DA 07-0406

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2008 MT 435

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF:

CHARLES K. GRAHAM,

 Petitioner and Appellant,

 and

ERIN E. GRAHAM,

 Respondent and Appellee.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Sixteenth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Fallon, Cause No. DR 2006-18

Honorable Joe L. Hegel, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

R. W. Heineman, Attorney at Law, Wibaux, Montana

For Appellee:

Albert R. Batterman; Batterman Law Offices, P.C., Baker, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: July 2, 2008

 Decided: December 23, 2008

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

December 23 2008
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Chief Justice Karla M. Gray delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Charles K. Graham (Chuck) appeals from the findings of fact, conclusions of law and 

decree entered by the Sixteenth Judicial District Court, Fallon County, in its judgment 

dissolving his marriage to Erin E. Graham (Erin). We affirm. 

¶2 The issues are:

¶3 1. Did the District Court err in calculating Chuck’s income for child support 

purposes?

¶4 2. Did the District Court err in awarding Erin primary residential custody of the 

parties’ son?

¶5 3. Did the District Court err in awarding Erin $500 a month as maintenance?

BACKGROUND

¶6 Chuck and Erin were married in 2002 in Oklahoma. Their marriage produced one 

son, who was 31⁄2 years old at the time of trial. Erin was not employed outside the home 

during the marriage. For purposes of pursuing Chuck’s employment in ranching, horse 

training, welding and heavy equipment operation, the family moved to Colorado and then to 

Baker, Montana. 

¶7 Chuck and Erin separated in March of 2006, when Erin and their son went to 

Oklahoma to visit extended family and Chuck, who remained in Montana, filed for 

dissolution of the marriage. After a one-day trial, the District Court divided the modest 

marital estate, adopted a parenting plan awarding Erin primary residential custody of the 

parties’ son, and ordered Chuck to pay Erin $960 per month in child support, and $500 per 
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month in spousal support for 36 months. Chuck appeals.

STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶8 We review an award of child support for abuse of discretion. Albrecht v. Albrecht, 

2002 MT 227, ¶ 7, 311 Mont. 412, ¶ 7, 56 P.3d 339, ¶ 7 (citation omitted). We review 

findings of fact in a child custody determination to determine whether they are clearly 

erroneous. Because the trial court is in a superior position to weigh the evidence, we will not 

overturn a child custody determination absent a clear abuse of discretion. Czapranski v. 

Czapranski, 2003 MT 14, ¶ 10, 314 Mont. 55, ¶ 10, 63 P.3d 499, ¶ 10 (citations omitted). In

reviewing a district court’s division of marital property and maintenance award, we first 

determine whether its underlying findings are clearly erroneous. Absent clearly erroneous 

findings, we will reverse a district court’s property division and maintenance award only if 

we identify an abuse of discretion. In re Marriage of Payer, 2005 MT 89, ¶ 9, 326 Mont. 

459, ¶ 9, 110 P.3d 460, ¶ 9 (citations omitted). 

ISSUE 1

¶9 Did the District Court err in calculating Chuck’s income for child support 

purposes?

¶10 The District Court found that Chuck’s income was $23,222 and $28,000 in 2004 and 

2005, respectively, and he had earnings of $84,103.85 in 2006. The court further found that, 

from January 1 through February 11, 2007, Chuck—who was then working as a free-lance 

welder—had gross wages of $15,123.32, plus subsistence of $75 per day and $14 per hour to 

cover truck expenses. In its conclusions of law, and based on testimony that the job Chuck 

was working would last at least another 16 to 18 months, the court projected Chuck’s annual 
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income available for child support purposes as $123,917. In so doing, the District Court 

relied on Admin. R. M. 37.62.108(3)(b), which is part of the Child Support Guidelines 

promulgated by the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services pursuant to § 

40-5-209, MCA. 

¶11 Admin. R. M. 37.62.108(3) provides that, to the extent possible, income for child 

support shall be annualized using one of two methods. Pursuant to Admin. R. M. 

37.62.108(3)(a), “seasonal employment or fluctuating income may be averaged over a period 

sufficient to accurately reflect the parent’s earning ability.” Alternatively, Admin. R. M. 

37.62.108(3)(b) provides that, in annualizing income for child support, “current income or 

expenses may be projected when a recent increase or decrease in income is expected to 

continue for the foreseeable future.”

¶12 In Albrecht, ¶ 11 (citations omitted), upon which Chuck relies, we observed that a 

district court must follow the Guidelines in determining child support obligations unless 

clear and convincing evidence is produced demonstrating that doing so would be unjust to 

the child or to any of the parties, or inappropriate in that case. We also noted that the 

instructions for completing the Guidelines’ child support worksheets provide that 

determining the income of a self-employed parent “usually” requires an average of at least 

three years of net income from that parent’s income tax returns. Albrecht, ¶ 11. In that case, 

relying in part on Admin. R. M. 37.62.108(3)(a), we concluded the district court had abused 

its discretion in basing its determination of a self-employed parent’s income on only one 

year’s net earnings. Albrecht, ¶¶ 12, 14. 
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¶13 In the present case, the facts may have supported application of the first method for 

annualizing Chuck’s income, set forth in Admin. R. M. 37.62.108(3)(a) and applied in 

Albrecht, because Chuck was self-employed. However, given Chuck’s recent increase in 

income—which was expected to continue for the foreseeable future—the District Court 

chose instead to apply the second method for annualizing income, set forth in subsection 

(3)(b) of the rule. Application of that method does not require the court to average three 

years’ income. Moreover, Chuck does not argue that the District Court abused its discretion 

in using the method for annualizing income set forth in Admin. R. M. 37.62.108(3)(b). 

¶14 Chuck also suggests the District Court did not allow him all his reasonable expenses 

as deductions from his gross income. This suggestion has no merit. The District Court 

concluded that, even though many of Chuck’s claimed expenses were undocumented, the 

only one it would not allow was a claim for payments for a truck Chuck was purchasing for 

his welding business. The District Court found, pursuant to Admin. R. M. 37.62.106(2)(b), 

that only straight-line depreciation is allowable as an expense for vehicles. Chuck offers 

nothing to refute this conclusion. 

¶15 We hold Chuck has failed to establish error in the District Court’s calculation of his 

income for child support purposes.

ISSUE 2

¶16 Did the District Court err in awarding Erin primary residential custody of the 

parties’ son?

¶17 Each party proposed a parenting plan under which he or she would have custody of 

their son except for the last two weeks of every second month, during which time the other 
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parent would have custody. Erin’s proposed plan also provided for a division of holiday 

time between the parents and for 8 weeks in the summer with each parent. Under Erin’s

proposed plan, when the child reaches school age, Chuck would be entitled to one weekend 

per month with their son instead of the last two weeks of every second month, as well as 

extended school breaks. 

¶18 The District Court adopted Erin’s proposed parenting plan, and Chuck appeals. He 

claims he should be the primary custodial parent based on evidence that Erin suffered from 

depression and was not a good housekeeper during their marriage. Chuck advances only § 

40-4-212, MCA, as authority supporting his argument. 

¶19 Section 40-4-212, MCA, provides that a court shall determine a parenting plan in 

accordance with the child’s best interests and all relevant parenting factors, including the 13 

factors specifically set forth in the statute. We have held that a court need not make specific 

findings relating to each § 40-4-212, MCA, parenting factor. See Czapranski, ¶ 11 (citations 

omitted). 

¶20 Here, the District Court made several findings addressing the § 40-4-212, MCA, 

factors. It found both parents were in good physical health but that Erin had suffered from 

depression secondary to experiencing a miscarriage in September of 2005, as a result of 

which she was not always up to keeping a clean house during the marriage. The court also 

found that Erin had provided the majority of the care for their son during the marriage and 

that the son had extended family and a doctor in Oklahoma, and was integrated in the 

community in Drumright, Oklahoma. The court further found that, although both Chuck and 
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Erin could adequately parent, Erin would have more time to parent and more family support 

in Oklahoma. The court determined that the child’s best interests were served by adopting 

the parenting plan under which he would reside with Erin the majority of the time.

¶21 The District Court’s findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence and are not 

otherwise clearly erroneous. The award of primary residential custody to Erin does not 

represent a clear abuse of discretion. We hold Chuck has not established error in the court’s 

award of primary residential custody to Erin. 

ISSUE 3

¶22 Did the District Court err in awarding Erin $500 a month as maintenance?

¶23 The court stated Erin requested spousal maintenance to allow her to go to school for 

up to four years and Chuck objected on grounds that the marriage lasted only four years and 

“the standard of living during the marriage was not that great[.]” The court concluded Erin 

“does not earn a great income” with which to support herself or her child, but noted it was 

awarding her $960 per month in child support to go with her gross wages of $1,733 per 

month. The court characterized as “laudable” Erin’s desire to obtain an education so she can 

earn a better living, and noted that, while Chuck had considerable debts and expenses 

“stemming from less lucrative times,” some of those expenses should be short-lived. 

Ultimately, the court concluded “Erin needs and Chuck can afford to pay spousal 

maintenance in the amount of $500 per month for 36 months[.]”

¶24 On appeal, Chuck contends the purpose of the maintenance award was to punish him 

for not working harder during the marriage. In so doing, he quotes the District Court’s
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conclusion of law—which he misidentifies as a finding of fact—that “[t]he standard of living 

during the marriage was never what it could have been if Chuck would have stayed at a 

welding job instead of working with horses.” Chuck contends the District Court unjustly 

criticized him. He advances no authority to support his argument that the maintenance 

award was improper, however, other than § 40-4-203, MCA. 

¶25 Maintenance is proper if the district court finds that the spouse seeking maintenance:

(a) lacks sufficient property to provide for [her] reasonable needs; and 

(b) is unable to support [her]self through appropriate employment or is 

the custodian of a child whose condition or circumstances make it appropriate 

that the custodian not be required to seek employment outside the home.

Section 40-4-203(1), MCA. Further, an award of maintenance “shall be in such amounts and 

for such periods of time as the court deems just, without regard for marital misconduct, and 

after considering all relevant facts.” Section 40-4-203(2), MCA. 

¶26 The District Court’s findings and conclusions address the maintenance factors set 

forth in § 40-4-203(1), MCA. The court valued the portion of the marital estate distributed 

to Erin at $4,081.50—clearly, an amount insufficient to provide for her reasonable needs. 

The court concluded Erin “d[id] not earn a great income on which to support herself or her 

child” which, while not artfully stated, addresses the factor that Erin is unable to support 

herself through appropriate employment. Chuck has not established that the court abused its 

discretion. We hold Chuck has not established error in the District Court’s award to Erin of 

$500 per month in maintenance for 36 months.

¶27 Affirmed. 
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/S/ KARLA M. GRAY

We concur:

/S/ JAMES C. NELSON

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

Justice Jim Rice, concurring in part and dissenting in part. 

¶28 I concur with the Court in affirming the District Court’s order requiring Chuck to pay 

$960 per month in child support, and in awarding Erin the primary physical custody of the 

parties’ son (Issues 1 and 2). I dissent from Issue 3, and would reverse the District Court’s 

award of maintenance in the amount of $500 per month for a period of three years.

¶29 Maintenance awards must consider the “duration of the marriage,” § 40-4-203(2)(d), 

MCA, and here the duration was brief, only four years. Indeed, the three year maintenance 

award spans 75% of the marriage’s duration. As for the “standard of living established 

during the marriage,” § 40-4-203(2)(c), MCA, the District Court concluded that the standard 

of living for the marriage was not high, but then criticized Chuck for this, which I believe 

was error. The court concluded that the parties’ standard of living could have been higher 

had Chuck “stayed at a welding job instead of working with horses,” and explained that it 

was not until after the parties separated that Chuck “settled down into a more permanent and 

more financially lucrative employment.” Then, though acknowledging that Chuck “retains 
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many debts and expenses stemming from less lucrative times” in the amount of $7,373 per 

month, the court premised the maintenance award upon Chuck’s post-marriage standard of 

living, not upon the standard of living of the marriage. The higher income Chuck had started 

to earn after the marriage had existed for only six weeks at the time of trial. 

¶30 As for “the age and the physical and emotional condition of the spouse seeking 

maintenance,” § 40-4-204(2)(e), MCA, the court found that Erin was 24 years old and “in 

good physical health.” Although noting that Erin was dealing with emotional “losses” of the 

marriage, the court awarded her custody of the parties’ child and noted that she is earning 

$1,733 per month, to which Chuck’s $960 monthly child support would be added. This 

income, in addition to constituting significant “financial resources of the party seeking 

maintenance” after a marriage with a lower standard of living, § 40-4-203(2)(a), MCA, also 

undermines the threshold determination that the spouse seeking maintenance must be 

“unable to support herself.” Section 40-4-203(1)(b), MCA.

¶31 I believe the court committed error in the application of the statutory factors and that 

the award of maintenance was an abuse of discretion. 

/S/ JIM RICE