Exhibit 4.5


 


PRE-FUNDED
COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT


 


MECHANICAL
TECHNOLOGY, INCORPORATED


 


	Warrant
    Shares: [●]	Initial
    Exercise Date: April __, 2021


 


THIS
PRE-FUNDED COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT (the “Warrant”) certifies that, for value received, [●] or its
assigns (the “Holder”) is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions
hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after April [ ], 2021 (the “Initial Exercise Date”) until this Warrant
is exercised in full (the “Termination Date”) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from Mechanical
Technology, Incorporated, a Nevada corporation (the “Company”), up to [●] shares (as subject to adjustment
hereunder, the “Warrant Shares”) of Common Stock. The purchase price of one share of Common Stock under this
Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section 2(b).


 


Section
1.  Definitions. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Warrant, the following terms have the
meanings indicated in this Section 1:


 


“Affiliate”
means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common
control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule 405 under the Securities Act.


 


“Bid
Price” means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Stock
is then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Common Stock for the time in question (or the nearest preceding
date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading
Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading Market, the
volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX as applicable,
(c) if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Stock are then
reported on the Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most
recent bid price per share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common
Stock as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the holders of a majority in interest of the Warrants
then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.


 


“Business
Day” means any day except any Saturday, any Sunday, any day which is a federal legal holiday in the United States or any
day on which banking institutions in the State of New York are authorized or required by law or other governmental action to close;
provided, however, for clarification, commercial banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or required by law to
remain closed due to “stay at home”, “shelter-in-place”, “non-essential employee”  or
any other similar orders or restrictions or the closure of any physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental
authority so long as the electronic funds transfer systems (including for wire transfers) of commercial banks in The City of New
York generally are open for use by customers on such day.


 


“Commission”
means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.


 


“Common
Stock” means the common stock of the Company, par value $0.001 per share, and any other class of securities into which such
securities may hereafter be reclassified or changed.


 


“Common
Stock Equivalents” means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire
at any time Common Stock, including, without limitation, any debt, preferred stock, right, option, warrant or other instrument
that is at any time convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive,
Common Stock.


 


“Exchange
Act” means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.


 






     


     


    

 


“Person”
means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability
company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.


 


“Registration
Statement” means the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-254064).


 


“Securities
Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.


 


“Subsidiary”
means any subsidiary of the Company which is actively engaged in a trade or business, and shall, where applicable, also include
any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company formed or acquired after the date hereof.


 


“Trading
Day” means a day on which the Common Stock is traded on a Trading Market. “Trading Market” means any of the
following markets or exchanges on which the Common Stock is listed or quoted for trading on the date in question: the NYSE American,
the Nasdaq Capital Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Global Select Market or the New York Stock Exchange (or any successors
to any of the foregoing).


 


Transfer
Agent” means American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, the current transfer agent of the Company, with a mailing
address of [ ], and any successor transfer agent of the Company.


 


 “VWAP”
means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a) if the Common Stock is then
listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest
preceding date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based
on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m. (New York City time) to 4:02 p.m. (New York City time)), (b) if OTCQB or OTCQX is not a Trading
Market, the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX
as applicable, (c) if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted for trading on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common
Stock are then reported on the Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting
prices), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d) in all other cases, the fair market value
of a share of Common Stock as determined by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the holders of a majority in interest
of the Warrants then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the
Company.


 


“Warrants”
means this Warrant and other Pre-Funded Common Stock purchase warrants issued by the Company pursuant to the Registration Statement.


 


Section
2.  Exercise.


 


a) Exercise
of Warrant. Exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any time or times
on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed or PDF
copy submitted by e-mail (or e-mail attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form annexed hereto (the “Notice of
Exercise”). Within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard
Settlement Period (as defined in Section 2(d)(i) herein) following the date of exercise as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver
the aggregate Exercise Price for the shares specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise by wire transfer unless the cashless
exercise procedure specified in Section 2(c) below is specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise. No ink-original Notice of
Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise
be required. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant
to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised
in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within five (5) Trading Days of
the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases
of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number
of Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares purchased. The Holder and
the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company
shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise within one (1) Trading Day of receipt of such notice. The Holder
and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following
the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at any
given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof.


 






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b) Exercise
Price. The aggregate exercise price of this Warrant, except for a nominal exercise price of $0.01 per Warrant Share, was pre-funded
to the Company on or prior to the Initial Exercise Date and, consequently, no additional consideration (other than the nominal
exercise price of $0.01 per Warrant Share) shall be required to be paid by the Holder to any Person to effect any exercise of
this Warrant. The Holder shall not be entitled to the return or refund of all, or any portion, of such pre-paid aggregate exercise
price under any circumstance or for any reason whatsoever, including in the event this Warrant shall not have been exercised prior
to the Termination Date. The remaining unpaid exercise price per share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be $0.01,
subject to adjustment hereunder (the “Exercise Price”).


 


c)       Cashless
Exercise. If at the time of exercise hereof there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained
therein is not available for the issuance of the Warrant Shares to the Holder, then this Warrant may also be exercised, in whole
or in part, at such time by means of a “cashless exercise” in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number
of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:


 


	 	(A)
    =	as
    applicable: (i) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice
    of Exercise is (1) both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2) both
    executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of “regular trading hours”
    (as defined in Rule 600(b)(68) of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii)
    at the option of the Holder, either (y) the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice
    of Exercise or (z) the Bid Price of the Common Stock on the principal Trading Market as reported by Bloomberg L.P. as of the
    time of the Holder’s execution of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is executed during “regular
    trading hours” on a Trading Day and is delivered within two (2) hours thereafter (including until two (2) hours after
    the close of “regular trading hours” on a Trading Day) pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof or (iii) the VWAP on the
    date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if the date of such Notice of Exercise is a Trading Day and such Notice of Exercise
    is both executed and delivered pursuant to Section 2(a) hereof after the close of “regular trading hours” on such
    Trading Day;
	 	(B) =	the
    Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and
	 	(X) =	the
    number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant
    if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise.


 If
Warrant Shares are issued in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section 3(a)(9)
of the Securities Act, the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised.  The
Company agrees not to take any position contrary to this Section 2(c). 


 






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 d)       Mechanics
of Exercise.


 


	 	i.	Delivery
        of Warrant Shares Upon Exercise. The Company shall cause the Warrant Shares purchased hereunder to be transmitted
        by the Transfer Agent to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder’s or its designee’s balance account
        with The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system (“DWAC”) if
        the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A) there is an effective registration statement permitting
        the issuance of the Warrant Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by the Holder or (B) this Warrant is being exercised
        via cashless exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company’s share register
        in the name of the Holder or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to
        such exercise to the address specified by the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earliest of (i)
        two (2) Trading Days after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise, (ii) one (1) Trading Day after delivery
        of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company and (iii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement
        Period after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of Exercise (such date, the “Warrant Share Delivery Date”).
        Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have become the holder
        of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery
        of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise)
        is received within the earlier of (i) two (2) Trading Days and (ii) the number of Trading Days comprising the Standard
        Settlement Period following delivery of the Notice of Exercise. If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the
        Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice of Exercise by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to
        the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise
        (based on the VWAP of the Common Stock on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing
        to $20 per Trading Day on the fifth Trading Day after such liquidated damages begin to accrue) for each Trading Day after
        such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered or Holder rescinds such exercise. The Company
        agrees to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding
        and exercisable. As used herein, “Standard Settlement Period” means the standard settlement period,
        expressed in a number of Trading Days, on the Company’s primary Trading Market with respect to the Common Stock
        as in effect on the date of delivery of the Notice of Exercise. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Notice(s)
        of Exercise delivered on or prior to 12:00 p.m. (New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date, which may be delivered
        at any time after the time of execution of the Underwriting Agreement, dated [__], 2021 between the Company and Univest
        Securities LLC, the Company agrees to deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s) by 4:00 p.m. (New York City
        time) on the Initial Exercise Date.

         

        ii.       Delivery
        of New Warrants Upon Exercise. If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request
        of a Holder and upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to
        the Holder a new Warrant evidencing the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by
        this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects be identical with this Warrant.

         

        iii.       Rescission
Rights. If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to Section
2(d)(i) by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise. 

         



 






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	 	 	iv.       Compensation
        for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise. In addition to any other rights available to
        the Holder, if the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance
        with the provisions of Section 2(d)(i) above pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date, and
        if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market transaction or otherwise) or the
        Holder’s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction of a sale by the
        Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a “Buy-In”),
        then the Company shall (A) pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x) the Holder’s total purchase
        price (including brokerage commissions, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased exceeds (y) the amount obtained
        by multiplying (1) the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with
        the exercise at issue times (2) the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed,
        and (B) at the option of the Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares
        for which such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder
        the number of shares of Common Stock that would have been issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and
        delivery obligations hereunder. For example, if the Holder purchases Common Stock having a total purchase price of $11,000
        to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of shares of Common Stock with an aggregate sale price giving
        rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A) of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall
        be required to pay the Holder $1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable
        to the Holder in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss. Nothing
        herein shall limit a Holder’s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity
        including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s
        failure to timely deliver shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof. 

         

        vi.       Charges,
        Taxes and Expenses. Issuance of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer
        tax or other incidental expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall
        be paid by the Company, and such Warrant Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as
        may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that in the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued
        in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise shall be accompanied by the Assignment
        Form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder and the Company may require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a
        sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto. The Company shall pay all Transfer Agent fees
        required for same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company (or another established
        clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares.

         

        vii.       Closing
        of Books. The Company will not close its stockholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise
        of this Warrant, pursuant to the terms hereof. 





  






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e) Holder’s
Exercise Limitations. The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to
exercise any portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section 2 or otherwise, to the extent that after giving effect to such issuance
after exercise as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder’s Affiliates, and
any other Persons acting as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder’s Affiliates (such Persons, “Attribution
Parties”)), would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below).  For purposes
of the foregoing sentence, the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution
Parties shall include the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination
is being made, but shall exclude the number of shares of Common Stock which would be issuable upon (i) exercise of the remaining,
nonexercised portion of this Warrant beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii)
exercise or conversion of the unexercised or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation,
any other Common Stock Equivalents) subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein
beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties.  Except as set forth in the preceding sentence,
for purposes of this Section 2(e), beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act
and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing
to the Holder that such calculation is in compliance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible
for any schedules required to be filed in accordance therewith. To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section 2(e)
applies, the determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together
with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion
of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder’s determination of whether this
Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties)
and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company
shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such determination. In addition, a determination as to any group
status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder. For purposes of this Section 2(e), in determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, a
Holder may rely on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock as reflected in (A) the Company’s most recent periodic
or annual report filed with the Commission, as the case may be, (B) a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C) a
more recent written notice by the Company or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding. 
Upon the written or oral request of a Holder, the Company shall within one (1) Trading Day confirm orally and in writing to the
Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding.  In any case, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock
shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities of the Company, including this Warrant, by
the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number of outstanding shares of Common Stock
was reported. The “Beneficial Ownership Limitation” shall be 4.99% (or, upon election by a Holder prior to
the issuance of any Warrants, 9.99%) of the number of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to
the issuance of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant. The Holder, upon notice to the Company, may increase
or decrease the Beneficial Ownership Limitation provisions of this Section 2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation
in no event exceeds 9.99% of the number of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance
of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of this Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section 2(e) shall continue
to apply. Any increase in the Beneficial Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61st day after such
notice is delivered to the Company. The provisions of this paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise
than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section 2(e) to correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective
or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary
or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor
holder of this Warrant.


 


Section
3.  Certain Adjustments.


 


a) Stock
Dividends and Splits. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding: (i) pays a stock dividend or otherwise
makes a distribution or distributions on shares of its Common Stock or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable
in shares of Common Stock (which, for avoidance of doubt, shall not include any shares of Common Stock issued by the Company upon
exercise of this Warrant), (ii) subdivides outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares, (iii) combines (including
by way of reverse stock split) outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, or (iv) issues by reclassification
of shares of the Common Stock any shares of capital stock of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied
by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding
immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately
after such event, and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that
the aggregate Exercise Price of this Warrant shall remain unchanged. Any adjustment made pursuant to this Section 3(a) shall become
effective immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution
and shall become effective immediately after the effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re-classification.


 






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b) Subsequent
Rights Offerings. In addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section 3(a) above, if at any time the Company grants, issues
or sells any Common Stock Equivalents or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to the record
holders of any class of shares of Common Stock (the “Purchase Rights”), then the Holder will be entitled to
acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired
if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard
to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the
date on which a record is taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date
as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights
(provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in any such Purchase Right
would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate
in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right
to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its
right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).


 


c) Pro
Rata Distributions. During such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or
other distribution of its assets (or rights to acquire its assets) to all holders of shares of Common Stock, by way of return
of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation, any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options
by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement, scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction)
except to the extent an adjustment was already made pursuant to Section 3(a) (a “Distribution”), at any time
after the issuance of this Warrant, then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution
to the same extent that the Holder would have participated therein if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock
acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation,
the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such
record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the participation
in such Distribution (provided, however, that, to the extent that the Holder’s right to participate in
any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled
to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any shares of Common Stock as a result of
such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the benefit of the Holder
until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation).


 






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 d) Fundamental
Transaction. If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related
transactions effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii) the Company, directly or indirectly,
effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of its assets
in one or a series of related transactions, (iii) any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether
by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange
their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of the outstanding Common
Stock, (iv) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization
or recapitalization of the Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Stock is effectively converted
into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v) the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions
consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization,
recapitalization, spin-off or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons whereby such other Person or group
acquires more than 50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock (not including any shares of Common Stock held by the other Person
or other Persons making or party to, or associated or affiliated with the other Persons making or party to, such stock or share
purchase agreement or other business combination) (each a “Fundamental Transaction”), then, upon any subsequent
exercise of this Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon
such exercise immediately prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard
to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise of this Warrant), the number of shares of Common Stock of the successor or acquiring
corporation or of the Company, if it is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the “Alternate Consideration”)
receivable as a result of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which this Warrant
is exercisable immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section 2(e) on the exercise
of this Warrant). For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to
apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common
Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in
a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common
Stock are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder
shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of this Warrant following such
Fundamental Transaction. The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is not
the survivor (the “Successor Entity”) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this
Warrant in accordance with the provisions of this Section 3(d) pursuant to written agreements in form and substance reasonably
satisfactory to the Holder and approved by the Holder (without unreasonable delay) prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall,
at the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by
a written instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number
of shares of capital stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the shares of Common Stock acquirable
and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such
Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock
(but taking into account the relative value of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value
of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting
the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably
satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity
shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this
Warrant referring to the “Company” shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and
power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant with the same effect as if such
Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein.


 


e) Calculations.
All calculations under this Section 3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be.
For purposes of this Section 3, the number of shares of Common Stock deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall
be the sum of the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.


 


f) Notice
to Holder.


 


i. Adjustment
to Exercise Price. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section 3, the Company shall
promptly deliver to the Holder by email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment
to the number of Warrant Shares and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment.


 






    8 


     


    

 


ii. Notice
to Allow Exercise by Holder. If (A) the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the
Common Stock, (B) the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Common Stock, (C) the
Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Common Stock rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any shares
of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D) the approval of any stockholders of the Company shall be required in connection
with any reclassification of the Common Stock, any consolidation or merger to which the Company is a party, any sale or transfer
of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Stock is converted
into other securities, cash or property, or (E) the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation
or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by email to the Holder
at its last email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least ten (10) Trading Days prior to
the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice stating (x) the date on which a record is to be taken
for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as
of which the holders of the Common Stock of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants
are to be determined or (y) the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is
expected to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Common Stock of record shall
be entitled to exchange their shares of the Common Stock for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification,
consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein
or in the delivery thereof shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice. To the
extent that any notice provided in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company
or any of the Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report
on Form 8-K. The Holder shall remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice
to the effective date of the event triggering such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein.


 


Section
4.  Transfer of Warrant.


 


a) Transferability.
This Warrant and all rights hereunder are transferable, in whole or in part, upon surrender of this Warrant at the principal office
of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant substantially in the form attached
hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon the making
of such transfer. Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants
in the name of the assignee or assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified in such instrument
of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned, and this
Warrant shall promptly be cancelled. Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically
surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender
this Warrant to the Company within five (5) Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to the Company
assigning this Warrant in full. The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder for
the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.


 






    9 


     


    

 


b) New
Warrants. This Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of
the Company, together with a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed
by the Holder or its agent or attorney. Subject to compliance with Section 4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such
division or combination, the Company shall execute and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants
to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice. All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the initial
issuance date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant
thereto.


 


c) Warrant
Register. The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the “Warrant
Register”), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time. The Company may deem and treat the registered
Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder,
and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary.


 









    10 


     


    

 


Section
5.  Miscellaneous.


 


a) No
Rights as Stockholder Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash. This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights,
dividends or other rights as a stockholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section 2(d)(i), except
as expressly set forth in Section 3. Without limiting the rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a “cashless exercise,”
and to receive the cash payments contemplated pursuant to Sections 2(d)(i) and 2(d)(iv), in no event will the Company be required
to net cash settle a Warrant exercise.


 


b) Loss,
Theft, Destruction or Mutilation of Warrant. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably
satisfactory to it of the loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant
Shares, and in case of loss, theft or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it (which, in the case
of the Warrant, shall not include the posting of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate,
if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant or stock certificate of like tenor and dated as of such cancellation,
in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate.


 


c) Saturdays,
Sundays, Holidays, etc. If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required
or granted herein shall not be a Trading Day, then, such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding
Trading Day.


 


d) Authorized
Shares.


 


The
Company covenants that, during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued Common
Stock a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights
under this Warrant. The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers
who are charged with the duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase rights under this Warrant.
The Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided
herein without violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Common
Stock may be listed. The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights
represented by this Warrant will, upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such Warrant
Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens
and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously
with such issue).


 


Except
and to the extent as waived or consented to by the holders of a majority of the then outstanding Warrants (based on the number
of Warrant Shares underlying such Warrants), the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its
certificate of incorporation or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale
of securities or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this
Warrant, but will at all times in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions
as may be necessary or appropriate to protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment. Without limiting
the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i) not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount payable
therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii) take all such action as may be necessary or
appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise
of this Warrant and (iii) use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any
public regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under
this Warrant.


 






    11 


     


    

 


Before
taking any action which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable or
in the Exercise Price, the Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be
necessary from any public regulatory body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.


 


e) Governing
Law. All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be governed
by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles
of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all legal proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense
of the transactions contemplated by this Warrant (whether brought against a party hereto or their respective affiliates, directors,
officers, shareholders, partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts
sitting in the City of New York. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal
courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith
or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any
suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit,
action or proceeding is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal
service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered
or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under
this Warrant and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing
contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. If either
party shall commence an action, suit or proceeding to enforce any provisions of this Warrant, the prevailing party in such action,
suit or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party for their reasonable attorneys’ fees and other costs and expenses
incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such action or proceeding. Notwithstanding the foregoing, nothing
in this paragraph shall limit or restrict the federal district court in which a Holder may bring a claim under the federal securities
laws.


 


f) Restrictions.
The Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder
does not utilize cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws.


 


g) Nonwaiver
and Expenses. No course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall operate
as a waiver of such right or otherwise prejudice the Holder’s rights, powers or remedies. Without limiting any other provision
of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly fails to comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any
material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and
expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys’ fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by
the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.


 


h) Notices.
Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by the Holders hereunder including, without limitation,
any Notice of Exercise, shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight
courier service, addressed to the Company, 325 Washington Avenue Extension, Albany, New York 12205, Attention: Jessica Thomas,
Chief Financial Officer] email address: jthomas@mtiinstruments.com, or such other email address or address as the Company may
specify for such purposes by notice to the Holders. Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries to be provided by
the Company hereunder shall be in writing and delivered personally, by e-mail, or sent by a nationally recognized overnight courier
service addressed to each Holder at the e-mail address or address of such Holder appearing on the books of the Company. Any notice
or other communication or deliveries hereunder shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i) the time of transmission,
if such notice or communication is delivered via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section prior to 5:30 p.m. (New
York City time) on any date, (ii) the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered
via e-mail at the e-mail address set forth in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York
City time) on any Trading Day, (iii) the second Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized
overnight courier service, or (iv) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given. To the extent
that any notice provided hereunder constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries,
the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form 8-K.


 






    12 


     


    

 


i) Limitation
of Liability. No provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase
Warrant Shares, and no enumeration herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder
for the purchase price of any Common Stock or as a stockholder of the Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company
or by creditors of the Company.


 


j) Remedies.
The Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled
to specific performance of its rights under this Warrant. The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation
for any loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert
the defense in any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.


 


k) Successors
and Assigns. Subject to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure
to the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns
of Holder. The provisions of this Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and
shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder of Warrant Shares.


 


l) Amendment.
This Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company and the Holder.


 


m) Severability.
Wherever possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable
law, but if any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective
to the extent of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions
of this Warrant.


 


n) Headings.
The headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of
this Warrant.


 


********************


 


(Signature
Page Follows)


 









    13 


     


    

 


IN
WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly authorized as of the date first
above indicated.


 





	 	Mechanical Technology, Incorporated
	 	 
	 	By: 	 
	 	 	Name: Michael Toporek
	 	 	Title: Chief Executive
    Officer 







 




    14 


     


    

  


 


NOTICE
OF EXERCISE


 


TO: Mechanical
Technology, Incorporated


 


(1) The
undersigned hereby elects to purchase ________ Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only
required if exercised in full), and tenders herewith payment of the exercise price in full, together with all applicable transfer
taxes, if any.


 


(2) Payment
shall take the form of (check applicable box):


 


☐
in lawful money of the United States by wire transfer; or


 


☐
if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection
2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise
procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).


 


(3) Please
issue said Warrant Shares in the name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:


 


The
Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number:


 





	Name of broker (if applicable):	 	 
	 	 	 
	DTC number:	 	 
	 	 	 
	Account name:	 	 
	 	 	 
	Account number:	 	 







 


[SIGNATURE
OF HOLDER]


 


Name
of Investing Entity:


 


___________________________________________________________________________





Signature
of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity:


 


_____________________________________________________





Name
of Authorized Signatory:


 


_______________________________________________________________________





Title
of Authorized Signatory:


 


________________________________________________________________________





Date:


  





     


     


    

EXHIBIT
B


 


ASSIGNMENT
FORM


 


(To
assign the foregoing Warrant, execute this form and supply required information. Do not use this form to purchase shares.)


 


FOR
VALUE RECEIVED, the foregoing Warrant and all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to


 


	Name: ___________________________________________	 
	 	(Please Print)
	 	 
	Address:  _________________________________________	 
	 	(Please Print)
	 	 
	Phone Number:  ____________________________________	 
	 	 
	Email Address:  ____________________________________	 


 


Dated:
_______________ __, ______


 


	Holder’s Signature:	 	 
	 		 
	Holder’s Address: