FILED 


OCTOBER 29, 2015 


In the Office of the Clerk of Court 


W A State Court of Appeals, Division III 


IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 


DIVISION THREE 


) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare of ) No. 32770-I-III 

) (consolidated with 

) No. 32774-4-III, 

R.H., M.H., Z.H., K.H., and E.H. ) No. 32771-0-III, 

) No. 32772-8-III, 

) No. 32773-6-III) 

) 

) UNPUBLISHED OPINION 

SIDDOWAY, C.J. S.H. appeals the termination ofher parental rights with respect 

to five ofher children, contending that (I) the Department of Social and Health Services 

(Department) did not provide her with all services necessary to correct her parental 

deficiencies, (2) the State failed to prove that her parental deficiencies could not be 

remedied in the near future, and (3) the trial court did not find that she was currently unfit 

to parent. Because the evidence was sufficient to support the trial court's findings and it 

implicitly found that she was currently unfit to parent, we affirm. 
No. 32770·I·II1 (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-111) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 

S.H. is the biological mother, and A.H., the biological father, often children. The 

oldest child was removed from the parents and adopted in 1993. The remaining nine 

children remained in the parents' custody until November 2012. 

Between 1996 and 2012, Child Protective Services received some 36 referrals 

concerning this family, and the parents both had 27 "founded" findings against them. 

The Department's dependency petition filed in November 2012 alleged that "[t]he 

parents [had] demonstrated a longstanding and ongoing negligence and disregard for the 

health and safety oftheir children, which places the children at significant risk of harm." 

Plaintiffs Ex. 2 (P2) at 3. It included an allegation that: 

Between May 2012 and August 2012 the ... children were caught a 

total of nineteen times either stealing or destroying property from the local 

Fred Meyer .... A consistent theme in the shoplifting by the children [has] 

been hunger and they were seeking out food to eat. Neither of their parents 

were home to either give them money to purchase food or to go and buy 

food for them. 

Id. The petition summarized police reports as documenting an occasion in August 2012 

when law enforcement returned one ofthe children to the family home and "it appeared 

that there was no adult present at the home to provide supervision. The house was almost 

bare with no food available. The inside of the home was filthy." P2 at 4. It recounted 

law enforcement's observation in a July 30, 2012 police report that "[t]here were bad 

2 

No. 32770-1-III (cons. wiNos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter afthe Welfare afR.H 

living conditions, mattresses on the floor with no sheets or blankets and no food," id., and 

on March 27,2012, that 

law enforcement responded to the family residence. The parents were out 

at a local night club and were not present to supervise their children .... 

When law enforcement arrived at the home they found no electricity and no 

food. . . . The home was completely trashed with feces on the floor, 

possessions scattered throughout the home with an overwhelming odor of 

urine, and rotten food was present. 

P2 at 6-7. 

At the time ofa shelter care hearing in November 2012, S.H. and A.H.'s nine 

children ranged in age from 4 to 15. It was determined that all would be placed in shelter 

care but the possibility of moving the children to the maternal grandfather's care would 

be investigated. Eventually, the four older children entered into a guardianship with the 

maternal grandfather that was later dismissed. This appeal concerns the termination 

proceeding eventually commenced as to the five youngest children. 

The court entered an agreed order of dependency in January 2013. The children 

remained in foster care. S.H. participated in some services for the first two months ofthe 

dependency but failed to participate for the following four months. She contacted her 

therapist in January 2014, asked to resume treatment, and participated for over two 

months before disappearing at the end of September 2013. 

The Department filed a petition for termination ofparental rights on October 1, 

2013, and trial was held in May 2014. A.H. failed to appear in person or by counsel and 

3 

No. 32770-1-111 (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-111, 32771-0-111, 32772-8-111, 32773-6-111) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H. 

an order of default was entered against him. I S.H. also failed to attend the termination 

trial but a lawyer appeared to defend on her behalf. At the conclusion oftrial the court 

concluded that the Department had proved the required statutory elements by clear, 

cogent, and convincing evidence and that termination of the parent child relationship was 

in the best interests of the children. It entered an order terminating S.H.'s parental rights. 

She appeals. 

ANALYSIS 

"The fundamental liberty interest of natural parents in the care, custody, and 

management of their child does not evaporate simply because they have not been model 

parents or have lost temporary custody of their child to the State." Santosky v. Kramer, 

455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982). Because parents have a 

fundamental liberty interest in the custody and care of their children, the State may 

terminate parental rights'" only for the most powerful [of] reasons.'" In re S.J., 162 Wn. 

App. 873,880,256 P.3d 470 (2011) (alteration in original) (quoting In re Welfare of 

A.J.R., 78 Wn. App. 222, 229, 896 P.2d 1298 (1995)). 

Washington's termination of parental rights statute responds to this constitutional 

command by providing a two-step process before a court may terminate parental rights. 

I Around the time of the first review hearing, allegations that A.H. sexually abused 

one of his children surfaced and a warrant was issued for his arrest. A.H. could not be 

located, and he stopped participating in the dependency. 

4 

No. 32770-1-111 (cons. wiNos. 32774-4-111, 32771-0-111, 32772-8-111,32773-6-111) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H. 

"The first step focuses on the adequacy of the parents and must be proved by clear, 

cogent, and convincing evidence," while "'[t]he second step focuses on the child's best 

interests and need be proved by only a preponderance of the evidence." In re Welfare of 

A.B., 168 Wn.2d 908, 911, 232 P.3d 1104 (2010) (footnotes omitted); RCW 

13.34.l90(l)(b). Only if the first step is satisfied may the court reach the second. Id. 

The first step-the demonstration of parental inadequacy-required the trial court 

in this case to find that the State had proved each of six statutory elements, some 

procedural and some substantive, and that an order terminating parental rights was in the 

best interests of the child. RCW 13.34. 190(1)(a)(i), (b); .180(1). Due process further 

required that it find that S.H. was currently unfit to parent the children. A.B., 168 Wn.2d 

at 920. 

S.H. challenges the trial court's findings of the following substantive elements, 

required by RCW 13.34.180: 

(d) That the services ordered under RCW 13.34.136 have been 

expressly and understandably offered or provided and all necessary 

services, reasonably available, capable of correcting the parental 

deficiencies within the foreseeable future have been expressly and 

understandably offered or provided; 

and 

(e) That there is little likelihood that conditions will be remedied 

so that the child can be returned to the parent in the near future. 

5 

No. 32770-I-III (cons. wINos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H 

She also argues that the trial court did not find, explicitly or implicitly, that she was an 

unfit parent. 

On review, "[t]he court's factual findings must be upheld if supported by 

substantial evidence from which a rational trier of fact could find the necessary facts by 

clear, cogent, and convincing evidence." In re Dependency ofK.S c., 137 Wn.2d 918, 

925, 976 P.2d 113 (1999). Evidence is substantial ifit is sufficient to persuade a fairminded person of the truth of the fact at issue. In re SJ., 162 Wn. App. at 881. "Clear, 

cogent and convincing evidence exists when the evidence shows the ultimate fact at issue 

to be highly probable." K.Sc., 137 Wn.2d at 925. "The trial judge has the advantage of 

having the witnesses before him or her, and deference to the findings is ofparticular 

importance in deprivation proceedings." Id. 

We review, first, whether sufficient evidence supports the trial court's finding that 

all necessary services were expressly and understandably offered; second, whether 

sufficient evidence supports the finding that there is little likelihood that conditions will 

be remedied in the near future; and third, whether the court implicitly made the finding, 

required by due process, that S.H. was currently unfit to parent. 

1. Necessary services 

The State's burden of proving it offered all necessary services capable of 

correcting the parental deficiencies within the foreseeable future requires proofthat it 

6 

No. 32770-1-111 (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-111, 32771-0-111, 32772-8-111, 32773-6-111) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.N 

offered services "tailored to each individual's needs." In re Dependency ofTR., 108 Wn. 

App. 149, 161,29 P.3d 1275 (2001). 

At the shelter care hearing on November 15, 2012, the court's order provided for 

the following required services: 

The Department will make referrals for and the parents will participate in 

the below examinations, evaluations, or immediate services. Failure to 

comply with this order may result in contempt proceedings. 

! 

Mother Father Service 

..... 

~ Random UAIBA testing. Test until no THe and 

then upon reasonable suspicion . 

~ . Psychological evaluation by [Dr. Sean] Smitham or 

! other provider approved by the parties or ordered by 

the court and follow recommendations[] wi DV 

prevention 

. '" .. 

~ Hands-on parent training by Shauna Hebner or 

other provider approved by the parties or ordered by 

the court and follow recommendations. 

Plaintiffs Ex. 3 (P3) at 7-8. 

The State made the appropriate referrals and S.H. participated in the psychological 

evaluation with Dr. Smitham. Dr. Smitham's recommendations included, among other 

things, nutritional stabilization and a psychiatric consult should nutritional stabilization 

prove ineffective, individual counseling, family counseling, a chemical dependency 

evaluation, a bonding assessment, and a domestic violence (DV) victim evaluation or 

7 

No. 32770-1-111 (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-111, 32771-0-111, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.N 

services. The State referred S.H. to Linda Wirtz for family therapy to include hands-on 

parent training. 

S.H. argues that the State did not provide her with a psychiatric evaluation, 

domestic violence evaluation or treatment, chemical dependency assessment or treatment, 

or a bonding assessment. Br. of Appellant at 21-22. Because she was not offered all the 

services recommended by Dr. Smitham, she argues that the State failed to prove that she 

was offered or provided with the necessary services capable of correcting her parental 

deficiencies. 

The State responds that S.H. "did not consistently participate in any of the services 

the Department offered her and [ ] would not have benefitted from still more services 

being offered." Br. of Resp't at 12. 

Regrettably, some parents facing the prospect oftennination of their parental 

rights are unable or otherwise fail to make use of services provided. It is well settled that 

the statutory requirement to offer or provide corrective services does not contemplate an 

entirely one-way process, and "a parent's unwillingness or inability to make use of the 

services provided excuses the state from offering extra services that might have been 

helpfuL" In re Dependency ofRamquist, 52 Wn. App. 854, 861, 765 P.2d 30 (1988) 

(citing In re Welfare ofFerguson, 41 Wn. App. 1, 6, 701 P.2d 513 (1985)). "Moreover, a 

parent's unwillingness or inability to make use of the services provided excuses the state 

8 

No. 32770-1-III (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H 

from offering extra services that might have been helpfuL" Ramquist, 52 Wn. App. at 

861 (citing Ferguson, 41 Wn. App. at 6). 

Even where the Department inexplicably fails to offer services to a parent, 

termination will still be deemed appropriate ifthe services would not have remedied the 

parent's deficiencies in the foreseeable future. In re Welfare ofMR.H, 145 Wn. App. 

10,25, 188 P.3d 510 (2008) (citing In re Dependency ofT.R., 108 Wn. App. 149, 164,29 

P.3d 1275 (2001)). "Where the record establishes that the offer of services would be 

futile, the trial court can make a finding that the Department has offered all reasonable 

services." Id. (citing In re Welfare ofFerguson, 32 Wn. App. 865, 869-70,650 P.2d 

1118 (1982), rev'd on other grounds, 98 Wn.2d 589, 656 P.2d 503 (1983)). 

We consider, then, whether the State was required but failed to offer a psychiatric 

evaluation, domestic violence evaluation or treatment, chemical dependency assessment 

or treatment, and bonding assessment and, if it did, whether its obligation to offer the 

services was excused or the offer would have been futile. 

Psychiatric evaluation. In notes from a December 3,2012 session with S.H., Dr. 

Smitham recommended adjustments to S.H.'s diet that might help S.H. "better manag[e] 

[her] energy and moods." Plaintiffs Ex. 15 (PI5), (Dec. 3, 2012) at 7. He concluded 

that ideally, S.H. should follow the dietary recommendations for 6 to 8 weeks before 

psychiatric medication was considered. He added that "the patient may benefit from a 

psychiatric consult if the above recommendations do not result in noticeable change after 

9 

No. 32770-1-111 (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-111, 32771-0-111, 32772-8-111, 32773-6-111) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H. 

6-8 weeks of following the recommendations consistently." Id. In context, it is clear that 

the purpose of a psychiatric consult would be for the prescription of medication to 

address any problems with energy and mood management that dietary changes failed to 

resolve. In a note dated February 1,2013, based on evaluative sessions in December and 

January, Dr. Smith am recommended a "[p]sychiatric consult (if nutritional stabilization 

isn't possible)." P15, (Feb. 1,2013) at 2. 

After completing a psychological evaluation of S.H. based on the December and 

January sessions, Dr. Smitham first saw S.H. for purposes of individual counseling on 

February 18,2013. At trial, Dr. Smitham testified that at the time of the first individual 

therapy counseling session, S.H. was in the "precontemplative stage of change," meaning 

she was 

unaware ofthe trauma and significance ofthe problem in terms of how she 

may have contributed to it. There is a lot of blaming, a lot of statements 

that it was other people's fault, not a lot of self-awareness or 

acknowledging her role in that. 

So she didn't at that point seem to be interested in making any sort 

of change. 

Report ofProceedings (RP) at 53-54. Dr. Smitham testified that S.H. "no-showed" for 

the remaining three sessions scheduled for February. RP at 54. She also failed to appear 

for the first oftwo sessions scheduled for March 2013 but did attend and participate in 

the second. 

10 

No. 32770-1-III (cons. wiNos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H 

S.H. then "dropped out" oftherapy until, in late July, she contacted Dr. Smitham 

to say that she would like to resume therapy. RP at 55. Dr. Smitham testified that he saw 

a lot of progress during S.H.' s sporadic attendance of sessions in July, August, and 

September.2 But he also testified that S.H. again stopped attending therapy after 

September and that he did not hear from her in October, November, or December. 

In January 2014, S.H. showed up at Dr. Smitham's office without advance notice 

and told him that she would again like to resume therapy. Although the State renewed its 

referral for S.H. to see him, S.H. cancelled the appointment scheduled for February. Dr. 

Smitham had no other appointments with S.H. 

While S.H. is correct that the State did not refer her for a psychiatric consult, Dr. 

Smitham's recommendation of such a consult was for the possible prescription of 

medication, on the condition that she first attempt to manage her energy and mood 

through nutritional stabilization. There is no indication in the record that she ever 

followed the nutritional recommendations, let alone reported to Dr. Smith am that she had 

complied with the recommendations and they ha4 failed to resolve complaints about her 

energy and mood. While Dr. Smitham's originally contemplated treatment steps failed to 

occur, the trial court could reasonably infer that it was because S.H. never complied with 

2 S.H. attended two of four sessions scheduled in August and two of four sessions 

scheduled in September. 

11 

No. 32770-I-II1 (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-III, 3277I-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H. 

the required first step of attempting to manage her energy and mood through nutritional 

stabilization. 

The evidence does not support S.H.'s argument that her treatment ever reached the 

point at which a psychiatric consult was arguably necessary. 

Domestic violence victim counseling. S.H. argues that the State failed to provide 

her with a domestic violence evaluation or services. The court's order required the 

Department to make a referral for a "psychological evaluation by [Dr. Sean] Smitham ... 

wi DV prevention." P3 at 7. The State did refer S.H. to Dr. Smitham for evaluation. 

During the few therapy sessions that S.H. attended, Dr. Smitham began to address the 

lingering effects of domestic violence in S.H. 's life. When she resumed sporadic 

treatment for a couple of months in July 2013, Dr. Smitham's notes indicate that the 

topics addressed included her attachment history and relationship history. 

Dr. Smitham's initial recommendations of services (labeled "tentative") included 

"DV victim evaluation and!0r services." PI5 (Feb. 1,2013) at 2. But apart from Dr. 

Smitham's own individual therapy sessions with S.H., no DV evaluation was ever 

performed nor were DV services provided. This is a case in which the trial court could 

reasonably conclude that any duty to offer DV services beyond those being provided by 

Dr. Smitham was excused, however. When S.H. demonstrated unwillingness to 

meaningfully pursue the individual therapy made available by the Department and that 

12 

No. 32770-I-III (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H 

included a DV component, the Department was not required to offer additional DV 

services. 

Chemical dependency. During her evaluation by Dr. Smitham, S.H. revealed that 

she smoked marijuana every day, and had done so for 20 years or more. His notes reflect 

her explanation that "I feel out of myself when I'm not smoking, 1 don't feel like myself 

at all," and that "she is highly anxious without it." PIS (Dec. 3, 2012) at 2 and (Feb. 1, 

2013) at 1. At the termination trial, Dr. Smitham testified that S.H.'s "one tool for 

managing agitation by her own self-report was smoking marijuana. So we needed to give 

her some other tools." RP at 60. He characterized her "long-standing pattern of 

substance abuse as her emotional kind of coping skill." RP at 69. 

While one of Mr. Smitham's recommendations was that S.H. receive a chemical 

dependency evaluation, his notes reflect his own belief that she had an active chemical 

dependency. PIS (Feb. 2, 2013) at 1-2 and (Feb. 18,2013) at 1. Her almost total 

noncompliance with the court ordered requirement that she participate in random UAs 

was further evidence of dependency: between November 2012 and the termination trial in 

May 2014, S.H. only participated in four UAs, all ofwhich tested positive for THe. She 

was recognized as out of compliance with the court's order that she provide random UAs 

at every dependency review hearing. 

13 

No. 32770-I-III (cons. wiNos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H 

There is no evidence in the record that the State referred S.H. for a chemical 

dependency assessment3 but, as the State points out, "[h ]er long history of marijuana use 

was already known to the Department." Hr. of Resp't at 13. 

S.H. argues on appeal that treatment of her chemical dependency issues would 

have "furthered [her] progress in other services to make it possible to remedy her 

deficiencies and reunite with her children," pointing out that the order from the 

dependency review hearing in July 2013 required that she complete a "CD 

Treatment/Assessment." Hr. of Appellant at 26; Plaintiffs Ex. 6 (P6) at 4. The reference 

to "treatment" in the order appears to have been in error; the service is listed as one that 

had been "previously ordered" but "not yet been successfully completed," yet no prior 

order had required chemical dependency treatment. Dr. Smitham's notes and testimony 

reflect his opinion that S.H.'s marijuana use was a "coping" mechanism or "tool" for 

dealing with her anxiety. Since the individual therapy he was providing was with a view 

to the underlying source of her anxiety and providing her with other tools, there is 

nothing in the record to suggest that some other sort of chemical dependency treatment 

was necessary. 

3 In opening argument the State argued that S.H. "has refused to complete a 

chemical dependency assessment, although that has been recommended by the 

Department, particularly given her lack of follow-through with the urinalysis testing, but 

she has declined to participate in that through the various court orders and through her 

attorney." RP at 7. We find no evidence in the record to support that claim. 

14 
No. 32770-1-II1 (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter o/the Welfare o/R.H 

S.H.'s almost total noncompliance with the court ordered UAs and her infrequent 

and sporadic participation in individual therapy further demonstrate her unwillingness to 

make use of those services addressed to chemical dependency that had been ordered by 

the court. Again, "a parent's unwillingness or inability to make use of the services 

provided excuses the State from offering extra services that might have been helpful." 

Ramquist, 52 Wn. App. at 861. 

Bonding and attachment evaluation. S.H. contends that the State's failure to refer 

her for a bonding and attachment assessment prevented her from receiving additional 

services and information that "would have aided the court in its assessment of whether 

the mother could remedy the relationship with her children in the children's near future." 

Br. of Appellant at 27. 

At the outset of the dependency, the court ordered hands-on parent training for 

S.H., as well as family visitation. After his initial psychological evaluation, Dr. Smitham 

recommended that S.H. receive a parenting assessment and a bonding assessment. The 

State referred S.H. to Linda Wirtz for family therapy and hands-on parent training. One 

goal Ms. Wirtz had for the family therapy sessions was that "[t]he children [would] 

demonstrate behaviors of a secure attachment with their mother and overcome their 

anxiety about their mother's availability and events that led to their placement." 

Plaintiffs Ex. 16 (PI6) (February 1,2013) at 2. 

15 

No. 32770-I-III (cons. wiNos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H. 

It was reported at a review hearing in March 2013 that S.H. had participated in the 

hands-on parent training that took place during the family visits. But by the end of 

March, S.H. was frequently missing visits and Ms. Wirtz discharged her because the 

missed visits were difficult on the children. S.H. attempted to resume the hands-on 

training and visits in July 2013 with limited success. Her last attendance at family 

therapy was in September 2013. 

S.H.'s demonstrated inability or unwillingness to consistently attend the visits 

being observed by the family therapist providing hands-on parenting training excused the 

State from offering a bonding and attachment assessment. Bonding and attachment were 

clear objectives of the family therapy and individual counseling opportunities that S.H. 

treated so dismissively. The State was not required to offer an additional service when 

S.H. was continually failing to participate in two closely related services. 

II Finding that deficiencies cannot be remedied in the 

foreseeable future 

Ifthe State offers or provides all necessary services reasonably capable of 

correcting parental deficiencies within the foreseeable future and the parent does not 

substantially improve within a year of the dependency order, a presumption arises that the 

State has demonstrated RCW 13.34. 1 80(l)(e)'s requirement thatthere is little likelihood 

that conditions will be remedied so that the child can be returned to the parent in the near 

future. In re Welfare ofTB., 150 Wn. App. 599,608,209 P.3d 497 (2009). "A parent's 

16 

No. 32770-1-II1 (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-111, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H 

unwillingness to avail herself of remedial services within a reasonable period is highly 

relevant to a trial court's determination as to whether the [Department] has satisfied 

RCW 13.34. 180(1)(e)." Id. "A determination of what constitutes the near future depends 

on the age of the child and the circumstances of the placement." In re Dependency of 

T.L.G., 126 Wn. App. 181,204, 108 P.3d 156 (2005). 

The Department social worker assigned to this dependency proceeding expressed 

her opinion that the near future for S.H. 's five youngest children was "now," and 

testified: 

1 think that [S.H.] has been dealing with these deficiencies for many, 

many years. And we have been at this dependency for 18 months now, and 

she's made no measurable progress. 1 think it would be well into the 

future-up until she's-is absolutely able to address her own personal 

trauma, where she does seem willing or able to do. 

So 1 don't see in the foreseeable future she will be able to make the 

progress she needs for her children. 

RP at 176-77. 

S.H. implicitly concedes that this testimony would be sufficient if the State had 

offered the necessary services, but challenges the State's (and its witnesses') underlying 

assumption that those services had been provided. Br. of Appellant at 30-31 ("[T]he 

social worker's testimony ... presupposes that the mother was offered all necessary 

services to combat [her] personal issues. . .. Without adequate provision of services, the 

social worker's testimony regarding the children's near future does not support the 

termination order"). We have already held that the State met its burden of proving that 

17 

No. 32770-1-III (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-111, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H 

its obligation to provide necessary services was met or excused. That holding is 

dispositive of this assignment of error as well. 

Ill. Current unfitness 

"[A] parent has a due process right not to have the State terminate his or her 

relationship with a natural child in the absence of an express or implied finding that he or 

she, at the time of trial, is currently unfit to parent the child." In re Welfare ofA.B., 168 

Wn.2d at 918. To meet its burden to prove current unfitness in a termination proceeding, 

the State must prove by clear, cogent, and cOllvincing evidence that the parent's 

deficiencies pre-yent him or her from providing the child with "basic nurture, health, or 

safety." In re Welfare ofA.B., 181 Wn. App. 45, 61, 323 P.3d 1062 (2014). 

The trial court in this case made no explicit finding that S.H. was currently unfit to 

parent her children. "[W]hen an appellate court is faced with a record that omits an 

explicit finding of current parental unfitness, the appellate court can imply or infer the 

omitted finding if-but only if-all the facts and circumstances in the record ... clearly 

demonstrate that the omitted finding was actually intended, and thus made, by the trial 

court." In re Welfare ofA.B., 168 Wn.2d at 921. 

S.H. argues that the trial court's oral ruling does not reflect a belief on the part of 

the court that she was currently unfit. She also argues that certain statements by the trial 

court in announcing its ruling improperly shifted the burden of proof, requiring her to 

prove that she was a fit parent. She points to the court's statement-after observing that 

18 

No. 32770-l-III (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-III, 3277l-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare ofR.H 

the final issues in the case included "whether at this point in time the mother is unfit to be 

a parent to her children"-that: 

You know, it is hard for me to draw any conclusions. But it is 

difficult for me when she's not here. 

I can't penalize her for that in that sense. But, you know, certainly I 

would expect her, if she really wanted to parent these children, to be here to 

tell me that, absent her being in the hospital somewhere, or in jail. And 

Counsel has indicated that she's not going to tell me where she's at, and 

that's fine, but absent me having some reason that she is not here, I have to 

assume that she has the ability to be here. I don't have any other way to 

view it. 

And her not being here obviously has some impact upon this case. 

RP at 316-17. If this was the sum total of the court's explanation, followed by, "I 

therefore find her unfit," there might be some merit to S.H.'s argument. But when 

considered as a whole, the foregoing statements merely conveyed the court's concern that 

S.H.'s failure to appear and present evidence in her own behalf left it without any 

evidence to counter the State's evidence ofher current unfitness. The court continued: 

But more than that, by far more than that, is just the fact that it 

appears that she has in effect not decided to do the hard work, and has sort 

of given up, ifyou will, and just walked away; incredibly sad as that is. 

There is obviously no way that I can based on that find that she is a 

fit parent, given the deficiencies that existed, given the fact that I don't 

have a record of those here. So it would be impossible to make that finding. 

RP at 316-17 (emphasis added). 

The court's statements that "[t]here is obviously no way that I can ... find that she 

is a fit parent" and "it would be impossible to make that finding" indirectly but explicitly 

convey its belief that S.H. was currently unfit to parent her children. And that beliefwas 

19 

No. 32770-1-II1 (cons. wi Nos. 32774-4-III, 32771-0-III, 32772-8-III, 32773-6-III) 

In the Matter ofthe Welfare afR.H. 

based not on a failure or proof by S.H. but on the State's evidence of her history of failing 

to take advantage of offered services, indicating that she had "given up" and "just walked 

away." RP at 317. 

Affirmed. 

A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 

2.06.040. 

dzdhm~t~k- Siddoway, C.J. {J 

WE CONCUR: 

Lawrence-Berrey, J. 

20