel and minimize interference with 

commercial air traffic. Space shuttle orbiter and booster structures 

could be moved only by flyout or by sea because of size. “The obvious 

answer is final assembly at the launch site using a seaborne logistic 

system.” Naval Air and Material Center had facilities for development of space shuttle materials, testing of components and subassemblies, and supporting engineering. It seemed pertinent “that the Navy 

take the initiative in starting to support the space shuttle program. The 

key to many of the problems now being subjected to resolution is the 

sea.” ( U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 8/71, 103-5) 

Electrical power development for space was summarized by AIAA Electric 

Power Systems Committee in Astronautics & Aeronautics article : 

“Batteries have continued to be employed beyond Explorer I for 

either primary power or as an element of power subsystem. Silverzinc batteries provided 13.5 kilowatt-hours (Kwh) of electrical energy 

for the Mercury spacecraft, up to 63 Kwh for the early Geminis, and 

65 Kwh for the Apollo Lunar Module. Specific energies have advanced 

to 90 watt-hours per pound (wh/lb) f198 wh per kg] in unmanned 

Agena vehicles. The continuing flight dependence on batteries was 

dramatically illustrated by the rescue phase of the Apollo-13 mission, 

which used the LM batteries for power after the failure of the cryogenic supply of the Service Module fuel cell system. Undoubtedly, 

batteries will remain a vital independent power source in manned 

missions and perhaps unmanned missions for many years.” Committee 

recommended that “competitiveness of the isotope and reactor systems 

€or powers in the tens of kilowatts be encouraged rather than inhibited and that the technology programs for both be kept viable,’’ 

felt “that achieving acceptance of a reactor power system for manned 

Earth-orbiting missions presents a major challenge to the power community in the 1970s: and criticized lack of resources “to pursue 

effectively all of the advanced reactor power-system options that have 

been carried along most of the 1960s.” (A&A, 8/71, 22-30) 

244 
September 1971 

September 1 : Preliminary results of Apollo 15 scientific experiments were 

reported by principal experimenters at MSC press briefing. 

Columbia Univ. scientist Dr. Gary V. Latham reported that threestation seismometer network completed on moon by Apollo 15 had 

detected 39 events, including “most significant event we’ve recorded 

on the moon.” Event was moonquake 800 km (500 mi) beneath surface-greater depth than for any quake recorded on earth-about 644 

km (400 mi) west of crater Tycho. ApolZo 15 seismic data also had 

revealed that swarms of quakes occurred on moon as they did on 

earth. Most intense swarm recorded “contained 30 events over a period 

of just 2 and a half days . . . at very regular intervals, at about 2 hour 

spacing, and culminated in the largest moonquake yet recorded.” 

Dr. Latham, Apollo program’s chief seismic investigator, said data 

from missions to date had proved “that we can place long life geophysical observatories on the moon and they can exist years, which 

means that we can expect to maintain a network of stations with 

larger spacing between missions.” 

Two heat probes drilled almost two meters (almost six feet) into 

surface had shown that moon was hot, with heat concentrated deep in 

interior or in pockets of radioacthe mineral 160 km (100 mi) below 

surface. Temperature of moon increased 0.56 K (1°F) each foot 

deeper into moon, indicating heat flow from interior was one fifth 

earth’s heat flow. Columbia Univ. scientist Dr. Marcus E. Langseth 

said this evidence showed that abundance of radioactive minerals inside moon was at least comparable to abundance inside earth. It also 

suggested moon and earth were formed at same time from same 

elements. 

Cal Tech scientist Dr. Leon T. Silver and US. Geological Survey 

scientist Dr. Gordon A. Swam said Apollo 15 had discovered green 

rocks on moon composed of magnificently colored spheres of green 

glass. Dr. Paul W. Gast, Chief of MSC Planetary and Earth Sciences 

Div., said 75 kg (165 lbs) of ApoZZo 15 lunar rocks had been logged 

to date and would be distributed to investigators. (Transcript; O’Toole, 

W Post, 9/2/71, Al) 0 NASA announced appointment of Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations at MSC, as NASA Director for Life Sciences. Appointment would become effective when successor for Dr. 

Berry was found. Dr. Berry would succeed Dr. James W. Humphreys, 

Jr., who became Secretary-Treasurer of American Board of Surgery. 

(NASA Ann, 9/1/71; NASA Release 71-166; Am Bd of Surgery PIO) 

Second flight model of LRV Rover was delivered by Boeing Co. to KSC 

for Apollo 16. (MSFC Release 71-144; KSC PIO) . 

* MSFC had signed level-of-effort contract with NR Rocketdyne Div. for 

design of Space Shuttle main engine, NASA announced. The interim 

contract-for four months at $1 million per month-had been signed 

245 
September 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

pending GAO review of protest by United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div. of the contract award [see Aug. 31. (NASA Release 71-165) 

Former F-14 project manager Capt. Lionel E. Ames, Jr. (USN), said in 

interview that F-14 fighters would cost $16.6 million each-almost 

$4 million more than $12.7 million announced by DOD Aug. 10. He 

said confusion over cost illustrated some of problems he had had as 

project manager before being replaced. (W Star, 9/2/71, All) 

Finalization of order for 175 F-4 jet fighter aircraft by Federal Republic 

of Germany was announced by Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird 

at DOD press conference. Order amounted to more than $750 million. 

(Transcript) 

September 2-11 : U.S.S.R. launched Luna 18 unmanned lunar probe on 

Proton booster from Baykonur at 6:41 pm local time (4:41 pm Moscow time, 9:41 am EDT), inserting vehicle into translunar trajectory 

from earth orbit. Tass said purpose of mission was to carry out further scientific research of moon and near-moon space. During flight 

to moon 29 communications sessions were held with spacecraft and 

data on parameters and systems were transmitted. Midcourse maneuvers were conducted Sept. 4 and 6 and on Sept. 7 Luna 18 entered 

lunar orbit with 99.8-km (62-mi) altitude, 1-hr 59-min period, and 

35” inclination. Spacecraft made 54 revolutions of moon, testing 

methods of automatic near-moon navigation, before braking for moon 

landing. 

Luna 18 reached moon’s surface Sept. 11 near Sea of Fertility, 3O 

34’ north latitude and 56O 30’ east longitude. Tass announced landing 

was “unlucky” and communications stopped at 10:48 am Moscow 

time (3 :48 am EDT ) . Luna 18 was assumed to have crashlanded. Previous mission in 

series, Luna 17, landed successfully on moon Nov. 17, 1970, and 

released Lunokhod 1, self-propelled lunar rover designed to carry out 

scientific investigations. (FBIS-SOV-172-3, 9/3/71, L1; 174-3, 9/8/71, 

L1; 173-3,9/12/71, L1; SF, 11/71,401) 

* Oao 2-launched Dec. 7, 1968, and exceeding all design specificationsmarked its 1000th working day. (NYT, 9/2/71, 14) 

September 2: Mariner 9 Mars probe had traveled 244316000 km 

(151 805 000 mi) in solar orbit since launch May 30 and was 

39424000 km (24497000 mi) from earth, traveling at 96540 km 

per hr (59 987 mph). Spacecraft was expected to reach Mars’ vicinity 

Mov. 13, collect atmospheric and surface data, and map 70% of 

Martian surface during 90 days in orbit. (NASA Special Release, 

0 Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research 

Range, Canada, carried GSFC experiment to investigate polar cap absorption event. Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily; payload recovery was delayed until Sept. 3 because of adverse weather. 

9/2/71 1 

(NASA Rpt SRL) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 lunar rover, landed on moon by Luna 17 Nov. 17, 

1970, had safely endured 10th lunar night and wis functioning satisfactorily, Tass announced. (FBI%-sov-172-3) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, held news conference during 

first visit to LeRC. He said LeRc would play major role in development 

246 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 2 

of commercial engines geared toward reducing noise pollution by 

future jet aircraft. (Lewis News, 9/10/71, 1; LeRc PIO) 

Rep. Leonor K. Sullivan (D-Mo.), Chairman of Consumer Affairs Subcommittee of House Banking and Currency committee, sent to FTC 

material on Franklin Mint, private corporation that produced silver 

medallions carried on Apollo 14 mission Jan. 31-Feb. 9. She suggested FTC investigate promotional use by Franklin of medallions, 

which had been melted down into ‘minimoons’-coins advertised as 

containing silver that had been to the moon. Washington Daily News 

said Rep. Sullivan’s action had been prompted by order issued by 

ApoZZo 14 commander Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Chief of Astronaut Office, 

that no more Franklin Mint medals be carried on NASA missions. 

Shepard had noted, News said, that Apollo 14 crew had carried 200 

Franklin medallions in CM (which never left lunar orbit), had distributed 150 to friends and relatives on mission’s completion, and had 

returned 50 to Franklin with understanding they would be made into 

coins for members of Franklin Mint Collectors Society, but not used 

to promote sales. (Thomasson, Scripps-Howard, W News, 9/2/71, 24) 

September 3: Successful free-flight development test of parachute system for 

Viking Mars landers to be launched in 1975 was conducted by NASA 

at DOT Joint Parachute Test Facility in El Centro, Calif. Test was to 

verify functioning of main decelerator parachute and its deployment 

mechanism and confirm structural adequacy of system design. Deployment mortar and parachute16 m (53 ft) in diameter, packaged in 

instrumented drop vehicle 3 m (10 ft) long and 51 cm (20 in) in 

diameter-were dropped from NASA B-57 aircraft at altitude of 15 200 

m (50 000 ft). (NASA Release 71-162; FRC PIO) 

0 President Nixon released statement on dedication of new USAF Museum 

at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: “The United States Air Force Museum 

demonstrates in a most compelling fashion the tremendous progress 

which American aviation has made in a remarkably brief time. It will 

afford a valuable opportunity for future generations of Americans to 

learn about the dedication and courage and skill which have made 

that progress possible.” 

At dedication ceremonies President said, “. . . the United States 

intends, and we resolve today, that having been first in aviation from 

the beginning, we will attempt to be first in aviation for the time to 

come. This should be our goal, and one that we can achieve.” (PD, 

9/13/71,124&2) 

MSC announced resignation of Dr. Gene M. Simmons, MSC Chief Scientist 

since 1969. Dr. Simmons would return to MIT as professor of geophysics. (MSC Release 71-63) 

New York Times editorial said scientists were pressing NASA to “take 

another look at the cancelled Apollo 18 and 19 flights-flights for 

which much equipment is available. The Soviet contribution to the 

new picture of the moon is still miniscule, despite the feats of the 

Luna space vehicles. But it would make good sense for the United 

States and the Soviet Union to get together and plan joint manned 

moon flights, perhaps by making Apollo 18 and 19 the first truly 

international ventures to earth’s companion in the skies.” (NYT, 

9/3/71,26) 

* International Institute for Strategic Studies published The Military 

247 
September 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Balance 1971-1972. Annual report of London-based independent research group said Communist China had entered nuclear missile race, 

U.S.S.R. had moved further ahead of US. in ICBM deployment, and 

U.S.S.R. was challenging supremacy of US. underwater nuclear strike 

force. (Reuters, B Sun, 9/3/71,1) 

Astronaut Information: American and Soviet (Revised) (71-204 SP) 

was published by Library of Congress Congressional Research Service. 

Paper provided general reference on astronauts and cosmonauts, table 

of US. and Soviet space flights, and description of highlights of each 

flight. (Text) 

September 4: Concorde 001, French prototype of Anglo-French supersonic 

transport, left Toulouse for Cayenne, French Guiana, on first leg of 

first transatlantic test flight, to Rio de Janeiro. Flight would promote 

sale of aircraft in South America and continue performance t6sting 

and long-range flying in context of commercial airports. (BAc-Ahrospatiale France Release 17C/71) 

September 4-5: NASA launched series of two Black Brant IIIB sounding 

rockets from Resolute Bay, Canada, carrying Univ. of California particles and fields experiments. Flights were partially successful. (SR 

list; GSFC Proj Off) 

September 5: NATO intelligence had reported U.S.S.R. was flight-testing 

swing-wing supersonic strategic bomber designed to fly at twice speed 

of sound and equipped for low-level penetration of enemy defenses, 

New York Times said. Aircraft, christened by NATO, could 

become operational late in 1973. Western military intelligence specialists believed Backfire marked “emergence of entirely new Soviet air 

weapons system.” (Szulc, NYT, 9/5/71,1) 

* Exhibits at new 86-million Air Force Museum near Dayton, Ohio, were 

described by New York Times: DC-6 Independence used by President 

Truman; Constellation Columbine III and 47J Sioux helicopter used 

by President Eisenhower ; reproduction of Wright 1909 Military 

Flyer; B-70, only remaining ultrasonic bomber ; Douglas World 

Cruiser New Orleans, which flew around world in 1924; Soviet ~i~15; 

and relics of Wright brothers’ Kitty Hawk. Museum, “first permanent 

repository of Air Forb memorabilia,” was 244 m (800 ft) long, 91 m 

(300 ft) wide, and 24 m (80 ft) tall and housed 150 aircraft. It was 

built with funds provided by private gifts. NYT, 9/5/71, 28; NASA 

Hist Off ’r 

* MIT-“probably the world‘s greatest technological university”-had committed itself to seeking change in current US. attitude of hostility 

toward technology, Pmhington Post reported. In series of statements 

that “can be taken jointly as a new scientists’ manifesto,” MIT leaders 

had urged change in national attitude toward “harnessing technology 

while not bowing to it,” urged end to scientists disclaiming responsibility for the effects of their work, and pledged to make profound 

changes in their own teaching and research. MIT led US. universities 

in obtaining Federal research funding, with $92 million in FY 1970, 

more than double that of its nearest rival, Stanford Univ., which had 

;received $39 million. (Cohn, P Post, 9/5/71, D2) 

September 5-12 : First US.-U.S.S.R. conference on Communication with 

Extraterrestrial Intelligence ( CETI ) was held at Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory in Soviet Armenia. Conference was sponsored jointly 

24a 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 5-11 

by U.S. and Soviet Academies of Science and organized by Soviet 

astronomer Dr. Yosif S. Shklovsky and Cornel1 Univ. astronomer 

Dr. Carl Sagan. Later Dr, Sagan and Cornel1 Univ. astronomer Dr. 

Frank D. Drake reported conference conclusions to NAS. Group of 

scientists had concluded that civilization in another solar system 

“a few hundred light years away” might be trying to communicate 

with other bodies, including earth. Man had acknowledged existence 

of other universes and scientific evidence had shown that amino acids 

-building blocks of life-could be made from materials and energy 

sources in space. Scientists had recommended coordinated worldwide 

effort to intercept messages by searching sky with powerful radiotelescopes. (Sullivan, NYT, 9/19/71, 4:8, Auerbach, W Post, 9/23/71, 

A4; NAS PIO) 

September 6: Concorde 001 , French prototype of Anglo-French supersonic 

transport, landed at Rio de Janeiro after successful first transatlantic 

test flight, piloted by French test pilot Andre Turcat [see Sept. 41. 

Turcat told newsmen aircraft had flown at mach 2 for nine minutes 

during 3240-km (2015-mi) flight. (AP, NYT, 9/7/71, 62) 

US. and British space experts believed purpose of four Cosmos launches 

in past 10 mos was to test components for manned lunar landing, 

New Yorlc Times reported. Cosmos 434, launched Aug. 12, was said 

to have been test of variable-thrust, restartable rocket engine similar 

to onboard propulsion system in Apollo CSMS. Other launches identified 

by experts were Cosmos 379, Nov. 24; Cosmos 382, Dec. 2; and Cosmos 

398, Feb. 26. Crucial hardware believed to be missing from launches 

was Saturn V-size booster. Some of these spacecraft had traveled 

farther in space than previous Soviet flights testing manned spaceflight 

equipment ; at least three, including Cosmos 434, had demonstrated 

greater ability to maneuver in space than any previous Soviet manned 

flight. British space expert Geoffrey E. Perry, who had first announced 

discovery of Soviet launch site at Plesetsk in 1966, had said in telephone interview with Times that “the Russians have never made orbital 

changes to the degree that they have demonstrated on these Cosmos 

flights.” He was convinced that “the Soviet Union is testing a large 

rocket engine similar to the one aboard Apollo. Even some of the 

velocity changes made by these Cosmos flights almost exactly match 

the velocity changes of Apollo for such maneuvers as lunar orbital 

insertion and trans-earth injection.” All four Cosmos were believed to 

have been launched by Proton, D-type, or SL-4, nonmilitary boosters 

with about half the thrust of Saturn V. Some were said to have transmitted recordings of human voices as test of radio communications. 

(Lyons, NYT, 9/6/71,1) 

9 Soviet supersonic transport Tu-144 ,flew to Bulgaria on second flight outside U.S.S.R. Aircraft had appeared at Paris Air Show in May and 

June. (UPI, NYT, 9/7/71,62) 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Administrator for Planning, told 

press in Bremen, Germany, that he expected to visit 50-man US. 

research station on moon within 10 yrs, at end of 1970s or beginning 

of 1980s. He said, “1’11 have to stay there at least eight or 10 days.” 

(AP, NYT, 9/7/71,18) 

Baltimore Sun editorial praised progress of NASA-Soviet Academy of 

Sciences plans for compatible spacecraft rendezvous and docking sys249 
September 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

tem: “For all the impediments, actual and potential, to genuine collaboration in an almost illimitable project which no single nation can 

ever claim for its own alone, America and Russia have managed, it 

seems, to come to terms on some major technical points.” Consultations that produced agreement “indicate the growth of sensible, 

humane realism in both Washington and Moscow in looking to the 

future,” (B Sun, 9/4/71) 

September 6-1 6: Fourth U.N. International Conference on Peaceful Uses 

of Atomic Energy was held in Geneva. US. exhibit included NASA 

demonstration of applying nuclear techniques to ultra-rapid analyses 

of environmental materials and drugs, using satellites and computers. 

Signals from nuclear-powered instruments on moon were relayed to 

Geneva from CSFC via satellite. NASA also displayed lunar samples and 

SNAP-27 and SNAP-19 generators. 

Mitchell W. Sharp, Canadian External Affairs Minister, said at 

news conference following opening session that it was time for US. 

and U.S.S.R. to negotiate underground nuclear test ban. 

Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Conference Chairman and former AEC chairman, said in paper that plutonium 244, heaviest element, could assist 

in determination of earth’s age. In newspaper interview, Dr. Seaborg 

said leading nuclear scientists agreed that nuclear-generated power was 

clean, safe and necessary,” but that people of world needed to be 

convinced. He felt that responsibility for ensuring safety in use of 

nuclear energy should eventually be transferred from AEC to some 

other agency but move would be “premature” at present. 

Milton Klein, manager of AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office 

and Director of AEC Space Nuclear Systems Div., reported on NASA 

plans to send nuclear-powered space probes to outer planets in next 

five years, followed by manned missions using atomic engines in the 

1980s. First mission using nuclear reactor to provide onboard electricity [Pioneer F Jupiter flyby] would be launched in 1972. 

U.S.S.R. withdrew from conference program paper it had intended 

to read entitled: “Development of nuclear power systems for space in 

the U.S.S.R.” and substituted paper on operation of small Topaz reactor. Washington Post quoted observers as attributing substitution to 

U.S.S.R. lag in space nuclear power field. One observer had said only 

other explanation might be that they were embarrassed by failure of 

Luna 18 “to perform on the moon.” (AEC Releases 0-151, 153; 

Reuters, W Post, 9/10/71, A13; NYT, 9/12/71, 20; Sullivan, NYT, 

9/16/71,14; O’Toole, W Post, 9/16/71, A21) 

September 7: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 436 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

542-km (336.8-mi), apogeee, 510-km (316.9-mi) perigee, 95.1-min 

period, and 74’ inclination. (CSFC SSR, 9/30/71; SBD, 9/15/71, 32) 

France’s Eole satellite, launched by NASA Aug. 16, was functioning almost 

perfectly after 22 days in orbit. Total of 111 balloons had been 

launched from three Argentina sites for Eole to track and acquire data 

from on winds, temperatures, and pressures. Five had completed one 

revolution around earth at 11 850-m (38 880-ft) altitude and had been 

tracked by Eole. Only five balloons had failed to respond to satellite 

commands and were assumed lost. Balloons would be launched at rate 

of 8 to 10 per day until about 400 to 450 balloons were launched; 

<c 

250 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 7 

another 50 to 100 balloons would be launched to fill in gaps in array 

caused by failures. (NASA Proj Off) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried GCA Corp payload to 176.4-km (109.6-mi) altitude to determine winds from vapor trail using ARC CV-990 instrumented aircraft 

as observing platforms, test narrow-band camera filters on chemical 

releases with bright sky background, and provide real-time checkout 

of observational equipment and procedures for BIC experiment with 

low-altitude barium release. Payload contained standard barium and 

sodium-lithium canisters. Cloud was photographed by both ground and 

CV-990 aircraft cameras. Flight was first of two; second rocket 

would be launched Sept. 16. (NASA Rpt SRL) 

Plans to store lunar rocks in vault-like facility at MSC to retain their 

original condition for future researchers were described by NASA officials in AP interview published by New York Times. LRL curatorial 

and research projects would be consolidated in specially air-conditioned 

facility covering 465 sq m (5000 sq ft) of existing laboratory space 

scheduled for completion in time for March 1972 Apollo 16 mission. 

Dr. John H. Pomeroy, NASA’s Assistant Director for Lunar Sample 

program, said project had been “a very important aim since the very 

beginning, because we realize these are unique and irreplaceable 

samples and it may be years before we go back to these places.” 

(NYT, 9/7/71) 

* Patent No. 3 603 433 was granted to MSC technicians William H. Keathley 

and Clarence J. Wesselski for spacecraft emergency shock absorbers 

that might also be used in automobile bumpers. Disaster-avoidance 

device backed up cyclic deformation system in struts of Apollo CM 

couches. System, installed in spacecraft since Apollo 11 to absorb 

energy from over-propulsion at launch or unusually hard landing, 

consisted of tightly fitted washers on rod. Pressure against end washer 

pushed one after another along line as force decelerated. (Jones, NYT, 

9/11/71, 33; Patent Off PIO) 

James J. Kramer, head of Quiet Engine Program at IRRC, became Chief 

of newly formed Noise and Pollution Reduction Branch of NASA’s 

Aeronautical Propulsion Div. He would be responsible for planning 

and overseeing research at NASA Centers on ways to reduce noise and 

pollutants from jet aircraft engines. (NASA Release 71-170) 

NSF published statistics that showed Federal R&D funding was on upward 

trend. Figures were taken from soon to be published report Federal 

Funds for Research, Development, and Other Scientific Activities, 

Vol. XX. Estimated 9% increase in overall Federal funding for R&D 

from 1970 to 1972 indicated upward trend after decline that began 

in 1968. Total of $15.3 billion in actual obligations for 1970 established low for recent years. Although 1971 Federal R&D total was 

expected to be samd15.4 billion-total $16.7 billion requested in 

President Nixon’s 1972 budget marked new high. 

NASA had risen from 5% share of Federal R&D in 1960 to high of 

34% in 1965 but was expected to fall back to 19% in 1972. Final 

phase-out of Apollo and reduced NERVA engine development were 

expected to be nearly offset by increase in other NASA programs so 

that 1972 would be almost a leveling off. (NSF Highlights, 9/7/71) 

251 
September 8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

September 8: NASA’s supercritical wing, flown on TF-8A jet aircraft piloted 

by NASA test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, completed 11th flight from 

FRC. Purposes of one-hour flight were to complete evaluation of Butter 

characteristics at high subsonic and low supersonic speeds and obtain 

additional pressure, distribution, and performance data. Aircraft 

reached 13 700-m (45 000-ft) altitude and all objectives were achieved. 

Flutter characteristics were evaluated at mach 0.97, 1.05, and 1.10; 

pressure distribution and performance data were obtained from mach 

0.80 to 0.95 and at mach 1.05 and 1.10. (NASA Proj Off) 

Ats 3 applications technology satellite, which had temporarily stopped 

transmitting weather pictures because of locked-on antenna [see Aug. 

241, was operating again, NASA announced. Although spacecraft was 

still not working properly, it was transmitting cloud-cover pictures of 

Western Hemisphere during the five per cent of the time when camera 

was aimed at earth. (NASA Release 71-171) 

Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) prototype was flown to MSC from MSFC 

for extensive thermal-vacuum-chamber testing. Tests would continue 

through early December. (MSFC Release 71-146; MSFC PIO; MSC Hist 

Off) 

* US. and U.S.S.R. had agreed to replace Washington-Moscow teletype 

“hot line” with comsat capable of providing instantaneous link between 

capitals in any crisis, Washington Post reported. Diplomatic sources 

had said agreement had been worked out by US. and Soviet communications experts meeting at SALT in Helsinki. System would use existing comsats orbited by both countries. (Getler, W Post, 9/8/71, 3) 

Initial results from U.S.S.R.’s Vertikal-2 rocket launched Aug. 20 were 

reported by Tass. Experiments had been conducted at altitudes between 

100 and 463 km (62 and 288 mi). Photos had registered image of sun 

in several spectral ranges and had indicated that solar flares took place 

during rocket’s flight. Data had been obtained on temperature, electron 

density, and other parameters of sun’s corona and on [flux of particles 

causing ionospheric turbulence. (FBIS-SOV-174-3, 9/8/71, L2) 

* Soviet Foreign Minister Andrey A. Gromyko submitted memorandum to 

U.N. Secretary General U Thant expressing hope that U.N. General 

Assembly would call world disarmament conference on nuclear and 

conventional weapons. Memo also reiterated Soviet proposal for disarmament conference attended by nuclear powers-China, U.K., France, 

US., and U.S.S.R. (Tanner, NYT, 9/9/71,8) 

* Senate by unanimous vote of 53 agreed to ratification of Convention for 

Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft [see April 151. (CR, 

* Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) released GAO report that showed official 

cost estimates for F-14 USN jet fighter aircraft had risen from $11.5 

million to $16.7 million per aircraft since March 1971. Sen. Proxmire 

said he was “drafting amendments” to military authorization bill 

before Congress “which would terminate” g5-billion F-15 project. 

( W Post, 9/9/71,2) 

* NRC released Employment of New Ph.D.’s and Postdoctozals in 1971 : 

Science Ph.D.s who received degrees in 1970 had found fewer jobs 

than had 1969 graduates and were more likely to remain unemployed 

or to take jobs unrelated to their training. Of 13 000 1970 Ph.D.s surveyed, 70.2% had found suitable employment, 14.3% had entered 

9/8/71,13892-95) 

252 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 8 

postdoctoral training, and 2.8% were jobless or had accepted inappropriate employment. In 1969, 75.3% of graduates had found appropriate jobs, 9.7% had entered postdoctoral training, and 1.6% were 

unemployed or underemployed. ( NRC Release) 

* President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, former AEC Chairman, as US. Representative to General Conference of International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Sept. 21-27. 

Among nominees for alternate representatives was Dr. T. Keith Glennan, first NASA Administrator (1958-1961). (PD, 9/13/71,1250,1261) 

White House announced appointment of William M. Magruder, former 

Director of SST Development for DOT, as special consultant to President 

Nixon. (PD, 9/13/71,1260) 

September 8-10: NASA and United Cerebral Palsy Research Foundation 

sponsored conference on neurologically handicapped at ARC. Meetingattended by scientists, physicians, and engineers-discussed application 

of space age technology to neurological disorders. (NASA Release 71- 

161 ; ARC PAO) 

September 9-10: NASA’s Stratoscope I1 telescope was successfully launched 

by giant balloon from Redstone Arsenal Army Airfield at 7:33 pm 

EDT on eighth flight in series to obtain sharper astronomical pictures 

than possible with earth-based photography. Three prime scientific 

targets were Galaxies M31 (Andromeda), M32, and Planetary Nebula 

NGC 7662. 

Stratoscope 11, reused with modifications for each flight, weighed 

3800 kg (8400 lbs) and had optical system with 91-cm (36-in) aperture and photographic resolution of 0.1 arc sec-equal to ability to 

distinguish two objects 76 cm (30 in) apart at distance of 1600 km 

(1000 mi). Photographs would be made in visible region of spectrum 

(4000-6000 A). 

Balloon-borne telescope, 198 m (650 ft) long, reached operating 

altitude at 25200 m (82800 ft) and performed flawlessly during 

night-long flight. Stratoscope drifted westward at 32 to 40 km per hr 

(20 to 25 mph) and returned to earth 96.6 km (60 mi) northeast of 

Little Rock, Ark., Sept. 10. 

Mission objectives were accomplished and scientific results were 

being evaluated. Instrument package was damaged during landing, 

apparently striking top of oak tree, but film was reported intact. 

(MSFC Releases 71-53, 71-141 ; Huntsville Times, 9/10/71, 9; 

9/11/71) 

September 9: President Nixon honored Apollo 15 astronauts in address on 

economic program before Joint Session of Congress: “Later today, in 

this great chamber, the Congress will pay tribute to three splendid 

Americans back from the moon. Theirs was a magnificent achievement, a stunning testament to their personal skill and courage, and 

also to what American technology can achieve. 

“Let us find the means to ensure that in this decade of challenge, 

the remarkable technology that took these Americans to the moon can 

also be applied to reaching our goals here on earth.” (PD, 9/13/71, 

1250-6) 

Senate and House met in Joint Session to receive and pay tribute to 

Apollo 15 astronauts, who reported on mission. Mission commander 

David R. Scott said of Aplb 15 lunar samples, “As I approached a 

253 
September 9 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

fragment freshly deposited on the slopes of the Apennine, I realized 

it had been undisturbed since befpre life came out of the sea on 

earth.” Astronaut Alfred M. Worden said first thing noticed after 

launch, “particularly when we got into earth orbit, was that we had 

a further view-we were further away from earth, and our view was 

expanding. We did not see any area around Cape Kennedy. What we 

saw were continents and oceans. . . . After we left earth orbit and for 

the remainder of the flight our view was one of the earth.” Astronaut 

James B. Irwin described Hadley-Apennine campsite as “friendly, 

beautiful spot, like a valley in the high mountains of the earth; and 

it was with some reluctance that we left our valley on the moon.” He 

told Congress: “The future of man’s role in space lies in your hands. 

We realize very well the grave responsibilities in these days. The decisions you make will determine man’s travels and explorations in space. 

We think that an investment in space technology is an investment in 

America. America needs space to grow.” (CR, 9/9/71, H8224-5) 

Emergency loan of $250 million was granted to Lockheed Aircraft Corp. 

by Emergency Loan Guarantee Board. Board was established by 

President under emergency loan bill approved by Congress Aug. 2. 

(AP, B Sun, 9/10/71, A7) 

President Nixon submitted to Senate nominations of representatives and 

alternates to 26th session of U.N. General Assembly. They included 

Apollo I4 Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., Chief of MSC Astronaut 

Office, as alternate. (PD, 9/13/71,1257, 1261) 

September 9-10: Sixth Annual Aerospace Mechanism Symposium was 

sponsored at ARC by ARC, Univ. of Santa Clara, and Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. Films from ApoZZo 15 LRV Rover on moon were 

shown. Soviet scientist V. S. Syromyatnikov and MSC engineer James 

C. Jones presented papers on space vehicle docking mechanisms. 

(NASA Release 71-169; ARC Astrogram, 9/16/71, 1) 

September 10: USAF launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg 

AFB by single Thorad-Agena booster. One entered orbit with 220.5-km 

(137-mi) apogee, 169-km (105-mi) perigee, 88.3-min period, and 

74.9’ inclination. It reentered Oct. 5. The other entered orbit with 

506.9-km (315-mi) apogee, 487.6-km (303-mi) perigee, 94.5-min 

period, and 75’ inclination. (Pres Rpt 72; SBD, 9/23/71, 64) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 437 from Plesetsk into orbit with 545-km 

(338.7-mi) apogee, 520-km (323.1-mi) perigee, 95.2-min period, and 

74’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/71; SBD, 9/15/71, 32) 

September I1 : French CNES satellite control station at Bretigny, France, 

inadvertently transmitted destruct command to balloons being tracked 

by Eole satellite (launched Aug. 16), causing 70 of 135 flying balloons to be cut down. Although error was not expected to degrade 

planned scientific accomplishments of mission significantly, it would 

delay beginning of scientific experiment by 7 to 10 days. CNES instituted new training procedures to Eole control station personnel on 

transmitting commands to satellite and designed system which would 

alarm when certain critical commands-such as balloon destruct, 

gravity gradient retraction, and activation of magnetic hysteris 

rods-were to be placed into Eole. (NASA Proj Off) 

September 13: S-IC-511 1st stage for Saturn V launch vehicle that would 

launch Apollo 16 toward moon in 1972 was shipped by barge from 

254 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 13 

Michoud Assembly Facility, to arrive at KSC Sept. 17. (MSFC Release 

MSC announced contract awards. Grumman Aerospace Corp. received 

$4 364 849 supplemental agreement for changes in Apollo LM contract. Agreement formally incorporated procedural changes previously 

authorized by NASA and brought total value of contract since January 

1963 to $1 788 034 399. 

Boeing Go. was awarded $4.3-million, one-year, cost-plus-fixed-fee 

contract for reliability, quality assurance, and flight safety engineering at MSC. (MSC Releases 71-67, 71-68) 

Senate by vote of 55 to 21 rejected amendment proposed by Sen. Gaylord Nelson (D-Wis.) to H.R. 8687, FY 1972 military procurement 

authorization. Amendment would have frozen funds for USN F-14 

and USAF B-1 and F-15 aircraft programs until final environment 

impact statement had been made on programs. (CR, 9/13/71, 

Pressure was increasing on Nixon Administration to relax aeronautical 

satellite system policy to allow first preoperational system to be 

jointly owned by ESRO and FAA, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. Original decision that system should be owned by commerical company with FAA leasing its service had become unpopular 

because of legal complexities. (Av Wk, 9/13/71,21) 

September 14: U.S.S.R. launched Cosinos 438 from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 273-km (169.6-mi) apogee, 181-km (112.5-mi) perigee, 89-min 

period, and 65.3’ inclination. Satellite reentered Sept. 27. (GSFC SSR, 

9/30/71; SBD, 9/23/71,64) 

0 NASA announced appointment of Lee R. Scherer, Apollo Lunar Exploration Director, as Director of Flight Research Center, NASA’s facility 

for flight-testing high-performance aeronautical vehicles at Edwards, 

Calif. Appointment would be effective Oct. 11. Until then De E. 

Beeler, Deputy Director, would continue as Acting FRC Director. 

Scherer had been Assistant Director for Lunar Programs and Manager of Lunar Orbiter Program from its inception in 1963 through its 

successful completion in 1967. He had received NASA’s Exceptional 

Service Medal in 1967 and NASA’s Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal in 1969. (NASA Release 71-176) 

* ApoUo 15 anomalies were discussed by Apollo Mission Director Chester 

M. Lee during NSC luncheon and Apollo 15 film showing in Washington, D.C.: “I have been queried and have read comments that . . . we had more anomalies than we have seen in previous missions. In 

fact this is not so.” List of 40 anomalies had been compiled by NASA. 

“Twenty of these had to do with the experiments and the LRV, most of 

which were carried for the first time on this mission. This compares 

with 30 total anomalies on Apollo 14, total anomalies on Apollo 12 

and 43 on Apollo 10. Therefore I would conclude that we are not 

retrogressing in so far as the Apollo hardware performance is concerned.” Lee said Iunar stay of 73 hrs was pIanned for Apollo 16. 

“The additional 6 hrs will not give us more EVA time than we planned 

on Apollo 15, but will allow more time €or EVA preps, sleep, eating, 

etc.” (Text) 

Nonflying test model of Lockheed G5A jet cargo aircraft developed 

wing crack during static testing at Lockheed’s Marietta, Ga., facilities. 

71-152) 

Sl418l-14210) 

255 
September 14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Crack, near fuselage, occurred as wing was subjected to stress of 

approximately 130%. (Levine, WSJ, 9/16/71,9) 

September 15: NASA successfully completed 12th and 13th flights of 

TF-8A jet aircraft equipped with supercritical wing, flown from FRC 

by NASA test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry. TF-8A flight test program 

was being accelerated in anticipation of adverse landing conditions 

when lake bed at Edwards, Calif., became wet later in year. Purposes 

of flights were to expand flight envelope to higher dynamic pressures, 

obtain pressure distribution and performance data at higher dynamic 

pressure, evaluate unaugmented stability and control characteristics, 

and investigate buffet boundary for trim flight at design condition of 

mach 0.99 at 14 000 m (46 000 ft) . (NASA Proj Off) 

* Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, described planned Skylab 

mission medical research in address before Utah State Medical Assn.: “. , . we will be looking far beyond the requirements of the immediate 

mission; we will be seeking answers to questions with a strong impact on the future of manned space flight during the remainder of 

this century.” Major questions as yet unanswered after Gemini and 

Apollo flights were the causes of moderate loss of weight by astronauts early in flight, moderate cardiovascular deconditioning, moderate loss of exercise capacity, and minimal loss of bone density. 

Medical results from Gemini and Apollo missions had shown that 

“1. There were no major surprises. 2. As of now, we see no reason 

why man cannot live and woik effeciively in space for a long period 

of time. 3. Man seems to adapt to space flight more easily than he 

does to Earth’s environment after returning from space.” (Text) 

Apollo 15 astronauts were honored by Chicago with parade, special 

City Council meeting, and civic luncheon. Mayor Richard J. Daley 

presented them with honorary citizenship medals. (Wolfe, C Trib, 

9/16/71) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Lunolchod I lunar rover had successfully completed 11th lunar 

day of work on moon since it was landed by Luna 17 Nov. 17, 1970, 

Tass announced. During 11th lunar day rover had made “a detailed 

survey of the structure of the moon surface in the area” and “panoramic route survey of the surrounding locality,” traveling 100 m 

(328 ft) before being powered down for 11th lunar night. (FEW-SOVSeptember 16: Discovery of six amino acids of extraterrestrial origin in 

Orgueil meteorite that fell in France in 1964 was announced by ARC 

team of scientists at annual meeting of American Chemical Society 

in Washington, D.C. Findings further supported “pattern of chemical 

evolution” theory adopted by Dr. Cyril A. Ponnamperuma and ARC 

team after their discovery, announced June 18, that identical amino 

acids and pyrimidines existed in Murray meteorite that fell in Kentucky in 1950 and Murchison meteorite that fell in Australia in 1969. 

Theory held that specific set of amino acids and other life chemicals 

found in three meteorites might be part of basic pattern leading to 

origin of life. All three meteorites were believed to have come from 

asteroid belt and to date from formation of solar system, about 4.5 

billion yrs ago. (NASA Release 71-177) 

* President Nixon was host to ApoZZo 15 astronauts and families at White 

House dinner. (PD, 9/20/71,1288) 

256 

180-3,9/16/71, L1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 16 

Najeeb E. Halaby, Pan American World Airways President and Chairman, discussed space shuttle at Symposium of Society of Experimental Test Pilots in Los Angeles: “NASA has already shown that it appreciates the contributions airlines can make to the program, by having 

airlines participate with space contractors in the development of the 

space shuttle” to “make the eventual space shuttle work more like a 

standard airliner than a quarterly experiment.” Since it took less 

energy to orbit objects than to fly them across U.S., “there’s no 

reason why the cost of Space Shuttle operations should not become 

as low or lower than that of jets.” Pan Am’s “most glamorous vision” 

was “Space Shuttle as an air transport, carrying passengers from 

New York to Tokyo-or Peking-in 45 minutes, or from Los Angeles 

to Rome in 40.‘’ 

“We can visualize a rocket-powered vehicle with 100 passengers . . . launched vertically in a suborbital trajectory at the precise azimuth 

for its intended destination, re-entering the atmosphere without excess 

g-forces, gliding unpowered to an altitude where its conventional jet 

engines will be started, then landing on a runway like a conventional 

airliner.” (Text) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station 

carried GCA Corp. experiments. Payloads ejected trail of sodium and 

lithium during ascent from 80-km (50-mi) to 170-km (105-mi) altitude and then ejected barium at 170-km altitude. Both trails produced glowing, colored clouds over mideastern U.S. coastline. Data 

on wind conditions were obtained by photographing motion of vapor 

trails and clouds from cameras aboard ARC Convair 990 aircraft. 

(WS Release 71-18) 

Senate confirmed nominations of ApoUo 14 commander Alan B. Shepard, 

Jr., as Alternate U.S. Representative to 26th session of U.N. General 

Assembly and of Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, former AEC Chairman, and 

Dr. T. Keith Glennan, €ormer NASA Administrator, as U.S. Representative and Alternate to 15th session of General Conference of the 

International Atomic Energy Agency at Geneva. (CRY 9/16/71, 

S1433) 

September 17: Age of Apollo 15 “Genesis rock” was approximately 4.15 

billion years, Dr. Liaquat Husain and Dr. John F. Sutter, State Univ. 

of New York at Stony Brook scientists, announced at press conference. 

Anorthosite sample brought back by Astronauts David R. Scott and 

James B. Irwin during July 26-Aug. 7 mission wag 150 million yrs 

older than oldest ApoZb 12 rock, Husain said. “This is the oldest lunar 

rock found on any of the missions so far.” (Fine grains of soil from 

earlier missions had been found to be nearly 4.5 billion yrs old and 

one Apollo 12 rock had contained some fragments that had crystallized 

4.5 billion yrs ago but rock itself was thought to have solidified 4 

billion yrs ago.) 

Although rock’s age was not the hoped 4.6 billion yrs-estimated 

age of solar system-it supported theory that moon was once molten 

mass. Scientists said precise age of rock could range from 3.95 to 

4.35 billion yrs. Further tests had been scheduled to narrow margin. 

Age had been determined by measuring relationship of radioactive 

potassium and argon in rock samples using rare-gas mass spectrometer and nuclear reactor. Cal Tech geologist Dr. Leon T. Silver said, 

257 
September 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

September 17: The white anorthosite “Genesis rock” collected on the moon by 

Apollo 15 astronauts was about 4.15 billion years old, scientists announced. In the 

photo the sample, oldest lunar rock collected so far, was in the nonsterile processing line of the Lunar Receiving Laboratom. at the Manned Spacecraft Center. 

This is unquestionably one of the most important rocks ever returned 

from any lunar mission. It has a recording in its minerals of many 

series of events in lunar hEtory-events of high temperature and high 

pressure.” (Auerbach, W Post, 9/18/71, A3; AP, B Sun, 9/18/71, 

A10; NYT, 9/18/71,25) 

MSC announced start of series of cold weather environment tests on performance of Skylab CM postlanding and recovery systems in Climatic 

Laboratory at Eglin AFB, Fla. Objectives were to determine performance characteristics and limitations of Skylab CM in cold weather, 

determine CM test crew response to cold and to interior environmental conditions of CM, and determine extent of ice buildup on CM exterior and effect of ice on systems performance. Tests, conducted in 

chamber with 274 K (33’F) water temperature and 269 K (25’F) 

air temperature, were necessary because spacecraft would pass over 

areas colder than previously experienced and, in event of emergency 

landing, CM and crew limitations had to be known. (MSC Release 

Letter by Dr. John M. Logsdon of George Washington Univ., responding 

to criticism of his book The Decision To Go to the Moon, was published in Science. Book had been reviewed by L. Vaughn Blankenship 

in Science July 23. Logsdon wrote: “Blankenship reports that I find 

the Apollo decision ‘a good one’ and ‘evidence of a political system 

operating at its best.’ I do no such thing. I do suggest . . that ‘the 

decision to go to the moon was a representative American action,’ and 

was the product of a process ‘typical of the way many major decisions 

are reached.’ ” (Science, 9/17/71,1079-80) 

(6 

7 1-70) 

258 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 17 

* New Orleans Times-Picayune editorial commented on failure of Soviet 

Luna 18 mission: “The Soviet’s automated designs and performances 

are not to be belittled, for they represent research and development 

toward deep-probe capability. But it is interesting that Western space 

observers think they have grounds for suspecting that the Soviets are 

in fact working up a manned lunar program. If so, more than prestige 

and technological display are involved ; it must mean agreement that 

man operates on the moon with the best cost-benefit ratio.’’ (New 

Orleans Times Picayune, 9/17/71) 

* USAF’S “fly-before-you-buy” approach to procurement of new equipment 

via prototypes was described by Gen. George S. Brown, AFSC Commander, in speech before 15th Symposium of Society of Experimental 

Test Pilots: “We want the confidence of demonstrated performance 

in our acquisition programs before deciding on production” to provide 

“a backlog of promising technological approaches from which future 

requirements can be met as they develop. While this may cost more 

initially, in the long run we will have more proven technology . . . and 

consequently better performing weapon systems at more reasonable 

costs.” (Text) 

September 19: NASA announced it had granted Univ. of Denver limited 

exclusive patent rights to frangible-tube energy absorber conceived 

and developed at LaRC in 1961 and patented by NASA in 1964. Sevenyear rights permitted manufacture, use, and sale of device for trailer 

support wheel structures, passenger automobile bumpers, and elevators. DOT was considering its use on highway guard rails. Device, 

made of hard metal alloy, absorbed shock by shattering when pressed 

against suitably shaped die by downward force. (NASA Release 71-173) 

September 19-22: NASA launched series of 13 Nike-Cajun sounding rockets 

from Kourou, French Guiana, carrying GSFC grenade payloads. Data 

would be correlated with data from five French Centaure vapor flights. 

Objective was to determine solar-driven first and second harmonic 

oscillations in temperature, pressure, density, and winds in upper 

atmosphere in equatorial zone between altitudes of 35 and 100 km 

(22 and 62 mi). Each Nike-Cajun carried 31 grenades to altitudes 

from 114 to 125 km (70-78 mi). All but four grenades were ejected 

and exploded as planned, and all 13 flights were rated successful. 

(NASA Rpts SRL) 

September 20: Joint West German and NASA barium-ion-cloud ( BIC) probe 

was launched from Wallops Station by Scout booster at 7:31 pm EDT. 

Objectives of cooperative project were to study behavior of barium 

ion cloud released at several earth radii and to determine what broad 

features of earth’s magnetic and electric fields could be deduced. 

Barium was released into space at 11:05 pm EDT above Central 

America. Cloud was visible over North and South America and observations were made from all prime ground-based optical sites for 

one to one and one half hours. Parameters of 4th-stage burnout were 

31 479-km (19560-mi) altitude, 6.77’ N latitude, and 74.26O W 

longitude. Barium cloud was visible to naked eye for approximately 

10 min. Cloud elongated along its local magnetic field line to length 

of about 10 000-km (6200-mi). NASA provided vehicle support necessary to accomplish mission and to make observations at NASA sites. 

(NASA Proj Off; WS Release 71-19) 

259 
September 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

* Time magazine described Soviet swing-wing supersonic strategic bomber 

Backfire [see Sept. 51. Aircraft believed to have been designed by 

Andrey N. Tupolev, was 39.9 m (131 ft) long and weighed 113 400 kg 

(250 000 lbs) . Aerodynamicists believed it to be made of stainless steel 

with titanium to resist heat stress. Airframe had skin bonding instead 

of riveting. Wings were in forward position and jackknifed back about 

40” for speeds of mach 2.1 at 152000 m (50000 ft) or mach 1 at 

152 m (500 ft) . Aircraft was “apparently crammed with sophisticated 

electronic aids to confuse radar tracking.” Carrying crew of three, it 

had estimated payload of 50 megatons in weaponry, including parachute-dropped hydrogen bombs. “With one refueling, Backfire appears 

capable of striking the US. and returning home.” Intelligence sources 

also had reported that U.S.S.R. was “well along in the design of the 

MIG25 and MIG27; they are potential successors to the MIG23 

‘Foxbat,’ one of the most advanced fighters in the world.” (Time, 

9/20/71) 

* ApoZZo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. 

Worden received Order of Leopold from King Leopold of Belgium in 

Brussels. (NASA Activities, 10/15/71, 172) 

0 Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) issued statement that C-SA program 

was expected to cost $4.9 billion, increase of $300 million over 1970 

figures: “Taking into account that the program has been reduced from 

120 planes to 81, we find an overrun of $2.2 billion. On a unit basis, 

the costs have risen from $28 million originally estimated for each 

G5A to $60 million, an increase of over 100%.’y (Text) 

FAA, American Airlines, and Aeronautical Radio, Inc., in October would 

begin three- to-six-month operational test and evaluation of automatic 

data link communications techniques, FAA announced. American Airlines 747 aircraft equipped with data link system that would print out 

air traffic control clearances, terminal advisories, and other information in cockpit and automatically process pilot position and weather 

reports to ground would test whether techniques could reduce communications workload on pilots and controllers. (FAA Release 71-152) 

Office of Management and Budget had released $98.1 million in FY 1972 

funds voted for science education and institutional support, while impounding $30 million, Aviation Week & Space Technology noted. 

“The 25% holdback of funding at the basic science level is considered 

by some in Congress as highly destructive because it will tend to 

reduce the number of future scientists.” It was viewed as “direct contradiction of the pro-science policy they have been led to anticipate.” 

(Av Wk, 9/20/71,15) 

September 20-26: International Astronautical Federation held 22nd Congress in Brussels. 

Apollo 15 Astronaut David R. Scott told opening session that analysis 

of 2.7-m (9-ft) Apollo 15 lunar core sample had disclosed 58 distinct 

layers that represented 58 “chapters in the history of the sun.” Number 

of ‘bpages in each chapter” awaited further analysis. Later Scott said 

in interview that Dr. Liaquat Husain, State Univ. of New York at 

Stony Brook scientist who had analyzed Apollo 15 “Genesis” rock, was 

concerned that alteration of rock by shock when it impacted with site 

at which it was found might have partly invalidated determination of 

rock’s age at 4.15 billion yrs. 

260 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 20-26 

ARC engineer John C. Arvesen described development of method for 

monitoring biological productivity from air by detecting signs of 

chlorophyll. Monitoring device, when tested over California lakes and 

offshore areas, had produced results that conformed closely to readings 

obtained by arduous direct sampling of waters. Ultimate goal was to 

develop satellite-borne system that could monitor global productivity 

of oceans. 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director of Life Sciences, said newly 

completed studies of medical data from ApLZo 14 had shown radiation 

exposure to crew that was more than twice that of previous Apollo 

missions. Primary reason for higher exposure was passage of ApUo 18 

spacecraft close to Van Allen radiation belts. Dr. Berry said radiation 

dose was “of no hazard or biological significance.” Soviet scientists 

said later that cosmonauts carried special antiradiation drug on all 

space flights but had never used it. 

Dr. Berry said Apollo 14 Astronaut Stuart A. Roosa had lost 27% 

of fluid within his body cells during mission. His total body water had 

dropped 18% and red cells in his bloodstream had decreased 9%. 

Losses had been far less for other Apollo 14 astronauts and no such 

dramatic losses had been recorded for Apollo 15 astronauts, indicating 

that individual responses to space varied widely. Heavy loss of 

exchangeable” potassium had been noted in astronauts during extended missions. On Apollo 15, loss had been as great as 15%. Potassium was deemed exchangeable because it could move readily in and 

out of tissues and thus could be purged from body. 

E. 6. Johnson, Equipment and Facilities Branch Chief in NASA 

Space Nuclear Systems Office, described program for development of 

teleoperator systems in which remote-controlled devices could perform 

tasks in situations dangerous to health or safety of humans. In space, 

teleoperator could enter high radiation environment of space station’s 

nuclear power plant to change fuel elements or make repairs. Johnson 

said optical or radioastronomy observatory on moon’s far side could 

be run for 40 to 50 yrs using computer-controlled teleoperators whose 

control could be assumed from earth when necessary. 

Fourth International Orbital Laboratory Symposium was held during 

IAF congress. Sessions discussed earth resources technology and scientific research objectives and needs of developing countries in regard 

to earth resources research. 

IAA Fifth History of Astronautics Symposium on Sept. 23 was chaired 

by JPL Historian R. Cargill Hall. Soviet Cochairman V. N. Sokolsky 

did not attend for unexplained reason. Papers read included “From the 

History of the Development of Powder Rockets in the U.S.S.R.,” by 

Soviet Academician Yu A. Pobedonostsev, which traced work on 

Soviet solid propellants leading to Katyusha rocket in current use ; 

“Comparative AnaIysis of Projects for Jet Planes Constructed up to 

the 1940’s,” by V. N. Sokolsky; “Evolution of Spacecraft Attitude 

Control Concepts before 1951,” by R. E. Robertson of Univ. of CaIifornia at San Diego; and “Memoir: The Evolution of Aerospace 

Guidance Technology at M.I.T., 1935-1951,” by Dr. C. Stark Draper. 

Fourth International Orbital Laboratory Symposium, held during 

Congress, discussed earth resources technology and scientific research 

objectives and needs of developing countries. 

<C 

261 
September 20-26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Daniel and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award 

was presented to Professor Luigi Broglio of Univ. of Rome for achievements in experiments with floating platforms to launch sateIlites into 

equatorial orbits. 

Only cosmonaut attending IAF Congress was Boris B. Yegorov, only 

physician to travel in space (launched in Voskhod 1 Oct. 12, 1964). 

( IAA Annual Rpt 1971 ; Sullivan, NYT, 9/21/71, 9/23/71, 9/27/71 ; 

Proceedings ) 

September 21: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 439 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

278-km (172.7-mi) apogee, 208-km (129.3-mi) apogee, 89.3-min period, 

and 65.4" inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 2. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/71; 

10/31/71; SBD, 10/1/71,101) 

0 General Dynamics Corp. released F-111 program status report. Aircraft 

had amassed total of 115 209 hrs on 44463 operational and test 

flights. Airframe static tests had been successfully completed with some 

standards exceeded by 20%. Tests on structural fatigue life of aircraft 

were continuing. Tactical Air Command versions of F-111 were being 

tested through 16 000 hrs, or four service lives, and would soon be 

assigned to service units. Strategic Air Command version of airframe 

had successfully passed one of four service-life tests required. To date, 

356 F-111s had passed proof tests begun in 1969 and 291 of these 

were back in service. F-111 had accumulated better safety record at 

100 000 hrs than any other Century Series fighter; 15 had been destroyed, contrasting with 4+0 F-104s. USAF, Boeing Co., and Convair 

Aerospace Div. team had completed successful series of launches of 

short-range attack missile (SRAM) to be used on FB-111s and B-52 

bombers. During launches from WSMR, F-111 had demonstrated ability 

to launch five SRAMS in rapid succession at five different targets. (Text) 

Attempts by four Soviet aquanauts to break 59-day record for underwater 

isolation were terminated after 52 days. Men had been evacuated from 

oceanographic laboratory Chernomor at 15-m (50-ft) depth after violent storm on Black Sea broke power and communications cables of 

submarine's chamber. Zzvestiu said Nov. 11 that experiment had been 

pronounced successful because of medical and oceanographic findings, 

although it had failed to exceed record set by US. Project Tektite I 

April 15, 1969. (Shabad, NYT, 11/12/71, 10; A&A 2969) 

September 22: ARC announced completion of acceptance tests on X-14B, 

VTOL aircraft that could simulate hovering flight characteristics of 

most existing and proposed VTOLS. New NASA research aircraft, modification of Bell X-14A, was believed to be first digital-computer-driven 

VTOL flight-simulator aircraft. X-14B would be used by NASA to determine optimum handling qualities for any VTOL aircraft. (ARC Release 

7147) 

LeRC received its sixth IR-100 award from Industrial Research Magazine 

during ceremony at Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. 

Award, presented annually to developers of 100 most significant new 

products, was for development of radiation-chemistry method of preparing high-purity metals and chemical compounds. Method was developed by L~RC scientists Dr. Warren H. Philipp and Stanley J. Marsik. 

(Lewis News, 9/24/71,1) 

Air Force Assn.'s Schilling Trophy was presented to Apollo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin and Alfred M. Worden in recog262 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 22 

nition of “their unique contribution to manned spaceflight and science.” 

(NASA Activities, 10/15/71, 172; AFA PIO) 

Nomination of Sen. Howard W. Cannon (D-Nev.) for Wright Brothers 

Memorial Trophy for outstanding service to aviation was announced 

by NAA. Citation was “for his continuing energetic advocacy of and 

lasting contribution to the development and use of aviation both as a 

viable national transportation system and as an essential element in 

maintaining a strong military posture.” Trophy would be presented 

in Washington, D.C., Dec. 17. (NAA Release) 

Senate rejected proposed amendment to H.R. 8687, FY 1972 military 

procurement bill, by Sen. George S. McGovern (D3.D.). Amendment 

would have reduced funds for USAF development of B-1 bomber and 

related programs from $370 million to $31 million. (CR, 9/22/71, 

51478614847) 

* Soviet aircraft designer Andrey N. Tupolev was quoted by Tass as saying 

Soviet designing bureau would do all it could to put Tu-144 supersonic 

transport in service as soon as possible. Aircraft had returned after 

successful visit to Bulgaria Sept. 6. During flight it had developed 

speed of 2300 km per hr (1400 mph). (FBrs-Sov-71-185,9/23/71, L1) 

NASA announced availability of Shutle Technology Program-Fiscal Year 

1972, compilation of projects making up NASA FY 1972 Space Shuttle 

Technology Program. (NASA Release 71-183) 

September 22-23: Command stored in Mariner 9 computer before May 30 

launch towards Mars switched spacecraft’s radio transmitter from 

low-gain omnidirectional antenna to high-gain antenna for increased 

signal strength. On Sept. 23 spacecraft was 14 million km (9 million 

mi) from Mars and had traveled approximately 290 million km (180 

million mi) in curving trajectory. Incroasing distance between Mariner 9 and earth required concentration of radio signals in narrow beam 

to maintain communications at required data rates during remainder 

of mission. Spacecraft was scheduled to reach Mars Nov. 13. (NASA 

Release 71-184) 

September 23: Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, addressed annual 

meeting of National Security Industrial Assn. in Washington, D.C. : 

“I am impressed with the soundness of this new space program for the 

Seventies and I urge you to support it. I also believe very much that 

our country needs it.” Among program’s strengths were: it had congressional backing ; it was well planned and well balanced to meet basic 

national needs, including national security; it stressed earth orbit as 

new realm of prime importance and great opportunity, where America’s capacity for world leadership will be tested not only in this decade 

but in the decades to follow.” Program promoted economic progress 

based on new technology, was essential to President Nixon’s peace 

policies based on international cooperation, and was “already part of 

America’s destiny, as all of you can testify who watched the Apollo 15 

operations on international television.” 

NASA had been “impressed and encouraged” by President’s call for 

new programs to ensure maximum enlistment of technology in meeting 

challenge of peace and by President’s promises to present those programs in next session of Congress. 

“Technology, in my judgment, has made this country great and will 

keep it great. It is certainly true that we need adequate political con- 

’ 

(6 

263 
September 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

trols and, if possible, social controls to keep technology the servant of 

man, and not his master. But nevertheless new technology we absolutely need to assure jobs and a better life for all Americans in the 

decades ahead.” 

Dr. Fletcher felt recent shuttle studies had “reinforced the general 

belief that America’s future in space in the remainder of the 20th 

Century depends in large measure on our skill and our determination 

in defining and developing the shuttle.” (Edited text) 

Vice President Spiro T. Agnew said in speech that U.S.S.R.’s Foxbat 

fighter aircraft was “now operational in Egypt and cannot be matched 

in performance by anything we have in operation.” (Text) 

NASA conducted second successful test of Viking Mars lander free-flight, 

development parachute system at DOT Joint Parachute Test Facility at 

El Centro, Calif. First test had been conducted Sept. 3. (FRC PIO) 

Spencer M. Beresford, NASA General Counsel, testified before House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Manned Space 

Flight during hearing on H.R. 4545, Chapel of the Astronauts bill. 

NASA had agreed to consider request by Chapel of the Astronauts, Inc., 

to purchase up to seven acres (three hectares) of land adjacent to 

ICSC Visitor Information Center for construction of “nondenominational, 

nonsectarian, nonprofit public facility for worship or meditation and 

a memorial to the astronauts.” NASA was then “actively engaged in 

the defense of a law suit arising from the reading of portions of the 

Bible by the crew of Apollo 8 while in space.” Wishing to avoid a 

further suit, NASA had sought assurance that Chapel of the Astronauts, 

Inc., purpose was “truly nondenominational.” Corporation had complied with NASA’s request for assurance. “It is my professional opinion 

that . . . if present plans for the Chapel are followed and it is operated 

with sound discretion, the Chapel Corporation, NASA and the United 

States Government are as secure from successful legal attack as is 

possible.” (Proceedings) 

Izvestia published interview with Soviet aircraft designer Andrey N. 

Tupolev and Aleksey A. Tupolev, Tu-144 test pilot Mikhail V. Kozlov, 

and Tu-144 navigator Georgey N. Bazhenov on Tu-144 Sept. 6 visit to 

Bulgaria. Kozlov said aircraft had flown regular air route, “but we 

flew almost three times as fast and twice as high as the other planes.” 

Although difficulties “did not arise, we did seem to sense a dislocation, 

a lack of coordination between the future-which is what the TU-144 

represents-and the present, even the past-those principles which are 

followed by the ‘ground’ which controls (the flight of) the plane.” 

Tu-144 had flown air route on automatic pilot. Aleksey Tupolev said 

aircraft was designed for 30000 flying hrs. “This is 10 years of work 

for a supersonic aircraft. Every system and every structure is designed 

for this.” (FBI+sOV-71-187,9/27/71, L1) 

* Miniature computer, the size of an automobile battery, was being developed by Honeywell Aerospace Div. to pilot satellite to beam educational TV to India under NASA and Indian government project to start 

in 1973, AP reported. Computer would use as much electricity as 

30-w light bulb. (NYT, 9/23/71, 14) 

US. and U.S.S.R. ended fifth round of SALT in Helsinki. New York 

Times sources said some progress had been made toward agreement 

on freeze that would maintain ICBM arsenals of both nations at about 

264 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 23 

current levels. SALT would resume in Vienna in mid-November. 

(Hamilton, NYT, 9/%/71,1) 

September 23-24: Fortieth anniversary of American Institute of Physics 

was observed at AIP annual meeting Sept. 23 and at breakfast of AIP 

officers and governing board members Sept. 24. Dr. Frederick Seitz, 

Rockefeller Univ. President and former NAS President, spoke on “Four 

Decades of AIP” at annual meeting. (AIP Newsletter, 10/71) 

September 24: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 440 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

789-km (490.3-mi) apogee, 271-km (168.4-mi) perigee, 95.2-min 

period, and 70.9’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/71; SBD, 10/1/71, 

* Tenth ‘flight of M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by NASA test pilot William H. 

Dana, was prematurely terminated when ignition malfunction in two 

of four rocket engines caused shutdown of remaining engines. Small 

fire that started in base area of vehicle during fuel jettison was extinguished when jettisoning was stopped. Vehicle made hard landing at 

emergency site on Rosamond Dry Lake. Purpose of flight was to 

evaluate stability and control at mach 1.0 and to evaluate reaction 

control augmentation system. (NASA Proj Off) 

White House announced President Nixon’s approval of US.-U.S.S.R. 

agreements negotiated at SALT to reduce risk of outbreak of nuclear 

war and to improve and modernize Washington-Moscow direct communications link. Both nations would guard against accidental or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons, arrange for rapid communication 

should danger of nuclear war arise, and notify each other in advance 

of certain planned missile launches. Two satellite circuits would be 

established, one by each nation, as well as multiple terminals to 

increase reliability of link. U.S.S.R. would provide circuit through its 

own satellite system and US. would arrange for channel through 

INTELSAT system. Agreements were to be signed in Washington Sept. 30. 

Skylab payload shroud (nosecone) was delivered by McDonnell Douglas 

Astronautics Co. to MSFC. Shroud, 18.3 m (60 ft) long with 6.7-m 

(22-ft) diameter, weighed almost 12 000 kg (26 000 lbs), and was first 

major piece of Skylab hardware to be delivered to NASA. (MSFC Release 

101) 

(PD, 9/27/71,1318-9) 

71-162; MSFC PIO) 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences published Statements by Presidents of the United Stat& on Internatidnal Cooperation 

in Space-A Chronology: October 1957-August 1971 (Sen. Doc. 

92-40). Statements by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and 

Nixon had been compiled by Dr. Eugene M. Emme, NASA Historian. 

In letter of transmittal to Committee Chairman Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N. Mex.), Committee Staff Director James J. Gehrig said statements revealed “unanimous agreement that space research and exploration should be an international undertaking.” (Text) 

Determination of crystallization ages for six Apollo 14 lunar rocks was 

described in Science by Dr. Liaquat Husain, Dr. John F. Sutter, and 

Dr. Oliver A. Schaeffer, State Univ. of New York at Stony Brook 

scientists. Rocks, from Fra Mauro region, had been dated by measuring argon ratios in mass spectrometer. All six rocks gave age of 3.62 

to 3.92 billion yrs, same as that of fragmental rocks from Fra Mauro. 

Scientists had concluded that Imbrium impact-ne of last major 

265 
September 24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

events in evolution of pre-mare lunar surface-and crystallization of 

significant portion of pre-Imbrian basalts were “essentially contemporaneous.” (Science, 9/24/71,1235-6) 

Senate rejected by vote of 39 to 12 modification of amendment proposed 

by Sen. Hubert H. Humphrey (D-Minn.) to H.R. 8687, FY 1972 

military procurement bill. Amendment called for placement of funds 

for MIRV in special Treasury Dept. account to be used only when 

President and Congress jointly determined that Soviet activity in 

MIRV field necessitated further U.S. testing and deployment. (CR, 

9/24/7 1 , S 15020-68 ) 

* Appointment of James T. Murphy as Director of FAA Office of Air Transportation Security was announced by FAA Administrator John H. 

Shaffer. Murphy, former FBI special agent, had been serving on acting 

basis since May 1971. (FAA Release 71-153) 

September 24-25: Apollo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, 

and Alfred M. Worden were honored by USAF Academy at Colorado 

Springs, Colo., with parade and special civic day. They received USAF 

Distinguished Service Medals from Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force. (NASA Activities, 10/15/71, 172) 

September 25: New Yorlc Times editorial commented on US.-U.S.S.R. 

agreements at SALT : “Improved communications, no matter how desirable, will not offset the growing danger of a nuclear holocaust unless 

followed speedily by substantive steps to check the headlong race in 

strategic nuclear arms.” (NYT, 9/25/71, 30) 

September 26: Smithsonian Institution’s Langley Gold Medal for Aerodromics was presented to L/G Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), SAMSO 

Commander and former NASA Apollo Program Director, at ceremonies 

commemorating Smithsonian’s 125th anniversary. Medal, presented 

periodically for “meritorious investigations in connection with the 

sciences of aeronautics and astronautics,” was established in memory 

of Dr. Samuel P. Langley, aviation pioneer. Among recipients had 

been Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr., in 1964 and Dr. Wernher von 

Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator €or Planning, in 1967. 

(Smithsonian Release SI-131-71) 

September 2630: International Aeronautical Federation Annual General 

Conference was held in Lucerne, Switzerland. 

Gold Space Medal, Federation’s highest award for space achievement, was presented to Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., for “his courageous achievements and leadership as the Commander of Apollo 13.” 

In recognition of achievements of entire ApoEEo 13 crew, Astronauts 

Lovell, Fred W. Haise, Jr., and John L. Swigert, Jr., received IAF’S 

V. M. Komarov Diploma for 1970. Diploma had been created in 

memory of Cosmonaut Vladimir M. Komarov, killed during Soyuz 1 

mission April 24, 1967. 

Cosmonauts Andrian G. Nikolayev and Vitaly I. Sevastyanov were 

awarded Yuri Gagarin Gold Medal for 1970 for achievements as crew 

of Sopz 9, June 2-19,1970. 

Gold Air Medal, highest IAF award for aeronautics, was presented 

to Capt. Henry T. (Dick) Merrill for contributions to aviation over 

50 yrs. Capt. Merrill, civilian pilot, had flown Atlantic in 1935 and 1937. 

Concorde technical team of BAC and A6rospaciale employees received 

group diploma for “valuable example set by . . . effective collaboration 

266 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 26-30 

developed since 1962 between the engineers of British Aircraft Corp., 

Akospaciale, Rolls-Royce and Snecma, operating as a single industrial 

team.” 

During conference LRV was presented to Swiss Transport Museum. 

(Letter to NASA Administrator, 6/10/71; letter to NASA Historian, 

9/29/71; W News, 9/30/71, 42; Av Wk, 10/18/71, 9; BAC PIO; 

September 27: Feasibility study at MSC had ruled out use of small Tv 

camera on LRV Rover while in motion during Apollo 16 mission, Los 

Angeles Times reported. Cost would exceed usefulness and pictures 

might be hazy and induce nausea in viewers because of up-and-down 

motion of Rover over lunar surface. Necessary adjustments to provide 

TV from Rover would cost almost $5 million. (LA Times, 9/27/71) 

* NASA announced assignment of Robert 0. AIler, Manager of Space Station 

Operations, Space Station Task Force for OMSF, to Skylab Program 

Office as Director of Operations. Aller would be responsible for coordination and development of operationally related program and mission 

planning activities. (NASA Hq VB) 

* Willis H. Shapley, NASA Associate Deputy Administrator, testified before 

House Committee on Foreign Affairs’ Subcommittee on Africa on 

operation of NASA tracking station in South Africa. Subcommittee was 

investigating US. business involvement in South Africa. NASA station 

was manned, staffed, and operated by South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). “Committed as we have been to 

attaining the important national objectives entrusted to us, we have 

thought of our stations overseas essentially in terms of their efficiency 

in supporting our flight missions. We have monitored station operations mainly from the standpoint of technical effectiveness and sound 

financial management. While we have recognized that human factors 

can have a direct bearing on performance, we are limited in our 

ability to control these factors, particularly in societies where statutes 

and practices differ markedly from our own.” NASA wished “to do all 

we can to see that the NASA station in South Africa reflects to the 

greatest degree that local circumstances permit, the practices and ideals 

which govern employment at our domestic facilities.” (Testimony) 

AFSC announced establishment by Aeronautical Systems Div. (ASD) of 

Prototype Program Office at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. Office, headed 

by Col. Lyle W. Cameron, would manage aeronautical prototype programs for USAF. WAF had identified as candidate aeronautical projects 

advanced STOL transport, very low radar-cross-section ( RCS ) test vehicle, 

lightweight fighter aircraft, and quiet aircraft. ( AFSC Release 240.71) 

September 28-October 19: Luna 19, U.S.S.R.’s second unmanned lunar 

probe in less than a month, was launched from Baykonur at 3:OO pm 

local time (6:OO pm EDT). In earth orbit Luna 19 was separated from 

last stage of booster and set on trajectory toward moon. Tass said 

mission would conduct scientific investigation of moon and near-lunar 

space from lunar orbit. During flight to moon 26 communications 

sessions were held with spacecraft and data on parameters and systems 

were transmitted. Midcourse corrections were conducted Sept. 29 and 

Oct. 1, and on Oct. 3 Luna 19 entered lunar orbit with 140-km (87-mi) 

altitude, 122-min period, and 40” 35’ inclination. Tass said Oct. 19 

that all systems were operating normally and spacecraft was conductNAA PIO) 

267 
September &October 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

ing geophysical research of moon’s gravitational field and taking photographs of lunar surface. 

Previous mission in series, Lzma 18, crashed on moon while attempting softlanding Sept. 11. (FBIS-SOV-188-3, 9/28/71, L1; FBIs-SOV192-3, 10/4/71, L1; FBIS-SOV-203-3, 10/20/71, L1; SBD, 9/29/71, 

89) 

September 28 : Japan successfully launched its third satellite, Shinsei 

(“New Star”), from Uchinoura Space Center at 1:00 pm Tokyo time 

(4:OO am EDT Sept. 27). The 65.8-kg (145-lb) spacecraft was 

Japan’s first scientific satellite and was launched by 22.9-m (75-ft) 

Mu rocket into orbit with 3892-km (2418.4-mi) apogee, 619-km 

(384.6-mi) perigee, 133-min period, and 31.2O inclination. Purpose of 

mission was to study cosmic rays and solar electric waves for one year. 

Shinsei was 26-sided body, 75 cm (30 in) in diameter, equipped 

with 5184 silicone solar batteries and used “gravity-turn” device in 

lieu of conventional guidance and control techniques. Payload included 

solar radio receivers, cosmic-ray detectors, and ionospheric probes. 

Satellite functioned perfectly and relayed scientific information. 

Japan had become fourth country to orbit satellite with successful 

launch of Ohsumi Feb. 11, 1970. (Spacewarn, 10/5/71, 2; W Post, 

9/29/71, A14; W Post, 9/30/71, A6; GSFC SSR, 9/30/71) 

* U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 441 from Baykonur into orbit with 266-km 

(165.3-mi) apogee, 207-km (128.6-mi) perigee, 89.2-min period, and 

65O inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 10. (GSFC SSR, 9/3O/71; 

10/31/71; SBD, 10/1/71,101) 

Completion of tests to determine cause of Apob 15 parachute failure 

was announced by NASA. Possible causes were fuel dump, which expelled six pounds of monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) from CM reaction 

control system, and flaws in links connecting suspension lines to risers. 

Officials doubted exact cause could be determined. Dump through hot 

engine could cause tongues of flame that might reach parachute lines. 

Flaws were detected in links on one recovered chute, but the failed 

chute had not been recovered. Corrective action would be taken on 

both possible cause for Apollo 16. Dump would be eliminated and 

material for links changed. (NASA Release 71-188) 

* Dr. Charles S. Sheldon 11, Chief of Science Policy Research Division of 

Library of Congress, commented in interview after Sept. 28 launch 

of unmanned lunar probe Luna 19 that Moscow still had plans to 

land men on the moon, perhaps about 1973 or 1975. Dr. Sheldon said 

five previous Soviet Zond circumlunar flights had been capable of 

carrying men and several other earth orbital flights had simulated 

manned lunar landing maneuvers. Dr. Sheldon also recalled that 

Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Academy of Sciences, had 

said in 1969 that manned missions to moon were not ruled out. 

(Sehlstedt, B Sun, 10/29/71, A5) 

Selection of National Science Teachers Assn., Washington, D.C., for 

negotiation of $39 000, 19-mo, cost-reimbursement contract for management and operation of Skylab Student Project was announced by 

NASA. Purpose of project was to stimulate interest in science and technology by directly involving students in space research. NSTA would 

notify student and educational community of opportunity and method 

of participation, develop procedures for evaluation of proposals based 

268 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 28 

on educational value, and develop certificates of participation and 

awards system for entrants. NSTA also would develop plans for entrants whose proposal ideas had been selected by NASA and conduct 

Skylab Student Education Conference at ICSC in conjunction with 

Skylab launch. (NASA Release 71-183) 

US. patent No. 3 608 844, for self-deploying arm to "serve as spacecraft 

boom or antenna, was granted to GSFC engineers William T. Tumulty, 

Jr., and Wayne P. Sours. Called Minimech, device could also retrieve 

objects from burning building, serve as escape chute, or erect itself as 

instant tent pole or instant plumbing. It could be made from various 

materials depending on purpose. (NYT, 10/2/71; Pat Off PIO) 

September 29-30: NASA's Os0 7 (OSO-H) Orbiting Solar Observatory was 

launched from ETR at 5:45 am EDT by two-stage Thor-Delta DSV-3N 

booster to study sun and its influence on earth's atmosphere. Secondstage anomaly resulted in noncircular orbit of 575.7-km (357.7-mi) 

apogee, 329.1-km (204.5-mi) perigee, 93.6-min period, and 33.1' 

inclination. Primary mission objective was to obtain high-resolution 

data from solar corona in particular spectral bands in EUV and in 

visible regions during one solar rotation. 

Tetr 3 (TETR-D) Test and Training Satellite, carried pickaback on 

Delta 2nd stage, was ejected into orbit with 571-km (354.8-mi) 

apogee, 391-km (243-mi) perigee, 94.3-min period, and 33.0' inclination. Primary objective of 45-lb (20.4-kg) secondary payload 

was to test Manned Space Flight Network and train MSFN personnel. 

Second-stage anomaly of launch vehicle separated spacecraft at 

pitch angle outside normal sun acquisition limits. For eight hours 

following orbital insertion, ground controllers manually commanded 

spacecraft to despin. Pitch angle was then changed to place it within 

automatic acquisition range. Sail section was commanded to acquisition mode and sail acquired and locked onto sun at approximately 

2:OO pin EDT. Batteries were then charged. Orbit would permit observations for more than a year. 

Os0 7, improved over earlier OSOS, provided for increase in experiment size and weight and power and extended capability in pointed 

mode, including stability and pointing during night portion of orbit. 

It was spin-stabilized; weighed 636 kg (1403 lbs) ; carried six scientific experiments; and had two main sections-wheel (lower) , which 

carried nondirectional scanning experiments and basic support equipment, and sail (upper), which carried pointed experiments. Experiments, designed to continue and extend work of preceding oso spacecraft, were provided by GSFC, NRL, MIT, Univ. of New Hampshire, and 

Univ. of California (San Diego). 

030 7 was 8th in series of 11 oso spacecraft designed to provide 

direct observations of sun during most of 11-yr solar cycle. Os0 I 

(launched March 7, 1962) and Os0 2 (launched Feb. 3, 1965) had 

passed their six-month lifetimes and together provided more than 

8600 hours of scientific information. OSO-c (launched Aug. 25, 1968) 

had failed to reach orbit when booster malfunctioned. Os0 3 

(launched Mar. 8, 1967) and Oso 4 (launched Oct. 18, 1967) transmitted on command only. Os0 5 (launched Jan. 22, 1969) had both 

tape recorders and seven of eight experiments operating satisfactorily after six months in orbit. Os0 6 (launched Aug. 9, 1969) was 

269 
September 29-30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

jeptember 29-30: Os0 7 Orbiting Solar Observatory was launched into orbit to study the sun and its 

influence on the earth’s atmosphere. High spatialand spectral-resolution data were obtained by the 

pointed experiments on the sail and scanning ex- periments on the wheel. First x-ray observations 

from a spacecraft of the beginning of a solar pare 

and of solar ‘Lstreamers” were made Oct. 3-6. 

The white light coronagraph above, from a Naval 

Research Laboratory experiment on Os0 7. showed 

three coronal streamers from the sun. The black 

bullseye in the center was produced by a circling 

occulting disc that caused an artificial eclipse. The 

distance from the center of the disc to the edge of 

the photograph was about 10 solar radii, or about 6.4 million kilometers (4 million miles). 

relaying information from all seven experiments. oso program was 

managed by GSFC under OSSA direction. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 71-163; Spacewarn, 10/5/71) 

September 29: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 44.2 from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 272-km (169.0-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.7-mi) perigee, 89.7-min 

period, and 72.8’ inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 12. (GSFC SSR, 

9/30/71; 10/31/71; SBD, 10/4/71,108) 

* Fourteenth flight of TF-SA jet aircraft equipped with supercritical wing 

was completed, flown from FRC by NASA test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry 

270 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 September 29 

in accelerated TF-8A flight test program [see Sept. 151. (NASA Proj 

Apollo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. 

Worden visited KSC to thank personnel for their support during 

ApoZZo 15 mission. KSC Deputy Director Miles Ross told crowd of 

about 5000 that with all talent assembled in VAB “I think this is the 

real Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.” (Spaceport News, 

10/7/71,1) 

NASA and FAA announced agreement for joint participation in flightsimulation R&D projects at ARC. NASA would make ARC simulation 

facilities and supporting services available to FAA. FAA would provide its own technical personnel and resident director, who would 

coordinate FAA R&D projects with ARC director. (NASA Release 71-185) 

Engine fell off USAF C-5A training aircraft preparing for takeoff from 

Altus AFB, Okla. Later, USAF officials said preliminary investigation 

had traced cause to structural problems in pylons that held engines 

to wing. Aircraft had accumulated 1300 flying hrs and more than 

3000 landings. USAF said it had grounded seven C-5A’s with similar 

flying hours until new pylons could be installed. (Getler, W Post, 

10/7/71,2) 

Senate by vote of 61 to 28 rejected amendment proposed by Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) to terminate usx F-14 fighter aircraft program by deleting $801.6 million from H.R. 8687, $51-billion FY 

1972 military procurement authorization. (CR, 9/29/71, 515329- 

15405 ) 

Virginians for Dulles, citizen group representing persons living near 

flightpaths of Washington National Airport, filed suit in US. District 

Court to prevent stretch-jet aircraft from landing or taking off at 

Washington National and to ban all jet traffic at airport after 11 pm 

because of noise pollution. ( W Post, 9/30/71, B3) 

* Washington Post editorial questioned need for F-14 USN fighter aircraft: “The F-14, has LOO many attributes of another great defense 

turkey [F-111BI to be approved at this time by the Senate. We 

believe the Senate should send the Navy back to the drawing board 

to come up with either an improved F4 or a new fighter plane that 

is not too costly to be purchased in adequate numbers and that has 

a reasonable chance of performing a valid function.” (W Post, 

9/29/71, A18) 0 New Orleans Times-Picayune editorial commented on US.-U.S.S.R. 

agreement on New York-Moscow comsat link to prevent war by 

nuclear accident: “The technology of satellite relay is beyond us, 

but we recall a treaty signing recently in Washington and Moscow 

at which the signers watched each other on satellite-relayed television. 

Yet it is reported that the link may take a lon time and require 

building ground stations near the two cities an% launching special 

satellites. Cannot the hot line be given a reserved channel on present 

facilities?” (New Orleans Times-PicGyune, 9/29/71) 

September 30: Medical instructions relayed by Ats 1 (launched Dec. 6, 

1966) from equatorial orbit 35 800 km (22 300 mi) above the earth 

saved lives of two women in remote native Alaska villages. Native 

medical aide in Chalkyitsik, northeastern Alaska, and aide in Anatuvuk Pass, north central Alaska, broke into satellite time reserved for 

Off) 

271 
September 30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

relay of educational broadcasts to Alaskan village centers to request 

advice in treating hemorrhaging pregnant Indian woman and Eskimo 

woman suffering appendicitus attack. Physician in Anchorage, Alaska, 

hearing requests, broke into broadcast with instructions and alerted 

medical personnel nearer scenes. Univ. of Alaska officials handling 

transmissions telephoned NASA satellite control station at Rosman, 

N.C., and received permission to extend reserved satellite time during 

night. Sen. Mike Gravel (D-Alaska) later said in Washington, D.C.: 

“I am grateful for the teamwork in Alaska and at NASA that so dramatically saved two lives, and I am so proud of my fellow Alaskans 

who responded once again through the code of the North-but this 

time using a space satellite.” (AP, B Sun, 10/8/71, A10) 

Apolb 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. 

Worden thanked USAF personnel at Patrick AFB, Fla., for their support during ApoZZo 15 mission and presented base with US. flag they 

had carried to moon. Later, astronauts thanked MSFC employees during six-hour visit to Center. (MSFC Release 71-164; NY News, 10/1/71, 

64; MSFC PAO) 

* Formation of new Military Aircraft Programs Office within OART and 

appointment of Albert J. Evans, Director of Aerodynamics and Vehicles Systems Div. in OART, as its Director were announced by NASA. 

Office would direct ongoing support to USAF on F-15 and B-1 programs and to USN on F-14 program; USAF/NASA Transonic Aircraft 

Technology (TACT) Program in which NASA supercritical wing would 

be flight-tested on modified F-111 aircraft; USA/NASA Tilt Rotor 

Research Aircraft Technology Program ; and other possible joint 

research, experimental, and prototype aircraft programs. William S. 

Aiken, Jr., Deputy Director of Aerodynamics and Vehicle Systems 

Div., would succeed Evans in former post. (NASA Release 71-186) 

Lunokhod 1-which landed on moon Nov. 17, 1970, on board Luna 17- 

was declared officially dead at end of lunar night because resources of 

its isotope heating system had been exhausted. (SBD, 11/3/71, 18) 

0 Secretary of State William P. Rogers and Soviet Foreign Minister 

Andrey A. Gromyko signed two nuclear control agreements in formal 

ceremony at State Dept. Agreements called for improved “hotline” 

communication between Washington and Moscow via comsats and 

immediate notification of any unexplained incident involving possible 

detonation of nuclear weapon which could cause outbreak of nuclear 

war. (Smith, NYT, 10/1/71, 1) 

During September: Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said in 

interview published by Air Force Magazine that NASA planned to let 

hardware contracts for space shuttle by spring 1972, contingent on 

White House approval. NASA had decided in summer to extend preliminary design contracts by four months to “look more intensively at 

alternative configurations,” examining phased approach for building 

reusable upper stage first and testing and using it with interim 

expendable booster, instead of developing reusable booster at same 

time. Reevaluation of design concepts was stirred by need for additional analyses and research and by need to trim expenditures “in a 

given year.” 

NASA’s viewpoint on space in this decade was “to bring the program down to earth, both figuratively and literally. We must ask our272 
sion that the 

limated in the conviction that they would be much slower in mastering 

intercontinental ballistic missile technology. This conviction, advanced 

in the teeth of evidence-after all, the' Chinese invented the rocketwas reinforced by reports of widespread technological disruption in 

the Cultural Revolution. Their two successful launchings of space 

satellites, the last one weighing around 480 pounds [218 kg], in 

March 1971, should have disabused even the most skeptical or prejudiced. In any case, there are a sufficient number of recent eyewitness 

accounts by Westerners of Chinese scientific achievements in various 

fields to dispell any notions of Chinese technical inferiority." (Bull of 

Atomic Scientists, 9/71) 

273 

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT & FlUdm .__^ - 

October 1971 

October 1: Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said strong technology base was “absolutely vital” to US., in speech before 14th 

Annual Aerospace Luncheon of Los Angeles Area Chamber of Commerce. Indications from critics of lack of confidence in advancement 

of “greatest technological evolution in the history of mankind” was 

reminder that “we must do a better job of convincing the man-on-thestreet of the [space] program’s merits.” Public needed information 

(6 to put its priorities in proper perspective.” There was “something 

seriously wrong” when “as a nation we pay people more not to work 

and more in farm subsidies than we do on space research, a program 

which impacts our national economy and vitally affects our national 

security. . . . I am convinced that further erosion of our technological 

leadership will start us on a downhill course from which it will be 

difficult to recover.” But, ”in our zeal to forge ahead in technical and 

scientific fields, it is possible to lose sight of the debt we owe to the 

great American public that so steadfastly sustained us during the 

early years.” Average American had his priorities. “But he needs to 

be informed il he is to arrive at an intelligent decision about how to 

rank his priorities.” Burden of convincing public of necessity for 

“continuing well-balanced space program for the 1970’s and beyond” 

lay with those in program. 

Dr. Fletcher also said: “We want cooperation with the Soviets as 

well as with other nations throughout the world. We are ready to do 

our part io get it, but if we have learned the lessons of history, we 

should know that the Soviets will not be eager to cooperate with a 

second-rate power. . . . And that is what we will become if we do not 

proceed with the space shuttle in this decade. We cannot create the 

environment needed for space cooperation, or an era of enduring 

peace, by handing over a monopoly in the realm of orbital flight to 

the Soviet Union or anyone else.” (Text) 

Subcommittee on NASA Oversight transmitted report Review of Recent 

Launch Failures to House Committee on Science and Astronautics. 

Subcommittee had held hearings June 15-17 on failure of AtlasCentaur launch vehicle to place Ats 4 in planned orbit Aug. 10, 1968, 

and failure to orbit OAO-B Nov. 30, 1970, and Mariner 8 May 8, 

1971. 

Subcommittee concluded that NASA’s decision not to attempt recovery program for unsuccessful Mariner 8 mission using proof-test 

model “seems justified” on grounds Mariner 9 (launched May 30) 

had been conceived as backup mission for Mariner 8 from beginning; 

to alter Atlas-Centaur for different project would have been “challenging;” and proof-test model could better be used as Mariner 9 

backup, if necessary, or in 1973 Venus-Mercury and Viking projects. 

While NASA’s backup mission and recovery policies after failures 

seem to have been sound in the past,” decision not to have OAO-B u 

275 
October 1 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

recovery program “appears . . , to have been an unwise exception.” 

To forego OAD-B goals “which have occupied the talents and efforts 

of many scientists and engineers for more than a decade in order to 

initiate new astronomical experiments [ HEAO Project] in different 

portions of the magnetic spectrum strikes the Committee as a decision of questionable merit.” Committee recommended future use of 

prototype spacecraft that could be reengineered and launched as part 

of flight program to extract full value from expensive hardware. 

Manufacturing and quality control procedures in Centaur program 

could be improved. “It is quite clear that a great deal can and should 

be done short of ‘man-rating’ Centaur, which would significantly 

improve its reliability.” Centaur stage problems “seem serious enough 

to justify . . . broad scale, independent examination by disinterested 

experts” so that Centaur, “which figures so importantly in the space 

program of the next decade, can be utilized with renewed confidence.” 

(Text) 

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. began 14-mo, $350 000 study continuation for system definition of reusable nuclear stage (RNS) for 

multipurpose space missions. Previous studies had determined that 

RNS could be launched by either Saturn or space shuttle booster. New 

study would focus on RNS concepts to be launched by space shuttle, 

but would consider two-stage, fully reusable shuttle, shuttle booster 

with expendable 2nd stage, and launch of RNS as complete unit or 

with components to be assembled in space. Study also would support 

NERVA program. (MSFC Release 71-174) 

Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for R&D Grant L. Hansen discussed 

space shuttle at Air Force Assn. meeting in Bethpage, N.Y. NASA and 

USAF work on shuttle engine had been helpful to shuttle program in 

areas of reusability and higher-pressure-engine technology. USAF had 

supported advanced development efforts on liquid-fuel rocket engines 

and had concluded hydrogen and oxygen high-performance-engine 

demonstration program. Work on XLR-129 reusable rocket engine 

had provided basis for shuttle’s reusable high-pressure-rocket concept. 

Residual hardware of USAF XLR-129 program had been turned over 

to NASA for shuttle engine program. Development of shuttle main 

engine was to be conducted at USAF’S Arnold Engineering Development Center. USAF would continue in 1972 to develop technology for 

high-energy orbit-to-orbit stages compatible with a shuttle to accomplish maneuvering missions for late 1970s and early 1980s. (AI; Mug, 

12/71, 34) 

* More than 15 astronauts were taste-testing three meals daily for five 

days in MSC experiment to evaluate proposed food items for 28- and 

56-day Skylab missions in 1973, MSC announced. Tests would determine astronauts’ preferences and each astronaut’s energy requirements. They were coordinated by Technology, Inc., and conducted in 

MSC Life Systems Laboratory. (MSC Release 71-74), 

Twenty-fifth anniversary of commissioning of Naval Air Missile Test 

Center at Point Mugu, Calif. Center, later renamed Pacific Missile 

Range, conducted RB~D for Federal agencies, including NASA. (PMR 

Missile, 10/1/71,1) 

Completion of DOT study of general-aviation safety was announced by 

Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. General-aviation industry 

276 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 1 

consisted of 133 814 single-engine aircraft, 16 000 multi-engine aircraft, 

2229 jet aircraft, 33 992 flighl instructors, 2170 FAA-approved flight 

and ground schools, and 732 729 pilots, including 195 861 students. 

In 1970 general aviation had accounted for more than 25 million 

flight hours and nearly 6 billion km (nearly 4 billion mi) flown. Of 621 

fatal general-aviation accidents in 1970, 201 had been identified as 

weather-caused. Study recommended biennial flight review of pilot 

competency, priority support of FAA General Aviation Accident Prevention Program, tightening of certification requirements for flight instructors and pilots, modernization of FAA flight service stations, improvement 

of FAA reporting of real-time weather data, review of FAA generalaviation structure, clarification by FAA of regulations covering general 

operating and flight rules, publication of FAA regulations in separate 

parts rather than in current volume format, and adoption of standard 

traffic pattern for uncontrolled airports. (DOT Release 20271) 

* Impact of “leftish student movements” was described in Science by 

Harvard Univ. physicist Dr. Harvey Brooks: “Today some believe that 

the . . . movements, which are worldwide, form the vanguard of a new 

revolution, the first true revolution in advanced industrial societies. 

If so, it will be the first in modern history which had not attempted 

to ally itself with science. So far as its ideology is discernible at all, 

it seems to be antiscientific and antirational, more akin to the early 

Christians than to the modern Marxists, despite the Marxist slogans.” 

(Science, 10/1/71, 21-9) 

October 1-5: Fourth International Symposium on Basic Environmental 

Problems of Man in Space was held jointly in Yerevan, USSR., by 

rAA and Soviet Academy of Sciences. Papers dealt with medical problems 

of prolonged space missions, studies of mechanism underlying single 

and combined stress effects and methods of ameliorating deleterious 

influences, and bioastronautical contributions to general medical science 

and practice. Symposium reviewed results of Soyuz 11-Salyut 1 mission, 

June 6-30, that ended with crew’s accidental death on reentry. (IAA 

Annual Rpt, 8/31/71 ; FBIS-Sov-71-~12,11/3/71) 

October 3: Poorly designed drive system controlling tilt of “world’s largest 

movable” antenna, 100 m (330 ft) in diameter-operated by Max 

Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, West Germany-had set 

dish oscillating at rate of once every second, New York Times reported. 

OsciIIations endangered antenna’s structure and made observations 

“virtually impossible.” Antenna, at Effelsberg, West Germany, had been 

cited by astronomers as demonstration of why massive and costly radio 

astronomy engineering enterprises should be under professional management rather than scientific direction, Times said. (Sullivan, NYT, 

10/3/71,82) 

October 3-6: Os0 7, launched Sept. 29, made the first x-ray observations 

from spacecraft of beginning solar flare and solar “streamers” (long, 

tapered structures observed in solar corona). Observations would lead 

to new understanding of flares not possible before. Flares had many 

effects on earth’s environment, weather, and communications. Streamers 

had been photographed before only during solar eclipses and occasionally by short sounding rocket flights. Os0 7 experiment created own 

GL eclipse” by using occulting disc. 

By Oct. 6 all six scientific experiments had been turned on. NRL 

, 

277 
October 3-6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

coronographs obtained first observations of corona in white light and 

EUV. Wheel section experiments obtained scanning data continuously. 

Only one of two tape recorders was operating but would be sufficient to 

achieve mission objectives. (NASA Release 71-193 ; Goddard Ne,ws, 

10/71, 2; NASA Proj Off) 

October 4: U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1, first self-propelled lunar vehicle, ceased 

operations after 321 days on moon, Tass announced Oct. 9. Eightwheeled vehicle stopped transmitting photos and soil analyses to earth 

when its isotope heat reserves were exhausted during its 11th lunar 

night on moon. Depletion of nuclear heat source had caused temperatures on rover to drop during lunar night. Vehicle had been landed 

on moon in Sea of Rains by Luna 17 Nov. 17, 1970. 

Solar-powered Lunokhod 1 had successfully conducted scientific 

and technical research program with all systems functioning normally. 

It had traveled distance of 10 540 m (34 680 ft) , exploring more than 

80 000 sq m (860 000 sq ft) of lunar surface and had produced more 

than 500 panoramas, 20000 TV pictures, 25 chemical analyses, and 

hundreds of probes of physical-mechanical characteristics of lunar soil. 

Vehicle had been parked on level surface with French-made laser 

reflector pointing toward earth, to permit continued use of laser for 

ranging experiments. (FBIS-sov-71-197-3, 10/12/71, L1; 212-3, 

11/3/71, L5-6; NYT, 10/10/71, 68; Av Wk, 10/18/71, 17) 

0 NASA, FAA, and USAF began joint runway research program at Wallops 

Station to evaluate methods for measuring runway slipperiness at 

military and civil airports and improve techniques for estimating aircraft performance on runways that become slippery when wet. Tests 

would be followed by similar measurements at Houston Intercontinental 

Airport, Lubbock (Tex.) Regional Airport, Edwards AFB (Calif.) , Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, and John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York. FAA Boeing 727 aircraft instrumented by 

LaRC would be used for flight portions of program. USAF C-141 aircraft 

would carry personnel and equipment. Runway surface measurements 

would be made by mu-meter-friction measuring device provided by 

usm-and diagonally braked automobile developed by NASA at LaRC. 

(NASA Release 71-190) 

Award of $11 640 773 addition to cost-plus-fixed-fee contract.with Chrysler 

Corp. for launch operations support for Skylab from Oct. 1, 1971, to 

June 30, 1973, was announced by KSC. Addition brought amount of 

contract to $25 016 708. ( KSC Release 226-71) 

0 Two prototype x-ray devices for detecting weapons and explosives in 

carry-on luggage of air passengers had been successfully tested at 

Dulles International Airport in Virginia, FAA announced. Low radiation x-ray units-Hying Spot developed by American Science and 

Engineering, Inc., and Bendix Ray Inspectoscope developed by Bendix 

Aerospace Systems Div.-sent x-ray pulse through luggage to obtain 

shadowgraph, which was displayed on TV screen. Devices did not affect 

photographic film or recording tape. (FAA Release 71-162) 

October 4-5: Representatives of ELDO and European space industries met 

with NASA officials at MSFC to discuss project for space tug to operate 

in earth orbit in conjunction with space station and space shuttle. 

Tug would transfer payloads in space and perform transportation 

services in orbit. (MSFC Release 71-168; MSFC PIO) 

278 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 5 

October 5: Apollo 15 Awards Ceremony was held at MSC. Dr. James C. 

Fletcher, NASA Administrator, presented NASA Exceptional Scientific 

Achievement Medal for “accomplishments in the Apollo 15 mission” 

to Dr. Larry A. Haskin, Univ. of Wisconsin; Dr. Robert 0. Pepin, 

Univ. of Minnesota; Dr. Leon T. Silver, Cal Tech; Dr. M. Gene 

Simmons, MIT; and Dr. Gordon A. Swann, US. Geological Survey. 

NASA Exceptional Service Medal was presented to 22 MSC employees 

and NASA Public Service Award to representatives of contractors 

Boeing Co., Grumman Aerospace Corp., Delco Electronic Div. of 

General Motors Corp., and North American Rockwell Corp. 

NASA Group Achievement Award was presented to MSC Extravehicular Mobility Unit Team, MSC Lunar Orbit Experiments Team, MSFC 

and MSC Lunar Roving Vehicle Team, MSC Lunar Traverse Planning 

Team, NOAA Space Flight Meteorology Group at KSC, and MSC Television and Lunar communications Relay Unit Team. 

Dr. Fletcher read telegram from President Nixon congratulating 

Apollo 15 Team which, President said, deserved “highest praise for 

their vital contributions to man’s scientific knowledge and our nation’s 

prominence in space.” (NASA Ann, 10/1/71; MSC Roundup, 10/8/71,1) 

KSC announced award of $33 157 979 addition to cost-plus-fixed-fee contract with Bendix Corp. for support services for Apollo spacecraft and 

Skylab programs from Oct. 1, 1971, to Dec. 31, 1972. Addition 

brought total amount of contract.to $210 081 335. (KSC Release 227-71) 

* Reuters said at least 12 supersonic, swing-wing FB-111 bombers armed 

with six nuclear bombs of total 4.5-metric-megaton (5 megaton) yield 

were on constant ground alert at SAC bases in northeast US. News 

agency quoted SAC spokesman as saying portion of FB-111 force had 

been written into U.S. nuclear deterrent force. (NYT, 10/6/71, 52) 

0 Israel had begun to manufacture missile that could carry 450- to 680-kg 

(1000- to 1500-lb) warhead 480 km (300 mi) or more, according to 

Western intelligence reports quoted by New York Times. (Beecher, 

NYT, 10/5/71,1) 

* Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Space Theater at American MuseumHayden Planetarium was dedicated at ceremonies in New York. (Invitation) 

October 5-7: Huntsville, Ala., chapter of Society of Aerospace Material & 

Process Engineers held national technical conference, attended by 

experts from five NASA centers, Redstone Arsenal, other Government 

agencies, and private industry. Papers covered composites and hightemperature metals, high-temperature and cryogenic insulation, reuse 

of materials, materials compatibility with space shuttle environment, 

life support materials, and special materials testing. (Marshall Star, 

10/6/71,1) 

October 6: NASA test pilots successfully completed two flights of TF-8A, 

modified F-8 jet aircraft with supercritical wing, flown from FRC. 

Flight 15, flown by Thomas C. McMurtry, and flight 16, flown by 

Gary Krier, were part of accelerated series to obtain data for performance evaluation of TF-8A [see Sept. 151. (NASA Proj Off) 

Radiaastronomers had obtained first “picture” of distant galaxy from 

radio signals received by Synthesis radio telescope near Westerbork, 

Netherlands, New York Times reported. Picture of whirlpool galaxy 

had led astronomers to believe radio-signal photography using antenna 

219 
October 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

systems under construction or planned might rival photography from 

exposures at visible wavelengths. Picture from Synthesis-1.6-km 

(1-mi) row of 12 identical dish antennas set along east-west lineseemed to confirm hypothesis that explosive events in core of each 

rotating galaxy sent waves spiraling outward. Success of Westerbork 

antenna array was being used to encourage congressional approval 

for very large array (VLA) proposed for construction in southwestern 

U.S. (Sullivan, NYT, 10/6/71, 43) 

* Senate by vote of 82 to 4 passed H.R. 8687, t21-billion FY 1972 military 

procurement authorization bill. (CRY 10/6/71, S15956-16004) 

* Rep. Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.) resigned from House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics to take seat on House Ways and Means 

Committee. (Off of Rep Karth) 

Rep. James G. Fulton (R-Pa.) died of heart attack in Washington, D.C. 

He had been ranking Republican member of House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics and member of House Committee on Foreign 

Affairs. In 1958 Rep. Fulton had volunteered at committee hearing 

to serve as astronaut. Wmhington Post obituary said he had fought 

hard for programs to keep US. from “dropping out of the space race.” 

(Weil, W Post, 10/8/71, B8) 

October 6-8: Science fiction writer and space expert Arthur C. Clarke 

addressed Playboy International Writers Convocation in Chicago. He 

said, “Much of the criticism of space expenditure is a pure excusea deliberate or unconscious avoidance of real problems.” Politicians, 

administrators, and Government officials, “often too stupid, too lazy 

or often too corrupt to deal with the abuses of society as they should 

and could, are absolutely delighted to have the space program as a 

scapegoat.” Space was now ccalmost a dirty word.” (NYT, 10/8/71, 

25; Playboy PIO) 

October 7: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 443 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

297-km (184.6-mi) apogee, 201-km (124.9-mi) perigee, 89.4-min 

period, and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 19. (GFSC SSR, 

10/13/71; SF, 4/72,132) 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, enumerated major factors 

relevant to NASA FY 1973 budget request in speech before AIAA 

National Capital Section: 1. “Program continuity must be maintained.” NASA could not “shut down major programs for several years 

and then start them up again efficiently.” 2. NASA programs had 

helped stabilize US. aerospace industry. ‘‘This is a very significant 

reason for maintaining NASA programs up to or near current levels at 

this time.” 3. NASA would reach minimum “institutional base” requirement for efficient management of approved programs in current fiscal 

year. “I will strongly resist any further reductions.” 4. Space shuttle 

was “next logical step to develop our national capabilities for using 

space more economically and more effectively with manned and unmanned spacecraft, for both civilian and defense purposes.” 5. U.S. 

was lagging behind in development of new technology for commercial 

and military aviation. “We killed the SST while Britain and France 

went ahead to build the Concorde, and the Soviet Union built a competing version. The Europeans-and our Canadian neighbors-are 

ahead of us in Short Take Off and Landing Aircraft. The question 

must be asked, how long can we, as a great nation, afford to be mere 

280 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 7 

spectators while others move ahead in aircraft technology?” NASA did 

not intend “to shift the gears of our space program into the ‘park’ 

position; we are geared up for continued steady and impressive progress in those areas of space activity which we consider most rewarding 

scientifically or most important to our national security.” Within few 

years “there will be no time of day or night, year in and year out, 

when men are not working in orbit above the earth. And it is up to us, 

in decisions to be made this year in this capital, whether these men 

in orbit will include Americans.” (Text) 

e NASA announced six-month delay in development of space shuttle to give 

contractors more time to study in detail alternatives resulting from 

current studies. Under new schedule, North American Rockwell Corp., 

McDonnell Douglas Co., Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., and Grumman 

Aerospace Corp. would study designs until April 30, 1972, rather than 

concluding at end of October. Selection of sites for shuttle development 

and operational flights would be deferred until overall system characteristics were defined. (NASA Release 71-199) 

Skylab multiple docking adapter (MDA) trainer arrived at MSC from 

Martin Marietta Corp. facility at Denver, Colo. MDA trainer was flown 

to MSC aboard NASA Super Guppy aircraft. (NASA Release 71-187; 

e Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, said significance of man’s movement into space with both “automated, unmanned spacecraft and manned vehicles,’’ ought to be grasped 

by every nation and every individual. Speaking at “Report on America” 

dinner sponsored in Washington, D.C., by Time magazine for group of 

European businessmen, he added: “Man has left Earth. There is as great 

an awesome potential in that simple statement as there is in the fact, 

man appeared on Earth. Human destiny now has another door opened 

to it that previously was firmly locked.” Satellite investigations and 

space probes had advanced human knowledge about earth, moon, and 

planets. “Astronomers now are able to view across the entire electromagnetic spectrum to obtain information about the birth, evolution, 

and extinction of celestial objects previously beyond reach of the most 

powerful telescope. Space is, in fact, a vast laboratory in which to 

experiment with weightlessness, hard vacuum, solar plasmas, and 

extremely high cosmic ray particles. 

“The potential value of space technology for Earth applications 

alone, including long-range weather forecasting, earth resources surveys, 

and communications, has been estimated .) . . at billions of dollars 

annually to the world.” (NASA Activities, 11/15/71, 182) 

San Francisco Bay area was being surveyed and photographed by U-2 

reconnaissance aircraft in US. Ceological Survey project to gather 

continuous information fast and accurately on urban development, UPI 

reported. Project also covered Phoenix-Tucson area in Arizona and 

Baltimore-Washington, D.C., area as basis for more thorough, nationwide study of 27 urban regions. In 1972 NASA ERTS satellite would provide constant check on urban growth patterns and development. (NYT, 

10/7/71,55) 

* Small “quasi-moon” 1.6 to 3.2 km (1 to 2 mi) in diameter was gravitationally linked to earth and moon in three-body team of celestial objects 

orbiting sun, Dr. Hannes 0. Alfven of Univ. of California at San Diego 

MSC PIO) 

281 
October 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

said in telephone interview with New York Times. Although little 

asteroid, named Toro, was discovered in 1964, computer calculations 

showing it was locked with earth and moon had not been reported until 

September at Nobel Conference in Stockholm. Toro came within 15 

million km (9.3 million mi) of earth every eight years. Discovery was 

first indication that another celestial object was part of earth-moon 

system. (Rensberger, NYT, 10/8/71,24) 

DOD spokesman Jerry W. Friedheim announced that 22 additional C-5s 

were being grounded as safety precaution pending additional tests to 

find cause of Sept. 29 incident at Altus AFB, Okla., in which engine and 

pylon mounting fell from aircraft during engine warmup for takeoff. 

(Getler, W Post, 10/8/71, Al) 

Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner was installed as 13th President of MIT at ceremonies in Cambridge, Mass. Dr. Wiesner had been science adviser to 

Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. (NYT, 10/8/71, 25; MIT PIO) 

President Nixon issued statement on Oct. 6 death of Rep. James G. Fulton. 

Rep. Fulton would be “especially remembered for his unfailing support 

of our space program.” (PD, 10/11/71, 1382; Weil, W Post, 10/8/71, 

Mrs. Leatrice M. Pendray-early rocket experimenter, syndicated columnist, and public relations executive-died in Princeton, N.J., at age 

66 following long illness. She had been cofounder of American Interplanetary Society in 1930. Society had been renamed American Rocket 

Society and was later merged with Institute of Aerospace Science to 

form American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (NYT, 

10/9/71, 30; A&A 1963) 

Charles H. Hubbell, well-known artist-hktorian of air age-who in 1930s 

began painting winners of annual Thompson Trophy Race-died at 

age 72. More than 375 “Hubbells” were painted for TRW Aviation 

Calendar series and quarter of million lithographic reproductions had 

been published. Hubbell’s pictures had hung in White House, museums, 

palaces, libraries, and homes of aviation buffs. (TRW Calendar, 1972) 

October 9: India successfully launched short-range rocket for first time from 

its new launching facility at Sriharikota Island. Indian-made Rohini 

rocket was launched to test complex at Sriharikota, near Madras, from 

which an Indian satellite was expected to be orbited in next three or 

four years. (Reuters, NYT, 10/10/71,15) 

Nobel Prize for Medicine was won by Vanderbilt Univ. physiologist 

Dr. Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., for discovery of how cyclic adenyl acid 

regulated work of hormones in human body. (Auerbach, W Post, 

10/15/71, Al) 

October 10-13: Offshore Airport Center Planning Conference was held by 

AIAA and City of New York at Harriman, N.Y., to identify problems 

and determine feasibility of offshore airport construction in metropolitan New York area. Conference recommended major multifaceted 

study to develop data for environmental impact report and comprehensive study to determine economic significance of commercial aviation to New York City and penalty of not providing adequate facilities 

to meet projected aviation demands. (AIAA Release, 10/15/71) 

October 11: U.S.S.R.’s Salyut I, first manned space laboratory (launched 

April 19) , reentered earth‘s atmosphere on command and disintegrated 

over Pacific Ocean after completing its program, Tass announced. 

B8 1 

282 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 11 

Flight of orbital station, lasting about six months, had consisted of 

two phases. First was station’s joint flight with Soyuz 10 spacecraft 

(launched April 23), piloted by Cosmonauts Vladimir A. Shatalov, 

Aleksey S. Yeliseyev, and Nikolay N. Rukavishnikov. Soyuz 10 linked 

up with Sdyut 1 for Sl/, hours, undocked, and reentered April 25. 

Second phase began June 6 with orbiting of Soyuz 11, carrying 

Cosmonauts Georgy T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, and Viktor I. 

Patsayev. Spacecraft docked with station June 7 and Soym 11 threeman crew transferred to Salyut 1 for 23-day stay. While on board, crew 

carried out comprehensive scientific and technical studies and experiments. Upon return June 30 after record-breaking near-m days in space, 

three cosmonauts were found dead in spacecraft. Soviet authorities said 

deaths were caused by sudden loss of pressure in Soyuz capsule. 

Salyut 1 remained in orbit until Oct. 11, when braking engine was 

switched on to decelerate spacecraft ; station began descending trajectory and entered atmosphere. Lost with Salyut 1 were films, tapes, 

biological samples, and scientific experiments left on board by Soyuz 10 

cosmonauts. During entire lifetime, orbital station’s onboard equipment 

operated normally. Since spacecraft was not recoverable and might fall 

on populated area if left to deorbit naturally, it had to be destroyed. 

Reuters, B Sun, 10/16/71, A3; Av Wk, 10/25/72, 14) 

Space program for 1970s was outlined by Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, in speech before Society 

of Sigma Xi at Daytona Beach, Fla. It would be “program of transition; 

a program in which the exploration and technical pioneering of the 

Sixties will begin to pay substantive dividends; it is the logical transition to the intensive and economic use of space in the 80’s and 90’s. 

Strong evidence will emerge . . . that will refute many of the arguments 

advanced against science and technology as embodied in the space 

program.” Program’s primary strength was “that it is balanced to meet 

the basic national needs.” Program “strikes a harmony among scientific 

exploration 2n space, the practical utilization of space, and the development of improved technologies for space.” (Text) 

Molniya I1 earth station in U.S. for new US.-U.S.S.R. “hotline” comsat 

would be under US. Government control but might be owned and 

operated under contract by private entity, Aviation Week & Space 

Technology reported. Hotline system would consist of two duplex 

telephone-bandwidth circuits for secondary telegraphic multiplexing 

and four ground stations for transmission and reception. (Av Wk, 

10/11/71, 17) 

0 US. scientists conceded that U.S.S.R. led U.S. in many areas of basic 

research and space medicine largely because U.S. had “opted for an 

engineering approach to manned space flight and deliberately ignored 

some areas of theoretical research as irrelevant to the moon landing 

mission,” Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Scientists were 

worried that political developments in U.S.S.R. could harm free flow 

of this data. (Av Wk, 10/11/71, 14-5) 

Satellite photos of U.S.S.R. had shown continued construction of two new 

classes of silos for large missile, construction of third class of silo, and 

doubling of production facilities for Soviet missile submarines, New 

York Times reported. (Beecher, NYT, 10/11/71,9) 

(FBIS-SOV-201-3, 10/18/71, L1; FBIS-SOV-205-3, 10/22/71, L1; 

283 
October 11-14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS,, 1971 

October 11-14: Joint US.-U.S.S.R. Space Biology and Medicine Working 

Group-cochaired by Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director for Life 

Sciences, and Dr. N. N. Gurovsky of Soviet Academy of Sciences-met 

in Moscow. Statement issued by American Embassy on completion of 

meetings said group had begun “exchange of data and results from the 

Soyuz and Apollo programs and developed recommendations and procedures for expanded exchange of information in space biology and 

medicine.” Recommendations would be forwarded to Dr. George M. 

Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, and to Soviet Academy of Sciences 

President Mstislav V. Keldysh. (NASA Release 71-204) 

October 12: Training mockups of two Skylab spacecraft componentsOrbital Workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount-arrived at MSC aboard 

NASA barge Orion from MSFC. Shipment also included multiple docking 

adapter exterior shell and portion of airlock module mockup. Trainers 

and hardware would be used by MSC for training prospective Skylab 

crewmen for missions scheduled to begin in early 1973. (NASA Release 

* USAF grounded 18 more C-5 cargo aircraft as result of Sept. 29 incident 

at Altus AFB, Okla., in which C-5 lost engine and pylon mounting at 

start of takeoff. Action removed entire fleet of 47 aircraft from service. 

(AP, B Sun, 10/13/71, A19) 

* Washington Post editorial commented on Senate’s Oct. 6 passage of $21- 

billion military procurement bill: “The new B-1 manned strategic 

bomber, the F-14 Navy fighter plane, the ABM, the main battle tank or 

XM803-these were among the controversial items that easily survived 

attempts at elimination or modification by amendment.” What had 

recently been billed as “the issue for the seventies, a great debate over 

priorities and defense spending” had “gone the way of the hula hoop. 

On the part of a number of senators who just a few years back had 

made a loud and dramatic commitment to the issue, interest was low, 

absenteeism high, and preparation for debate pitiful. Sen. Proxmire and 

those others who carried the main burden deserved much better from 

their colleagues.” (W Post, 10/12/71, A18) 

October 13: U.S.S.R. launched eight Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk into 

near circular orbits with single booster. Tass reported Oct. 14 that 

equipment was functioning normally. Orbital parameters were: 

Cosmos 444, 1510-km (938.3-mi) apogee, 1323-km (822.1-mi) 

perigee, 114.1-min period, and 74’ inclination. 

Cosmos 445, 1513-km (940.1-mi) apogee, 1352-km (840.1-mi) 

perigee, 114.4-min period, and 74O inclination. 

Cosmos 446, 1513-km (940.1-mi) apogee, 1383-km (859.4-mi) 

perigee, 114.8-min period, and 74’ inclination. 

Cosmos 447, 1516-km (942-mi) apogee, 1412-km (877.4-mi) 

perigee, 115.1-min period, and 74’ inclination. 

Cosmos 448, 1518-km (943.2-mi) apogee, 1442-km (896-mi) 

perigee, 115.5-min period, and 74’ inclination. 

Cosmos 449, 1542-km (958.2-mi) apogee, 1485-km (922.7-mi) 

perigee, 116.2-min period, and 74’ inclination. 

Cosmos 450, 1531-km (951.3-km) apogee, 1464-km (909.7-mi) 

perigee, 115.9-min period, and 74O inclination. 

Cosmos 451, 1575-km (978.7-mi) apogee, 1490-km (925.8-mi) 

71-187; MSC PIO) 

284 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 13 

October 12 : Training models of Skylab's Orbital Workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount 

arrived at the Manned Spacecraft Center from fabrication at the Marshall Space Flight 

Center. They would be used for training crewmen for the 1973 mission, planned to 

include three separate crews of three astronauts each-the first crew to stay for 

28 days and the next two for 56 duys each. The overhead view above shows crew quarters 

in the 1-g trainer model of the Workshop. At the top is the general control and 

working area with several experiments. At the right is the wardroom, where crewmen 

would prepare and eat food and spend leisure time. At the Cower center i.s the waste 

management compartment, or "space bathroom." At the left is the sleep compartment. 

perigee, 116.6-min period, and 74' inclination. ( GSFC SSR, 10/31/71; 

FBIS-SOV-199-3, 10/14/71, L1; SF, 4/72, 132) 

NASA launched series of three sounding rockets from White Sands Missile 

Range, New Mexico. Nike-Cajun carried ion mass spectrometer, x-ray 

detector, ion probe, Faraday rotation counter, magnetometer, accelerometer, solar aspect sensor, telemetry, and tone-ranging system to perform 

D-region ion composition studies under subsonic conditions. Payload 

attained 80.8 km (50.2 mi) and was recovered in good condition. 

Second Nike-Cajun carried similar instrumentation for same purpose. 

Subsonic portion of flight near apogee provided principal data; payload 

reached 80.8 km (50.2 mi) and was recovered in good condition. 

Boosted Arcas I1 carried electrometer, magnetometer, solar aspect 

sensor, telemetry, and tone-ranging system to measure ion mobility at 

. 285 
October 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

altitudes from 65 to 10 km (40 to 6 mi), using parachute-supported 

instrumentation package. Payload reached 63.1-km (39.2-mi) and was 

recovered in good condition. (NASA Rpts SRL) 

Completion of NASA-US. Dept of Agriculture experiment to gather information on southern corn leaf blight from aircraft was announced by 

MSC. Data were being analyzed but preliminary results showed blight 

could be detected and its progress monitored by sensor-bearing aircraft. 

Although southern corn leaf blight had not been as severe as projected, 

its widespread presence had provided “unique opportunity to assess 

remote sensing as a tool for large-scale crop surveys.” NASA and USDA 

were analyzing experiment data to determine usefulness of crop 

infestation surveys and application of surveys to other agricultural 

needs. Results of analysis would be announced within few months. 

(MSC Release 71-78) 

President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and Mrs. Tito visited MSC during 

state visit to U.S. They were shown ApoZZo 9 CM, Mercury and Gemini 

spacecraft, and LM test article. The Titos visited Mission Control and 

saw demonstration of spacesuit and Apollo 15 films. Center presented 

Tito with framed and autographed photo of earth as seen from moon’s 

vicinity by ApoZZo 8 astronauts. (MSC PAO) 

* MSFC announced award of $1 197 000 incentive contract to American 

Science and Engineering, Inc., for support services in Skylab ATM 

project. Contract would run from Aug. 22,1971, through June 30,1972. 

( MSFC Release 71-176) 

Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (&Mass.) introduced amendment to S. 32, 

Conversion Research, Education and Assistance Act of 1971, to establish 

New Cities Research and Experimentation Administration. Agency 

would employ defense and aerospace personnel. (CRY 10/13/71, 

S16259-63) 

Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird told Washington, D.C., press conference that Soviet buildup of land- and sea-based missiles was “far 

outdistancing” estimates he had offered to Congress seven months previously. He confirmed report that U.S.S.R. was expected to match 

U.S. strength by deploying 41 Polaris-class missile submarines by 1973. 

(Beecher, NYT, 10/14/71,5) 

Adm. Arthur W. Radford (USN, Ret.) in letter to the editor, published 

by Washington Post, defended USN F-14 fighter aircraft against suggestion by Post Sept. 29 that $800 million in funds for F-14 be eliminated from military budget: ‘9n conjunction with the full spectrum 

of conventional naval weapons and sensors, the design capabilities of 

the F-14 are credible and responsible to the perceived threat for the 

decade ahead. As in the case of the F4, which has now reached the 

end of its growth potential against a constantly upgraded Soviet technology, the F-14 is conceived as an aircraft to be used for more than 

a decade into the future-it, too, will be capable of substantial performance improvement as the threat changes and as technology is 

advanced.” 

Washington Post responded to letter with editorial comment: ‘L. . . there is a school of thought which holds that the heavily and expensively defended [aircraft] carrier can be rendered inoperable by 

comparatively simple Soviet weapons and thus is inadequate to the 

kind of US.-Soviet conflict that is presupposed by the design of the 

286. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 13 

[carrier-based] F-14. It is this view which we find persuasive and 

which therefore gives us pause concerning the usefulness of the F-14.” 

(W Post, 10/13/71, A18, A19) 

October 14: USAF launched unidentified satellite into orbit from Vandenberg AFB by Thor-Burner I1 booster. Satellite achieved 878.7-km 

(546-mi) apogee, 795.0-km (494-mi) perigee, 101.6-min period, and 

98.9’ inclination. (Pies Rpt 72; SF7 4/72, 132) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 45.2 from Plesetsk into orbit with 280-km 

(174-mi) apogee, 175-km (108.7-mi) perigee, 89-min period, and 

64.9” inclination. Satellite reentered Oct. 27. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/71; 

SF, 4/72,132) 

0 NASA successfully completed 17th and 18th flights of TF-SA aircraft with 

supercritical wing, flown from FRC by NASA test pilots Thomas C. 

McMurtry and Garry Krier, and announced results in accelerated 

program to evaluate TF-SA performance in advance of adverse landing conditions. All flight objectives had been achieved in series to 

expand flight envelope to higher dynamic pressures, obtain pressure 

distribution and performance data at higher dynamic pressure, evaluate unaugmented stability and control characteristics, and investigate 

buffet boundary for trim flight at mach 0.99 design conditions at 

14000 m (46000 ft). Pressure distribution and performance data 

had been obtained over mach 0.80 to 1.00 at altitudes to 14000 m. 

Unaugmented stability and control characteristics had been evaluated 

from mach 0.70 to 0.99 at 10 700 m (35 000 ft) . Buffeting had neared 

that predicted from wind-tunnel tests and buffet boundary had been 

penetrated to 22” attack angle. Buffeting had been “intense but not 

severe.” (NASA Proj Off) 

FAA award of $229 746 planning grant-offer to New Jersey Dept. of 

Transportation for master plan of V/STOLport to serve New York 

metropolitan and northern New Jersey areas was announced by FAA 

Administrator John H. Shaffer. (FAA Release 71-168) 

* Plans for establishment of International Institute of Applied Systems 

Analysis by US., U.S.S.R., U.K., France, Italy, Poland, and East and 

West Germany were described in New York Times by Walter Sullivan: 

Project, “fruit of four years of private Soviet-American negotiations” 

had culminated in eight-nation conference in Paris. Prominent among 

principals had been NAS President, Dr. Philip Handler, and Dzherman 

M. Gvishiani, Soviet specialist in American management techniques. 

(NYT, 10/14/71, 1) 

Assembly of solar radio telescope 10 m (33 ft) in diameter was nearing 

completion at Baldone, Latvia, Riga Sovetskaya Latviya reported. 

Parabolic antenna would enable Latvian Academy of Sciences Radioastrophysical Observatory scientists to study all fluctuations of sun’s 

radiowaves. ( FBIS-~OV-~~, 10/22/71, u) 

Wall Street Journal editorial commented on KSC economy drive: “One of 

the first things that occurs to householders when a money pinch comes 

is to turn off all the unneeded lights to save money on electricity.” 

This had occurred to KSC officials who “came up with a real enough 

saving, an estimated $75000 a year.” KSC parking lots and some 

buildings were “a little dimmer but everything continues to function.” 

( WSI, 10/14/71) 

287 
October 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

October 15: March 7 discovery of water vapor on moon by two suprathermal ion detectors left on lunar surface by Apollo 12 and 14 astronauts 

was announced by Rice Univ. scientists Dr. John W. Freeman and 

Dr. H. Kent Hills. Water bursts had been found 14 min apart at two 

lunar sites just after seismometers at sites had picked up swarm of 

moonquakes. Dr. Freeman said in Houston, “I think this proves that 

the moon is still actively quaking and venting gas and also indicates 

there is a good possibility of liquid water somewhere on the moon.” 

He said bursts were best described as “geysers,” but cautioned against 

likening them to geysers on earth. Later, Washington Post reported 

that Apollo engineers had said water could have come from burst tank 

on descent stage of Apollo 12 LM or from backpacks of Apallo 12 

crew. (O‘Toole, W Post, 10/16/71, Al; Reuters, B Sun, 10/16/71, A3) 

Sky lab airlock trainer was flown from McDonnell Douglas Astronautics 

Co. in St. Louis, Mo., to MSC aboard NASA Super Guppy aircraft. 

(NASA Release 71-187 ; MSC PIO) 

Skylab astronauts would begin extravehicular training in pressurized suits 

in MSFC Neutral Buoyancy Space Simulator later in year. Mockups of 

Skylab space laboratory modules had been submerged in water tank 

12 m (40 ft) deep and 23 m (75 ft) wide, which simulated weightlessness of space environment. (NASA Release 71-205) 

Univ. of Florida was using KSC particle measurement computer system 

to analyze upper-air samples taken by aircraft at various altitudes, 

NASA Activities reported. System was only one of its kind in Florida. 

(NASA Activities, 10/15/72, 169) 

Grumman Aerospace Corp. demonstrated $500 000 Turbo-Mallard amphibious aircraft in Potomac River for DOT and CAB ofiicials. Ten-seat, 

20-m (66-ft) aircraft cruised at 355 km per hr (220 mph) and could 

land on ground or in water as shallow as 1.5 m (5 ft) and at least 

3000 m (1000 ft) long. Grumman had $50000 contract with City 

of New York for feasibility study of water landings and takeoffs. 

(Levey, W Post, 10/16/71, B3 j 

NSF published Enrollment Increase in Science and Mathematics in Pu.blic 

Secondary Schools, 1948-49 to 1969-70 (NSF 71-30). Total in 1969-70 

was more than 2.5 times larger than total enrolled in 1948-49. Largest 

relative increases were reported for enrollments in psychology, economics, and biology. ( NSF Highlights, 10/15/71) 

October 16: Sleeping bag, handgun, photos, and papers carried by aviator 

Wiley Post on flight on which he lost his life Aug. 15, 1935, had been 

donated to State of Oklahoma for display by historical society, AP 

reported. Post was killed with comedian Will Rogers when aircraft 

engine failed after takeoff from Pt. Barrow, Alaska, on sector of contemplated flight to Siberia. (NYT, 10/17/71, 32) 

Lasers were finding increased applications in defense technology, New 

York Times article reported. Weapon scientists were “clearly excited 

over its possibilities as a deadly offensive weapon against nuclear missiles and aircraft.” AEC and DOD spokesmen had conceded that laser 

programs were underway but had said national security barred discussion of subject. DOD had said lasers had been used in new rangfinding devices and in medical research and that, while it was primarily USAF program, “some” Army research was also going on. 

(Ripley, NYT, 10/16/71,15) 

288 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 17 

October 17: USAF launched Sesp 1971-2 Space Experiments Support Program satellite from Vandenberg AFB by Thorad-Agena booster. Orbital 

parameters: 801.5-km (498-mi) apogee, 774.1-km (481-mi) perigee, 

100.5-min period, and 92.7O inclination. Objectives of mission were 

to test advanced development payloads-including celestial mapping 

IR scanner, 1500-w flexible roll-up solar cell array, secure command 

and control system, and energetic particles experiment. (Pres Rpt 72; 

SBD, 10/19/71,174) 

* Eyewitness to Space by H. Lester Cooke with James H. Dean, published 

by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., was reviewed by Frank Getlein in Washington Evening Star. Book contained more than 250 paintings and 

drawings by artists in NASA artist program. “What they have created 

is an extraordinary record . . . because it records more than the eye, 

even the trained eye, can see. The sketches and many of the paintings 

do indeed record what any eye can see, but the seeing is special. 

Beyond that, artist after artist at some point found himself pushed 

by the material itself into taking an abstract, symbolic view of the 

space flights themselves, painting a vision, not a view.” NASA artists 

program, “one of the most remarkable ventures in art-government 

relations,” had brought hundreds of artists to NASA facilities to 

paint or draw what they saw and they were to see whatever they 

wanted and depict it in whatever manner suited their perceptions.” 

Only requirement was that all work was to be turned over to NASA, 

which had given it to National Gallery. Coauthor Cooke was National 

Gallery Curator of Painting. It was “hard to think of anything in 

art history that quite compares with the NASA program.” Getlein recalled Italian TV coverage of first moon walk. “One big response to 

the event was to convene gatherings of famous Italians-non-scientists 

all-in studios . . . and have them talk about the moon. But at many 

points in the protracted coverage, against a background of Beethoven, a beautiful Tuscan voice read Dante.” Qualities evoked by this 

“odd response, but an oddly perfect one,” were “precisely those that 

have eluded American television coverage of the space program. They 

are qualities that this book reaches for constantly and often attains.” 

(W Star, 10/17/71, B5) 

October 18: Heart problems encountered by Apolto 15 astronauts necessitated changes in diet and exercise regimen for Apollo 16 astronauts, 

Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director of Life Sciences, said in speech 

before annual clinical meeting of American College of Surgeons in 

Atlantic City, N.J. AI1 three ApolEo 15 astronauts had experienced 

drops in potassium levels during July 26-Aug. 7 mission. Astronaut 

James B. Irwin had developed cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) for one minute after he returned to CM from lunar surface and 

ventricular contractions (premature heartbeats) for following hour. 

Astronaut David R. Scott also had developed cardiac contractions 

during mission. Because of findings, first Apollo 16 EVA would be 

shortened, astronauts would rest full eight hours between moonwalks, 

and more potassium would be added to Apollo 16 diet. (McGehan, 

B Sun, 10/19/71, A5) 

Scientists and engineers at MIT described planned Apollo 17 surface 

electrical properties experiment to probe for water on moon, in telephone interview with New York Times. Experiment consisted of 68- 

289 
October 18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

kg (15-lb) radio transmitter with four 35-m (115-ft) lengths of wire 

which astronaut was to unreel on lunar surface in X pattern as antenna. Radio signals at varying frequencies would be beamed into 

lunar surface. Small receiver on LRV would receive signals bounced 

back from beneath lunar surface and signals would be recorded by 

tape recorder on LRV. Pattern, timing, and strength of reflected signals 

were expected to indicate presence of water, if any, and kind of 

material in lunar subsurface. Times said experiment’s importance had 

been heightened by Oct. 15 announcement of discovery of water vapor 

on moon. (Wilford, JVYT, 10/19/71,29) 

NASA board investigating Jan. 23 helicopter crash in Indian River near 

rtsc-in which pilot, Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, escaped injuryhad named misjudgment in estimating altitude as primary cause, 

NASA announced. Mitigating factors were lack of familiar objects on 

Indian River surface to help pilot judge altitude, possible visual 

focusing on false water surface because of water’s smoothness, change 

in sun reflection on water caused by change in course, and possibility that Cernan’s experience with high-speed aircraft might have 

contributed to altitude misjudgment in slower craft. Board said Cernan’s survival training as astronaut and naval aviator was major 

factor in his escape from submerged wreckage and burning fuel. 

(NASA Release 71-206) 

NASA announced receipt of three proposals for design and fabrication of 

two experimental, transport, STOL research aircraft with propulsive 

lift-from McDonnell Douglas Corp., from Boeing Co. with Grumman Corp., and from Lockheed Aircraft Corp. with North American 

Rockwell Corp., Bell Aerospace Co. Div of Textron, Inc., and Cornel1 

Aeronautical Laboratories, Ine. Aircraft would provide data and 

experience for developing environmentally acceptable, economical, 

and safe fan-jet STOL transport systems in joint NASA-DOT-FAA-USAF 

program to relieve noise and congestion at busy airports. (NASA 

Release 7 1-207 ) 

President Nixon announced appointment of Coleman duPont Donaldson 

as member of Air Quality Advisory Board to succeed William 0. 

Doub, who was appointed AEC member Aug. 10. Donaldson, President 

of Aeronautical Research Assn. of Princeton, Inc., had been head of 

aerophysics section of NACA Gas Dynamics Laboratory. He had 

worked recently on development of techniques for computing dispersal of chemically reacting pollutants in atmosphere and generation of turbulence. Work had been supported by NASA and Environmental Protection Agency. (PD, 10/25/71,1426) 

NASA wished protocol officials who scheduled President Nixon’s trip to 

Moscow for May could be assigned to handle space cooperation talks 

as well, Aviation Week & Space Technology said. Magazine quoted 

NASA official as saying, “Anyone who would schedule the summer session for Houston and the winter session for Moscow just can’t be 

serious about an agreement.” (Av Wk, 10/18/71,11) 

USAF Space and Missile Systems Organization planned conceptual design 

study by industry of spaceborne system for tracking Soviet satellites 

at altitudes beyond 480-km (300-mi) range of existing ground-based 

Spacetrack system, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

290 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 18 

Fivemonth study was expected to begin in 1972, magazine said. (Av 

Wk, 10/18/71,9) 

US. technological society was product of past R&D efforts, President 

Charles A. Anderson of Stanford Research Institute said in Aviation 

Week & Space Technology editorial. Current assault on US. leadership in science and technology was “both external and internal.” 

Western Europe, Japan, and U.S.S.R. were progressing in areas traditionally controlled by US. “In radio astronomy, high energy 

physics and conventional energy research we have already been surpassed. Internally, a new national distaste for science and technology is 

undermining the national research and development effort.” ( Av Wk, 

10/18/71,7) 

October 18-21: Lunar Science Institute held conference on lunar geophysics at MSC. Scientists said new evidence from Apollo 15 heat 

flow experiment indicated moon was hotter than expected and might 

account for melting temperatures within moon and volcanic activity 

on lunar surface. Thermometers placed in two holes near Hadley Rille 

had shown that amount of heat from moon was one half that of heat 

measured from earth. Since moon was one fourth earth’s size, relative 

abundance of radioactive isotopes which generated heat within planet 

might be greater in moon than in earth. Lunar scientists also were 

puzzled by area across Sea of Rains and Ocean of Storms several 

times more radioactive than rest of moon. Dr. James R. Arnold of 

Univ. of California at San Diego said, “It is not obvious why a whole 

geographic area on the moon would be different.” 

Dr. John W. Freeman, Jr., of Rice Univ. referred to results of 

Apollo 12 and 14 suprathermal ion detector experiments that had 

discovered water vapor on moon [see Oct. 151. Dr. Gary V. Latham, 

Apollo program chief seismic investigator, said neither he nor Dr. 

Freeman could locate source of tiny moonquakes that released gas 

from beneath lunar surface, including water vapor seen March 7. 

Dr. Latham described sudden and large surge from lunar surface 

detected by seismometer in April during series of moonquake swarms. 

Though he knew of no volcano on moon, he compared event-largest 

moonquake yet recorded-to volcanic activity on earth. ( MSC Release 

72-77; Maloney, H Post, 10/19/71; Brett, W Post, 10/21/71, F2) 

October 18-29: Team of 10 NASA officials attended Oct. 18 ELDO Symposium on space shuttle technologies in Paris. Officials then divided 

into four working groups and visited industries in France, Italy, 

Germany, U.K., the Netherlands, and Belgium to review ELDO-SpOnsored space shuttle research and European technological capabilities. 

Team including Adelbert 0. Tischler, Chief of Shuttle Technologies, 

OART ; william A. Summerfelt, Engineering Director, Space Shuttle 

Program Office, OMSF; and James J. Gangler, Materials Branch Chief, 

Materials and Structures Div., OART. (NASA Release 71-209) 

October 19: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 453 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

492-km (305.7-mi) apogee, 270-km (167.8-mi) perigee, 92.1-min 

period, and 70.9’ inclination. SatelIite reentered March 19, 1972. 

(GSFC SSR, 10/31/71; 3/31/72; SBD, 12/26/71, 195) 

* Saturn IB 1st stage for first manned Skylab launch vehicle was removed 

from environmentally controlled enclosure at Michoud Assembly 

Facility after three-year hibernation. Booster, one of nine IB stages 

291 
October 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

stored there in December 1968, would begin 10-mo refurbishment 

program in preparation for spring 1973 launch. (MSFC Release 71- 

183) 

* Development of surgical implement to simplify cataract removal with 

high-frequency vibration and pump to liquify and remove cataract 

and lens material was announced by LeRC. Hand-held instrumentdeveloped by four-man L~RC team in cooperative program with Dr. 

William J. McGannon, prominent Cleveland eye surgeon-had been 

successfully tested on animals. NASA was seeking patent on instrument, 

which would reduce cataract operation time and patient’s convalescent period by minimizing stitching problem in most cases. Instrument made only small puncture. (NASA Release 71-203) 

Sen. Howard W. Cannon (D-Nev.), in letter to President Nixon, ap 

pealed for inclusion of NERVA funding in FY 1973 budget: “It seems 

to me . . . that this program continues to offer the nation’s best chance 

to take the next logical step forward in space, .and that the already 

staggering $1.4 billion investment in succesful R&D would make continuation of the program not only desirable but mandatory, since 

we are so close to a flyable engine.” As senior member of Senate 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Sen. Cannon was 

“greatly disturbed that the space program in recent years has been 

progressively cut back.” If US. space program was to continue “the 

NERVA funding issue is terribly important. . . . if we are to cast aside 

our earlier desire to go forward in space and subject our investment 

to a less-than-starvation funding level, we are only deceiving ourselves. I believe that rather than merely giving lip service to space, 

we ought to consider a total restructuring or delegation of NASA’s role 

to the military.” (Text) 

FCC ordered AT&T to activate transatlantic cable and satellite circuits on 

one-to-one ratio. Order reversed decision made in May to set ratio at 

five-to-one in favor of satellites. FCC said it had received “strong representations” protesting five-to-one ratio from European countries that 

had 50% ownership in cables but less than 30% ownership in satellites. (I7 Post, 10/20/71, C10) 

Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

GSFC payload on test and support mission. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

President Nixon announced 25 appointments to new National Advisory 

Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere and designation of Dr. William 

A. Nierenberg, Director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and 

Dr. William J. Hargis, Jr., Director of Virginia Institute of Marine 

Science, as Chairman and Vice Chairman. (PD, 10/25/71, 1429) 

ICSC announced award of $99 189, 24-mo contract to Univ. of Florida for 

research and preparation of narrative history of ICSC Apollo launch 

facilities and operations. Contract included option to extend for six 

months. (KSC Release 24t5-71) 

ComSatCorp had requested permission to build two antennas 29.5 m 

(97 ft) in diameter as backup systems for its comsat stations in 

Andover, Me., and Etam, W. Va., Washington Evening Star reported. 

(W Star, 10/19/71, A14) 

Former astronaut M. Scott Carpenter, who had also been aquanaut in 

USN’s Sealab Project, testified before Senate Committee on Com292 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 19 

merce’s Subcommittee on Oceans and Atmosphere. Carpenter, president of Sea Sciences Corp., said man xplore ocean floor if he 

is to understand it, just as he had to lunar surface to understand it. Subcommittee was examining ocean pollution. (CR, 10/18/71, 

D1039; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 10/19/71, Al) 

New York Times editorial commented on discovery of water on lunar 

surface [see Oct. 151: “The possibility that the water vapor that has 

now been detected on the moon was originally brought there by 

Apollo astronauts cannot yet be dismissed. Nevertheless, even before 

Drs. Freeman and Hills announced their finding it was becoming 

increasingly clear that the moon is a much more complex body than 

had been supposed. We are still in the very infancy of the era of moon 

exploration, and its development for the benefit of the human race.” 

(NYT, 10/19/71,40) 

October 20: Apollo 16 preliminary timeline was announced by NASA. 

Launch was scheduled for 1:03 pm EST March 17, 1972. Translunar 

insertion would occur at 3:40 pm. Lunar landing was planned for 

5:25 pm March 21, with EVA to start at 9:18 pm. Second EVA was 

scheduled for 7:48 pm March 22, and third for 7:13 pm March 23. 

LM would leave moon at 6:23 pm March 24 and earth landing was 

scheduled for 4:14 pm March 29. (NASA Release 71-211) 

Flight path of Mariner 9, en route to Mars, was reported sufficiently 

precise for orbital insertion without Scheduled second midcourse correction. Next critical event for Mariner 9 would be Mars orbit insertion Nov. 13, when spacecraft would begin to collect atmospheric and 

surface data and map 70% of Martian surface during 90 days in orbit. 

At 9:OO am EDT, after 14t2.43 days in flight, Mariner 9 was 88 847 850 

km (55 207 500 mi) from earth. Spacecraft was traveling at 59 220 km 

per hr (36 800 mph) relative to earth and had traveled total distance 

of more than 349 452 100 km (217 139 500 mi) since May 30 launch. 

(NASA Proj Of€) 

NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences had agreed to rapid exchange of 

findings on Mars from US. and U.S.S.R. probes nearing that planet, 

NASA announced. Recommendations of Joint Working Groups of U.S. 

and Soviet scientists who met in Moscow Aug. 2-6 to negotiate agreement on joint projects and exchanges in space research and applications had all been approved. Included was telegraphic exchange of 

findings of special interest by NASA’s Mariner 9 (launched May 30) 

and Soviet Mars 2 (launched May 19) and Mars 3 (launched May 28). 

All three spacecraft were scheduled to reach Mars orbit in November. 

NASA and Soviet Academy also had agreed on joint seminars to 

facilitate analysis of data ; exploration of feasibility of transmitting 

magnetometer data from U.S.S.R. ground-based observing stations 

in real-time to US. satellite ATS-F (scheduled for mid-1972 launch) 

and retransmitting data to ground with data from onboard magnetometer ; and bilateral discussions on scientific results, objectives, 

and strategy of planetary exploration. Further agreements were to 

exchange information on photography from past and future missions 

and all lunar maps, to continue exchange of lunar samples, to conduct multipurpose aerospace and field experiments on environment, 

and to make joint efforts in remote sensing of ocean. Technical Note 

would be exchanged on temperature sounding from satellites to develop 

293 
October 20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

joint experiment over Western Europe in 1973 and 1974. Information 

on methods oi microwave measurement and of data on cloud emissivity 

would also be exchanged. Efforts would be made to achieve similarity 

in US. and Soviet requirements for ground receiving equipment. 

NASA and Soviet Academy also had agreed to research topics for meteorological sounding rocket investigations by both nations, to exchange 

alerts of stratospheric warmings, to conduct rocket system intercomparison tests, and to present scientific results in regular seminars and 

symposia. (Text; NASA Release 71-210) 

GAO said USAF had not charged ComSatCorp for more than $6 million 

in launch service costs for comsats. Agency blamed $3.1 million of 

loss on USAF accounting procedures and said other $3 million was not 

charged because of DOD-NASA agreement. GAO could find no legal basis 

for changing method to determine costs chargeable to ComSatCorp 

but recommended ComSatCorp be assessed on full user-charge basis 

for future launches and Intelsat IV series that began in January. 

(UPI, W Post, 10/21/71, A15) 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. Chairman Daniel J. Haughton told firm’s annual 

meeting that “we are now on an upward track.” He reported net income 

for quarter ended Sept. 30 of $2.2 million, or 19 cents per share, up 

from $2 million, or 18 cents per share, in 1970 period. Sales had 

climbed from $565 million in 1970 to $667 million. Sales for all of 

1971 were estimated at close to $3 billion, although major percentage 

would be booked at no profit because of Lockheed’s settlement with 

Government on G5A military transport aircraft and Cheyenne helicopter contracts. Haughton said 1972 sales should be at 1970 level of 

just aver $2.5 billion. (Wright, NYT, 10/21/71, 69) 

Shift in AEC’S role from promoting atomic energy to protecting public 

interest in nuclear affairs was announced by Dr. James R. Schlesinger, 

AEC Chairman, at annual meeting of Atomic Industrial Forum and 

American Nuclear Society in Bal Harbour, Fla. It was AEC’S responsibility to “develop new technical options and to bring those options 

to the point of commercial application,” not to “solve industry’s problems which may crop up in the course of commercial exploitation. That 

is industry’s responsibility, to be settled among industry, Congress, and 

the public.” AEC’S role was “primarily to perform as a referee serving 

the public interest.” (Text) 

* President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Albert C. Hall, Vice 

President for Engineering and Research with Martin Marietta Corp., 

to be Assistant Secretary of Defense (Administration). Hall would 

succeed Robert F. Froehlke, who had become Secretary of the Armv 

July 1. (PD, 10/25/71, 1430, 144J; USA PIO) 

NASA signed $195 400 000 supplemental agreement to Apollo LM contract 

with Grumman Corp. for changes to increase lunar staytime, activity 

support, and other features of LM. (NASA Activities, 11/15/71, 187) 

October 21 : ITOS-B Improved Tiros Operational Satellite failed to reach 

orbit after 4:32 am PDT launch by NASA for NOAA from WTR on twostage longtank, thrust-augmented Thor-Delta (DSV-N-6) booster. 

Satellite, weighing 306 kg (675 Ibs), had been intended for sunsynchronous orbit to make regular, dependable, day and night cloudcover observations by both direct readout and onboard storage. 

Flight appeared normal through Delta first burn. At start of last 

294 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 21 

period (approximately one hour coast), pitch and yaw altitude-control 

jets began pulsating to counteract unknown force tending to tumble 

vehicle. Pitch and yaw jets were able to maintain vehicle in proper 

altitude until gas was expended. At that time, unknown force caused 

vehicle to tumble. Planned vehicle functions remaining, including 

second Delta burn and spacecraft separation, occurred approximately 

on time. Planned circular orbit was not achieved and spacecraft and 

Delta 2nd stage impacted above Arctic Circle. Review board was being 

formed to investigate Delta 2nd-stage failure. 

ITOS-B was second Tiros spacecraft funded by NOAA and third spacecraft in ITOS series. First, Itos 1 (Tiros-M), had been launched Jan. 23, 

1970. Second, Nom 1 (ITOS-A), was launched Dec. 11, 1970, and 

ceased operations Aug. 19, 1971. Office of Space Science and Applications had overall responsibility for mission, with Earth Observations 

Program Ofice managing project for Headquarters. Technical and 

administrative management was assigned to GSFC. (NASA Proj Off) 

Impact of aerospace industry slump and termination of lunar excursion 

module project on Grumman Corp. and Long Island, N.Y., area was 

described by New Yorlc Times. With 26 000 employees, Grumman 

Corp., “reaches out into every corner of the economy of Nassau and 

Suffolk Counties and, as one of the nation’s largest aerospace combines, even far beyond those two counties that jointly claim Grumman 

as their own.” Nearly 1000 subcontractors depended on Grumman’s 

patronage. Firm was “largest real estate taxpayer in Nassau County, 

the largest customer for the Long Island Lighting Company and hundreds of smaller corporations. And in salaries for its employes alone 

it pumps nearly a third of a billion dollars each year into the Long 

Island economy.” Grumman figures indicated that for every person 

laid off, 4% persons somewhere in U.S. economy lost their jobs, including 2% in Nassau or Suffolk Counties. From December 1969 to 

December 1970 nearly 5700 persons at Grumman had lost jobs; 14 250 

elsewhere on Long Island had lost jobs as result. (Andelman, NYT, 

10/21/71,45) 

* NASA director of Safety Jerome F. Lederer gave guidelines for noting and 

meeting problems of drug abuse among aerospace employees at 24th 

International Air Safety Seminar in Mexico City. Drug addiction was 

not yet a discernible problem among NASA and its contractor employees, of which there are now about 160000. But the work force 

of the future will involve many young people who have experienced 

hard drugs.” (NASA Release 71-208) 

* AFSC announced USAF development of battery-powered, expendable, remote-operating weather station ( EROWS) to gather data from inaccessible terrain or battle fields and transmit data 320 km (200 mi). Dropped 

from cargo aircraft and helicopters, EROWS would embed itself vertically in preselected spot, turn itself on, monitor its surroundings, and 

send meteorological data to control recorder. ( AFSC Release 237.71) 

October 22: Establishment of joint NASA-DOT Office of Noise Abatement was 

announced by Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, and Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe. Office would provide overall 

leadership and focal point for national program to attack noise problems of current and planned transportation systems. Charles R. Foster, 

head of DOT Office of Noise Abatement, would be Director of joint 

CC 

295 
October 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

office. Walter F. Dankhoff, Chief of LeRc Office of Operations and 

Planning, would be Deputy Director. New office would be responsible 

to Robert H. Cannon, Jr., Assistant Secretary of Transportation for 

Systems Development and Technology, and to Roy P. Jackson, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology. It 

would also integrate programs with other agencies through Interagency Aircraft Noise Abatement Program and was fulfillment of 

some of recommendations from Civil Aviation Research and Development ( CARD) Policy Study. (NASA Release 71-213) 

October 23: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB by 

Titan IIIB-Agena booster into orbit with 392.7-km (244-mi) apogee, 

133.6-km (83-mi) perigee, 89.7-min period, and 110.9O inclination. 

Satellite reentered Nov. 17, 1971. (Pres Rpt 72; SF, 4/72, 132) 

Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

Cal Tech soft x-ray astronomy experiment. Rocket and instruments 

functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Preliminary results of experiment in which two clocks were flown around 

the world to test Einstein theory of relativity had indicated “clock 

paradox” of theory was correct, Dr. J. C. Hafele, Washington Univ. in 

St. Luis scientist, told meeting of American Assn. of Physics Teachers 

in Rolla, Mo. Clocks, carried in two separate aircraft, had not kept 

same time as master clock at Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. 

Einstein theory said that as body approached speed of light, variables 

in time, size, and weight changed. (W Star, 10/24/71, A3) 

Dangers inherent in separation of science and government were discussed 

in New Yorlc Times article by Dr. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Nobel Prizewinning Hungarian biochemist at Marine Biological Laboratories in 

Woods Hole, Mass. “Among our 450 representatives in Washington 

there is not a single scientist, so they do not know that problems are 

like equations which cannot be solved by trickery, blows or bombs, 

not even atomic bombs.” With different assumptions different selfconsistent systems could be constructed ; each seemingly logical. 

“Ptolemy placed the earth at the center of the universe, Copernius the 

sun. Each system is perfectly logical and self-contained. Copernicus 

himself never dared to give preference to his own. The only way to 

decide between the two is to see where they lead. An astronaut basing 

his calculation on Ptolemy would end in the nowhere. Our present 

political system leads to poverty, inflation, unemployment, crime, drugs, 

war and the neglect of our priorities toward a final catastrophe. The 

solution is not separating science from politics . . . but making it penetrate into politics.” (NYT, 10/23/71,33) 

October 24: Latest edition of Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, published in 

London, listed series of Cosmos satellites that could intercept other 

spacecraft in orbit, determine their purpose, and “blow them to pieces.” 

In report of Soviet orbital interception tests during year, publication 

said Cosmos 397 (launched Feb. 25) had passed near Cosmos 394 

(launched Feb. 9) “and was subsequently destroyed in an explosion.” 

Cosmos 40 (launched March 19) had been “interceptedy’ by Cosmos 

404 on 404’s launch date, April 3. In preface, editor John W. R. 

Taylor also said US. maintained satellites in stationary orbit over 

Pacific, including one with “fantastic 11-ton reconnaissance camera,” 

296 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 24 

to monitor launches of Soviet and Red Chinese long-range missiles. 

(UPI, NYT, 10/24/71,4) 

October 25: MSC engineers were studying use of liquid oxygen and propane 

as fuel combination for recoverable ballistic booster ’that was possible 

vehicle for space shuttle transportation system, Aviation Week & Space 

Technology reported. (Av Wk, 10/25/71,12) 

* Decisions on NASA’S space shuttle program might be politically timed, 

Aviation Week & Space Technology said. Four contractors would complete study contracts in spring 1972. “At this point, President Nixonin the midst of his re-election campaign-might publicly state his 

support for the project.” Selection of winners “of the biggest plum in 

space” would not be announced until after the November election, 

magazine said. (Av Wk, 10/25/71,11) 0 Execution of FAA-ESRO Memorandum of Understanding for joint aviation 

satellite program had been delayed from Nov. 3 to early December 

because Office of Management and Budget could not complete review 

of proposed program in time, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. Final pre-bid briefings for prospective contractors also had 

been delayed. (Av Wk, 10/25/71,23) 

French national space agency Centre National #Etudes Spatiales ( CNES) 

budget request for 1972 would be approximately $150 million, up 

from $132.7 million received for 1971, Aviation Week & Space TechnoZogy reported. Budget would be augmented to cover participation in 

ELDO Europa 3 launch vehicle program if production of advanced 

launch vehicle was approved. Increase in CNES funding would be 

largely offset by inflation, French officials had said. (Av Wk, 10/25/ 

71,20) 

Aviation Week & Space Technology editorial noted “major surprises” 

from first four manned lunar explorations: Possibility of existence of 

water or ice below lunar surface; detection of heat near moon’s core 

and of seismic activity on moon; greater magnetic field than expected; 

and fact moon was “mineral storehouse of tremendous magnitude with 

some elements in combinations rarely or never found on earth.” There 

was also “sizable accumulation of other scientific data to be refined 

from the instrumentation still functioning on the moon and the nearly 

400 Ib [181 kg] of lunar rocks and soil samples. . . . The moon has 

proved to be a scientific bonanza regardless of what more material 

benefits may be realized eventualiy. All of this must be a cause for 

considerable chagrin and embarrassment to that segment of the scientific community that led the sneering section during the early stages 

of the Apollo program when flight testing of operational hardware was 

of necessity its primary concern.” (Hotz, Av Wk, 10/25/71, 7) 

Mikhail K. Yangel, Soviet scientist and rocket expert, died of heart 

attack at age 60. Tass later quoted obituary, signed by Soviet leaders, 

as saying Academician Yangel had “made an inestimabb contribution 

to the cause of development and perfection of rocket-space engineering 

and exploration of near-earth outer space.” (FBIS-Sov-71-207, 10/27/ 

October 25-28: AIAA held 8th Annual Meeting and Technical Display in 

Washington, D.C. Meeting Chairman, Pan American World Airways 

President Najeeb E. Halaby, dedicated meeting “to establishing a 

rapport between supporters of technology and its critics.” In program 

71, L.3) 

297 
October 25-28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

introduction he said, “This is a time not for routine reading of sophisticated papers about a future that is itself in question, but for addressing 

ourselves to the basic issue of where we are headed-if anywhere.” 

Technical display included space shuttle technology exhibits by NASA 

and major contenders for shuttle contracts and models of Grumman 

F-14A fighter aircraft, McDonnell Douglas F-15 fighter, and NR B-1 

bomber aircraft. On Oct. 25, designated by AIAA as “Aerospace Day,” 

Apollo 15 Astronaut David R. Scott narrated NASA Apollo 15 film. 

Panel discussions included “Rocketry in the 1950’s” chaired by 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for 

Planning; “STOL and VToL-Where Do They Fit In?” chaired by ARC 

Director Hans Mark and transmitted by telephone link up to LeRC 

employees ; and “The Aerospace Professional-What Is His Future?” 

with Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, as panel member. 

Von KBrmin Lecture, “Trends in the Field of Automatic Control in 

the Last Two Decades,’’ was given by Dr. Irmgard Flugge-Lotz of 

Stanford Univ. Automation had been penetrating nearly every field of 

engineering. Mathematical theory and large computing equipment 

allowed development and extension beyond handling of linear and 

weekly nonlinear systems. Investigation of systems with large transport time lags had been advanced. 

Major AIAA awards presented included John Jeffries Award to Richard S. Johnston, MSC Deputy Director of Medical Research and 

Operations, for “outstanding contributions to the advancement of 

Manned Space Flight and aerospace medical research through your 

leadership in the development of life support systems.” Lawrence 

Sperry Award was given to Ronald L. Berry, Chief of MSC Planetary 

Missions Analysis Branch, for “many outstanding achievements in the 

field of manned space flight, particularly in lunar mission analysis 

and design development.” 

Spacecraft Design Award was presented to Anthony J. Iorillo, Manager of Special Projects for Hughes Aircraft Co., for “invention of the 

Gyrostat stabilized spacecraft which formed the basic stabilization and 

configuration for the successful Tactical Communications Satellite, 

Intelsat IV, and a series of other satellites now in design and production.” Louis W. Hill Space Transportation Award was given to Dr. 

Hubertus Strughold, Emeritus Professor of Medicine at Brooks AFB, 

Tex. Citation said, “With his prophetic foresight and exceptional 

talents he established the rational biomedical foundations for manned 

exploration of space.” DeFlorez Training Award went to Capt. Walter 

P. Moran of American Airlines for his “pioneering efforts in the utilization of flight simulation to increase safety and economy of airline 

flight training and checkout operations. . . .” Aerospace Communications Award was presented posthumously to Siegfried H. Rieger for 

“his personal contributions over a 10 year period, in analytical work 

evolving basic concepts, and in the origination and implementation of 

the INTELSAT Program which led to the establishment of the present 

worldwide communications satellite network.” 

AIAA History Manuscript Award was presented to Dr. Richard c. 

Lukas of Tennessee Technological Univ. for “best historical manuscript 

dealing with the science, technology and impact of aeronautics and 

298 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 25-28 

astronautics on society.” Award winning manuscript was “Eagles East : 

The Army Air Force and the Soviet Union.” 

Among 23 new Fellows honored at Honors Night Banquet Oct. 28 

were George H. Hage, Boeing Co. Vice President for Product Development and former NASA Apollo Program Deputy Director; Dale D. 

Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight; Dr. 

Richard T. Whitcomb, Head of 8-Foot Tunnels Branch at MRC; 

Eugene S. Love, Chief of Space Systems Div. at L~RC; James W. 

Plummer, Vice President and Assistant General Manager of Lockheed 

Missiles & Space Co. ; Wilbur L. Pritchard, Comsat Laboratories scientist; and John F. Yardley, McDonnell Douglas Corp. designer. (Program; AIAA Releases; Lewis News, 10/22/71, 1) 

October 25-30: Soviet Communist Party General Secretary Leonid I. 

Brezhnev paid state visit to France as guest of French President 

Georges Pompidou. Later Tass reported that they had discussed 

Soviet-French cooperation in science and technology: “They noted 

with satisfaction the successes achieved in this field since the time of 

signing the agreement of June 30, 1966, and expressed their appreciation, in particular, of the results of the sixth session of the Mixed 

Soviet-French Standing Commission held in Moscow from July 22 to 24, 

1971. In this connection the sides referred to the important achievements in cooperation in the fields of space exploration, peaceful uses 

of atomic energy, as well as high energy physics, in particular the 

installation of a French laser reflector on the moon surface, the commissioning of the French bubble chamber Mirabelle at the Soviet 

proton accelerator in Serpukhov, the Soviet-French contact on enriching French natural uranium in the Soviet Union.” (FBIS-SOV-71-210, 

11/1/71, F4) 

October 26: Identification of molecule magnesium tetrabenzporphine in 

outer space as forerunner of chlorophyll by Dr. Fred M. Johnson, 

California State College spectroscopist, was reported in Wushington 

Post. Dr. Johnson had analyzed spectral lines taken of Milky Way 

from Lick Observatory optical telescope during 18-yr effort to identify 

nitrogen-bearing hydrocarbons among hydrogen clouds in interstellar 

space. He had succeeded after analyzing spectral line surrounding hot, 

young star in Orion constellation. Finding, Dr. Johnson believed, 

might provide clue to building blocks of life in universe. “Whatever 

mechanism occurs here occurs throughout the universe and you can 

be sure it occurs in the solar system.” (O’Toole, W Post, 10/26/71, A3) 

Dr. William J. Welch, Univ. of California at Berkeley astronomer, 

said 23 different molecules had been detected in interstellar space. 

Dr. Arno A. Penzias of Bell Telephone Laboratories said new radiotelescope at Kitt Peak, Ariz., had detected amount of carbon monoxide 

that “covers vast regions of space.” Detected carbon seemed “to play 

a disproportionately large role.” Dr. Benjamin M. Zuckerman of Univ. 

of Maryland said it might be possible that carbon monoxide was 

formed in shells around very young and very old stars from which it 

was ejected into space. (Lyons, NYT, 10/27/71, 51) 

Soym I2 accident in which crew lost lives [see June 6-30] might have 

been “greatest setback in Soviet space flight activity in past several 

years,” Space Business Daily reported. October, traditionally “bumper 

* NAS held meeting on molecular constitutions of interstellar space. 

299 
October 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

month for Soviet flight programming” had seen “relative depression” 

this year. In October 1970 U.S.S.R. had recorded 12 missions. This 

year, “up to last week, there had been only 4 missions recorded.” 

(SBD, 10/26/71, 194) 

USAF F-111 fighter-bomber wing and wing-carry-through structures had 

withstood test loadings equivalent to 24 000 flight hrs-four times 

estimated number of hours aircraft would fly in 15 years--General 

Dynamics Convair Aerospace Div. announced. Aircraft was undergoing 

program to extend service life beyond original 15-yr requirements. 

(General Dynamics Release 71-36) 

Rolls-Royce, Ltd., and Pratt & Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp. 

signed agreement in London for joint development of Harrier VTOL 

aircraft’s Pegasus 11 engine. (Fairhall, Manchester Guardian, W Post, 

10/29/71, D11; P&W PIO) 

USAF Aeronautical Systems Div. was issuing letter contracts for STOL 

aircraft, DOD announced. Fairchild Industries would receive $3 771 536 

for 15 light, armed STOL aircraft; Helio Aircraft Corp. would receive 

$3 398 750 for 15 STOL aircraft. (DOD Release 911-71) 

October 27: Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., DOD Director of Research and Engineering, and team of DOD scientists testified before congressional Joint 

Committee on Atomic Energy during hearings to determine whether 

treaty could safely be negotiated to ban underground tests without 

inspection. Dr. Foster and Dr. Stephen J. Lukasic, Director of DOD 

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) , said that, while advances 

had been made in detecting underground tests, it was still impossible 

to spot some detonations of up to 100 kt. (Lyons, NYT, 10/28/71, 1) 

* Authorization by President Nixon of underground test of five-megaton 

nuclear warhead on Amchitka Island in Aleutians was announced by 

AEC Chairman, Dr. James R. Schlesinger. Announcement came shortly 

before U.S. Court of Appeals for District of Columbia met to hear 

oral argument on petition by Committee for Nuclear Responsibility 

and six other environmental organizations to delay test. Opponents of 

test feared $200-million blast, code-named “Cannikin,” could release 

radioactive gases and stimulate seismic sea wave. (AEC Release 0-193; 

Kenworthy, NYT, 10/28/71, 1) 

0 Aerobee 170 sounding rocket was launched by NASA from WSMR carrying 

GSFC stellar spectra experiment. Mission was unsuccessful. (SR list) 

October 28: U.K. successfully launched 66-kg (145-lb) Prospero (X-3) , its 

first technology satellite, from Woomera Test Range, Australia, on Black 

Arrow booster. U.K. thus became sixth nation to launch its own satellite 

with its own launch vehicle. Prospero entered orbit with 1540-km 

(956.9-mi) apogee, 552-km (343-mi) perigee, 106.4-min period, and 

82O inclination. Satellite, developed for $28.8 million in six years, 

carried experiments to test satellite technology. Prospero was first and 

last U.K. satellite scheduled for launch on U.K. booster. X4, scheduled 

for launch in early 1974, would be launched by NASA Scout booster. 

(GSFC SSR, 10/31/71; SBD, 11/2/71, 14; Owen, KC Times, 11/26/71) 

* NASA announced establishment of Delta Launch Vehicle System Review 

Board to investigate and recommend corrective action for failure of 

Thor-Delta 85 to place Os0 7 in planned orbit Sept. 29 and failure of 

Thor-Delta 86 to orbit ITOS-E Oct. 21. Dr. John E. Naugle, Associate 

Administrator for Space Science and Applications, had appointed 

300 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 28 

Dr. William R. Lucas, MSFC Deputy Director, as Board Chairman. 

(NASA Release 71-217) 

* Regional conference at ARC explored application of aerospace technology 

to community and public problems. Procedures for locating and obtaining technological developments were outlined to potential manufacturers 

and users. Dr. Joel A. Snow, NSF Deputy Assistant Director for Science 

and Technology, discussed technology in changing society and application of research to national needs. NASA Technology Utilization Program 

was described by Jeffrey T. Hamilton, Director of Technology Utilization Office. Dr. Donald C. Harrison, Chief of Stanford Univ. Medical 

Center Cardiology Dept., discussed NASA-Stanford biomedical technology 

transfer project. Conference officials noted that of 1200 problems submitted to NASA biomedical and technology application teams to date, 

200 had been brought to satisfactory solution through aerospace technology. (NASA Release 71-216; ARC PIO) 

Rotating-cylinder-flap system had been installed in wing flaps of modified 

OV-1OA Bronco aircraft provided by USN for research into STOL aircraft characteristics at ARC, ARC Astrogram reported. Cylinder, when 

rotated rapidly in direction of airflow, induced propeller slipstream 

to flow smoothly across wing surfaces and deflected flap. Wind-tunnel 

tests had shown that smoother airflow greatly increased lift necessary 

for STOL operations. (ARC Astrogram, 10/28/71, 1) 

Smithsonian Institution’s revived plans for construction of $4O-million 

Air and Space Museum on south side of Mall in Washington, D.C., were 

described by Museum Director Michael Collins, Apollo 11 Astronaut, in 

interview published by Vashington Post. Plans for building, to contain 

exhibit areas and galleries with displays on history of aviation and 

science and technology of flight, would be presented to National Capital 

Planning Commission in November. Collins said only best items in 

Smithsonian’s collection would be exhibited in new museum, designed 

by architect Gyo Obata, who had designed previous building that would 

now cost $70 million to construct. Collins said Smithsonian would ask 

Congress to appropriate funds for new building in FY 1972. (Scharfenberg, W Post, 10/28/71, B1) 

Lockheed Aircraft Corn announced sale of two GlOll TriStar iet aircraft to British charier airline Court Line Aviation. Carrier had made 

“second buy” commitments to purchase three additional TriStars. New 

orders, first since Lockheed received U.S. Government guarantee for 

$250-million loan, brought total TriStar sales to 105, with 49 “second 

buys.” ( W Post, 10/29/71, D11) 

Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) introduced H.R. 11487 for himself and 

cosponsors. Bill would authorize sale of up to seven acres of unimproved land adjacent to KSC Visitor Information Center to Chapel of 

the Astronauts, Inc. Organization was nonprofit Florida corporation 

interested in constructing and operating nonsectarian chapel on property. No federal funds were involved in proposed transaction. (Text; 

H Rpt 92-600) 

October 29: NASA held Mariner 9 pre-encounter news briefing at NASA Hq. 

Dr. John E. Naugle, Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, and Robert H. Steinbacher, Mariner Project scientist at 

JPL, described mysterious yellow dust storm-greatest observed since 

1956-that had developed on Mars Sept. 23 and 24 and was first 

301 
October 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

detected through telescopes Sept. 26. Steinbacher said, “The question 

as Mariner goes into orbit . . . is, will we be doing mapping or covering 

some dynamic atmospheric phenomenon. . . .” It would be fortuitous 

“if, with the cameras and other instruments of Mariner 9, we catch the 

most dramatic event on Mars.” (NASA Release, 10/20/71; Haughland, 

W Post, 10/30/71, A3; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 10/30/71, A3) 

NASA’s 13th Annual Awards Ceremony was held in Washington, D.C. 

Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, presented NASA Distinguished Service Medal to Charles J. Donlan, Deputy Associate Administrator (Technical), OMSF; Vincent L. Johnson, Deputy Associate 

Administrator, OSSA; Bruce T, Lundin, LeRC Director; Bernard Moritz, 

Deputy Associate Administrator, Office of Organization and Management; Oran W. Nicks, L~RC Deputy Director; and John W. Townsend, 

Jr., NOAA Associate Administrator. 

Group Achievement Award was presented to Apollo Recovery Communications ATS Satellite Support Team, GSFC ; Ionospheric Studies 

Project Team; Os0 7 Recovery Team, GSFC; Planetary Atmcsphere 

Experiments Test Projects, ARC and Hq; and San Marco Project Team. 

Other awards included Exceptional Service Medal to 42 persons and 

Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal to 28. (Program; NASA 

Release 71-218) 

* Technique for accurately forecasting occurrence and location of solar 

flares by inferring solar magnetic fields from hydrogen light photos 

taken by earth-based optical telescopes was announced by NOAA. Technique, developed by NOAA scientist Patrick S. McIntosh, was alternative 

to use of magnetographs for determining solar magnetic-field data. It 

had enabled NOAA’S Space Environment Laboratory at Boulder, Colo., to 

forecast region of sun where solar flares would occur, correctly 85% of 

time for all flares and 95% of time for major flares. NASA had contracted with NOAA to refine its solar forecasting capabilities in preparation for operating solar telescopes aboard Skylab beginning in spring 

1973. (NOM Release 71-153) 

* Synthesis, without using water, of six amino acids that formed building 

blocks of life by exposing combination of formaldehyde, ammonia, 

methanol vapor, and formic acid vapor to uv light for 25 days, was 

reported in Nature by Columbia Univ. scientists Goesta Wollin and 

David €3. Ericson. Because chemicals in combination had been identified 

in ’interstellar space, findings suggested life might arise on moon or 

waterless planet. (Nature, 10/29/71,615-6) 

October 30: UPI quoted MSC Deputy Director Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., as 

saying in Houston that, because of success of Apollo 15, NASA was 

considering addition to Apollo program of extra mission to orbit moon 

and return to earth. (W Post, 10/31/71, A20) 

* Cracks had been found in seven engine pylons on seven C-5 cargo transport aircraft, all apparently due to “improper fabrication,” USAF said 

in status report to Congress. Pylons would be replaced and aircraft 

released for flight. New pylon design was under study and might be 

installed within three to five months. Meanwhile C-5s could be expected 

to operate without difficulty with normal modifications and repairs for 

at least 6000 flight hours. Report said 23 C-5s had been returned to 

service since Oct. 12 grounding of entire fleet following Sept. 29 engine 

302 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 October 30 

loss at Altus AFB, Okla., and subsequent discoveries of engine cracks. 

(Witkin, NYT, 10/31/71, 95) 

October 31 : Nixon Administration’s New Technology Opportunities Program “expected to be announced early next year” was described by 

New York Times. Basic concept was to define technologies that could 

help solve domestic problems, establish R&D priorities accordingly, and 

provide incentives for industry to pursue technological goals. Times 

said program could be major step toward making Government partner 

for first time in industries outside aerospace and defense, result in 

greater Federal R&D funding, and constitute counterattack against 

“those who increasingly criticize science and technology as disruptive 

and destructive forces in society.” (Wilford, NYT, 10/31/71, 1) 

USAF commanders believed USAF had entered “critical period in which 

American strategic and tactical air power is declining” while U.S.S.R.’s 

“is expanding,” New York Times reported. Chief elements of problem 

were that USAF’S basic weapon systems, B-52 bomber and F4 fighterbomber, were nearing obsolescence and needed to be replaced at “high 

cost” by J3-1 and F-15 ; satellite-gathered intelligence indicated U.S.S.R. 

had established lead over US. in land-based ICBMS, was building 

emplacements for larger missiles, and had deployed FOBS to bring 

missiles on target from any direction; and developments were taking 

place against “background of budgetary stringency” in US. (Middleton, 

NYT, 10/31/71,95) 0 Revised NASA Policy Directive for administering Agency activities for 

protection and enhancement of environmental quality became effective. 

(NASA Pol Dir 8809.6A) 

New York Times editorial criticized President Nixon’s decision to hold 

nuclear warhead test Cannikin : “Multiple anxieties” had found “responsible expression in many quarters.” It was “simply not good enough” 

for Administration to make known its decision through AEC. “There was 

a time when the public accepted the father-knows-best assurance about 

‘overriding requirements of national security.’ But that time is not 

now. Scrutiny and skepticism by Congress and the public have forced a 

healthy re-examination of many national security decisions from the 

manufacture of biological horror weapons to the defoliation of Vietnam 

to the roles of the manned bomber and the aircraft carrier. Nuclear 

weapons technology, although an arcane subject, is no exception.” 

(NYT, 10/31/71, 16) 

London Sunday Express reported U.S.S.R. was building launching sites 

for intercontinental hydrogen bomb missiles at unprecedented speed in 

rocky areas. Paper said more than 60 silos had been photographed by 

spy satellites in recent months. U.K. Defence Ministry had said article 

was speculative, Reuters reported. (NYT, 1/11/71, 48) 

During October: NAS published Plans for U.S. Participation in the GARP 

Atlantic Tropical Experiment and Plan for US. Datu Management in 

the Global Atmospheric Research Program. Reports of panels of NCR’S 

US. Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program called 

for increased preparation for major tropical observation experiment 

in Atlantic in summer 1974. Ad Hoc Tropical Task Group said 

experiment would require geostationary satellite “having both day and 

night imaging capability,” cIosely spaced array of ships with calibrated 

radar, upper-air wind-measuring systems, and from 10 to 12 aircraft. 

303 
During October ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

GARP Data Management Panel recommended international data management for project, with fulltime professionals appointed by US. and 

eriment during which at least 35 meteorological sounding rockets were launched from area near Volgograd and 

from Heuss Island in Franz Josef Archipelago in Soviet Arctic. Purpose 

of experiment was to determine effect of sunspots on magnetic storms. 

,Ground-based observatories in U.S.S.R. and Antarctic had participated 

in study. Rockets were said to have collected vast amount of data on 

impact of solar flares on earth’s magnetic field, including impact on 

radio communications. (NYT, 11/5/71, 18; SBD, 11/9/71, a) 

304 
November 1971 

November 1 : Publication of revised patent licensing regulations to accelerate 

commercial use of space-related patented inventions or technology was 

announced by NASA. Revisions would permit granting of exclusive 

licenses as early as nine months after announcement of invention’s 

availability, granting of more meaningful exclusive licenses to qualified 

applicants to ensure prompt use of NASA inventions, and provision of 

royalty payments if appropriate. (NASA Release 71-220) 

NASA continued to receive proposals for using surplus Apollo hardware 

for “Apollo 18” lunar mission, Aviation Week & Space Technology 

reported. Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, had suggested mission 

be flown in April 1974 to map moon from polar orbit. During mission, 

which would cost about $190 million, LM would be converted into 

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. and 15 other aerospace firms were constructing advanced comsat model to compete for contract for INTELSAT 

v series, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. Hardware from 

firms in Europe, Canada, and Japan would arrive at Lockheed for 

assembly before year’s end. Frame had already been shipped from 

Contraves A. G. of Switzerland. Spacecraft would be mounted on 

platform to permit testing at 1 g in simulated space environment in 

spring 1972. (Johnsen, Av Wk, 11/1/71,21) 

Airline Pilots Assn. in letter to FAA expressed concern about “decreasing 

margin of safety in takeoff and landing at US. airports.” Union 

President John J. O7Do~ell said “length of time now planned by your 

agency for installation of landing aids is so inadequate that it can 

only invite more accidents, increased inconvenience to passengers, and 

increased cost of operation for the airIines.” Letter criticized FAA’S 

10-yr plan to improve airport safety and called for accelerated 5-yr 

program. O’Donnell said ALPA studies had shown that 573 persons had 

been killed in past 10 yrs in approaches to airports not fully equipped 

with instrument landing systems. (Text) 

* NSF published “Estimated Academic R&D Direct Price Trends 50 Percent 

Higher Over Decade 1961-71” in Science Resources Studies Highlights. 

Price inflation accounted for estimated 50% increase in direct costs of 

academic R&D over 10 fiscal years ending June 1971. Most of rise had 

occurred in last five years, when compounded annual increase rate was 

5.0%. Preliminary estimates for FY 1971 indicated that increase from 

FY 1970 was 5.576, equal to change over preceding year. Increases in 

salariesaccounting for 65% of academic R&D direct costs-were 

responsible for large increase in total R&D direct costs. Payments to 

personnel were estimated to have increased two thirds over decade; 

prices of equipment, expendable supplies, and miscellaneous services, 

only one fifth. (NSF Highlights, 11/1/71) 

Yugoslavian charter airline Air Yugoslavia announced in Belgrade that 

it was first foreign carrier to obtain permission from Communist China 

to organize charter flights to Peking. (AP, W Post, 11/2/71, ALE) 

305 

massive scientific experiments bay.” (Av Wk, 11/1/71, 15) <L 
November 1-2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

November 1-2: Dr. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, chaired 

symposium and workshop series sponsored by NAE in Washington, D.C. 

Program, “Application of Technology To Improve Productivity in the 

Service Sector of the National Economy,” explored methods of using 

technology to ease social, educational, and health care problems. (NAE 

Release) 

November 2-5: USAF Titan IIIC booster launched Dscs 2-1 and Dscs 2-2 

improved Defense Satellite Communications System satellites from ETR 

at 10:09 pm EST into transfer orbits and then into separate, synchronous 

orbits over Pacific. Orbital parameters for both spacecraft: 35 816.0-km 

(22 255-mi) apogee, 35 807.9-km (22 250-mi) perigee, 1436.1-min 

period, and 2.6’ inclination. Immediately after launch telemetry difficulties were experienced during standard operational status feedback. 

By Nov. 5 malfunctions had been corrected and satellites were functioning satisfactorily. 

The two 544-kg (1200-lb), 2.7- x 4-m (9- x 13-ft), TRW-built 

comsats were designed to replace smaller IDSCS satellites launched since 

1966. First of improved system, new satellites would increase DOD 

communications volume. Each satellite had 40-w output for multichannel 

communications, including 1300 two-way voice conversations, TV, teletype, and data relay and could transmit between large ground terminals 

over long distances, as well as tactical messages between small portable 

ground stations. (Pres Rpt 71; AFSC Newsreview, 1/72; SBD, 11/4/71, 

25; Detroit News, 11/3/71; UPI, M Her, 10/31/71) 

November 2: Mariner 9-launched by NASA May 30 and expected to orbit 

Mars Nov. lkxperienced anomolous condition at 11:OO am EST that 

caused spacecraft to lose navigational lock on guiding star Canopus and 

lock on wrong star, Sirius. Resulting unfavorable high-gain-antenna 

orientation weakened spacecraft’s radio signals. After extensive check 

showed instruments were still working and spacecraft was disoriented 

by only few degrees, Mariner 9 was commanded to search for Canopus; 

confirmation was received that lock had been acquired at 251 pm EST. 

Radio signals returned full strength and mission operations resumed 

planned schedule. JPL officials speculated that spacecraft had been 

struck glacing blow by dust particle or Canopus sensor had been 

distracted by light reflected from passing dust cloud. (NASA Proj Off; 

NYT, 11/4/71, 18; W Post, 11/3/71, A3) 

U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 454 into orbit from Plesetsk with 346-km 

(215-mi) apogee, 204-km ( 126.8-mi) perigee, 90.0-min period, and 

65.4O inclination. Satellite reentered Nov. 16. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/71; 

SF, 7/72,179) 

0 Soviet scientist Boris Nepoklonov said in Tass interview that data from 

Lunokhod 1 (placed on moon by Luna 17 Nov. 17, 1970) would help 

define age of moon more precisely. Information showed that Sea of 

Rains was one of oldest lunar formations. Analysis of phototelevision 

panoramas had shown that large craters over 100 m (328 ft) in 

diameter had emerged several billion years ago, while small craters 

up to 10 m (32.8 ft) in diameter were millions of years younger. Study 

of lunar terrain showed many layers. Outer layer, from 0.2 to 0.5 mm 

(0.008 to 0.02 in), was loosest and had poor heat conductivity, which 

resulted in sharp temperature fluctuations on lunar surface within half 

hour. Denser layer beneath was strong enough to sustain weight of 

306 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 2 

Lunokhod 1. Nepoklonov, scientific leader of Lunokhod 1 control team, 

said that information received from vehicle would be published in 

multivolume monograph. First book had already appeared. ( FBIS-SOVFederal Government had filed $3 690 290 suit against Bechtel Corp. in 

Federal District Court in San Francisco, Wall Street Journal reported. 

Suit charged that Bechtel’s designs for space environment simulation 

chamber for MSC were “inadequate, improper and unsuited for the purpose intended.” Chamber had failed in 1964 NASA test, Government 

said. (WJ, 11/2/71) 

Nobel Prize for physics was awarded to Dr. Dennis Gabor, Hungarianborn British scientist with Columbia Broadcasting System laboratories, 

for invention of three-dimensional lensless photography system known 

as holography. Nobel Prize for chemistry was awarded to German-born 

National Research Council of Canada scientist Gerhard Herzberg for 

“‘contributions to knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of 

molecules, particularly free radicals.” (NYT, 11/3/71, 1) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics favorably reported H.R. 

11484, bill permitting sale of land at KSC for Chapel of the Astronauts. 

(CR, 11/2/71, D1109; H Rpt 92-600) 

* Rohr Corp. President Frank E. McCreery said in statement that extensive 

investigation had produced no evidence that Rohr Corp. had delivered 

cracked jet engine mountings for USAF’S C-5A jet transport aircraft 

[see Oct. 301. (UPI, NYT, 11/4/71, C38) 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. had announced Lcvoluntary” early retirement of 

Lockheed-California Div. President Charles S. Wagner, Senior Vice 

President Dudley E. Browne, and Corporate Vice President for Manufacturing W. A. Pulver, Wall Street Journal reported. Browne would 

remain a director and member of board’s executive and finance committees. (WSJ, 11/2/71, 16) 

November 2-4: NASA sponsored conference on “Vehicle Technology for Civil 

Aviation: The 70s and Beyond” at LaRC and Williamsburg, Va. Dr. 

James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said in Nov. 2 address to airlines and aircraft industry executives and DOT representatives that 

environmental issue of noise provided “show case for technoIogy” and 

opportunity to apply technology directly to the solution of an environmental problem of increasing public concern.” It was not enough 

“to think in terms of more power, more lift, more speed. If we wish 

the taxpayer to continue to support civil aviation, we should take as 

our motto, ‘Fly Quiet!”’ NASA could be proud of progress made in 

reducing aircraft noise. NASA was “well prepared” to develop supersonic technology that would “permit supersonic flights over continents 

as well as oceans without harmful sonic boom effects and outstrip the 

current foreign models in speed, capacity, range, and profitability.” 

Dr. Fletcher described NASA STOL aircraft program as “first research 

program of this magnitude focused on the needs of civil rather than 

military aviation.” He felt US. should establish “clear national policy 

. . . to maintain our leading position in world aircraft markets” and 

“should resolve to achieve this goal by whatever reasonable means are 

necessary, with emphasis on an unequivocal decision to stay out front 

in aeronautical research and technology.” 

FRC engineer Marvin R. Barber said NASA study had predicted that 

71-212-3, 11/3/71, L5-6) 

bC 

307 
November 2-4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

by 1982 small aircraft would be “most economical mode of transportation on trips of between 40 and 450 miles [65 and 725 kilometers].” 

B/G Gustav E. Lundquist (USAF, Ret.) said attempts to introduce 

use of STOL transport to public had been unsuccessful in Northeast 

Corridor between Boston and Washington. (NASA Release 71-222; 

Newport News Daily Press, 11/3-5/71) 

November 3: NASA announced it had begun distribution of more than 2200 

samples and polished thin sections of Apollo 15 lunar material to US. 

and foreign scientists. Total weight of largest and most varied sample 

collection was about three kilograms (six and a half pounds). Material 

would be analyzed by 700 investigators in US., Virgin Islands, 15 

foreign countries, and ESRO. (NASA Release 71-223) 

Results to date of study to determine minimum cockpit visibility required 

by space shuttle pilot to make safe horizontal ground landings were 

announced by FRC. Tests, begun in July with instrumented T-33 jet 

aircraft with radar system to judge accurate altitude to within two 

feet (0.6 meters), had shown pilots could land aircraft with greater 

visibility restrictions than expected. Visibility restriction of 5” had 

been extended to 75” on either side, or total of 150” in 225 approaches 

flown. Restrictions would be increased in future to 160”. (FRC Release 

26-71) 

* Prototype water-vapor electrolysis system, developed by ARC scientist 

Dr. Theordore Wydeven, Jr., had successfully completed more than 

2000 hrs of testing-equivalent of 80-day space mission-Valley 

[Calif.] Journal reported. System converted moisture in air into hydrogen and oxygen and released reclaimed oxygen back into air. It would 

eliminate need for bulky oxygen tanks on space missions and could 

be used as onboard oxygen system in aircraft, portable oxygen generator for hospitals and homes, and air conditioner and freshener in 

mines, air raid shelters, or other places in need of oxygenation. 

(Valley Journal, 11/3/71) 

* Federal Reserve System had begun supplying banks with 62 million 

copper and nickel dollars commemorating President Eisenhower and 

Apdlo 11 lunar landing, AP reported. One side of coin carried reproduction of Apollo I1 astronauts’ emblem-eagle against moon’s surface. (B Sun, 11/3/71, A6) 

Lack of Government policy for engineering was scored by Sen. Edward 

M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) in speech telephoned to meeting of Institute 

of Electrical and Electronic Engineers in Boston, Mass. Sen. Kennedy 

cited communications engineer who had led team that designed 

antenna for Apollo 15 LRV. Engineer had received special commendation from NASA for his leadership. “He also received a layoff 

notice from his firm shortly before he watched his antenna in action 

on the surface of the moon.” Engineers possessed great potential to 

contribute to Nation’s needs. “Engineers who can produce patents for 

their former employers can provide ideas which will benefit society. 

Engineers who can transmit data from the moon can help peet the 

data processing needs of our technological economy. And engineers 

who could have taught at our leading universities must have some 

lessons to offer of benefit to us all.” (CRY 11/10/71, S180034; Off 

of Sen Kennedy) 

Air France announced first firm order from airline for A-300B 250- 

308 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 3 

passenger airbus being built by European consortium. (Reuters, 

W Post, 11/4/71, A2) 

Dr. Dennis Gabor, winner of 1971 Nobel Prize for physics, said in 

Bridgeport, Conn., that space exploration was ‘‘stri&li a dead end 

occupation.” It was “extremely uninteresting-the only interesting 

place is earth.” Dr. Gabor made comment during interview at Univ. 

of Bridgeport honors convocation. (UPI, W Post, 11/5/71, A7; 

W Star, 11/6/71, A7) 

* Fairchild Industries, Inc., had agreed to acquire Swearingen Aircraft 

Co., Wad Street Jownal reported. Agreement called for Fairchild to 

provide up to $3 million of immediate working capital for Swearingen. 

New subsidiary would be formed. (WSJ, 11/3/71, 17) 

November 4: National Capital Planning Commission approved plans for 

Smithsonian Institution’s new $4O-million National Air and Space 

Museum after hearing testimony from Museum Director Michael 

Collins, Apollo 11 astronaut. During 90-min debate, Commission member Paul Thiry described museum building, designed by architect 

Gyo Obata, as “industrial type” from “elevator-air conditioner school 

of architecture” lacking “classic proportions.” Collins said museum 

would possess “flavor of air and space.” Commission stipulated that 

building’s roof remain clear of mechanical equipment and that use 

of granite and marble be considered for construction. Final approval 

of plans would be considered following Nov. 17 meeting of Fine Arts 

Commission. (Combes, W Post, 11/5/71, A14) 

* Successful first launch of Poseidon missile from surfaced submarine was 

observed by Soviet trawler at distance of 805 m (880 yds). Submarine 

U.S.S. Nathaniel Greene was surfaced 16 km (10 mi) east of Cocoa 

Beach, Fla. DOD later said it had not determined if Soviet vessel was 

intelligence-gathering ship. ( W Post, 11/5/71, A5) 

NASA’s structural analysis computer program (NASTRAN) , designed to 

analyze behavior of elastic structures in space program, was being 

used by Ford Motor Co. in predicting performance of 1973 light truck 

components, NASA announced. Ford had reported 60% improvement 

in predicting behavior of components under stress and time-saving of 

two thirds in calculations. Program also had been used in design of 

people-mover system to be used at TRANSPO ’72 exhibit planned for 

spring 1972 at Dulles International Airport, Va. (NASA Release 71-221) 

Full-size plywood model of B-1 strategic bomber, designed as replacement for USAF €3-52, was displayed for first time by North American 

Rockwell Corp. in Los Angeles. (W Post, 11/5/71, 3) 

Soviet computer had calculated total weight of atmosphere at 5 quadrillion, 

157 trillion tons, Tass reported. News agency said calculation was 

essential for research in cosmonautics, space geodesy and gravimetry.” 

Computer had, for first time, taken into account “all the peculiarities 

of the earth’s relief and the distribution of temperatures on its surface,” 

Tass said. (UPI, San Francisco Examiner, 11/5/71) 

Wall Street Journu.1 quoted Bank of America as saying California’s aerospace employment should stabilize near end of 1971 “and hold fairly 

steady during 1972.” Bank, in annual forecast of California economy, 

had said overall aerospace employment in state would not show marked 

improvement until early 1973 “when defense contracting and demand 

for commercial aircraft pick up.” (WSJ, 11/4/71, 42) 

66 

309 
November 4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

* Plans of naval historian R/A Samuel E. Morison (USN, Ret.) to retrace 

by air and sea 64000-km (4Q000-mi) first circumnavigation of globe 

by Ferdinand Magellan in 1519 were described by New York Times. 

Adm. Morison would begin two-month voyage with Colombian diplomat, aviator, and explorer Mauricio Obregon in December. (NYT, 

11/4/71,45) 

November 5: Europa 2, ELDO (European Launcher Development Organization) multistage rocket, failed to launch test-satellite from Kourou, 

French Guiana, in first developmental flight. Two minutes forty seconds after liftoff, during separation of 1st stage (British Blue Streak) 

and 2nd stage (French Coralie) , rocket acceleration dropped and 

rocket fell into Atlantic. Failure was setback for European space organization; Europa 2 was to have launched 363-kg (800-lb) satellite into 

orbit. Rocket’s 3rd stage was West German Astris unit. Belgium had 

set up ground tracking and control stations and Netherlands had supplied station equipment. Italy had contributed test satellite. (Reuters, 

NYT, 11/6/71,14; SBD, 11/8/71,36) 

First combination of modern radar data from observations of inner 

planets with existing optical observations of sun and planets made 

between 1750 and 1970 had shown that Pluto’s mass could not be 

determined reliably from existing data, MIT scientists M. E. Ash, 

Irwin I. Shapiro, and W. B. Smith reported in Science. Total 300000 

measurements had been made during experiment which also included 

available observations of asteroids Eros and Icarus. Radar data were 

from MIT’S Millstone Hill and Haystack facilities; optical data were 

from original observatory reports transformed over six years into 

machine-readable form. Results had shown “insufficient basis for the 

widespread conclusion that Pluto’s average density is greater than, 

or even comparable to, the earth’s.’’ (Science, 11/5/71, 551-6) 

Commercial pilot Elgin L. Long flew from San Francisco International 

Airport to Fairbanks, Alaska, in twin-engine Piper Navajo aircraft on 

first sector of 32 000-km (20 000-mi) , month-long journey over North 

and South Poles and prime and 180th meridians at Equator-geographic crossroads of world. If successful, UPI said, Long would establish eight aviation records, including first flight around the world 

landing on all seven continents, first solo flight across Antarctica, and 

first solo from Antarctica to Australia. (W Star, 11/6/71, A2) 

* National Geographic Society was quoted in Chicago Tribune as saying, 

Phobos, Martian satellite, was darkest body yet observed in solar system, “possibly because meteoroids had scoured it clean of reflecting 

dust.” (C Trib, 11/5/71) 

Issuance by USAF’S SAMSO of $20 932 400 contract to Martin Marietta 

Corp. for launch services for Titan IIIC launch vehicle at ETR was 

announced by DOD. Initial increment was $10 701 400. (DOD Release 

* Washington Post editorial commented on AEGIS test of five-megaton 

atomic device on Amchitka Island in Aleutians scheduled for Nov. 6: 

“The fact that this particular test may have some element of risk involved would not automatically foreclose the question of whether it 

should be conducted. If the test does involve a risk to the environment, 

it must then be decided whether that risk is worth taking in view of 

the knowledge to be gained. In any case, the administration would be 

942-7 1 ) 

310 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 5 

in far better shape if it had let the debate on the environmental 

aspect run free and then made its case for taking the risk. As it is, 

the administration is in the position of assuring Americans and 

Canadians alike that all is well-that it knows best. We sincerely 

hope it is right. But if it is wrong, the onus on the administration 

will be far greater as a direct result of the evidence we now have of 

the suppression of high-level reservations about the ecological risks 

involved.” ( W Post, 11/5/71, A26) 

November 6: AEC detonated five-megaton hydrogen bomb on Amchitka 

Island, Alaska, at 11 am local time (5 pm EST). Supreme Court had 

refused to order delay in controversial $200-million Cannikin project 

to test prototype warhead for Spartan missiles of Safeguard ABM 

system. No earthquake followed detonation, but shock waves reverberating from deep earth strata rocked island severely. Dr. James R. 

Schlesinger, AEC Chairman, broadcast from control room on Amchitka 

immediately following blast: “We had fairly significant ground motion . . . but sensation was just about what we had expected.” Tentative indications were that blast effects were “well within the range 

of projections.” Dr. Schlesinger said test had permitted introducing 

of Spartan warhead into inventory “while minimizing the likelihood 

of a defective warhead. I believe the final results of Cannikin will 

permit the AEC to certify the Sparlan warhead for introduction into 

the stockpile within the appropriate deployment schedule.” Report 

from Palmer Observatory had indicated Richter scale reading of 7.0. 

“So it is indicated that we had a full yield test.” Control board indicated “all of our radiation activity monitoring stations are reporting 

. . . not even a trace of radioactive release to this point. We are past 

the 12-minute mark.” (AEC Release 0-204; Turner, NYT, 11/7/71, 1) 

Award by Communist Party Central Committee and Council of Ministers of U.S.S.R. of 1971 state prizes for achievements in science and 

technology was announced by Tass. State prize for celestial mechanics had been awarded to unidentified scientists “who have developed 

new methods of plotting the movement of natural and artificial space 

objects.” Research provided “a theoretical basis for the solution of 

engineering problems . . . in the flight of space objects and their 

orientation in orbit.” Later, Prnvda published article by Soviet Academy of Sciences President Mstislav V. Keldysh describing prize-winning research. “A cycle of works by Ye. P. Aksenov, G. N. Duboshin, 

and others is devoted to research into the various astronomical, 

mechanical and mathematical aspects of formulating high precision 

theories of the strongly perturbed motion of artificial and natural 

satellites of the planets and also of asteroids.” ( FBIS-SOV-71-217, 

11/10/71, L1; 218,11/11/71, L1) 

November 7: ApoZZo 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, James B. Irwin, and 

Alfred M. Worden arrived in London to begin two-week, five-country 

tour of lectures and meetings with European scientists. (UPI, C Trib, 

11/8/7 1) 

Two goats had survived 30 hrs in pressure chamber at 31 atmospheres 

-equal to pressure at 300 m (1000 ft) below sea level-breathing 

same oxygen over and over, New York Times reported. Experiment, 

conducted by Dr. Jacques Chouteau, head of Laboratory of HighPressure Physiology at Univ. of Marseilles, replaced bulky apparatus 

311 
November 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

normally used to remove carbon dioxide from used air with small 

cylinder of potassium superoxide. When air breathed by goats passed 

through cylinder, water and carbon dioxide in used air reacted with 

potassium to release oxygen, which was returned to chamber. Times 

said process, developed by Air Liquide under French military contract, might be used in space, sealed aircraft, and tanks. U.S.S.R. was 

believed to use a similar technique. (Hess, NYT, 11/7/71, 84) 

Maverick, airborne missile guided to surface targets by TV camera in 

nosecone, had gone into production by Hughes Aircraft Co. under 

$69.9-million contract and would be delivered to USAF in 1972, New 

York Times reported. If missile proved successful, USAF believed its 

installation on fighter aircraft in West Germany and U.K. could help 

redress U.S.S.R.’s “quantitive armored superiority in Europe.” 

(Middleton, NYT, 11/7/71, 57) 

Canadian Defence Ministry had announced intention to mothball hydrofoil Bras #Or, classified as world‘s fastest warship, AP reported. 

Aluminum craft 61 m (200 ft) long had been developed over 13 yrs 

at $52-million cost. Vessel had attained speed of 116 km per hr 

(72 mph) in 1969. Major reasons for decision to mothball were 

vessel’s lack of capability in Arctic waters and fact no foreign sales 

of craft were forecast, while production costs were up. (NYT, 11/7/71, 

5) 

November 8: Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt, scheduled to become first scientistastronaut on moon during Apollo 17 mission, addressed 41st annual 

international meeting of Society of Exploration Geophysicists in 

Houston, Tex. Dr. Schmitt said lunar exploration “is permanently 

terminating for this generation and may be for future generations.” 

Chances for collecting data from moon were “decreasing rapidly.” 

In response to questions Dr. Schmitt said mankind’s future could 

depend on scientific understanding of knowledge being gathered during Apollo program. (Atlanta J&C, 11/14/71) 

0 President Nixon announced appointment of Betty Crites Dillon as US. 

Representative on International Civil Aviation Organization Council 

and submitted to Senate nomination of Mrs. Dillon for rank of 

Minister. She would succeed Charles F. Butler who had resigned Oct. 1. 

(PD, 11/15/71, 1498,1517) 

November 9: Apollo 15 Commander David R. Scott told press in London 

that colonization of moon was %cry practical proposition.” He predicted eventual manned exploration of planets and said man would 

definitely explore Mars. “The Apollo missions have proved that man 

can do a worthwhile job exploring space.” Apollo 15 Astronauts Scott, 

James B. Irwin, and Alfred M. Worden were touring Europe to brief 

scientists on their mission. (Reuters, B Sun, 11/10/71, A3) 

* House Armed Services Committee’s Subcommittee on Investigations 

opened hearings on unscheduled Oct. 26 landing of Cuban An-24 

transport aircraft at New Orleans International Airport. Hearings were 

to determine how Soviet-built aircraft had penetrated U.S. southern 

defense facilities so effectively that first knowledge of its presence was 

received when pilot requested permission to land, 10 min from airport. 

Aviation Week & Space Technology later said incident was second 

Cuban penetration of U.S. airspace in 25 mos. DOD witnesses at pre312 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 9 

vious hearings had blanied October 1969 penetration on absence of 

radar. (CR, 11/8/71, D1140; Av Wk, 11/22/71,13) 

November 10-II: Mariner 9 (launched by NASA May 30) began taking 

preorbit science photos of Mars, showing planet as featureless, halfmoon-like object, hazy and dust-covered. First photos, taken over 24hr 

period from distances of 860 000 to 570 000 km (535 000 to 355 000 

mi) from Mars, were transmitted to Goldstone tracking station and 

then to JPL Nov. 11. They were not as clear as photos taken by 

Mariner 6 and 7 in 1969. Astronomers reported dust storm of “unprecedented” duration and scope ranging over much of planet, obscuring nearly all surface details. Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL 

Director, said storm could be regarded as a “premium,” since opportunity to see dynamic, unusual event on another planet was rare. But 

protracted period of bad weather over Mars could jeopardize mapping 

of surface, Dr. Bradford A. Smith of New Mexico State Univ. said 

storm appeared to have reached its peak about Oct. 21 and there had 

been “a positive but very, very slow clearing of the dust. . . . We’re 

quite clearly seeing the south polar cap.” Polar cap, he said, was not as 

bright as expected, indicating dust had not cleared away completely 

in that region. Scientists believed they were able to see Deimos, tiny 

outer moon of Mars. Photos, made in three sequences at intervals, 

provided complete coverage of planet as it rotated about its axis. 

First two sequences each covered one Martian day; third covered 

about one third of day. Radio signals had reached Goldstone, Calif., 

tracking station, were relayed to JPL, and were fed into computers 

that had converted signals to TV images. Mariner 9 was scheduled 

to enter Mars orbit Nov. 13. (NASA Proj Off; Wilford, NYT, 11/11- 

12/71; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 11/11-12/71) 

November 1 I : Two USAF comsats launched Nov. 2 from ETR by Titan IIIC 

as part of improved series of Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) satellites were in operational modes as programmed. 

After insertion into synchronous orbit over Pacific, first satellite had 

failed to turn on its telemetry system. Second satellite had turned on 

telemetry, but telemetry was sporadic. Subsequent efforts of ground 

controllers were successful and both satellites responded to ground 

commands. (SBD, 11/11/71,55) 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory astronomers said in Cambridge 

that radio signals from Apollo I5 CM Endeavor had passed into radio 

“dead spot” behind moon on Aug. 3, faded away, and reappeared on 

receivers of observatory’s 46-m (150-ft) radio antenna two minutes 

later. Subsequent analyses had confirmed that signals had been transmitted through moon’s body. (AP, NYT, 11/13/71) 

* Political and Security Committee of U.N. General Assembly unanimously approved Convention on International Liability for Damage 

Caused by Space Objects. Treaty held space powers “absolutely 

liable” to pay compensation for loss of life, injury, or property 

damage. Amount of compensation would be determined by agreement between nation responsible for damage and country or countries suffering damage, or by three-member claims commission, whose 

decision would be recommendation not legally binding. Canada, 

Japan, Sweden, and Iran abstained from voting to signify dissatisfaction because treaty did not compel payment of compensation. 

313 
November 11 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Convention would be open for signature in Washington, Moscow, and 

London following General Assembly approval-which was assured, 

New York Times later said. Treaty had been completed after sevenyear delay caused by U.S.S.R.’s contention that claims should be 

decided directly by governments through diplomatic channels and 

without arbitration. U.S.S.R. had agreed to compromise in June. 

(NYT, 11/12/71, 1; UN PIO) 

* Retirement of Jerome F. Lederer as NASA Director of Safety Jan. 14, 

1972, was announced by NASA. Internationally recognized authority 

on air and space flight safety had joined NASA as Director of Flight 

Safety for OMSF June 1, 1967, after having been Director of Flight 

Safety Foundation since 1947. Lederer, who had received NASA 

Exceptional Service Medal in 1969, would return to Flight Safety 

Foundation as part time consultant. (NASA Release 71-224) 

Magellanic Premium of American Philosophical Society was presented 

to JPL mathematicians Paul M. Muller and William L. Sjogren at 

Society’s Annual General Meeting in Philadelphia. Muller and Sjogren 

were cited for “their discovery of lunar mascons leading to the first 

detailed gravimetric map of the moon.” Magellanic gold medal had 

been presented only 22 times since inception in 1790. Most recent 

recipient had been Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director, in 1966. 

( JPL Release 604) 

Mrs. Betty J. Baldwin, ARC computer programmer, had been selected 

one of top 10 business women of the year by American Business 

Women’s Assn., for progress as NASA civil service employee and interests in educational and character-building programs, ARC Astrogram 

announced. (ARC Astrogram, 11/11/71, 1) 

Delivery of first of USAF’S 96 F-l11D supersonic jet bombers, equipped 

with Mark I1 avionics package, to 27th Tactical Fighter Wing at 

Cannon AFB, N. Mex., was announced by DOD in memorandum to correspondents. (Kelly, W Star, 11/18/71, A4) 

Future of Soviet airlines under new five-year plan being drafted by 

U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet was described by G. Ustinov in Izvestia 

article: Draft “envisages the introduction on the civil airlines of new, 

comfortable, rapid, and more economic aircraft. The operation of the 

supersonic TU-144 . . . will begin. Almost all existing aircraft will 

be modified. The network of airports will be expanded. The transportation of passengers will increase considerably, and . . . 100 million hectares E247 million acres] of fields and forests will be treated 

from the air.” (FBIS-SOV-71-222, 11/17/71, K4) 

November 12: Pmhington Daily News editorial said Mariner 9 had already accomplished “enough to win plaudits from any but the most 

jaded.” It had “photographed . . . one of Mars’ moons . . . and with 

luck will go into orbit around the planet itself, taking pictures of 

surface details no bigger than a football field. 

No one can tell where the ever-expanding horizons of man’s 

knowledge will lead, nor the extent to which Mariner 9 will enlarge 

our knowledge of the solar system. But jaded we are not, and we 

are frank to say that we are downright thrilled by Mariner’s exploits.” 

( W News, 11/12/71) 

* Portrait of Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, third NASA Administrator (1969-1970) 

was unveiled in NASA Hq. ceremony attended by Dr. James C. 

66 

314 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 12 

Fletcher, NASA Administrator; Dr. Paine; and Rep. George P. Miller 

(D-Calif.) , Chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics. Portrait, by artist William Draper, would hang at NASA Hq. 

(Transcript) 

* Cost of full operational space transportation system had been put at 

$12.7 billion, “although new cost-cutting efforts may reduce that 

figure,” Univ. of Michigan engineer T. A. Heppenheimer said in 

Science article. Shuttle’s scientific benefits “do not in themselves justify its development. . . . Defense, commercial, and applications 

benefits combine as well to furnish the justification. Nevertheless, the 

scientific benefits should not be overlooked. For the first time, 

laboratory-type investigations may be carried out in space, not by 

scientist-astronauts, but by scientists.” (Science, 11/12/71, 646-7) 

Seattle Times quoted Dow Jones News Service as saying Italian government had approved funding of $320 million for joint Boeing Co. and 

Aeritalia S. P. A. development of STOL aircraft to carry 100 to 150 

passengers. Aeritalia hoped to begin production in 1974 or 1975. 

Boeing could decide to produce aircraft in U.S. if market warranted. 

(Seattle Times, 11/12/71) 

Discovery of diamonds in 1.4-kg (3-lb) .meteorite that fell through roof 

of storehouse on Finnish island of Havro Aug. 2 was announced by 

Smithsonian Center for Short-Lived Phenomena. It was sixth such 

meteorite to be found. First discovery of meteoritic diamonds had 

been made by Russian scientists in 1888 while analyzing meteorite 

found near Novoured. (UPI, NYT, 11/13/71) 

Univ. of Toronto had announced discovery by astronomer Dr. Sidney 

Van Den Bergh of three galaxies composed of thousands of stars, 

Washington Post reported. (W Post, 11/12/71, A36) 

November 12-13: Scientists at P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute and Soviet 

Academy of Sciences’ Crimean Astrophysics Observatory experimented 

with laser to locate reflector left on moon by ApoZZo 15 astronauts 

during July 26-Aug. 7 mission. Pravda later quoted Soviet scientist 

A. Sukhanovsky as saying experiment was “continuation of research 

work on the ‘earth-moon’ system by the laser location method.” First 

successful experiment to locate French reflector on Lunokhod 1 had 

been conducted in December 1970. “The accuracy of the measurement 

of the distance to the reflector was then in the order of several meters.” 

In current experiment “for the first time we have succeeded in measuring the distance to the U.S. angular reflector.” Fact US. scientists 

had not succeeded in locating French reflector on Lunokhod 1 was 

“apparently connected with differences in the methods of calculating 

the reflector’s supposed coordinates.” ( FBIS-SOV-71-266, 11/23/71, 

L1) 

November 13-15: Mariner 9, launched by NASA May 30, was inserted into 

elliptical orbit around Mars at 7:32 pm EST Nov. 13 after 15-min 

engine burn and became first spacecraft to orbit another planet in 

solar system. Orbital parameters were close to planned ones: 1398-km 

(868.7-mi) periapsis altitude, 12-hr 34-min period, and 64.5O inclination. Spacecraft propulsion system and attitude control systems performed flawlessly after 400-million-km (248-million-mi ) journey. 

Mariner 9 would orbit Mars twice daily while photographing up to 

70% of Martian surface in next three months. 

315 
November 13-15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

November 13-15: Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft to orbit the planet Mars. 

The first photos of the planet were obscured by a dust storm but later pictures 

revealed sinuous rilles whose origin was puzzling. The valley above, 700 kilometers 

(435 miles) long, was photographed Jan. 22, 1972, in the Mars Rasena region. 

Such rilles might have been produced by collapse of the roof over subsurface lava 

flows. They raised the possibility of erosion by water in ancient Martian history. 

316 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

November 13-15: Inserted into orbit 

around Mars Nov. 13, Mariner 9 

took man's first closeup photos of 

the Martian moon Phobos Nov. 29 

and 30. The computer-enhanced photo 

at the right was taken 5543 kilometers (3444 miles) from Phobos 

Nov. 30. The profusion of craters 

suggested that the moon is very old 

and possesses considerable structural 

strength. The Martian volcanic moun- tain Nix Olympica (below) was photographed in late January 1972 

as the planefs dust storm subsided. 

The mountain was 500 kilometers 

(310 miles) across at the base, more 

than twice as broad as the most mas- sive volcanic pile on the earth. Steep 

cliffs fell from the mountain flanks 

to a great plain. The complex muL 

tiple volcanic vent at the summit was 65 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter. 

November 13-15 

317 
November 13-15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTIGS, 1971 

First photos were obscured by dust storm but before end of month 

Mariner 9 had shown that Mars bulged at equator, was “rougher gravitationally” than expected, and probably had wide variety of rock 

compositions ; instruments had detected small amounts of water vapor 

at south pole and warmer air pockets above pole [see Nov. 16-23]. 

Spacecraft also made man’s first close photo of potato-shaped Martian 

moon Deimos [see Nov. 26-27] and photos of moon Phobos [see 

First Mariner photos from orbit were broadcast live by national TV 

network, but detail was limited by dust storms that had raged on surface since September. Dr. Robert H. Steinbacher, JPL project scientist, said “We’re hopeful that as the storm dies down we can get some 

good pictures of the dust settling to the surface. This is an unprecedented chance to watch changes in the Martian weather.” He said that 

if cameras worked properly pictures would be 1000 times better than 

any earthbound telescopes had taken. 

On Nov. 14 spacecraft transmitted three sequences of TV pictures. Of 

more than 60 photos returned, only seven revealed surface features. 

Dust storm continued and atmospheric experts could see no sign of 

abatement. Dust obscuring planet was apparently very fine sand 

which high winds pushed to height of as much as 16 km (10 mi) 

above surface. 

On fourth orbit spacecraft successfully completed orbit trim maneuver at 9:44 pm EST Nov. 15. Maneuver changed orbital period of 

spacecraft to make it synchronous with Mars viewing period of Deep 

Space Station antenna at Goldstone, Calif. New orbital parameters 

were 1394-km (866.2-mi) periapsis altitude, 11-hr 57-min 12-sec 

period, and 64.34O inclination. 

Data from remote-sensing instruments confirmed earlier observations that carbon dioxide was major constituent of Martian atmosphere and also suggested possibility of “hot spots” on planet. Dr. 

Ellis D. Miner of JPL said sensor detected .average temperature rise 

of 6.7 K (12’F) in area 24 km (15 mi) square below Mars equator. 

Temperature rise might indicate hole in cloud cover exposing mountain peak or plateau reflecting residual heat or evidence of internal 

source of heat on Mars. uv spectrometer data indicated dust storm 

was made up of fairly coarse-grained, sandlike particles. (NASA Proj 

Off; Wilford, NYT, 11/14-16/71; O’Toole, W Post, 11/14-15/71; 

W Star, 11/16/71, A4) 

November 13: U.S.S.R. announced Mars 2 and Mars 3 (launched May 19 

and May 28 and scheduled to encounter planet Mars within two 

weeks) would attempt to put first man-made objects on “red” planet. 

Dr. Carl Sagan, Cornell Univ. astronomer, said Soviet scientists had 

told him Mars 2 and Mars 3 were equipped to land instrument probes. 

He said he understood they contained flammable material that would 

destroy any earth bacteria when probes completed investigation. (W 

Star, 11/14/71, A6) 

November 14: Gold issues of first annual United Nations Peace Medal, 

issued to coincide with U.N.’s 26th anniversary, had been presented 

to Apollo 15 astronauts, AP reported. For collectors, medals would 

be in silver and bronze. (B Sun, 11/14/71, A3) 

NOV. 29-30]. 

318 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 15-29 

November 15-29: Explorer 45 (SSS-A) Small Scientific Satellite was SUCcessfully launched for NASA by Italian crew at 8:52 am local time 

(12:52 am EST) from San Marco launch platform off coast of Kenya. 

Four-stage Scout launch vehicle boosted 50-kg (110-lb) satellite into 

orbit with 27 034.5-km (16 798.5-mi) apogee, 220.8-km (137.2-mi) 

perigee, 469-min period, and 3.57O inclination. Primary objective was 

to measure characteristics and formation of earth‘s ring current and 

development of main-phase magnetic storms ; relation between magnetic storms, aurora, and acceleration of particles within inner mag 

netosphere ; and relative importance o€ various diffusion mechanisms 

in populating radiation zones at 4- to 5-earth-radii elliptical equatorial orbit. 

By Nov. 29 all satellite household €unctions were nominal but 

spacecraft was coning at higher angle than planned, which would 

make data reduction slightly more difficult. Attempts were being made 

to reduce coning angle. Five experiments had been turned on and 

were operating satisfactorily. One experiment, charged particle detector, remained to be turned on. 

Explorer 45, 26-sided polyhedral spacecraft 63.5 cm (25 in) in 

diameter, attained length of 5.8 m (19 ft) with booms deployed. It 

was second US. satellite to be launched by Italy under April 30, 1969, 

launch agreement. First was Uhuru (Explorer 42) Small Astronomy 

Satellite launched from San Marco Dec. 12, 1970. Explorer 45 was 

most innovative and compact satellite in Explorer series to date; onboard data handling system could he reprogrammed by ground command to concentrate on specific sets of data. 

Under NASA and Univ. of Rome agreement, NASA provided booster 

and satellite ; Italian team conducted assembly, checkout, and launch 

services on cost-reimbursable basis. NASA OSSA was responsible for 

overall direction of program. Satellite was designed and built at CSFC, 

which managed project. Lam managed Scout launch vehicle. (NASA 

Proj Off; NASA Release 71-212) 

November 15: NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by NASA test pilot William H. Dana, successfully completed its 11th flight from FRC. Objectives were to check out fuel jettison system and newly installed engine 

chamber purge system. (NASA Proj Off) 

Intersputnik, international space communications organization, was 

formed under agreement signed in Moscow by USSR., Bulgaria, 

Hungary, East Germany, Cuba, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, and 

Czechoslovakia. Tass later quoted agreement as saying “organization 

is open for accession by all states of the world. It will coordinate its 

activities with the International Telecommunications Union as well as 

with other organizations whose activities are related to the use of 

communication satellites.” (UPI, NYT, 11/17/71,9) 

* FuII deployment of Satellite Early Warning System (SEWS), “possibly in 

1972,” would alert US. to attack from any point on globe in seconds 

-“time to get strategic bombers into the air and to launch a missile 

counterstrike before enemy warheads arrive on US. targets”4J.S. 

News 8 Porld Report article said. DOD was “fairly confident” that 

Pearl Harbor type of attack was “becoming almost impossible.” TWO 

SEWS satellites, launched May 5, were reported in near-stationary orbit 

. 

319 
November 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

about 40 000 km (25 000 mi) above Indian Ocean. They could monitor Soviet and Communist Chinese missile launches and detect and 

report nuclear explosions in atmosphere. (US News, 11/15/71, 10) 

* President Nixon submitted to Senate nomination of Dr. H. Guyford 

Stever as NSF Director. Dr. Stever would succeed Dr. William D. 

McElroy, whose resignation would be effective Feb. 1. Dr. Stever was 

member of National Science Board and of Advisory Panel to House 

of Representatives on Science and Astronautics. He had served as 

USAF Chief Scientist and as Chairman of President Nixon’s PreInauguration Task Force on Science and Technology. (PD, 11/22/71, 

1528, 1542) 

MSC issued RFPS to develop and test polymer seal materials for space 

shuttle propulsion systems. Proposals, €or fixed-price R&D contract, 

were due Dec. 3, with work to be concluded 12 mos after contract 

award. (MSC Release 71-52) 

* House passed and sent to Senate H.R. 11487, bill to permit sale of land 

at KSC for Chapel of the Astronauts. (CR, 11/15/71, H10998, 

D1171) 

FAA announced award of $1 59 362 contract to Northwest Environmental 

Technology Laboratories, Inc., to measure and evaluate effectiveness 

of airborne commercial seeding techniques in dissipating fog at airports. (FAA Release 71-185) 

RAND Corp. President Henry S. Rowen resigned. New York Times later 

quoted sources as saying his departure had been caused partly by 

DOD’s “dissatisfaction with Rand’s role in the release of the Pentagon 

papers [report on background of U.S. involvement in Vietnam War 

prepared at request of then Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara 

and classified by DOD].” Both Rowen and RAND Board Chairman Newton N. Minow had denied relationship between Rowen retirement and 

Pentagon papers. (Roberts, NYT, 11/16/71,22) 

Hanna Reitsch, described by Washington Evening Star as “Nazi Germany’s famous daredevil woman test pilot and the only woman in 

German history ever to be given two Iron Crosses for her exploits,” 

told of her glider research during Star interview. “I am searching for 

the right currents over the Alps. I don’t have to worry about . . . borders in the air. . . . As we enter space work more, we will realize 

how small mankind is and how necessary it is to come together in 

peace.” (Dean, W Star, 11/16/71, B7) 

November 1.5-17: AIAA 2nd Symposium on Uranium Plasmas: Research and 

Applications was held in Atlanta, Ga. Symposium Chairman Robert G. 

Ragsdale, head of Advanced Reactor Concepts Section of LeRC Nuclear 

System Div., described cumulative impact of papers delivered in 

Astronautics and Aeronautics : “Significant progress in a number of 

research areas has been achieved along the road to determining the 

feasibility of gas-core reactors . . . [which] harness and control the 

energy released from a hydrodynamically contained fissioning uranium 

plasma. The major application studied to date is a gaseous-fueled rocket 

reactor. Other possible applications, such as nuclear-MHD power generators and breeder reactors, are also beginning to receive some attention.” Developments detailed at symposium argued “the possibility of 

an engine with a 5000-sec specific impulse and . . . relatively high 

thrust-to-weight ratio.” Gas-core reactors “could possibly send astro320 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 15-17 

nauts to Mars and return them safely to Earth in a total round-trip 

time of 60 days.” (A&A, 11/71,6) 

November 15-19: Huntsville Assn. of Technical Societies (HATS) held 

international Congress on Space for Mankind’s Benefit in Huntsville, 

Ala. Purpose of meeting was to communicate to nonaerospace public, 

in nontechnical language, practical benefits and dividends of US. 

space program. 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for 

Planning, in keynote address said tools and techniques originating 

from space exploration had arrived just in time to aid ecologists in 

saving planet earth. “Many benefits are now being realized, but we 

can expect far greater returns as increasingly sophisticated devices go 

into service.” (Program ; Birmingham Post-Herald, 11/17/71) 

November 16-23: Photos from Mariner 9 (launched May 30) showed dust 

storm on Mars appeared to have subsided somewhat over south pole 

area Nov. 16, and by Nov. 19 photos showed dust settling to surface 

in at least two regions of planet. Scientists believed winds might have 

died down in these areas. 

Mariner scientists reported in news conference at JPL Nov. 19 that 

instruments had shown planet was flattened at poles and bulging at 

equator and had more irregularities in its gravitational field than 

moon had. Bulge was discovered in area called Tharsis, on equator, 

making planet’s diameter 39 km (24 mi) greater at equator than 

through poles. Infrared spectrometer had measured reflected radiations 

that suggested wide range of rock compositions on Mars surface, varying from high in silicon and oxygen to low. Spectrometer had also 

detected small amounts of water vapor at south pole, as had been 

observed on previous Mariner flights. 

On Nov. 23 Mariner 9’s infrared interferometer spectrometer (IRIS) 

detected pocket of warm air above south polar cap in same region as 

water vapor traces had been found earlier. Air pocket was about 

240 K (-30°C). (Wilford, NYT, 11/20/71, 51; O’Toole, W Post, 

11/20, 23, 24/71 ; Miles, LA Times, 11/24/71 ; JPL Hist Off) 

November 16: NASA notified U.S.S.R. of Mariner 9 Mars orbit in telexed 

message to I. A. Zhulin, Soviet space expert, in Moscow. Message, 

from Dan Schneiderman, Mariner 9 Project Manager at JPL, said 

spacecraft had achieved desired orbit but ephemeris used in planning 

orbit required 60-km (37-mi) adjustment. Mars “appears brighter than 

expected by a factor of two. Surface features are almost entirely 

obscured, but the south polar cap can be seen because of its brightness. 

This is believed to be the result of a dust storm which covers the entire 

planet.” Infrared instruments on the two Mariner 9 cameras “appear 

to be seeing the [Martian] surface, but interpretation of their results 

is complicated by effects of the dust storm. 

Message invited Soviet request for additional orbit information and 

described Nov. 10 and 11 photos taken by Mariner 9 before Mars 

arrival. Photos had shown “four distinct dark features,” one “possibly 

Nix Olympica.” Nov. 12 photos had shown streaks 1000 km (620 mi) 

long originating at fourth spot. “Changes in appearance of these four 

dark areas over the coming weeks may provide unique information 

about the dust storm.” (NASA Release 71-229) 

321 
November 16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Pioneer-F, 250-kg (550-lb) spacecraft, was expected to be ready for 

launch from ETR in late February or early March 1972 and would fly 

by Jupiter in December 1973, NASA scientists announced at JPL press 

conference. Pioneer-G was to be launched in 1973 and fly past Jupiter 

in 1974. NASA Director of Planetary Programs Robert S. Kraemer said 

Pioneer flights would be “vital precursor” to future Grand Tour flights 

to outer planets. Pioneer spacecraft would be first to penetrate vast 

asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and first to study planet’s 

intense radiation belts. (Wilford, NYT, 11/17/71, 26) 

Assistant chief designer for U.S.S.R.’s Lunokhod 1 moon rover said in 

Tass interview that all goals of mission had been attained. Lunokhod I 

had landed on moon Nov. 17, 1970, on board Luna 17 and had exceeded expected three-month operating time and provided valuable 

information. Mission had resulted in acquisition of new skills and 

development of new techniques and control methods. Principles of 

remote control, reliability, and durability, as well as power supply, 

might find application on earth. (FBIS-SOV-71-223-3, 11/18/71, 

NASA announced it had issued RFPS for use of space-related technology in 

solving domestic problems of air pollution, water pollution, solid 

waste management, and clinical medicine. Proposals would be reviewed 

by experts in each field at ARC, URC, and MSC. Responses were requested by Dec. 15, 1971. One or more projects in each field might 

be selected for negotiations and award of contract worth up to $75 000 

for maximum of one year. (NASA Release 71-226) 

* Dr. Cyril A. Ponnamperuma-Univ. of Maryland scientist, former Chief 

of ARC Exobiology Branch, and leading authority on chemical building 

blocks of life-commented on Oct. 29 report by Columbia Univ. scientists of “waterless” synthesis of amino acids suggesting life might arise 

on waterless planet. Dr. Ponnamperuma said chemical reactions in 

experiment were not independent of water’s role, since formic acidused in experiment-contained hydroxyl which was water molecule. 

Synthesis of life building blocks, amino acids, that had been identified 

in interstellar base had thus not been waterless. (NYT, 11/17/71, 13) 

House rejected amendment to H.R. 11731, FY 1972 Defense Establishment appropriations bill, that would strike out $801.6 million for F-14 

USN jet aircraft procurement. (CR, 11/16/71, H11082-117) 

* NAE issued An Assessment of Industrial Activity in the Field of BWmedical Engineering. Report of Committee on Interplay of Engineering 

with Biology and Medicine recommended creation of Governmentsupported national advisory body to inform and make recommendations 

on development and marketing of biomedical products. It also recommended establishment of separate Government agency to develop and 

test prototype products, issue licenses for production, and subsidize 

production when market for product was too limited to allow profit. 

(NAE memo to press) 

* Elrey B. Jeppesen, Chairman of Board of Jeppesen and Co.-world’s 

largest compiler and publisher of air navigation materials-received 

FAA% Distinguished Service Award “in recognition of his outstanding 

contributions to the progress and safety of aviation.” Award was presented at Colorado Aviation Historical Society Dinner in Denver. 

(FAA Release 71-184) 

L2-3 ) 

322 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 17 

November 17: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 4455 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

487-km (302.6-mi) apogee, 271-km (168.4-mi) perigee, 92.1-min 

period, and 70.9’ inclination. Satellite reentered April 9, 1972. (GSFC 

SSR, 11/30/71; 4/30/72; SBD, 11/23/71,111) 

Lunar roving vehicle (LRV) which would transport astronauts John W. 

Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., on moon during Apollo 16 mission 

had successfully completed prelaunch checks and been installed on 

lunar module for flight, KSC announced. Astronauts Young and Duke 

would make three excursions on LRV in Descartes area of moon during 

mission, scheduled for March 1972. Final approval of LRV flight readiness was given by Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, Apollo Program Director, 

after installation review. LRV was managed by MSFC and was built by 

Boeing Co. (KSC Release 259-71) 

0 Skylab flight hardware manufacturing was nearing completion, MSFC 

announced. Post-manufacturing checkout would soon begin at industrial and Government installations. Major Skylab spacecraft components include Workshop, Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) , airlock 

module (AM), and multiple docking adapter (MDA). (MSFC Release 

71-212) 

* Appointment of David S. Gabriel as Manager of AEC-NASA Space 

Nuclear Systems Office was announced by NASA. Gabriel, Deputy 

Manager, would succeed Milton Klein, who had accepted position as 

Associate Administrator for Research, Development, and Demonstration Activities in Federal Railway Administration. Gabriel had joined 

NACA at LeRC in 1943. (NASA Release 71-228) 

Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket was launched by NASA from Kenya, 

Africa, carrying GSFC experiment to conduct stellar astronomy studies. 

Rocket and instruments functioned satisfactorily. (SR list) 

Fine Arts Commission-overseer of Federal architecture in Washington, 

D.C.-endorsed dans for $400-million National Air and %ace Museum 

but requested architect Gyo Obata to redesign facade details. (Combes, 

W Post, 11/18/71, H3) 

* FAA announced appointment of Dr. Alan J. Grobecker of Institute for 

Defense Analysis (IDA) to direct new DOT High Altitude Climatic 

Impact Assessment Program. Purpose of program was to provide basic 

data for projected operation of supersonic aircraft at altitudes ahove 

14 000 m (45 000 ft). (DOT Release R-81) 

Apollo 15 astronauts on European tour met with Pope Paul VI in Rome. 

Pope told them he hoped their voyage to moon would help men appreciate God and live in harmony. (AI’, V Post, 11/18/71, H3) 9 House by vote of 342 to 51 passed H.R. 11731, $7l-billion FY 1972 

Defense Dept. appropriations bill, after rejecting amendment to earmark $10 million to develop two prototype, light, air-superiority 

aircraft for USN as alternate to F-14 aircraft. (CR, 11/17/71, H11162- 

203 ) 

* Tass quoted U.S.S.R. scientists as saying it was possible to observe longlife plasma as “light of blinding brightness, and freely soaring in 

space,” with optical instrument. Optical plasmatron at Physics Institute 

of U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences had enabled scientists to apply 

energy to plasma by light beam from quantum generator. Broad 

application of technique could be expected in physics, technology, and 

engineering. (FBIS-sov-71-223-3, 11/18/71, L2) 

323 
November 17 ASTRONAU’l’ICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Cambridge Univ. astronomer Dr. David Dewhirst said in Cambridge that 

irregularities in orbit of Neptune, eighth planet from sun, indicated 

possible presence of another body. “But I must emphasize that at 

present this is only a notion.” Dr. Dewhirst said US. Naval Observatory had supplied photos for study. (UPI, W News, 11/18/71, 15) 

Baltimore Sun editorial commented on quantity of new scientific data to 

be expected from U.S. Muriner 9 and U.S.S.R. Murs 2 and 3 probes 

of Mars-data “certain to be gathered later if not now.” Whatever 

was learned, “the store of mystery held by the skies and even their 

nearest objects will remain enormous. . . . The admiration for man’s 

persistence in pitting his intelligence, skill, courage and inventiveness 

against the solar system’s magnificent teases is equaled by the folly 

of supposing we shall ever read any but a few of their overpowering 

riddles.” (B Sun, 11/17/71) 

November 18: Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator, said in speech 

before National Space Club that Apollo program would end with 

Apollo 16 and 17 launches in 1972. Later, responding to question 

concerning possible cancellation of Apollo 17 because of FY 1973 

budget restraints, Dr. Fletcher said, “The fate of Apollo 17 is beyond 

my control at the present time.” 

NASA was shifting emphasis, Dr. Fletcher said in speech: “When 

Apollo ends, most of our space activities planned for this decade will 

be in Earth orbit-and Moon exploration, for a time, will be left 

completely to the Soviets.” Continuing effort to explore planets also 

was related to earth studies. “I am sure that much of what we learn 

will have direct and valuable application to our understanding of 

Earth and our current concern with environmental protection.” Apollo 

photos of earth had helped create concern for world’s environment. 

“I am glad to say that NASA is now well prepared to take a leading role 

in defining and responding to this concern.” Apollo technology and 

equipment would be used directly in Skylab and directly or indirectly 

in space shuttle, Dr. Fletcher said. “Moreover, we gained invaluable 

experience in Earth orbital operations in the Gemini program and on 

the way to the Moon and back. We are well prepared for the next 

logical steps in near-Earth space. I wish very much we could continue 

lunar exploration . . . but if we have to make hard choices in this 

decade, then the right choice is to return to Earth orbit and defer 

lunar exploration.” 

NASA hoped to keep open option of additional Apollo missions in 

earth orbit. “This would enable us to carry out additional experiments 

in our Earth resources program, and would also facilitate our planning 

for cooperative flights with the Soviet Union.” 

Worldwide demand for applications satellites could be met only by 

production of space shuttle. “The key to our ability to help our country and to serve mankind is now the shuttle. The sooner we build it, 

the better we can serve.” (Text; Av Wk, 11/29/71, 13) 

Bochum Observatory in West Germany said it had received what appeared 

to be on and off switching signals from Soviet Mars probes, Mars 2 

and 3. (AP, W Post, 11/19/71, A3) 

Atomic Energy Commission announced Communist China had conducted 

atmospheric nuclear explosion test of low-yield (20000 tons) at 2:OO 

pm local time. Explosion was 12th Chinese nuclear test and first since 

324 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 18 

Oct. 14, 1970. Test was conducted at top of Lop Nor proving ground 

in Sinkiang Province. Dr. Ralph Lapp, physicist, later said pattern of 

Chinese nuclear tests indicated Chinese had intended to explode larger 

hydrogen device that required small atomic blast to trigger thermonuclear reaction. Dr. Lapp believed hydrogen bomb failed to go off. 

Other experts said explosion could have been test of intermediaterange ballistic missile. (Auerbach, W Post, 11/19/71, A3; Lyons, 

NYT, 11/19/71,1) 

AIAA Louis W. Hill Space Transportation Award was presented to Dr. 

Hubertus Strugbold, former chief scientist of AFSC Aerospace Medical 

Div., during ceremonies at San Antonio, Tex. Citation was for “significant contributions indicative of American enterprise and ingenuity 

in the art and science of space travel.” Dr. Strughold was cited for 

establishing rational biomedical functions for manned space exploration. (AFSC Newsreview, 1/72,13) 

Moscow radio reported first Soviet sounding of outer space by radio 

wave. Scientists at Univ. of Kharkov had used geophysical rockets and 

other means to explore to 5000-km (3100-mi) altitude. Uninterrupted 

picture of electronic concentration “and its temporary fluctuations at 

any point at this height and also in the horizontal plane” had been 

obtained. Findings had confirmed scientists’ model of the earth’s 

ionosphere. ( FBIS-s0v-71-237-12/9/7l7 L4) 

Senate Committee on Appropriations favorably reported H.R. 11731, 

$70.2-billion FY 1972 Defense Establishment appropriations bill, after 

decreasing House-passed figure by $805.5 million, (Sen Com Off) 

MIT had broken even financially during 1970-1971 academic year, AP 

reported, “but only by using funds that otherwise would have gone 

into endowments.” In final annual report as MIT President, Dr. Howard 

W. Johnson had said outlook was not bright if MIT had to continue 

using unrestricted funds for current costs. Another way budget was 

balanced was by increasing tuition costs. (W Post, 11/19/71, B5) 

November 19: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 456 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

287-km (178.3-mi) apogee, 175-km (108.7-mi) perigee, 89.1-min 

period, and 72.8’ inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 2. (CSFC SSR, 

11/30/71; 12/31/71; SBD, 11/23/71,111) 

Working Groups of NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences on development of compatible space rendezvous and docking systems would meet 

jointly in Moscow Nov. 29 to Dec. 7, NASA announced. NASA representatives headed by Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, would meet 

with Soviet group led by Academician B. N. Petrov to continue joint 

efforts called for by Oct. 28, 1970, agreement. (NASA Release 71-231) 

* Biostack, West German experiment to study biological effects of cosmic 

radiation during space flight, would be carried in Apollo 16 CM, NASA 

announced. Experiment, by Univ. of Frankfurt, would stack four layers 

of biological systems-spores, seeds of European watercress, bean 

embryos, and encysted eggs of brine shrimp-between different physical detectors of heavy particle tracks (nuclear emulsions and plastics). 

Measurements of effect of particles on biologic material could be 

compared with effect of same particles on detecting layers to provide 

data on strength and other characteristics of particles. Combined 

action of heavy cosmic ions and space environment would be evaluated by comparing results with those from balloon-borne Biostacks 

325 
November 19 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

and with ground-based irradiation experiments. Research on biological 

effects of heavy nuclei was significant because of possible relationship 

to biological effects of space flight on man. Experiment was sponsored 

by German Ministry for Education and Science. (NASA Release 71-230) 

* AEC released summary report on effects of Nov. 6 Cannikin blast of fivemegaton nuclear device on Amchitka Island, Alaska. Desired data had 

been obtained on performance of Spartan warhead. Analyses of radioactive melt, expected to be completed by spring 1972, were required 

to evaluate warhead performance fully. There had been “no detectable 

release of radioactivity to the marine or surface environment.” Measurements would “continue for a number of years.” No large earthquake had been triggered although “hundreds of after-shocks” had 

been registered in vicinity until collapse of cavity created by detonation. Ground motion had been felt “strongly on Amchitka, distinctly 

at kdak, nearly 200 miles [320 km] away, and less distinctly at 

Shemya, somewhat farther away.” No large ocean wave from ocean 

floor movement had been recorded. Observed effects on living species 

on and near Amchitka Island had indicated %o permanent harm will 

result from the test to any population of mammals, birds, fish, other 

marine life, or plant life.” (AEC Release 0-221) 

On second anniversary of its emplacement on moon by Apollo 12 astronauts, atomic battery designed to power Apollo 12 experiments for 

one year was still generating at more than 70 w. Battery had been 

designed to produce 63.5-w power. Apollo 12 instruments were still 

reporting data. Identical batteries, fueled by radioactive plutonium 238 

and taken to moon by Apollo 14 and 15, were generating more than 

70 w. Apollo 16 and 17 would land similar batteries on moon during 

1972 missions, AEC reported. (UPI, V Post, 11/20/71, A3) 

* O$ce of Management and Budget had asked NASA to cut FY 1973 budget 

request “quite a few million dollars’’ below $3.3-billion FY 1972 

budget according to New York Times’ sources, Times said. Dale D. 

Myers, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, had 

said Apollo 16 and 17 “look firm,” but could “be in trouble’’ if there 

was significant cut in NASA funding. Other sources had said NASA 

had alternate plans that included elimination of one or both Apollo 

flights and curtailment, cancellation, or delay of other projects. 

(Wilford, NYT, 11/19/71) 

Daniel Guggenheim Medal was presented to Dr. Archibald E. Russell, 

Chief Designer for Bristol Aircraft Corp., during Washington, D.C., 

ceremonies marking first William Littlewood Memorial Lecture sponsored by NAC and Washington sections of AIAA and SAE. Award was 

for “personal devotion to aircraft engineering and design and particularly for his leadership of the Bristol team in development of the 

Concorde SST.” Peter G. Masefield, Chairman of British Airports 

Authority, delivered first Littlewood lecture, “Aviation and the Environment.,’ NAC Man of Distinction Award was given posthumously 

to William Littlewood, former American Airlines Vice President and 

aviation engineering consultant. ( NAC Release) 

* President Nixon had asked Congress for $9.1 million to purchase new 

presidential backup aircraft to replace 13-yr-old Boeing 707 used as 

backup aircraft for Spirit of ’76, Washington Post reported. Presi326 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 19 

dent’s aircraft, formerly known as Air Force One, was Boeing 707- 

320-B delivered to USAF in 1962. (W Post, 11/19/71, B7) 

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations favorably reported Protocol to 

enlarge ICAO Council membership from 27 to 30 members. Enlarged 

Council would reflect expanding membership of ICAO due to establishment of increasing number of civil airlines throughout world. (CR, 

11/19/71, D1201; ICAO PIO) 

* Mrs. E. Margaret Burbidge would become first woman director of Royal 

Greenwich Observatory in 1972, Washington Post reported. Britishborn former professor of astronomy at Univ. of California would not 

inherit title of Astronomer Royal, traditionally bestowed upon Observatory Director. She would direct staff of 200, including 25 women 

scientists. (Nossiter, W Post, 11/19/71, A26) 

FAA announced availability from GPO of FAA Statistical Handbook of 

Aviation (5007-0166). Publication contained historical and statistical 

data for 11 yrs ending Dec. 31, 1969. (FAA Release 71-183) 

November 20: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 457 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

1221-km (758.7-mi) apogee, 1184-km (735.7-mi) perigee, 109.4-min 

period, and 74” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/71; SBD, 11/23/71, 

111) 

Pioneer-F, scheduled for early 1972 launch and Dec. 1973 Jupiter flyby, 

began its final test in TRW Inc. vacuum chamber. Spacecraft would 

operate for week on nuclear batteries in cold and almost total darkness 

to simulate Jupiter approach. Pioneer’s voyage would be longest space 

trip to date-an estimated 660 days-and most hazardous since Pioneer 

would attempt for first time to fly through asteroid belt. Typical 

mathematical model of asteroid belt gave Pioneer 1-in-10 chance of 

penetrating belt without serious mishap. (O’Toole, W Post, 11/21/71, 

A3 1 

NASA launched two Aerobee 170 sounding rockets carrying GSFC stellar 

uv experiments from WSMR. One flight was unsuccessful. (SR list) 

November 21: New York Times said Mariner 9 dust storm encounter had 

<L made possible some unique experiments in global meteorologyexperiments that may help us to understand the weather of our own 

planet.” Storm had lasted longer than any observed so far. “Since it 

is hoped that Mariner will continue sending pictures for at least three 

months, it seems likely that it will record the gradual dissipation of 

the storm, which seems to have already begun, and in doing so 

hopefully will reveal wind patterns on the planet. This may help 

scientists understand why the storm is global, a phenomenon never 

seen on earth, and establish the science of meteorology-now a provincial one based on the weather of only one planet-on a more 

cosmopolitan basis.” (Sullivan, NYT, 11/21/71, 4:s) 

CBS commentator Walter Cronkite received Bradford Washington Award 

of Boston Museum of Science for “ooutstariding contribution toward 

public understanding of ~cience.’~ Award, which included $5000 and 

gold medal, was presented by Astronaut James A. Lovell, Jr., at dinner commemorating museum’s 35th anniversary. Cronkite was CBS 

anchorman for coverage of most NASA manned space flight missions. 

(AP, Denver Post, 11/22/71; Lovell Off) 

November 22: Study of telemetry from unsuccessful Europa 2 European 

launch vehicle that failed on launch Nov. 5 had shown vehicle buckled 

327 
November 22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

at 1st-end stage junction 2 min 30 sec after liftoff during excessive 

pitch-over maneuver, Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. 

Vehicle’s structural limits were exceeded; 2nd stage nozzle pierced 

liquid oxygen tank atop 1st stage, causing it to explode; 2nd stage 

separated in tumbling flight and exploded 10 sec later; and 3rd stage, 

4th stage perigee motor, and payload fell into South Atlantic about 

490 km (305 mi) downrange. Failure had been attributed to loss of 

inertial-guidance-system signals between 1 min 45 sec and 1 min 47 

sec after launch. Engines on 1st stage had driven Europa 2 below 

programmed trajectory because corrective signals had not been sent 

to stage’s autopilot. Exact cause of inertial-guidance-system breakdown had not been determined. If cause could not be established 

before Dec. 15, launch of 12th satellite in Europa 1-2 development 

series-scheduled for April 13, 1972-would have to be delayed. 

(Av Wk, 11/22/71,19) 

MSC announced it had issued RFPS to 10 firms for $150000 firm-fixedprice R&D contract to study space walking requirements in space shuttle program. Proposal called for investigation of emergency, contingency, and normal extravehicular and intravehicular activities (EVA/ 

IVA) while outside earth’s atmosphere and study of protective equipment needed to perform EVA/IVA. Proposals were due Dec. 6. (MSC 

Release 71-83) 

* New $200-million international airport at Kansas City, Mo., was being 

built under NASA-developed management system, NASA announced. 

Midwest Research Institute, management consultant for project, was 

using KCI Management Information Center-fully equipped briefing 

room that resembled ICSC’S--ZS repository for reference data on airport project. (NASA Release 71-232) 

It was “open secret” that USAF saw space shuttle as “broad highway 

that will lead to manned military space operations by the United 

States,” Universal Science News, Inc., said in Dallas Morning News. 

While “effort to keep NASA’s civilian image seemed so important at 

one time that the military were allowed to start their own manned 

orbiting laboratory program, even though NASA has a similar project,” 

recent budget squeeze had “forced NASA and the Air Force closer together in certain areas.” (Dahs Morning News, 11/22/71) 

* USAF reconnaissance satellite “Big Bird” launched in June was described 

in Newsweek article: “Streaking through its orbit, Big Bird scans 

broad land areas with one wide-angle camera, radios what it sees 

back to ground stations, and, on order, turns a giant ‘narrow angle’ 

second camera on targets of special interest for closeup pictures-a 

multiple function that used to require at least two less sophisticated 

satellites.” Cameras in satellites 160 km (100 mi) above earth “can 

clearly photograph objects on the ground the size of small cars.” 

(Newsweek, 11/22/71, 18) 

November 23: Four extra manned space flight missions to use four Apollo 

spacecraft and one Saturn V launch vehicle left after 1973 Skylab 

mission were proposed by MSC officials to NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dale D. Myers at NASA Hq. Missions 

would include one lunar flight and three Saturn IB-launched earthorbital missions. Houstun Chronicle later quoted MSC Deputy Director 

Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., who had presented proposal, as saying MSC 

\ 

328 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 23 

plan called for one mission of up to nine days in lunar orbit. Astronauts could map 60% of lunar surface and place Nimbus weather 

satellite in lunar orbit to complete photography of entire moon in one 

year. (Hill, H Chron, 11/29/71) 

Commercial pilot Elgin L. Long flew over South Pole in twin-engine 

Piper Navajo aircraft to become first man to make solo flight over 

both North and South Poles during one journey. Long, who left San 

Francisco Nov. 5, had flown over North Pole to Stockholm, then to 

London, Africa, Brazil, and Chile before crossing South Pole. (W 

Post, 11/23/71, B3) 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, was first speaker in L~RC Awareness Program series. Dr. Von 

Braun said at LeRC: “Our agency is at the crossroads. Our success 

story is our greatest enemy.” After four successful manned lunar 

landings, people had become complacent. If NASA fell behind U.S.S.R. 

in space, it wouId create another “Sputnik” environment. (Lewis 

News, 12/3/71, 1) 

* NASA announced selection of TRW Systems Group for negotiations leading 

to $70-million contract for development of High Energy Astronomy 

Observatory ( HEAO) . Seven-year contract for two spacecraft would 

be awarded in 1972 and was expected to extend through launch and 

mission support for orbital operations. NASA planned to launch first 

HEAO unmanned scientific satellite from ETR on Titan 111 booster in 

1975 and second, 15 mos. later. (NASA Release 71-233; NYT, 

11/26/71, 30) 

0 Soviet defectors-writer Leonid Vladimirov, who defected in 1966, and 

scientist Anatoly Fedoseyev [see June 19l-said at London press conference that Soviet space technology had lagged behind that of US. 

and had produced less scientific data. Fedoseyev, not present but 

responding by tape recorder to questions put to him previously, said 

he did not think Soviet space achievements would be scientifically 

impressive for some time because Soviet space program was short of 

funds and technology level was low. Fedoseyev was said to have been 

responsible for bringing down U-2 reconnaissance aircraft pilot 

Francis Gary Powers in May 1960, Reuters later reported. (Reuters, 

B Sun, 11/24/71, A4) 

* Senate by vote of 82 to 141 adopted amendment to H.R. 11731, FY 1972 

Defense Establishment appropriations bill, and passed bill by vote 

of 80 to 5. Amendment proposed by Sen. Henry M. Jackson (D-Wash.) 

would provide $250 million for F4 jet aircraft for Israel. (CRY 11/23/71, $29463-551) 

USN Naval Air Systems Command announced issuance of $3-million letter of offer and acceptance to U.K. Ministry of Defence for product 

support engineering services for Pegasus 11 engines for Harrier aircraft. Work would be performed by Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Ltd. 

(DOD Release 1191-71) 

* Washington Post editorial commented on plans for new Air and Space 

Museum: “We are glad that skyrocketing costs have brought the 

proposed National Air and Space Museum down to earth. The trouble with the design architect Gyo Obata prepared several years ago 

was not only that it would now cost $70 million to build. It was also 

far too grandiose, bold and ambitious.” US. air and space accorn329 
November 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

plishments “have a very prominent place in the hearts of the American people . . . they should also have a prominent place in the nation’s 

capital. But that is not to say that we need or want a monumental 

aircraft hangar.” Museum Director, Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael 

Collins, had described new museum as “national center for education 

about the science and technology of flight and its economic, social, 

cultural and political meaning.” New model, Post said, “shows a 

pleasing and interesting structure that is well behaved. . . . If it lacks 

architectural excitement, that is not what we want on the Mall.” 

Post also published letter from Gilmore D. Clarke, former Chairman of Commission of Fine Arts, protesting construction of Air and 

Space Museum on Mall, “on a site of restricted size whereon the 

structure cannot be enlarged in the course of years as the science of 

aviation and outer space technology advances. Whatever is built will, 

within a decade or two, prove to be too small.” (W Post, 11/23/71, 

A18, A19) 

November 24: U.S.S.R. launched Mdniya ZZ-1 comsat from Plesetsk to 

ensure “functioning of the remote telephone-telegraph radio communications systems in the Soviet Union, for relaying central television 

programs to stations” in Orbita network and participating international networks. Satellite was new comsat and part of further development of Soviet satellite communications system. Orbital parameters : 

39 553-km (24 577.1-mi) apogee, 516-km (320.6-mi) perigee, 712.0- 

min period, and 65.0’ inclination. ( FBIS-SOV-71-228-3, 11/26/71, 

L1; CSFC SSR, 11/30/71; UN Gen’l Assembly, A/AC.105/INF.243; 

SF, 5/72, 179) 

Tass announced that French equipment on Mars 3 (launched May 28) 

for investigating solar radio emission in one-meter-waveband experiment was functioning successiully. French instrumentation was manufactured by French specialists under French-Soviet cooperative program. (FBIS-SOV-71-228-3, 11/26/71, L1) 

MSFC announced selection of Itek Corp. to perform large space telescope definition study under $400 000, 12-mo contract. High-resolution optical telescope 3 m (120 in) in diameter would be placed in 

630- to 810-km (391- to 503-mi) orbit aboard research and applications module (RAM) by reusable shuttle vehicle or Titan I11 launch 

vehicle in late 1970s as national facility for operation by many astronomers. (MSFC Release 71-219) 

Merrill H. Mead, Chief of ARC Programs and Resources Office, had been 

named ARC Deputy Director of Administration, ARC Astrogram reported. (ARC Astrogram, 11/24/71,1) 

Mariner 9 and Soviet Mars 2 and 3 race to Mars was “exciting race for 

knowledge and the fame of exploration, exemplifying the kind of 

peaceful competition the world needs,” Washington Evening Star editorial commented. “If Mariner 9 reveals half of what it was sent out 

to find, it will be worth much more than the $150 million it is costi,g.” (W Star, 11/24/71) 

* Boris Sergievsky, World War I aviator with Imperial Russian Air Force 

and later leading test pilot in US., died in New York at age 83. He 

had set seaplane records with Pan American World Airways’ Brazilian 

Clipper, flown Sikorsky amphibian aircraft to Chile in 1931, and been 

vice president of Helicopter Corp. of America. (NYT, 11/26/71, 38) 

330 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 25 

November 25: The Russian Space Bluff by Leonid Vladimirov, Soviet 

engineer-journalist who had defected in 1966, had been published in 

U.K., AP reported. Book said Soviet space program had begun as 

series of publicity stunts to persuade West that U.S.S.R. had reached 

level of advanced technology equal to that of US. Vladimirov had 

said that U.S.S.R. knew ‘‘she could not beat America to the moon 

because she cannot build a moon rocket. Even today the Soviet Union 

cannot produce any significantly big jet nozzles.” 

Mid-1960 flights in Voskhod series had been short because spacecraft were overloaded earlier Vostok type with some equipment removed. Last-minute modifications had been engineering disgrace. 

(AP, W Star, 11/25/71, H7) 

November 26-27: Mariner 9 (launched toward Mars May 30) took man’s 

first close photo of Martian moon Deimos on spacecraft’s 25th revolution of Mars Nov. 26. Mariner 9 was 10 300 km (6400mi) from 

Mars and 8500 km (5300 mi) from Deimos when photo was taken. 

Picture told scientists that Deimos was almost 12.9 km (8 mi) in 

diameter and was shaped more like potato than grapefruit. Dr. Carl 

Sagan, director of Cornel1 University’s Laboratory for Planetary 

Studies, cautioned against speculation on moon’s makeup, but said 

“whatever its origins the Mariner mission represents a wonderful 

opportunity to study it.” Deimos was discovered along with other 

Martian moon Phobos in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall, 

who named moons after two sons of Greek mythological god AresMars in Roman mythology-as given by Homer in Iliad. 

On Nov. 27 Mariner 9 failed in attempt at closeup photograph of 

Martian moon Phobos. JPL ground controllers said spacecraft’s camera wasn’t pointed correctly when attempt was made. Orbit of Phobos 

was not known precisely enough to ensure getting photo. Successful 

photo of Phobos would have shown greater detail than recent picture 

of Deimos, Mars’ other moon, since Phobos was twice as large as 

Deimos and spacecraft passed 1600 km (100 mi) closer. Mariner 9 

had photographed Phobos Nov. 13 from 150 000 km (93 000 mi) out. 

(O’Toole, W Post, 11/27/71, A4; W Star, 11/28/71, A6) 

November 26: Univ. of Michigan physicist Lawrence C. Jones was quoted 

in Kansas City Times as saying use of liquid hydrogen as nonpolluting automobile fuel was ‘‘not only technically and economically 

feasible” but also “desirable” and “may even be inevitable.” Hydrogen 

could be used in conventional aircraft and automobile gasoline engines 

and “has the desirable feature of burning very efficiently.” (KC Times, 

11/26/71) 

Pravda Vostoka newspaper of Tashkent, Uzbek Republic, published account of autumn 1966 detonation by U.S.S.R. of underground nuclear 

charge of “unprecedented force” to extinguish natural gas fire that 

raged out of control for three years in Central Asia. New York Times 

said later that successful experiment was believed to be first use of 

nuclear explosion to quell gas-well fire, explosion was assumed to have 

been of low-yield, and disclosure of test had marked first Soviet pinpointing of location of peaceful nuclear blast. (Shabad, NYT, 12/2/71, 

2) 

* New initiatives in technology were discussed in Science editorial by 

Philip H. Abelson: In FY 1972, 77% of Federal R&D funding would 

331 
November 26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

go to atomic energy, space, and defense research. “Most citizens would 

agree that in view of our many domestic needs this proportion is out 

of line.” Most “would view favorably the prospect of engaging presently unemployed resources of men and organizations in meeting social 

needs.” Two major factors made this di5cult. “First one cannot 

identify a single goal that has the kind of dramatic appeal that the 

moon venture had in the circumstances in which it was announced. 

Announcement of a lesser single goal would be certain to draw partisan sniping and could prove to be a political liability. Second . . . many of the possible initiatives represent a further invasion by the 

federal government of matters that have previously been considered 

the domain of private enterprise.” Cynics would discount new initiatives as election year ploy. “However, win or lose, there will remain 

after the election a residue in the form of a further penetration of 

government into the management of the nation’s life. There could 

also remain a residue of real progress. for goals once enunciated tend 

to carry with them a momentum of their own.” (Science, 11/26/71, 

895) 

November 27: U.S.S.R.’s Mars 2 probe (launched May 19) ejected capsule 1380 km (858 mi) above Mars on direct trajectory to planet’s 

surface. Capsule, carrying pennant bearing U.S.S.R. hammer-andsickle coat of arms, became first man-made object to reach surface. 

After capsule ejection Mars 2 decelerated and entered Martian orbit 

with 25 000-km (15 500-mi) apogee, 1380-km (858-mi) perigee, 

1080-min (18-hr) period, and 48.9O inclination. 

Mars 2 had traveled 470 million km (292 million mi) to reach Mars. 

During flight it had explored interplanetary space and three midcourse 

corrections had been conducted, June 17, Nov. 20, and automatically 

on Nov. 27. Spacecraft was reported operating normally in Martian 

orbit. U.S.S.R. did not indicate whether capsule softlanded or hardlanded or what mission was. (NYT, 12/1/71, 20; O’Toole, W Post, 

Tass reported arrival in Moscow of Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, 

and group of NASA experts “in connection with the forthcoming technical conference of Soviet and American experts in ensuring compatibility of means of approach and docking of spaceships and station~.’~ Conference would take place Nov. 29 to Dec. 7. (FBIS-SOV- 

* US. would resurrect SST program and have “production model by 1982,” 

FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer predicted in Washington, D.C. 

Shaffer, who had recently returned from world tour of FAA installations, said France expected to sell three Concordes to Chinese Communists and Romania was expected to attempt purchase of several 

used U.S. jetliners. (UPI, W Post, 11/27/71, A9) 

* New York Times editorials commented on recent astronomical eventsNov. 26 Mariner 9 photographing of Martian satellite Deimos and 

Oct. 7 report by astronomer Dr. Hannes 0. Alfven of discovery of 

asteroid Toro. Deimos’ photo was “only the latest of Mariner 9’s unique 

accomplishments. This is the first man-made artificial satellite of another major planet in the solar system and it has already journeyed 

more than a million miles around Mars.” Barring Mariner 9 malfunction, “lifting of the dust storm in the days ahead should permit even 

12/1/71, A23; FBIS-SOV-71-231-3, 12/1/71, L1) 

71-230,11/30/71, L1) 

332 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 27 

greater revelations of the nature of this planet that has been a mystery 

to man throughout the ages.” 

Evidence suggested asteroid Tor0 might crash into earth after 200 

yrs, Times said. “Any such collision could do great damage. It may 

not be too early for space scientists to begin thinking about ways of 

nudging Tor0 out of a collision course with earth when, as and if the 

need arises. If men can send space ships across hundreds of millions 

of miles to Venus and Mars, it should be no great feat to visit Toroa mere nine million miles [14 million kilometers] away at present 

closest approach-by way of performing whatever celestial engineering 

is required to prevent a mammoth cosmic traffic accident.” (NYT, 

11/27/71,30) 

November 28: Italy’s Sun Marco 3 (launched April 24) reentered atmosphere after more than seven months in orbit. Design lifetime had been 

six months. Satellite had produced excellent data on density, composition, and temperature of equatorial neutral-particle atmosphere at 

altitudes of 222-723 km (137.9449.2 mi). (GSFC SSR, 11/30/71; 

NASA Proj Off) 

* Senate Committee on Nutrition asked Federal Government to provide 

emergency food for highly skilled professionals in Seattle, Wash., who 

had been hit by aerospace industry unemployment. Committee, investigating Seattle situation after Dept. of Agriculture had refused request 

from State of Washington for free distribution of surplus food in 

Seattle, said many families were going hungry. (Reuters, W Post, 

11/29/71, A6) 

November 29-30: Mariner 9, orbiting Mars after May 30 launch on 400- 

million-km (248-million-mi) journey, photographed Mars moon Phobos 

from 14682- and 5543-km (9123- and 3444-mi) distances. Photos, 

released by NASA Dec. 1, clearly showed Phobos was irregular, potato 

shaped chunk of rock about 21 km (13 mi) wide and 26 km (16 mi) 

long, with at least one crater 6 km (4 mi) in diameter. (LA Times, 

12/2/71; Reuters, NYT, 12/2/71,26) 

November 29: Os0 7 Orbiting Solar Observatory, launched by NASA Sept. 

29, had completed more than 850 orbits of the earth and was officially 

adjudged a success. Primary objective, to obtain high-resolution data 

from solar corona in particular spectral bands in EUV and in visible 

regions during one solar rotation, had been achieved. Fulfillment of 

secondary objective, of investigating intensity and spectrum of solar 

and cosmic x-rays from nonpointed instruments beyond one solar 

rotation, continued. All spacecraft systems, including star-trackergyro night-pointing feature new to oso-had operated satisfactorily. 

Tape recorder No. 1, inoperative when first interrogated on seventh 

orbit, had not recovered despite several attempts to operate unit. Tape 

recorder No. 2 had performed required data storage and readout 

functions satisfactorily. (NASA Proj Off) 

U.S.S.R. launched two Cosmos satellites from Plesetsk. Cosmos 458 

reached 497-km (308.8-mi) apogee, 271-km (168.4-mi) perigee, 92.2- 

min period, and 70.0° inclination and reentered April 20, 1972. 

Cosmos 459 reached 286-km (177.7-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.7-mi) 

perigee, 89.4-min period, and 65.0’ inclination and reentered Dec. 27 

[see Dec. 271. (GSFC, SSR, 11/30/71; 12/1/71; 4/30/72; SBD, 

11/30/71,129; SA, 12/13/71,15) 

333 
November 29 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

9 U.S.S.R.’s Mars 3, launched May 28, was continuing its flight toward 

Mars. At 9:OO pm Moscow time (1:OO pm EST) spacecraft was 138.8- 

million-km (86.3-million-mi) from Mars, having traveled approximately 472 million km (293 million mi). (NYT, 12/1/71, 20; FBISU.N. General Assembly adopted resolutions directing Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space to formulate treaty by 1972 charting international course for space exploration, commending proposed liabilities 

convention for outer space travel [see Nov. 111, and recommending 

convention of working group on remote sensing of earth by satellites. 

(Fulton, C Trib, 11/30/71) 

0 FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer, in letter to Airline Pilots Assn. 

President John J. Q’Donnell, rejected ALPA’S Nov. 1 request for accelerated five-year plan to install landing aids at US. airports. Shaffer 

said FAA was legally unable “to accede to one limited group’s requests 

to the prejudice of other legitimate demands.” (Text) 

NASA announced publication of third annual Research and Technology 

Operating Plan Swmmary, RTQP-72. Publication described in capsule 

form hundreds of NASA research and technology efforts. (NASA Release 

November 29-December 7: US. and U.S.S.R. space officials met in Moscow 

in third of series of meetings to discuss design and testing of compatible systems for docking and linking manned spacecraft. US. delegation was headed by Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director, and U.S.S.R. 

delegation was headed by Academician Boris N. Petrov. Joint communique Dec. 7 said progress was made in working out agreed technical requirements and planning possible joint test missions. ( NASA 

Release 71-244) 

November 30: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 460 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

539-km (334.9-mi) apogee, 518-km (321.9-mi) perigee, 95.2-min 

period, and 74.0” inclination. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/71; SBD, 12/2/71, 

141 ) 

Assignment of MSFC as lead center within OMSF for concept verification 

testing system design and integration to verify concepts and 

hardware from NASA definition studies-was announced by Dr. Eberhard F. M. Rees, MSFC Director. Primary purposes of CTV program 

were to demonstrate representative shuttle payload concepts in research 

and applications modules (RAM) and space station classes, to develop 

shuttle-payload interface requirements from viewpoint of payload and 

users, to demonstrate shuttle capabilities for research and applications, 

to support design and development of Sortie Can (payload carrier for 

space shuttle), and to investigate integration and operational techniques for long-duration mission system for advanced RAMS and for 

eventual space station. CVT program would be part of Space Station 

Task Team headed by William A. Brooksbank. CVT work would be 

headed by Konrad K. Dannenberg. (MSFC Release 71-225) 

Meeting of NASA’s Comet and Asteroid Missions Science Panel at MSFC, 

chaired by Dr. Ernest Stuhlinger, Associate Director for Science, discussed present and prospective efforts in planetary and interplanetary 

probes. Nine scientists from education field and Government attended. 

(MSFC Release 71-266; MSFC PAO) 

* NASA and Small Business Administration announced publication of Testing 

SOV-71-231-3, 12/1/71, L1) 

7 1-234 ) 

334 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 November 30 

Methods and Techniqlces, summary of aerospace technology suitable for 

profitable adaptation by small industrial firms. Booklet, offered without charge, contained 34 abstracts of innovative processes and devices 

used in quality control and nondestructive testing, with emphasis on 

physical inspection and internal-flaw detection. (NASA Release 71-236) 

US. patent No. 3 624650 was granted to JPL engineers Richard L. 

Horttor and Richard M. Goldstein for method of mapping planets from 

earth station with radar and orbiting transponder. Patent was assigned 

to NASA. (Jones, NYT, 12/4/71) 

* USAF had announced that 130-member review team of specialists from 

USAF, Lockheed, and other aerospace companies would make year-long 

review of USAF C-5A program, Wall Street Journal reported. Object 

of review was to “recommend operational refinements or aircraft 

modifications where necessary.” ( WSJ, 11/30/71, 3) 

DOD signed $25-million contract with Lockheed Space & MissiIes Corp. 

for definition and development phase of new-generation submarinelaunched ULMS (underwater long-range missile system) with maximum 

10 000-km (6200-mi) range. (Reuters, B Sun, 12/1/71, A12; W Post, 

12/1/71, A14) 

November 30-December 2: Apollo 15 investigator’s symposium was conducted at Lunar Science Institute in Houston, Tex. Apollo Photo Science 

Team members Robert D. Mercer of Dudley Observatory and Lawrence 

Dunkelman of GSFC described photos of sun and interplanetary dust 

taken by Apollo 15 CM pilot Astronaut Alfred M. Worden. Photos 

showed features of solar corona and zodiacal light never before observed. Preliminary examination of photos showed “light levels less 

than can be seen by the best telescopes on earth.” Analysis of photos 

would permit direct, comparative measurements of solar phenomena’s 

relative brightness to obtain information on mechanisms by which 

energy left sun and on distribution of particles outward from sun. 

(MSC Release 71-97) 

November 30-December 3: Joint meeting of NASA and European Space 

Conference (ESC) was held in Washington, D.C., to identify candidate 

areas for possible European participation in post-Apollo space programs. Meeting had been proposed in Sept. 1 letter from Under Secretary of State U. Alexis Johnson to Belgian Science Minister The0 

Lefevre, ESC Chairman. (NASA Release 71-235, 71-241 ; NASA PAO) 

During November: ARC research into heat shields to protect aircraft passengers in crash fires was described in Astronazctics & Aeronautics by 

ARC and Avco Corp. scientists. Concept of surrounding passenger 

compartment by fire-retardant shell to protect occupants long enough 

for fire to burn out or be extinguished had been made possible by 

Apollo program research into fire-retardant materials polyisocyanurate 

foam and intumescent paint. “Exposed to heat . . . paint expands to 

many times its original thickness and insulates the surface underneath 

it. The thermal-protection mechanisms of these materials operate on 

the same ablative principles . . . that protect our astronauts during 

re-entry of the Apollo spacecraft.” (Neel, Parker, et al., A&A, 11/71, 

18-26) 

* USAF had accepted delivery of 520-kg (1150-lb) comsat from TRW Systems Group, AFSC Newsreview reported. Comsat was first of six being 

335 
During November ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

built for SAMSO use in Phase I1 of US. Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS). (ASFC Newsreview, 11/71,4) 

AFSC Aeronautical Systems Div. had established Prototype Program Office, 

AFSC Newsreview reported. Objective of prototype program was to improve performance in development and acquisition of weapon systems 

by placing more reliance on the performance of “hardware” and less 

reliance on paper analysis. (AFSC Newsreview, 11/71, 1) 

* Columbia Jouralism Review editorial criticized New York Times for 

Aug. 15 publication of “soap-opera style exclusive interviews with the 

families of Apollo 15 astronauts obtained through the newspaper’s 

Durchase of their Dersonal stories.” Times had “condemned this kind 

of exploitation, by -other publishers, only eight years ago.” (Columbia 

Journ Rev, 11/12/71,6) 

Article by Paul Dickson in The Progressive discussed “Empire of Think 

Tanks.” R&D in US. had become “vast, powerful, and well financed 

empire . . . replete with its own priorities, powers, and pecking order. 

Atop this empire is a diverse group of institutions called think tanks, 

which as agents of applied research and policy study have a fateful 

impact on the nation. The most famous of these . . . is the RAND 

Corporation . . . a prime mover in military research.” 

R&D was “particularly critical element in the battle over national 

priorities because it not only reflects our current priorities but largely 

determines what will be technologically feasible in the future.’’ Lunar 

landings had shown “how much is possible if a great deal of thought, 

resources, and dedication are channeled into any stated goal. The vast 

majority of Project Apollo money had been pumped into space R&D 

during the decade prior to the first landing. There is, however, a catch 

in invoking the APO~~O/NASA example, because such a new knowledge 

as is developed in such a program must be applied and directed in 

order to get anywhere. If not conscientiously applied, well-performed 

research can lead to a range of ends from a simple nonuse to a more 

insidious ruse-a way of dodging action under the guise of studying 

the problem.” 

Independent think tanks needed to be scrutinized along with Federally sponsored ones. “Many of them receive the bulk of their funds 

from the Government, and, though not officially ‘sponsored’ like RAND, 

they bring up the same questions of power, unchecked and unanswerable, evoked by the officially sponsored outfits.” (CR, 11/3/71, 

S 1752-5) 

336 
December 1971 

December 1: NASA% M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by test pilot William H. 

Dana, reached mach 1.22 and 21 300-m (70 000-ft) altitude during 

12th flight, launched from B-52 from FRC. Objectives of powered 

flight-acquisition of stability and control data above mach 1.0, expansion of flight envelope, and evaluation of reaction control systemwere achieved. (NASA Proj Off) 

Quarterly review of research and applications modules (RAM) study 

being conducted by General Dynamics Corp.’s Convair Aerospace Div. 

was held at MSFC. Work on specific set of RAM payload carriers was 

reviewed. Preliminary design of spacecraft would be completed during 

remainder of study. (MSFC Release 71-217; MSFC PIO) 

e Approval by NASA Project Designation Committee of designation QUESTOL 

for quiet, experimental, STOL transport research aircraft was announced 

by NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs John P. Donnelly 

in memorandum to NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology Roy P. Jackson. (Text) 

December 2: U.S.S.R.’s Mars 3 probe (launched May 29) reached vicinity 

of Mars and ejected capsule which softlanded on planet. U.S.S.R. did 

not announce landing until Dec. 7 and did not release details until 

Dec. 19. After separation, capsule bearing Soviet coat of arms entered 

Mars atmosphere and parachuted to softlanding in Mars southern 

hemisphere between Hectris and Phaetonis in area 45” south latitude 

and 158” west longitude. Mars 3 continued flight into orbit with 

1500-km (930-mi) periapsis and 11-day period. Tass said signals from 

landing capsule “were received and recorded on board . . . Mars 3 

and later . . . transmitted to the earth on December 2-5. The videosignaIs received from the surface of Mars were brief and suddenly 

discontinued.” ( FBIS-SOV-71-236, 12/8/71, L1) 

U.S.S.R. launched two satellites. Intercosmos 5, launched from KapustinYar, entered orbit with 1055-km (655.6-mi) apogee, 197-km (122.4-mi) 

perigee, 97.2-min period, and 48.4” inclination. Satellite-joint project 

of U.S.S.R. and Czechoslovakia-would continue investigation of radiation and dynamics of corpuscular flux in near-earth space and investigation of nature and spectrum of low-frequency electromagnetic oscillations in natural plasma. Intercosmos 5 reentered April 7, 1972. 

Cosmos 461, launched from Plesetsk, entered orbit with 508-km 

(315.7-mi) apogee, 488-km (303.2-mi) perigee, 94.5-min period. and 

69.2” inclination. (FBIS-SOV-~~-Z~~, 12/3/71, L1; L2; GSFC SSR, 

12/31/71; 4/30/72; SBD, 12/7/71,164) 

Thomas O’Toole described in Washington Post effects of Mariner 9 data 

on idea that life existed on Mars: “In the three weeks that it has spent 

in Martian orbit so far, Mariner 9 has found that the planet’s atmosphere is even thinner than it was thought to be-about 260 times as 

thin as Earth’s atmosphere. It also found Martian surface temperatures 

to be no higher than 80 degrees below zero. To date, Mariner 9’s 

337 
December 2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

December 2: The U.S.S.R.’s Mars 3 probe softlanded a capsule on the planet Mars. 

The capsule transmitted signals 20 seconds before falling silent. In the Tass news 

service photo the descent apparatus-shown here in descent position-carried a braking cone that also served as a heat shield for the capsule. The cone fell away as the min parachute, stored in the container immediately above the 

capsule, opened to slow the fall. (Photo courtesy of United Press International) 

cameras have been frustrated by a storm that has covered almost all 

of Mars with dust for more than two months. It’s almost impossible 

to imagine a global dust storm, and when one thinks of a global storm 

lasting for two months, it’s even harder to imagine life surviving such 

cataclysmic weather conditions. . . . now the dust has begun to settle 

on the planet, revealing striking features that man has never seen 

before. Nevertheless, the idea that there might be life among those 

features is one that seems to be a dying one.” (W Post, 12/2/71, A19) 

0 NASA selected Douglas Aircraft Co., Grumman Aerospace Corp., and 

Lockheed-Georgia Co. for negotiations of three separate $1.5-million, 

six-month contracts for design phase of QUESTOL (quiet, experimental 

STOL) program. After completion of design phase one contractor 

would be selected to fabricate two experimental transport aircraft for 

flight research program. (NASA Release 71-238) 

* Description by Soviet professor of physics and mathematics M. Marov 

of Mars 2 scientific program to Soviet journalists was reported by Tass: 

“Registration of various radiations from Mars, ranging from ultraviolet light to radio waves, by sputniks from a comparatively short 

distance will give much more complete information about Mars. Certain findings which are still quite inadequate are readily available. 

338 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 2 

It has been established that at least nine-tenths of the Martian atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is practically absent, while 

water vapors are very scant. The thin atmosphere of Mars is extremely 

heterogeneous. Its structure varies widely with seasons, the time of 

day and night. The structure of the surface in the areas explored is 

very heterogeneous too.” (FBIS-SOV-71-233, 12/3/71, L3) 

December 3: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 462 from Plesetsk into orbit with 

1782-km (1107.3-mi) apogee, 227-km (141.1-mi) perigee, 105.2-min 

period, and 65.7O inclination. Within hours after launch, Cosmos 462 

passed close to Cosmos 459 (launched Nov. 29) and exploded in 

apparent test of satellite interceptor system at low altitude. Mission 

was first satellite-intercept test using target below 258-km (160-mi) 

altitude; previous tests had occurred at altitudes between 580 and 

885 km (360 and 550 mi). (GSFC SSR, 12/31/71; AP, NYT, 1/2/71, 

25; Av Wk, 12/13/71,20) 

0 Discovery of polar caps on sun by Dr. Werner M. Neupert and team of 

GSFC astronomers was announced by NASA. Measurements made by 

Os0 7 (launched Sept. 29) had shown black areas on sun’s north and 

south poles with temperature of 1000 000 K (1 800 WOOF). Hot 

areas on sun associated with solar Bares registered temperatures of 

3 000 000 to 4 000 000 K (5 400 OOOOF to 7 200 OOOOF). Data from 

sounding rocket experiments that preceded solar polar cap discovery 

indicated seasonal variations in cap sizes. If data were accurate, caps 

were largest during time of least solar activity and might disappear 

near most active times. (NASA Release 71-237; NASA Special Release 

12/6/71) 

NASA held Mariner 9 press conference at JPL. Discussion centered on dust 

storm that had covered planet since mission began and on origin of 

Martian craters. 

Dr. Bradford A. Smith of New Mexico State Univ. said storm had 

begun 10 wks earlier, had reached peak of intensity in 5th wk, and 

was gradually but continuously clearing. Project scientists disagreed, 

however, how long dust would obscure Mars; predictions ranged from 

a few weeks to months. If storm continued throughout mission, primary 

objective might have to be changed. Dr. Smith explained prime objective “was to map 70 percent of the planet in high resolution. If the 

storm does not clear up immediately, it will not be possible to do that 

within the nominal mission. An alternative might be to focus on the 

phenomenon that we have on our hands; that is, the dust storm. And 

instead of studying it in bits and pieces and waiting for the planet to 

clear up . . . to rearrange our sequences to make an all out study of 

this atmospheric phenomenon.” Failure to complete mapping as planned 

would not significantly affect Viking Mars landing mission because, 

with only slight degradation, Viking zone could be mapped in last half 

or last third of Mariner 9 mission. ‘‘Also Viking has the capability to 

keep its landers in orbit for as long as two months while it does the 

mapping . . . [and] the capability to do some photographic site selection even if there were no usable pictures returned from ’71.” 

Dr. Harold Masursky of US. Geological Survey described four high 

points on Mars, all with large summit craters, suggesting that they 

might be volcanic calderas. Great alignment of relatively young topographic highs with summit craters suggested that Mars was geochemi339 
December 3 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

cally active-that in not too distant past there had been extensive volcanic activity. Similar features might be found at lower elevations; 

they would be of interest because they had been, and still might be, 

hot. Such volcanic sources had, according to most opinions, produced 

terrestrial atmosphere ; that is, carbon dioxide and water had come 

from such volcanic vents. Dr. Masursky emphasized that volcanic 

theory was not agreed on; project scientists’ views ranged from 

Data on Mars moons Deimos and Phobos were described by Dr. 

James B. Pollack of ARC. Deimos was 12 by 13y2 km (7% by Sy2 mi) 

and Phobos was 21 by 26 km (13 by 16 mi). Moons were ‘(among the 

darkest objects in the solar system,” reflecting only about 5% of sunlight that fell on them. Moons’ darkness could be attributed to basalts 

or carbonaceous chondrites in soil. If scientists could determine reason 

for darkness, they would soon be able to determine whether moons 

were captured asteroids or remnants of material from which Mars was 

formed. (Transcript) 

NASA sent message to Dr. I. A. Zhulin in Moscow via telex communication 

system established for exchange of information on Mariner 9 and 

Mars 2 and Mars 3 missions to Mars. Message congratulated U.S.S.R. 

on success of Mars 2; requested Mars 2 coordinates, orbital parameters, 

doppler data, and data from uv spectrometer; and provided information on US, Mariner 9 photos of Mars and moons, doppler data, and 

uv spectrometer data. (NASA Release 71-240) 

* NASA announced establishment of new Office of Applications (OA) . Charles 

W. Mathews, Deputy Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight since 1968, was named Associate Administrator for Applications. Leonard Jaffe, Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science 

and Applications (Applications) since 1966, was named Deputy ASSOciate Administrator for Applications. Personnel,. programs, and functions of Earth Observations and Communications Programs Divs. 

would be transferred from OSSA to new office and OSSA would be renamed Office of Space Science (OSS) . Dr. James C. Fletcher, NASA Administrator said : “The application 

of space technology to solving problems here on Earth is perhaps 

NASA’s most important new thrust. 1 believe it appropriate to centralize 

into a single office in NASA Headquarters all of the resources which 

we can muster to support space applications to Earth.” (NASA Release 

* Joint group of NASA and European Space Conference technical experts 

completed four-day meeting at NASA Hq. to identify candidate areas 

for possible European participation in post-Apollo space programs. 

NASA announced Dec. 6 that areas identified included space shuttle 

subsystems, major responsibility for orbit-to-orbit space tug, early 

development of major payload elements like sortie cans and research 

and applications modules, and support studies in related technology. 

Group’s report would be studied by U.S. and European authorities. 

Group had proposed February 1972 meeting for further technical 

definition and consideration of programmatic, financial, and management implications. (NASA Release 71-241) 

US. Embassy in Moscow released statement to press about Nov. 29- 

Dec. 7 NASA-Soviet Academy of Sciences meeting on compatible space 

agreement, to skepticism, to outright disbelief .” (6 

71-239) 

340 
ASTKONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 3 

docking system: “The main purpose of this third working session was 

to discuss the technical details of hardware compatibility and to discuss a joint American-Soviet space mission. It is intended to sign a 

final agreement within two months. Details will not be given out until 

then.” 

AP, in bulletin from MOSCOW, said: “American and Soviet scientists plan to sign an agreement on a joint manned space flight within 

the next two months, a US. Embassy official disclosed today.” 

Sources later described by Washington Post as “close to” NASA 

delegation in Moscow said in response to press query that it was 

misunderstanding to think that agreement already had been reached. 

NASA spokesman in Washington, D.C., told press AP report was result 

of misunderstanding of US. Embassy report. Embassy statement had 

stemmed from “routine programs report . . . on discussions . . . now 

in progress.” Any understanding as to joint test mission would come 

after current talks had ended and been subjected to recommendations 

and approval. 

Press later commented on misundesstanding. New York Times said 

there was “considerable confusion . . . as to how firm and far-reaching 

is the apparent understanding between the American and Soviet negotiators.” Washington Post said Cosmonaut Andrian G. Nikolayev had 

said at October reception for US. governors visiting Moscow that 

astronauts and cosmonauts would work together in space: “We speak 

the common language of space.” Baltimore Sun said “the Russians 

are traditionally sensitive about any publicity before official, simultaneous announcements are made on any bilateral agreement.” It 

appeared “the Americans had inadvertently talked about the agreement prematurely.’’ (AP News Service, 12/3/71; Wilford, NYT, 

12/4/71, 1; Kaiser, W Post, 12/4/71, Al; Mills, B Sun, 12/4/71, 

A12) 

First transatlantic picture telephone call was made successfully between 

US. and Sweden via Zntelsat-ZV F-2 orbiting over Atlantic. One-hour 

transmission was part of ceremonies in Sweden and at ComSatCorp 

headquarters in Washington, D.C., formally inaugurating new Nordic 

earth station at Tanum, Sweden, jointly owned by Denmark, Finland, 

Norway, and Sweden. (ComSatCorp Release 71-67) 

* USAF announced issuance by Aeronautical Systems Div. of $1 781 382 

fixed-price-incentive contract to General Dynamics Corp. for aerospace ground equipment for F-111 aircraft. (DOD Release 1020-71) 

* Senate confirmed nomination of H. Guyford Stever as NSF Director. 

(CR, 12/3/71, S20397) 

December 4: Unidentified USAF satellite and its Atlas-Agena booster were 

exploded by radio command when booster malfunctioned and veered 

off course shortly after launch from ETR. (W Post, 12/7/71, A7) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Mars 3, approaching Mars, had detected possible evidence of 

earth‘s magnetic tail farther out in space than previously reported, 

Pravda article said. Both Mars 2 and Mars 3 had passed through area 

19 million km (12 million mi) from earth, where they had detected 

magnetic field. When Mars 3 passed through area it recorded streams 

of charged particles whose velocities differed from those observed in 

solar wind. Soviet scientists speculated that particles of solar wind 

were mixed with those of earth’s magnetic tail. (NYT, 12/5/71, 9) 

341 
December 5 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

December 5: France’s 90-kg (200-lb) Polaire scientific satellite, launched 

from Kourou Space Center, failed to enter orbit when 2nd stage of 

Diamant-B booster malfunctioned. { FBIS-~ov-71-234, 12/6/71, T2 ; 

SBD, 12/7/71, 163) 

Launch of Intelsat-1V F-3 comsat, scheduled for Dec. 6 by Atlas-Centaur 

booster, would be postponed indefinitely pending review of Dec. 4 

failure of USAF Atlas-Agena mission, NASA announced. (NYT, 12/7/71, 

18 1 0 Dr. Wernher von Braun, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Planning, described future benefit of space program spinoff in Parade 

article on applications of space technology to social problems. “On the 

1973 flights in the Skylab experimental space station, a medical doctor will go into space with the astronauts. He will carry out a comprehensive program of experiments . . . to establish how well men live 

and work in weightless conditions in an enclosed space as big as a 

three-bedroom house.” With data obtained, space benefits could be 

achieved in a few years and made available to people everywhere. 

(Parade, 12/5/71, 8,12) 

Remaining “puzzles” of solar system pattern were discussed by Walter 

Sullivan in New York Times article: General assumption was that 

sun, planets, and moons had been formed from “swirling, flattened 

cloud of material.” But: “Why does Mars have two tiny moons, each 

only a few miles in diameter, yet our moon is a quarter the diameter 

of the earth? Why do some of the outer moons of Jupiter go the 

‘wrong way’-counter clockwise-around that huge planet? Why is 

the earth‘s moon formed of a different mix of elements from that constituting the earth?” Recent information had “illuminated these 

questions though it had not resolved them.” Earth’s moon was giving 

off “far more heat than had been predicted on the basis of assumptions of how it was formed.’’ Mariner 9 photos of the two Mars moons 

had shown both to be irregular chunks “rather than systematically 

spherical bodies in the manner normally attributed to moons and 

planets.” George Washington Univ. scientist J. Martyn Bailey had 

proposed that all seven of Jupiter’s outer moons were asteroids captured by that planet’s powerful gravity and that Jupiter’s clockwise 

moons had been captured when planet was farthest from sun, while 

counter-clockwise moons had been captured when Jupiter was nearest 

sun. Lunar Science Institute scientists had agreed there had been 

sufficient sorting and layering on earth‘s moon to produce radioactive 

crust that could account for heat flow. Information on two Martian 

moons had indicated that Phobos and Deimos looked much like 

asteroidal fragments but that did not prove that they were captured 

asteroids. They could have been formed as spherical moons from 

material left when Mars was being created and later “battered into 

their irregular shapes.” (NYT, 12/5/71, 4:s) 

* New York Times editorial praised results of Apollo lunar exploration and 

noted there was “much more that men have to learn about this puzzling neighbor in space.” It had been reported that NASA might have 

to cancel Apollo 16 and 17 for budgetary reasons. “Such action would 

confirm the widespread suspicion that the United States was less interested in the scientific results of lunar exploration than in the prestige 

of being the first nation to land men on the moon.’’ Announcement that 

342 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 5 

Soviet flag had been dropped on Mars might, however, “impel the 

Administration to decide that this is not the time for the United States 

to end its scientific bridgehead on the moon. It is the promising research prospects from continued lunar study, not Soviet space competition, that give the really valid motivation for continuing the Apollo 

program to the extent that existing hardware, including the alreadymanufactured equipment for Apollos 16 and 17, permits.” (NYT, 

12/5/71,4:10) 

* Travel writer Morris D, Rosenberg described his visit to KSC in New 

York Times article: Visit had provided “whole new point of reference, 

more understanding of the complex drama you see on TV and read 

about in the newspapers, and a better appreciation of the US. role in 

space.” Those opposed to space funding might be unimpressed by 

“avalanche of facts and figures” but it was doubtful that they could 

“walk away from this 2-hour and 15-minute bus tour without a strong 

feeling of pride.” (NYT, 12/5/71,1) 

* Contract with NR that was expected to set pattern for aerospace industry settlements under negotiation was approved by Long Beach, Calif., 

Local 887 of United Automobile Workers. Proposed contract called 

for increases of 30% in salary over 34-mo period. (Wright, NYT, 

12/6/71,25) 

December 5-6: NASA launched series of eight sounding rockets from Point 

Barrow, Alaska, to obtain temperature, pressure, density, and wind 

data in upper atmosphere. Eight payloads consisted of four NikeApache pitot density probes, two Nike-Cajun grenade payloads, one 

Nike-Cajun pitot atomic oxygen, and one Nike-Cajun ozone experiment. All launches were successful except one; first Nike-Apache failed 

when rocket motor apparently malfunctioned and payload broke off. 

(NASA Rpts SRL; Proj engineer) 

December 6-11: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 463 from Baykonur into 

orbit with 285-km (17‘7.1-mi) apogee, 204-km (126.8-mi) perigee, 

89.2-min period, and 64.9’ inclination. On Dec. 7 satellite passed over 

East Pakistan at perigee on 14th revolution, British Royal Aircraft 

Establishment at Farnborough and British Interplanetary Society 

sources reported. On 16th revolution, perigee was lowered to 188 km 

(116.8 mi), reducing period to 89.0 min. Revolutions 30 and 46 

crossed East Pakistan Dec. 8 and 9 and on revolution 48 apogee was 

raised, returning to original period. Satellite reentered Dec. 11. 

SpacejZight magazine reported telemetry had revealed that some consumables were used at twice normal rate for a 13-day mis-’ cion. 

Changes in orbit supported earlier reports of U.S.S.R.’s ability to 

maneuver satellites for precise target coverage. Flights of Cosmos 463 

and Cosmos 464 [see Dec. 10-161 were made during time of IndoPakistan war. Paths would permit observation of events in Pakistan 

before early reentry; any film cassettes could have been recovered 

within four hours of last pass over East Pakistan on each flight. 

(GSFC SSR, 12/31/71; SBD, 12/7/71, 160; SF, 9/9/72,351; W Post, 

1/7/72, A16) 

December 6: NASA was “in search of new, clearly defined goals, and 

the search is not going well,” John N. Wilford said in New York 

Times article. “Self-preservation” was believed to be factor in emphasis NASA placed on current “efforts in Moscow to reach an agree343 
December 6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

ment with the Soviet Union that could lead to joint Soviet-American 

manned space missions.” If NASA could establish opportunity for improved relations with U.S.S.R. through space cooperation, “this would 

probably create the need for a series of post-Apollo missions of historic proportions.” It would be “hard” for Administration or Congress to refuse funds for such an effort. Soviet motives in current 

negotiations might be saving in space funds through cooperative ventures or “that the Soviet Union looks to cooperation as a way of sharing some of the advanced technologies developed by NASA.” (NYT, 

12/6/71,30) 

* JPL announced selection of Motorola, Inc., Government Electronics Div. 

for negotiation of $2.8-millionY cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for design 

and manufacture of two communications subsystems-modulation demodulation subsystem ( MDS) and relay telemetry subsystem (RTS) - 

for Viking Orbiter ’75 project. (JPL Release 606) 

* Dish-shaped 305-m ( 1000-ft) radiotelescope at Cornel1 Univ.’s Arecibo 

Observatory near San Juan, Puerto Rico, was undergoing $7-million 

modification program that would increase telescope’s sensitivity 2000 

times, Dr. Frank D. Drake, Cornel1 Univ. astronomer and former 

Arecibo Observatory Director, told San Juan meeting of American 

Astronomical Society. Modified telescope would search skies for unusual features and objects “we cannot even begin to predict” and 

organic molecules in intergalactic space that were clues to evolution 

of life and evidence of possible distant civilizations. “We expect to 

devote about 1 per cent of our time to just listening. If any civilization is advanced enough to communicate with other civilizations in 

the universe, we might get the message.” (Goodwin, W Post, 12/16/71, 

E91 

* USAF aircraft procurement in FY 1973 would reach “historic low of fewer 

than 100,” Aviation Week & Space Technology reported. DOD preliminary budget estimates had indicated cyclical dip reflecting completion of procurement of LTV Aerospace Corp. A-7D and General 

Dynamics Corp. F-111 aircraft. Magazine said USAF procurement 

might rise in FY 1974 when McDonnell Douglas F-15 fighter aircraft 

and NR‘s B-1 bomber had passed development milestones. (Av Wk, 

12/6/71, 13) 

House defeatgd by vote of 203 to 172 H.R. 11624, “to amend the Military Construction Authorization Act, 1970, to authorize additional 

funds for the conduct of an international aeronautical exposition.” 

9 Washington Evening Star editorial commented on Administration’s New 

Technologies Oppo5tunities Program [see Oct. 311 : Much was worthwhile, “especially the attempt to mount a genuine program of conversion from defense and space-related to socially useful technological 

emphasis.” But “purely economic objectives of the program are 

murkier, at least at present. Granted that this nation may be on its 

way, in a number of industrial fields, to losing the technological lead 

that for so long has been a mainstay of our economic strength. Does 

it follow that the answer, in high-technology fields like electronics and 

commercial aviation, is what one Presidential adviser has called ‘an 

unaccustomed set’ of supports and subsidies to industry?” Question 

contained “all the elements of explosive controversy, and the adminis- 

(CR, 12/6/71, H11830-1) 

344 1 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 6 

tration will be hard-pressed to make a convincing case.” (W Star, 

12/6/71, A10) 

December 6-9: American Geophysical Union held annual meeting in San 

Francisco. MIT seismologist Dr. Mehmet Nafi Toksoz presented findings of seismic team from MIT, Columbia Univ., Univ. of Hawaii, 

and General Dynamics Corp. that moon had been subdivided into 

layers by process somewhat similar to that which produced layering 

within earth. Conclusion had been reached after analysis of tremors 

induced in moon by spacecraft impacts. Report was released simultaneously at MIT, where Dr. Frank Press, coauthor of report, told press 

that separation into layers, some 3.3 billion yrs ago, had brought SO 

much radioactive material close to lunar surface that there was not 

enough left at depth to keep lunar interior hot. He believed deep lunar 

interior cooled and was quiescent compared with earth. Dr. Press said 

energy released in form of moonquakes was 100 million times less 

than in earthquakes. 

Scientist Steve Korn of TRW Inc. Viking biological instrument team 

described instruments being developed for $11-million experiments to 

be conducted by two Viking laders scheduled for 1976 Mars landing. 

Sophisticated units for four experiments to search for microdyopic 

life on Mars would be among most complex systems ever flown aboard 

unmanned spacecraft. Experiments included heat release experiment 

to analyze Martian soil for photosynthetic life similar to plant life on 

earth; experiment that would add nutrient to solid sample and measure 

metabolic conversion ; gas exchange experiment to monitor environment 

surrounding sample for changes in gaseous makeup that would indicate presence of living organisms ; and light-scattering experiment to 

provide nutrient to soil sample and detect any increases in scattering 

attributable to growth of microorganisms. Also, three-legged probes 

would snap photos ; study Martian atmosphere ; return meteorological 

data, pressures, temperatures, wind, and humidity ; report on Mars’ 

magnetic and physical properties ; and check seismic events. Probes 

would be lowered by parachute and retrorocket after landers had 

obtained orbit in procedure designed to land them accurately in areas 

deemed most likely to be habitats for life. (Sullivan, NYT, 12/10/71, 

29; Miles, LATNS, W Post, 12/19/71, A41) 

December 7: Retirement of Astronaut Richard F. Gordon, Jr., from NASA 

and USN, effective Jan. 1, 1972, was announced by NASA. Gordon, 

pilot of Gemini 1.2 (Sept. 12-15, 1966) and CM pilot for ApoZZo 12 

(Nov. 18-24, 1969), would join John W. Mecom, Jr., organization in 

New Orleans, La. Retirement would reduce number of astronauts to 

46. (NASA Release 71-243) 

FRC announced award of $211 260, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to LTV 

Aerospace Corp. for design and construction of side fairings for 

NASA7s supercritical wing test aircraft, modified F-8 jet. Installation of 

side fairings would improve overall aircraft with area ruling, an 

aerodynamic design feature that would permit aircraft to fly more 

efficiently, and provide more desirable test environment for evaluating 

aerodynamic characteristics of supercritical wing near speed of sound. 

(FRC Release 29-71) 

NASA award of two contracts for feasibility studies of pressure-fed engine 

for water-recoverable space shuttle booster was announced by MSFC. 

345 
December 7 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

TRW Inc. would receive $400 000 and Aerojet-General Corp. $367 595, 

for studies ending Feb. 29, 1972. (MSFC Release 71-230) 

* Dr. James R. Schlesinger, AEC Chairman, announced major reorganization of AEC operating staff to “provide a coherent management structure and to improve program effectiveness.” Major program areasnational security, energy and development, research, and productionwould be directed by assistant general managers. New Div. of Controlled Thermonuclear Research would deal with development of fusion 

as new energy source. New position of Assistant General Manager for 

Environment and Safety would increase emphasis on environmental 

matters and safety research. New Div. of International Security Affairs 

and Div. of Applied Technology were being established. (AEC Release 

RAND Corp. specialists Robert L. Perry and Arthur J. Alexander testified 

before Senate Committee on Armed Services that France, Sweden, 

U.K., and U.S.S.R. had been turning out excellent fighter aircraft for 

fraction of what U.S. paid in money and manpower. Cost difference 

was largely due to simpler design, strict “fly before you buy” policy, 

and reliance on small teams of experts rather than on huge number 

of men and machines. Perry said government 05ces monitoring development of new aircraft in France, Sweden, and U.K. rarely contained 

more than 30 specialists. In US., figure was normally five times that. 

Within European countries developing aircraft, skilled workers committed to program rarely exceeded 700. In U.S. “from two to ten 

times as many comparable specialists are employed,” Perry said. 

(Getler, W Post, 12/8/71, A25) 

* U.K. and French governments agreed on undisclosed pricing policy for 

Anglo-French supersonic transport Concorde. New York Times later 

said policy favored 16 airlines that had taken options on 74 Concordes. (Giniger, NYT, 12/8/71, 5) 

AFSC announced development of optical aimpoint guidance ( OPTAG) 

system, to enable bomb or missile to pinpoint specific target within 

large complex. System used a correlatron to compare previously made 

photos with actual scenery. By turning photographic and optical scenes 

into electronic images, system cued control fins to keep bomb or 

missile on course during flight. (AFSC Release 245.71) 

December 7-9: Skylab multiple docking adapter Crew Compartment Fit 

and Function Review was held at Martin Marietta Corp. facility in 

Denver, Colo. Purpose of review was to familiarize astronauts with 

MDA equipment and storage requirements. (Marshall Star, 12/1/71, 2; 

December 8: NASA’s TF-8A jet aircraft with supercritical wing, piloted by 

NASA test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed 25th and 

26th flights from FRC. Objectives of flights were to investigate buffet 

boundary further at low supersonic speeds and to determine effects of 

aileron position and angle of attack on wing pressure distributions. 

Buffet boundary was penetrated at mach 1.15 and 15 200-m (50 000-ft) 

altitude. Pressure distribution data were obtained from mach 0.9 to 1.0 

at 14 000-m (46 000-ft) altitude. (NASA Proj Off) 

0 Apolto 15 Astronauts David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, and James B. 

Irwin received NASA Distinguished Service Medal from Vice President 

Spiro T. Agnew in Washington, D.C., ceremony. Citation was for 

0-258) 

MSFC PAO) 

346 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 8 

<C most complex and carefully planned scientific expedition in the history of exploration.” (NASA Release 71-242) 

Portrait of Dr. Robert H. Goddard, U.S. rocket pioneer, was unveiled 

by artist Peter Stevens and Mrs. Goddard and presented to Rep. George 

P. Miller (D-Calif., Chairman of House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics, by National Space Club. Ceremonies were held in Committee’s main hearing room, where portrait would hang. (NSC News 

Letter, 11/23/71) 

Spartan ABM intercepted one of several reentry vehicles in successful test 

of Spartan’s ability to distinguish actual nuclear warhead from flock 

of dummies. DOD later said test, above atmosphere over Pacific, was 

first in which Spartan, its associated radar, and its computerized radar 

guidance system were required to make this distinction. (Farrar, 

C Trib, 12/10/71,12) 

* Fiftieth anniversary of first transatlantic transmissions by American 

amateur radio “hams” on 200-m frequency. Bouncing radio transmissions off ionosphere over long distances was later to prove seminal in 

evolution of concepts for passive reflector satellites. (QST, 12/71, 54-7) 

Baltimore Sun editorial commented on softlanding on Mars of instrumented capsule by Soviet Mars 3: “For the first time man has been 

able to reach Mars with implements that have proved capabIe both of 

surviving a landing and of working, for a time at least, after they have 

been landed. This of course is only one approach to the new studies 

of brother objects in space. The United States Mariner 9 may by 

photographic means add valuable pictorial knowledge to that which 

Mars 3 has reported by signal. And even if neither of these latest raids 

on the unknown returns as much information as men want, they have 

together shown that the means by which more and more can be 

learned are now in our hands, even if in only a primitive and imperfect state so far.” (B Sun, 12/8/71, A18) 

0 Kansas City Times editorial commented on “ambiguous” announcement 

of progress in NASA-Soviet Academy of Sciences meetings to develop 

compatible space docking system [see Dec. 31: “The first interpretation was that agreement soon would be reached on a joint mission 

involving astronauts of the two countries in an orbital linkup. In hasty 

clarification, NASA explained that the mooted accord covered only the 

technical matters which could make such a mission possible. . . . Either 

way, the conclusion is obvious: The two space powers are moving at 

last, and seriously, toward the sort of shared space planning that logic 

and economics have long indicated but which competition and secretiveness have prevented.” (KC Times, 12/8/71) 

December 9: ESRO Council meeting in Paris agreed on future program 

based on applications satellites. Priority would be given to use of ELDO 

launch vehicles provided ELDO’S price did not exceed that of launch 

vehicles available elsewhere. ESRO budget would be equivalent of 

$283.6 million from 1972 to 1974 and $300 million for following three 

years. From 1974 to 1980 at least $70 million would be spent on construction of applications satellites. (AP, NYT, 12/12/71, 9) 

December 10-16: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 464 from Plesetsk into orbit 

with 311-km (193.3-mi) apogee, 180-km (111.9-mi) perigee, 89.4-min 

period, and 72’ inclination. British Royal Aircraft Establishment and 

British InterpIanetary Society sources reported that drift of about 5’ 

347 
Decemher 10-16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

per day brought satellite over East Pakistan on revolution 44 Dec. 13 

at height of 230 km (142.9 mi). On revolution 46, two-impulse 

maneuver lowered both apogee and perigee, with 89.0-min period and 

182-km (113.1-mi) perigee. Westerly drift rate was reduced to less 

than 1' per day, permitting three further daylight passes over Pakistan area before reentry Dec. 16. 

Orbital changes supported earlier reports of Soviet maneuvering 

capability. Cosmos 463 [see Dec. 6-11] and Cosmos 464 were launched 

during Indo-Pakistan war ; altered paths permitted observation of 

Pakistan before early reentry. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/71 ; SBD, 12/14/71, 

199; SF, 9/9/72,351; W Post, 1/7/72, A16) 

December 10: MSFC announced completion of study of offshore oil and gas 

operations by team of MSFC, MTF, and Michoud Assembly Facility 

experts. Study, made for US. Geological Survey, was confined to 

fkderally managed outer continental shelf in Gulf of Mexico but team's 

recommendations, in report to USGS, applied to all outer shelf operations. Team had suggested measures to produce offshore resources with 

safety and protection from pollution of marine and coastal environment. (MSFC Release 71-232) 

* Development of lift-distribution system to alleviate stress problems in 

C-5A aircraft by spreading aerodynamic loads through wings rather 

than concentrating stress on small areas was announced by LockheedGeorgia Co. Vice President Robert B. Ormsby. Modification could be 

installed during regular modification and inspection periods and would 

not affect aircraft's handling. (AP, W Post, 12/12/71, A3) 

U.K. successfully tested experimental hovertrain in 805-m (880-yd) run 

at 32 km per hr (20 mph) near Cambridge. Train, developed by 

Tracked Hovercraft, Ltd., to reach maximum 483-km-per-hr (300-mph ) 

speed, traveled on air cushion astride concrete track and was controlled 

from trackside. (Scott, NYT, 12/11/71,54) 

December 11 : U.K.'s Ariel 4 (UK4) satellite was successfully launched by 

NASA on Scout booster from WTR at 12:47 pm PST. Orbital parameters: 

apogee, 587 km (364.8 mi); perigee, 472 km (293.3 mi) ; period, 

95.2 min; and inclination, 83". Primary objective was to investigate 

interactions between electromagnetic waves, plasmas, and energetic 

particles in upper ionosphere. Ariel 4 weighed 99.6 kg (220 lbs) and 

carried five experiments-four provided by U.K. groups and one by 

Univ. of Iowa-to study radio noise and low-frequency radio waves, 

measure electron temperature, and count low-energy charged particles. 

Ariel 4 was fourth in series of U.S.-U.K. cooperative launches that 

began with Ariel 1 April 26, 1962. British Science Research Council 

(SRC) was responsible for satellite design, fabrication, and tests including all but one experiment. NASA was responsible for low-energy 

proton and electron analyzer, technical support, Scout booster, launch 

operations, and tracking and data acquisition. Ariel 2 had been 

launched March 27, 1964, and Ariel 3, May 5, 1967. (NASA Proj Off; 

NASA Release 71-277) 

President Nixon accepted resignation, for personal reasons, of David 

Packard as Deputy Secretary of Defense effective Dec. 13. President 

also redesignated Secor D. Browne as CAB Chairman for term expiring 

Dec. 31, 1972, and announced intention to nominate Whitney Gillilland 

for reappointment as CAB member for six-year term and, upon Senate 

348 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 11 

confirmation, as Vice Chairman of CAB for term expiring Dec. 31, 1972. 

Gillilland appointment was submitted to Senate Dec. 13 and confirmed 

Feb. 29, 1972. (PD, 12/13/71, 1640-1; 12/20/71, 1672; CR, 2/29/ 

72, S2916) 

* US. Senate approved Protocol enlarging ICAO Council membership from 

27 to 30. (CR, 12/11/71, S21400-2) 

December 12: USN manned spacecraft recovery forces in Atlantic and 

Pacific would cachet and cancel philatelic mail for March 17 launch 

of Apollo 16, Washington Sunday Star reported. Covers would be 

processed through coordinators at Norfolk, Va., and Honolulu. From 

Hawaii covers would be forwarded to recovery ship. Since Atlantic 

Recovery Force would not include ship with post office, covers would 

be processed by Norfolk post office. (W Star, 12/12/71, Cll) 

NOAA, after one year of functioning, was “hardly a wet NASA,” Thomas 

OToole said in Washington Post article. While it had been predicted 

that Government would spend up to $2 billion a year on NOAA by 

1970, spending “never went higher than $500 million and it’s almost 

all spent on surface vessels.” NOAA expected to spend no more than 

$700 000 for undersea research in 1972. (W Post, 12/12/71, Al) 

David Sarnoff, honorary board chairman and former president of RCA 

Corp., died at age 80 after long illness. Sarnoff, often called “electronics 

prophet,” had played major role in development of radio and TV. 

(NYT, 12/13/71,1) 

December 13: Apollo 16 spacecraft was rolled out from ICSC Vehicle 

Assembly Building to Launch Complex 39, Pad A, in preparation for 

manned lunar landing mission scheduled for launch March 17, 1972. 

Rollout was watched by about 10000 persons at KSC. (UPI, NYT, 

12/14/71, 12; KSC Release 263-71) 

First photos of solar flare spouting from far side of sun were taken by 

Os0 7 (launched Sept. 29, 1971). Photos also showed for first time 

effects of massive eruption of sun traveling through its outer corona. 

Tongues of ionized gases were shown shooting up to 6% million km 

(4 million mi) from solar surface. NRL Director Capt. Earle W. Sapp 

said later that osos were increasingly helpful in forecasting sun’s 

weather to predict effect of solar storms on navigation and communications equipment. (Lyons, NYT, 1/11/72, 26) 

NASA’s TF-8A jet aircraft equipped with supercritical wing, flown by 

NASA test pilot Thomas C. McMurtry, successfully completed 27th 

flight from FRC. Purposes of flight were to obtain wing pressure distributions at low angles of attack and to obtain stability and control 

characteristics at design conditions. Pressure distributions were obtained from mach 0.90 to 0.99 at 14 000-m (46 000-ft) altitude. stability and control data were obtained at mach 0.99 at 14000-m altitude. (NASA Pkoj Off) 

NASA announced establishment of two new positions in OART. Dr. Seymour C. Himmel, LeRC Director of Rockets and Vehicles, was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Technology. George W. 

Cherry, Director of OART’S Aeronautical Operating Systems Div., was 

appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Programs. (NASA Release 71-246; NASA Ann, 12/15/71) 

President Nixon referred to Anglo-French Concorde supersonic airliner 

at dinner with Prime Minister Marcello Caetano of Portugal and 

349 
December 13 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

President Georges Pompidou of France during meetings of French 

and US. heads of state at Angra do Heroisimo, The Azores: “When I 

arrived at the airport on the Spirit of ’76, a Boeing 707, I saw parked 

in front of me a Concorde which had carried the President of France. 

Our Ambassador to France, Mr. Watson, pointed out that he had come 

from France at a speed three times as fast as we had come from the 

United States. I do not speak in envy; I only wish we had made the 

plane ourselves.” (PD, 12/20/71, 16614) 

* Deputy Secretary of Defense David Packard, whose resignation had 

been accepted by President Nixon on Dec. 11, said at DOD news conference that new orders for military equipment were “leveling off ,’ 

after declining sharply following 1967-1968 peak period due to Vietnam war. Total defense spending, Packard said, was less than 7% of 

current GNP and probably would remain so for several years. Wall 

Street Journal said later that Packard would become Chairman of 

Hewlett Packard Co., electronics firm he had helped to found in 1941. 

(Transcript; VSJ, 12/14/71,14) 

U.S.S.R.’s largest and most advanced space tracking ship, 40 800 000-kg 

(45 000-ton), 230-m (760-ft) Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, had been 

unveiled in Odessa Harbor, New York Times reported. Ship was 

equipped with 100 antennas, including four large parabolic antennas 

for deep space communications, and could operate at sea for up to 

one year. (Shabad, NYT, 12/14/71,11) 

December 14: USAF launched four unidentified satellites from Vandenberg 

AFB by Thorad-Agena booster. Orbital parameters : 999.4-km (621-mi) 

apogee, 983.3-km (611-mi) perigee, 104+.9-min period, and 70° inclination. (Pres Rpt 72; SBD, 12/16/71,210) 

Team of ARC astronomers headed by Dr. Charles P. Sonett had found 

evidence that sun’s spin rate 4.6 billion yrs ago was one revolution 

every three hours rather than current one rotation every 27 days, 

ARC announced. Study of melting histories of meteorites recovered on 

earth and observations of young stars in constellation Taurus led 

astronomers to believe high rotation rate and other mechanisms typical of newly formed suns had forced flow of electric gases from sun, 

causing sun to lose one third of its original mass in a few million 

years and stripping away primordial atmosphere of Mercury, earth, 

and Mars. Complete melting could have occurred in asteroids. Radioactive dating had established that many meteorites were melted about 

4.6 billion yrs ago. ARC astronomers believed inertia of gas molecules 

thrown out by sun and tied to sun by solar magnetic field, with interplanetary magnetic field itself, would have slowed sun’s rotation over 

4.6 billion yrs. (ARC Release 71-71) 

* House Committee on Science and Astronautics published For the Benefit 

of All Mankind: A Survey of the Practical Returns From Space Investment. Report updated and expanded study of tangible benefits and 

practical returns from space investment based on material from Government, industry, and press-including extensive NASA research in technology utilization at Committee’s request. Committee concluded that 

illustrations in report were “extra dividends which are a fallout of 

ingenious application of space experience by business, industry, commerce, science, government, the medical profession and the academic 

community. Those dividends already paid, coupled with those in sight 

350 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 14 

for the near-term future, affect practically every facet of human convenience and concern. They promise continuing and increasing return 

on the space investment for the benefit of mankind on earth today.” 

(H Rpt 92-748) 

FAA Administrator John H. Shaffer, in speech before Aviation/Space 

Writers Assn. in Washington, D.C., said Anglo-French Concorde 

supersonic jet transport would be quiet enough to land at U.S. airports. Concorde would be used over North Atlantic and would not 

cause potentially destructive sonic booms over US. Shaffer predicted 

US. would build SST eventually. (Reuters, W Post 12/15/71, E10) 

* President Nixon inspected Concorde Anglo-French supersonic airliner at 

Lajes Field, The Azores, before departing for U.S. aboard Presidential aircraft Spirit of ’76 after meeting with French heads of state. 

(PD, 12/20/71,1670) 

DOD Project MAST (military assistance to safety and traffic) was example of “major role” of transfer of technical knowledge from DOD 

laboratories to civilian scientific community in “technological revolution,” Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird said at meeting of 

Domestic Action Council in Washington, D.C. Since July 1970 inception of program, military helicopters had flown 767 missions and 

evacuated 983 civilian patients for civilian agencies. (Text) 

December 15: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 465 .from Plesetsk into orbit with 

1011-km (628.2-mi) apogee, 969-km (602.1-mi) perigee, 104.8-min 

period, and 74’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/71 ; SBD, 12/16/71, 

210) 

U.S.S.R.’s Mars 2 and Mars 3 satellites were “successfully continuing the 

scientific exploration of Mars and the space near the planet in substantially different orbits,” Tass announced. To date, 153 radio communication sessions had been held with Mars 2 and 159, with Mars 3 

USAF’S X-24A lifting body was shipped by air from FRC to Martin Marietta Corp.’s Denver plant, where it would be modified and redesignated 

X-24B. Modified vehicle, of new shape with improved hypersonic liftto-drag ratio, would be delivered to FRC in early fall 1972. X-24A had 

completed 28 flights in joint NASA-USAF research program, reaching 

1676 km per hr (1048 mph) and 21 600-m (71 000-ft) altitude. (FRC 

Release 30-71 ; SBD, 12/17/71,215) 

Purchase price of $31.2 million for Concorde supersonic transport was 

announced at Paris press conference by Henri Ziegler, head of French 

government-owned ABrospatiale. Announcement was made on behalf of 

AQospatiale and BAC, manufacturers of Anglo-French aircraft. Ziegler said first six Concordes would be ready for service by October 1974. 

New York Times later said price was record for civilian aircraft. 

(Hess, NYT, 12/16/71,93) 

List of Federal agencies using MTF for scientific activities was inserted 

in Congressional Record by Sen. John C. Stennis (D-Miss.). Agencies 

included Environmental Protection Agedcy, US. Geological Survey 

and other Interior Dept. activities, USA Corps of Engineers, NOAA and 

NASA. Mississippi State Univ. and Louisiana State Univ. had programs 

at MTF; state governments of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas had 

established full-time liaison with MTF; and Dept. of Agriculture and 

FBIS-SOV-71-241) 

351 
December 15 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

other Federal agencies were investigating possible use of facility. (CR, 

12/15/71) 

* Conversation between Mary Ann Harbert, U.S. citizen released Dec. 14 

after nearly four-year internment by Chinese Communists, and escort 

Col. Leonard W. Johnson, Jr., Commander of 9th Aeromedical Evacuation Group at Clark AFB in Philippines, was reported by AP. Miss 

Harbert had asked, “Have you put any men on the moon yet?” Col. 

Johnson had responded with description of US. space program that 

had put eight men on moon. Miss Harbert had said, “I really don’t 

know, I hadn’t heard about it. Many people in China don’t know that. 

The last thing we knew about space was that Russia had something 

circling the moon.” (B Sun, 12/15/71, A9) 

* NSF published Industrial R&D Spending, 1970 (NSF 71-39). In 1970 

total R&D performance in industry amounted to $17.9 billion-3% 

below 1969 level of $18.3 billion but more than double 1958 amount. 

In constant dollars, 1969-1970 decrease was nearly 8%. Entire drop 

in industrial R&D spending between 1969 and 1970 was accounted for 

by decrease in Federal R&D funds to industry from $8.4 billion to $7.8 

billion. Decline of 8% represented lowest level of Federal R&D dollars 

in industry since 1965. (NSF Highlights, 12/10/71, 1) 

December 15-1 6: Space Shuttle Aerothermodynamics Technology Conference at ARC discussed technology for manned spacecraft that could fly 

to aircraftlike landing. More than 30 papers were presented on space 

shuttle design, operation flight mechanics, flow fields, and heat transfer. (ARC Astrogram, 12/23/71,3) 

European Launcher Development Organization ( ELDO ) Council, meeting 

in Paris, adopted $79.3-million budget to cover Europa I and I1 development, studies and preliminary work on Europa 111, construction 

of F-15 and subsequent launchers, and launchers for Symphonie. Gen. 

R. Aubiniere of France succeeded Ambassador R. di Carroba of Italy 

as Secretary General. Gen. H. Hoffman was appointed Technical 

Director, G. Van Reeth Administrative Direetor, and J. P. Causse 

Deputy Director General, to act for ELDO in preliminary talks with 

U.S. on European participation in post-Apollo program. (SF, 2/72, 8; 

December 16: Cosmos 466 was launched by U.S.S.R. from Baykonur into 

orbit with 375-km (233-mi) apogee, 175-km (108.7-mi) perigee, 

90-min period, and 64O inclination. Satellite reentered Dec. 27. 

( GSFC SSR, 12/31/71 ; SBD, 12/17/71,217) 

NASA’s M2-F3 lifting body, piloted by test pilot William H. Dana, reached 

mach 0.8 and 13 700-m (45 000-ft) altitude during 13th flight, airlaunched from B-52 from FRC. Objectives of powered flight were to 

obtain stability and control data at speeds above mach 1.0, expand 

flight envelope, and evaluate reaction control system. Evaluation of 

reaction control system was only objective achieved because engine 

shut down prematurely. (NASA Proj Off j 

Launch of Intelsat-IV F+ by NASA for ComSatCorp, postponed from 

Dec. 6 following failure of USAF Atlas-Agena booster, had been rescheduled for Dec. 18, KSC announced. NASA project officials recommended that sensor probe be added to Atlas sustainer system to provide information on engine temperature between gas generator and 

ELDO PAO) 

352 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December I6 

turbine inlet and that temperature readouts be monitored during Atlas 

ignition sequence before liftoff. ( KSC Release 274-71) 

* AP quoted NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs John P. 

Donnelly as saying NASA was not releasing some information on Soviet 

space program received through official channels. Clampdown was 

being made at USSR’s request and through “bilateral agreement.” 

AP said Donnelly had forbidden NASA engineers who had returned 

from NASA-Soviet Academy of Sciences meeting on compatible docking system Nov. 29-Dec. 7 in Moscow to talk to press. Text of message telexed by Soviet scientists to NASA at JPL during exchange of 

Mars 2 and 3 and Mariner 9 information would be withheld at 

Soviet request. Soviet scientists had sent three such messages. (NYT, 

12/16/71, 27) 

Australia’s decision to accept delivery of 24 US. F-111C aircraft was 

announced by Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Secretary of the Air Force, 

at USAF news briefing. Matter had “been under discussion” for some 

time, Seamans said. “I am very gratified that the decision has finally 

been made and we can put the aircraft in shape for them and get them 

over to Australia.” (Transcript) 

December 16-18: IGC added new displays to outdoor exhibit of space hardware at Visitor Information Center. Spacecraft facility verification 

vehicle-Apollo spacecraft mockup 25 m (82 ft) tall used to check out 

assembly and test facilities for early Apollo missions-was placed on 

temporary display with Juno 2 and Jupiter C rockets, Gemini Titan and 

Mercury spacecraft, Apollo LM mockup, and three kinds of rocket engines. Full-scale model of ApoZZo 15 LRV would remain on display for 

several weeks. Scale model of Mariner 9 spacecraft had been added to 

indoor exhibits. (KSC Release 273-71) 

December 17: U.S.S.R. launched two satellites from Plesetsk. Cosmos 467 

entered orbit with 465-km (288.9-mi) apogee, 266-km (165.3-mi) 

perigee, 91.8-min period, and 71° inclination and reentered April 18, 

1972. 

Cosmos 468 entered orbit with 808-km (502.1-mi) apogee, 786-km 

(488.4-mi) perigee, 100.7-min period, and 74O inclination. ( CSFC 

SSR, 12/31/71 ; 4/30/72; SBD, 12/20/71, 226; 12/21/71, 230) 

Mariner 9 photographed Martian plateau from 6500-km (4000-mi) altitude. Photo, released by JPL Dec. 29, showed area 120 km (75 mi) 

square in Phoenicis Lacus region, covered with fault lines and resembling wrinkled elephant hide. Faults and scarcity of craters suggested 

region was volcanic and relatively young geologically. (AP, B Sun, 

12/30/71, A5 ; Miles, LA Times, 12/30/71) 

Flight version of multiple docking adapter (MDA) for Skylab was accepted by MSFC at Martin Marietta Corp.’s Denver facility. MDA-~ 

major Skylab module being readied for 1973 launch-had been designed and fabricated by MSFC. Martin Marietta had installed, integrated, and tested MDA subassemblies and functional equipment. 

( MSFC Release 71-241 ) 

Rep. William R. Cotter (D-Colin.) said in release to press that preliminary 

GAO audit of NR Rocketdyne Div. $24-million Saturn contract had 

shown “as much as $5 million . . . was diverted to underwrite crucial 

research on Rocketdyne’s winning design in the $500 million space 

shuttle main engine contract [awarded Sept. 11.” Cotter said audit, 

353 
December 17 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

performed at his request, showed “that work performed under the 

Saturn contract influenced NASA’s Source Selection Board, the group 

which evaluated the space shuttle designs submitted by Rocketdyne, 

Pratt 81 Whitney and Aerojet General.” NASA Assistant Administrator 

for Industry Affairs and Technology Utilization Daniel J. Harnett later 

told press NASA audit of space shuttle engine contract had shown “no 

unfair competition advantage was given to Rocketdyne.” (Text; AP, 

W Star, 12/19/71, E3) 

* Aviation Hall of Fame installed 1971 honorees in ceremony at Dayton, 

Ohio : Aviatrix Jacqueline Cochran for “outstanding achievements in 

modern aviation”; Boeing Co. Board Chairman William M. Allen, who 

had backed R&D that led to Boeing production of B47, B-52, 707, 

and 747 aircraft; Gen. George C. Kenney (USAF, Ret.), who had organized and commanded SAC from 1946 to 1948, commanded Air Univ. 

at Maxwell AFB, Ala., and been World War I combat pilot in France; 

and late Harry F. Guggenheim, who had helped establish schools of 

aeronautical engineering at US. universities and had supported Dr. 

Robert H. Goddard in rocket development and jet propulsion development. (AF Mag, 1/72, 15-16) 

December 18: President Nixon signed H.R. 11731, $70.5-billion7 FY 1972 

DOD defense establishment appropriation bill. Bill became P.L. 92-204. 

(CR, 12/17/71, D1339) 

December 19-20: Intelsat-IV F-3 comsat was launched by NASA for ComSatCorp on behalf of INTELSAT. Satellite, launched from ETR at 8:lO 

pm EST by Atlas-Centaur booster, entered elliptical transfer orbit. Primary objective was to place satellite into transfer orbit accurate enough 

for spacecraft onboard propulsion systems to place it in planned synchronous orbit. 

Apogee kick motor was fired at 12:49 pm EST Dec. 20, and IntelsatIV F-3 entered orbit with 36 052.9-km (22 402.2-mi) apogee, 35 745.5- 

km (22 211.2-mi) perigee, 1442-min period, and 0.47’ inclination. 

Satellite would drift from position at 284.2’ east longitude to permanent station over Atlantic at 19.5O west longitude by end of January 

1972. 

Zntelsat-ZV F-3 was second comsat in Intelsat IV series. Satellite 

was 238 cm (93.7 in) in diameter and 528 cm (208 in) high and 

weighed 1412 kg (3090 Ibs) at launch. It had 12 transponders, providing 12 TV channels and 3000-9000 telephone circuits, and was capable of multiple-access and simultaneous transmissions. Expected lifetime was seven years. Intelsat-lV F-2 had been launched Jan. 25 and 

was operating satisfactorily over Atlantic. (NASA Proj Off; ComSatCorp Release 71-66) 

December 19: Detailed Tass description of Mars 2 and 3 missions with diagrams of spacecraft and landing procedures appeared in Soviet newspapers. Enroute to Mars, spacecraft had measured solar wind particle 

streams, measured parameters of interplanetary magnetic fields, determined electron concentrations in interplanetary medium, studied 

solar radio emissions with Soviet-French Stereo-1 experiment, and 

studied spacial structure, directivity, and mechanism of radiation 

processes. In Mars orbit spacecraft had investigated Mars solar wind 

flow and its interaction with Mars ionosphere, recorded spectrum of 

354 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 19 

charged particles and variations in magnetic field, and measured refraction of radiowaves. 

Mars 3 descent package had transmitted pictures only briefly after 

landing on Mars surface Dec. 2, Tass said: “At the computed time, the 

transmission of video pictures was begun and continued for about 20 

sec. During that period a small part of a panorama was transmitted in 

which no discernible details were detected because of [the lack of] 

contrast. Now, it is still difficult to say what caused the termination of 

the transmission. It is possible that it was associated with the local 

peculiarities in the landing area, which are completely unknown, or 

with the dust storm raging at the time. Apparently the dust storm 

acted as a ‘veil’ covering the surface details during the panoramic 

exposure. The sudden cessation of signals made it impossible to obtain 

information from the scientific equipment.” 

Orbiting vehicle carried infrared radiometer, two TV cameras, 

photometer, and instruments to measure COZ and determine water 

vapor content, surface radio-brightness temperature, and atmospheric 

density. (Sou Rpt, 12/31/71,1-14) 

December 20: U.S.S.R. launched Molniya I-19 comsat from Plesetsk into 

orbit with 39 146-km (24 324.2-mi) apogee, 493-km (306.3-mi) 

perigee, 703.3-min period, and 65.4’ inclination. Satellite would transmit telephone, telegraph, radio, and TV signals to link far north, 

Siberia, Central Asia, and Far East. (GSFC Operations Off; Spacewarn, 12/28/71, 1; SBD, 12/21/71,230) 

Italy’s Sun Marco 3 (launched April 24! by NASA) was adjudged successful. Satellite had transmitted excellent data on density, composition, 

and neutral-particle atmosphere at altitudes of 222-723 km (127.9- 

449.2 mi). Only failure had been in sun sensors, which were not 

essential to mission success. Sun Marco 3 had reentered Nov. 28 after 

more than seven months in orbit and had taken good measurements 

during reentry phase. (NASA Proj Off) 

December 21: First complete details on Mars 2 and 3 instruments were telexed by Soviet scientists to NASA scientists at JPL over direct line installed for exchange of Mariner 9 and Mars 2 and 3 data. Message 

said Soviet Mars spacecraft each had two radiometers, four photometers, one magnetometer, one ion trap, one spectrometer, and device to 

measure cosmic radiation. Analysis of data from Mars probes had been 

delayed while Soviet scientists investigated interruption of TV transmission from capsule dropped on Mars by Mars 3 Dec. 2. Message did 

not state cause of interruption or whether transmission had resumed. 

JPL officials later said Soviet message had given location of Mars 2 

spacecraft but Soviet scientisis had asked that information not be 

publicized. (AP, Long Beach, Calif, Independent-Press Telegram, 

12/22/71 ) 

* Flight version of multiple docking adapter (MDA) for Skylab was transported from Denver to St. Louis, Mo., aboard Super Guppy aircraft 

for mating with airlock module (AM) being manufactured by McDonne11 Douglas Astronautics Co. After mating, all systems would be tested 

and mated modules would be placed in large altitude chamber where 

manned and unmanned simulated missions would be conducted. ( MSFC 

Release 71-241) 

355 
December 21 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

* Gunman disarmed and held captive four Univ. of Maryland security 

guards outside chemistry building during alleged attempt to break 

into laboratories where lunar samples were kept. Later Dr. Cyril A. 

Ponnamperuma, former ARC scientist, said he believed unsuccessful 

attempt had been made to steal lunar samples. Dr. Ponnamperuma was 

analyzing samples at Univ. of Maryland for traces of amino acid, 

hydrocarbons, or other building blocks of life. (Meyer, W Post, 

12/22[71, Cl) 

Identification of galactic x-ray source GX3+ 1 with known star by British 

astronomers using lunar occulation-new technique ‘employing coordinated observations from two sounding rockets-had been reported 

by U.K. Science Research Council, New York Times said. Observations-from Skylark rockets launched from Woomera, Australia, Sept. 

27 and Oct. 24, when GX3+l’s approximate position was knownhad indicated two times during which x-ray source had disappeared 

behind moon. Data had enabled Royal Greenwich Observatory astronomer L. V. Morrison to pinpoint area in which x-ray source lay by 

using photographic plate of region that contained star. Attempts to 

confirm identification would be made in next two months but report 

conceded possibility that x-ray source could be associated with fainter 

star not visible on existing plates. (NYT, 12/21/71, 22) 

December 22: NASA announced flight schedule for 1972. Apollo 16 manned 

lunar landing mission would be launched in March and Apollo 17 in 

December. Pioneer-F would be launched in February on two-year mission to Jupiter, and ERTS would be launched into polar orbit during 

the first half of 1972 to obtain earth surface imagery. Other launches 

would include Intelsat-IV F-4, F-5, and F-6 comsats for ComSatCorp; HEOS-A2 Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite for ESRO; MTS Meteoroid Technology Satellite; TD-1 scientific satellite for ESRO ; ITOS-C, -D, 

and -E Improved Tiros Operational meteorological satellites for 

NOAA; OAO-c Orbiting Astronomical Observatory; IMP-H Interplanetary Monitoring Platform; ESRO-4 scientific satellite for ESRO ; Aeros 

scientific satellite in cooperation with West Germany; SAS-B Small 

Astronomy Satellite; Telesat-A comsat for Canada; Nimbus-E R&D 

satellite ; and SMS-A Synchronous Meteorological Satellite. 

In addition, NASA schedule would include broad range of aeronautical research and cooperative exploration with other countries. Aircraft noise abatement would be high-priority goal, with development 

of QUESTOL aircraft, construction of noise-reduction laboratory at LaRC, 

and mating of acoustically treated nacelle to quieter jet engine. Supercritical wing test aircraft would be fitted with side fairings to increase 

flight efficiency and wing would be fitted to modified F-111 aircraft 

for tests in 1973. X-24A lifting body would be modified and redesignated X-24B and would begin flight tests in fall 1972. (NASA Feature 

Release) - 

NASA announced it had authorized MSFC to extend for one month the 

level-of-effort contract with NR Rocketdyne Div. for design of Space 

Shuttle main engine. Action had been taken pending completion of 

GAO review of United Aircraft Corp. Pratt & Whitney Div.’s protest of 

contract award to Rocketdyne [see Aug. 31. (NASA Release 71-249) 

December 23: Zrztelsat-IV F-2, launched by NASA for ComSatCorp on behalf 

of INTELSAT Jan. 25, was adjudged successful by NASA. Satellite had 

356 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 23 

been placed in desired synchronous orbit Jan. 27 and was now in 

service at 24’ west longitude over Atlantic. (NASA Proj Off) 

France’s Eole Cooperative Applications Satellite, launched by NASA Aug. 

16, was adjudged successful by NASA. Initial data tape had been 

received by GSFC from CNES for reduction and analysis of balloontemperature, .pressure-sensor, and wind-velocity information. Preliminary results indicated that balloon sensors, interrogation method, and 

range-rate system for position-locating balloons had been operating 

within design Iimits. Satellite position-location technique had been able 

to locate fixed balloon electronics package to within 1.2 km (0.8 mi) 

of its surveyed position. Location of free moving balloons had been 

within 3 km (1.9 mi). (NASA Proj Off) 

Joint West German and NASA barium-ion-cloud ( BIC) probe launched Sept. 

20 was adjudged successful by NASA. Barium had been released at 

planned altitude, latitude, and longitude, and cloud generated had been 

recorded by special cameras for about 75 min. Cloud elongated to 

12 000 km (7500 mi) during observation period and good data were 

obtained during cloud‘s deceleration. Striations observed would provide 

information on plasma instabilities and on electric and magnetic fields 

in magnetosphere. (NASA Proj Off) 

9 NASA announced appointment of John W. King, KSC Chief of Public 

Information, as MSC Public Affairs Officer. Appointment would be 

effective in late January 1972. King had participated in more than 

200 launches; voice of “Jack King” was well known to Apollo launch 

viewers. (NASA Release 71-250) 

GSA had said it would take bids on towers and equipment from two Saturn 

launch complexes at ICSC, AP reported. Equipment from Complexes 34 

and 37, to be sold in one lot, included cranes, boom hoists, 298 km 

(185 mi) of copper and steel cable, and five towers weighing total of 

more than 8.2 million kg (9000 tons). NASA had said complexes, which 

cost $147 million to build, were obsolete. Complex 34 was scene of 

Jan. 27, 1967, Apollo fire that took the lives of Astronauts Virgil I. 

Grissom, Roger B. Chaffee, and Edward H. White 11. It was also launch 

site of Apollo 7 (Oct. 11-22, 1968), first manned mission in Apollo 

program. Complex 37 had been used for pre-Apollo unmanned missions. 

NYT, 12/24/71, C7; ICSC Hist Off) 

Discovery of new planetoid by Soviet astrophysicist N. Chernykh was 

reported by Moscow publication Sotsialisticheskaya Zndmtriya. Planetoid had been described as celestial body of 16th magnitude but had 

not been identified by permanent number and name. Preliminary calculations of planetoid’s orbit had been made by F. Khanina of Soviet 

Academy of Sciences. Chernykh and M. Diritis of Latvian State Univ. 

had called planetoid “Riga.” ( FBISSOV-71-231, 12/30/71, u) 

* DOD had decided to postpone production decision on Lockheed Aircraft 

Corp’s Cheyenne attack helicopter while USA flight-tested aircraft 

against two competitors, Wall Street Journal reported. Competitors were 

United Aircraft Corp. Sikorskv Aircraft Div.’s Blackhawk and Textron, 

Inc., Bell Helicopter Co.’s ’helicopter, Kingcobra. (Levine, WSJ, 

12/23/71,5) 

* Chinese Communists were building missile tracking ship that could be 

used in Pacific for tracking and analyzing test-firing of ICBMS capable 

of application against European portion of U.S.S.R. and U.S., Christian 

357 
December 23 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Science Monitor reported. Monitor’s sources in Washington, D.C., had 

said ship could be used to spy on US. and Soviet missile work and 

to expand Chinese satellite program into wider areas. (Ashworth, CSM, 

12/23/71,1) 

December 25: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos 469 from Baykonur into orbit with 

262-km (162.8-mi) apogee, 252-km (156.6-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, 

and 64.9’ inclination. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/71; Sou Aero, 1/17/71, 15) 

* U.S.S.R. and France had successfully completed joint program of 

sounding rocket launches from Soviet ship Professor ZuboV off coast of 

Kourou, French Guiana, Tass announced. Purpose of launches was to 

study upper atmosphere. (FBIS-SOV-71-251, 12/30/71, L2) 

* U.S.S.R. would transfer to new system of world coordinated time at midnight Dec. 31, Tass reported. (FBIS-SOV-71-251, 12/30/71, L1) 

December 26: NASA was studying method of obtaining samples of comets by 

sending spacecraft to rendezvous with comet to fly through comet’s 

head or tail, Washington Post reported. oss Planetary Programs 

Director Robert S. Kraemer, had said that “best shot of all might be 

going right through the middle of a comet, to find out what’s going on 

inside the comet.” Not all comets were reachable by spacecraft, but 

some would come close enough to earth in next 20 yrs to make 

rendezvous feasible, Post said. Comet $Arrest would fly by in 1976 and 

and 1982, comet Encke in 1983, comet Giacobini-Zinner in 1985. Comet 

“most astronomers would like to probe” was Halley’s, due close to sun 

in February 1986. (O’Toole, W Post, 12/26/71, C5) 

* USAF had ordered new flying procedures to reduce structural wear and 

tear on C-5A cargo aircraft, New York Times reported. “Highly 

unusual program for extending a plane’s useful life” was additional 

to “more routine work of beefing up the wings in areas that show signs 

of being the least durable.” There were indications that C-5A’s structural needs could grow beyond usual level for new aircraft. “If so, 

huge new outlays could be added to the already massive costs that have 

made the aircraft a focus of debate.” C-5A had already overrun initial 

total cost estimates by $1.2 billion. Latest figure of $4<.6 billion was for 

diminished fleet of 81 instead of 120 aircraft, which were to have 

cost $3.4 billion. (Witkin, NYT, 12/26/71,46) 

December 26-31 : AAAS held 138th Annual Meeting in Philadelphia. Activists 

protesting US. policy in Vietnam war tossed tomato at former Vice 

President Hubert H. Humphrey and interrupted speech of William 

P. Bundy, former State Dept. Assistant Secretary in charge of East 

Asian affairs. Science reported later that despite “well publicized” 

incidents, observers agreed level of intensity of disruptions was lower 

than in recent years. New York Times attributed relative mildness of 

meeting to fact proceedings were not televised, thus providing “less 

tempting platform for confrontations.”’ 

Symposium on “Astronomy from a Space Platform” held Dec. 27-28 

included papers by astronomers, space program planners, electronics 

specialists, optical designers, and researchers. NASA Skylab Program 

Director William C. Schneider, presented plans for Skylab solar astronomy experiments. Dr. George H. Ludwig, Chief of GSFC Information 

Processing Div., analyzed tradeoff between earth-based and space-based 

data processing in astronomy missions. Dr. William F. Hoffman of 

NASA Institute for Space Studies discussed next-generation infrared 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 26-31 

space astronomical instruments and discoveries already made in infrared region. Panel chaired by Dr. John E. Naugle, NASA Associate 

Administrator for Space Science, reviewed symposium on Dec. 28. 

Panel also included Dr. Karl Henize, astronaut-astronomer. (Program; 

Science, 10/15/71, 11/19/71; 1/7/72; NYT, 1/2/72, 3:9; NASA 

Hist Off) 

December 27: U.S.S.R. launched two satellites from Plesetsk. Cosmos 470 

entered orbit with 2572km (159.7-mi) apogee, 190-km (118.1-mi) 

perigee, 88.9-min period, and 65.4O inclination. It reentered Jan. 6, 

1972. 

Oreol, joint Soviet-French experiment in Arcade program to study 

upper atmosphere at high latitudes and determine nature of polar 

lights, entered orbit with 2477-km (1539.2-mi) apogee, 400-km (248.6- 

mi) perigee, 114.6-min period, and 73.9O inclination. Satellite carried 

instruments to study spectrum of proirons and electrons, to measure 

integral intensity of protons, and to determine ionic composition of 

atmosphere. (GSFC SSR, 12/31/71 ; 1/31/72 ; Tass, FBIS-SOV-71-249, 

12/28/71, L1; Sow Aero, 1/17/72,15) 

* U.S.S.R.’s Mars 2 and Mars 3 had discovered presence of oxygen and 

atomic hydrogen in Mars’ upper atmosphere, Tass announced. Hydrogen 

corona was located at altitude of 10 000-20 000 km (6200-12 400 mi) 

above surface, and oxygen at 700-1000 kin (435-620 mi). Spacecraft 

also measured temperature changes on Martian surface. Individual areas 

on diurnal side did not exceed 258 K (-lS”C, or 5OF). On nocturnal 

side, temperature in some regions exceeded that of environment by 

20-25 K (20-25OC, or 68-77’F). (FBIS-SOV-71-249, 12/28/71, L2) 

* NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences had agreed on substance and 

mechanics of future exchanges of medical and biological data on 

their experience in manned space flight, NASA announced. Agreement’s details were contained in recommendations of joint working 

group on space biology and medicine which met in Moscow Oct. 9-13. 

Group-cochaired by Dr. Charles A. Berry, NASA Director for Life 

Sciences, and Dr. N. N. Gurovsky of U.S.S.R. Ministry of Health and 

Academy of Sciences-recommended that meetings be held at least 

once annually, with next meeting held in US. during May 1972; 

working sessions be held to consider ways io predict state of human 

organism during and after space flights, response of certain body systems to space environment, techniques of dysbarism prevention, 

methods of preflight and postflight medical observations, and methods 

and results of biological experiments ; and cochairmen explore possibility of an exchange of one or two specialists to work in laboratories 

doing similar biomedical research in space programs of U.S. and 

U.S.S.R. (NASA Release 71-251) 

* NSF interdisciplinary conference at Franklin Institute in Philadelphia 

celebrated 400th anniversary of birth of Johannes Kepler. Keplerastronomer, mathematician, and physicist-had devised laws of planetary motions in early 17th century. Laws were “just as valid today as at the time of their announcement,” Science said. (Science, 10/ 

15/71, 325; NSF PIO) 

* Rising volume in aerospace industry production was predicted by David 

A. Loehwing in Burrons magazine: “NASA is readying some new programs, notably the space shuttle. . . , Airline revenues are climbing, and 

359 
December 27 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

some pick-up in orders for transports is anticipated.” DOD procurement 

policies “which nearly threw a few companies into bankruptcy” had 

been revised. “Most important there is a growing awareness that the 

Soviet arms buildup poses a real threat to US. security, which new 

weapons must be developed to counter.” Persuasive but “cynical” 

argument for lift in aerospace business in 1972 was political expediency. 

“Over half-a-million people have been laid off in the industry since 

1968, some 200,000 in California,” state with largest number of 

electoral votes. Barrons quoted political observer as saying, “Starting 

pretty early next spring, you’re going to see a massive injection of 

funds into aerospace.” (Barrons, 12/27/71 ) 

December 28: US. Patent No. 3 631 294 was awarded to Steven R. Hofstein, 

President of Princeton Electronics, Inc., for Lithicon, first electronic 

storage tube to record on silicon and silicon dioxide. Tube, with target 

area consisting of more than 10 million silicon storage elements, had 

been used by JPL to record Mariner 9 Mars photos, by airlines and 

Federal agencies to inspect parcels that might contain bombs; by hospitals for brief x-ray and sonar exposures, and by libraries to retrieve 

microfilmed publications. (Jones, NYT, 1/1/72,25) 

* International Institute for Strategic Studies was quoted as saying in London that 30 to 70 new Soviet Sukhoi Su-11 delta-wing advanced fighter 

aircraft had been delivered to Soviet Air Force in Egypt. Aircraft were 

believed to be capable of mach 2.5 speed and were armed with air-toair missiles. (Reuters, CSM, 12/28/71, 2) 

December 29: U.S.S.R. launched Meteor 10 from Plesetsk to “obtain meteorological information necessary for an efficient weather forecasting 

service.” Orbital parameters: apogee, 890 km (553 mi) ; perigee, 876 

km (544.3 mi); period, 102.6 min; and inclination, 81.2O. (GSFC 

SSR, 12/31/71; Tass, FBIS-sov-71-251, 2/30/71, L1; sou Aero 

1/17/72,15) 

NASA telexed thanks to Soviet scientist Dr. I. A. Zhulin for “very informative transmission” of Mars 2 and 3 data that included description of 

instruments [see Dec. 211 and forwarded Mariner 9 uv spectrometer 

results. Message, signed by Mariner 9 Program Manager Dan 

Schneiderman, continued exchange between JPL and Moscow of information from US. and Soviet Mars probes. NASA requested more 

information on Soviet experiments and spacecraft on “detailed level . . . described in our ICARUS publication previously transmitted to you,” 

and said Mariner 9 photo of Mars 3 lander site area was being dispatched by diplomatic pouch. New value for direction of Mars polar 

axis baaed on dynamic considerations was included in NASA message 

to Moscow. NASA noted, “Although this will probably cause a revision 

of the Mars coordinate system at a later date, we will continue to 

observe the existing convention in describing the positions of visible 

surface features.” (NASA Release 71-254) 

* Failure Review Board appointed to study malfunction of Delta 85 and 

Delta 86 launch vehicles had completed report, NASA announced. Failure of Delta 86, which had failed to orbit ITOS-B Oct. 21, had apparently been caused by leak in oxidizer system’s vent valve, which caused 

2nd stage to move from correct attitude. To compensate for disturbance, attitude thrusters using stored nitrogen gas fired continuously to 

360 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 December 29 

keep rocket properly oriented, depleting nitrogen gas and causing 

rocket to tumble and crashland after reignilion. 

Apparent cause of Delta 85 malfunction while orbiting Os0 7 

Sept. 29 had been nitrogen gas leak in 2nd-stage hydraulic reservoir 

system. Although control of spacecraft had been lost before spacecraft 

separation, satellite had entered slightly elliptical orbit and had accomplished its mission objectives. (NASA Release 71-253) 

* In 21 major tests since April 1970, Safeguard ABM system had had 17 

successes, two partial successes, and two failures, Vashington Daily 

News reported. USA officials had termed record highly successful for 

complex weapon system during testing phase. Tests had included intercepts of missiles fired against Safeguard test network and firing of 

ABMS at predetermined points in space. Most significant test had been 

firing of long-range Spartan ABM from USA’s Meck Island test complex 

in Pacific. Missile had intercepted incoming enemy warhead after 

picking it out of group of decoys. Spartan had been designed to knock 

down incoming warheads outside atmosphere at 322 km (200 mi) from 

launch site. Superfast Sprint missile was being developed to intercept 

warheads penetrating atmosphere at 40-km (25-mi) distance. About 

35 more major Safeguard iests were planned through mid-1974, 

including tests of missile’s ability to launch and guide large numbers 

of ABMS simultaneously against clusters of simulated warheads, decoys, 

electric jamming devices, and other missile penetration aids. (P News, 

12/29/71) 

December 30: Mars orbit of Mariner 9 was changed by 17-sec engine 

firing to compensate for effects of dust storm on mission objectives. 

Periapsis was raised from 1388 km (862 mi) to 1650 km (1025 mi) to 

expand area covered in mapping photos and to provide required overlapping of pictures. Mapping would be completed in three 20-day 

cycles with fourth cycle available to fill in open areas where photos 

did not overlap. Period was increased by 1 min 19 sec to place 

periapsis in middle of Goldstone viewing period for maximum data 

return. (NASA Release 71-252; Pasadena Star-News, 12/31/71) 

9 Two new clean rooms for checkout of Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) in 

Skylab program were being constructed at KSC. Control of temperature, humidity, and air in rooms would help prevent contamination of 

delicate lenses and other critical components of ATM experiments. 

(KSC Release 279-71) 

NASA announced award of $1.6-million, cost-plus-fixed-fee contract to 

Aerospace Corp. for studies of advanced space programs. Studies, 

which would advance work performed under previous contract, would 

include space shuttle mission and payload capture analysis, payload 

analysis for space shuttle applications, analysis of advanced program 

operations and logistics analysis, and advanced missions safety. 

(NASA Release 71-255) 

During December: US. manned lunar missions Apollo 14 and 15 were 

voted fifth most important news story of 1971 in AP poll of member 

newspapers. Communist China was voted number one newsmaker for 

admission to U.N., changed diplomatic relations with U.S., and 

emerging position in world affairs. (W Star, 12/27/71, C9) 

Bell Aerospace Rendezvous articles described csFc-devised positionlocation and aircraft communications experiment ( PLACE) to test 

361 
During December ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

feasibility of transoceanic air traffic control system that would use 

earth-orbit satellites. Experiment was designed following earlier mission analyses by ERC. “Scheduled for 1973, the year-long experiment 

will determine the technical and operational feasibility of using communications satellites to give ground control centers precise and uninterrupted readings and control of air traffic over the North Atlantic 

24 hours a day.” Experiment would employ two satellites-Ats 5 

launched Aug. 12, 1969) and ATS-F (to be launched in 1973)-and 

three ground stations. PLACE would be able automatically to pinpoint 

to within one mile [1.6 km] actual positions of up to 250 aircraft, 

update information once a minute, and predict locations between updates. Operational PLACE system could reduce flight-corridor widths 

to 48 km (30 mi) and aircraft spacings from 15- to 5-min intervals, 

permitting same corridors to accommodate 12 times as much traffic 

without affecting flight safety. In bad weather, PLACE could simultaneously reroute every aircraft within flight corridor. Although 

PLACE was geared only to North Atlantic air traffic, “it is the forerunner of what could become a worldwide satellite air traffic and surface control network.” (Rendezvous, Summer/Fall, 71, 9-11 ; Aerospace Technology, 2/26/68,33) 

* Dr. Charles S. Sheldon 11, Chief of Science Policy Research Div. of 

Library of Congress’ Congressional Research Service, reviewed Soviet 

space program in AIAA Student Journal. Soviet program’s physical 

size and upward pace “suggests it exceeds in real terms the U.S. program at its previous maximum.” In contrast to U.S. programwhich had been eroded as programs ended and technical manpower teams broke up-Soviet “application of resources to a broad 

program of space flight has continued fairly steadily upward toward 

an ultimate level which has not yet been publicly defined.” 

Soviet program began its space flights with adaptation of its first 

ICBM, SS-6 Sapwood. “This vehicle, with improved upper staging, is 

still the mainstay of the present program while our corresponding, but 

very small, Redstone and Vanguard first stages have long since disappeared into history.” 

Largest single element in total U.S.S.R. program was Cosmos 

reconnnaisance satellite, which stayed in low-circular orbit a few days 

and was then recovered and which represented “rather passive military 

support flights.” Other elements with direct weapon implications were 

special uses of SS-9 Scarp ballistic missile carrier with space versions 

F-1-r carrying fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS) and 

F-1-m carrying highly maneuverable payloads. Some payloads 

launched by F-1-m “seem almost certainly aimed at developing the 

techniques of rendezvous with uncooperative spacecraft to inspect 

them and, if need be, destroy them. In a series of flights . . . such 

inspectors have made close passes on other Soviet payloads and then 

have themselves been blown into clouds of debris. At least one, instead 

of being destroyed . . . was deliberately redirected to plunge into the 

atmosphere and ocean.” (AZAA Stu J, 12/71, 14-28) 

Safety problems of space shuttle were discussed by Director I. Irving 

Pinkel of LeRC Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute, in 

Astronautics & Aeronautics article. “The rocket engine must have an 

airplane-like endurance of 10 years (100 missions). The airplane 

362 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 During December 

systems must operate where rockets do, subject to space vacuum, space 

radiation, and reentry heating, and still carry a fan engine with high 

cycle temperature.” (A&A, 12/71,28-35) 

* Attributes of Q-fan engine for STOL propulsion were described in Aeronautics & Astronautics article by George Rosen, United Aircraft Corp. 

Hamilton Standard Div. engineer: “Q-Fan, with its lightly loaded 

rotor, operating at low tip speeds and incorporating controllable-pitch 

blading, is now essentially available as a new propulsor uniquely 

matched to the stringent performance, noise, and operational requirements of the advanced STOL transport. It offers the aircraft designer 

flexibility in meeting the specific requirements of a given aircraft with 

a limited number of available core engines. By varying the size of the 

Q-Fan, the bypass ratios available . . . could range from 15:l to 30:1, 

or more if needed.” (A&A, 12/71,50-5) 

Slackening of US. R&D was scored by Eberhardt Rechtin, Principal 

Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering in DOD, in 

Astronautics & Aerowutics article: “The image of world technical 

leadership earned by our electronics and aerospace industries in the 

1960s will predictably be eroded in the 1970s by our own lack of 

planned ‘firsts’ in contrast with the continuing achievements of the 

Soviet Union, France, and probably Germany and Japan.” Major 

source of future wealth “must be the special skills of our populationyet we are presently pricing ourselves out of the world markets, including our own. We are also disseminating our science, our inventions, 

our management expertise, and our manufacturing technologies around 

the world in a way which, though it raises the standards of living 

elsewhere, also diminishes the competitive advantages of our own people.” While US. had been world leader in R&D less than 25 yrs, “you 

hear discussions about reordering national priorities as if we could 

make unilateral decisions, independent o€ the international competition 

-as if international int$ractions were not a significant, much less a 

driving, €actor-concerning defense R&D, the NASA space program, tax 

incentives to industry, or a wage/price freeze.” (A&A, 12/71, 22-7) 

Gods and Means in the Conquest of Space by Soviet author R. G. 

Perel’man (NASA Technical Translation F-595) was reviewed in Aerospace Historian by Clarke G. Reynolds of Univ. of Maine. Reynolds 

quoted Perel’man conclusion : after “conq~ering~~ Solar System, Communist society “will take a further bold step, Le., to the stars of our 

galaxy, and then other galaxies; to visit and study the planetary systems and civilizations of other worlds in order to bring other islands 

of intelligence into the system of the grand circle that is characteristic 

of the space age in the evolution of intelligent life.” (Aerospace Historian, 12/71,216-7) 

During Winter: Only “small fraction” of defense, space, and atomic energy 

funding during 1950s and 1960s had been spent on science and technology per se, Gabor Strasser, former technical assistant to Presidential Science Adviser Edward E. David, Jr., said in Science Policy 

Reviews. DOD, NASA, and AEC funding had accounted for “about twothirds of our entire Federal budget” but bulk of “these huge expenditures,, had gone for “such ‘unscientific’ things” as plants, materials, 

labor, tooling, and production. With approach of mid-1970s “emphasis 

is shifting . . . toward alleviation of domestic social and environmental 

363 
During Winter ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

problems, or . . . improvement of our ‘quality of life.’ These goals are 

not so science-and-technology sensitive as going to the moon, as 

MIRV’s or as phased-array radars have been.” Major change affecting 

current scientific and technical activities was “approach required to 

tackle today’s emerging problems.” Advancement of state of the art 

was less important than “integration of existing science and technology with what is already known and yet to be found out in sociology, 

economics, politics, management and institutional arrangements.” 

(Battelle Sei Pol Rev, Fourth Quarter 71,3-12) 

NASA published Mariner-Venm 1967, Final Project Report (NASA 

SP-190). In €oreword, Project Manager Glenn A. Reiff said Muriner 5 

(launched June 14, 1967, toward Oct. 19, 1967, flyby of planet Venus), 

apart from significant contributions to knowledge of deep space, had 

achieved secondary objeciive, “to gain engineering experience by converting a spare Mariner-Mars 1964 spacecraft into one that could be 

flown to Venus,” with substantial savings. Cost of mission had been 

10% less than anticipated. (Text) 

364 
Summary 

During 1971 : US. orbited 51 spacecraft in 29 launches-including Apollo 

14 and 15 CSMS Kitty Hawk and Endeavor with LMS Antares and 

Falcon and their S-IVB stages intentionally crashed onto moon. 

U.S.S.R. orbited 97 payloads in 83 launches; Japan, 2; U.K., 1; 

France, 1; Italy, 2 (1 for US. on US. booster) ; and Communist 

China, 1. US. total included 33 orbited by DOD in 17 launches and 19 

by NASA in 13 launches. NASA’S total included 1 launched for USAF on 

behalf of NATO, 1 for France, and 1 for U.K. 

NASA’s manned space flight program contiiiued with launches of 

Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 manned lunar landing missions. Mobile equipment transporter, used for first time on ApoZlo 14 to carry equipment 

and samples, allowed astronauts to explore 3.5 km (2.2 mi) of lunar 

surface and collect 43 kg (94.8 Ibs) of samples. On Apollo 15, astronauts traveled 28 km (17.41 mi) over lunar surface on four-wheeled, 

battery-powered lunar roving vehicle (LRV) Rover and collected 77 kg 

(170 lbs) of lunar samples, including one white anorthosite rock about 

4 billion yrs old. 

Unmanned program was highlighted by Mariner 9 Mars probe, which 

traveled 400 million km (248 million mi) to Mars and began transmitting photos of major Mars dust storm and, later, of details of 

Martian surface and moons Deimos and Phobos. Mariner 8 launch vehicle malfunctioned at launch. Os0 7 Orbiting Solar Observatory-rescued from initially incorrect orbit by ground command-made first 

x-ray observations of beginning solar flare and revealed that sun had 

polar caps.” Other unmanned missions included Intelsat-IV F-2 and 

Intelsat-IV F-3 for ComSatCorp and Explorer 43, Explorer 44, and 

Explorer 45 (the last launched for NASA by Italy). Launched as secondary payloads were Subsatellite on Apollo 15 and Tetr 3 on Os0 7. 

All elements of Skylab flight system reached final manufacturing and 

checkout in preparation for 1973 launch and intensive engineering 

studies on Space Shuttle were conducted throughout year. 

In joint NASA-USAF lifting-body program, M2-F3 and X-24A lifting 

bodies made 17 flights, including first supersonic flight by M2-F3. 

X-24A reached 1687 km per hr (1048 mph) before completing program and beginning modification for new flight program as X-24B. 

In aeronautics NASA TF-SA jet aircraft with supercritical wing 

I made 27 successful flights. USN F-14 fighter aircraft successfully demonstrated first automatically programmable variable sweep wing. USA 

CH-aB helicopter set new world altitude record of 5120 m (16 798 

ft) while carrying 10 000-kg (22 000-lb) payload. New V/STOL Wind 

Tunnel at LaRC became operational, providing greatly improved testing 

capability for scaled models. GE quiet experimental engine successfully completed initial tests in NASA program to reduce jet engine 

noise, and NASA let competitive design contracts for development of 

quiet, experimental, short takeoff and landing ( QUESTOL) transport 

CL 

365 
During 1971 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

US.-U.S.S.R. Space Activity, 1957 -1971 

Successful Launches to Earth Orbit or Beyond 

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1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 

aircraft. SST program ended, with Congress voting to terminate program. 

In sounding rocket program, 126 successful flights were made to 

study atmosphere, ionosphere, auroras and airglow, geomagnetic storms, 

meteor streams, and trapped radiation fluctuations and to make astronomical observations in x-ray, UV, and radio regions of electromagnetic 

spectrum. 

DOD’S 33 payloads included orbiting of 2 Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS-2) military comsats, 2 OV-I scientific satellites, and Cannonball 2 and Musketball. 

U.S.S.R.’s 83 launches set an all-time record in number of flights. 

The 97 payloads included 81 Cosmos satellites, 2 Luna, 2 Soyuz, 1 

Salyut, 2 Mars, 1 Intercosmos, 4 Meteor, 2 Molniya I, 1 Molniya 11, 

and Oreol (launched for France). Soyuz 11, carrying three-man crew, 

366 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 During 1971 

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During 1971 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

successfully rendezvoused and docked with unmanned Salyut 1 to form 

first orbital scientific station, but cosmonauts died during earth reentry because of improperly sealed hatch. Murs 2 and Murs 3 dropped 

instrumented capsules on Mars surface. Mars 2 capsule crashlanded 

and Mars 3 capsule transmitted 20 sec. Lunokhod 1 lunar rover carried 

to moon on board Luna 17 Nov. 17, 1970, continued to explore lunar 

surface until October 1971, when isotope heat reserves were exhausted 

during its 11th lunar night. 

Japan launched two satellites-Tansei and Shinsei. China launched 

Chicom 2, France launched Tournesol, U.K. launched Prospero, and 

Italy launched Sun Murco 3. (NASA Release 71-245; NASA Lifting Body 

Off; GSFC Sounding Rocket Br; NASA Exec Secretariat; Sheldon, 

United States and Soviet Progress in Space, Library of Cong, 1/22/72) 

NASA’s scientific and societal achievements advanced national goal of 

alleviating environmental problems and expanding basic research on 

behalf of humanity, as public pressed for immediate, usable returns 

from research in all fields. Apollo manned missions swelled storehouse 

of lunar information. Unmanned astronomical missions gathered 

unique data, including new clues to Martian atmosphere. NASA-developed inventions saw increased use beyond space exploration-in environmental sciences, communications, medicine, industry, and agriculture. US.-U.S.S.R. space meetings set stage for future joint space 

missions. And balanced program of space and ,aeronautics, despite 

low funding level, continued to raise US. prestige as aerospace pioneer while it worked to improve man’s future. Some observers, however, warned of higher rate of technological advances abroad than in 

US. and of ever-growing U.S.S.R. space program and technological 

capability. Soviet expenditures on space were estimated at level about 

double US. peak expenditure of 1% of GXP when combined NASA-DOD 

space program was at highest level and four times present level. 

Dr. James C. Fletcher was nominated new NASA Administrator by 

President Nixon. President of Univ. of Utah and former aerospace 

executive, Dr. Fletcher took office April 27. He succeeded NASA’s third 

Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, who had resigned Sept. 15, 1970, 

to return to industry. Dr. George M. Low, Deputy Administrator, 

had served as Acting NASA Administrator in the interim. 

Operating at lowest budget level since 1962, NASA in 1971 continued 

phase-out of Apollo program with successful completion of Apollo 14 

and 15. Man’s fourth landing on moon, in Apollo 15 mission, proved 

to many that man had an effective scientific role in space. At year’s 

end, Apollo 16 had been scheduled for March 1972, with Apollo 17 

to complete program later in year. 

Reduced funding forced additional reduction of personnel as well 

as program cutbacks, stretching out remaining Apollo missions, delaying first Skylab flight, and slowing studies of space shuttle. NERVA 

nuclear rocket engine program was reduced to holding action. Bioscience funding was eliminated. Aerospace employment in industry 

throughout nation also fell, reflecting cuts in DOD spending as well as 

in NASA’s. 

During year, however, Skylab hardware manufacture neared completion and space shuttle work continued. Shuttle preliminary design 

contracts were extended so that NASA could examine alternative con368 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 During 1971 

figurations, contingent on Administration approval of shuttle development. In ERTS program, aircraft tested remote sensing devices for 

gathering earth resources data and first satellite for global monitoring of resources was scheduled for 1972. During 1971, instrumented 

aircraft measured air pollution, investigated corn blight infestation, 

and sought hidden natural resources. Pioneer-F spacecraft for planned 

1972 launch and December 1973 Jupiter flyby went into final manufacturer’s tests. Increased emphasis on aeronautics included research 

into aircraft noise reduction, increased air transport efficiency with 

use of supercritical wing, and STOL aircraft for transportation. 

To emphasize practical goals of space science, NASA established new 

Office of Applications, increased technology utilization budget from 

$1 million to $5 million, and issued request for proposals for additional uses of space-developed technology to solve problems of society. 

Among NASA projects were NSF contract to investigate use of solar 

cells to electrify homes and buildings and HUD contract to study application of space technology to sewage recycling. Joint NASA-DOT study 

resulted in recommendations for civil aviation R&D policy (CARD). 

Research achievements at NASA centers included ARC discovery of 

amino acids-building blocks of life-in second meteorite. Discovery 

strengthened case for chemical evolution of life elsewhere in universe. 

NASA FY 1972 appropriation of $3.298 billion was $27 million more 

than requested $3.271 billion and $29 mi€lion above FY 1971 appropriation of $3.269 billion-ha1 ting downward trend but far below 

1965 peak of $5.250 billion. (A&A 1971; O’Toole, W Post, 1/2/72, 

A1 ; Sheldon, Soviet Space Programs, 1966-70, Senate Doc 92-51) 

* In international cooperation program, NASA successfully launched NATO’s 

Natosat 2 military comsat for USAF and NATO, Eole Cooperative Applications Satellite for France, Isis 2 cooperative U.S.-Canada ionospheric satellite, and Ariel 4 ionospheric satellite for U.K. Italian crew 

trained by NASA launched NASA’s Explorer 45 Small Scientific Satellite 

and Italy’s Sun Marco 3 from Italian platform off coast of Kenya. 

Joint NASA and Soviet Academy of Sciences meetings on compatible spacecraft rendezvous and docking system progressed to discussion of possible joint test missions. Data obtained by NASA’s Mariner 9 

and Soviet Mars 2 and 3 probes were exchanged under agreement that 

covered broad range of U.S.-U.S.S.R. cooperation in space science 

and applications. Agreement on future exchanges of medical and biological manned space flight data called for meetings between U.S. and 

Soviet experts at least annually. 

U.S. and U.S.S.R. exchanged Apollo 11 and 12 and Soviet Lrcrua 16 

lunar samples and Soviet scientists were among 750 experts attending 

Second Annual Lunar Science Conference at Lunar Science Institute 

in Houston. First U.S.-U.S.S.R. Conference on Communications with 

Extraterrestrial Intelligence was held in Soviet Armenia. 

Joint meeting of NASA and European Space Conference (ESC) identified candidate areas for possible European participation in U.S. 

post-Apollo space programs, including design and development of 

space shuttle subsystems. 

International Workshop on Earth Resources Survey at Univ. of 

Michigan was cosponsored by NASA, Dept. of State, USN, and AID to 

inform representatives of 51 countries and international organizations 

369 
During 1971 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

of latest techniques for interpreting earth resources data acquired by 

aircraft and satellite remote sensing systems. 

NASA’s C-130 aircraft equipped with remote-sensing devices participated in U.S. survey of Jamaica’s natural resources undertaken at 

request of U.N. and Jamaican government. NASA signed agreement 

with West Germany for series oi barium-ion-cloud (BIC) probe 

launches, and new sounding rocket agreement was signed with France. 

Under sounding rocket agreement, 20 French Centaure and NASA 

Nike-Cajun rockets would be launched from Kourou Center, French 

Guiana, in cooperative France-U.S. upper-atmosphere research project. 

By end of year NASA had entered into cooperative agreements with 

39 countries, including agreements on lunar samples, tracking and 

data acquisition, and geodetic satellite program. Scientists of 87 countries besides U.S. were participating in cooperative ground-based programs and personnel exchanges and 62 countries were exchanging 

scientific and technical information. Since the beginning of 1962, 

NASA had launched 21 satellites under international agreements, in 

addition to flying 21 international experiments on NASA satellites. 

Since the beginning of the sounding rocket program, 683 cooperative 

rockets had been launched for research. (NASA Release 71-245; NASA 

Int Aff; “Selected Statistics on Int’l Affairs,” 2/17/72; A&A, 1971) 

Aerospace industry sales continued anticipated decline in 1971, to $23.3 

billion from $24.9 billion-decrease of 6.3%. Commercial aerospace 

sales, primarily jet transports, increased 7.1% in 1971, from $4.578 

in 1970 to $4.903 billion. Increase reflected increased deliveries of 

wide-bodied jet transports. 

Space sales continued decline, to $3.220 billion from $3.580 billion 

in 1970. Aerospace industry remained nation’s largest manufacturing 

employer during 1971, despite continuing drop in employment from 

1069 000 workers in December 1970 to estimated 931 000 in December 1971. (Aerospace, 12/72, 3-5) 

* Number of aircraft landing facilities in U.S. passed 12 000 for first time, 

with 12 070 airports, heliports, and seaplane bases in operation by 

Dec. 31 despite abandonment of 354. Figure at end of 1970 had been 

261. Texas kept lead with 1128 landing facilities, Alaska was second 

with 762, and California was third with 746. Of national total, 4418 

facilities were classified as publicly owned and 7652 as privately owned. 

(FAA Release 72-50) 

370 
Appendix A 

SATELLITES, SPACE PROBES, AND MANNED 

SPACE J%IGHTS 

A CHRONICLE FOR 1971 

The following tabulation was compiled from open sources by Leonard C. 

Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress. 

Sources included the United Nations Public Registry; the Satellite Situation Report issued by the Operations Control Center at Goddard Space Flight 

Center; public information releases of the Department of Defense, NASA, 

NOAA, and other agencies, as well as those of the Communications Satellite 

Corporation. Russian data are from the U.N. Public Registry, the SateZZite 

Situation Report, translations from the Tass News Agency, statements in 

the Soviet press, and international news services reports. Data on satellites 

of other foreign nations are from the U.N. Public Registry, the Satellite 

Sitwtion Report, governmental announcements, and international news 

services reports. 

This tabulation lists payloads that have (a) orbited; (b) as probes, 

ascended to at least the 4000-mile altitude that traditionally has distinguished probes from sounding rockets, etc.; or (c) conveyed one or more 

human beings into space, whether orbit was attained or not. Furthermore, 

only flights that have succeeded-or at least can be shown by tracking data 

to have fulfilled our definition of satellite or probe or manned flight-are 

listed. Date of launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. An 

asterisk by the date marks dates that are one day earlier in this tabulation 

than in listings which are referenced to Greenwich Mean Time. A double 

asterisk by the date marks dates of Soviet launches which are a day later 

in this compilation than in listings which are referenced to Greenwich Mean 

Time. 

World space activity increased for the second straight year. There was 

an increase in the total succesful launches-120 against 114 in 1970-and 

a marked increase in total payloads orbited-151 against 130 in 1970. The 

difference between launches and payloads is of course accounted for by the 

multiple-payload launches (DOD, the principal user of this system in the 

past, made 5 multiple launches in 1971, orbiting 21 payloads; NASA made 

only 2 multiple launches, totaling 4 payloads; the U.S.S.R. made 2 multiple 

launches, orbiting 16 payloads). 

Of the 1971 world total, the United States launched 29 boosters carrying 

47 payloads-up from 28 and 36 in 1970 and marking the first U.S. increase of both categories in one year since 1966. Of the 1971 totals, DOD 

was responsible for 17 launches and 33 payloads. Five of NASA’s 12 launches 

were non-NASA missions-Intelsat-IV F-2 and Intelsat-IV Fd for ComSat371 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Corp, Natosat 2 for the USAF and NATO, Eole Cooperative Applications Satellite for France, and Ariel 4 ionospheric research satellite for the U.K. The 

Soviet Union again dominated world totals, launching 97 payloads (a high 

for the U.S.S.R.) with a record 83 launches. It had launched 88 payloads 

with 81 launches in 1970. 

The year was marked by success and tragedy. The US. accomplished two 

spectacular manned Apollo lunar flights, but the Soviet record flight of the 

world’s first manned earth orbiting laboratory returned to earth with its 

crew dead. Apollo 14 made the third successful U.S. manned lunar landing 

and returned with 43 kg (94.8 lbs) of lunar samples. Apollo 15 returned 

with 77 kg (170 lbs) of lunar material and employed the lunar roving 

vehicle for the first time on the moon. The US. also successfully photographed Mars and its moons with Mariner 9 and made the first x-ray 

observations from a spacecraft of a beginning solar ‘flare and of solar 

streamers with Os0 7. 

Early in the year, the Soviet Union orbited Sulyut 1, a large unmanned 

station. The three-man crew of Soyuz 10 docked with the station but encountered some difficulties and returned quickly to earth. More than a 

month later the three-man crew oi Soyuz 11 docked with Salyut 1, transferred to it, and conducted experiments from the linked spacecraft before 

undocking and returning in the Soyuz 11. Although the Soyuz 11 mission 

set a new world endurance record for the longest manned space flightnearly 24 days-the three Soviet cosmonauts died just before reentry when 

an imperfect hatch seal vented their air supply. Mars 2 orbited the planet 

Mars and placed the first man-made object-a capsule bearing the Soviet 

coat-of-arms-on the surface. A capsule ejected five days later from Mars 3 

sent back video signals for 20 seconds from the planet’s surface before 

shutting down. Luna 18 orbited the moon but crashed on its landing attempt. 

Luna 19 went into lunar orbit and remained there to conduct research 

and take photographs. 

Also during 1971, the United Kingdom became the sixth nation to orbit 

a satellite (Prospero) with its own launch vehicle. Japan launched two of 

its own satellites (Tamei and Shinsei) , and the People’s Republic of China 

launched its second satellite (Ma0 2). In addition to launching its own 

satellite (Tournesol) , France participated in a cooperative launch with the 

Soviet Union, which orbited Oreol. Italy launched NASA’s Explorer 45 and 

its own San Marco 3 on NASA vehicles from its facility off the coast of 

Kenya. 

As we have cautioned in previous years, the “Remarks” column of 

these appendixes is never complete, because of the inescapable lag behind 

each flight of the analysis and interpretation of results. 

372 
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ING E 

Appendix €5 

CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR NASA LAUNCHES, 1971 

This chronology of major NASA launches in 1971 is intended to provide an 

accurate and ready historical reference, compiling and verifying information 

previously scattered in several sources. It includes launches of all rocket 

vehicles larger than sounding rockets launched either by NASA or under 

“NASA direction” (e.g., in 1971 NASA provided vehicles and launch facilities 

and launched ComSatCorp’s two Intelsat IV satellites and NATO’s Natosat 2, 

as well as Isis 2 in a joint US.-Canadian program, Eole in a cooperative 

US.-France program, and Ariel 4 in a cooperative US.-U.K. program; also, 

under a NASA and University of Rome agreement, an Italian team launched 

a NASA satellite, Explorer 45, from Italy’s San Marco platform off the coast 

of Kenya, on NASA’s Scout booster; an Italian-built spacecraft, Sun Marco 3, 

also was launched by the same team from the same site using a NASA Scout). 

An attempt has been made to classify performance of both the launch 

vehicle and the payload and to summarize total results in terms of primary 

mission. Three categories have been used for evaluating vehicle performance 

and mission results-successful (S) , partially successful (P) , and unsuccessful (U). A fourth category, unknown (Unk), has been added for payloads when vehicle malfunctions did not give the payload a chance to exercise 

its main experiments. These divisions are necessarily arbitrary; many of the 

results cannot be neatly categorized. Also they ignore the fact that a great 

deal is learned from missions that may have been classified as unsuccessful. 

Date of launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. Open sources 

were used, verified when in doubt with the project offices in NASA Headquarters and with NASA Centers. For further information on each item, see 

Appendix A of this volume and the entries in the main chronology as 

referenced in the index. The information was compiled in May 1972 by 

Leonard C. Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of the Library 

of Congress. 

407 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 
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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

410 
Appendix C 

CHRONOLOGY OF MANNED SPAclE FLIGHT, 1971 

This chronology contains basic information on all manned space flights 

during 1971 and, taken with Appendix C to the 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 

and 1970 volumes of this publication, provides a summary record of manned 

exploration of the space environment through 1971. The information was 

compiled by Leonard C. Bruno of the Science and Technology Division of 

the Library of Congress. 

The year 1971 saw a moderate increase in manned space flight activity. 

Contrasting with 1970, in which one US. Apollo flight and one Soviet Soyuz 

flight placed only 5 men in space, 1971 saw two Apollo and two Soyuz 

flights place a total of 12 men in space. 

After last year’s Apollo 13 mission failure, the 1971 success of Apollo 14 

demonstrated again the viability of the Apollo system. Two of its astronauts 

spent nearly 9+” hours exploring the moon’s surface and returned with 

43 kg (95 lbs) of lunar material. These accomplishments were virtually 

doubled six months later when Apollo 15’s lunar crew spent more than 181/2 

hours exploring the moon’s surface and employed the lunar roving vehicle 

for the first time. The crew returned to earth with about 77 kg (170 Ibs) of 

lunar samples. 

The Soviet three-man Soyuz 10 docked with Salyut 1, a huge unmanned 

space station launched four days earlier. Some difficulties were encountered, 

for no crew transfer was effected and Soyuz 10 returned to earth 14 minutes 

short of a two-day flight. Soyuz 11 initially met with better luck. It docked 

with Salyut 1 and transferred its three-man crew to inhabit the station. 

After conducting many successful experiments and setting a new world 

record for the longest manned space flight, the three Soviet cosmonauts 

returned to Soyuz 11 but died just before reentry when an imperfect hatch 

seal vented their air supply. 

By the end of 1971, the United States had conducted a total of 25 manned 

space flights-2 suborbital, 16 in earth orbit, 3 in lunar orbit, and 4 lunar 

landings-with a total of 30 different crewmen. Of the 30 American 

astronauts, 10 had participated in two flights each, 5 had flown three 

times, and 1 had flown four times. The Soviet Union had conducted 18 

manned flights, all in earth orbit, with 25 cosmonauts. Three had participated 

in two flights each and two had flown three times. Cumulative totals for 

manned spacecraft hours in flight had reached 2958 hours 45 minutes for 

the United States and 2097 hours 16 minutes for the Soviet Union. Cumulative total man-hours in space were 7796 hours 24 minutes for the United 

States and 4403 hours 12 minutes for the U.S.S.R. 

Data on US. flights are the latest available to date within NASA, although 

minor details are subject to modification as data are refined. Major aspects 

of all US. manned flights remain subject to direct observation by interested 

citizens of the world, with a significant portion of recent missions seen live 

on worldwide coIor teIevision. 

41 1 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

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AS'I'KONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

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413 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 
Appendix D 

ABBREVIATIONS OF REFERENCES 

Listed here are abbreviations for sources cited in the text. The list does 

not include all sources provided in the chronology, for some of the references 

cited are not abbreviated; only references that appear in abbreviated form 

are listed below. Abbreviations used in the chronology entries themselves are 

cross-referenced in the Index. 

A&A 

A&A 1971 

ABC 

AEC Release 

Aero Daily 

Aero Med 

AF Mag AFFTC Release AFHF Newsletter 

AFJ 

AFNS Release AFOSR Release AFRPL Release AFSC Newsreview AFSC Release 

AF&SD 

AFSSD Release AIA Release AIAA Facts 

AIAA News 

AIAA ReIease 

AIP Newsletter 

Amer Av 

AP 

ARC Astrogram 

Atlanta J&C 

Av Daily 

Av Wk 

B News 

B Sun 

Battelle Sci Pol Rev 

Bull Atomic Sci 

Bus Wk 

C Daily News 

C Trib 

Can Press CBS 

C&E News 

AiAA’s magazine, Astronautics & Aeronautics 

NASA’s Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1971 [this pubAmerican Broadcasting Company 

Atomic Energy Commission News Release 

Aerospace Daily newsletter 

Aerospace Medicine magazine 

Air Force Association’s Air Force Magazine 

Air Force Flight Test Center News Release 

Air Force Historical Foundation Newsletter 

Armed Forces Journal magazine 

Air Force News Service Release 

Air Force Office of Scientific Research News Release 

Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory News Release 

Air Force Systems Command’s Newsreview 

Air Force Systems Command News Release 

Air Force and Space Digest magazine 

Air Force Space Systems Division News Release 

Aerospace Industries Association News Release 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

American Institute of Physics Newsletter 

American Aviation magazine (formerly Aerospace 

Association Press news service NASA Ames Research Center’s Astrogram 

Atlanta Journal and Constitution newspaper 

Aviation Daily newsletter 

Aviation Week & Space Technology magazine 

Birmingham News newspaper 

Baltimore Sun newspaper 

Battelle Memorial Institute’s Science Policy Reviews 

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 

Business Week magazine 

Chicago Daily News newspaper 

Chicago Tribune newspaper 

Canadian Press news service 

Columbia Broadcasting System 

Chemical & Engineering News magazine 

lication] 

Facts 

News 

News Release 

Technology) 

415 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 19il 

C1 Press 

Columbia J Rev 

ComSatCorp Release 

CSM 

E$ 

CTNS 

DASA Release 

D News 

D Post 

DJ 

DOD Release DOT Release EOP Release FAA Release 

FBIS-SOV 

FonF 

FRC Release 

FRC X-Press 

GE Forum 

Goddard News GSFC Release 

DOC PI0 

GSFC SSR 

GT&E Release 

H Chron 

H Post 

JA 

JPL Lab-Oratory JPL Release JPRS 

JSR 

KC Star 

KC Times KSC Release 

LA Her-Exam 

LA Times 

Langley Researcher 

LaRC Release LATNS 

LC Info Bull 

LeRC Release 

Lewis News 

M Her 

M News 

M Trib 

Marshall Star 

MJ 

MSC Release MSC Roundup 

MSFC Release 

N Hav Reg 

N News 

N Vu Sun NAA News 

NAC Release NAE Release 

NAS Release NANA 

Cleveland Press newspaper 

Columbia Journalism Review Magazine 

Communications Satellite Corporation News Release 

Congressional Quarterly 

Congressional Record 

Christian Science Monitor newspaper 

Chicago Tribune News Service 

Defense Atomic Support Agency News Release 

Detroit News newspaper 

Denver Post newspaper 

Dow Jones news service 

Department of Commerce Public Information Office 

Department of Defense News Release 

Department of Transportation News Release 

Executive Office of the President News Release 

Federal Aviation Administration News Release 

Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Soviet number 

Facts on File NASA Flight Research Center News Release NASA Flight Research Center’s FRC X-Press 

General kectric Forum magazine NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Goddard News NASA Goddard Space Flight Center News Release NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Satellite SituaGeneral Telephone & Electronics News Release 

Houston Chronicle newspaper 

Houston Post newspaper 

Journal of Aircraft magazine 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Lab-Oratory 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory News Release 

Department of Commerce Joint Publications Research 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics’ 

Kansas City Star newspaper 

Kansas City Times newspaper NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center News Release 

Los Angeles Herald-Examiner newspaper 

Los Angeles Times newspaper NASA Langley Research Center’s Langley Researcher NASA Langley Research Center News Release 

Los Angeles Times News Service 

Library of Congress Information Bulletin NASA Lewis Research Center News Release NASA Lewis Research Center’s Lewis News 

Miami Herald newspaper 

Miami News newspaper 

Minneapolis Tribune newspaper NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center’s 

Milwaukee Journal newspaper NASA Manned Spacecraft Center News Release NASA Manned Spacecraft Center’s Space News 

NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center News 

New Haven Register newspaper 

Newark News newspaper 

Northern Virginia Sun newspaper 

National Aeronautic Association News 

National Aviation Club News Release 

National Academy of Engineering News Release 

North American Newspaper Alliance 

National Academy of Sciences News Release 

tion Report 

Service 

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets magazine 

Marshall Star 

Roundup 

Release 

416 
ASTKONAUTICS 

NAS-NRC Release 

NAS-NRC-NAE Net6 

NASA Ann NASA Hist Off 

NASAHQ WB NASA Int Aff 

NASA Lar, X/8 

NASA Proj Off 

NASA Release NASA Rpt SRL 

NASA SP4014 NASC Release 

Natl 06s 

NGS Release 

NN 

NOAA Release 

NBC 

NMI 

NR News 

NR Release 

NR Skywriter NSC News Letter NSC Release NSF Highlights 

NSF Release 

NY News 

NYT, 5:4 

0 Sen 

Oakland Trib 

Omaha W-H OST Release 

P Bull 

P Inq 

NYTNS 

PA0 

PD 

PI0 

PMR Missile PMR Release 

Pres Rpt 72 

SBD 

SAO Release 

Sci Amer 

SciServ 

SI) 

SD Union 

SF 

SF Chron 

SF Exam 

Sou Aero 

Sov Rpt 

SP 

Spaceport News 

Spacewarn 

SR 

AM> AERONAUTICS, 1971 

National Academy of Sciences-National Research 

Council News Release 

1s Rpt National Academy of Sciences-National Research 

Council-National Academy of Engineering News 

Report 

NASA Announcement 

NASA Historical Office NASA Headquarters Weekly Bulletin NASA Office of International Affairs NASA Legislative Activities Report, Vol. X, No. 8 NASA Project Office (for project reported) NASA Headquarters News Release NASA Report of Sounding Rocket Launching 

NASA Special Publication #4014 

National Aeronautics and Space Council News Release 

National Observer magazine 

National Broadcasting Company 

National Geographic Society News Release NASA Management Instruction NASA Notice 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

North American Rockwell Corp. News 

North American Rockwell Corp. News Release 

North American Rockwell Corp. Skywriter 

National Space Club News Letter 

National Space Club News Release 

National Science Foundation’s Science Resources 

National Science Foundation News Release 

New York Daily News newspaper 

New York Times newspaper, section 5 page 4 

New York Times News Service 

Orlando Sentinel newspaper 

Oakland Tribune newspaper 

Omaha Todd-Herald newspaper 

Office of Science and Technology News Release 

Philadelphia Evening and Sunday Bulletin newspaper 

Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper 

Public Affairs O5ce 

National Archives and Records Service’s Weekly 

Public Information Office 

USN Pacific Missile Range’s Missile USN Pacific Missile Range News Release 

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President; 1971 

Space Business Daily newsletter 

Smithsonian Astrophysical ObSeNatOrY News Release 

Scientific American magazine 

Science Service news service 

Space Digest magazine 

Sun Diego Union newspaper 

Spaceflight magazine 

Sun Francisco Chronicle newspaper 

Sun Francisco Examiner newspaper 

Soviet Aerospace newsletter 

Center for Foreign Technology’s Soviet Report (translations ) 

Space Propulsion newsletter NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center’s Spaceport 

News 

IUWDS World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites’ Spacewarn Bulletin 

Saturday Reoiew magazine 

News Release 

Studies Highlights 

Compilation of Presidential Documents 

Activities, March 1972 

417 
SR list 

SSN 

St Louis G-D 

St Louis P-D 

Testimony 

Text 

Transcript 

USGS Release 

US News 

W News 

w Post 

W Star 

WH Release 

WJT 

WS Release 

WSJ 

UP1 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

NASA compendium of sounding rocket launches 

Soviet Sciences in the News, publication of ElectroSt. Louis Globe-Democrat newspaper 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper 

Congressional testimony, prepared statement 

Prepared report or speech text 

Official transcript of news conference or Congressional 

Optical Systems, Inc. 

hearing 

United Press International news service 

U.S. Geological Survey News Release 

US. News & World Report magazine 

Washington Daily News newspaper 

Washington Post newspaper 

Washington Evening Star/Sunday Star 

White House News Release 

World Joorsrnal Tribune newspaper NASA Wallops Station News Release 

Wall Street Journal newspaper 

newspaper 

418 
INDEX AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 

AND ACRONYMS 

A 

A300B (European consortium airbus), 

AAAS. See American Assn. for the AdAAS. See American Astronautical SoABC. See American Broadcasting Co. 

Abelson, Dr. Philip H., 241, 331 ABM. See Antiballistic missile system. 

Accident 

308-309 

vancement of Science, 

ciety. 

aircraft, 277, 288, 305 

C-5, 271, 282, 284, 302-303 

Concorde. 48 

F-14, 11, b6-47, 112, 141 

F-111, 108 

YF-12, 174 

helicopter, 13, 14, 290 

lunar landing trainer, 22-23 

spacecraft, 357 

SOYUZ, 156, 180-181, 185, 186, 191- 

192. 196-197, 277. 283. 299-300 I, 

cause,' 187, 192 

Achernar (star ) , 149 

Ad Hoc Tropical Task Force, 303 

Adak, Alaska, 326 

Advanced Research Projects Agency 

(ARPA), 23, 300 AE. See Atmosphere Explorer. 

AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, 52, 96, 167,250, 323 

Aeritalia S. P. A., 315 

Aero Spacelines, Inc., 242 

Aerobee (sounding rocket) 

150 

micrometeorite study, 54 

solar astronomy, 161 

stellar data, 13 

ultraviolet astronomy, 14, 23, 119 

upper-atmosphere data, 117 

x-ray astronomy, 132 

airglow experiment, 14, 41,209 

solar astronomy, 228 

stellar data, 227, 300 

test and support mission, 292 

ultraviolet astronomy, 60, 327 

x-ray astronomy, 79, 119, 226,296 

170, 

170B. 190 

350,52, 159, 174 

Aerojet-General Liquid Rocket Co., 60 

Aerojet-General Corp., 57, 346,354 

Aeronautical Radio, Inc., 260 

Aeronautical Research Associates, 15 

Aeronautical Research Assn. of PrinceAeronautical Satellite Meeting, Second, 

Aeronautics (see also Federal Aviation 

Administration), 37, 52, 101 

aerospace industry. See Aerospace industry. 

air pollution. See Air pollution. 

aircraft. See Aircraft. 

anniversary, 196 

ton, Inc., 290 

165 

awards and honors, 15, 75, 101, 115, 

131, 135, 139, 263, 266, 298-299, 

322. 326. 354 

beneits-7i 

cooperation, 39, 53, 70, 122, 132, 138, 

165, 168. 170. 171. 174. 187. 188. 218. 

224, 242, 272, 2f8, 286, 290, i95 

employment, 44, 81, 94, 125, 170, 295, 

309 --_, 349 --_ exhibit, 147, 150, 196, 198, 214, 248, 

facilities, 195, 365 

funds, 20,53,94,221 

general aviation. See General aviation. 

history, 234,261, 282,301 

meeting, 122, 266, 307 

military (see also U.S. Air Force, 

aircraft), 37, 70, 165, 174, 267, 272, 

278, 303, 312, 349 NASA program. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration, programs. 

noise abatement. See Noise, aircraft. 

research (see also Aircraft, research; 

Lifting body; and TF-8A, X-15, 

YF-12, etc.), 23, 71, 73, 163, 171, 

189, 193, 287, 393 

73,120, 151,187, 219, 256, 297 

301 

space technology use in, 

statistics, 105, 134, 371-372 

President, 37 

Aeronautics and Space Report of the 

Aeros (scientific satellite), 356 

Aerospace Corp., 1, 361 

Aerospace Industries Assn. of America, 

Inc. (AIA), 116, 125 

AerosDace industrv. 79. 82. 213. 232. 346 

employment, 3, -21, 41, i6, 81, 85, 94, 

118, 125, 130, 141, 170, 295, 309, 

333, 360,368 

419 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

financial problems, 124, 132, 216, 359- 

NASA role, 280, 370 

union contract, 343 

254 

360 

Aerospace Mechanism Symposium, Sixth, 

Aerospace Medical Assn., 114 

Aerospace Research Pilot School, 11, 186 

Aerospace Safety Research and Data Institute (LBRC), 362 

Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Ninth an- nual AIAA, 15 

ABrospatiale, 266, 351 AFCRL. See Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. AFETR. See Eastern Test Range. 

Africa, 329 AFSC. See Air Force Systems Command. 

Agena (booster upper stage), 11, 79, 80, 

107,195, 227,254, 289,296, 350 

Agency for International Development 

(AID), 120, 369 

Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 24-25, 

31, 135, 139,264, 346 

Agreement. See International cooperation; International cooperation, space; 

and Treaty. 

Agriculture, Dept. of, 58, 98, 120, 132, 

168, 286, 333,351 AIA. See Aerospace Industries Assn. of 

America, Inc. AIA Aerospace Research Center, 116 AIAA. See American Institute of AeroAIAA Space Shuttle Development, TestAID. See Agency for International DevelAiken, William S., Jr., 272 

Air-cushion railroad, 82 

Air-cushion research vehicle, 182 

Air Defense Command, 166,209 

Air Force Academy, 150, 266 

Air Force Assn., 262, 276 

Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL), 153, 199 

Air Force Museum, 247,248 

Air Force One (Presidential aircraft), 

212, 326-327 

Air Force Science Advisory Board, 57 

Air Force Systems Command (AFSC), 8, 

Air Force Two (Presidential aircraft), 

Air France, 308 

1’Air Liquide, 312 

Air pollution, 2-3, 70, 122, 150, 231, 

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 89 

Air Quality Advisory Board, 290 

Air traffic control 

automation, 9, 80, 121, 187 

contract, 85, 187 FAA regulation, 107,139,193,277 

funds, 40 

nautics and Astronautics. 

ing, and Operations Conference, 75 

opment. 

12, 94, 95,259, 267, 346 

Aeronautical Systems Div., 300, 336 

212 

242, 251, 290, 322, 331 

NASA role, 121, 187 

satellite use, 3, 219,362 

Air University, 354 

Air Yugoslavia, 305 

Airborne Warning and Control System 

(AWACS), 21 

Airbus Industries, 242 

Aircraft (see also individual aircraft, 

such as C-5A, F-14, F-111, X-15), 

56, 239 

accident, 11, 13, 46, 48, 108, 112, 

141, 174, 271, 277, 282, 284, 288, 

290, 302, 305 

air pollution. See Air pollution, aircraft. 

amphibious, 288, 330 

antisubmarine, 12, 17, 21, 38 

award, 101, 131,135,139, 326 

bomber, 21, 70, 87, 101, 119, 122, 224, 

239, 248, 255, 260, 262, 263, 272, 

279, 284, 298, 303, 309, 314, 337, 

344, 348, 358 

cargo, 141, 242, 260, 288 

carrier, 219, 224, 286, 303 

close-support, 21, 70, 80 

collision study, 10, 107, 219-220 

contract dispute, 2, 36, 38, 147, 294 

cost, 54, 152, 210, 246, 252, 260, 351 

exhibit. 147. 214. 248 

fighter; 46,’70, 87, 101, 140, 152, 170, 

171, 210, 212, 239, 246, 248, 255, 

260, 262, 264, 271, 300, 323. 329. 

341, 344, 345, 352, 360. 

flying boat, 197, 330 

foreign, 12, 140, 171, 211, 214, 224, 

248, 260, 264, 286, 312, 329, 346, 

360 

general-aviation, 56, 276 

helicopter, 13, 21, 30, 74, 80, 147, 

248, 290, 294, 295, 351, 357, 365 

hijacking. See Hijacking of aircraft. 

industry, 36, 44, 54, 60, 94, 132, 232, 

294, 346, 370 

instruments, 12 

interceptor, 101 

noise. See Noise, aircraft. 

pilotless, 1 

private, 147, 226, 310, 329 

race, 282 

reconnaissance, 94-95, 101, 120, 168, 

record, 12, 17, 38, 226, 310, 330, 366 

research (see also Aeronautics, re- search; and TF-8A, x-15, x-24, 

YF-12, etc.), 53-54, 70-71, 104, 120, 

257, 278, 303, 307, 337, 338, 356, 370 

281, 329 

133, 138, 165, 224, 239, 245, 256- 

safety, 122, 262, 276, 305, 314 

sensor bearing, 120,231,286 

sonic boom. See Sonic boom. 

statistics. 54. 277 -7 - -1 - SZL 19, 21, 22, 39, 71, 97, 122, 127, 

173, 187, 218, 233, 267, 280, 298, 300, 

315. 337. 338. 363. 365. 369 

supertritical wing. Bee Wing, aircraft, 

supercritical. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

supersonic. See Supersonic transport, 

Concorde, F-l4A, F-111, Tu-144, 

C-15, YF-12, etc. 

tanker, 129 

traffic, 271 

traffic control. See Air traffic control. 

training, 101, 271 

transport (see also Supersonic transport), 101, 109, 129, 308-309 

jet, 47, 88, 124, 130, 132, 141, 147, 

174, 192, 211, 212, 216, 220, 278, 

301, 312, 332, 370 

V,/STOL, 18, 65, 329, 365 

VTOL, 135,262,298,300 

Airglow, 14, 41, 108, 130, 131, 159, 209 

Airline Pilots Assn., 305, 334 

Airlines (see also Air pollution; Air 

traffic control; Airports; Noise, aircraft; and Supersonic transport) 

aircraft, 44, 54, 124, 211, 220, 301, 

307, 314 

fares, 36 

finances, 54, 359-360 

hijacking. See Hijacking of aircraft. 

safety, 305 

services, 129, 305 

statistics, 104 

supersonic transport, 84-85, 88, 109, 

129, 137, 148, 157, 211, 226, 232, 

346 

Airlock module (AM) (Skylab compoAirports (see also Air pollution; Air 

traffic control; Noise, aircraft; and 

individual airports such as Washington National Airport), 312, 328 

environmental problems, 49, 248, 271, 

320 

nent), 183,284, 288,323, 355 

facilities, 334, 370 

offshore, 137, 152, 182, 282 

regulation, 194 

runway research, 278 

safety, 276-277, 305 

statistics, 134, 370 

supersonic transport (SST), 314 

V/STOLpOrt, 287 

weapon detection devices, 133 

AirResearch Manufacturing Go., 147 

Airways, 80 

Akazawa, Shoichi, 82 

Aksenov, Ye. P., 311 

Alabama A~;M Univ., 128 

Alabama Regional Council of GovernAlabama Soace and Rocket Center. 182 

ments, 128 

11, 

242 

Alaska, 96,101, 271,370 

Alaska, Univ. of, 76, 79, 272 

Albert, Col. john 6. (USAF), 75 

Aldrin, Col. Edwin E., Jr. (USAP), 

63, 111, 135, 186, 198, 214, 232, 

Aleksandrov, L. A., 217 

Aleutian Islands, 300, 310 

Alexander, Dr. Calvin, 102 

Alexandria, Va., 176 

Alfven, Dr. Hannes O., 281, 332 

Alibrando, Alfred P., 200 

Allegheny Airlines, 128 

Allen. loseoh. 222 

Allen; William M., 131, 139, 354 

Aller, Robert O., 267 

Alouette 1 (Canadian satellite). 88, 106 

Alouette 2. 88 

Alper, Dr.’Marshall E., 55 

Alps, 320 ALSEP. See Apollo lunar surface experiments package. 

Altimeter, 11 

Altman, Dr. Manfred, 129 

Altus AFB, Okla., 271, 282, 284, 303 

AM. See Airlock module. 

Amchitka Island, 300, 310, 326 

Amelia Earhart Lives, 243 

American Airlines, 19, 211, 220, 260, 

298, 326 

American Assn. for the Advancement of 

Science (AAAS), 1, 102, 177, 187, 358 

American Astronautical Society (AAS), 

68,89, 103, 178, 239 

American Board of Surgery, 245 

American Broadcasting Co. (ABC) , 88 

American Business Women’s Assn., 314 

American Chemical Society, 256 

American College of Surgeons, 289 

American Federation of Labor ( AFL), 

American Geophysical Union, 345 

American Institute of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics ( AIAA), 282 

Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 15 

Annual Meeting and Technical Disawards, 15, 75, 233, 298,325 

Board of Governors conference, 136 

Electric Power Systems Committee, 

National Capitol Section, 280, 326 

officers. 15 

131 

play, 8th, 297 

244 

Offshore Airport Center Planning 

Propulsion Joint Specialist ConferConference, 282 

ence, Seventh, 161- 

Space Shuttle Development, Testing, 

and Operations Conference, 75 

The Supersonic Transport: A Factual Basis for Decision, 60 

Symposium on Uranium Plasmas: Research and Applications, 2nd, 320 

American Institute of Physics (API), 265 

American Interplanetary Society, 282 

American Museum-Hayden Planetarium, 

American Newspaper Publishers Assn., 

American Nuclear Society, 63, 294 

American Ordnance Assn., 18 

American Philosophical Society, 314 

American Physical Society, 36, 113 

American Revolution Bicentennial ComAmerican Rocket Society, 13, 282 

American Science and Engineering, Inc., 

233, 279 

107 

mission, 212 

89, 113,278, 286 

421 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1971 

American Society of Mechanical EngiAmerican Society of Newspaper Editors, 

American Telephone & Telegraph Go. 

Ames, Capt. Lionel E., Jr. (USN), 124, 

neers, 84 

103 

(AT&T), 170, 292 

246 

Ames Research Center (ARC) (NASA), 

39, 64, 251, 262, 340 

air pollution research, 170 

Airborne Science Office, 219 

aircraft research, 70, 271,335 

biomedical research, 167, 199, 210, 

253, 256, 257, 261, 369 

employment, 238 

Exobiology Branch, 322 ILLIAC IV computer, 23 

meeting, 253, 254, 301, 352 

micrometeorite research, 54 

oil spills measurement, 81 

personnel, 216, 297,314, 330, 356 

sun, rotation of, 350 

water vapor electrolysis system, 235, 

Amino acids, 167, 249, 256, 302, 322, 369 

An-10 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 140 

An-24 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 312 

Anacostia River, 129 

Analysis of Apollo 10 Photography and 

Visual 0 bservations (NASA SP-232 ) , 193 

Anatuvuk Pass, Alaska, 271 

Anchorage, Alaska, 271 

Anders, L/C William A. (USAF, R.), 68 

Anderson, Charles A., 291 

Anderson, Sen. Clinton P., 19, 42, 44, 

Anderson, Rep. Glenn M., 141 

Anderson, Jack, 124 

Andoeya, Norway, 12 

Andover, Me., 69, 292 

Andreyanov, V., 162 

Andromeda (galaxy), 1 

Angra do Heroisimo, The Azores, 350 

Anik (Canadian comsat), 128 

Animal experiments, space, 127, 182, 235 

Anniversary 

AEC, 215 

aeronautics, 165 

American Institute of Physics, 265 

atomic battery, 326 

computer, 218 

Kepler, Johannes, 359 

manned space flight, 100, 122, 142, 

152, 167, 197, 198 

NASA, 32, 122, 196, 197, 198, 215 

nuclear power, space, 180 

radio, 347 

satellite. 98 

308 

132, 265 

Smithsakian Institution, 266 

U.N., 318 

USN, 276 

U.S.S.R., 100, 152, 167 

Antarctic, 304 

Antenna, 69, 74, 95, 102, 231, 277, 279- 

280.~92. 308 3sn 

Antibhlis&-&iGe (ABM), 4, 43, 77, 

Ap::>ine Mountains (moon), 145, 183, 

137,152, 194, 284,347, 361 

LL 1 

API. See American Institute of Physics. 

Applications Technology Satellite. See 

Ats 1, etc. 

Apollo (program), 212, 230, 284, 328 

achievements, 44, 47, 76, 113, 183, 197, 

anniversary, 196, 198, 326 

astronaut. See Astronaut. 

208, 217, 223, 312, 342, 361, 368 

award, 57, 70, 179, 279 

criticism, 133 

funds, 17, 20-21, 161, 173, 229, 324, 342 

history, 30, 50, 215 

launch 

Apollo 14 (AS-5091, 24-30 

Ap0110 15 (AS-510), 202-208 

management, 70 

news coverage. 215-216 

plans, 4, 21z22, 35, 61, 63-64, 68, 86- 

87, 89, 98, 108, 141, 142-145, 154- 

156, 215-216, 302. 305. 312. 324 

policy, 38, 50, 201, 258 

press comment (see also Apollo missions), 17, 161, 197, 223-224, 229 

Apollo (spacecraft) 

anomalies, 255 

command and service module. See Comcommand module. See Command modcontamination, 56 

design, 17, 43-44, 86-87 

equipment, 55-56, 86-87, 247, 252 

exhibit, 353 

heat shield, 335 

instrumentation, 35, 86-87, 223 

mand and service module. 

ule. 

launch 

Apollo 14 (AS-5091, 24-30 

ADO~~O 15 (AS-510). 202-208 

launch vehicle. See Saturn. 

life support system, 156, 196, 205 

lunar module. See Lunar module. 

lunar roving vehicle. See Lunar roving 

record, 30, 35, 207-208 

safety methods, 215 

scientific instrument module, 202-203, 

206-207, 223 

service module. See Service module. 

test, 90, 268 

Apollo Day, 199 

Apollo 8 mission, 239, 264 

Apollo 10 mission, 193,255 

Apollo 11 mission, 

vehicle. 

commemorative dollar, 243, 308 

commemorative stamu. 232-233 .* 

crew, 239 

light flashes, 64 

lunar samples, 5-7, 12-13, 16, 23, 30, 

exchange of, 159, 190, 369 

39, 45, 46, 83, 115, 236 

422 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Of a Fire on the Moon (book about), 4 

press comment, 232-233 

quarantine, 115 

Robert Hutchings Goddard-Father of 

the Space Age (book carried), 214 

significance, 47, 76 

viewers, 43, 80 

Apollo 11 Mission Report (NASA SP-238), 

130 

Apollo 12 (spacecraft), 152 

Apollo 12 mission, 57, 69, 345 

atomic battery, 326 

ion detector, 288 

lightning strike, 199 

lunar samples, 5-7, 12-13, 16, 23, 30, 

39, 45, 46, 83, 115, 236, 257 

exchange of, 159, 190, 369 

quarantine, 115 

results, 44, 51, 255 

seismometer, 203, 207, 236 

significance, 47, 76 

244, 266 

56 

Apollo 13 mission, 30, 57, 59, 69, 75, 146, 

Apollo 14 (spacecraft), 4, 35, 43-44, 46, 

Ap%lo 14 mission, 24-30, 80, 122, 208, 

361, 368 

anomalies. 24. 25. 30. ,,. 35. 43. 255 

atomic hatter;, 326 

award, 57,59, 106 

Bible carried, 214 

biological aspects, 5, 14. 17, 30, 35, 44, 

63, 261 

computer, 25, 30 

Congress, report to, 61 

cost, 209 

docking, 25, 29, 30, 35, 38 

exhibit, 153 

experiments, 27,69 

ALSEP, 27-30 

cold-cathode gauge, 64 

extrasensory perception test, 46, 170 

laser, 27 

magnetometer, 27, 51 

seismometer, 25-27, 44, 63, 64, 113, 

203, 207,236, 245 

solar wind, 27 

suprathermal ion detector, 288 

thumper shots, 27 

extravehicular activity, 27, 29, 41, 47, 

48, 51, 86 

foreign reaction, 35, 43 

golf shot, 29, 106 

launch, 24 

lunar landing, 25 

lunar samples, 24, 27-30, 41, 45, 59, 98, 

236,265, 365 

medallions carried, 247 

Nixon, President Richard M., messages 

and statements, 24, 31, 39, 42, 59 

photographs, 27, 29, 30, 47, 48, 59 

preparations, 4, 10, 17 

press comment, 17, 35, 38, 40, 43, 44, 47 

press conference, 4, 35, 41, 59, 170 

quarantine, 5, 30, 115 

records, 30 

results, 30, 42, 44, 47, 51, 60, 183, 212, 

splashdown, 30 

TV broadcasts, 25, 30 

U.S.S.R., reaction to, 35, 43 

(NASA SP-272), 183 

365, 368 

Apollo 14 Preliminary Science Report 

Apollo 15 (spacecraft), 96, 98, 110 

Apollo 15 mission, 44, 61, 128, 139, 201- 

208, 253, 271, 272, 313 

anomalies, 203, 207, 255 

atomic battery, 326 

awards, 239, 279, 345 

biological aspects, 188, 196-197, 208, 

celebration, 222, 238, 239, 256, 266 

seismometer, 142-143, 202, 207, 223, 

solar wind spectrometer, 144 

suprathermal ion detector, 144 

222, 225, 228, 261 

236,245 

extravehicular activity, 141, 201-202, 

204-205, 207, 217, 222, 225, 227, 

228, 229, 255 

foreign reaction, 215, 216, 222, 225, 226 

launch, 201 

launch schedule, 108 

lunar landing, 202, 203, 212 

lunar liftoff. 205. 217 

Iunar roving vehicle, 24, 51, 55, 108, 

110, 115, 120, 128, 141, 142, 144, 

202, 204-206, 213, 215, 227, 256, 

365 

lunar samdes. core sampies,'227, 238, 260 

rock samples, 142, 205, 206, 217, 223, 

225. 226. 228. 229. 230, 253, .. 308, 365 

commemorative stamp, 215 

Congress, report to, 253 

cost, 209 

countdown, 193, 194, 200 

criticism, 219 

docking, 202, 206 

exhaust plume measurement, 199 

experiments, 86-87, 202, 223, 225 

ALSEP, 142, 1U, 205 

cold cathode gauge, 142, 144 

heat flow, 142, 144, 205, 245, 291 

laser, 315 

magnetometer, 142, 144, 207 NASA film. 227.255. 298 

New York Time's Special Features 

agreement, 200, 211, 336 

Nixon, President Richard M., messages 

and statements, 201, 208, 212, 213, 

photographs, 35, 142, 205, 206, 207, 223, 

226 

preparations for, 96, 110, 115, 156, 193, 

194 

221-222, 253, 279 

423 

press comment, 213, 215-216, 217-218, 

press conference, 120, 141, 142-145, 

press coverage, 215, 361 

quarantine, 188, 222 

records, 207-208 

222, 223-224, 225-226, 230 

156, 217, 227, 228, 245, 312 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

rendezvous, 206 

results, 207-208,213, 217, 218, 222, 223, 

splashdown, 207, 221, 268 

subsatellite, 87, 207, 225 

test, 200 

TV broadcasts, 197, 202, 204, 206, 237, 

264 

U.S.S.R. reaction, 222 

Apollo 16 mission, 44, 69, 216, 251, 324, 

342 

atomic battery, 326 

crew, 61 

extravehicular activity, 228, 289, 293 

launch schedule, 293, 356, 368 

launch vehicle, 254 

lunar landing site, 166 

lunar roving vehicle, 128, 245, 267, 323 

medical asuects. 289 

226-227, 245, 365, 368 

preparatioik for; 349 

space flight data analysis, 35 

crew, 228-229, 234, 236, 312 

experiments, 21, 98, 289, 326 

launch schedule, 21, 356, 368 

photographs, 35 

press comment, 236 

press conference, 234 

subsatellite, 87 

Apollo 17 mission, 44, 61, 209, 216, 324, 

342 

Apollo 18 mission, 20, 21, 247, 305 

Apollo 19 mission, 20, 22, 247 

Apollo Lunar Landing Commemorative 

Trust Fund, 63 

Apollo lunar surface experiments package 

(ALSEP), 27-30, 142, 144, 205, 209 

Applications Technology Satellite (ATS) , 61 

Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) (Skylab 

component), 8, 11, 183, 252, 284, 286, 

323. 361 APS. See Auxiliary propulsion system. 

Aquanaut, 262, 292 

Arbator, Georgy, 129 ARC. See Ames Research Center. 

Arcas (sounding rocket), 54, 63, 64, 218, 

222,225, 230 

Boosted Arcas I, 50, 63 

Boosted Arcas 11. 22. 226. 285 

Arecibo (Puerto Ricoj Observatory, 178, 

Arenosillo, Spain, 112 

Ares (Greek mythological god), 331 

Argentina, 230 

Ariel 1 (U.K. satellite), 348 

Ariel 2, 28 

Ariel 3, 348 

Ariel 4, 348, 369 

Arizona, 281 

Arkansas, 351 

Arking, Dr. Albert, 50 

Arlington County (Va.) Board, 165-166 

Armenia, U.S.S.R., 369 

Armstrong, Neil A. 

231,344 

aircraft materials, lecture on, 71 

Apollo 11 mission, 111, 162, 198 

awards and honors, 121, 135, 209, 242 

resignation, 239, 243 

Armstrong. Neil, Airport (proposed), 209 

Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), 5 

Army Corps of Engineers, 122 

Arnold Engineering Development Center, 

Arnold, Dr. James R., 291 ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects 

ARTS III. See Automated radar terminal 

60, 276 

Agency. 

system. 

AGeson, John C., 81, 261 

Ash, M. E., 310 

Assateague National Seashore Park, 105 

An Assessment of Industrial Actiuity in 

the Field of Biomedical Engineering, 

322 

Assn; of Bay Area Governments, 170 

Asteroid, 282, 310, 327, 332, 334 

Astrachan, Anthony, 111 

Astris (West German booster), 310 

Astronaut (see also Cosmonaut; Extravehicular activity; Space biology), 35, 

96, 191, 279, 341, 342 

accident, 13, 290 

anniversary, 122, 198 

Apollo mission. See Apollo missions. 

appointment, 11, 47, 176, 253 

astronaut-astronomer. ,759 

awards and bonors:57,-59, 65, 70, 72, 

78, 106, 121, 239, 240, 242, 256, 260, 

262-263. 266. 346-347 

celebrations for, 222, 239, 240, 256, 266 

colleges, visits to, 68 

commemorative coin, 308 

commemorative stamp, 215 

Congress, report to, 61, 253 

crew assignment, 61, 108 

damage suit, 10, 131 

European tour, 125, 150, 152, 311, 312, 

323 

former, 292, 301, 309, 330 

hazards, 63, 99, 115, 163, 181, 185, 261, 

memorial, 227, 264, 301, 307, 320 

memorial ceremony, 199 

Nixon, President Richard M., messages 

and statements, 24, 31, 39, 42, 197, 

201, 208, 212, 221, 253 

physiology, 14, 17, 44, 197, 225, 228, 

256, 261, 276, 277, 289 

press conference, 4, 41, 59, 141,227,312 

promotion, 240 

public image of, 4-5, 32 

quarantine, 5, 30, 35, 188, 222 

record, 35, 208 

religion, 49, 65 

resignation, 52, 166, 239, 243 

retirement. 186. 345 

325 

scientist-astronaut, 87, 90, 133, 138, 201, 

Skylab, 10, 87, 132, 133, 288, 346 svace center visits. 271. 272 

217,229, 230, 312 

space rescue, 64, 65 ' 

syndicated article agreement, 200,230 

424 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

training. 115. 189 

tribute-to, 42, 76, 253 

U.N. visit, 239 

White House dinner and visit, 59. 256 

Astronaut-astronomer, 

Astronaut Information: American and 

Soviet (Revised) (71-204 SP), 248 

Astronautics Engineer Award, 70 

Astronomy (see also individual observatories, planets, probes, sounding 

rockets, and satellites, such as Asteroid; Comet; Extraterrestrial life; 

Galaxv: Mariner 9: Moon: Oao 2: 

Pulsa;; Quasar; ‘Radioastronomy 

Star; Telescope), 40, 161, 253, 281, 

310,342,347 

award, 15, 17, 102 

gamma ray, 181 

infrared, 1, 54, 219, 321, 358-359 

international cooperation, 10, 13, 16, 

340, 355, 360, 369 

meeting, 6, 178, 248-249, 291, 334, 344, 

369 

NASA program, 2-3, 9, 20-21, 21-22, 

57, 67, 69, 74-75, 90, 94-95, 96-97, 

98, 103, 121, 127, 148, 174, 178-179, 

286, 189, 211, 219, 231, 240, 334, 

34-5, 356, 365-366, 368 

solar. 56, 67. 68. 73. 83. 113. 121. 161, 

88-89, 159, 190, 216-217, 293, 321, 

167, 237, 240,252; 268, 269, 277, 287, 

302, 333, 335, 339, 349, 350 

stellar, 13, 36, 38, 60, 113, 194. 226, 

239, 299, 300 

ultraviolet. See Ultraviolet. 

U.K., 356 

U.S.S.R., 101, 190, 218, 357, 362 

x-ray. See X-ray. 

graph Co. AT&T. See American Telephone & TeleAtaka and Co., 8485, 138 

Atlanta, Ga., 130, 320 

Atlantic City, N.J., 289 

Atlantic Ocean, 3, 13, 37, 103, 137, 165, 

180, 219, 303, 310, 349, 354, 357, 362 

Atlantic Tropical Experiment, 303 

Atlas (booster), 220 

Atlas-Agena (booster), 341, 352 

Atlas-Centaur (booster), 14, 126-127, 

136, 146, 163, 164, 168, 244, 275, 342, 

354 

Atlas (missile), 199 

Atlas, geographical, 11 ATM. See Apollo Telescope Mount. 

Atmosphere 

stellar, 168 

upper (earth), 3, 5, 8, 9, 78, 107, 109, 

168, 171, 187, 192, 213, 220, 236, 324, 

333,343,370 

weight, 309 

Atmosphere Explorer C (AE-C) satellite, 

81 

Atmosphere Explorer D, 81 

Atmosphere Explorer E, 81 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) (see 

also AEC-NASA Space Nuclear O5ce; 

425 

and NERVA and SNAP programs), 219, 

324 

anniversary, 215 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 113 

budget, 20-21, 58, 198-199, 363 

cooperation, 180, 197, 250 

criticism, 303 

laser, 288 

nuclear reactor, 180,209 

nuclear rocket engine, 52 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 99 

organization, 346 

personnel, 65, 194, 199, 213, 222, 233, 

253, 290 

policy, 294 

reorganization, proposed, 69, 82, 153- 

154 

Space Nuclear Systems Div., 250 

undersea nuclear test, 300, 303, 310, 

water recovery and waste management 

326 

system, 95-96 

Atomic Industrial Forum, 294 

Ats I (Applications Technology Satellite), 271 

Ats 3, 239, 252 

Ats 4, 163, 275 

Ats 5, 362 

ATS-F, 22, 161,293,362 

ATS--G, 22 

Atsugi Naval Air Station, Japan, 12 

Aubiniere, Gen. R. (France), 352 

Auburn, Mass., 17 

Aurora, 12, 47, 76, 79, 89 

Australia, 15, 102, 220, 226, 358 

Automated radar terminal system (ARTS 

Automation, 295 

Auxiliary propulsion system (APS), 175 

Avco Corp., 335 

Aviation Hall of Fame, 354 

AviatiodSpace Writers Assn., 54, 121, 

AVL 802 (satellite), 221 AWACS. See Airborne Warning and ConAwards, 106, 262, 307 

III),9 

147, 351 

trol System. 

civic, 239, 256 

foreign, 180, 191, 320 

Government, 17, 38-39, 49, 138, 165, 

322 

NASA- See National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration. 

institutions, 79, 84, 266, 318, 327 

military, 72, 121, 150, 266 

society 

achievement, 60, 242, 314 

aeronautics, 15, 101, 131, 135, 139, 

263, 266, 298, 326-327 

astronautics, 13, 14, 70, 85, 179, 266- 

267, 298 

science, 102, 314 

AX (close-support aircraft), 21, 70, 80 

Axford, William I., 15 
B 

B-1 (advanced strategic bomber), 70, 

121, 122, 255, 263,‘272, 284, 298, 303, 

309.344 

E29 (bomber 1,239 

B-47 (bomber 1, 239,354 

B-52 (Stratofortress), 42, 56, 87, 142, 

B-57 (NASA research aircfaft 1, 247 

B-70 (supersonic bomber), 248 

Babakin, Dr. Georgy N., 218 BAC. See British Aircraft Corp. 

Back contamination, 115 

Backfire (U.S.S.R. supersonic strategic 

bomber), 248, 260 

Bahamas, 2 

Bailey, J. Martyn, 242 

Baker, Miss (space monkey), 182 

Bal Harbour, Fla., 294 

Baldeschwieler, John D., 197 

Baldone, Latvia, 287 

Baldwin. Mrs. Bettv .I.. 314 

303, 337, 354 

Ball Brothers Research‘ Corp., 8 

Balloon, 121, 127, 167, 236, 250, 254 

Baltimore, Md., 281 

Bank of America. 162 

Bankers Trust Co., 162 

Barbados, 3 

Barber, Marvin R., 307 

Barium-ion-cloud (BIC) probe, 145, 251, 

259. 357. 370 

Barking SHnds, Kauai, Hawaii, 54, 63, 64 

Barstow, Calif., 108 

Barth, Dr. Charles A,, 148, 195 

Bartlett, Gov. Dewey H., 2 

Baryon particle, 36 

Batavia, Ill., 181 BATEAM. See Biomedical Technology 

Transfer Team. 

Baton Rouge, La., 89 

Battelle Memorial Institute, 86 

Baum, Dr. William A., 174 

Baur, Dr. Paul, Jr., 111 

Baykonur, U.S.S.R., 8, 66, 115, 135 

launch 

Cosmos, 7, 61, 93, 124, 128, 133, 174, 

197, 212, 219, 222, 227, 343, 352, 

358 

Luna 18,246 

Luna 19, 267 

Mars 2, 134 

Mars 3, 147 

Salyut 1, 105, 107 

Soyuz 10, 107 

Soyui 11, 154, 226 

BayIor Univ., 193 

School of Medicine, 138 

Bazhenov, Georgey N., 264 

Beattie, Donald A., 144 

Bechtel Corp., 307 

Beck, WCdr Preston E. (USN, Ret.), 244 

Beechcraft 99 (transport aircraft), 128 

Beechcraft Baron (light aircraft), 226 

Beeler, De E., 115, 255 

Beggs, James M., 88 

Bell, Rep. Alphonzo, 38 

Belgium, 291, 310 

Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 305 

Bell Aerospace Co. See Textron, Inc. 

Bell Helicopter Co. See Textron, Inc. 

Bell Telephone Laboratories, 78, 299 

Bellcom, Inc., 41 

Bellis, B/G Benjamin N. (USAF), 212 

Belson, Judge James A., 114 

Bendix Corp., 278 

Beregovoy, Georgy T., 16 

Beresford, Spencer M., 264 

Berkner, Lloyd V., Award, 179 

Berlin, West, 142 

Bermuda, 46 

Berry Aviation Co., 77 

Berry, Dr. Charles A., 114 

Aerospace Systems Div., 278 

Instrument and Life Support Div., 12 

Apollo 14 mission, 14, 44, 261 

Apollo 1.5 mission, 225, 228 

appointment, 245 

Soyuz I1 mission, 180 

US.-U.S.S.R. Joint Space Biology and 

Medicine Working Group, 284, 359 

Berry, Doyle G., 77 

Berry, Ronald L., 298 

Beryllium, 70 

Bethpage, N.Y., 276 

Bhandari, Dr. Narenda, 6 

Bible (carried on Apollo 14 mission), 214 BIC. See Barium-ion-cloud probe. 

“Big Bird” (USAF reconnaissance satelBikle, Paul F., 114 

Binsack, J. H., 64 

Biomedical Technology Transfer Team 

( BATEAM ) , 235 

Biosatellite, 21 

Biostack (cosmic radiation experiment), 

Birds, migration of, experiment, 160 

Bisplinghoff, Dr. Raymond L., 170 

Black Arrow (U.K. booster), 211, 300 

Black Brant (sounding rocket), 63 

Black Brant IIIB, 248 

Black Brant VB, 54 

Black Brant VC, 199 

Black hole (space phenomenon), 239 

Black Sea, 262 

Blackhawk (helicopter), 357 

Blagonravov, Dr. Anatoly A., 9, 234 

Btamont, Jaques E., 93 

Blankenship, L. Vaughn, 201, 258 

Blue Streak (U.K. booster 1st stage), 310 

Bochum Observatory (West Germany), 

Bodenschatz, Dr. Manfred, 142 

Boeing 707 (jet passenger transport), 130, 

Boeing 727 (jet passenger transport), 278 

Boeing 747 (jet passenger transport), 139, 

lite), 328 

325-326 

81, 324 

192, 212, 326-327, 350, 354 

%A. 

Boeing 767 (subsonic jet transport), 192 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

4126 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Boeing Co., 1, 79 

award, 131, 139, 279, 299, 354 

Commercial Airplane Group, 101 

contract, 8, 24, 71, 115, 198, 255, 290 

employment, 82 

jet passenger transport. See Boeing 707, 

lunar roving vehicle, 24, 51, 245, 323 

Mariner Venus-Mercury spacecraft, 115 

missile, 8, 262 

personnel, 57, 131 

Space Center, 68 STOL aircraft. 290. 315 

727,747, and 767. 

supersonic transport, 56, 81, 82, 129, 

Vertol Div., 188-189 

135, 139, 192 

Boileau. 0. C.. 68 

Bolam, Mrs. Irene, 243 

Bolane, Rep. Edward P., 222 

Bombay, India, 6 

Bonn, West Germany, 277 

Boosted Arcas. See Arcas. 

Borman, CoI. Frank (USAF, Ret.), 194 

Boston, Mass., 102, 209, 308 

Boston Museum of Science, 327 

Boulder, Colo., 302 

Bower, Robert E., 191 

Brandt, Dr. John C., 36 

Bras d’Or (Canadian hydrofoil warship ) , 

Brauer, Dr. Richard D., 18 

Brayton cycle, 147 

Brazil, 329 

Bremen, West Germany, 249 

Brennwald, Louis H., 216 

Bretigny, France, 150, 254 

Brevard County, Fla., 65 

Circuit Court, 10 

Brezhnev, Leonid I., 102, 299 

Bridgeport, Conn., 309 

Bridgeport, Univ. of, 309 

A Briefe and True Report of the New 

Bristol Aircraft Corp., 326 

British Aircraft Corp. (BAC), 37, 48, 267, 

British Airports Authority, 326 

British Astronomical Society, 202 

British Interplanetary Society, 85 

Broglio, Prof. Luigi, 262 

Brooke, Sen. Edward W., 124 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 113 

Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, 17 

Brooks AFB, Tex., 298 

Brooks, Dr. Harvey, 277 

Brooksbank, William A., 334 

Brougham, Trevor, 226 

Brown, B. Porter, 84 

Brown, Geu. George S. (USAF), 259 

Brown Engineering Co., 158, 180 

Brown Univ., 151 

Browne, Dudley E., 307 

Browne, Secor D., 348-349 

Broyhill, Rep. Joel T., 209 

Brussels, Belgium, 48, 168, 260 

Buccaneer (U.K. strike aircraft), 224 

312 

Found Land of Virginia, 97 

351 

Buckley, Sen. James L., 24 

Budinger, Dr. Thomas F., 63 

Bulgaria, 237, 249, 263, 319 

Bundy, William P., 358 

Burch, Dean, 60 

Burroughs Corp., 23 

Bush, George, Ambassador to U.N., 70, 

120 

Butler, Charles F., 312 

Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, 

U.S.S.R., 248 

C 

C-5 (military cargo transport aircraft), 

282, 284, 302-303 

C-5A, 335 

accident, 271, 307 

contract, 2, 36, 294 

cost, 260, 359 

modification, 348, 359 

Paris Air Show exhibit, 147 

C-8 (Buffalo) ) (jet STOL aircraft), 187 

C-47 (research transport aircraft, 120 

C-130 (Hercules) (NASA research transport aircraft), 104, 138-139, 171, 370 

C-l30B, 120 

C-141 (research aircraft), 278 CAR. See Civil Aeronautics Board. 

Cabell, Gen. Charles P. (USAF, Ret.), 145 

Cabell, Rep. Earle, 38 

Caetano, Prime Minister Marcello (Portugal 1, 349-350 

Cafferty, Michael, 107 

Cairns, Robert W., 170 

California, 81, 112, 360, 370 

California Institute of Technology (Cal 

Tech), 1, 7, 13, 102, 151, 170, 235, 245, 

279, 296 

California State Air Resources Board, 170 

California State College, 299 

California Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, 170 

California, Univ. of, 6, 15, 23, 109, 281, 

Berkeley, 1, 36, 63,’102, 145, 242, 248, 

Los Angeles (UCLA), 18, 212, 231 

San Diego, 261,269 

Calisphere 3 (calibration satellite), 48 

Caliphere 4, 48 

Culisphere 5, 48 

Calverton, N.Y., 112, 141 

Calvin, Prof. Melvin, 36 

Cambridge, Mass., 313 

Cambridge, U.K., 348 

Cambridge Univ., 324 

Camera, 27, 35, 38, 56, 85, 128 

underwater, 131 

Cameron, Col. Lyle W. (USAF), 267 

Camp, Rep. John N. Happy, 38 

Canada, 311, 313-314 

aircraft, 280-281 

award, 102 

327 

299 

427 
cooperation, 3, 15, 63, 88, 96, 104, 106, 

Defence Ministry, 312 

Dept. of Communications, 106 

satellite, 88, 105, 369 

tem, 128 

220, 305,369 

Canadian Centre of Inland Waters, 104 

Canadian Domestic Communications SysCanberra V-8 (U.K. bomber), 224 

Caneel Bay, Virgin Islands, 24, 31 

Cannikin (underground nuclear test), 

Cannon AFB, N. Mex., 314 

Cannon Ball 2 (USAF satellite), 220-221 

Cannon, Sen. Howard W., 19, 213, 263, 

300, 303, 311, 326 

292 

Cannon, Dr. Robert H., Jr., 296 

Canopus (star), 149, 306 

Cape Kennedy, Fla., 65, 217 

Carbon, 39 

Carbon monoxide, 299 CARD. See Civil Aviation Research 

Development (CARD) Policy Study. 

Cardiovascular medicine, 235 

Career Service Award, 60 CARETS. See Central Atlantic Regi 

Carey General Contractors, Inc., 195 

Cargo, David F., 42 

Caribbean Sea, 171 

Carlos, Prince Juan, 25 

Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1, 18 

Ecological Test Site Project. 

and 

onal 

Carolinas, 2 

Carpenter, Cdr. M. Scott (USN, Ret.), 292 

Carroll, Thomas E.. 13 CAS. See Cooperative Applications SatelCase Western Reserve Univ., 151, 181 

Cassiopeia (constellation), 1 

Caste1 Gondolfo, Italy, 215 CATS. See Computer-aided telemetry sysCause, J. P., 352 

Cayenne, French Guiana, 248 CBS. See Columbia Broadcasting System. 

Centaur (booster upper stage), 14, 96, 98, 

Centaur Quality and Workmanship ReCentaure (French sounding rocket), 83, 

Centaurus X-3 (pulsar), 113, 131 

Centerville, Iowa, 213 

Central Atlantic Regional Test Site 

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 117, 

lite. 

tem. 

148, 354 

view Board, 168, 243-244 

235,259, 370 

(CARETS) project, 281 

124 

Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales 

(CNES), 83, 230, 235, 254, 291, 357, 

Century Development Corp., 166 

Cernan, Capt. Eugene A. (USN), 13, 14, ~~. 228. 234 

Cerro’ Tololo Inter-American Observatory, 

178 -.” 

Cessna 401 (light aircraft), 81 

Cessna Aircraft Co., 1 

CETI. See Communication with ExtraterCH-54B (helicopter), 365 

Chafee, Secretary of the Navy John H., 

Chaffee, L/Cdr Roger B. (USN), 10, 357 

Chalkyitsik, Alaska, 271 

Chang, Sherwood, 39 

Chanute, Octave, Award, 75 

Chapel of the Astronauts, Inc. (proCharyk, Dr. Joseph V., 60 

Chatham, George N., 56 

Chauncev. Dr. David L.. 102 

restrial Intelligence. 

72,240 

posed), 264, 301, 307, 320 

Chavkin;Jerold M., 65 ’ 

Chelson, Paul O., 179 

Chernomor (U.S.S.R. oceanographic -- laboratory submarine), 262 

Chernykh, N., 357 

Cherry, George W., 233, 349 

Chesapeake Bay, 97 

Cheyenne (helicopter 1, 80, 294 

Chicago, Ill., 1, 9, 46, 65, 220, 236, 262, 

280 -- - Chicago, Univ. of, 117,240 

Chicorn 1 (People’s Republic of China 

satellite), 53, 61 

Chicom 2, 61, 368 

Chien Wei-chang, 111 

Chile, 178, 329, 330 

Chiles, Sen. Lawton, 145 

China, Communist. See People’s RepuhChina Lake, Calif., 115 

Chincoteague Coast Guard Station, 105 

Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, 

lic of China. 

ins _._ 

Chinghua Univ., 111 

Chou En-lai, 84 

Chouteau, Dr. Jacques, 311-312 

Chrysler Corp., 99 

Church of Good Shepherd, Maitland, 

Fla.. 5 

Chrysler Corp., 278 

Churchill Research Range, Canada, 5, 9, 

14, 50, 63, 89, 174, 187, 192, 246 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency. 

Cincinnati. Univ. of. 239 

Citizen’s Advisory Committee on EnvironCitizens Bank and Trust Go. of Maryland, 

mental Quality, 194 

53 

348-349 

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 124, 288, 

Civil Aviation. See Aeronautics. 

Civil Aviation Research and Development 

(CARD) Policy Study, 122-123, 218, 

296, 369 

CL215 (Air Tanker), 129 

Clark AFB, Philippines, 352 

Clark, Adm. John E. (USN), 159 

Clark Univ., 214 

Clarke, Arthur C., 280 

Clarke, Gilmore D., 330 

Clauser, Francis H., 170 

Clements, Henry E., 197 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

428 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Cleveland, Ohio, 2, 18, 106, 292 

Cloud study, 105, 112, 213, 251, 257 cM. See Command module. CNES. See Centre National d’Etudes SpaCochran, Jacqueline, 354 

Cocoa Beach, Ra., 122, 309 

Cokeley, Ralph C., 47 

Cold cathode gauge experiment, 144 

College of Eastern Utah, 57 

College Park. Md.. 69 

tiales. 

Colli&, Rob& J.; Trophy, 131 

Collins, Col. Michael (USAF, R.), 52, 101, 

135, 195, 242. 301. 309. 330 

Collision avoidance, aircraft, 10, 107, 219- 

Colorado Aviation Historical Society, 322 

Colorado Springs, Colo., 266 

Colorado, Univ. of, 2, 93, 108, 148, 195 

Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, 52 

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 88, 

Columbia, Mo., 78 

Columbia Univ., 144, 245, 302, 322, 345 

Columbine 111 (presidential aircraft), 248 

Columbus, Christopher, 31, 243 

Columbus Day, 243 

Coma (galaxy), 132 

Comecon. See Council of Mutual Economic Assistance. 

Comet, 93, 334, 358 

Command module (CM) 

220 

307, 327 

Apollo 9, 286 

Apollo I4 (Kitty Hawk), 24-30,40, 247 

Apollo 15 (Endeavor), 96, 141, 201- 

202, 207-208, 268, 313 

Apollo 16, 326 

Skylab, 64, 258 

Soyuz, 152 

153. 233 

Command and service module (CSM), 

Apollo 14 (Kitty Hawk) (CSM-1101, 

24-30, 35, 365 

Apollo I5 (Endeavor) (CSM-1121, 

Skylab, 164, 183 

Command Pilot Astronaut Badge (USAF), 

72 

Commerce, Dept. of, 212 

Committee for Nuclear Responsibility, 300 

committee for the Future, 219 

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), 

Common Market, 58 

Communication with Extraterrestrial InCommunications satellite (see also individual satellies: Echo I, lntelsat I, 

Intersat-IV F-2, Molniya I-18, etc.) 

agreement, 106, 138, 219, 252, 272, 319 

anniversary, 98 

award, 298 

contract. 128. 173 

201-202, 206-207, 211, 229, 365 

166-167 

telligence ( CETI) conference, 248 

cooperation, ’ international, 17, 18, 58, 

106, 128, 138, 219-220, 252, 265, 

271, 272, 283, 319, 352, 356 

earth station. 238. 283 FCC regulations, 65, 71, 74, 88, 176, 292 

launch 

DSCS 2-1, 306 

DSCS 2-2, 306 

Intelsat-IV F-2. 14 

Intelsat-IV F-3; 354 

Molniya 2-18, 210 

Molniya 1-19, 355 

Molniya 11-1, 330 

Natosat 2 (Nato 2), 36 

369 

military, 36, 79, 94, 306, 313, 336, 366, 

NASA program, 21-22, 41, 106, 128, 

173. 356 

use, 83,-98, 117, 197, 219, 252, 265, 271, 

272, 283, 341, 357, 362 

US. policy, 3, 17, 48 

Communications Satellite Corp. (ComSat 

Corp), 294 

contract, 138 

Early Bird. See lntelsat 1. 

earth station, 60, 69, 82, 292 FCC regulation, 176 

Intelsat I (Early Bird), 14 

Intelsat-I11 series, 14, 69 

Intelsat-IV series, 14, 294 

Intelsat-IV F-2, 14, 82, 294, 341, 354, 

Intelsat-IV F-3, 342, 352, 354, 365 

Intelsat-IV F4, 356 

Intelsat-IV F-5, 356 

Intelsat-IV F-6, 356 

revenues, 50,69, 104 

satellite program, 60, 69, 294, 356 

services, 82 

Community Development, Dept. of (proposed !, 81 

Comparison of MiZitary Research and Development Expenditures of the United 

States and the Soviet Union, 201 

Computer, 127 

anniversary, 218 

automated transit system, 47 ILLIAC IV, 23 

industry use, 309 

medical use, 106-107 

NASA, 32, 98, 135, 162, 174, 309 

Apollo 14, 25, 30 

contract, 187, 264 

program exchange, 231 

INTELSAT, 138, 237 

356-357, 365 

pollution research use, 103, 288 

U.S.S.R., 122, 309 

weapon detection system, 212 

Computer-aided telemetry system (CATS), 

179 

Computer Software Management and Information Center (COSMIC), 81, 232 

Comstock, G. M., 83 

Concept verification testing (CVT), 334 

Concorde ( Anglo-French sunersonic transport), 12& 127, 148, 314, 232, 242, 

266, 280, 332, 349-350, 351 

cost, 73 

environmental problems, 150 

429 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

flights, 47, 125, 248, 249 

Paris Air Show exhibit, 147, 214 

sales price, 157, 346 

Cone (lunar crater), 27, 41, 48 

Conference on Remote Sensing of Chesapeake Bay, 97 

Congress, 260, 296 

antiballistic missile system, 4 

atomic energy, 

business enterprises emergency loan 

guarantee, 254 

c-5 cargo transport, 302 

Government Accounting Office report 

to, 1 

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 

52, 300 

Joint Committee on the Environment 

and Technology, 77 

Joint DOT-NASA Civil Aviation Research and Development Policy 

Study Report, 122-123 

Kennedy, President John F., message 

to, 142, 215 

metric system, 212 

national security, 303 

Presidential aircraft request, 326-327 

President’s messages 

President, 37 

Defense Dept. of, 87, 152, 286 

Aeronautics and Space Report of the 

budget, 20-21 

business enterprises emergency loan 

guarantee, 124, 201 

economic program, 253 

foreign policy, 55 

hijacking of aircraft, 36 

marine resources and engineering development, 99 

National Science Board, 180 

Smithsonian Institution. 301 

space program, 14, 60, 64, 162, 344 

supersonic transport (SST), 365-366 

Congress, House of Representatives, 130, 

137, 142, 165, 178, 195, 198, 209, 211, 

212, 222 

astronauts report to, 61, 253 

bills defeated, 78, 79, 344 

bills introduced. 42. 44. 63. 94. 142. 

Committee on Interstate and Foreign 

Commerce, 209 

Committee on Science and Astronautics, 42, 94, 280, 307, 315, 347, 350 

Advisory Panel, 318 

International Science Panel, 18 

membership, 38, 153 NASA budget, 107 

testimony, 61-62, 63, 66-67, 69, 

Subcommittee on International Cooperation in Science and Space, 

70-71, 75-76 

1.14 -- - Subcommittee on Manned Space 

Flight. 264 

Subcommikee on NASA Oversight, 

163-164, 244, 275 

Committee on Ways and Means. 280 

resolutions passed,. 38 

Select Committee on Small Business, 

Subcommittee on Small Business 

Problems in Small Towns and Urban Areas, 166 

astronauts report to, 61, 253 

bills defeated, 80-81 

bills introduced, 17, 44, 69, 71-72, 

bills passed, 77, 78, 135, 178, 180, 198, 

210, 216, 280, 284 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences, 132, 265 

committee members, 24, 38 

Fletcher, James C., nomination, 68 NASA budget, 41,44,157 

Congress, Senate, 85, 308, 320, 349 

76-77, 82, 124, 134, 197 

testimony, 52-53, 77, 85-86, 93- 

Committee on Appropriations, 131, 195, 

325 

Subcommittee on Appropriations for 

Dept. of Interior and Related 

Agencies, 79 

Subcommittee on HUD-SpaCe-SCienCe, 

80 

94, 96-97 

Committee on Armed Services, 124, 

Committee on Banking and Currency, 

Committee on Commerce. Subcommit219, 346 

158, 194 I,, I 

173, 209, 221, 301 

bills passed, 152, 157, 175, 210, 211, tee on Oceans and’ Atmosphere, 

Committee of the Whole. 130 Committee on Foreign Relations, 327 

212, 320, 323 292-293 

Committee on Appropriations, 74, 173 

Subcommittee on Department of Interior and Related Agencies, 112 

Subcommittee on HUD-SpaCe-SCienCe, 

80, 172 

Committee on Armed Services, 68, 163 

Subcommittee on Investigations,. 112, 

Committee on Banking and Currency, 

Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, 

312 

63 

247 

Committee on Foreign Affairs, 280 

Subcommittee on Arms Control, 194 

Subcommittee on Arms Control, 195 

Committee on Interior and Insular 

Committee on Nutrition, 333 

Committee on Rules and Administraconventions ratified, 252 

military procurement, 255, 266, 271 

NASA budget, 171, 178, 198-199, 209, 

216 

nominations approved and confirmed, 

69, 221, 257,341 

nominations submitted to, 11, 45, 57, 

152, 199,254, 312 

Affairs, 17 

tion, 80 

430 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

431 

President’s messages, 103 

resolutions passed, 19, 24, 170 

space shuttle, 177-178,218 

supersonic transport (SST), 80-81, 137, 

Connally, Secretary of the Treasury John 

B.. 124 

138, 211 

Constellation (transport aircraft), 

Contamination, space, 56 

Contract (see also under agencies, such as NASA, USAF). 

cost-plus-award-fee, 49, 71, 80, 81, 98, 

115, 126, 131, 135, 175, 191, 193, 211 

cost-plus-fixed-fee, 19, 49, 105, 147, 171, 

188, 255, 279, 344, 361 

fixed-price, 132, 171, 186, 195, 328 

fixed-price-incentive-fee, 341 

incentive, 69, 153, 286 

level-of-effort, 245, 356 

study, 85, 101, 132, 174, 190, 276, 330, 

345-346 

Contraves, A. G., 305 

Convair 990 (Galileo) (jet research aircraft), 219, 251, 257 

Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 252 

Convention on International Liability for 

Damage Caused by Space Objects, 313 

Conversion Research, Education and Assistance Act of 1971, 286 

Cook, Don, 190 

Cooke, H. Lester, 289 

Cooperative Applications Satellite C 

(CAS-c), 106 

Copernicus !lunar crater), 39 

Coralie (French booster), 310 

Corfield, Aerospace Minister Frederick 

(1J.K.). 211 

Corn Blight Watch Experiment, 98, 134, 

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratorv. Inc.. 

168, 286 

-I 

131, 194, 290 

318, 344 

Cornell Univ., 5, 102, 160, 194, 237, 249, 

Laboratory for Planetary Studies, 331 

Corp. for Public Broadcasting (CPB), 

161 

Corps of Engineers, 351-352 

Cortright, Edgar M., 179, 191, 192 COSMIC. See Computer Software Management and Information Center. 

Cosmic ray, 6-7, 63, 73, 83, 99, 148 

Cosmonaut, 175, 247 

anniversary, 152, 167 

awards and honors, 180, 266 

death, 156, 180-181, 185, 186, 188, 

memorials to, 200, 227, 239 

Nixon, President Richard M., message, 

191,192, 196-197,242 

226 

Sajyut I-Soyuz 10 mission, 119,283 

Salyut I-Soyuz 11 mission, 154156, 

177, 180,181, 283, 366 

Soyuz 9 mission, 167 

Soyuz 10 mission, 107, 110 

Soyuz I1 mission, 154 

space cooperation, 100,238,340 

training, 16 

ing ship), 350 

dia). 91 

Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (U.S.S.R. trackCosmonautics (U.S.S.R. space encyclopeCOSMOS (consortium), 18 

Cosmos 379 (U.S.S.R. satellite), 249 

Cosmos 382. 249 

Cosmos 390, 7 

Cosmos 391, 9 

Cosmos 392, 11 

Cosmos 393, 15 

Cosmos 394, 42, 66, 296 

Cosmos 395, 49 

Cosmos 396, 49 

Cosmos 397, 54, 66, 296 

Cosmos 398, 56, 249 

Cosmos 399, 61 

Cosmos 400, 78, 116,296 

Cosmos 401, 84 

Cosmos 402, 93 

Cosmos 403, 94 

Cosmos 404, 96, 116, 296 

Cosmos 405, 98 

Cosmos 406, 102 

Cosmos 407, 108 

Cosmos 408, 110 

Cosmos 409, 115 

Cosmos 410, 124 

Cosmos 411, 125 

Cosmos 412, 125 

Cosmos 413, 125 

Cosmos 414, 125 

Cosmos 415, 125 

Cosmos 41b, 125 

Cosmos 417, 125 

Cosmos 418, 125 

Cosmos 419, 128 

Cosmos 420, 133 

Cosmos 421, 135 

Cosmos 422, 139 

Cosmos 423, 146 

Cosmos 424, 148 

Cosmos 425, 148 

Cosmos 426, 153 

Cosmos 427, 160 

Cosmos 428, 174 

Cosmos 429, 197 

Cosmos 430, 200 

Cosmos 431, 212 

Cosmos 432, 219 

Cosmos 433, 222 

Cosmos 434,227, 249 

Cosmos 435, 240 

Cosmos 436, 250 

Cosmos 437, 254 

Cosmos 438, 255 

Cosmos 439, 262 

Cosmos 440, 265 

Cosmos 441, 268 

Cosmos 442, 270 

Cosmos 443, 280 

Cosmos 444, 284 cosmos 445, 284 

Cosmos 446,284 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Cosmos 447, 284 

Cosmos 448, 284 

Cosmos 449, 284 

Cosmos 450, 284 

Cosmos 451, 284 

Cosmos 452, 287 

Cosmos 453, 291 

Cosmos 454, 306 

Cosmos 455, 323 

Cosmos 456, 325 

Cosmos 457,327 

Cosmos 458, 333 

Cosmos 459, 333 

Cosmos 460, 334 

Cosmos 461, 337 

Cosmos 462, 339 

Cosmos 463, 343 

Cosmos 464, 347-348 

Cosmos 465, 351 

Cosmos 466, 352 

Cosmos 467, 353 

Cosmos 468, 353 

Cosmos 469, 358 

Cosmos 470, 359 COSPAR. See Committee on Space ReCotter, Rep. William R., 38, 240, 353- 

Coughlin, Rep. R. Lawrence, 38 

Council for Advancement of Science 

Writing Seminar on Science and Public Policy, 53 

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa, 267 

Council of Mutual Economic Assistance 

Transport Commission, 79 

Counterbudget-A BLueprint for Changing National Priorities, 1971-1976, 50 

Court Line Aviation, 301 

Courten, Dr. Henry C., 167 

CPB. See Corp. for Public Broadcasting. 

Crab Nebula, 131 

Crawford, David L., 36 

Crater, 27, 39, 41, 48, 203 

Crimea. U.S.S.R.. 190 

search. 

354 

(Comecon), 110 

Crimean Astrophysics Observatory, 315 

Cronkite, Walter, 327 

Crozaz, G., 83 CSM. See Command and service module. CTOL (conventional take off and landCuba, 215,238, 312-313,319 

Cunningham, R. Walter, 166 

Curtis, Sen. Carl T., 24 CVT: concept vertical testing. 

Cyclic adenyl acid, 282 

Cygnus (constellation 1, 89 

Cygnus x-1 (pulsar), 131 

Czechoslovakia, 237, 319, 337 

ing aircraft), 130 

D 

Daley, Mayor Richard J., 256 

Dana, William H., 56, 200, 225, 239, 265, 

319, 337, 352 

Daniel and Florence Guggenheim FounDaniel and Florence Guggenheim InterDaniel and Florence Guggenheim Space 

Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the ProDankhoff, Walter F., 296 

Dannenberg, Konrad K., 334 

$Arrest (comet) ~ 358 

dation, 13 

national Astronautical Award, 262 

Theater, 279 

motion of Aeronautics, Inc., 13 

Dartmouth College, 151 

Darwin, Australia, 226 

David, Dr. Edward E., Jr., 18, 63, 94, 

119, 363 

Davis, L/G Benjamin O., Jr. (USAF, 

Davis, Rep. John W., 38 

Davis, Rep. Mendel J., 153 

Davis, Dr. Raymond, Jr., 113 

Dayton, Ohio, 248 

Daytona Beach, Fla., 283 

DC-8 (jet transport), 130 

DC-10 (jet transport), 211, 220 

Dean, James H., 289 

DebrB, Defense Minister Michel 

(France), 168 

The Decision To Go to the Moon, 201, 

258 

Ret.), 193 

Deckert, Wallace H., 70 

Deep Space Network (DSN), 69, 313, 318 

Defence Research Board (ORB) (Canada), 88 

Defense, Dept. of (DOD) (see also US. 

Air Force, U.S. Army, and U.S. 

Navy, 39, 117, 124, 146, 246, 286 

aircraft. See Aircraft. 

award, 57 

budget, 20-21, 37, 58, 124, 180, 212, 

286, 322, 323, 325, 329, 3U, 354, 

364 

communications satellite system, 74, 95, 

153, 306, 366 

computer programs, 23 

contract, 8, 52, 310 

cooperation, 123 

cooperation, international, 36-37 

criticism, 78 MAST. Project. 351 

NASA, 69,75, 87,224,368 

I -I 

missile program, 4, 8-9, 21, 43, 52, 

nuclear tests, underground. 300 

125, 347 

Pentagon papers, 320 

personnel, 49-50,246,294,350 

procurement, 360 

R&D, 40,118, 363 

space program, 95, 306, 310, 366, 368 

weapon systems, 78, 288 

Defense Intelligence Agency, 95 

Defense Navigation Satellite System 

Defense Satellite Communications SysDeFlorez Training Award, 298 

(DNSS), 95 

tem (DSCS ) ,95, 306,366 

432 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Deimos (Martian moon), 314, 331, 332, 

Delaware, 97 

Delta (booster upper stage) (see also 

Thor-Delta), 37, 164, 186, 269, 360- 

361 

340,342, 365 

Delta Launch Vehicle System Review 

Dementyev, Pavel, 140, 148 

Denmark, 96, 341 

Denver, Colo., 281, 322, 346, 351, 353, 

Denver mint, 243 

Denver, Univ. of, 259 

Descartes (lunar landing site), 29, 166, 

323 

De Sirnone, Herbert F., 45 

Dewhirst, Dr. David, 324 DGLR. See German Society for Aviation 

Dial-a-plane system, 121 

Diamant-B (French booster), 103, 342 

di Carroba, R., 352 

Dicke, Dr. Robert H., I8 

Dickeson, Bob., 226 

Dicksou, Paul, 336 

Dickstein, Morris, 5 

Digital Equipment Corp., 16 

Dijon, France, 150 

Dillon, Mrs. Betty Crites, 312 

Diritis, M., 357 

Disarmament, 55, 137, 148, 189, 190, 

Distinguished Public Service Medal 

Distinguished Service Medal (NASA), 

Distinguished Service Medal (USAF), 72, 

Distinguished Service Medal ( USN), 72 

District of Columbia, 99 

Dixon, Mrs. Jeane L., 189 

DNSS. See Defense Navigation Satellite 

Board, 300 

355 

and Astronautics. 

194, 195, 218, 252, 264-265, 266 

(NASA), 57 

57.59, 72,302,346-347 

266 

Docking 

Apollo 14, 25, 29, 30, 35, 38 

Apollo 15. 203 

multiple .docking adapter, 284, 

Swuz IO-Salyut I, 108, 110, 283 

SOYUZ Il-SaZyUt I, 154, 158, 191, 

366 

346, 353, 355 

System. 

Dohrovolsky, Georgy T., 154, 180, 181, 

186, 192,200, 226, 283 

Dobrovolsky, Maria, 226 

Dobrovolsky, Natasha, 226 

Dobrynin, Ambassador Anatoly R. 

(U.S.S.R.), 70, 191, 194, 242 

323, 

283, 

trainer, 16, 77 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. cooperation, 117, 177, 

244, 249, 325, 332, 334, 340-341, 

347, 353, 369 

DOD. See Defense, Dept. of. 

Domestic Action Council, 351 

Donaldson, Dr. Coleman D., 15, 290 

Donlan, Charles J., 75, 302 

Donnelly, John P., 200, 230, 337, 353 

Donner, Frederic G., 152 

Doppler Geodetic Satellite Program, 95 DOT. See Transportation, Dept. of. 

Doub, William O., 221, 290 

Douglas Aircraft Co., 338 DOVAP (ground transmitter), 187 

Dowling College, 167 

Downing, Rep. Thomas N., 38,152 

Drake, Dr. Frank D., 249,344 

Draley, Eugene C., 85 

Draper, Dr. Charles Stark, 261 

Draper, William, 315 DRB. See Defence Research Board (Canada). 

Drug-addiction, 215 

Dryden, Dr. Hugh L., 106,112-113 

Dryden, Hugh L., Memorial FelIowship, 

70 

Dryden, Hugh L., Memorial Fund, 112 

Dryden, Hugh, Research Lecture, 15 DSCS. See Defense Satellite Communications System. 

DSCS 2-1, 306, 313 

DSCS 2-2, 306, 313 DSN. See Deep Space 

Duboshin, G. N., 311 

DuBridge, Dr. Lee A 

Dudley Observatory 

Duffy, B/G Robert A. 

Duke, L/C Charles 

108, 335 

Network. 

.., 16 

(Albany, N.Y.), 

(USAF), 178 

M., Jr. (USAF), 

107, 

61, 

323 

278 

Dulles International Airport, Va., 212, 

Dune Crater (moon), 205 

Dunkelman, Lawrence, 335 

Dupik, Dr. Vladimir, 177 

Duuree. Dr. A. Hunter. 151 

Durham, N.C., 170 ’ 

Dutourd, Jean, 216 

Dynalectron Corp., Land-Air Div., 13 

E 

Earhart, Amelia, 243 

Earth 

atmosphere. See Atmosphere, upper. 

crater, 39, 41,48 

density, 310 

Earth Awareness Foundation, 137 

earthquake, 64 

energy resources, 154 

environmental problems (see also Air 

pollution ; Noise, aircraft ; Pollution), 10, 17, 20, 42, 49, 96, 147, 160, 

162,172, 178, 191, 215, 368 

Environmental Science: Challenge for 

the Seventies, 180 

magnetic field, 104 

marine research and development, 99, 

oceans. See Oceanography. 

origin of, 345 

photographs, 286 

104 

433 
resources measurement (see also Earth 

Resources Technology Satellite), 10- 

11, 33, 44, 67, 97, 119-120, 132-133, 

224, 324 

This Island Earth (NASA SP-2501, 48 

Earth Awareness Foundation, 137 

Earth Observations Aircraft Program, 

104, 139, 171 

133-134, 138-139, 139-140, 174-175, 

Earth Resources Aircraft Program 

(ERAP), 120 

Earth resources experiment package 

(EREP), 10, 107, 173, 175 

Earth Resources Laboratory, 19,49 

Earth Resources Technology Satellite 

(ERTS), 19, 22, 61, 67, 87, 95, 97, 119- 

120, 135, 173, 198, 281, 356, 369, 370 

Eastern Airlines, Inc., 54, 124, 133, 165 

Eastern Test Range (ETR) (see also 

Cape Kennedy and Kennedy Space 

Center). 

contract, 98, 310 

launch 

Atlas-Agena, 341 

Atlas-Centaur, 14 

Explorer 43 (IMP-I), 72 

failure, 126-127 

High Energy Astronomy ObservaIntelsat-IV F-2, 14 

Mariner 8 (Mariner-H), 126-127 

Mariner 9 (Mariner-I), 148 

Nato 2 ( NATO-R) ,36 

Os0 7 (OSO-H) ,269 

Pioneer-F, 322 

unidentified satellite, 122, 341 

Easton, Richard A., 179 

Echo 1 (comsat), 157 

Eckert, Dr. John P., 218 

Eclipse, lunar, 44 

Eclipse, solar, 68, 167 

Economic Affairs, Dept. of (proposed), 

DSCS 2-1, 306, 313 

DSCS 2-2, 306, 313 

tory ( HEAO) , 329 

81 

EoPTechnology, Inc., 131, 194 

Edwards AFB, Calif., 11, 108, 131, 174, 

Effelsberg, W. Germany, 277 

Eggers, Dr. Alfred J., 61 

Eglin AFB., Fla., Climatic Laboratory, 

186, 255, 256 

258 

Egypt, 124, 360 

Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 59, 

El Centro, Calif., 247, 264 ELDO. See European Launcher Development Organization. 

Electric field, 74, 78, 79 

Electric propulsion, 244 

Electris (Mars). 337 

243,248,265, 308 

Electronics Research Center (EBC), 362 

Ellington AFB, Tex., 22,207, 222 

Embolism. 187 

Emergency Conversion Loan Act, 141 

Emergency loan guarantee, 194, 201, 212, 

316 --- 

Emergency Loan Guarantee Board, 2% 

Emme, Dr. Eugene M., 234,265 

Emory Univ., 221 

Employment of New Ph.D.'s and Postdoctorals in 1971 (NRC study), 252 

Eucke (comet), 358 

Endeavor (Apollo 15 command and serv- ice module). See Command and serv- ice module. 

Energy absorber, 251,259 

Energy sources, 129, 154 

Eneyev, Timur M., 127 

Engine (see also individual engines, such as F-1, H-1) 

CTOL, 130 

jet, 38, 44, 88, 124, 125, 173-174, 

212, 221 

noise, 61, 83, 130, 241, 247, 251, 290, 

295-296 

quiet, 83, 96, 130, 241 

supersonic transport, 61,126,174 

VTOL, 300, 329 

electric, 244 

nuclear (see also NERVA) , 235, 250, 320 

rocket, 96, 136, 158 

aircraft, 271, 302, 307 

STOL, 97 

cooperation, 87 

space shuttle, 80, 87, 98, 160, 161, 

193, 218, 233, 240, 245, 276, 320, 

356 

testing 

liquid, 87 

hydrogen, 87 

hydrogen/oxygen, 161 

Engineers, 107, 119, 308 

employment, 77,104-105,117-118 

Engle, Caut. Joseph H, (USAF), 234 

Engler, Martin, Jr., 242 

Enrollment Increase in Science and 

Mathematics in Public Secondary 

Schools, 1948-49 to 1969-70 (NSF 71- 

30), 288 

Envirmmental Data Service. 219 

Environmental program, US., 42 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 

104, 290, 351 

Environmental Science: Challenge for the 

Seventies, 180 

Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), 19 

Eole (CAS-1) (French Cooperative Applications Satellite), 230, 250, 254, 357, 

369 

Eole Data Interpretation Group, 231 EPA. See Environmental Protection 

epndb: effective perceived noise in deciAgency. 

bels. ERAP. See Earth Resources Aircraft Program. 

ERC. See Electronics Research Center. EREP. See Earth resources experiment 

package. 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

434 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Ericson, David B., 302 

ERNo-Raumfahrttechnik GmbH, 3,19 

Eros (asteroid), 310 EROWS. See Expendable remote-operating 

weather station. 

ERTS. See Earth Resources Technology 

Satellite. 

ERTS-A, 97, 135, 173 

ERTS-B, 135, 173 ESC. See European Space Conference. 

Esch, Rep. Marvin L., 38 ESP. See Extrasensory perception. ESRANGE (European Sounding Rocket 

Range), Kiruna, Sweden, 213 ESRO. See European Space Research 

Organization. 

ESRO~ (scientific satellite), 356 ESSA. See Environmental Science Services Administration. 

“Estimated Academic RBD Direct Price 

Trends 50 Percent Higher Over Decade 1961-71,” 305 

Etam, W. Va., 292 ETR. See Eastern Test Range. 

Europa I ( ELDO booster), 328, 352 

Europa 11, 310, 327-328,352 

Europa 111, 297,352 

European Broadcasting Union, 23 

European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), 278, 291, 297, 310, 347, 

352 

European Organization for Nuclear Research, 19 

45. 48. 75. 165. 335. 340. 369 

European Space Conference (ESC), 16, 

Eutrophication, 104 

EVA. See Extravehicular activity. 

Evans, Albert J., 272 

Evans, L/Cdr Ronald E. (USN), 228-229, 

234 

Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal 

Exceptional Service Medal (NASA). 188, 

(NASA), 255, 279, 302 

255, 279, 302, 314 

Exhibit, 152, 153, 345 

Expendable remote-operating weather station (EROWS), 295 

Explorer (spacecraft), 186 

Explorer I (satellite), 5 

Explorer 30 (Solrad 8) (Solar Radiation 

Satellite), 190 

Explorer 35 (Interplanetary Monitoring 

Satellite (IMP-E 1, 64 

Explorer 37 (Solrad 9), 190 

Explorer 41, 73 

Explorer 42 (Uhuru) (Small Astronomy 

Satellite), 89, 113, 131, 319 

Explorer 43 (IMP-I), 240, 365 

Explorer 44 (Solrad lo), 189-190, 240, 

365 

Explorer 45 (Small Scientific Satellite), 

Extrasensory perception (ESP), 46, 170 

Extraterrestrial life, 167, 248, 338, 345, 

Extravehicular activity (EVA), 153, 328 

319,365,369 

368, 370 

Apollo 15, 115, 141, 142, 156, 201 

Apollo 16, 61, 289, 293, 323 

Skylab, 288 

Apollo 14, 25-26, 41, 47, 48, 51 

203-207, 217, 221, 225, 227, 228, 229 

Eyewitness to Space, 289 

Eyles, Donald E., 57 

F 

F-1 (rocket engine), 1, 158 

F-1-m (U.S.S.R. launch vehicle), 362 

F-I-r (U.S.S.R. launch vehicle), 362 

F-4 (Phantom (fighter aircraft), 124, 

F-5D (fighter aircraft), 239 

F-9 (People’s Republic of China supersonic fighter aircraft), 140 

F-14 (Tom Cat) (supersonic fighter aircraft), 46, 70, 112, 124, 141, 152, 210, 

211, 212, 246, 252, 255, 271, 272, 284, 

286-287, 323,365 

246, 286, 303 

F-l4A, 11, 165,298 

F-l4B, 210,211,212 

F-15 (fighter aircraft, 70, 170, 212, 255, 

F-15 (ELDO launcher), 352 

F-90 (fighter aircraft), 115 

F-100 (supersonic fighter), 239 

F-101 (supersonic fighter), 239 

F-102 (supersonic fighter), 239 

F-104 (fighter aircraft), 239 

F-111 (supersonic fighter aircraft), 87, 

108, 116, 131, 165, 212, 262, 272, 300, 

341, 344,356 

272,298,303, 344 

F-IllA, 14 

F-11lC, 353 

F-IllD, 314 

F-147 (fighter aircraft), 219 FAA. See Federal Aviation Administration. 

327 

FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation, 

FA;.- See InternationaI Aeronautical Federation. 

Fairbanks, Alaska, 47, 76, 77, 310 

Fairchild Hiller Corp., 74, 85, 98, 115 

Fairchild Industries, Inc., 115, 300, 308 

Fairchild, Sherman M., 85 

Falcon (ApoZZo 15 LM). See Lunar 

module. 

Faller, Dr. James E., 144 

Fanale, Dr. Fraser P., 12 

Farley, Clare F., 197 

FB-111 (supersonic fighter), 262, 279 FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investigation. FCC. See Federal Communications Commission. 

435 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 

air traffic control, 85, 107, 121, 139, 

193,219-220, 260 

aircraft certification, 218-219 

airports, 134, 165, 182, 194, 305, 320, 

334 

airwavs. 80 

award, i65 

collision prevention, 10, 107, 193 

contract. 85, 182. 198, 320 

cooperation, 3, 71, 122, 187, 218-219, 

General Aviation Accident Prevention 

landing system, 305, 334 

noise, aircraft, 83, 198 

organization, 65, 82 

personnel, 2, 239, 266, 323 

satellite communications systems, 3, 

statistics, 104-105, 134, 255, 277, 327 

transport, supersonic (see also SuperFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 

Federal Communications Commission 

Federal Electric Corp., 158 

Federal Funds for Academic Science, 

Fiscal Year 1969 (NSF 71-7), 58 

Federal Funds for Research, Develop 

ment, and Other Scientific Activities, 

251 

Federal R&D Expenditures Related to 

Budget Functions, 1960-72, 175 

Federal Railway Administration, 323 

Federal Reserve System, 308 

Federal Support to Universities and ColFederal Trade Commission (FTC), 247 

Federal Women's Award, 38 

FBdBration ABronautique Internationale 

(FAI). See International Aeronautical 

219-220, 255, 271, 297 

Program, 277 

165,255,297 

sonic transport), 332, 351 

266 

(FCC), 60, 65, 69, 71, 74, 176, 293 

leges, Fiscal Year 1970, 161 

Federation. 

Federation of American Scientists, 124 

Fedoseyev, Anatoly, 147, 168, 171, 176, 

Feld, Bernard T., 273 

Feoktistov, Konstantin P., 111, 119 

Fiat, 3 

Final Report of the Ad Hoc Supersonic 

Transport Review Committee of the 

Ofice of Science and Technology, 

March 30,1969, 232 

190, 329 

Fine Arts Commission, 309, 323, 330 

Finerman, Dr. Aaron, 192 

Fink, Daniel J., 133 

Finland, 341 

Flandro, Dr. Gary A., 85 

Fleischer, R. L., 83 

Fletcher, Dr. James C., 139, 298 

aeronautics, 280, 307 

Apollo program, 324. 

appointment, 49-50, 57, 59, 64, 68, 69, 

72, 114, 368 

awards and honors presented by, 279, 

budget, 57, 172, 280, 324 

international cooperation, space, 275 

Langley Research Center visit, 152 

Lewis Research Center visit, 246-247 

Lunar module (LM) presentation to 

National Air and Space Museum, 195 

Manned Spacecraft Center visit, 146- 

147 

Mariner 9 (Mariner-I), 146 

noise prevention, aircraft, 307 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., portrait unveilDress conference. 57. 127. 246 

302 

ing, 314-315 

space program, national, -57, 127, 172, 

space shuttle, 172. 218. 272, 275. 280 

256, 263-264, 272, 275, 280 

.. space station, 172 

technology utilization, 160, 172, 272- 

U.S.S.R. space program, 191-192 

Flight Achievement Award (AAS), 179 

Flight Research Center (FRC) (NASA) 

aircraft electronic control system, 73 

contract, 345 

employment, 238 

liftingbody flight 

273, 340 

M2-F3, 42, 200, 225, 239, 337 

X-24A, 11, 39, 49, 65, 85, 142, 210, 

351 

personnel, 339 

space shuttle pilot study, 308 

supercritical wing. See Wing, aircraft, 

supercritical. 

Flight Safety Foundation, 314 

Florida. 2. 301 

Florida; Legislature, 145 

Florida, Univ. of, 18, 288, 292 

Flowers, Rep. Walter, 38 

Flugge-Lotz, Dr. Irmgard, 298 

Flying Spot (x-ray unit), 278 FOBS. See Fractional orbiting bombardment system. 

171 

Fsod and Agricultural Organization, 104, 

For the Benefit of All Mankind: A Survey of the Practical Returns from 

Space Znvestment (House report), 350- 

351 

Ford Foundation, 177 

Ford, Rep. Gerald R., 131 

Ford Motor Co., 309 

Ft. Greely, Alaska, 222, 225, 230 

Fort Pierce, Ha., 24 

Fort Worth, Tex., 212 

475 Sioux (helicopter), 248 

Foster, Charles R., 295 

Foster, Dr. John S., Jr., 95, 300 

Foundation for Research on the Nature 

of Man, 170 

Fox, Dr. Leo, 44 

Fox Main, Dew Line Station, Alaska, 74, 

78. 79 

Fra 'Mauro (lunar crater), 24, 27, 47, 

64,98, 167,265 

436 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

437 

Fractional orbiting bombardment system 

France, 242, 252 

(FOBS), 303, 362 

air-cushion railroad, 82 

aircraft (see also Concorde), 224, 346 

Apollo 14 mission, reaction, 43 

Apollo 15 mission, reaction, 216 

award, 191 

booster, 310 

Concorde (U.K.-France sunersonic 

transport), 48, 147, 214, 248, 249, 

280, 332, 346 

international cooperation, 50, 287. 299 

international cooperation, space, 16, 18, 

57-58, 96-97, 148, 230, 235, 259, 291, 

297, 299, 310, 330, 358, 359, 370 

launch, satellite, 103, 230, 342, 368 

missile program, 224 

National Assembly, 73 

satellite, 57-58, 230, 342, 357, 365 

space program, 58, 230, 234, 254, 311- 

312, 330, 358, 362 uv panorama (5-138) experiment, 38 

Frankfurt, Univ. of, 325 

Franklin Institute, 359 

Franklin Mint, 247 

Franklin Mint Collectors Society, 247 

Franz Josef Archipelago, 304 FRC. See Flight Research Center. 

Freedona 7 (spacecraft), 122 

Freedom 7 mission, 42 

Freeman, Dr. John W., Jr., 288, 291, 293 

Freitag, Capt. Robert F. (USN, Ret.), 12 

Frey, Rep. Louis, Jr., 38 

Friedheim, Jerry W., 146, 152, 211, 212 

Friedman, Dr. Herbert, 16, 73 

Froehlke, Secretary of the Army Robert 

Frog experiment, 127 

Frontier Airlines, 128 

Frost. Dr. Tames D.. 19.7 

F., 186, 294 

FRUSA (flexible Tolied-up solar array), 8 

Frutkin, Arnold W., 133, 198 FTC. See Federal Trade Commission. 

Fulton, Rep. James G., 38, 280, 282 

Fuqua, Rep. Don., 38 

G 

Gabor, Dr. Dennis, 307, 309 

Gabriel, David S., 167, 243, 323 

Gagarin, Yuri, Gold Medal, 266 

Gagarin, Col. Yuri A. (U.S.S.R.), 16, 

100. 152. 167 

Galmy, 1,’201, 253, 279, 315 

Galilei, Galileo, 97 

Gambrel]. Sen. David H.. 37 

Gamma ray, 181 

Gangler, James J., 291 GAO. See General Accounting Office. GARP. See Global Atmospheric Research 

Garrett Corp., 147 

Gast, Dr. Paul W., 7, 45, 190, 226, 228, 

Program. 

245 

GATE ( GARP Atlantic Tropical ExperiGates Learjet Corp., Aircraft Div., 44 

Gatland, Kenneth, 115 

Gault, Donald E., 39 

Gavin, James J., Jr., 57 

Gazenko, Prof. Oleg G., 36, 235 GCA Corp., 236, 251,257 

GE. See General Electric Co. 

Gebben, Vernon D., 106 

Gehrig, James J., 265 

Gemini (program), 324 

Gemini (spacecraft), 286 

Gemini 5 mission, 240 

Gemini 7 mission, 153 

Gemini 8 mission, 240 

Gemini 11 mission, 240, 345 

General Accounting Office (GAO), 1, 78, 

201, 218, 233, 246, 252, 294, 353, 356 

General aviation, 105, 122, 276-277 

General Dynamics Corp. 

ment), 180 

Aerospace Div., 262, 300 

award, 17 

CL-215 Air Tanker, 129 

contract, 98, 101, 341 

Convair Aerospace Div., 337 

Convair Div., 101, 127, 136, 150 

research and applications module 

General Electric Co. (GE), 83, 133 

Aerospace Group, 195 

Aircraft Engine Group, 83, 241 

contract, 82, 174 

GE Houston Operations, 171 

quiet jet engine, 83, 130, 241, 365 R&D Center, 99 

research and applications module 

(RAM), 3 

space shuttle, 195 

supersonic transport engine, 82, 135 

General Motors Corp., 24 

General Services Administration (GSA) , 357 

Geneva, Switzerland, 19, 23, 88, 132, 

173, 177, 182, 199, 250, 257 

Gentry, Maj. Jerauld R. (USAF), 42 

George Washington Univ., 176, 258, 342 

Georgia Institute of Technology, 13 

Georgia, Univ. of, 81, 232 

German Society for Aviation and Astronautics (Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer 

Luft- und Raumfahrt E. V.) (DGLR), 

142 

F-111, 165, 212, 262, 300, 341, 344 

(RAM), 3,337 

Germantown, Md., 115 

Germany, East, 237, 287, 319 

Germany, West, 81, 84-85,312 

aircraft, 246 

Apollo 14 mission, reaction to, 43 

computer program, 122 

cooDeration. 287 

cooperation; space, 19, 58, 96, 145, 259, 

310, 352, 356, 357, 370 

R&D, 362 

space program, 3, 16, 325 

space shuttle, 291 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Gervais, Joseph, 243 GET: ground elapsed time 

Getlein, Frank, 289 

Giacobini-Zinner comet, 358 

Giaconni, Dr. Riccardo, 89, 113 

Gilbert, B/G William W. (USAF), 193 

Gillilland, Whitney, 348-349 

Gilruth, Dr. Robert R., 14, 84, 171, 177, 

181, 305, 325, 332, 334 

Glenn, Col. John H., Jr. (USMC, Ret.), 

198 

Glennan, Dr. T. Keith, 253, 257 

Glider research, 320 

Global Associates. 191 

Global Atmospheric Research Program 

Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), 

(GARP), 103, 178, 303-304 

i Rn CY" 

Data Management Panel, 303 

Glushko, Petrovich, 91 

Goals and Means in the Conquest of 

Space, 183, 363 

Goat experiment, 311 

Goddard Institute for Space Studies 

(GSFC), 32, 45, 50, 35&359 

Goddard, Mrs. Esther, 69, 214, 347 

Goddard Memorial Dinner, 69 

Goddard Memorial Lecture Award, 13 

Goddard Memorial Trophy, 69 

Goddard, Dr. Robert H., 13, 17, 234, 347 

Goddard, Robert H., Library, 214 

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) 

(NASA), 250, 335 

Apollo 15 tracking, 207 

astronomical research, 35-36, 49-50, 

102, 339 

award, 302 

contract, 134-135, 356 

cooperation, 102-103 

employment, 238 

Laser Data Systems Branch, 154 

meeting, 129, 146, 297 

patent, 269 

position-location and aircraft communisatellite monitoring 

cations experiment (PLACE), 362 

Explorer 43 (IMP-I), 72, 240 

Explorer 45 (SSS-A), 319 

ITOS-B, 294 

Os0 7, 269 

Scientific Colloquium, 154 

sounding rocket experiments (see also 

Sounding rockets) 

airglow, 108 

atmospheric data, 2, 5, 8, 78, 174- 

175, 187 

electric field, 78, 79 

energetic particles and fields, 14 

grenade experiment, 259 

ionosphere, 22, 31, 115-116 

magnetic field, 78, 79 

micrometeoroid collection, 108 

ozone, 54, 63, 64-65, 74-75, 222, 225, 

polar cap ahsorption, 246 

stellar astronomy, 13, 119, 323 

230 

test and support miFsion, 292 

x-ray studies, 226 

Goland, Martin, 15, 75 

Gold, Dr. Thomas, 5, 237 

Goldhaber, Dr. Gerson, 36 

Goldich, S. S., 83 

Goldstein, Richard M., 335 

Goldstone, Calif., tracking antenna, 69, 

102, 313, 318 

Goldwater, Sen. Barry M., 24, 79 

Goldwater, Rep. Barry M., Jr., 38 

Golf Magazine, All-America Award, 106 

Golovine Award, 85 

Gordon, Capt. Richard J., Jr. (USN, Ret.), 

Gossick, M/G Lee V. (USAF), 193 

Gotlieb, Alan, 106 

Government-Industry System Safety Conference, 146 

Government Printing Office (GPO), 327 

Grants, N. Mex., 39 

Gravel, Sen. Mike, 272 

Greeley, Ronald, 39 

Green, Constance McLaughlin, 75 

Greenville, S.C., 140 

Griffin, Sen. Robert P., 134 

Grissom, L/C Virgil I. (USAF), 10, 199, 

Grissom, Mrs. Virgil I., 10, 131 

Griswold, Solicitor Gen. Erwin, 49 

Grobecker, Dr. Alan J., 323 

Gromyko, Foreign Minister Andrey A. 

(USSR.), 153, 252, 272 

Grumman Corp., 290, 294, 295 

Grumman Aerosuace Corm. 167. 191 

345 

357 

aircraft, 128, 219, 288,'290, 338 

award. 15.57.279 

F-14, 46, 112, 141, 152, 163 

F-14A, 11, 112 

contra&, 253,' 288, 294, 338 

space shuttle, 281 

GSA. See General Services Administration. GSFC. See Goddard Space Flight Center. 

Gudkov, Oleg, 211 

Guerney, Sen. Edward J., 134 

Guggenheim, Daniel, 13 

Guggenheim, Daniel, Medal, 326 

Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence, InterGuggenheim, Harry F., 13, 534 

Gulf of Mexico, 200 

Gum Nebula. 36 

national Astronautics Award, 262 

Guppy (cargo aircraft 1, 242 

Gurovsky, Dr. N. N., 284, 359 

Gvishiani. Dzherman M.. 287 

GX3+1 '(x-ray source); 356 

H 

H-1 (rocket engine), 158 

Hadley-Apennine region (lunar landing 

site), 202, 203, 254 

Hadley Delta (lunar mountain), 120, 223 

Hadley Plains (moon), 203 

438 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Hadley Rille (lunar landing site), 153, 

144,183,219,226,291 

Hafele, Dr. Joseph C., 296 

Hage, George H., 299 

Hagen, Dr. John P., 135 

Haggerty, James J., 58, 90 

Haglund, Howard H., 47, 55 

The Hague, Netherlands, 103 

Haise, Fred W., Jr., 61, 75, 171, 266 

Halaby, Najeeb E., 109, 148, 257, 297 

Haley Astronautical Award, 75 

Hall, Albert C., 294 

Hall, Asaph, 331 

Hall, Floyd D., 54 

Hall, R. Cargill, 261 

Halley's comet, 358 

Ham (chimpanzee), 32 

Hanbury, Una, 106 

Hamilton, Jeffrey T., 192, 301 

Hammarskjold, Knut, 177 

Handler, Dr. Philip, 106, 287 

Hanna, Rep. Richard T., 38, 222 

Hansen, Grant L., 186, 276 

Hansen, James E., 50 

Haramura, Hiroshi, 83 

Harbert, Wary Ann, 352 

Hardsite Defense, 43 

Hardy, Dr. James P., 90 

Hargis, Dr. William J., Jr., 292 

Harmon International Aviator's Trophy, 

135 

Harnett, Daniel J., 76, 354 

Harr, Dr. Karl G., Jr., 125 

Harrier (U.K. V/STOL aircraft), 80, 300, 

329 

Harriot, Thomas, 97 

Harris, Louis, survey, 220 

Harrison, Dr. Donald C., 

Hart, H. R., Jr., 83 

Hartzog, George B., 112 

Harvard Univ., 18, 277 

Harvest Moon (proposed 

314 

235, 301 

lunar mission 

HiiLy Mudd College, 152 

Haskin, Dr. Larry A., 279 HATS. See Huntsville Assn. of Technical 

Writers. 

Haughton, Daniel J., 2, 36, 161, 221, 294 

Hawaii. 98. 222 

Hawaii; Univ. of, 161, 345 

Hawker Siddeley Group Ltd., 3 

Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Ltd., 329 

Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Ltd, 19 

Hawkins, Howard R., 71 

Hayes International Corp., 158 

Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), 

Dept. of, 38, 58, 161 

HEAO. See High Energy Astronomy Observatory. 

291.294. 295 

Heat flow experiment, 142, 144, 205, 245, 

Heat shield, 335 

Hebert, Rep. F. Edward, 112, 163 

Hechler, Rep. Ken, 38 

Heckscher, John L., 199 

Hedrick, Ira G., 15 

Heffner, Dr. Hubert, 197 

Helicopter, 295 

accident, 13, 14,290 

astronaut piekup, 30 

comsat communication, 74 

military, 101, 294, 351, 357, 365 

record, 365 

U.S.S.R., 147 

Helicopter Corp. of America, 330 

Helio Aircraft Corn.. 300 

Helms, Richard, lk' 

Helsinki, Finland, 148, 189, 252 

Hempstead, N.Y., 233 

Henize, Dr. Karl, 359 

HEOS-AB (Highly Eccentric Orbit SatelHeppenheimer, T. A., 315 

Hercules (constellation), 93 

Hercules, Inc., 170 

Hero of Socialist Labor, 218 

Hero of the Soviet Union, 180 

Herzberg, Gerhard, 307 

Heuss Island, Arctic Ocean, 304 

HEW, See Health, Education, and Welfare 

Hewlett Packard Co., 350 

Hibbs, Dr. Albert R., 47 

Hickam AFB, Hawaii, 207, 219 

High Energy Astronomy Observatory 

(HEAO), 67, 85, 189, 276 

Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite. See 

High Speed Test Center, 182 

Hijacking of aircraft 

lite 1, 356 

(HEW), Dept. of. 

HEOS-AB. 

Congress, 103 ICAO consideration of, 55 

Nixon, President Richard M., 36, 54, 

1 

___ n3 

protective measures against, 133, 212- 

213, 278 

statistics. 157 

treaty, 55, 103 

U.S., 36,55, 103, 157 

Award. 298. 323 

Hill, Louis W., Space Transportation 

Hillier, James, 170 

Hills, Dr. H. Kent, 144, 288, 293 

Himmel, Dr. Seymour C., 349 

Bines, William, 192 

Hiroshima, Japan, 224 

Hirsch, Richard, 9 

Hirten, John E., 107 

History Manuscript Award (AIAA), 75 

History of Astronautics Symposium, Fifth, 

261 

H&hi Central Research Laboratory, 

Hitt, Patricia R., 38 

Hodgson, Secretary of Labor James D., 94 

Hoff, Dr. Nicholas J., 15 

Hoffman, Gen. H., 352 

Hoffman, Dr. William F., 358 

Hofstein, Steven R., 360 

Hogan, Joseph M., 49 

Hogarth, Laurence T., 161 

Holloway, Frederic A. L., 170 

231-232 

439 
Holmes, Jay E., 58 

Holmfeld, John D., 126 

Holmauest. Dr. Donald. 138 

Hologiaphy, 142, 307 ‘ 

Homestake Gold Mine, South Dakota, 113 

Honeywell, Inc Aerospace Div., 2M 

Honolulu, Hawk, 349 

Hood, Robert H., 231 

Hope, Bob, 70 

Hord, Dr. Charles W., 195 

Horowitz. Dr. Norman H.. 90 

Horttor, Richard L., 335 ’ 

Hotz, Robert B., 119 

Houghton, Dr. John, 242 

Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 

Dept. of, 3, 135, 198, 209, 211, 216, 

Horttor, Richard L., 335 ’ 

Hotz, Robert B., 119 

Houghton, Dr. John, 242 

Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 

Dept. of, 3, 135, 198, 209, 211, 216, 

226 

funding, 

Houston Intercontinental Airnort. 278 

Houston, Tex., 138, 166, 288;290 

Apollo 14 mission, 25, 30 

Apollo 15 mission, 203, 222, 225-226, 

302, 335 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory, 30, 226 

meeting, 5, 114, 312, 369 

Houston, Univ. of, 50, 63 

Hovertrain, 348 

Hubbard, Dr. Jerry S., 90 

Hubbel, Charles H., 282 HUD. See Housing and Urban DevelopHuddle, Franklin P., 56 

Hudson (bomber aircraft), 115 

Hughes Aircraft Co., 298, 312 

Hughes, Howard, 44, 197 

Hughes Tool Co., 197 

Human Resources, Dept. of (proposed), 

ment, Dept. of. 

81 

__ 

Humphrey, Sen. Hubert H., 162, 195, 

Humphreys, Dr. James W., Jr., 12, 245 

Hungary, 43, 237, 242-243 

Hunn, Spencer S., 3 

Huntington Beach, Calif., 38 

Huntington Institute of Applied Medical 

Huntsville, Ala., 5, 142, 279, 321 

Huntsville Assn. of Technical Writers 

266,358 

Research, 112 

I HATS ). 321 

Hurricane Camille, 172 

Husain, Dr. Liaquat, 257, 260, 265 

Hvde. Flovd H.. 3 

Hidrofoil craft.’ 18 

Hidrofoil warship, 312 

Hydrogen, 60, 89, 93, 175, 359 

Hvdrogen bomb. 260.273 

Hydrogen gas cloud,’2 

Hydroxyl, 194 

Hypo, Project, 104 

I 

IAA. See International Academy of AstroIAEA. See International Atomic Energy 

nautics. 

Agency. 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

440 

IAF. See International Aeronautical Federation and International Astronautical 

Federation. 

IATA. See International Air Transport 

Assn. 

Corp. 

Organization. 

IBM. See International Business Machines 

ICAO. See International Civil Aviation 

Icarus (asteroid), 310 ICBM. See Intercontinental ballistic misIEEE. See Institute of Electrical and ElecIFR: instrument flight rules. 

11-18 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 12, 17, 38, 140 

11-62 (U.S.S.R. airliner), 140 ILLIAC IV (computer), 23 

Illinois, Univ. of, 236 ILS: instrument landing system. IMP. See Interplanetary Monitoring Platform. 

IMP-E (Interplanetary Monitoring Platform), 64 

IMP-H, 356 

Implantable Biotelemetry Systems (NASA 

Improved Tiros Operational Satel!ite. 

sile. 

tronic Engineers. 

SP-5094), 193 

See Itos 1, etc. 

Independence (presidential aircraft), 248 

India, 19, 105, 111, 115, 235, 264, 282 

Indian Ocean, 109, 150, 319-320 

Indian River, Ha.. 13, 290 

Indiana, 199 

Industrial R&D Spending, 1970 (NSF 

Industrial Research Magazine award, 262 

Information retrieval. 32. 81 

71-39) ~ 352 

Indiana, 199 

Industrial R&D Spending, 1970 (NSF 

Industrial Research Magazine award, 262 

Information retrieval. 32. 81 

71-39) ~ 352 

Informatics Tisco, Inc., 69 

Ingersoll-Rand Co., 78 

Institute of Electrical and Electronic 

Engineers (IEEE), 308 

Institute of Planners of California, 107 

Institute of Rehahilitation Medicine, 189 

Institution of Mechanical Engineers 

INTELSAT. See International TelecommuniIntelsat (communications satellite series), 

Intelsat I (Early Bird). 14. 98 

(London), 84 

cations Satellite Consortium. 

198 

Intelsat 111 series, 14, 69 

lntelsat IV series, 14, 294 

Intelsat-IV F-2, 14, 82, 341, 354. 356- 

357, 365 

Intelsat-IV F-3, 342, 352, 354, 365 

Intelsat-IV F-4, 356 

Intelsat-TV F-5, 356 

Intelsat-IV F-6, 356 

Interagency Aircraft Noise Abatement 

Program, 295 

Interagency Committee on Back Contamination, 115 

Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICMB), 

4, 68, 77, 84, 103, 107, 117, 135, 146, 

150, 248, 264-265, 303, 357-358, 362 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

lntercosmos 5 (U.S.S.R. satellite), 337, 

366 

Interdisciplinary research relevant to 

problems of our society (IRPOS), 178 

Interferometry, 102 

Interior, Dept. of, 81, 82, 351-352 

International Academy of Astronautics 

International Aeronautical Federation 

(IAA), 261, 277 

(IAF), 262 

awards, 262-263 

242 

International Aerospace Hall of Fame, 

International Air Safety Seminar, 295 

International Air Transport Assn. (IATA), 

International Assn. of Fire Fighters, 23 

International Astronautical Federation 

InternationaI Atomic Energy Agency 

International Business Machines Corp. 

International City Management Assn., 177 

International Civil Aviation Organization 

International Conference on Peaceful 

International Congress of the History of 

International cooperation (see also Dis177 

( IAF 1, 260-261 

(IAEA), 253, 257 

Federal Systems Div., 85 

(ICAO), 55, 312, 327, 349 

Uses of Atomic Energy, 250 

Science, Thirteenth, 234 

armament and Treaty) 

(IBM), 78 

astronomy, 102, 190, 248-249 

computer programs, 230-232 

ecology, 17 

natural resources, 164 

nuclear power, 50, 197, 250 

science and technology, 17, 55, 177, 299 

systems analysis, 287 

International cooperation, space (see also 

European Launcher Development Organization; European Space Research 

Organization ; Global Atmospherics 

Research Program ; International 

Telecommunications Satellite Consortium), 15-16, 17, 37, 44, 45, 55, 

31 1 

International Cooperation in Outer 

lunar surface samples, 6, 10, 13, 16, 58, 

69-70, 77, 101, 119-120, 127, 275, 

Space: A Symposium, 132 

159. 190. 308. 369 -, - - 

military; 36-37, 41, 369 

satellite, 15, 18, 57-58, 219-220 

communications. See Communications 

satellite. cooneration. 

-NATO. 36-37-41.369 I- 

-U.K.,’ 348, 369 

U.S.S.R.-Czechoslovakia, 337 

-France, 358-359 

international programs. 

sounding rocket. See Sounding rocket, 

space research, 16 

Europe, 16, 141-142, 237, 347, 352 

France-U.S.S.R., 147, 235, 330, 358, 

359 

U.S.-A&tralia, 15 

-Canada, 15-16, 96 

-Denmark. 96 

-Europe, 15,16,335 

-France, 96 

-Germany, West, 96, 145, 259, 325, 

370 

-Japan, 15-16 

-Sweden, 96 

U.S.S.R., 7, 10, 16, 20, 43, 68, 77, 

-U.K., 96 

100. 133. 139. 159. 171. 176-177. 

185; 191; 197,’ 

249, 275, 283, 

325, 330, 332, 

353. 358. 369 

space shuttle, 3, 16, 45, 291 

space station, 3, 45 

space tug, 278 

Statements by Presidents of the United 

States on International Cooperation 

in Space-A Chronology: October 

1957-August 1971 (Sen. Doc. 

92401, 265 

tracking 

International Coordinating Center of 

Marine Exploration in U.S.S.R., 110 

International Decade of Ocean Exploration, 99 

International Galabert Prize, 191 

International Institute for Strategic 

Studies, 247-248, 360 

International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (proposed), 287 

International Orbital Laboratory Symposium, 261 

International Solar Energy Society, 129 

International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space, 

Fourth, 277 

International Symposium on Space Technology, Ninth, 133 

International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (INTELSAT), 14, 45, 

48, 102, 138, 242-243. 265 

France-U.S.S.R., 235 

charter. 237 

earth resources; 10, 119, 132, 198, 369 

Europe, 15-16, 19, 57-58, 297, 310, 

International Telecommunications Union, 

International Union of Geodesy and Geo319 

319 

NASA- physics, 241-242 

-Canada, 88, 356,369 International Workshop on Earth Re- 

-Europe, 75 

-France, 230, 357,369 Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 

-Germany, West, 356 

-Italy, 109, 369 Intersputnik (international space comsources Survey, 119, 369-370 

(IMP), 64, 356 

441 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

munications organization), 319 

Intravehicular activity (IVA), 328 

Ionosphere, 19, 22, 31-32, 88, 111, 115, 

176, 193, 218, 236-237, 369 

Iorilla, Anthony J., 298 

Iowa, Univ. of, 348 

Iran, 313 

Ireland, 43, 220 IRPOS. See Interdisciplinary research 

relevant to problems of our society. 

Irwin, Col. James B. (USAP) 

Apollo 15 mission 

celebrations for, 222, 238 

Congress, report to, 254 

flight, 202-208 

lunar rock samples, 226 

medical aspects, 188, 225, 228, 289 

preparations for, 141, 188 

press comment, 222 

press conference, 120-121, 227 

report, 223 

splashdown, 207 

syndicated article agreement, 200- 

201 

Apollo 17 mission, 228-229 

awards and honors, 239, 260, 262-263, 

goodwill tour, 311 

space center visits, 271, 272 

Is There an R&U Gap? (report), 124 

Isayev, Aleksey, 176 

Isis I (International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies), 88 

Isis 2 (ISIS-B) , 88, 369 

Israel, 124, 279, 329 

Israel, David R., 2 

Italy, 3, 43, 291, 310, 315, 333, 355 

launch, satellite, 109-110, 319, 365, 368, 

Itek Corp., 330 

ltos I (Tiros-M) (Improved Tiros OperaITOS-B, 294, 295, 300 

ITOS-C, 356 

ITOS-E, 356 IVA. See Intravehicular activity. 

266, 346-347 

369 

tional Satellite ), 295 

ITOS-V, 356 

J 

J-2 (rocket engine), 60, 158 

Jackson, Sen. Henry M., 85, 103, 329 

Jackson, Roy P., 39, 96, 130, 296, 337 

Jaffe, Leonard, 179, 211, 340 

Jaffe, Dr. Leonard D., 57 

Jamaica, 104, 138, 171, 370 

Jamaica Bay and Kennedy Airport: A 

Multidisciplinary Environmental Study, 

49 

Jamaica Geological Survey, 104, 171 

James, Lee B., 116, 240 

Jane’s All the World’s Aircraft, 296 

Japan, 243 

international cooperation, 231-232 

international cooperation, space, 15, 111 

launch, satellite, 48, 161, 200, 268, 368 

science and technology, 122, 291, 363 

space objects liability treaty, 313-314 

space program, 9, 220, 305 

supersonic transport, 82, 84-85, 138 

Japanese Space Development Committee, 

161 

Jastrow, Dr. Robert, 32, 45 

Javelin (sounding rocket), 176 

Javits, Sen. Jacob K., 171, 177 

Jeffries, John, Award, 298 

Jeppesen and Co., 322 

Jeppesen, Elrey B., 322 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL) (Cal 

Tech), 191-192, 211, 353, 355 

astronomical research, 102 

award, 85, 314 

computer, 179 

contract, 47, 175, 211, 344 

Deep Space Network, 318 

Goldstone Tracking Station, 102, 313, 

Jupiter (planet) research, 178 

Mariner program, 175 

Mariner 8 (Mariner-H) failure investigation, 126127, 136 

Mariner 9 (Mariner-I), 148, 301-302, 

306, 313, 321, 331, 339, 353 

Mars (planet) research, 90 

318 

patent, 335 

personnel, 4647, 55, 159-160, 191- 

192. 261 

Pioneer spacecraft, 178, 322 

Surveyor 3 camera, 57 

Thermoelectric Outer Planet Spacecraft (TOPS), 179 

transit system, 47, 55 

Viking, Project, 211, 344 

JetStar (jet transport), 115 

Jha, Ambassador Lakshmi Kant (India), 

70 

Johns Hopkins Univ., 10, 14, 132, 159 

Johnson, Dr. Clarence L., 115 

Johnson, David S., 217 

Johnson, E. G., 261 

Johnson, Dr. Francis S., 144 

Johnson, Dr. Fred M., 299 

Johnson, Harry W., 44 

Johnson, Dr. Howard W., 325 

Johnson, Col. Leonard W., Jr. (USAF), 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 162, 265, 

Johnson, U. Alexis, 335 

Johnson, Vincent L., 136, 164, 302 

Johnson-Sea-Link (submersible research 

Johnsson, Olof, 170 

Johnston, Richard S., 298 

Joint Dot-NASA Civil Aviation Research 

and Development Policy Study Report, 

122 

Joint Working Group (NASA-Soviet Academy of Sciences), 243 

Jones, R/A Don A. (USN), 12 

Jones, James C., 254 

352 

282 

vessel), 24 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Jones, Lawrence C., 331 

Jordan, Sen. B. Everett, 197 

JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

JT3D (turbofan engine), 130, 198 

JT8D (turbofan engine), 198 

Jupiter (missile), 182 

Jupiter (planet) 

atmosphere, 179 

exploration 

spacecraft, 22, 74, 179, 322, 327, 367 

unmanned, 22, 67, 148, 322, 327, 356 

gravity, 178 

magnetic field, 178 

moon, 97 

photographs, 174 

radiation belt, 178, 322 

rotation, 178 

K 

Kahurin, L. I., 167 

Kansas City, Mo., 328 

Kaplan, Dr. Ian R., 39 

Kappa 9-M (Japanese rocket), 9 

Kapryan, Walter J., 57 

Kapustin-Yar, U.S.S.R., 337 

Karaganda, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., 108 

Karth, Rep. Joseph E., 38, 280 

Katys, G., 174 

Katyusha (U.S.S.R. rocket), 261 

Kayten, Gerald G., 233 

Kazakhstan. U.S.S.R.. 135 

Keathley, William H.: 251 

Keldysh, Prof. Mstislav V., 10, 89, 94, 100, 

140. 145. 217. 268. 284. 311 I, 

Kelly,' K. K., 148 

Kelly, Dr. Marvin J., 78 

Kendall, Dr. Henry W., 183 

Kennecott Copper Corp., 78 

Kennedy, Sen. Edward M., 17, 76, 166, 

286.308 

Kennedy,- President John F., 142, 162, 

Kennedy, John F., International Airport, 

201, 215, 265, 282 

2. 49. 139 7 7 ~- 

Kennedy Space Center (KSC) (NASA), 

anniversary, 180 

Apollo/Satnrn. See Apollo missions. 

astronauts at, 5, 13, 17, 120, 188-189, 

award, 57 

computer, 287 

contract, 71, 278, 279, 292 

economy program, 287 

employment, 65 

exhibit, 122, 353 

facilities, 361 

launch operations (see also Launch 

Complex 17, 34, 39 and 40; and 

Apollo missions), 7, 24, 30, 46, 95, 

98, 110, 128, 160, 200-201, 245, 

254-255, 347 

lightning study, 201 

meeting, 162, 269 

126, 301, 320, 328 

271 

personnel, 57, 122, 357 

press conference, 120 

space shuttle, 2, 145 

Visitor Information Center, 264 

visits to, 343 

Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 31 

Kennev. Dr. V. Paul. 114 

Kent, Wash., 55, 68, '128 

Kentucky, 167, 256 

Kenya, Africa, 109, 323, 369 

Kepler, Johannes, 97, 233, 359 

Keweenaw Rocket Launch Site ( KRLS), 

Key Biscayne, Fla., 74 

Khanina, F., 357 

Kharkov, Univ. of, 325 

King, Gov. Bruce, 42 

King, John W., 357 

King, Robert E., 49 

Kingcobra (helicopter), 357 

Kingston, Ontario, 10 

Kirilenko, Andrey P., 186 

Kitt Peak National Observatory, 36, 40, 

Kitty Hawk (aircraft), 248 

Kitty Hawk (Apollo 14 command and 

service module). See Command and 

service module. 

22, 31 

178,299 

Klass, Joseph, 243 

Klass, Philip J., 243 

Klein, Milton, 52, 71, 96, 250, 323 KLM Roval Dutch Airlines. 88 

Knight of St. Patrick Award, 78 

Komarov, Vol. Vladimir M. (U.S.S.R.), 

Komarov, V. M., Diploma. 266 

Korn, Steve, 345 

Kourou Space Center, French Guiana, 

64, 74, 78, 83, 103, 235, 259, 310, 342, 

358, 370 

266 

Kozlov, Mikhail V., 264 

Kraemar, Robert S., 322, 358 

Kraft, Christopher C., Jr., 23, 96, 302, 

Kraft, Joseph, 129 

Kramer. .Tames .T.. 251 

328 

Kranz, Eigene F.; 57 

Kranzberg, Dr. Melvin, 151 

Kremlin Wall. Moscow. 186 

Krier, Gary, 114, 279, 287 KRLS. See Keweenaw Rocket Launch Site. 

Kronauer, M/G Clifford J. (USAF), 193 

Kushiro, Ikuo, 83 

Kuznetsov NK-144 (U.S.S.R. turbofan 

engine), 126 

Kvenvolden, Keith A., 39 

Kwajalein Missile Range, 125 

L 

GlOll (TriStar) (jet transport), 36, 38, 

44, 47, 88, 124, 132, 147, 173-174, 190, 

216, 221, 301 

Labor, Dept. of, 141 

Manpower Administration, 119 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

LaGarde, Jean Bernard, 75 

Laird, Secretary of Defense Melvin R., 

68, 107, 124, 264, 286, 351 

Lajes Field, The Azores, 351 

Lake Pontchartrain, La., 200 

Land-Air Div., Dynalectron Corp., 131 

Lane, A. L., 148 

Langley Gold Medal for Aerodromics, 266 

Langley Research Center (LaRC) (NASA) 

award, 179, 302 

brake, diagonal, studies, 51, 278 

camera, underwater, 104 

conference on aircraft safety and operating problems, 122 

contract, 49 

cooperation, 104, 210 

8-Foot Tunnels Branch, 299 

emdovment. 238 

enefgy absorber, frangible-tube, 259 

exhibit, 152 

flight research vehicle. 233 

meeting, 231 

patent, 259 

personnel, 107, 186, 191 

Scout launch vehicle, 319 

Space systems Div., 299 

Visitor Information Center, 152 

V/STOL Wind Tunnel, 365 

Langley, Dr. Samuel P., 266 

Langseth, Dr. Marcus E., 144, 245 

Lapp, Dr. Ralph, 325 LLRC. See Langley Research Center. 

Large Space Telescope (LST), 67, 330 

Las Vegas, Nev., 63, 196 

Laser. 88. 288 ,, 

lunar experiments, 27, 63, 144, 278, 

Latham, Dr. Gary V., 7, 64, 213, 142- 

143. 236. 245. 291 

299, 315 

Latvian Academy of Sciences Radioastrophysical Observatory, 287 

Latvian State Univ., 357 

Launch Complex 36, 30, 126 

Launch Complex 37, 30, 357 

Launch Complex 39, 202, 349 

Launch platform, floating, 262 

Lawless, James G., 39 

Lawrence, Lovell, Jr., 13 

Le Bourget Airport, France, 147, 168 

Lebedev, P. N., Physics Institute, 315 

Lecky-Thompson, Squadron Leader LesLederberg, Dr. Joshua, 91 

Lederer, Jerome F., 295, 314 

Lee, Capt. Chester M. (USN), 35, 156 

Lefevre, Theo, 45, 48, 335 

Lehigh Univ., 239 

Leonov, L/C Aleksey A. (U.S.S.R.), 16 

Leopold, King of Belgium, 260 LeRc. See Lewis Research Center. 

Lerner, Lawrence, 137 

Lessing, Lawrence P., 89 

Lewis, Dr. George W., 196 

Lewis Research Center (LeRc) (NASA), 

238, 298,320, 362 

Aerospace Environment Branch, 56 

lie, 135 

air-pollution study, 2 

anniversary, 196 

Atlas-Centaur, 127, 136, 150 

award, 262, 302 

Awareness Program, 329 

Centaur launch failure investigation, 

computer, 106-107 

contract, 96, 98, 147 

cooperation, 292 

Mariner 9, 150 

noise abatement, 295, 296 

personnel, 349 

Quiet Engine Project, 83, 96, 130, 241, 

246-247 

research, 56, 72, 262, 292, 320 

solar cell, 12 

Congressional Research Service, 248 

127, 136 

Library of Congress 

Science Policy Research Div., 7, 56. 

368 

Lick Observatorv. Calif.. 1. 299 

Life, origin of, fi7 

Life support system, 96, 105, 156, 181, 

Lifting bodv 

193, 196, 206, 235, 308, 311-312 

M21F2,b 

M2-F3, 42, 56, 200, 225, 237, 265, 319, 

X-24A, 11, 39, 49, 65, 85, 130, 142, 

337, 352, 365 

153, 210, 351, 356, 365 

Lightning, 199, 201 

Lightning Strikes to In-Flight Missiles 

program, 199 

Lilienthal, Cdr. Donald H. (WSN), 12, 17, 

41 

Lillie, Dr. Charles, 93 

Lindbergh, B/C Charles A. (USAF, Ret.), 

Lindner, Clarence H., 170 

Lindsay, John C., Memorial Award, 154 

Lindsay, Dr. John F., 238 

Lindsay, Mayor John V., 239 

Liquid hydrogen, 60,89,219,331 

Liquid oxygen, 60, 219, 297 

Lithicon, 360 

Littlewood, William, 326 

Littlewood, William, Memorial Lecture, 

Litton Industries, 182 

13 

326 

Environetics Div., 137 

Guidance and Control Systems Div., 

LLTV. See Lunar landing training vehicle. LM. See Lunar module. 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 65, 307 

AH-56A (Cheyenne) (helicopter), 

175 

294. 357 

award, 115 

C-5A (cargo transport), 2, 36, 147, 

260, 271, 294, 307, 335, 348, 358 

contract, 2, 36, 52, 147, 186 

financial problems, 44-45, 124, 132, 

L-loll (TriStar jet transport), 36, 

147, 161, 173-174, 194, 201, 212, 

216, 254, 294 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

38, 44, 47, 88, 124, 132, 147, 173- 

174, 190, 216, 221, 301 

patent, 171 

Poseidon missile, 52 

sounding rocket experiment, 174 STOL aircraft, 290 

T-33 (jet trainer), 115 

U-2 (high-altitude aircraft), 95, 115 

Lockheed Aircraft Service Co., 126 

Lockheed Electronics Co., 19, 49, 190 

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 12, 

Lockheed-Georgia Co., 101, 338, 348 

195, 281, 299, 305, 335 

Loehwing, David A., 359-360 

Loftin, Laurence K., Jr., 186, 191 

Logsdon, Dr. John M., 50, 201, 258 

Logunov, Anatoly, 168 LOI: lunar orbit insertion. 

Lomask, Milton, 75 

London Airport, U.K., 220 

London, U.K., 45, 48, 84, 85, 126, 300, 

311, 312, 314, 329, 360 

Long Beach, Calif., 211, 343 

Long Beach, Calif., Harbor Commission, 

44 

Long Beach, N.Y., 137 

Long Island Lighting Company, 295 

Long, Elgin L., 310, 329 

Long, James E., 178 

Loosbrock, John F., 214 

Los Angeles, Calif., 80, 220, 257, 309 

Los Angeles Air Pollution Control DisLos Angeles Chamber of Commerce, 275 

Los Angeles Harbor Commission, 197 

Losey, Robert M., Award, 15 

Louis. Virtor. 187 

trict, 170 

Louisiana, 351-352 

Louisiana State Univ., 351-352 

Lousma, Mai. Jack R. (USMC). 68 

Love, Eugene S., 299 

Lovell, Capt. James A., Jr. (USN), 14, 

75, 137, 266, 327 

Low, Dr. George M.. 306. 368 

aeronauticalresearch, 52-53, 54 

aerospace unemployment, 85-86, 87 

Apollo 14 mission, 43, 44, 80 

awards by, 57 

backup capability in space missions, 

cooperation, 52-53, 54 

international cooperation, space, 15, 16, 

Mariner H. 136 

163-164 

76-77, 105-106, 216-217 

US.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation, 10, 16, 

76-77, 88-89, 216, 283-284 

Lowell Observatory, Ariz., 174 LPM. See Lunar portable magnetometer. LRL. See Lunar Receiving Laboratory. LRV. See Lunar roving vehicle. LSI. See Lunar Science Institute. LST. See Large Space Telescope. LTTAT. See Thor-Delta, long-tank thrustLTV Aerospace Corp., 344, 345 

Lubbock (Tex.) Regional Airport, 278 

Lucas, Dr. William R., 46, 300-301 

Lucerne, Switzerland, 266 

Ludwig, Dr. George H., 358 

Lukas, Dr. Richard C., 298 

Lukasic, Dr. Stephen J., 300 

Luna 16 (U.S.S.R. lunar probe), 4, 6, 

145. 152. 159. 190. 369 

augmented. 

Luna’l7, 4, 9, ‘41, 66, 98, 188, 217, 220, 

Luna 18. 246. 250. 259, 268 

231, 246, 256, 272, 306, 322, 368 

.. Luna 19; 267 

Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (Tucson, 

Ariz.) , 40 

Lunar landing training vehicle (LLTV), 

22-23 

Lunar module (LM) , 55-56, 57, 171, 233, 

24.4 294 ---I -- - 

Apollo 9, 286 

ApoUo 11, 13S131, 198 

A110110 12. 130. 288 

Ab0110 1% 244 

Apollo I4 (Antares), 24-30, 35, 40, 

Apollo 15 (Falcon), 98, 108, 110, 120, 

Apollo 16, 293 

Apollo 17, 228 

Apollo 18, 305 

47, 130, 365 

365 

199, 201-203, 213, 216218, 229, 

contract, 102-103, 255 

Lunar Orbiter (program), 212, 253, 294 

Lunar portable magnetometer (LPM), 27 

Lunar roving vehicle (LRV) (Rover) 

(see also Lunokhod I), 42 

Apollo 15, 24, 51, 55-56, 108, 110, 

115, 120, 128, 141, 142, 144, 201, 

203. 213. 215. 245. 289. 308. 353 ,, 

lunar‘ excursion; 20k206, 213, 226, 

254,365 

Apollo 16, 128, 245, 267, 289, 323 

Aoollo 17. 289 cost. 24 .. ,- 

NASA budget, 21, 22, 52-53, 61, 62, Lunar Sample Preliminary Examination 

Nuclear engine for rocket vehicle ao- Lunar Science Conference. Second. 5-7, 

80, 85, 86, 93, 163-164 Team, 239 

plication -( NERVA), 52 

press conference, 11-12, 136, 181 

quarantine of astronauts, 115 

Skylab program, 163-164, 181, 183 

Soyuz I1 mission, 180-181 

space program, 21-22, 23, 51, 61, 62, 

space shuttle, 22, 80, 93 

This Island Earth (NASA SP-2501, 48 

75-76, 80, 93, 121, 181 

369 

369 

Lunar Science Institute, 291, 335, 342, 

Lundin, Bruce T., 2, 167, 168, 196, 302 

Lundquist, B/G Gustav E. (USAF, Ret.), 

2. -7 308 --- 

Lunney, Glynn S., 57 

Lunokhod 1 (U.S.S.R. lunar surface ex- plorer), 145, 152, 246, 315, 368 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

ceases operations, 272, 378 

exploration, 4, 8, 9, 41, 66, 73, 88, 

133, 139, 168, 188, 196, 217, 221, 

231, 246, 256 

press comment, 20, 43 

results, 9, 59, 100, 209, 220, 278, 302, 

322 

Lyon, B/G Herbert A. (USAF), 193 

M 

M2-F2 (lifting body), 42 

M31 (Andromeda) (galaxy), 121, 253 

M32 (galaxy), 121, 253 

M82 (galaxy, 194 

McClellan AFB. Calif.. 14-15 

M2-F3, 42, 56, 200, 225, 239, 265, 319, 

337, 352, 365 

~. 

McClintock, Barbara, '18 

McConnell, Dr. Dudley G., 199 

McConnell, Joseph H.,. 69 

McCreery, Frank E., 307 

McCurdy, Richard C., 75-76, 172 

McDade, Rep. Joseph M., 222 

McDivitt, B/G James A. (USAF), 57 

MacDonald, J. Ross, 170 

MacDonald Observatory, Tex., 64 

McDonnell Douglas Corp., 3, 170, 186, 

McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Co., 344 

McDonnell Douglas Aeronautics Co., 

195, 211, 220, 281, 298, 299 

12, 38, 265, 276, 288, 355 

McElroy, Dr. William D., 61, 196, 320 

McGannon, Dr. William J., 292 

McGovern, Sen. George S., 71-72, 122, 

McIntosh, Patrick S., 302 

McKay, Kenneth G., 170 

McMurtry, Thomas C., 65-66, 77,94, 101, 

141, 145, 233, 240, 252, 256, 270, 279, 

263 

346, 349 

McNamara, Robert S., 320 

Madras. India. 282 

Madrid; Spain, 69, 165, 219 

Maffei 1 (galaxy), 1 

Maffei 2, 1 

Maffei, Paolo, 1 

Magellan, Ferdinand, 310 

Magellanic Premium, 314 

Magnesium tetrabenzporphine, 299 

Magnetic field, 78, 79, 104, 308, 341, 354 

Maenetoelow. 23 

MainetoGete;, 27, 51, 133, 144, 219, 285- 

Magnetosphere, 23, 357 

Magnetron, 190 

Magnuson, Sen. Warren G., 19 

Magruder, William M., 75, 84-85, 138, 

286, 293 

351 

Mahiney, David J., 212 

Mailer, Norman, 4-5, 32 

Maine, Univ. of, 363 

Maitland, Fla., 5 

Making of an Ex-astronaut, The, 90-91 

Management Study of NASA Acqumition Processes, 178 

Manchester, Univ. of (U.K.), 64 

Manke, John A., 11, 49, 85, 142, 153 

Manned space flight (see also Apollo 

program; Apollo 8 through Apollo 

17 missions ; Gemini missions ; Astronaut; Cosmonaut; Salyut I; Salyut 

1-Soyuz 10; Salyut 1-Soyuz 11; 

Skylab ; Soyuz missions ; Space biology; and Space station), 1, 4, 43, 

217, 325 

achievements, 30, 42, 47, 48, 207, 208, 

advantage, 59, 218, 224, 315 

anniversary, 100, 122, 197, 198 

award, 84, 298 

cooperation (see also Docking), 110- 

111, 185, 216, 238, 248, 325, 340- 

341, 343 

223, 254, 312, 362 

EVA. See Extravehicular activity. 

funding, 20-21, 57, 64, 253, 368 

hazards, 59, 62, 115, 181, 185, 225, 228, 

lunar landing. See Moon landing, 

military aspects, 158, 191 

255, 289 

manned. 

policy and plans 

U.S., 10, 13, 62, 96, 176, 178, 181, 

216, 249. 256. 280. 283. 312. ,.,, 328- 

356: 368' 

U.S.S:R., 61, 105, 110, 111, 154-155, 

158, 188, 191-192, 249, 268 

Dress comment. 215-216 

record, 30 

safety aspects, 163-164 

Manned Space Flight Network ( MSFN 1, 

Manned Space Program Accident/lnciManned Spacecraft Center (MSC) 

(NASA), 8, 14, 38-39, 111, 133, 139, 

181, 286, 305 

27, 69, 269 

dent Summaries, 90 

aircraft electronic control system, 73 

Apollo spacecraft, 30-31, 208, 328 

Apollo 13 mission, 57 

Apollo 14 mission, 35, 44, 48, 57, 64 

Apollo 15 mission, 208, 215, 217, 225, 

226,228,234, 279 

Astronaut Office, 254 

astronauts at, 4, 225,234 

award, 57, 84, 279 

contract, 49, 102-103, 105, 106, 131, 

132, 171, 177, 186, 190, 195, 255, 320, 

328 

Earth and Lunar Sciences Div., 7 

Earth Observations Aircraft program, 

earth resources experiment package 

(EREP), 107 

employees, 238 

Lunar Receiving Laboratory. See Lunar 

Receiving Laboratory. 

lunar roving vehicle, 267 

Lunar Science Institute. See Lunar 

Science Institute. 

meeting, 243, 291 

138-139, 171 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

patent, 251 

personnel, 113-114, 137, 176, 245, 247, 

Planetary and Earth Sciences Div., 45, 

press conference, 4, 35, 228, 234 

Skylab, 171, 258, 276, 284 

sounding rocket experiments, 130, 131, 

space environment simulation chamspace shuttle, 105, 132, 160, 195, 320, 

Tito, President Josip Broz, visit, 286 

Mao Tse-tung, 72 

Maran, Dr. Stephen P., 36 

Marconi Space and Defence Systems, 19 

Marietta, Ga., 253-254 

Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act, 99 

Marine Science Afiairs: Annual Report 

of the President to the Congress on 

Marine Resources and Engineering 

Development, 99 

Mariner 6 (Mars probe), 69, 148 

Mariner 7. 69. 148 

357 

24s 

135, 171 

ber, 307 

328 

Mariner 8 (Mariner-H), 126-127, 136, 

Mariner 9 (Mariner-I). 127, 139, 164, 

146, 148, 149, 275, 365 

166. 246. 275. 353 

control, 153, 179, 199, 263, 293, 306, 

cooperation, 340, 355, 360, 369 

318, 321, 361 

cosi, 330 

launch, 146, 148-150 

Launch Readiness Review, 146 

photographs, 313, 314, 315, 321, 327, 

332, 340, 342, 347, 353, 365 

press comment, 314, 324, 327, 330, 

press conference, 301, 339 

results, 314, 318, 324, 337-338, 339- 

test, 136 

115, 175 

port (NASA SP-190), 364 

332-333 

340, 364 

Mariner Venus-Mercury (spacecraft), 75, 

Mariner-Venus 1967, Final Project ReMark, Dr. Hans M., 298 

Marov, M., 338 

Mars (planet) (see also Mariner 6 

through 9, Mars 1 through 3, and 

Viking Project) 

atmosphere, 195-196, 246, 337-338, 

dust storm, 301-302, 321, 332-333, 

exploration, 45, 162, 191, 318, 324, 345, 

international cooperation, 174-175, 

manned, 22, 51, 320-321 

plans, 22, 146, 147 

softlanding, 337 

spacecraft, 62, 264 

life on, 90, 338, 345 

350, 359 

339, 355, 361, 365 

351, 354-355 

293-294, 321, 340, 355, 360 

mapping, 246, 339, 361 

moon, 310, 331, 340, 342, 364 

photographs, 246, 321, 339, 353, 355, 

360 

poles, 321, 360 

radiation, 219, 338 

spectrometer data, 195, 340 

surface, 246, 321, 337 

temperature, 359 

volcanism, 340, 353 

weather, 174 

Mars I (U.S.S.R. Mars probe), 134 

Mars 2, 134, 147, 157, 209, 293, 318, 324, 

330, 332, 338, 340, 341, 351, 353, 354, 

355, 357, 360, 368, 369 

Mars 3, 147, 157, 209, 293, 318, 324, 330, 

334, 337, 340, 341, 347, 351, 353, 354, 

355, 359, 360, 368, 454 

Marseilles, Univ. of, 311-312 

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

Apollo Telescope Mount, 9, 11, 252, 

astronaut visits, 272 

commemorative space stamps, 215 

concept verification testing, 334 

contract, 99, 106, 158-159, 174, 175, 

180, 190, 245-246, 286, 330, 345- 

(NASA) 

284 

346, 356 

cooperation, 348 

employment, 238 

launch vehicle. See Saturn. 

Life Scientists Program, 210 

lunar roving vehicle (LRV), 68 

meeting, 42, 142, 278, 337 

Neutral Buoyancy Space Simulator, 287 

offshore oil and gas operations study, 

personnel, 46, 98, 116, 240 

remote sensing techniques, 128 

Skylab, 152, 175, 265, 284, 323, 353 

space shuttle, 3, 60, 106, 160, 175, 193, 

space station, 12, 192-193 

space tug, 224, 278 

Stratoscope I1 (balloon borne astro348 

245-246, 345-346, 356 

nomical telescope), 121 

Marsik, Stanley J., 72, 262 

Martin, B/G Abner B. (USAF), 193 

Martin, John L., Jr., 54 

Martin Marietta Corp., 107, 175, 211, 

Maryland, 97, 224 

Maryland, Univ. of, 102, 299, 322, 356 

Mascon (mass concentration of gravitational pull), 109, 143 

Masefield, Peter G., 326 

Maser, 89, 154 

Mason-Rust Co., 80 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

281, 294, 310, 346, 351, 353 

(MIT), 13, 64, 247, 248, 261 

award, 57,279 

experiment, 102, 119, 183, 289, 310, 

funding, 248, 325 

369 

447 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

239 

MAST. See Military assistance to safety 

Masursky, Dr. Harold, 339-340 

Materials technology, 23, 71, 132, 195, 

279, 320, 335 

Mathematics, 288 

Mathews, Charles W., 340 MATRA (S. A. Engins MATRA, France), 

Mattingly, L/CDR Thomas K., I1 (USN), 

Mauchly, Dr. John W., 218 

Maverick (missile), 312 

Max Planck Institute for Radio AstronMaxwell AFB, Ala., 354 

May, Dr. Charles E., 72 

MCC: midcourse correction. 

MCI Lockheed Satellite Corp., 65 MDA. See Multiple docking adapter. MDS. See Modulation demodulation subMead, Merrill H., 330 

Meaney, George, 131 

Mechanics and Control of Flight Award 

Mecom, John W., Jr., 345 

Medaris, M/G John B. (USA, Ret.), 5 

Medvedev, Zhores, 210 

Melbourne, Univ. of, 181 

Members of Congress for Peace Through 

Memorandum of Understanding, 88, 231, 

Mental telepathy, 46, 170 

Mercer, Robert D., 335 

Mercury (planet), 22, 167, 350 

Mercury (spacecraft), 122, 286 

Merrill, Capt. Henry T. (Dick), 266 MESA. See Modularized equipment stowMESH (consortium), 19 

Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm, 3 MET. See Mobile equipment transporter. 

Meteor (U.S.S.R. meteorological satelland traffic. 

3, 19 

61, 171 

omy, 277 

system. 

( AIAA) , 233 

Law, 122 

297 

age assembly. 

ite), 366 

Meteor 7, 11 

Meteor 8, 105 

Meteor 9, 195 

Meteor 10, 360 

Meteorite, 9, 39, 167, 256, 315, 350, 369 

Meteoroid detection, 4041 

Meteorological satellite (see also individual satellites, such as Ats 3, 

Ats 5, Essa 9, Itos 1, Meteor 7, 

gram, 103, 178, 180 ITOS program, 294-295, 356 

Nimbus program, 22, 151, 220, 329, 

356 

ological Satellite, 

, 11, 105, 195, 360, 366 

Meteorology, 3, 10, 62, 70, 103, 180, 219, 

Metric America (SP-345), 212 

Metropolitan Construction Co., 195 

Meudon Observatory, France, 194 

Mexico City, Mexico, 295 

Mi-12 (U.S.S.R. helicopter), 147 

Miami, Univ. of, 242 

Michigan, Univ. of, 13, 22, 31, 41, 119- 

120, 209, 234, 236, 315, 331, 369-370 

Michoud Assembly Facility ( MSPC), 80, 

200, 254-255, 291, 348 

Mickelwait, Lowell P., 81 

Micrometeorite, 54 

Micrometeoroid, 108 

Microwave Communications, Inc., 65 

Midwest Research Institute, 328 

Mi015 (U.S.S.R. fighter aircraft), 248 

MiG-23 (Foxbat). 124, 260. 264 

~i~-25,260 

Military assistance to safety and traffic 

Military Balance 1971- 1972, The, 247- 

Military Construction Authorization Act, 

Milky Way (galaxy), 1,36,89, 113, 299 

Millard, John P., 81 

Miller, Rep. George P., 38, 42, 94, 301, 

Miller, William H., 141 

Millionschikov, M. D., 182 

Minalov, J. D., 64 

Miner, Dr. Ellis D., 318 

Minimech ( self-deploying arm 1, 269 

Minnesota. 83 

230, 303-304, 327 

MiC-19, 140 

MiG-27, 260 

(MAST), 351 

248 

344 

347 

Minnesota; Univ. of, 279 

Minow, Newton N., 320 

Minuteman (missile), 117, 193, 199, 224 

Minuteman 111, 21 

Mirabelle (particle accelerator), 168, 2?9 

Mirage IV-A (French supersonic 

MIRV. See Multiple independently tarMissile, 182, 193, 319 

bomber), 224 

getable reentry vehicle. 

air-to-surface ( ASM 1, 312 

antiballistic (ABM), 4, 43, 77-78, 137, 

contract, 8, 52 

foreign 

France, 224 

People’s Republic of China, 68, 119, 

122, 150, 224, 248, 297, 320, 352, 

152, 194, 284, 311, 347, 360-361 

?c;7 

United Kingdom, 224 

U.S.S.R., 84, 85, 104, 107, 117, 135, 

137, 146, 152, 194, 218, 224, 248, 

362 

guidance, 112 

448 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

intercontinental ballistic (ICBM), 4, 21, 

68, 77, 84, 104, 107, 117, 135, 146, 

150, 152, 194, 199, 224, 248, 264, 

303, 357, 362 

limitation of. See Strategic Arms Lmitation Talks. 

multiple independently targetable re- entry vehicle (MIRV), 265, 364 

NATO, 224-225 

short-range-attack (SRAM), 8, 262 

statistics, 103, 107, 224 

submarine-launched (SLM), 19, 21, 52, 

103, 224, 283, 286, 309, 335 

test, 4, 78, 91, 95, 125, 135, 150, 199, 

265, 310-311, 346, 361 

tracking, 150, 176, 357-358 

Mississippi, 351-352 

Mississippi State Univ., 351-352 

Mississippi Test Facility (MTF) (NASA), 

60, 137, 174, 191, 341, 351-352 

Central Instrument Facility, 158 

Earth Resources Laboratory, 19, 49 

Missouri, Univ. of, College of Engineering at Columbia, 78 MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Mitchell, Capt. Edgar D. (USN) 

Apollo 14 mission 

Bible carried, 214 

Congress, report to, 61 

docking, 25, 27 

extrasensory perception test, 46, 170 

extravehicular activity, 25, 27, 41, 

47, 48, 51 

flight, 24-30 

medical aspects, 5 

Nixon, President Richard M., 24, 31, 

preparations for, 5, 10 

press conference, 4, 41, 59, 170 

quarantine, 5, 30 

splashdown, 30 

Apollo 16 mission, 61 

awards and honors, 72 

European tour, 150, 152 

Mitchell, Dr. James K., 144 

Mitre Corp., 1 MMH. See Monomethyl hydrazine. 

Mobile equipment transporter (MET), 27, 

Mobile quarantine facility (MQF), 30 

Modularized equipment stowage assembly 

Modulation demodulation subsystem 

Moffet, Dr. Alan T., 102 

Molniya I (U.S.S.R. comsat series), 156, 

Molniya 1-18, 210 

Molniya 1-19, 355, 366 

Molniya 11-1, 330, 366 

Mondale, Sen. Walter F., 145, 177-178, 

Mongolia, 319 

42 

promotion, 47 

tribute to, 41 

30 

(MESA), 27, 204 

(MDS), 34 

238 

180 

nomethyl hydrazine (MMH), 268 

nopole, 6 

Montegani, Francis J., 83 

Montoya, Sen. Joseph M., 69 

Moon (see also Apollo missions, Lunar 

Science Institute, Lunar Receiving 

Laboratory, Sea of Rains, etc.), 120- 

121, 234, 313 

age, 257, 260, 265-266, 306-307, 365 

Apollo lunar surface experiment package ( ALSEP ), 27, 142, 206-207 

atmosphere, 223 

atomic battery, 326 

base, 47, 51, 249 

cold-cathode gauge experiment, 64, 142, 

144, 223 

colonization, 312 

communications, 207 

crater, 27, 39, 41, 48, 204, 205, 306- 

307 

dust, 27 

eclipse, 44 

electrical properties experiment, 287- 

290 

exploration, 281, 293 

equipment, 27, 47, 120-121, 204-206, 

238-239. 365 

international cooperation, 6, 247-248 

manned, 4, 25-30, 40, 41, 47, 48, 51, 

59-60, 61, 86-87, 108, 120-121, 

130-131, 141, 183, 196-197, 202- 

208, 211-212, 219, 222-223, 223- 

224, 237-238, 247, 297, 302, 305, 

324, 342, 365 

unmanned, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 20, 43, 73, 

98, 100, 196, 220, 221, 237-238, 

246, 250, 256, 259, 267-268, 278, 

306, 366-368 

heat flow experiment, 142, 144, 205, 

245, 291 

landing 

manned, 27, 39, 40, 69-70, 76, 80 

anniversary, 326 

commemorative coin, 243, 308 

commemorative stamp, 215, 232 

implications, 208, 217-218, 368 

mementoes, 152 

U.S.S.R. plans, 259, 268, 331 

unmanned, U.S.S.R. (see also Lunokhod I), 246 

landing site, 30, 166, 202-203, 213, 217, 

219, 254 

laser retroflector experiment, 27, 64, 

144, 278, 299, 315 

life on, 6 

lunar law treaty, 153-154 

lunar roving vehicle. See Lunar roving 

vehicle and Lunokhod 1. 

Lunar Science Conference, 5-7, 369 

magnetic field, 51, 64, 144 

magnetometer, lunar surface, 51, 142, 

mapping, 141, 293-294, 305 

mountains, 223. 230 

14, 293 

navigation, 207 

origin, 109, 228, 245 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

photographs, 29, 30, 35, 141, 220, 223, 

probe 

Luna 18, 246 

Luna 19, 267 

quake, 64, 113, 142-143, 236, 288, 291 

radioactivity, 291 

rilles, 7, 205 

seismic experiment, 7, 25, 27, 44, 63, 

245, 288 

shape, 223 

solar wind experiment, 27 

suprathermal ion detector experiment, 

surface, 7, 41, 223, 229, 306-307, 342, 

sample, 147, 167, 238, 250,308, 369 

3940, 4546, 83, 115, 190, 236 

257 

225, 226-227, 254, 268, 278 

64, 113, 142-143, 203, 207, 236, 

142, 288, 291 

365 

Apollo 11, 5-7, 12-13, 14, 23, 30, 

Apollo 12, 5-7, 12-13, 16, 23, 30, 

39-40, 4546, 83, 115, 190, 236, 

Apollo 14, 24, 25-30, 41, 45-46, 

Apollo 15, 142, 203, 207-208, 217, 

59, 98, 115, 236, 265 

365 

225-226, 228-229, 245, 253, 257, 

core sample, 228, 238, 260 

exchange of, 10, 13, 16, 88, 159, 

190, 293, 369 

irradiation, 111 

Luna 16,6, 16, 190 

storage, 251 

temperature, 220, 245, 291 

volcanic activitv. 212. 230. 291 

water on, 6, 288; 2891294'291, 293, 297 

Moran, Capt. Walter P., 298 

Morgan, Brig. Gen. Thomas W. (USAF), 

Morgantown, W. Va., 47 

Morgenthau, Dr. Hans J., 117 

Morison, RJA Samuel E. (USN, Ret.), 310 

Moritz, Bernard, 302 

Morrison. L. V.. 356 

36 

Morton, Dr. Louis, 151 

Moscow, 6-7, 19-20, 73, 122, 162, 168, 

187. 200. 250, 268. 299. 321. 325. I.,. 

340, 357 ' 

communications, 171, 265, 271, 272 

International Congress of the History 

of Science, Thirteenth, 234 

international space cooperation meetings, 16, 159, 216-217, 243, 284, 293, 

332, 334, 340-341, 343-344, 353 

International Union of Geodesy and 

Geophysics meeting, 241 

Intersputnik agreement signing, 319 

Mutual Economic Assistance meeting, 

79 

Nixon, President Richard M., visit, 290 

Soviet Academy of Sciences meeting, 

Soyuz 11 cosmonaut burial ceremonies, 

treaty signing, 45, 313-314 

145 

185-186 

Vostok 1 anniversary celebration, 100 

Mosher, Rep. Charles A., 38, 222 

Mossinghoff, Gerald J., 231 

Motorola, Inc., Government Electronics 

Mt. Hadley (lunar mountain), 223 

Mount Palomar Observatory, Calif., 1 

Moutsoulas, M. D., 64 

Moynahan, Dr. Daniel P., 16-17 

MQF. See Mobile quarantine facility. 

MR-12 (U.S.S.R. rocket), 235 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall Space Flight Center. MSFN. See Manned Space Flight NetMTF. See Mississippi Test Facility. MTS (Meteoroid Technology Satellite), 

Mu-4S (Japanese booster), 48, 163-164 

Mueller, Dr. George E., 17, 138 

Mukden, Manchuria, 140 

Muller, Paul M., 314 

Multiple docking adapter (MDA) (Skylab component), 175, 183, 281, 284, 

323,346, 353,355 

Multiple independently targetable reentry 

vehicle (MIRV), 266, 364 

Murchison meteorite, 167, 256 

Murphy, James T., 46, 266 

Murphy, Rep. Morgan F., 38 

Murray meteorite, 167, 256 

Museum of New Mexico, 42-43 

Museum of Science and Industry, 262 

Musketball (USAF satellite), 221, 366 

Muskie, Sen. Edmund S., 82, 195 

Myers, Dale D., 57, 63, 86, 93, 96, 133, 

Div., 171 

work. 

356 

139-140, 160, 192, 224, 240, 299, 326, 

328 

N 

NAA. See National Aeronautic Assn. NAC. See National Aviation Club. NACA. See National Advisory Committee 

NAE. See National Academy of EngiNAS. See National Academy of Sciences. 

NAS-NRC Space Science Board, 67 NASA. See National Aeronautics and 

NASA Aerospace Advisory Panel, 42 NASA Central Planning Office, 161 

NASA Contractor Equal Employment OpNASA-DOT Office of Noise Abatement, 295 NASA Historical Advisory Committee, 151- 

NASA Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 

NASA-NOAA Space Meteorology Team, 70 NASA Office of Advanced Research and 

Technolopv (OART), 14, 70, 130, 140, 

169, 232, 233, 239, 272, 349 

for Aeronautics. 

neering. 

Space Administration. 

portunity Program, 49 

152 

(IMP) Management Team, 46 

450 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

NASA Office of Applications (oA), 340, 

369 

NASA Office of Industry Affairs and Technology Utilization, 199 NASA office of Legislative Affairs, 231 NASA Office of Manned Space Flight 

(OMSF), 12, 30-31, 84, 160, 188, 208, 

267, 291, 302, 314, 3% NASA Office of Space Science ( oss) , 340 NASA Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA), 67, 73, 93-94, 136, 150, 

190, 270, 295, 302, 319, 340 NASA Office of Technology Utilization, 82 NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition (OTDA), 30-31, 69, 208 

NASA Pasadena Office, 238 NASA Performance Evaluation Board, 153 NASA Project Designation Committee, 337 NASA/RECON (Remote Control), 81 NASA Safety Office, 90 NASA Scientific and Technical InformaNASA Source Selection Board, 353-354 NASA Space Program Advisory Council, 

NASA Space Shuttle Technology ConferNASA Space Systems Advisory CommitNASA/STIMS (Scientific and Technical 

NASC. See National Aeronautics add 

Nash, Douglas, B., 12-13 

Nassau County, N.Y., 295 

National Academy of Engineering ( NAE), 

49, 115, 170, 306 

Aeronautics and Space Engineering 

Board, 39 

Committee on Interplay on Engineering 

with Biology Medicine, 322 

Founders Medal, 115 

tion Facility, 69 

106 

ence, 75 

tee, 188 

Information Modular System), 81 

Space Council. 

National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 

Jamaica Bay and Kennedy Airport: 

A Multidisciplinary Environmental 

187-188, 210, 265 

Study, 49 

meeting, 166-167, 248-249, 299 

Plan for US. Data Management in the 

Global Atmospheric Research Program, 303 

Plans for US. Participation in the 

GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment, 303 

Space Science Board, 67 

United States Science Program, 167 

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA) , 49-50, 176 

Gas Dynamics Laboratory, 290 

and Atmosphere, 292 

National Advisory Committee on Oceans 

National Aeronautic Assn. (NAA) , 263 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NAS ( ) (see also NASA Centers, programs, probes, satellites, and 

related headings, such as Ames Research Center, Apollo program, Mari- ner 9; Intelsat-IV F-2; and Space 

program, national), 9, 306 

accident, 22, 290 

accomplishments. See Space program, 

national. 

agreement. See International cooperation; space; and Treaty. 

anniversary, 32, 180, 196, 198, 326 

astronaut. See Astronaut. 

awards and honors, 17, 38, 57, 60, 69, 

72, 75, 78, 84, 106, 121, 135, 138, 

154, 179, 233, 239, 242. 262-263, 

266267, 298-299, 318 

Distinwuished Service Medal, 59, 302, 

Exceptional Scientific Achievement 

Exceptional Service Medal, 255, 279, 

Group Achievement Award, 279, 302 

budget, FY 1972, 14, 20-21, 22, 32, 37, 

38, 64, 116, 119, 121, 161, 280, 

326, 328, 368, 369 

bills introduced, 42, 44 

bills passed, 152, 175, 180, 198-199, 

bill signed, 221, 226 

House consideration, 175 

364-365 

Medal, 255, 279, 302 

302, 314 

210, 211, 216 

appropriations, 80, 172, 173, 175, 

authorization, 61-62, 63, 65, 69, 

209, 211 

70-71, 75-76, 107, 152, 198, 209 

Senate consideration, 209 

appropriations, 172, 180, 198; 209, 

216 

authorization, 52-53, 76, 85-88, 93, 

96, 171, 178, 180, 198, 210 

aeronautics, 101, 160, 187, 189, 290, 

338, 365 

communication system, 128, 344 

computer services, 190 

engine, 1, 96, 345-346 

facilities, 69, 195 

history, 292 

instrumentation, 50, 158 

launch vehicle, 99, 153, 158 

life support system, 180 

liquid hydrogen, 89 

lunar roving vehicle, 24 

nuclear power, 147, 276 

space equipment, 175,328 

space shuttle, 60, 101, 105, 106, 132, 

165, 186, 193, 218, 233, 240, 

320, 328, 345-346, 353-354, 

356, 361, 368-369 

controversy, 218, 246, 353-354, 

356 

space station, 174 

spacecraft, 2, 81, 115, 135, 153, 211, 

294-295, 328 

345-346, 362 

contract, 221,322 

245-246, 272, 276, 281, 298, 

Study, 85, 101, 132, 189-190, 276, 

451 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

support services, 19, 71, 80, 98, 107, 

telescope, 286, 330 

AEC, 52-53,96,99,116 

AFCRL, 199 

Agriculture, Dept. of, 98, 132, 168, 

158, 173, 190,191,279 

105, 130,160-161,170,253 

cooperation, 2, 93-94, 97, 98, 102, 104, 

286 

ARPA, 23 

DOD, 87,93,123 

DOT, 39, 53, 70, 122-123, 218, 247, 

264, 290,295,369 

FAA, 70,218, 271,278,290 

Geological Survey, 224 

HEW, 161 

HUD, 369 

NSF, 369 

Smithsonian Institution, 97 

USA, 70,188, 233,272 USAF (see also X-24A1, 70, 87, 165, 

328, 365 

USN, 70,301 

cooperation, international. See International cooperation, space; Sounding 

rocket, international programs. 

criticism, 1, 32, 84, 133, 145-146, 211, 

218, 219, 277 

employment, 22, 61, 65, 76, 85-86, 238, 

368 

exhibit, 147, 152, 353 

facilities, 2, 8, 19, 20, 32, 42, 71, 80, 

94. 112. 126. 135. 152. 158. 191. 

174, 218-219, 225, 272, 278, 290, 

195, 209, 218, 220, 226, 24t 251; 

291-292, 343, 357, 365 

history, 9, 31, 50, 151,292 

launch 

Apollo 14 (AS-509),24 

Apollo 15 (AS-510), 201 

failure, 4, 126-127, 136, 146, 275, 

postponed, 24, 342, 352 

probe 

294, 300, 365 

barium-ion-cloud project, 259 

Mariner 9 (Mariner-I), 148 PAET (Planetary Atmosphere Experiments Test), 168-169, 240 

satellite 

Ariel 4 (UK-4),348 

Eole 1 (CAS-1),23&231 

Explorer 43 (IMP-I), 72 

Explorer 4.5 (SSS-A), 319 

Zntelsat-IY F-2. 14 

Intelsat-IF F-3,. 354 

Isis 2 (ISIS-B ) , 88 

Natosat 2 (Nato 2; NATO-B), 36- 

-. 17 

Os0 7 ( OSO-H 1,269 

Sun Marco 3 (San Marco-C), 109- 

110 

SoZiad 10 (Explorer 44) (SolradC), 189-190 

schedule for 1972.356 

sounding rocket 

171 

Aerobee 150, 13, 14, 54, 119, 161, 

Aerobee 170, 14, 41, 60, 79, 119, 

209, 226, 228, 292, 296, 300, 

327 

Aerobee 170B, 190-191 

Aerobee 350,52,159,174 

Arcas, 54, 63, 64-65, 218, 222, 225, 

230 

Boosred Arcas I, 50,63 

Boosted Arcas 11, 22,226,285 

Black Brant IIIB. 248 

Black Brant VB, 54 

Black Brant VC, 199 

iavelin. -----, 176 I- - - 

Nike-Apache, 14, 19, 22, 31-32, 

68, 73, 105, 107, 108, 111, 115, 

213, 234, 236, 246, 251, 257, 

343 

Nike-Cajun, 3, 5, 8, 64, 68, 74, 78, 

112, 130, 131, 187, 192, 234, 

236,259, 285, 343 

Nike-Tomahawk, 12, 47, 74, 77, 78, 

79. 89.193. 323 

Viper Dart, 23k235, 236 

Stratoscope I1 (balloon-borne telescope), 253 

lawsuit, 65 

management. 41. 69 

manpower. See Employment. 

meeting, 5-7, 12, 53, 63, 75, 97, 98, 105, 

119-120, 142, 146, 173, 252, 254, 

378 

organizkion, 12, 44, 49, 69, 82, 98, 106, 

340, 369 

patents, 171, 251,259, 305, 308 

personnel, 101, 106, 112, 137, 252-253, 

257, 290, 314-315, 368 

appointment, 12, 44, 46, 55, 56-57, 

59, 61, 68, 69, 72, 79, 84, 98, 114, 

186, 188, 191, 192, 194, 196, 197, 

200, 216, 230, 231, 233, 240, 245, 

251, 255, 267, 295-296, 323, 330, 

357. 368 

224, 233, 242, 251, 272, 295-296, 

116, 139, 159, 161, 167-168, 176, 

death,'78, 85, 145, 176, 188 

promotion, 36, 47, 240 

resignation, 11, 51, 52, 166, 177, 192, 

239,243,247, 368 

retirement, 114, 116, 186, 240, 314, nlr 

Jck3 

procurement, 62 

programs, 22, 365-370 

aeronautics (see also Wing, aircraft, 

supercritical), 21, 23, 37, 39, 

53-54, 56, 66-67, 70-71, 73, 77, 

82, 94, 96-97, 101, 119-120, 121, 

221, 233, 262, 269, 272, 278 290, 

astronomy, 2, 8, 9, 21, 22, 57, 67, 69, 

74-75, 89, 95, 97, 98, 103, 121, 

127, 148, 174, 17&179, 186, 189, 

211,219, 231, 240,334, 344, 356, 

365, 368 

communications, 22, 41, 106, 128, 

173, 356 

122-124, 127-128, 130, 165, 172, 

173, 174, 187, 188-189, 195, 218, 

307-308, 335, 337, 356, 365, 369 

452 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

computer, 23, 32, 81, 98-99, 106-107, 

earth resources, 10-11, 21, 48, 61, 67, 

87. 95. 96. 97, 119-120, 135, 170, 

179, 187, 231-232, 264,309 

li3, 175, 198; 221, 224; 281; 324, 

manned space flight (See also 

Apollo program) 

achievements, 20, 30, 42, 47, 48, 

362,368 

340, 356, 369-370 

207-208, 221-222, 223, 253, 361- 

criticism, 20, 43, 133, 236 

funding, 20-21, 57,64,. 254, 368 

international cooperation (see also 

Docking), 110, 185, 216, 238, 

plans, 10, 21-22, 61, 88-89, 96, 

176, 216,328, 356, 368 

policy, 12, 59, 61-62, 115, 127, 181, 

215,230,256,280-281,283 

meteorology, 22, 62, 103, 134, 168, 

240, 252, 294, 329,356 

nuclear propulsion, 21, 22, 41, 52-53, 

71, 89, 93, 115, 220, 226, 235, 

250, 276, 368 

sounding rocket, 366, 370 

space biology, 21, 115, 127, 132, 138, 

189, 235, 245, 253, 256, 261, 284, 

288,289, 325, 359,369 

space rescue, 23, 64, 68-69, 140, 173, 

space science, 20-21, 22, 88-89, 93, 

247, 325, 340-341, 343 

198-199 

167. 369 

space shuttle. See Space shuttle. 

space station, 14, 38-39, 61, 84, 95, 

127, 164, 176, 183,249, 267,290- 

291. 302.324, 328, 361-362 

contract, 174 

crew preparation, selection, and 

training, 38, 87, 106, 132, 173, 

193-194, 284, 342 

criticism, 145-146 

design, 3, 12, 71, 174, 183 

equipment, 265, 283, 283, 288, 353, 

.?SS --- experiments, 10-11, 38, 87, 107, 

132-133, 173, 175, 183, 193-194, 

342, 359 

funds, 20-21, 93, 157, 173, 198- 

199, 221, 368 

international cooperation, 3, 10-11, 

38, 45, 173,278 

meeting, 42, 346 

plans, 6849, 89, 127-128, 164, 

291, 324, 334, 342 

test, 11, 64, 99, 132, 355 

space tug, 224, 278, 340 

technology utilization. See Technology utilization, space. 

tracking and data acquisition (see 

also Tracking), 21, 69, 97, 173, 

267, 36%370 

172, 192-193, 198, 229, 256, 290- 

test 

aircraft, 83, 87, 233, 262, 278, 284 

concept verification testing (CVT) 

system, 334 

lifting body, 42, 200, 225, 239, 265, 

317,337, 352,365 

lunar module, 98, 200 

lunar roving vehicle, 24, 51, 55-56 

parachute, 247, 264,268 

remote sensing, 97, 368-369 

space shuttle, 60 

space station, 11, 152, 252, 258, 

276, 355 

spacecraft, 93, 96, 193, 327, 369 

universities, 68, 85, 210 

National Aeronautics and Space Council 

( NASC) , 9, 45, 68, 123, 175 

National Air and Space Museum, 52, 

79-80, 101, 130, 135, 195, 301, 309, 323, 

329 

National Atlas of the United States of 

America, 11 

National Aviation Club (NAC), 326 

National Broadcasting Co. ( NBC) ,88 

National Capital Planning Commission, 

301, 309 

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), 121, 178,231 

National Civil Service League, 60 

National Commission on Peacetime TranNational Endowment for the Humanities, 

National Gallery of Art, 289 

National Geographic Society, 310 

National League of Cities, 177 

National Medal of Science, 17-18, 138 

National Moon Walk Day, 134, 170, 197- 

National Museum of Natural History, 79- 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adsition (proposed), 72 

97 

198 

80 

ministration (NOAA) 

award, 279 

budget, 99, 349 

contract, 302 

cooperation, 119-120, 231, 351 

personnel, 12, 19, 217 

satellite, 356 

sounding rocket experiment, 176, 234, 

Space Environmental Laboratory, 302 

launch, 294 

236 

National Park Service, 17, 112 

National Press Club, 238 

National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 

National Religious Broadcasters, 18 

National Research Council (NRC), 252 

40, 102, 178 

United States Space Science Program, 

167 

U.S. Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program, 303 

National Research Council of Canada, 

Jub, 157 

20 

energy sources, 154 

453 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Enrollment Increases in Science and 

Mathematics in Public Secondary 

Estimated Academic R&D Direct Price 

Trends 50 Percent Higher Over I). 

ade 1961-71,305 

Federal Funds for Academic Science, 

Fiscal Year 1969, 58 

Federal Funds for Research, Development, and Other Scientific Activities, 

251 

Federal R&D Expenditures Related to 

Budget Functions, 1960-72, 175 

Federal Support to Universities and 

Colleges, Fiscal Year 1970, 161 

funds, 20, 40, 58, 157, 198,209,216,226 

grants. 221 

Schools, 194849 to 1969-70,288 

Fndus&Gk&D, 13, 117-118, 352 

Industrial R&D Spending, 1970, 352 

interdiscblinary conference, 359 NASA report 0n-w~ to, 116 

organization, 61, 69 

personnel, 61, 103, 170, 196, 301, 320, 

341 

Recent Trends in Enrollment and Manpower Resources in Graduate Sci- ence Education, 1969-70, 146 

Research and Development in Industry, 1969: Funds, 1969; Scientists & 

Engineers, January 1970, 117-118 

Research and Develoament in Local 

Governments, Fiscal Years 1968 & 

1969, 33 

Research Applied to National Needs 

(RANN), 178 

Nonorofit Institutions 1970. 58 

Scientific Activities of Independent 

.I 

scientists and engineers, unemployed, 

Unemployed Rates for Scientists, 

National Science Foundation Act of 1950, 

197 

National Science Teachers Assn. ( NSTA ) , 268 

National security, 32-33, 37, 86, 99, 136- 

137,150, 263,275, 281, 303, 360 

National Security Industrial Assn., 263 

National Society of Engineers, 166 

National Space Club (NSC), 15, 69-70, 

106, 113, 324, 347 

Press Award, 69-70 

National Technology Support: A Study 

of Research and Development Trends 

and Their Implications (AIA study), 

116 

76, 117-118, 188 

Spring 1971, 188 

National Transportation Award, 139 

National Transportation Safety Board, 82 

National Urban Coalition, 50 

National Weather Service, 219 

National Zoo, 32 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

Natosat 2 (NATO-B) (military comsat), 

36-37, 41,369 

Natural Resources, Dept. of (proposed), 

81-82. 154 

Naugle,'Dr. John E., 66, 93-94, 133, 164, 

217, 300-301, 359 

Naval Air and Material Center, 244 

Naval Air Missile Test Center, Calif., 276 

Naval Air Systems Command, 190,329 

Naval Observatory, 296,32 

Naval Oceanographic 050 

4 

e, 119-120 

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 8, 16, 

23, 54, 132, 189, 226, 240, 269, 277- 

278. 349 

Navai Warfare Panel, 57 

Navigation satellite, 95 NBC. See National Broadcasting Co. NCAR. See National Center for AtmosNebraska, 128 

Nefyuduv, Yuri G., 167 

Nelson, Sen. Gaylord, 253 

Nepoklonov, Boris, 306 

Neptune (planet), 22, 179, 324 NERVA. See Nuclear energy for rocket 

vehicle application. 

Netherlands, 291, 310 

Neupert, Dr. Werner W, 339 

New Cities Research and Experimentation Administration (proposed), 286 

New Hampshire, Univ. of, 269 

New Jersey Dept. of Transportation, 287 

New Mexico, 42 

New Mexico State Univ., 313, 339 

New Orleans (aircraft), 248 

New Orleans International Airport, 312 

New Orleans, La., 60, 77, 345 

New Technology Opportunities Program, 

pheric Research. 

303. 344 

New York Academy of Sciences, 167 

New York, N.Y., 2,279,282, 350 

air services and traffic, 19. 126, 182, .. . 257, 288 

Apollo 14 mission, reaction, 43 

astronauts in, 65, 238, 239 

communications via satellite, 271 

meeting, 15, 36 

New York State Court of Appeals, 131 

New York Times Special Features agreement, 200,211 

New York Univ. Medical Center, 189 

Newell, Dr. Homer E., 108, 126, 133 

Newport News, Va. 157 

NGC 7662 (Planetary Nebula), 253 

NGG253 (galaxy), 194 

Nicks, Oran W., 48, 302 

Nierenberg, Dr. William A., 292 

Nike-Apache (sounding rocket), 226 

airglow, 108 

cloud study, 105, 251, 257 

energetic particles and fields, 14 

ionosphere study, 19, 22, 31-32, 111, 

micrometeoroid collection, 108 

pilot density probe, 343 

polar cap absorption data, 246 

solar eclipse data, 68 

upper-atmosphere data 108, 213, 234 

115 

454 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket) 

airglow, 130, 131 

cloud study, 112 

cooperative experiment, 64-65, 74-75, 

euuatorial atmomhere data. 83 

112, 370 

gfenade experiGent, 3, 5,’ 8, 68, 174, 

ionosphere study, 285-286 

187, 192, 259 

solarkclipse comparison data, 68 

upper-atmosphere data, 3, 5, 8, 78, 174, 

187, 192, 234, 236,343 

Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket) 

auroral study, 12, 47, 77, 89 

electric-field study, 74-75, 78, 79 

ionosphere study, 193 

stellar astronomy study, 323 

toly. 

16,100, 152,167, 266 

Nikitrine, Ignatiy A. See Fedoseyev, AnaNikolayev, L/C Andrian 6. (U.S.S.R.), 

Nikolayeva-Tereshkova, Valentina, 16 

Nikon-F (underwater camera), 104 

Nimbus (meteorological satellite), 22, 

Nimbus 4, 63, 64-65, 151, 220, 222, 225, 

Nimbus-E (R&D satellite), 356 

Nix Olympica (Mars), 321 

Nixon, President Richard M., 3, 186, 292 

Aeronautics and Space Report, 37 

Apollo 11 lunar samples, 42-43 

Apollo 14 mission, messages and stat? 

ments. 24. 31. 39. 42. 59 

329 

230 

,,,I, 

Apollo 15 mission, messages and statements, 201, 208, 212, 213, 221-222, 

253, 279 

appointments and nominations by, 11, 

59, 132, 152, 193, 194, 197, 252, 

349, 368 

promotion, 47 

report to, 67 

resignation, 52 

White House dinner, 256 

awards by, 59, 138 

bills signed, 221, 226, 354 

budget, 20, 38, 40 

Columbus Day, 243 

conference on employment, 63 

Defense, Dept. of, 354 

emergency loan guarantee, 124, 201, 

environmental program, 42 

Environmental Science: Challenges for 

the Seventies, National Science 

Baard Report, 180 

Fulton, Rep. James G., death of, 282 

hijacking of aircraft, 36, 55 

international cooperation, space, 37, 

13, 16-17, 19, 45, 49-50, 56-57, 

254, 290, 292, 294, 312, 320, 34a 

astronauts 

216 

55.138.166.265 

messages to. Congress, 37, 55, 74, 81-82, 

NASA appropriations, 20-21,221,226 

99,103,154,180 

National Moon Walk Day, 197-198 

New Technology Opportunities Pronuclear war deterrent agreement, 264- 

nuclear warhead test, 300,303 

patent policy statement, 238-239 

presidential aircraft, 212,326-327 

public relations activities order, 37 

reorganization plans, 81-82 

reports transmitted to Congress, 37, 

resignations accepted by, 196, 199, 348 SALT agreement, 137,264-265 

science, 40, 180, 251 

Seabed Arms Control Treaty, 45 

Soyuz 11 cosmonauts death, message to 

space program, national, 37, 55, 59, 76, 

mace shuttle. 297 

gram, 303 

265 

54-55, 76, 180 

U.S.S.R., 180-181 

161, 263-264, 265 

supersonic transport, 37, 81, 130, 349- 

Technology Mobilization and Reem350, 351 

ployment Program, 94 

247 

sion, 43 

United Nations Day, 191 

USAP Museum dedication statement, 

U.S.S.R. message to on Apollo I4 misWorld Law Day, 166 

NK-144 (turbofan engine), 126 NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

Nom 1 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration meteorological 

satellite), 294 

Nobel Conference, 281-282 

Nobel Prize, 89 

in Chemistry, 307 

in Medicine, 282 

in Physics, 307, 309 

NOISE (aircraft noise organization), 137- 

Noise, aircraft, 137, 138, 271 

138 

contract, 198, 365 NASA-DOT Office of Noise Abatement, 

NASA research, 241, 242, 251, 295, 307, 

supersonic transport, 2, 150, 307, 351 

Nolan, James P., Jr., 151-152 

NORAD. See North American Air Defense 

Norfolk, Va., 349 

Norite, 7 

North American Air Defense Command 

( NORAD), 61 

North American Aviation, Inc., 10 

North American Rockwell Corp. (NR) 

295 

365 

Command. 

aircraft, 290, 298, 309, 344 

award. 279 

contract, 1, 178, 186, 190, 343 

Rocketdyne Div., 60, 158, 175, 193,218, 

233,240,245,353,356 

455 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Space Div., 153, 171,195 

space shuttle, 37,281 

North Atlantic Treaty Organization 

(NATO), 36-37, 41, 168, 224, 248, 365, 

369 

North Pole, 310, 329 

Northeast Corridor, 308 

Northern Illinois Univ., 83 

Northrop Corp., 1 

Northwest Environmental Technology 

Norway, 12, 341 

Notre Dame Univ., 114 

NR. See North American Rockwell Corp. NRC. See National Research Council. NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory. NSC. See National Space Club. NSF. See National Science Foundation. NSTA. See National Science Teachers 

Nuclear engine for rocket vehicle appliNorthrop Aircraft Corp., 216 

Northrop Services, Inc., 158-159 

Laboratories, Inc., 320 

Assn. 

cation (NERVA) 

funds, 21, 41, 94, 195, 198,226, 292 NASA program, 22, 52, 71, 116, 251, 276, 

368 

cation (NERVA) 

funds, 21, 41, 94, 195, 198,226, 292 NASA program, 22, 52, 71, 116, 251, 276, 

368 

Nuclear power, 83, 100, 154, 196, 199, 

Nuclear propulsion, 41, 52, 96-97, 221, 

213, 250 

235. 250. 320-321 

Nuclear submarine, 21 

Nuclear test, 84, 310-311, 320, 324-325, 

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 162 

Nuclear weapons, 218, 224, 247-248, 252, 

Nygren, R/A Harley D. (USN), 12 

326, 331 

underground, 250,300 

265,266 

0 

OA. See NASA Office of Applications. 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 99, 102 

Oao 2 (Orbiting Astronomical ObservaOAO-B, 163,276 

OART. See NASA Office of Advanced ReObata, Gyo, 301, 309, 323, 329 

Oberth, Hermann, 234 

Obregon, Mauricio, 310 

O'Brian, Hugh, Youth Foundation, 162 

Ocean of Storms (Oceanus Procellarum) 

(moon), 7,12-13,236,291 

Oceanography 

international aspects, 110, 112-113 

record, 262 

research, 24, 119-120, 262 

treaty, 45, 47, 75-76 

US. program, 99,292-293,348,349 

Odessa, U.S.S.R., 200, 350 

O'Donnell, John J., 35, 334 

tory), 93,239,246 

OAO-C, 356 

search and Technology. 

OECD. See Organization for Economic COOf a Fire on the Moon, 4 

Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 

Office of Naval Research (ONR), 244 

Office of Science and Technology (oST) 

Office of Technolorn Assessment (mooperation and Development. 

199, 260, 297,326 

( President's 1, 232 

-. posed), 197 

posed), 173 

ference. 282 

Office of Technology Transfer (proOffshore Airport Center Planning ConOffshore oil study, 348 

Of0 (Orbiting Frog Otolith satellite), 40- 

OGO. See Orbiting Geophysical ObservaOgo V (Orbiting Geophysical ObservaO'Hair, Mrs. Madalyn Murray, 49,65 

O'Hare International Airport, 9 

Ohio Historical Society, 198 

Ohsumi (Japanese satellite), 48, 268 

Oklahoma, 2, 288 

Oklahoma City, Okla., 2 

O'Leary, Dr. Brian T., 90-91 

Olsen, Kenneth H., 16-17 

Olympus (turbojet enginge), 126 OMR. See Office of Management and 

OMSF. See NASA Office of Manned Space 

On the Moon with Apollo 15, 183 ONR. See Office of Naval Research. OPTAG. See Optical aimpoint guidance 

Optical aimpoint guidance (OPTAG) sys41, 127 

tory. 

tory), 2, 93 

Budget. 

Flight. 

system. 

tem, 346 

Optical plasmatron, 323 

Outical Societv of America. 142 

Okbita network (U.S.S.R. comsat sysOrbital Workshop (Skylab component), 

Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO), 

tem 1, 238, 330 

132, 152,164, 183, 284, 323 

0 

L 

Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) (see 

Order of Lenin, 163 

Order of Leopold, 260 

Oreol (Soviet-Frenrh satellite), 359, 3'6 

Organization for Economic Cooperation 

Orgueil meteorite, 256 

Orion (constellation), 299 

Orion (NASA barge), 152,284 

Orion Nebula, 121 

Orlando, Fla., 131 

Ormsby, Robert B., 348 OSO. See Orbiting Solar Observatory. 

Os0 I, 269 

Os0 2, 269 

Os0 3, 269 

Os0 4, 269 

also Os0 I, etc.), 2,21, 67 

and Development (OECD), 201 

456 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 19il 

Os0 5, 269 

Os0 6, 269 

Os0 7 (oso-n), 269, 277, 302, 333, 34!% 

361, 365 

OSO--H, 2 oss. See NASA Office of Space Science. OSSA. See NASA Office of Space Science 

OST. See Office of Science and TechndO’Sullivan, William J., 157 OTDA. See NASA Office of Tracking and 

O’Toole, Thomas, 24, 47, 112, 133, 223, 

Outer Planets Mission Steering Group, 

Ov 1-20 (Orbiting Vehicle Research 

OSO-C, 269 

and Applications. 

ogy (President’s). 

Data Acquisition. 

337, 349 

96 

Satellite), 220, 366 

OV I-21,220,366 

OV-1OA (Bronco) (research aircraft), 

Oxford. Ohio. 242 

301 

Oxford’ Univ.; 242 

Oximeter, 199 

Ozone, 54, 63, 64-65, 74-75, 222, 225, 230 

P 

P-3A (turboprop research aircraft), 120 

P-3C (antisubmarine patrol aircraft), 12, 

17. 38. 41 

P-38 ifi‘ghter aircraft), 115 

Pacific Missile Range ( PMR), 152,276 

Pacific Ocean. 165.296-297 

Apollo misSions,‘30, 108, 349 

communications satellite, 3, 74, 98, 176, 

missile interception tests, 4, 77-78, 125 

oil spills, 81 

Salyut 1, 282-283 

Test), 168-169, 240 

368 

177, 219-220, 313 

Packard, David M., 158, 350 PAET (Planetary Atmosphere Experiment 

Pago Pago, 30 

Paine, Dr. Thomas O., 56-57, 314-315, 

Pakistan, 140 

Palestine, Tex., 121 

Palmdale, Calif., 47 

Palmer Observatory, 311 

Palos, Spain, 31 

Pan American World Airways, Inc., 109, 

Panofsky, Dr. Wolfgang K. H., 183 

Parachute test, 247, 264, 268 

Parin, Dr. Vasily V., 163 

Paris, France, 148, 287, 291, 347, 351, 352 

Paris International Air Show, 147, 150, 

Particle accelerator, 36, 50, 168, 281-282, 

Particle and field experiment, 248 

148, 257, 297-298,330 

152, 168,214,249 

299 

Patent, 171, 238-239, 251, 259, 268, 305, 

Patrick AFB, Fla., 13, 272 

Patsayev, Viktor I., 154, 180, 186, 192, 

308, 335,360 

200. 283 

Patuxknt Naval Air Station, Md., 12 

Paul, Dr. Rodman W., 151-152 

Paul VI, Pope, 43,215,232 

Pearce, J. B;, 148 

Pecora, Dr. William T., 120 

Peebles, Ohio, 241 

Pegasus 11 (VTOL aircraft engine), -. 300, 

Peking, People’s Republic of China, 111, 

Pelly, Rep. Thomas M., 38 

Pendray, G. Edward, Award, 15 

Pendray, MIS. Leatrice M., 282 

Pennsylvania State Univ., 56 

Pennsylvania, Univ. Of, 129, 187, 218 

Pensacola, Fla., 182 

Pentagon, 4, 240 

Pentagon papers (background report on 

Penzias, Dr. Arno A,, 299 

People mover transit system, 47,55 

People’s Republic of China, 306, 352, 361 

329 

257, 305 

U.S. in Vietnam war). 320 

aircraft, 140 

disarmament, 252 

launch, satellite, 61, 365, 368 

missile program, 68, 119, 122, 150, 224, 

nuclear test, 84, 324-325 

satellite, 75, 81 

space program, 53, 72, 111, 368 

technology, 273 

248,296-297, 319-320,357-358 

Pepin, Dr. Robert O., 279 

Perel’man, R. G., 183. 363 

Perry, Geoffrey E., 249 

Perry, Robert L., 346 

Perseus (constellation). 1 

Peters, Harry E., 154 

Petrone, Dr. Rocco A., 70,215, 323 

Petrov, Dr. Boris N., 101, 171, 188, 217. 

325, 334 

Pettis, Rep. Jerry L., 146 

Phaetonis (Mars), 337 

Philadelphia, Pa., 314 

Philipp, Dr. Warren B., 72, 262 

Philippines, 219-220. 352 

Philips, Ronald J., 177, 192 

Phillips, Nizer, Benjamin, Krim, and Bal- IOU. 79 

Phillips, L/G Samuel C. (USAF), 101-102, 

Phinney, Dr. William, 228 

Phobos (Martian moon), 310, 331, 340, 

188, 266 

342. 365 

Phoenicis Lacus (moon), 353 

Phoenix, Ariz., 75, 281 

Photography (see also Moon, photographs), 35-36, 72 

Pickering, Dr. WilIiam H., 55, 159, 192, 

313, 314 

Pin Main, Alaska, 74 

Pinkel, I. Irving, 362-363 

457 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Pioneer (program), 21, 69 

Pioneer-F (interplanetary probe), 74, 

Pioneer-G (spacecraft), 322 

Piper Aztec (light aircraft), 220 

Piper Navajo (light aircraft), 310, 329 PLACE. See Position-location and aircraft 

communications experiment. 

Planetary Explorer mission, 186 

Planetoid, 357 

Plans for U.S. Participation in the GARP 

Plasma, 320, 323 

Playboy International Writers Convoca250,322, 327,369 

Atlantic Tropical Experiment, 303 

tion, 280 

Cosmos launch, 9, 49, 66, 98, 102, 108, 

125, 139, 146, 148, 153, 200, 240, 250, 

254, 255, 262, 265, 270, 291, 306, 323, 

325, 327, 333, 334, 337, 347, 351, 353, 

359 

Plesetsk, U.S.S.R., 8, 249 

tion, 280 

Cosmos launch, 9, 49, 66, 98, 102, 108, 

125, 139, 146, 148, 153, 200, 240, 250, 

254, 255, 262, 265, 270, 291, 306, 323, 

325, 327, 333, 334, 337, 347, 351, 353, 

359 

Plesetsk, U.S.S.R., 8, 249 

Meteor 8 launch, 105 

Meteor 9 launch, 195 

Meteor 10 launch, 360 

Molniya 1-19 launch, 355 

Molniya Il-1, 330 

Oreol launch, 259 

Plight of Soviet Science Today, 210 PLSS. See Portable life support system. 

Plutarch, 227 

Pluto (planet), 22, 179, 310 

Plutonium 244, 102, 250 PMR. See Pacific Missile Range. 

pndb: perceived noise in decibels. 

Pobedonostsev, Yu. A., 261 

Podgorny, President Nikolay V. 

(U.S.S.R.), 43, 180-181, 222 

Pogue, Maj. William R. (USAF), 68 

Point Barrow, Alaska, 3, 5, 174, 187, 192, 

288, 343 

Point Mum. Calif.. 152. 276 

Polaire (French satellite), 342 

Poland, 43, 287, 319 

Polar cap absorption, 196. 246 

Polaris imide-1, 175, 176 

Pollack, Dr. James B., 340 

Pollock, Howard W., 19 

Pollution control, 32, 42, 49 

Pomeroy, Dr. John H., 251 

Pompidou, President Georges (France), 

Ponnamperuma, Dr. Cyril A., 39, 167, 

Popovich, Pave1 R., 152 

Port of New York Authority, 49 

Portable life support system (PLSS), 156, 

Porter, Daniel R., 198 

Porter, Frank C., 82 

Porter, Sylvia, 17 

Portugal, 219-220 

Poseidon (missile), 52, 224, 309 

Poseidou (nuclear submarine), 21 

Position-location and aircraft communications experiment (PLACE), 361-362 

Post, Wiley, 288 

125, 299, 349-350 

256, 322, 356 

205 

Postal Service, U.S., 232 

Potomac River, 288 

Powell, Maj. Cecil (USAF), 37, 65, 130 

Powers, Francis Gary, 329 

Pratt & Whitney Div. See United Aircraft Corp. 

Present, Stuart M., 22-23 

President’s Science Advisory Committee, 

16-17, 49-50 

Press, Dr. Frank, 345 

Press comment AAAS convention, 1 

aerospace industry, 309 

antiballistic missile (ABM), 4 

Apollo program, 161, 197, 223-224, 229 

Apollo 11 mission, 232-233 

Apollo 14 mission, 17, 35, 38, 40, 42, 

43. 44. 47 

Apoh 15 mission, 213, 215-216, 217- 

AKIOIIO 17 mission, 236 

218, 222, 223-224, 225-226, 230 

atomic bomb test, 311 

computer, invention of, 218 

emergency industrial loan guarantee, 

engineers, 104-105 

F-14 (fighter aircraft), 271, 287 

Fedoseyev, Anatoly, 176 

Fletcher, Dr. James C., appointment of, 

international cooperation, space, 13, 

Kennedy Space Center economy drive, 

Luna 18 mission, 259 

lunar exdoration. 4. 223-224 

194 

64, 72 

19-20, 247-248, 249-250, 347 

287 

McDonnell Dougfas ‘Corp., 170 

Mariner 9, 314, 324, 327, 330, 332-333 

Mars 2. 324, 330 

Mars 3; 324, 330, 347 

military procurement bill, 284 

moon, water on, 293 

NASA, 139 

National Air and Space Museum, 329- 

3.111 

public information policy, 84 

NASA, 139 

National Air and Space Museum, 329- 

3.111 

public information policy, 84 

--_ 

New Technologies Opportunity Program, 344-345 

New York Times Special Features 

agreement, 211 

noise, aircraft, 242 

nuclear warhead test, 303 

nuclear weapons deterrent agreement, 

People’s Republic of China satellite, 72 

Pioneer-F probe, 74 

Rowe, Henry S., resignation, 320 SALT agreement, 189 

Salyut 1-Soyus 10 mission, 110-111, 

Schlesinger, Dr. James R., appointscientist-astronaut, 230 

Seabed Arms Control Treaty, 47 

Seaborg, Dr. Glenn T., retirement, 213 

Soyuz 1 I accident, 185 

266, 271 

156-157, 158 

ment, 213 

458 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

space program, national, 32, 74, 223- 

space shuttle, 14 

supersonic transport, 78, 79, 85, 119, 

technology, 331-332 

technology utilization, 140 

Tor0 (asteroid), 332-333 

U.S.S.R. space program, 24, 101, 111, 

Venus 7,20 

Press conference 

aerospace industry employment, 125- 

126 

aircraft, military, 121 

Apollo program, 215 

Apollo 14 mission, 4, 35, 41, 59 

extrasensory perception tests, 170 

Apollo 15 mission, 120, 141, 142-144, 

156, 217, 227, 228, 245, 312 

lunar samples, 238, 257-258 

224 

129-130, 139 

119 

Apollo 27 mission, 234 

C-5A contract, 2 

comet, 93 

Concorde (supersonic transport), 351 

earth resources technology satellite, 96 

F-14B (jet fighter), 212 

international cooperation, space, 191 

L-1011 (TriStar) (jet transport), 221 

launch vehicles, U.S., sale of, 4% 

Lewis Research Center, 246-247 

lunar rock sample storage, 251 

lunar roving vehicle, 120 

manned space flight, 312 

Mariner 8, 136 

Mariner 9, 301-302, 321 

military expenditures, 350 

National Air and Space Museum, 301 

nuclear test ban, 250 

People's Republic of China 

nuclear test, 84 

satellite, 111 

Pioneer program, 322 

plutonium, 102 

Salyut 1-Soyuz 10 mission, 110, 119, 

space program, national, 119, 121, 127, 

138, 146 

space shuttle, 272 

space station, 249-250 

supersonic transport, 2, 127, 148, 150 

Toro (quasi-moon), 281-282 

Tu-144, 264 

unmanned spacecraft exploration, 57 

US.-U.S.S.R. space docking, 177 

U.S.S.R. 

191-192 

computer program, 121 

missile program, 146, 286 

space program, 329 

Price, Dr. P. Buford, 6 

Price, Rep. Robert D., 38 

Princeton Electronics, Inc., 360 

Princeton, N.J., 282 

Princeton Univ., 18 

Priorities for Space Research, 1971-1980 

( NAS-NRC Space Science Board report 1, 

67 

Pritchard, Wilbur L., 299 

Probe (see also individual probes, such as Luna 18, Luna 19, Mariner 8, 

Mariner 9, Mars 2, Mars 3, and 

Venus 7) 

international cooperation, 145, 259 

interplanetary, 15, 20, 22, 67, 115, 175, 

179 

Jupiter, 22, 67, 74, 322, 327, 356, 369 

lunar. See Luna 16, Luna 17, Luna 18, 

Luna 19, Surveyor 3, and Zond 2. 

Mars, 22, 146, 147-148, 191, 293, 318, 

321, 324, 337, 345, 351, 354-355, 360 

Mercury, 22, 175 

Neotune. 22. 179 

Plito, 22, li9 

Saturn, 22, 121 

sun, 237, 252 

Uranus, 22 

U.S.S.R., 4, 9, 15, 20, 134, 147-148, 

Venus, 15, 22, 67, 115, 175, 186, 333 

Professor Zubou (U.S.S.R. ship), 358 

Pronulsion. 95. 98 

209, 237, 246, 267-268, 293 

Proipero (X-3) (U.K. technology sateIlite), 300,368 

Proton, 19 

Proton (U.S.S.R. booster), 246, 249 

Proxmire, Sen. William 73, 81, 145, 177, 

Public Service Award (NASA), 279 

Pudenz. Dr. Robert H.. 112 

252, 260, 271, 284 

Pueblo,' Colo., 182 ' 

Puerto Rico, 71, 133, 134 

Pulsar, 36, 67, 74, 89, 131 

Pulver, W. A., 307 

Purdue Univ., 98 

Pyrimidines, 167 

Q 

Q-fan engine, 363 

Quarantine, 5, 30, 115, 188, 222 

Quasar, 67, 74, 89, 102, 190 

Queens Univ., 10 

QUESTOL. See Quiet, experimental, short 

takeoff and landing transport aircraft. 

Quiet Engine Project, 83, 96, 130, 241 

Quiet, experimental, short takeoff and 

landing (QUESTOL) transport aircraft, 

218, 337, 338, 356, 365 

R 

Radar, 9, 48, 64, 222, 231, 260, 267, 310, 

Radar-cross-section (RCS) test vehicle, 261 

Radiation (see also Ultraviolet and 

347 

X-ray), 9 

cosmic, 63, 197, 209, 219, 325 

effects. 235. 241, 242, 261, 325 

gamma, 181 . 

measurement, 197, 209, 325 

solar, 189 
RAM. See Research and Applications 

Modules. 

Corp., 57 

320,336,346 

ch and development. 

Rangel, Rep. Charles B., 38 RANN. See Research Applied to National 

Needs program. 

Rapp, Rita M., 38 

Rathbun Dam, 213 

Raushenbakh, Boris V., 119 

RB-57F (reconnaissance research aircraft), 120, 168 

RB-211 (jet engine), 38, 44, 88, 124, 

22 1 

RCA, 71, 81, 349 RCA Alaska Communications, Inc., 71 RCA Global Communications, Inc., 71 RCA Service Co., 174 

Rea, Dr. Donald G., 178 

Recent Trends in Enrollment and Manpower Resources in Graduate Science 

Education, 1969-70 (NSF report) ; 146 

Rechtin, Eberhardt, 363 

Reconnaissance satellite, 243, 296, 328 

Record 

aircraft, 12, 17, 38, 41, 220, 226, 330 

spacecraft, 30, 35, 207 

underwater, 314 

Redstone (booster), 122 

Redstone (missile 1, 362 

Redstone Arsenal, Ala., 5, 279 

Redstone Arsenal Army Airfield, Ala., 253 

Rees, Dr. Eberhard F. M., 68, 196, 224, 

Rehovoth, Israel, 18 

Reitsch, Hanna, 320 

Relay telemetry subsystem (RTS) , 343 

Relativity, theory of, 296 

Reliability, 164 

Remote sensing (see also Earth resources experiment package; Earth Resources 

Technology Satellite), 96, 97, 104, 119, 

128, 132, 139, 198, 286, 318, 333, 369 

Apollo 14 mission, 30 

Soyuz 10-Salyut 1 mission, 108, 110, 

242, 344 

Rendezvous, 68 

121 

(RAM), 3, 101, 192, 330, 334, 337, 341 

Research and development (R&D), 46, 

aeronautics (see also Aeronautics, recost, 116, 305 

178, 276, 320, 334, 363 

search), 123, 271, 369 

AEC. 332 

DOD, 124, 332 

NASA, 20, 42, 93, 116, 175, 251, 332, 

336. 368 

NOAA,. 99 

science, 20, 33, 40, 89, 251 

U.S.S.R., 86, 124, 201 

Research and Development in Industry, 

1969: Funds, 1969; Scientists & Engineers, January 1970 (NSF 71-18), 117- 

118 

Research and Development in Local 

Governments, Fiscal Years 1968 & 1969 

(NSF 71-61, 33 

Research and Technology Operating Plan 

(mop) Summary, 46, 334 

Research Applied to National Needs 

(RANN program), 178 

Research, Inc., 106 

Research Triangle Institute, 200 

Resolute Bay, Canada, 248 

Reusable nuclear stage (RNS), 276 

Review oj Recent Launch Failures 

(House report), 275 

Reynolds, Clarke G., 363 RF : radio frequency. RFP: request for proposals. 

Rice Univ., 47, 144, 288, 291 

Rickenbacker, Edward V., 165 

Rieger, Siegfried H., 298 

Riga, Latvia, 110 

Riea (Dlanetoid). 357 

Ri& Ciater (moon), 205 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 248, 249 

Ri& Ciater (moon), 205 

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 248, 249 

RGlO (rocket engine), 96 

RM (Radiation/Meteoroid satellite), 40- 

RGlO (rocket engine), 96 

RM (Radiation/Meteoroid satellite), 40- 

41 RNS. See Reusable nuclear stage. 

Robert Hutchings Goddard-Father of 

the Space Age, 214 

Rohertson, R. E., 261 

Rockefeller Univ., 265 

Rockwell Standard Corp., 10 

Rockwell Standard Co., 

Roe, Rep. Robert A., 38 

Rogers, Will, 288 

Rogers, Secretary of State William P., 17, 070 LIL 

Rohini (Indian rocket), 282 

Rohr Corp., 307 

Rolla, Mo., 296 

Rolls-Royce Ltd., 38, 44, 88, 124, 173, 

221, 267, 300 

Romania, 243, 319 

Rome, Italy, 257, 323 

Rome, Univ. of, 262, 319 

Roosa, L/C Stuart A. (USAF) 

Apollo 14 mission 

Congress, report to, 61 

docking, 25, 29 

flight, 24-30 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

460 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

lunar photography, 27 

medical aspects, 5, 30, 44, 261 

Nixon, President Richard M., 24, 31, 

preparations for, 4, 10 

press conference, 4, 41, 59 

quarantine, 5, 30 

splashdown, 30, 42 

ApolIo 16 mission, 61 

awards and honors, 72 

European tour, 150, 152 

promotion, 47 

tribute to, 42 

Rosamond Dry Lake, Calif., 265 

Rose, Tokyo, 243 

Rosen, George, 363 

Rosenberg, Morris D., 343 

Rosman, N.C., 272 

Ross, Miles, 271 

Rotating-cylinder-flap system, 301 

Rothrock, Dr. Addison M., 176 

Rotor, 188-189 

Roush, Rep. J. Edward, 173,222 

Rover. See Lunar roving vehicle. 

Rowen, Henry S., 320 

Royal Astronomical Society, 202 

Royal Greenwich Observatory, 327, 356 

RTD 701 (calibration target satellite), 

RTOP. See Research and Technology 

Rukavishnikov, Nikolay, N., 107, 283 

Rumford Premium, 102 

Kusk, Dr. Howard A., 189 

Russell, Dr. Archibald E., 326 

The Russian Space Bluff, 331 

Ryan, Gen. John D. (USAF), 11 

42, 43 

22 1 

Operating Plan Summary. 

S 

S-IC. See Saturn V (booster), stage, 1st. 

S-11. See Saturn V, stage, 2nd. 

S-IVB. See Saturn V, stage, 3rd. 

$210 (Japanese rocket), 9 

S. A. Engins MATRA, France, 3, 19 SAAB Aktieboloag, 3, 19 

Sabin, Dr. Albert E., 18 SAC. See Strategic Air Command. SAE. See Society of Automotive Engineers. 

Safeguard (antiballistic missile system), 

4, 43, 77, 78, 125, 311, 361 

Sagan, Dr. Carl E., 248-249, 318, 331 

Sagittarius (constellation), 93 

St. Louis, Mo., 288 

St. Moritz, Switzerland, 99 

St. Vincent Charity Hospital (Cleveland), 

Salon-de-Provence, France, 150 

Salpeter, Edwin E., 90 SALT. See Strategic Arms Limitation 

Talks. 

Salt Lake City, Utah, 161 

Salyut 1 (U.S.S.R. scientific space station), 105, 108, 110, 112, 122, 154-155, 

106 

162-163, 177, 198, 229, 282, 366-367 

Salyut 1-Soyuz 10 mission, 108, 110, 112, 

Salyut I-Soyuz 11 mission, 156, 158, 177, 

Salyut Crater (moon), 203 

Samoa, 30 

SAMSO. See Space and Missile Systems 

San Antonio, Tex., 325 

San Clemente, Calif., 243 

San Diego, Calif., 207, 281-282, 291 

San Francisco Bay, Calif., 281 

San Francisco, Calif., 32, 80, 307 

San Francisco International Airport, 310 

San Marco (Italian launch site), Indian 

Ocean, 319 

Sun Marco I (Italian satellite), 109-110 

Sun Marco 3 (San Marco-C), 109-110, 

333, 355, 368, 469 

Sandage, Dr. Allan R., I8 

Sands Point, N.Y., 13 

Santa Clara, Univ. of, 254 

Santa Fe, N. Mex., 42-43 SAO. See Smithsonian Astrophysical ObSaphier, Lerner, Schindler-Environetics, 

Sapp, Capt. Earle W. (USN), 349 

Sarnoff, David, 349 

SAS. See Small Astronomv Satellite. 

119, 121, 282 

191, 200, 277, 282 

Organization. 

Sun MUKO 2, 109-110 

servatory. 

182 

SAS-B (Small Astronomy-Satellite), 356 

Sashin, O., 220 

Satellite Early Warning -. System (SEWS), 

319 

Saturn IB, 64, 99, 164, 328 

S-IB stage, 291-292 

Saturn V, 60, 110,245 

contract, 153, 353-354 

cost, 209 

launch, 217 

program, 57, 328-329 

Saturn (booster), 24-25, 57, 201, 276 

AS-509, 24, 30 

AS-510, 202, 207 

stage 

1st (S-IC-511), 254,255 

2nd (SII), 153 

3rd (S-IVB), 25, 202-203, 365 

Saturn (planet), 22, 121 

Sawyer, Paul, 79, 84 

Scarp Crater (moon), 205 

Schaefer, Hermann J., 241 

Schaeffer, Dr. Oliver A., 265 

Schaibley, John R., 188 

Scheer, Julian W., 51, 200, 232 

Scherer, Lee R., 159, 255 

Schilling Trophy, 262-263 

Schlesinger, Dr. James R., 199, 213, 222, 

233,294,300, 311,346 

Schmickrath. Bernard A.. 178 

Schmitt, Dr.' Harrison H., 200-201, 217, 

229, 230, 234, 236, 312 

Schneider, William C., 358 

Schneiderman. Dan. 321 

Schultz, M/G Kenneth W. (USAF), 193 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

SCI Systems, Inc., 193 SCI Electronics, Inc., 193 

Science (see also National Academy of 

Sciences and National Science Foundation), 5, 58, 76, 234 

award, 17, 102, 138, 282, 307, 311 

benefits, 88, 146 

criticism, 147, 277, 283, 291, 303 

education. 288 

Governmint support of, 20, 40, 58, 88, 

human needs. 89. 108. 363 

99, 108, 116, 187, 216, 260, 363 

international 'cooueration. 177 

national poiicy ind goais, 17, 20, 51, 

54-55, 69, 81, 89, 167, 187, 296, 363 

President's Science Advisory Committee. 16. 49 

U.S.S.R.,' 82, 100, 110, 140, 163, 183, 

190, 210, 262, 291, 309, 311, 315, 323 

Science and Technology, Dept. of (proposed), 69 

Science Information Exchange, 82 

Science Research Council (SRC) (U.K.), 

348, 356 

Scientific Activities of Independent Nonprofit Institutions 1970 (NSF 71-9), 58 

Scientific Balloon Flight Station, Tex., I", 

ILL 

Scientific instrument module (SIM), 202, 

207. 223 

Scott, Miss Sheila, 220 

Scout (booster), 110, 164, 168, 189, 230, 

259. 319. 348 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 292 

Sea Grant Program, 99 

Sea of Fertility (Mare Fecunditatis) 

(moon). 7. 190. 246 

Sea of Rains (Mare Imbrium) (moon), 

4, 10, 66, 115, 133, 143, 167, 168, 196, 

223, 227, 278, 291 

Sea of Serenity (Mare Serenitatis) 

(moon). 143 

Sea of Tkanquility (Mare Tranquillitatis) (moon), 6, 13, 121 

Sea Sciences Corp., 292, 293 

Seabed Arms Control Treaty, 45, 47, 55 

Seaborg, Dr. Glenn T., 65, 194, 199, 213, 

215, 219, 233, 250, 253, 257 

Sealab Project, 292 

Seamans, Secretary of the Air Force, 

Dr. Robert C., Jr., 72, 87, 266 

Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, 278 

Seattle, Wash., 57, 63, 81, 166, 333 

Secret Sentries in Space, 24.3 

Seed experiment, space, 235 

Seiberling, Rep. John F., Jr., 38 

Seismometer experiment, lunar, 291 

ApoZZo 12, 7, 25, 63, 113, 203, 207, 236, 

245 

Apollo 14, 25, 30, 44, 63, 64, 13, 203, 

Apollo 15, 143. 203, 207. 222, 236. 245 

Scienhst-astronaut, 87, 90, 133, 138, 200- 

201, 217, 228-229, 230, 234, 236, 312 

Scientists, 1, 248 

207, 236, 245 

employment, 58, 76-77, 104-105, 118, 

119, 188, 252 

immigrant, 107 NASA programs, 96, 210 

reorientation, 221 

Union of Concerned Scientists, 209 

Scorpius (constellation), 93 

Scott AFR, IN., 132 

Scott, Cot. David R. (USAF) 

Apollo 15 mission, 114, 223, 226, 257- 

258, 298 

celebrations for, 222, 236, 237 

Congress, report to, 253-254 

extravehicular activity, 120-121, 203- 

204 

flight, 202-208 

Kennedy Space Center visit, 271 

Marshall Space Center visit, 272 

medical aspects, 118, 207, 222, 225, 

New York Times article. 200-201, 

Nixon, President Richard M., 201, 

preparations for, 114 

press conference, 120-121, 227 

tribute to, 121-122 

U.N. visit, 239 

Apollo 17 mission, 229 

awards and honors, 239, 260, 262, 266, 

European visit, 311 

Scott, Sen. Hugh, 191 

228, 261, 289 

228 

208, 221-222 

346-347 

Seitz, Dr. Frederick, 112, 113, 265 

Self-test and repair (STAR) computer, 179 

Serenitatis, Mare (Sea of Serenity), 143 

Sergievsky, Boris, 330 

Serphukov accelerator, U.S.S.R., 168, 182, 

299 

Servan-Schreiber, Jean Jacques, 73 

Service module (sM), 30, 141, 207 

SES-10033 (Surface Effect Ship), 200 

Sesp 1971-2 (Space Experiments Sup 

SEVA. See Stand-up extravehicular activity. 

Sevastyanov, Vitaly I., 152, 167, 266 SEWS. See Satellite Early Warning SysSeyfert Galaxy, 73-74, 89 

Shaffer, John H., 2, 65, 107, 194, 212, 

237, 287, 266, 332, 334, 351 

Shaniro. Dr. Irwin I.. 102. 310 

port Program satellite), 289 

tem. 

Shaplei Willis H., 60, 267 

Sharp, Mitchell W., 250 

Shatalov. Vladimir A., 16. 107, 283 

Shea, Joseph F., 102 

Sheldon, Dr. Charles S., 11, 7, 268, 362 

Shemya, Amchitka Island, 326 

Shepard, R/A Alan B., Jr. (USN), 247 

Apollo 14 mission, 35 

Congress, report to, 60-61 

docking, 25, 29-30 

extravehicular activity, 25-26, 27- 

28, 41, W7, 48, 51 

flight, 24-30 

medical aspects, 5, 30, 44+, 261 

golf shot, 28-29,106 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

463 

Nixon, President Richard M., 24, 31, 

preparations for, 4, 10, 22-23 

press conference, 4, 41, 59-60 

quarantine, 5, 30 

significance, 61 

splashdown, 30, 42 

appointment, 176, 254 

awards and honors, 72, 106, 242, 2616 

European tour, 150, 152 

Freedom 7 mission, 122 

promotion, 240 

tribute to, 42 

Shepherd, James T., 116 

Shields, Jack E., 133 

Shinsei (New Star) (Japanese satellite), 

Shklovsky, Dr. Yosif S., 248-249 

Short-range attack missile (SRAM), 8, 262 

Shuang-ch’eng spaceport, People’s Repuhlic of China, 53, 61 

Shuttle Technology Program-Fiscal 

Year 1972, 263 

Siberia, 210, 243, 288 

Significant NASA Inventions, Available 

for Licensing in Foreign Countries, 129 

Sikorskv. Aircraft Div.. United Aircraft 

42, 43 

268, 368 

I, 

Corp., 150, 357 

Sikorsky, Igor I., 150 

Silver, Dr. Leon T., 245. 257-258, 278 SIM. See Scientific instrument module. 

Simmons, Dr. Gene M., 183, 247 

Sinkiang Province, People’s Republic of 

Sirius (star), 306 

Sjoberg, Sigurd A., 57 

Sjogren, William L., 314 

Skully, Richard P., 237 

Skylah (spacecraft) (see also Airlock 

module; Apollo Telescope Mount: 

Multiple docking adapter; Orbital 

Workshop), 42, 152, 172, 183, 265 

Skylab program, 44+, 56, 172, 176, 328- 

China, 150 

329 

contract, 99, 106, 171, 175, 278, 279, 

286 crew preparation, selection, and training, 86-87, 132, 133, 284, 288, 346 

design. 64- 183 “I 1 

experiments, 10-11, 38, 87, 106-107, 

funds, 20-21, 94, 157, 173, 198-199, 

173, 175, 183, 193-194, 268-269, 342, 

358-359, 361 

221- 368 -7 --- 

hardware, 64, 265, 281, 284, 323, 346, 

international cooperation, 10, 38, 44, 

353, 355, 368-369 

? -0 

1 I5 

medical aspects, 167, 193-194, 256, 276, 

342 NASA program, 10-11, 39, 62-63, 84, 

86-87, 94-95, 127, 164, 172, 267, 291, 

safety aspects, 42 

space rescue program, 64, 68-69, 163- 

302, 324, 361, 363-364, 368 

164, 173, 198-199 

test, 11, 44 132, 152, 252, 258, 276, 

Skylah Student Education Conference, 

353, 355 

268-269 

Skylab Student Project, 268-269 

Stater. John C.. 18 

Slayton,. Donald K., 39, 176, 181 

Small .Astronomy Satellite (SAS), 67 

Small Scientific Satellite, 319, 365, 369 

Small Business Administration, 334 

Smelt, Dr. Ronald, 102 

Smith, Dr. Bradford A., 313, 339 

Smith, Delbert E., 117 

Smith, Sen. Margaret Chase, 24, 68 

Smith, W. B., 310 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 

(SAO) (Camhridge, Mass.), 7, 40, 313 

Smithsonian Institution, 24, 52, 82, 97, 

101, 130, 135, 153, 195, 301, 309 

Smog research, 170 SMS. See Synchronous Meteorological 

SMS-A (Synchronous Meteorological SatSmyth, Robert K., 141 

SNAP-SA (radioisotope thermoelectric 

Explorer 42 (Uhuru), 89, 113, 131, 319 

SAS-B, 356 

Satellite. 

ellite), 356 

generator), 180 

SNAP-19, 250 

SNAP-27. 250 SNECMA (Soci6t6 Nationale d’ctude et 

de Construction de Moteurs d’Aviation), 267 

Snow, Edgar, 84 

Snow, Dr. Joel A., 301 SNSO. See AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Systems Office. 

Snyder, Dr. Conway W., 144 

Society of Aerospace Material & Process 

Society of American Test Pilots, 259 

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 

Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 312 

Society of Sigma Xi, 283 

Sodium experiment, 251, 256 

Sokolsky, V. N., 234, 261 

Solar cell, 4, 12, 369 

Solar corona, 277-278 

Solar energy, 129, 154 

Solar flare, 56, 190, 277, 302, 304, 349, 

Engineers, 279 

130, 161, 326 

365 

Solar neutrino, 113 

Solar radiation satellite. See Solrad 8, 9, 

Solar wind, 67, 73, 93, 341, 354 

Solrad 8 (Explorer 30) (solar radiation 

Solrad 9 (Explorer 37), 190 

Solrad 10 (Explorer 44) (Solrad-C), 

Somnium, 233-234 

Sonett, Dr. Charles P., 5, 64, 350 

Sonic boom, 78, 112, 122, 351 

and 10. 

experiment, 27, 144 

satellite), 190 

189-190, 240, 365 
Sophia, Princess (Spain), 24-25 

Sorells, A. R., 90 

Sortie can, 334, 340 

Sounding rocket (see also individual 

sounding rockets: Aerobee, Arcas, 

Black Brant VB, Centaure, Javelin, 

Nike-Apache, Nike-Cajun, NikeTomahawk ; Vertikal-2) 

international programs, 236, 252, 369 

NASA-Canada, 8, 9, 14, 50, 63, 89, 174, 

192, 246, 248 

-France, 64, 74, 78, 82, 259, 370 

-India, 111, 115 

-India-Tanan. - , 111 --- 

-U.S.S.R., 10, 133-134 

U.S.S.R.-France, 359 

Sours, Wayne P., 269 

South Africa, 267 

South Carolina Lions Clubs, 140 

South Dakota, 128 

South Pole, 310,329 

Southwest Research Institute, 15 

Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences, 163 

Soviet Academy of Sciences, 73, 94, 100, 

119, 127, 140, 145, 163, 181, 182, 218, 

268, 277, 357 

Council for International Cooperation 

in Space Research, 217 

honorary membership, 65, 194 

Intercosmos Council, 171 

international cooperation, 249 

international cooperation, space, 10, 16, 

77, 88, 133, 217, 242, 283, 293, 340, 

347, 353, 359, 369 

lunar rock samples, exchange of, 88, 

159, 190 

Soviet Council of Ministers, 200 

Soviet Party Congress, 94 

Soviet Space Programs, 1966-70, 132 

The Soviet SST, 126 

Soviet State Committee for Nuclear 

Soviet State Planning Committee, 121 

Soyuz (program), 284 

Soyuz (U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 16, 152, 177 

Soyuz 1 mission, 266 

Soyuz 9 mission, 155-156, 169 

Soyuz 10 mission, 107, 112, 119, 121, 283 

Soyuz 11 mission, 154-156, 180-181, 185, 

186, 187, 226, 283, 299, 366 

Space and Missile Systems Organization 

(SAMSO), 102, 178, 188, 266, 290, 310, 

336 

Space biology, 99, 325 

animal experiments, 127, 182, 235 

award, 163, 298,325 

back contamination, 115 

environment, effects of, 167, 225, 228, 

extraterrestrial life, 167, 248-249, 322, 

337-338, 345, 369 

international cooperation, 11, 36, 284, 

325, 359 

International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in 

Space, Fourth, 277 

Energy, 219 

256, 261, 277 

life support system, 95-96, 105, 156, 

181, 193-194, 196-197, 208, 231, 

235, 244, 308, 311-312 

lunar soil experiment, 6, 111 

medical benefits, 183, 189, 235, 292, 368 

meeting, 253 

NASA program, 138, 189, 210, 235, 245, 

284 

Apollo 14 mission, 5, 14, 17, 30, 35, 

Apollo 15 mission, 188, 193, 196-197, 

Skylab, 132, 193-194, 288 

44, 63, 261 

207, 223, 225, 228, 289 

nutrition, 177, 276, 289 

radiation effects, 63, 235, 261, 325-326 

Soyuz 11 accident cause, 187 

U.S.S.R. program, 176-177 

weightlessness, effects of, 127, 132, 163, 

181, 342 

Space debris, 166, 173, 181-187, 209 

Space Electronics Corp., 57 

Space Flight Award (AAS), 179 

Space General Corp., 57 

Space law, 153 

Space, military use of, 77 

communications, 37, 41, 74, 80, 87, 95, 

306, 336, 365 

NATO, 36, 41, 365 

navigation, 94 

reconnaissance, 124, 328 

space shuttle, 75, 87, 95, 328 , US. (see also unidentified satellite), 

74, 87, 95, 124, 306, 328, 336 

U.S.S.R., 7, 24, 115, 158, 172, 176, 

191-192, 296, 338, 362 

Space, peaceful use of, 10, 16, 91, 101 

Space program, national (see also individual programs, such as Apollo program: and National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration, budget), 67, 

162, 172, 243, 275-276, 282, 283, 

328-329, 342-343, 365-368 

achievements, 7-8, 51, 167, 179, 225, 

253. 364-369 

manned space flight, 30, 42, 47, 48, 

208, 209, 223-224, 253-254, 361, 

364, 368 

Aeronautics and Space Report of the 

President, Transmitted to the Congress, January 1971, 37 

anniversary, 142, 180 

benefits. See Suace results. 

budget, 7-8, 14, 20-21, 31, 32, 38, 57, 

62, 112, 119, 121, 220, 221 292, 

363364. 368 

cost, 50-51, 62 

criticism, 20, 32, 43, 133, 145, 146, 211, 

employment, 61-62, 75-76, 172, 179, 

229, 236 

368 

international aspects (see also International coooeration. soace). 7-8. 

10-11, 15-i6, 17, i8, '37, 45, 5d 

55, 60-61, 68, 96, 133, 138-139, 

159. 165. 185. 191. 247-248. 249- 

25d, 263; 265,. 324 ' 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

a 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

management, 69-70, 72, 106 

military aspects, 7-8 

Nixon, President Richard M., 42, 54- 

55. 59. 161. 263-264. 265 

objecti&’67, 105, 117,‘ 215, 263-264, 

policy, 7-8, 32-33, 51, 67, 121. 127- 

272-273, 280-281, 343-344 

128, 145, 146, 163-164, 165, 181, 

183, 199, 200, 212, 213, 267, 324 

62, 67, 74, 89, 93, 96-97, 105, 139, 

press comment, 32, 74, 223-224 

press conference, 21-22, 119, 122, 127, 

significance, 31, 42, 59, 126, 225, 281 

Space Program Advisory Council, 105 

U.S.S.R. vs. U.S. See Space race. 

p~t-Apollo, 21-22, 45, 51, 57-58, 61- 

145, 263, 324, 328-329 

139 

Space race, 7, 16, 24, 25, 62, 91, 111- 

112, 121, 158, 185, 223, 229, 329, 330, 

331, 366 

Space rescue, 22, 64, 68-69, 140, 164, 

Space results (see also Earth; Mars; 

Moon : Venus : individual Drobes. 

173, 198 

satellites, and sounding rockek), 43; 

321. 368 

47, 51, 93, 126, 136-137, 167, 172, 

215-216, 217-218, 221-229, 298, 312, 

agriculture, 37, 98, 368, 369 

aircraft, 70, 74 

astronomy, 67, 93, 113, 223, 239, 245, 

communications, 37, 126, 281, 368 

computer, 32, 98-99, 106-107, 121-122, 

earth sciences, 19, 32-33, 44, 48, 67, 

economic benefits, 51, 166, 172 

education, 37, 117, 243 

engineering, 140, 259, 308, 309, 368- 

369 

environmental sciences, 37, 67, 162, 

231, 320-321, 322, 324, 348, 368 

For the Benefit of all Mankind: A 

Survey of the Practical Returns from 

Space Investment, 350-351 

international relations, 44 

materials technology, 23, 72, 74, 350- 

351 

257, 265-266, 281, 314, 315, 318, 321, 

332-333, 342, 349, 358-359, 368 

162 

119-120, 128, 137, 171, 174-175, 198, 

230, 253, 261, 281, 309, 324, 369-370 

medicine, 98-99, 106-107, 188, 189, 

193-194, 199-200, 235, 253, 256, 

261. 271-272. 292. 368 

meteoroIogy, 37, 281, 303, 327 

military, 70, 75, 87,95 

navigation, 37 

oceanography, 120, 348 

science and technglogy, 315 

social problems, 342 

transportation, 37, 251, 257, 259 

Space Science Award (AIAA), 15 

space shuttle, 44, 58, e, 95, 139-140, 

213, 229 

contract, 60, 101, 105, 106, 132, 165, 

187, 193, 218, 233, 240, 245-246, 272, 

276, 281, 298, 320, 328, 345, 353-354, 

356 

cooperation, 87, 93, 244, 257, 276 

criticism. 145-146 

cost, 24, 62, 94, 127-128, 145, 172, 

182-183, 257, 315 

design, 60, 64, 80, 87, 132, 161, 165, 

171, 218, 272, 281, 352, 356, 362- 

363, 365 

develomnent site. 145. 281 

engine, 60, 87, 160, 193, 232, 240, 245- 

funds for, 14, 20, 22, 37, 50-51, 80, 

246,345,354,356 

87. 94. 116. 129. 152, 157. 177-178, 

198-199. 221. 226. 229. 368 

international &operation,7 3, 16, 37, 45, 

launch and landing sites, 2. 281 

278, 291, 340-341, 369-370 

meeting, 42, 75, 918, 279; 291, 352 

military application, 87, 280, 328 NASA program, 50-51, 62-63, 93, 127- 

128, 129, 139-140, 145, 160, 164, 165, 

182-183, 192-193, 213, 263, 264,275- 

276, 280, 297, 324, 330, 334 

patent, 171 

press comment, 14 

safety, 42 

shuttle pilot study, 308 

Shuttle Technology Program-Fiscal 

Year 1972, 263 

tests, 60, 87 

test facilities, 8, 60 

nology Conference, 352 

Space Shuttle Aerothermodynamics TechSpace Shuttle Technology Conference, 98 

Space Shuttle Technologies, FY 1971 

Space station (see also Salyut I and 

Programs, 129 

Skylab), 44, 58, 249 

contract, 174 

criticism, 145 

design, 3-4,12, 175, 183 

international cooperation, 3, 10, 38, 45, 

military, 229 NASA program, 10-11, 12, 14, 50, 88, 

use. 10-11.90.342 

173, 278, 333 

127-128, 139-140, 145, 172, 174-175, 

192, 228-229, 334 

U.S.S.R., 61,‘100, 101, 107-108, 110- 

111, 115, 154-155, 163, 188, 18% 

190, 197, 282-283, 365-366 

Space tug, 224, 278, 340 

Spacecraft (see also individual spacecraft, such as Apollo, Explorer, 

Luna, Mariner, Skylab) 

accident. See Accident, spacecraft. 

airlock, 284 

command and service module. See 

Command and service module. 

command module. See Command module. 

computer, 179 

Contamination, 56 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

debris, 313-314 

design, 15, 64, 68, 80 

eleckical systems, 244 

equipment, 106, 183, 207, 254, 264, 

265, 284, 302, 306, 323, 328, 330, 

344 

exhibit, 152, 153 

instrumentation, 8, 10-11, 14, 35-36, 

38, 174-175, 236-237, 240, 277, 278, 

321, 355 

international cooperation, 105 

life support system, 95-96, 99, 156, 

lunar module. See Lunar module. 

materials technology, 87, 195, 279 

multiple docking adapter, 284, 323, 

34.6, 353, 355 

propulsion. See Engine; NERVA; Nuclear propulsion; and individual 

launch vehicles. such as Saturn. 

181, 193-194, 196-197, 235, 308 

research and applications module 

(RAM), 3, 101, 192-193, 330, 334, 

337, 340 

safety, 42, 64, 68-69, 178, 261, 362- 

363 

scientific instrument module, 203, 207, 

service module. See Service module. 

test, 86-87, 132, 152, 232, 258, 264, 327 

Spacesuit, 153, 156, 196, 223, 286, 288 

Spacetrack system, 290-291 

Spain, 43, 112 

Spartan (missile), 4, 311, 326, 346 

Spectrograph, 8 

Spectroheliograph, 8 

Spectrometer, 10-11, 144, 148, 175, 195- 

Speer, Dr. F. A., 98 

Sperry, Lawrence, Award, 298 

Sperry Rand Corp., 159 

Spin-scan camera, 15 

Spinar (celestial object), 73 

Spirit of '76, The (Presidential aircraft), 

212, 326-327, 350 

Spitz, Dr. Armand N., 103 

Spitz Laboratories, 103 

Spivak, Jonathan, 182-183 

Spring Mill State Park, Ind., 199 

Sprint (missile), 4, 43, 77-78, 125, 361 

Spruce Goose (flying boat), 45, 197 SPS. See Service propulsion system. 

Spur Crater (moon ) , 205 

Sputnik (U.S.S.R. satellite), 145 

Sputnik 1, 24, 59, 113, 209 

Sputnik 2, 24 

SR-71 (reconnaissance aircraft), 115 SRAM. See Short-range attack missile. SRC. See Science Research Council 

223 

196,220-221, 265-266, 31% 

(U.K.). 

Sriharikota Island, India, 282 

SS-6 (Sapwood) (U.S.S.R. ICBM), 362 

SS-9 (U.S.S.R. ICBM), 84, 117, 135, 152, 

194, 362 

SS-11 (U.S.S.R. ICBM), 146 SST. See Supersonic transport. 

Staats, Comptroller General Elmer B., 

Stafford, Maj. Thomas P. (USAF), 176, 

218 

186 

Stand-up extravehicular activity (SEVA) , 

Standard Oil Co. of New Jersev. 170 

203-204 

_, 

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 36 

Stanford Research Institute, 291 

Stanford Univ., 13, 15, 98, 183, 197, 235, 

Stanford Univ. Medical Center Cardi248, 298 

ology Dept., 301 

Star, 13, 36, 38, 60, 113, 226, 239, 350 STAR. See Self-test and repair computer. STAR (Satellites for Telecommunications, 

Applications, and Research) (consortium), 19 

Star City, U.S.S.R., 16 

State, Dept. of, 45, 48, 77, 102, 120, 237, 

272, 358, 369-370 

State Univ. of New York 

Buffalo, 201 

Stonv Brook, 192. 257.260. 265 

Statements by Presidents of the United 

States on International Cooperation in 

Space-A Chronology: October 1957- 

August 1971 (Sen. Doc. 92-40), 265 

5techer, Theodore P., 36 

Stein, Andrew J., 2 

Steinbacher, Dr. Robert H., 301, 318 

Stennis, Sen. John C., 19, 351 

Stereo-1 (U.S.S.R.-France Mars experiStevens, Peter, 347 

Stevenson, M/G John D. (USAF, Ret.), 

Stever, Dr. H. Guyford, 320, 341 

Steward Observatory, 40 

Stockholm, Sweden, 282,329 

Stokes, Mayor Carl B., 2 STOL (short takeoff and landing) aircraft, 298, 363 

Canada, 147, 280 

contract, 19, 187, 300, 338, 365 

cooperative research, 39, 71, 218, 267, 

Italv. 315 

ment), 354 

12 

290, 315 

NASA program, 21, 22, 39, 71, 97, 127, 

171, 187, 218, 233, 290, 301, 308, 

337,338,365,369 

STOLAND (advanced STOL avionics sysStoner, George H., 57 

Strasser, Gabor, 363 

Strategic Air Command (SAC), 279 

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), 

55, 74, 148, 189, 190, 194, 195, 252, 

264-265, 266 

Stratoscope I1 (balloon-borne telescope), 

121, 253 

Strughold, Dr. Hubertus, 298, 325 

Stuhbs, Dr. Peter, 57 

tem), 187 

STOLport, 19 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

A Study OJ NACA and NASA Published 

Information of Pertinence in the Design of Light Aircraft, 56 

Stuhlinger, Dr. Ernst, 334 

Submarine, missile-carrying, 224, 283, 286 

Subsatellite, 87, 207, 225, 365 

Suffolk County, N.Y., 295 

Sukhanovsky, A., 315 

Sukhoi Su-11 (U.S.S.R. fighter aircraft), 

Sullivan, Rep. Leonor K., 247 

Sullivan, Walter S., 223, 287, 342 

Sun, 113,223, 257,350 

satellite data, 269, 335, 349 

sounding rocket data, 228, 252 

Sunspots, 56, 304 

Suomi, Verner E., 15 

Super Guppy (NASA cargo aircraft), 281, 

Super nova, 36 

Superconstellation (transport aircraft), 

Supercritical wing. See Wing, aircraft. 

Supersonic transport (SST) (see also 

Concorde and Tu-lM), 119, 192 

cost, 73, 82, 84, 157, 346, 351 

criticism, 73 

design and development, 60-61, 90,264, 

323, 326 

sconomic aspects, 56, 82, 109, 130, 131 

Final Report oj the Ad Hoc Supersonic Transport Review committee of 

the Ofice of Science and Technol- om. March 30. 1969. 232 

360 

288, 355 

101 

foreygn, 82, 85, 147, 214, 280-281, 332 

funds, 21, 74, 78, 80-81, 82, 98, 129- 

130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 139, 211, 

232. 366 

hazards, 6061, 150, 240-241, 242 

international aspects, 84-85, 109 

Nixon, President Richard M., 37, 81, 

press comment, 78, 79, 85, 119, 129- 

press conference, 48, 138, 148, 351 

sonic boom, 351 

The Supersonic Transport: (Study), 56 

The Supersonic Transport: A Factual 

Suprathermal ion detector experiment, 

Surface propulsion system (SPS), 203 

Surveyor (program), 47,212 

Surveyor 3 (lunar probe), 57, 83 

Sutherland, Dr. Earl W., Jr., 282 

Sutter, Dr. John F., 257, 265 

Swan experiment, 10 

Swann, Dr. Gordon A., 245, 279 

Swearingen Aircraft Co., 309 

Sweden, 3, 19, 96, 198, 213, 313, 341, 

Swenson, Dr. Loyd S., Jr., 234 

Swigert, John L., Jr., 68, 75, 179, 266 

Swiss Transport Museum, 267 

Switzerland, 50, 305 

Symington, Rep. James W., 38 

82, 130,349-350, 351 

130, 139 

Basis for Decision, 60 

142, 288, 291 

345, 346 

Symington, Sen. Stuart, 19 

Symphonie (West German comsat), 352 

Symposium on Clean Room TechnolSymposium on Uranium Plasmas: ReSynchronous Meteorological Satellite 

Synthesis (radio telescope), 279 

Syromyatnikov, V. S., 254 

Szent-Gyorgi, Dr. Albert, 296 

ogy in Surgery Suites, 139 

search and Applications, 2nd, 320 

(SMS) , 21-22, 356 

T 

T-33 (jet trainer), 115, 308 

Tacsat I (comsat), 74 

TACT. See Transonic Aircraft TechnolTactical Air Command, 262 

Takizawa, Ataru, 138-139 

Talkeetna, AIaska, 69 

Tango-Kilo (satellite reconnaissance intelligence), 124 

Tansei (MST-1) (Japanese satellite), 

Tanum, Sweden, 341 

Task Force on Science and Technology, 

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 

Taurus (constellation), 350 

Tavlor. Dr. Gerald R h 

ogy Program. 

48, 161-162, 200, 368 

320 

6 

Tailor: John- W. R.: $96 

TD-1 (ESRO scientific satellite), 356 TDRSS. See Tracking and data relay satellite system. 

Teague, Rep. Olin E., 38, 63, 142, 222 

Technology, 4, 16, 89, 146147, 283 

benefits, 20, 126, 216, 272 

exhibit, 99, 301 

funding, 20, 109, 116, 118, 331-332 

international aspects, 17,55 

policy, 50, 55, 81, 86, 109, 116, 213, 

U.S.S.R., 311 

248, 263-264, 275, 290-291, 303, 331- 

332, 344, 362 

Technology, Inc., 276 

Technology Mobilization and ReemployTechnology unitization, space, 53, 76, 81, 

ment Program, 94, 119, 141-142 

129, 283, 350-351 

agriculture, 10-11, 368 

communications, 18, 37, 368 

earth resources, 10-11, 325 

ecology, 164 321 

economic problems, 160,283 

education, 37, 306 

engineering, 311, 334-335 

environmental problems, 96, 307, 324- 

325, 368 

health, 306 

materials technology, 250, 259 

medicine, 98-99, 180, 199-200, 235, 

250, 253, 292, 301, 322, 350-351, 368 
meteorology, 37 

oceanography, 10-11, 104 

Office of Technology Transfer (proposed), 173 

pollution control, 322 

press comment, 140 

safety, 146 

science, 350 

social problems, 160, 301, 303, 306, 342 

transportation, 37, 160, 309 

urban planning, 281 

Tektite I, Project, 263 

Tele-Communications, Inc., 74 

Telesat Canada, 128 

Telesat-A (Canadian comsat), 128, 356 

Telescope (see also Radiotelescope), 54, 

67. 121. 253 I. 

Telescope, space (see also Apollo TeleTelevision, 52, 83, 186, 237-238 

scope Mount), 67, 330 

Apollo 14, 10, 23, 25-30, 40, 41, 43, 

65 

Apollo 15, 197, 203, 206-207, 213, 215- 

Apollo 16, 267 

educational, 161, 264 

Lunokhod 1,8,220 

Mariner 9, 318 

Soyuz 10, 108 

Soyuz 11, 156 

via satellite, 23, 71, 88, 98, 128, 161, 

216 

210, 330,354,355 

Teller, Dr. Edward, 152 

Tennessee Technological Univ., 298-299 

Tennessee. Univ. of. Suace Institute. 240 

Tereshkova, Valentina: See NikolayevaTereshkova, Valentina. 

Terhune, L/G Charles H. (USAF, Ret.), 

159-160 

TERLS. See Thumba Equatorial Rocket 

Launching Station. 

Test Vehicle 3 (TV-31, 135 

Teton National Park. 112 

Tetr 3 (Test and ' Training Satellite), 

269, 365 

Texas, 370 

Texas ABM Univ., 111 

Texas Instruments, Inc., 170 

Texas, Univ. of, 144, 193 

Textron, Inc. 

Bell Aerospace Go., div., 200, 290, 361 

Bell Helicouter Co.. div.. 357 I, 

TF-8A (jet research aircraft), 122, 356 

contract, 345346 

test flight, 65-66, 77, 9&95, 101, 114- 

115, 140, 145, 163, 165, 192, 233, 

240-241, 252, 256, 270-271, 27'2, 

278-279, 287, 345, 349, 365-366 

Thackray, Arnold, 187-188 

Thant, U, U.N. Secretary General, 153- 

154, 222, 239,252 

Tharsis (Mars), 321 

Thayer, Sylvanus, Award, 121 

Thermoelectric Outer Planet Spacecraft 

(TOPS), 179 

Thermonuclear fusion, 213 

T' 'ry, Paul, 309 

This Island Earth (NASA SP-2501, 48 

This New Ocean: A History of Project 

Mercury, 234 

Thomas, Dr. Gary, 2,93 

Thompson-csF, 3 

Thompson, Gerald M., 161 

Thompson Trophy Race, 382 

Thor-Able-Star (booster), 180 

Thor-Agena (booster), 8, 48 

Thorad-Agena, 80-81, 195, 254, 289, 3sn 

ThorTBker I1 (booster), 48, 157, 287 

Thor-Delta (booster), 120, 269, 300-301 

longtank, thrust-augmented, 294-295, 

thrust-augmented, 72-73,106 

300-301 

Thorpe, Day, 5 

3C-279 (quasar), 102 

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching 

Station (TERLS), India, 18-19, 105, 

111, 115 

Tidbinbilla, Australia, 69 

Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft Technology Program, 272 

Time magazine, 281 

Tischler, Adelbert O., 291 

Titan (booster). 153 

Titan IIIB-Agena, 11 

Titan IIIB-Agena D, 79 

Titan IIIC, 95, 122, 306, 310, 313, 329 

Titan IIID, 163 

Titan (missile), 224-225 

Tito, President Josip Broz (Yugoslavia), 

286 

Tito, Mrs. Josip Broz, 286 TLI: translunar injection. 

Tobias, Dr. Cornelius A., 63 

Toksoz, Dr. Mehmet Nafi, 345 

Tokyo, Japan, 133,138,257 

Tokyo, Univ. of, 83-84 

Institute of Space and Aeronautical 

Science, 9, 48 

Topaz (U.S.S.R. nuclear reactor), 250 TOPS. See Thermoelectric Outer Planet 

Spacecraft. 

Torell, Bruce N., 178, 218 

Toro (asteroid). 281-282. 232-233 

Toronto, Univ. of, 315 ' 

Toulouse, France, 150,242,248 

Tournesol (French satellite), 103, 369 

Townsend, John W., Jr., 19,302 

Tracked air cushion research vehicle, 

182, 348 

Tracked Hovercraft, Ltd., 348 

Tracking, 209 

Apollo 14 mission, 30 

balloon, 250-251,254 

budget, 21 

cooperation, international, 106, 36% 

370 

deep space (DSN) antenna, 69, 102, 

313, 318 

military, 357-358 

MSFN, 27,69,269 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

468 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

satellite, 102, 290 

ship, 350, 357-358 

sounding rocket, 64 

station, 97 

Australia, 69 

South Africa, 267 

Spain, 69 

Tracking and data relay satellite system (TDRSS). 173 

Tracking ship, '350 

Trans World Airlines, Inc. (TWA), 71 

Transit &A (navigation satellite), 180 

Transonic Aircraft Technology Program 

TRANSPO '72, 309 

Transportation, Dept. of (DOT) (see also 

Federal Aviation Administration), 

288, 307 

(TACT 1, 165, 272 

air traffic control, 85 

automated transit system, 47, 55 

award, 75 

budget. 21. 211. 226 

conGadt, 19, 4?, 85, 182 

cooperation, 3, 39, 53-54, 121-122, 187, 

218-219.242.290. 369 

facilities, 194, 247, 264 

general-aviation safety, 276-277 

noise abatement, 21, 122-123, 242, 290 

organization, 81-82 

personnel, 45, 107, 123-124, 193, 253, 

323 

R&D, 82, 122-123, 369 STOL aircraft, 19, 39, 187, 218-219, 290 

supersonic transport, 21, 60, 74, 75, 81, 

tracked air cushion research vehicle, 

82, 84-85, 88, 129-130, 211, 323 

183 

___ Transportation Systems Center, 82 

Treasury Dept., 266 

Treaty, 45, 47, 55, 88, 153-154, 162, 173, 

Tribus, Myron, 11 

Trubshaw, Brian, 48 

Truman. President Harm S.. 248 

313-314 

Truszynski, Gerald M., 69,97 

Truxal, Dr. John G., 16-17 TRW Inc., 89, 117, 174, 282. 306, 327, 

345-346 

Systems Group, 329, 335-336 

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 234 

Tu-104 (U.S.S.R. jet airliner), 140 

Tu-134 (U.S.S.R. jet airliner), 140 

Tu-144 ( U.S.S.R. supersonic transport), 

77, 79, 85, 126, 127, 147, 150, 157, 

214, 232, 249, 263, 264, 314 

Tu-154 (U.S.S.R. jet airliner), 140 

Tucker, Dr. Wallace, 113 

Tucson, Aris, 40, 281 

Tullahoma, Tenn., 60 

Tumulty, William T., Jr., 269 

Tupolev, Aleksey A., 127, 148, 264 

Tupolev, Andrey N., 260, 263, 264 

Turbine-alternator compressors ( TAC) , 

Turbo-Mallard (amphibious aircraft), 

147 

288 

Turcat, Andrb, 249 

TWA. See Trans World Airlines, Inc. 

27th Tactical Fighter Wing, 314 

Tycho Crater (moon), 245 

U 

u-2 (reconnaissance aircraft), 95, 115, 

Uchinoura Space Center, Japan, 9, 48, 

UH-ID (helicopter), 74 UHF: ultrahigh frequency. 

Uhuru (Explorer 42) (Small AstronU.K. See United Kingdom. 

Ulan Bator, Mongolia, 238 ULMS. see Underwater long-range missiIe system. 

Ultraviolet (uv), 8, 14, 23, 60, 119, 135, 

148, 189, 220, 242, 302, 318, 327, 366 

Ultraviolet panorama (S-138) experiment, 38 

U.N. See United Nations. 

Underground nuclear tests, 300, 303 

Underwater long-range missile system 

(ULMS), 335 

Unemployment Rates for Scientists, 

Spring 1971 (NSF report), 188 

Unidentified satellite, 11, 49, 79, 80, 107, 

122, 157, 163, 195, 227, 254, 287, 296, 

341, 350 

120, 158,281, 329 

200, 268 

omy Satellite), 89, 113, 131, 319 

Union of Concerned Scientists, / 209 

United Aircraft Corp. 

Hamilton Standard Div., 363 

Pratt & Whitney Div., 60, 96, 131, 

178, 198, 218, 232, 240, 246, 300, 

354, 356 

Sikorsky Aircraft Div., 150, 357 

United Airlines, 211 

United Automobile, Aerospace, and 

Agricultural Implementation Workers 

of America. 343 

United Cerebral Palsy Research Foundation, 253 

United Kingdom (U.K.), 171, 249, 287, 

312, 331 

aerospace industry, 88, 173, 329 

aircraft, 80, 224, 300, 329, 346 

aircraft carrier, 224 

Apollo 14 mission, reaction, 43 

booster, 211, 300, 310 

computer use, 122 

cooperation, space, 3, 16, 19, 37, 57- 

Defence Ministry, 303, 329 

hovertrain, 348 

launch, 365, 368 

Concorde, 157, 214,346 

58, 96, 291, 310, 348, 369 

Ariel 4 (UK-4) (scientific satellite), 348 

Prosper0 (X-3) (technology satellite, 300 

missile-firing submarines, 224 

459 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

nuclear power, 252 

research and applications modules 

Science Research Council, 348, 356 

space shuttle, 16, 37, 291 

United Nations (U.N.), 70, 104, 110, 120, 

166, 171, 250, 361,370 

Apollo 15 message, 222 

astronaut visit, 65, 238, 239 

Committee on the Peaceful Uses of 

General Assembly, 153, 252, 254, 257, 

lunar law treaty draft, 153 

Scientific Subcommittee on Space, 198 

(RAM), 3 

Outer Space, 173,182, 334 

313, 334 

United Nations Day, 191 

United Nations Peace Medal, 318 

United States (US.) (see also appropriate agencies and Congress) 

atlas, 11 

award, 38-39, 60, 102, 139, 282, 307, 

314 

budget, 17, 20-21, 118 

communications, 3, 71 

defense, 20, 21, 103-104, 119, 124, 170, 

disarmament, 74, 85, 136 

economy, 71-72, 160, 295 

education, 146, 161, 260 

employment, 3-4, 20, 63, 76, 104-105, 

253, 308, 309 

energy sources, 129, 154 

engineering, 308 

environmental program (see also Air 

pollution; Noise, aircraft; and Water pollution), 2, 13, 42, 76, 78, 96, 

170, 180, 231 

foreign policy, 54-55, 117 

Government reorganization, proposed, 

international cooperation, 17, 104, 190, 

191 

international cooperation, space. See 

International cooperation, space. 

meteorology, 2, 103, 180, 303-304 

metric system, 212 

nuclear nonproliferation treaty. See 

Nuclear nonproliferation treaty. 

oceanography, 12,19, 24,45 

patent policy. 238-239 

194, 201, 224-225, 284, 288, 319- 

320, 360, 361 

118, 119, 124, 141-142, 188, 252- 

81-82, 154 

Eesearch and development, 13, 20, 33, 

201, 251, 291, 303, 305, 331-332, 

336, 363 

116, 118, 122-123, 124-125, 175-176, 

science and technology, 11, 17, 18, 20, 

30, 40, 58, 69, 76, 86, 89, 99, 104, 

108-109, 113, 118, 126, 127-128, 147, 

160, 167, 173, 187-188,197, 248, 260, 

291, 296, 303, 331332, 363-364 

space program. See Space program, 

national; Space race; Space results. 

transportation (see aIso Supersonic 

transport), 36, 47, 53, 82, 128-129 

Vietnam war. See Vietnam war. 

United States and Soviet Progress in 

United States Space Science Program, 

Universe, 132 

Space: Some New Contrasts, 7-8 

167 

Universities, 68, 85, 146, 161, 210, 248, 

Uranus (planet), 22 

Urey, Dr. Harold C., 6, 109 

US. Air Force (USAF) (see also individual bases, centers, and com- mands, such as Air Force Academy, 

Air Force Systems Command, Air 

Defense Command, Arnold Engineering Development Center, Edwards AFB) 

aircraft (see also individual aircraft, 

such as G5A, F-15, F-111, Helicopter, YF-lZ), I, 21, 70, 87, 94, 

95, 112, 168, 239, 248, 255, 263, 

279, 300, 302, 344 

anniversary, 94 

award, 72, 178, 266, 354 

budget, 94. 263 

306, 308 

conGact, 2, 8, 12, 94, 294, 300, 310, 

cooperation, 65, 70, 87, 95, 130, 142, 

312, 341 

165, 173-174, 199, 210, 218-219, 

225, 237, 272-276, 278, 281, 290, 

328, 351, 365 

FRUSA (flexible rolled-up solar array), 8 

launch 

satellite, 11, 49, 79, 80, 107, 122, 

254, 287, 289, 296, 306, 350, 365 

failure, 49, 342 

lifting body, 11, 39, 49, 65, 85, 130, 

142, 153, 210-211, 351, 365 

missile program, 77-78, 95, 199, 224, 

225, 262, 266, 312, 346 

personnel, 11, 36, 42, 180-181, 186, 

191, 193, 320 

reentry vehicle, 220-221 

satellite, 243 

space program (see also Defense, 

space shuttle, 276 

Transonic Aircraft Technology (TACT) 

US. Arms Control and Disarmament 

Agency, 74 

US. Army (USA), 43, 70, 74, 182, 186, 

189, 272, 288, 294, 351, 357, 361, 365 

U.S. Army (USA) Air Mobility Research and Development Laboratory, 

233 

US. Coast Guard, 21 

US. Conference of Mayors, 177 

US. Court of Appeals, District of CoU.S. Forest Service, 129 

U.S. Geological Survey (USCS), 11, 104, 

157, 163, 195-196, 220-221, 227, 

Dept. of), 94, 328 

Program, 165, 272 

lumbia, 300 

120, 171, 224, 245, 279, 281, 339-340, 

348, 351 

470 
U.S. Marine Corps (uSMC), 80 

US. Military Academy, 11 

US. Military Academy Assn. of Graduates, 121 

182 

US. Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, 

U.S. Navy (USN) ,18,241 

aircraft, 11-12, 17, 18, 41, 445-47, 70, 

112, 124, 141, 152, 163, 210, 211, 

212. 219, 246. 252, 255. 271, 272, 

284; 286,‘ 301,. 322, 323 . 

award, 72 

contract, 329, 335 

cooaeration, 119-120. 244. 369-370 

missile, 52, 335 

missile-firing ship, 125 

personnel, 47, 345 

satellite, 95, 180 

Sealab Project, 292-293 

space shuttle, 244 

spacecraft recovery force, 349 

surface effect ship, 18, 199-200 

U.S. Postal Service, 232 

US. Supreme Court, 49,65 

USA. See US. Army. 

USAF. See US. Air Force. 

“USAF in Space” (exhibit), 153 

USGS. See U.S. Geological Survey. 

USMc. See U.S. Marine Corps. 

USN. See US. Navy. 

U.S.S. Nathaniel Greene (submarine). 

309 

U.S.S. New Orleans, 30, 42 

U.S.S. Observation Island, 125 

U.S.S. Okinawa, 207, 222 

U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (see also Soviet Academy 

of Sciences, etc.), 330, 362 

aircraft, 12, 17, 38, 78, 79, 85, 103, 

124, 126, 127, 140, 147, 148, 150, 

157, 211, 214, 232, 248, 249, 260, 

263, 264, 280, 286, 312, 314, 346, 

360 

anniversary, 100, 152, 167 

Apollo 1 I mission reaction, 162 

Apollo 14 mission reaction, 35,43 

Apollo I5 mission reaction, 222 

astronomy, 357 

award, 180, 191,218, 266,311 

booster. 115. 246. 249 

communications satellite system, 238, 

3Rn 

coopiiition, 54-55, 117, 190, 197, 287, 

299 

cooperation, space, 10, 13-14, 16, 19- 

20, 36, 43, 54-55, 62, 68, 77, 

101, 133-134, 139, 153-154, 159, 

171, 177. 185, 196. 197. 198. 216- 

217: 235: 237. 238. 243. 248. 249- 

275; 2M: 290; 293; 299: 3197 321; 

323, 325, 330, 332, 334, 337, 340, 

347, 358, 369 

cosmonaut. See Cosmonaut. 

ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

471 

Council of Ministers, 216-217 

defector, 147, 168, 171, 176, 190, 329, 

331 

talks), 54-55, 74, 137, 148 

disarmament (see also U.S.S.R., SALT 

five-year plan, 58 

launch, 366-368 

Luna 18, 246 

Luna 19, 267-268 

Mars 2, 134 

Mars 3, 147 

probe 

Salyut 1, 105 

satellite 

Cosmos, 7, 9, 11, 15, 42, 49, 54, 

61, 78, 84, 93, 94, 96, 98, 102, 

108, 110, 115, 124, 125, 128, 133, 

135, 139, 146, 148, 153, 160, 174, 

197, 200, 212, 219, 222, 227, 240, 

250. 254. 255. 262. 265. 268. 270, 

280; 284-285,’ 287,’ 291; 306; 323, 

325, 327, 333, 334, 337, 339, 343, 

347-348, 351, 352, 353, 358, 359 

Intercosmos 5, 337 

Meteor 7, 11 

Meteor 8, 105 

Meteor 9, 195 

Meteor 10, 360 

Molniya 1-18, 210 

Molniya 1-19, 355 

Molniya 11-1, 330 

Oreol, 359 

sounding rocket, 237, 252, 304 

Soyuz 11, 154-155 

SOYUZ IO, 107-108 

Lunokhod I, 4, 8, 9-10, 20, 41, 43, 60, 

66, 73, 98, 100, 133, 139, 145, 152, 

168. 188. 196. 209. 220. 221. 246. 

256; 272, 276, 306-3071 315; 322; 

368 

Ministry of Health, 36 

missile and rocket program, 84, 103- 

104, 107, 109, 117, 122, 129, 135, 

137, 146, 152, 194, 243, 248, 286, 

303, 304, 320, 360 

missile threat to, 224-225 

nuclear energy facilities, U.S. visit to, 

nuclear test, 331 

Paris Air Show exhibit, 152, 168 

probe, 4, 9, 15, 20, 209, 293 

research and development, 86, 124- 

219 

125. 201 

SALT-~~~~S, 54-55, 74, 148, 189, 190, 

194-195, 252, 264-265, 266 

science and technology, 100-101, 110, 

124-125, 140, 163, 172, 182, 183, 

309,311, 315, 323 

Soyuz I1 cosmonauts funeral and 

burial, 185, 186 

space encyclopedia, 91 

space program, 7-8, 58, 62, 66, 73, 

82, 86, 94, 100-101, 102, 110, 111, 

190, 210, 262, 290-291, 303-304, 

152, 154-156, 157, 162-163, 166, 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

167; 174-175, 176, 183, 201, 218, 

220, 221, 237, 283-284, 299-300, 

329. 331. 353. 366-368 

military use, 73, 24, 115-116, 158, 

space station, 105, 107-108, 110-111, 

112. 115. 119. 122. 127. 154-156, 

176, 296-297, 339 

1741175,’ 186,‘ 198,’ 282-1283, 368. 

space tracking ship, 350 

spacecraft. See U.S.S.R., launch; and 

individual spacecraft, such as Luna 16. Mars 2. Molniva I-18. 

Salyut 1,’~oyui IO. 

supersonic transport, 77. 79, 126, 127, 

147, 148, 157 

treaty, 45, 47, 153-154, 177, 313-314 

weapons, 39, 104, 115-116, 129, 201 

Ustinov, G., 314 

Utah State Medical Assn., 256 

Utah. Univ. of. 49.57. 72. 85. 368 I, 

uv. See Ultrav’iokt. 

v 

VAB. See Vehicle Assembly Building. 

Van Allen radiation belts, 261 

Vandenberg AFB, Calif. (see also Western Test Range), 8 

missile target, 78 

satellite launch vehicle 

Agena, 350 

Atlas. 220 

Thor-Agena, 49, 195, 254 

Thor-Burner 11,48, 157 

Thorad-Agena, 80, 195, 254, 289, 350 

Titan IIIB-Agena,, 11, 79, 107, 227, 

296 

Titan .. ITTD 

____ 163 

Vandcrbilt Uni;.,282 

Vanguard (satellite), 75. 135. 362 

Van&zrd-A History, 75 

Van Reeth, G., 352 

Vecchietti, George J., 166 

Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) (KSC), 

271 

Vehicle Technology for Civil Aviation: 

The 70s and Beyond (conference), 307 

Vela (nuclear detection satellite), 153 

Venus (planet, 14, 20, 22, 50, 62, 67, 174, 

186, 218, 333 

Venus 7 (U.S.S.R. interplanetary probe), 

15, 20 

Vernadsky Institute for Analvtical Chemistry, 6 

Veronique (French rocket), 235 

Vertikal-2 (U.S.S.R. sounding rocket), 

Very-large-array (vu) radiotelescope, 

237, 252 

280 VHF: very high frequency. 

Victoria, Australia, 167 

Vienna, Austria, 148, 199, 253, 265 

Vietnam war, 220,320,350, 358 

Viking (program), 22, 61, 67, 116, 164 

339 

Viking Orbiter (spacecraft), 211,344 

Viking, Project, 247,264, 275 

Vinogradov, Dr. Aleksander P., 6, 159, 

217 

Viper Dart (sounding rocket), 234, 236 

Virgin Islands, 98, 133, 134,308 

Virginia, 97, 224 

Virginia Institute of Marine Science, 292 

Virginians for Dulles, 271 

Virgo (galaxy), 132 VLA. See Very-large-array telescope. 

Vladimirov, Leonid, 329, 331 

Volgograd, U.S.S.R., 304 

Volkov, Vladislav N., 154, 180, 181, 186, 

Volpe, Secretary of Transportation John 

von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 191,298 

192, 200, 283 

A., 9, 19, 107, 109, 182, 194, 276-277, 

295 

awards and honors, 266 

global resources management system, 

science and technology, 147 

space program, national, 62-63, 68-69, 

147, 249,281, 283, 329, 342 

space shuttle, 62-63 

von KQrmin Lecture, 298 

von Opel, Fritz, 99 

Voskhod 1 mission, 100, 262 

Vostok 1 (U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 152 

Vostok 4 mission, 152 V/STOL (vertical or short takeoff and 

landing) aircraft, 18, 65, 80, 298, 300, 

329, 365 

32-33, 321 

V/STOLpOrt, 287 VTOL (vertical takeoff and landing) aircraft, 12, 262, 298, 300 

W 

Wagner, Charles S., 32, 44, 307 

Wakelin, James H., Jr., 11 

Walker, R. M., 83 

Wallops Island, Va., 176 

Wallops Station (NASA) 

bird migration cooperative experiment, 

Central Atlantic Regional Ecological 

contract, 126 

launch 

160-161 

Test Site (CARETS) project, 224 

barium-ion-cloud (BIC) cooperative 

Planetary Atmosphere Experiments 

sounding rocket 

Aerobee 350,52,159 

Arcas, 218 

Black Brant m, 54 

Black Brant VC, 199 

Boosted Arcas 11, 22 

Javelin, 176 

Nike-Apache, 68,236235,236-237, 

probe, 259 

Test (PAET), 168-169 

257 

472 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

meeting, 97 ' 

open house, 105 

runway research program, 278 

Wapakoneta, Ohio, 198 

Washington, Bradford, award, 327 

Washington, D.C., 41, 129, 187, 219, 222, 

268, 280, 296, 301, 308, 314, 323 

astronauts in, 59, 141 

awards presented in, 135, 139, 178, 194, 

comsat communications system, 252, 

meetings, 15, 18, 36, 38-39, 53, 68-69, 

press conference, 59-60, 71, 102, 114, 

Washington National Airport, 165, 209, 

Washington Univ., 83, 296 

Washington, Univ. of, 13, 63 

Wasserburg, Dr. Gerald J., 7, 167, 235- 

Water pollution, 293, 322 

Water-vapor electrolysis system, 308 

Watkins, Allen H., 139, 171 

Watson, Ambassador Arthur K., 350 

Watt, James, International Medal, 84 

Weapon systems, 39, 40, 72, 78, 84, 303 

Weather modification, 62, 320 

Weaver, Kenneth F., 70 

Webb, James E., 69 

Webb, John A., Jr., 106 

Weicker, Sen. Lowell P., 24 

Weightlessness, effects, 127, 132, 153, 163, 

263,298-299,302,326 

265, 271, 272 

297, 306, 335 

192 

88, 112-113, 146-147, 166, 238, 281, 

122, 125-126, 141, 152, 156-157, 191- 

271 

236 

181, 342 

Weizmann Institute of Science, 18 

Welch, Dr. William J., 299 

Weliachew. Dr. Leonid N.. 194 

Wertz, Carl C., 178 

Wesleyan Univ., 145 

Wesselski, Clarence J., 251 

West Point, N.Y., 121 

Westerbork, The Netherlands, 280 

Western Test Range (WTR), 88, 348 

Wetherill, Dr. George W., 212 

Wetport (offshore airport), 137-138 

Wheeler. Dr. .Tohn A.. 18 

Whirlpool galaxy. 279-280 

Whitcomb, Gov. Edgar H., 199 

Whitcomb, Dr. Richard T., 299 

White, L/C Edward H., I1 (USAF), 10, 

White, Robert M., 19 

White House, 9, 4243, 124, 198, 212, 

357 

265. 282 

appointments, 114, 253 

astronauts, 59, 68, 356 

awards presented at, 59,138 

space program, 37,63,272 

White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), 

N. Mex. 

atmospheric data experiment, 236 

launch 

Aerohee 150 

atmospheric data, 171 

micrometeorite study, 54 

solar astronomy, 161-162 

stellar data, 13 

ultraviolet astronomy, 14, 23, 119 

x-ray astronomy, 132 

airglow, 41, 209 

solar astronomy, 228 

stellar data, 226 

test and support mission, 292 

ultraviolet astronomy, 79, 119, 226, 

Aerobee 170 

296 

Aerobee 170B, 190-191 

Aerobee 174, 350 

Boosted Arcas 11.226. 285-286 

Nike- Apache 

airglow, 108 

micrometeorite collection, 108 

airglow, 130, 131 

atmospheric data, 8 

ion composition study, 285 

Nike-Cajun 

White Sands Test Facility, N. Mex., 131 

White, Thomas D., National Defense 

White, Gen. Thomas D., Space Trophy, 

Whittaker Corp., 200 

Wichita, Kans., 82, 121 

Wicker, Tom, 217 

Wideroe, Turi, 135 

Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B., 282 

Wilford, John N., 343-344 

Williams, Squadron Leader Graham, 135 

WilIiamsburg, Va., 136, 307 

Wilson, George C., 66, 115-116 

Wind tunnel, 9, 70, 153,365-366 

Window Crater (moon). 205 

Wine. aircraft 

Award, 150 

178 

suup'ercritical, 70, 122, 345, 356 

flight test, 65, 77, 94, 101, 114, 

145. 163. 165. 192. 233. 240. 

141, 

252, 25G256,' 269; 272; 279, 287, 

251- 

346, 349, 365-366 

swing, 248 

test, static, 255-256 

Winstein, Dr. Saul, 18 

Wisconsin, Univ. of, 15, 60, 79, 239, 279 

Educational Satellite Center, 117 

Witkin, Richard, 131 

Wollin, Goesta, 302 

Wood, Dr. John A., 7 

Woomera, Australia, 356 

Woomera Test Range, Australia, 300 

Worden, L/C Alfred M. (WAF) 

Apollo 15 mission 

celebrations for, 222-223, 238-239 

Congress, report to, 254 

extravehicular activity, 141, 207-208 

flight, 202-208 

473 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1971 

Kennedy Space Center visit, 271 

Marshall Space Center visit, 272 

medical aspects, 207, 222, 225, 228, 

New York Times article, 200-201, 

Nixon, President Richard M., 201, 

photography, 206-207 

preparations for, 141 

press conference, 141, 227 

tribute to, 221-222 

U.N. visit, 239 

White House visit, 256 

Apollo 17 mission, 228-229 

awards and honors, 239, 260, 262, 266, 

261, 289 

229 

208-209, 221-222, 223, 256 

346-347 

European visit, 311 

Working Group on Philosophy, Science, 

and Technology, 126 

Working Group on Remote Measurement 

of Pollution, 231 

World Administrative Radio Conference 

for Space Communications, 132 

World Law Day, 166 

World Weather Program, 103,230 

World Yeather Program, Plan for Fiscal 

World Weather Watch, 180 

Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, 263 

Wright 1909 Military Flyer, 248 

Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 247, 268 WSMR. See White Sands Missile Range. WTR. See Western Test Range. 

Wydeven, Dr. Theodore, Jr., 308 

Wydler, Rep. John W., 38 

Wyle Laboratories, 49 

Wynn, Rep. Larry, Jr., 38 

Wyoming, 128 

Year 1972, 103 

X 

X-1 (rocket research aircraft), 239 

X-3 (satellite). See Prospero. 

X-14A (VTOL aircraft 1, 262 

X-l4B, 262 

X-15 (rocket research aircraft), 239 

X-24A (lifting body), 210, 351, 356, 365 

glide, 39, 210 

powered, 11, 49, 65, 85, 142, 210 

test flight, 130, 153, 351 

X-24B, 210,351,356,365 

XE (nuclear rocket engine), 53 

XLR-129 (rocket engine), 87,240, 276 

X-ray, 67, 99 

source, 50, 52, 63, 73, 89, 119, 132, 174, 

weapon detection device, 278 

189, 197,226,296,356 

Y 

Yak-40 (U.S.S.R. jet transport), 140 

Yangel, Mikhail K., 73, 297 

Yardley, John F., 299 

Yegorov, A. D., 167 

Yegorov, Dr. Boris B., 111,119,262 

Yeliseyev, Dr. Aleksey S., 107, 110-111, 

Yellowstone National Park, 112 

Yerevan, U.S.S.R., 277 

YF-12 (jet interceptor), 174 

YF-12A, 115 

Young, Capt. John W. (USN), 61, 171, 

Yugoslavia, 43, 242-243, 286, 305-306 

282-283 

323 

Z 

Zagreb, Yugoslavia, 43 

Zhulin, Dr. I. A., 321, 340 

Ziegler, Henri, 351 

Zieeler. Ronald L.. 135 

Zngniye (Knowledge) (All Union Znaniye 

Zoller, Lowell K., 196 

Society, U.S.S.R.), 177 

Zond (program), 235 

Zond (U.S.S.R. spacecraft 1,268 

Zond 2, 134 

Zuckerman, Dr. Benjamin M., 299 

Zumwalt, Adm. Elmo R., Jr. (USN), 18 

474 
NASA HISTORICAL PUBLICATIONS 

HISTORIES 

Robert L. Rosholt, An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963, NASA SP4101, 1966, GPO, $4.00.* 

Loyd S. Swenson, James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New 

Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, NASA SP-4201, 1966, GPO, $5.50. 

Constance McL. Green and Milton Lomask, Vanguard-A History, NASA SP4202, 1970 : also Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971, $12.50. 

Alfred Rosenthal, Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight 

Center, NASA SP-4301, 1968, GPO, $2.50. 

Edwin P. Hartman, Adventures in Research: A History of the Ames Research 

Center, 1940-1965, NASA SP-4302, 1970, GPO, $4.75. 

HISTORICAL STUDIES 

* Eugene M. Emme (ed.), History of Rocket Technology, Detroit: Wayne State 

University, 1964, out of print. 

Mae MiIIs Link, Space Medicine in Project Mercury, NASA SP-4003, 1965, 

Historical Sketch of NASA, NASA EP-29, 1965 and 1966, NTIS, $6.00. 

Katherine M. Dickson (Lihrary of Congress), History of Aeronautics and Astronautics: A Preliminary Bibliography, NASA HHR-29, NTIS, $6.00. 

* Eugene M. Emme (ed.), Statements by the Presidents of the United States on International Cooperation in Space, Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences, Sen. Doc. 92-40, 1971, GPO, $0.55. 

William R. Corliss, NASA Sounding Rockets, 1958-1968: A Historical Summary, 

NASA SP-4401, 1971, GPO, $1.75. 

Helen T. Wells with Susan Whiteley, Origins of NASA Names, NASA SP-4402 

(1973). 

NTIS, $6.00.* * 

Jane Van Nimmen and Leonard C. Bruno with Robert L. Rosholt, NASA 

Historical Data Book, 1958-1968, NASA SP-4012 (1973). 
CHRONOLOGIES 

Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Science and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960, compiled by Eugene M. Emme, 

Washington: NASA, 1961, NTIS, $6.00. 

* Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1961, published by the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 1962, NTIS, $6.00. 

0 Astronautical and Aeronautical Events of 1962, published by the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 1963, NTIS, $6.00. 

0 Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1963, NASA SP4004, 1964, NTIS, $6.00. 

.- , 1964, NASA SP-4005, 1965, NTIS, $6.00. 

.- , 1965, NASA SP-4006,1966, NTIS, $6.00. 

.- , 1967, NASA SP-4008,1968, GPO, $2.25. 

*- , 1969, NASA SP-4014, 1970, GPO, $2.25. 

.- , 1970, NASA SP-4015 (1972). 

.- , 1966, NASA SP-4007, 1967, NTIS, $6.00. 

* -, 1968, NASA SP-4010, 1969, GPO, $2.00. 

James M. Grimwood, Project Mercury: A Chronology, NASA SP-4001, 1963, 

NTIS, $6.00. 

0 James M. Grimwood and Barton C. Hacker, with Peter J. Vorzimmer, Project 

Gemini Technology and Operations: A Chronology, NASA SP-4002,1969, GPO, 

$2.75. 

Ivan D. Ertel and Mary Louise Morse, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, 

Vol. I, Through November 7, 1962, NASA SP4009, 1969, GPO, $2.50. 

Mary Louise Morse and Jean Kernahan Bays, The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Vol. 11, November 8, 1962-September 30, 1964, NASA SP-4009 (1973). 

* R. Cargill Hall, Project Ranger: A Chronology, JPL/HR-2, 1971, NTIS, $6.00. 

* GPO: Titles may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, Government 

** NTIS: Titles may be ordered from National Technical Information Service, 

Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 

Springfield, Va. 22151. 

Q U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 -9i-zsa 
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND 

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“The aeronautical and space activities of the United States shall be 

conducted so as to contribute . . . to the expansion of human knowledge of phenomena in the atmosphere and space. The Administration 

shall provide for the wsdest practicdble and appropriate dissemination of mformution concernkg its activitres and the results thereof.” 

-NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ACT OF 1958 

TECHNICAL REPORTS: Scientific and TECHNICAL TRANSLATIONS: Information 

technical information considered important, 

complete, and a lasting contribution to existing 

knowledge. 

published in a foreign language considered 

to merit NASA distribution in English. 

TECHNICAL NOTES: Information less broad 

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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMS 

Information receiving limiter1 distribution 

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CONTRACTOR REPORTS: Scientific and 

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SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS : Information 

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Publications include final reports of major projects, 

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PUBLICATIONS : Information on technology 

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