# United States Court of Appeals **for the Fifth Circuit**

No. 20-61162

Bobby Onyeka Eneugwu; Odera Obinna Eneugwu,

Petitioners ,

versus

Merrick Garland, U.S. Attorney General ,
Respondent

.

Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals BIA Nos. A078 555 678; A078 555 679

Before Jones, Southwick, and Ho , Circuit Judges

. Leslie H. Southwick, Circuit Judge : Two brothers from Nigeria petition this court to overturn the Board of Immigration Appeals’ refusal to a llow their removal proceedings to be reopened. They argue their counse l’s ineffectiveness caused their application for asylum and other relief to be incomplete and therefore denied,
and that counsel’s failures constituted extraordinary circumstances justifying reopening of their removal proceedings. We disagree and deny the petition.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND On November 20, 1997, Bobby On yeka Eneugwu and Odera Obinna Eneugwu, brothers who are natives of Nigeria, were admitted into the United United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit 

### FILED December 1, 2022
Lyle W. Cayce Clerk Case: 20-61162 Document: 00516563591 Page: 1 Date Filed: 12/01/2022No. 20-61162

2 States on tourist visas with permission to remain in the United States until May 19, 1998. They have remained in the United States until now without permission. In March 2009, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) issued Notices to Appear (“NTA”) to the Eneugwus, charging them as removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B) as noncitizens who remained in the United States for a time longer than permitted. The Eneugwus failed to appear at the Immigration Co urt hearing in December 2009 and, accordingly, were ordered removed in absentia

. In September 2012, attorney Michae l Mattson entered an appearance on behalf of the Eneugwus, filed an admission of the factual allegations set forth in each NTA, and conceded the charges of removability. In December 2012, Mattson moved to withdrew afte r being informed the Eneugwus would be seeking other counsel. It was not until April 2015, though, that an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) granted Mattson’s motion to withdraw. Thereafter, the Eneugwus proceeded pro seat IJ hearings on December 12, 2017, and on March 21, 2018. At the March 2018 hearing, the Eneugwus filed individual applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). At that hearing, the IJ provided the Eneugwus with “b iometrics instructions, advised [them] of the importance of having their finger prints taken, advised them to requesta fingerprint appointment right away, detailed, in depth, the process for requesting a fingerprint appointment, an d warned [them] that the failure to have their fingerprints taken prior to the merits hearing would lead to their applications being denied.” A merits hearing was held on Marc h 25, 2019. At torney Patrick Chukwu entered his appearance on behalf of the Eneugwus. The IJ asked if the Eneugwus had submitted their biometrics request to the address listed in the biometrics instructions previously provided to them. The Eneugwus answered they had not done so because thei r attorney did not tell them to have Case: 20-61162 Document: 00516563591 Page: 2 Date Filed: 12/01/2022No. 20-61162

3 their fingerprints taken. The IJ then played the recording of the March 2018 hearing, where the IJ had stated the im portance of and the process for fingerprinting. The IJ found no good caus e for the Eneugwus’ failure to providetheir fingerprints, deemed the Eneugwus’ applications abandoned, and ordered the Eneugwus’ removal to Nigeri a. The Eneugwus did not appeal. In August 2019, the Eneugwus, through new counsel, filed a motion to reopen on the grounds of ineffective assistance of counsel. Specifically, the Eneugwus alleged Chukwu was ineffe ctive when he failed to remind them of the biometrics requirement and failed to submit their I-589 applications. Further, the Eneugwus claimed that, bu t for Chukwu’s failure to provide effective assistance, they would have b een afforded a hearing on the merits. The IJ found the Eneugwus’ motion s were untimely filed and not subject to equitable tolling. As to their claim that Chukwu failed to file their I589 applications, the IJ found the Eneu gwus had already filed applications they completed on March 21, 2018, and that they failed to show how the subsequent applications substantively differe d from the applications already filed with the court. Regarding the claim th at Chukwu failed to notify the Eneugwus of the biometrics requirement, th e IJ found the Eneu gwus “were aware of the need to have their fingerprints taken prior to their merits hearing and
that their failure to do so would lead to the denial of their applications.” As to counsel’s effectiveness, the IJ concluded the Eneugwus failed to
show Chukwu was ineffectiv e or that his actions we re prejudicial to their cases. Therefore, their due process claims failed. Further, the IJ concluded the Eneugwus failed to establish some extraordinary circumstance prevented timely filing of their motions. Accordin gly, the IJ determined equitable tolling would not apply to their untimely motions. Given its rejection of the Eneugwus’ ineffective assistance of coun sel claims, the IJ found no basis to reopen the case sua sponte . The Eneugwus filed an appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). Case: 20-61162 Document: 00516563591 Page: 3 Date Filed: 12/01/2022No. 20-61162

4 The BIA stated the Eneugwus did not contest the untimeliness of the motion to reopen. As to equitable to lling based on ineffective counsel, the BIA agreed with the IJ’s findings th at the Eneugwus failed to establish Chukwu provided ineffective assistance . Further, the BIA agreed the Eneugwus failed to show exceptiona l circumstances justifying a sua spontereopening. The BIA dismissed the appeal. One member of the BIA dissented, disagreeing with the IJ’s findings regarding the assistance of counsel. The dissent considered that the Eneugwus retained an attorney to help them pursue all thei r claims. Their attorney gave them a list of actions they needed to take in preparation for their meritshearing, but the list did not include complying with the fingerprint requirement. According to the dissent, Chukwu ’s failure to remind the Eneugwus of the fingerprint requirement, after assuming responsibility for their case,
constituted ineffective assistance. Th e dissent also found the ineffective assistance resulted in prejudice because it deprived the Eneugwus of a full hearing on their applications for relief. The Eneugwus timely filed a petition for review.
DISCUSSION The Eneugwus argue the BIA abused its discretion in affirming the IJ’s denial of their motions to reopen based on ineffective counsel and in refusing to reopen the proceedings sua sponte

. The BIA’s denial of a motion to reop en is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Ramos-Portillo v. Barr , 919 F.3d 955, 958 (5th Cir. 2019). The decision will stand unless it is “caprici ous, irrational, utterly without foundation in the evidence, based on legally erroneous interpretations of statutes or regulations, or based on unexplained departures from regulations or established policies.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). The BIA’s legal
conclusions are reviewed de novo ; while we look for substantial evidence to support fact findings, we will revers e only “when the record compels a Case: 20-61162 Document: 00516563591 Page: 4 Date Filed: 12/01/2022No. 20-61162

5 different finding.” Garcia v. Garland, 28 F.4th 644, 646 (5th Cir. 2022) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Re levant here, “[ineffective assistance of counsel] is a constitutional claim thatinvolves a mixed question of law and
fact.” Diaz v. Sessions , 894 F.3d 222, 227 (5th Ci r. 2018) (quotation marks and citation omitted). I. Equitable tolling The Eneugwus contend the BIA abused its discretion in affirming the IJ’s denial of their motion to reopen as untimely, because they showed the deadline should have been equitably tolle d. Generally, an alien may file only one motion to reopen removal proceedings; it must be filed within 90 days of the entry of a final order of removal. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A), (C)(i). The numerical limitation and time period are subject to equitable tolling. See Lugo-Resendez v. Lynch , 831 F.3d 337, 343–44 (5th Cir. 2016). An alien is entitled to equitable tolling by showing “(1) that he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance stood in his way and prevented timely filing.” Id. at 344 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Equitabl e tolling only applies in “rare and exceptional circumstances.” United States v. English , 400 F.3d 273, 275 (5th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks). It is no t invoked by a “garden variety claim of excusable neglect.” Rashidi v. American President Lines , 96 F.3d 124, 128 (5th Cir. 1996) (quotation marks).
We need not decide if ineffective assistance of counsel would be an extraordinary circumstance justifying equitable tolling of the deadline for seeking reopening. See Diaz , 894 F.3d at 227. That is because there has been no argument that the untimeliness of the motion to reopen was the result of
ineffectiveness of counsel. The disse nting member of th e BIA found ineffectiveness for failure to ensure, or at leas t remind, about the need for biometrics information. Even if so, the later failu re to move within the time to reopen was not caused by that shortcoming. Th e failure to move in timely fashion to Case: 20-61162 Document: 00516563591 Page: 5 Date Filed: 12/01/2022No. 20-61162

6 reopen was an independent basis for th e BIA to deny relief. We need not
consider the issue of ineffective coun sel as to the biometrics information. The Eneugwus have not shown any basis for equitable tolling of the filing deadline for reopening. II. BIA’s denial of the motion to reopen sua sponte The Eneugwus seek review of the BIA’ s decision to deny their motion to reopen their removal proceedings sua sponte . We do not have “jurisdiction
to review the BIA’s discretionar y decision not to invoke its sua sponteauthority to reopen a case because there is no legal standard against which to judge
that decision.” Mejia v. Whitaker , 913 F.3d 482, 490 (5 th Cir. 2019) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The Eneugwus contend our refusal to review denials of sua sponte reopening of proceedings are “erroneo us in light [of] the U.S. Supreme Court’s controlling reasoning in Dada v. Mukasey , 554 U.S. 1 (2008), Heckler v. Chaney , 470 U.S. 821 (1985), Kucana v. Holder , 558 U.S. 233 (2010), and Mata v. Lynch ,” 576 U.S. 143 (2015). The two most recent of the cited Supreme Court opinions expressly declined to reject the position of this court and of other circuits that refusal to reopen sua sponte is not reviewable. See
Mata , 576 U.S. at 148; Kucana , 558 U.S. at 251 n.18. We conclude these Supreme Court opinions do not undermine our holdings that we do not have jurisdiction to review refusals to reopen sua sponte

. The petition for review is DENIED in part, and to the extent it asserts error when the BIA refused to reopen sua sponte , the petition is DISMISSED. Case: 20-61162 Document: 00516563591 Page: 6 Date Filed: 12/01/2022