News& Notes

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration

NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

Office of Communications

Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

From 

the Chief 

Historian

During these first few 

months on the job, 

many people have 

asked me if there have 

been any big surprises. There have been a 

few, but the thing that has struck me the most 

is a very pleasant surprise. In meetings, conferences, and other day-to-day interactions, 

I’ve been astounded by the number of people I’ve met who have had some sort of positive interaction with the National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) history 

program. An amazing number of historians, 

as well as people in other fields, have spent 

time working in our archives or with our 

materials, serving as interns at NASA early 

in their careers, or writing NASA histories; 

others have benefited from winning one of 

the fellowships sponsored by the NASA history program. While some of these folks are 

no longer working in the field of aerospace 

history, every one of them that I’ve talked 

with clearly remembers his or her connection to NASA history with great warmth 

and affection.

This is, of course, a testament to the superb 

people who have worked and are now working 

in our history program. But I think that it also 

says something about the enthusiasm and 

collegiality of those interested in aerospace 

history. This is an asset that I am committed to encouraging. So, whatever your connection to NASA history, you can count on a 

warm welcome here. And if you happen to be 

a former intern, fellow, researcher, or author 

and have been busy with other things—or if 

you know someone who fits these categories 

continued on next page

Quarterly Series: NASA’s 

National Historic Landmarks

The National Park Service manages the National Register of Historic 

Places (NRHP). The NRHP contains approximately 2,900 National Historic 

Landmarks (NHLs); the buildings, districts, structures, and objects that 

are significant to America’s history nationally. While NASA’s historic 

accomplishments in aeronautical research, science, and space exploration 

are well documented, less is known about the buildings and structures that 

supported and enabled these accomplishments. This series provides an 

overview of NASA’s 20 NHLs. This issue features NASA’s Lunar Landing 

Research Facility located at Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia.

First Lunar, Then Crash, and Now 

Splash Landings—The Legacy 

of the Gantry Lives On

Lunar Landing Research Facility, Langley Research Center

By Caroline Diehl and Mary Gainer

Most people recognize the famous phrase spoken by Neil Armstrong as 

he stepped onto the Moon’s surface, “That’s one small step for [a] man, 

continued on next page

In This Issue:

From the Chief Historian 1

Quarterly Series: NASA’s National Historic Landmarks 1

NASA Appoints New Federal Preservation Officer 6

News from Headquarters and the Centers 7

Recent Publications 16

Online Resources 24

Other Aerospace History News 24

USC and Huntington Library Create Aerospace History Project 25

Call for Papers 27

Upcoming Meetings 28

Obituaries 29

Images in Aerospace History 30
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

2

From the Chief Historian (continued)

that won’t see this newsletter—please drop me a note or call. You can always 

reach me at bill.barry@nasa.gov or at 202-358-0383. Let’s keep in touch.

Until then, Godspeed.

William P. Barry

Chief Historian

Quarterly Series: NASA’s National Historic Landmarks (continued)

one giant leap for mankind.” Lesser known is his response, upon returning to 

Earth, when asked what it felt like to land on the Moon: he replied, “Like Langley.” 

His response is a tribute to the tremendously important role that the Lunar Landing 

Research Facility (LLRF) played in the success of the Apollo program. The LLRF, 

more commonly known as “the Gantry,” is one of five NHLs located at Langley 

Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, Virginia. In addition to describing the significant role that the LLRF played in the first lunar landing, this article describes the 

changing roles that the facility has played over the years in performing impact and 

crash landing research, as well as the facility’s newest capability, splash landings 

in the recently constructed Hydro Impact Basin.

When President John F. Kennedy made his announcement in 1961 that the United 

States would land a man on the Moon by the end of the decade, the task of 

implementing such an extremely ambitious goal fell to NASA. The Apollo mission 

planners were faced with the challenge of designing a set of flights that could meet 

the goal while minimizing risk to human life, cost, and demands on technology and 

astronaut skill. After evaluating several different strategies for a Moon landing, 

NASA eventually settled on the lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) method, in which a 

single rocket would launch two spacecraft into lunar orbit. One would circle the 

Moon while the other descended to the lunar surface. The lander would then boost 

itself back into orbit, dock with the mother ship, and return to Earth.

The success of the LOR strategy ultimately depended on whether the astronauts 

could learn to safely land the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) on the Moon’s 

surface and return into orbit to dock with the mother ship. A major obstacle in 

designing a training procedure, however, was that the trajectory of the LEM would 

be different from what it would be if lifting off from Earth because the gravitational 

attraction of the Moon is only 1/6 that of Earth. Thus, the problem became how 

to reproduce the operation of the LEM in a low-gravity environment. The solution 

was conceived by W. Hewitt Phillips, a Langley engineer who specialized in the 

guidance and control of aircraft. Phillips was responsible for devising the design 

of the LLRF, a training simulator that allowed NASA engineers to study the complex process of a lunar landing while giving the astronauts critical hands-on pilot 

training in the LEM.
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

3

The LLRF, which was first conceived as an Erector Set model in Phillips’s home 

workshop, was constructed by C. W. Regan, Inc., in 1965 at a cost of $3.5 million. 

Located in the northern portion of NASA LaRC, the most obvious feature of the 

LLRF was its enormous gantry, which became an unmistakable landmark on the 

horizon. The A-frame steel structure, measuring 400 feet long by 240 feet high, 

was composed of truss elements arranged with four sets of inclined legs that provided adequate clearance for any pendulous motion the vehicle might develop. An 

elevator shaft in the east end provided access to the overhead equipment while 

catwalks allowed the inspection of all structural areas.

The LLRF simulated lunar gravity through an overhead partialsuspension system that provided 

lifting force through cables acting 

through the LEM’s center of gravity, 

counteracting all but 1/6 of Earth’s 

gravitational force. Protected by automatic and manual braking equipment, 

the LEM could fly unobstructed within 

an area measuring approximately 

360 feet long, 180 feet high, and 42 

feet wide. The operation of the facility was directed from a control room 

located near the southwest corner of the gantry structure. From here, the movements of the LEM, bridge, and dolly could be viewed by the test director and 

facility operators through large observation windows. Two-way communications 

throughout the facility allowed the test director to maintain constant voice contact 

with the pilot and operational crews. Initially paved with a 30-foot-wide strip of concrete to minimize jet-blast effects and fuel spill releases, the base of the Gantry 

later was covered with fill dirt and modeled to simulate the lunar surface, complete 

with the holes, pits, and craters the astronauts would encounter on the Moon.

In addition to flight testing of the LEM, the LLRF also was used as a lunar walking 

simulator for the Apollo astronauts. This was accomplished 

by suspending the astronaut 

on his side with a system of 

slings and cables, allowing him to walk on a plane 

inclined to approximately 80.5 

degrees relative to the vertical direction of Earth’s gravity. Weightlessness and other 

gravitational conditions could 

be simulated by varying the 

inclination of the walkway.

A 1965 LEM suspended from the Gantry.

A 1965 lunar walking simulator.

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

4

Quarterly Series: NASA’s National Historic Landmarks (continued)

While the first men to land on the 

Moon would undoubtedly rely on selflocomotion (walking), the LLRF was 

also used to test surface and flying 

vehicles for lunar exploration. Built 

by the Bell Aerosystems Company 

in 1967, a small, one-man, rocketpowered flying device was flighttested at the Gantry to investigate the 

feasibility of the vehicle control concept, the piloting differences between 

Earth and lunar gravity, and the 

impact of pressure suits on vehicle 

handling qualities. Since a portion of 

testing the vehicle involved investigating instability and vibrations, the flying device was referred to as “POGO,” after 

the jumping stick. Under simulated lunar gravity conditions, the pilot stood on the 

simple, open vehicle frame and controlled the two gimbaled nozzles of 90 percent 

liquid hydrogen peroxide propellant by twisting handgrips to maneuver and direct 

the POGO. Two pilots who had previously flown the vehicle under Earth-gravity 

conditions found that it was easier to fly in simulated lunar gravity than Earth 

gravity, and use of spacesuits presented no serious problems.

From 1965 until the end of the Apollo program in 1972, the LLRF was used to 

train 24 astronauts for lunar missions, including Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. 

“Buzz” Aldrin, Jr., of Apollo 11. Although the end of piloted lunar missions made 

the Gantry unneeded by the early 1970s, NASA quickly contrived a new use for 

this unique facility, converting it into a full-scale crash test facility for general aviation aircraft. Redesignated as the Impact Dynamics Research Facility (IDRF), it 

was designed to obtain data on the structural response of aircraft, and the forces 

transmitted to the occupants, during a crash impact. The full-scale crash tests 

would help evaluate crashworthy design concepts both for aircraft structure and 

for seat and restraint systems.

The first full-scale crash 

test at the new IDRF was 

conducted in February 1974. 

These tests took advantage 

of the large dimensions of 

the gantry structure, using a 

“pendulum-swing” technique 

in which aircraft were placed 

in harnesses, raised to the 

desired height and pullback 

position, and released. One 

of the most important features of the facility was its 

A 1967 POGO flying vehicle test.

Full-scale impact testing in 1979.
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

5

ability to conduct full-scale crash tests of light aircraft and rotorcraft under freeflight conditions, allowing the test staff control over the altitude and velocity of test 

craft on impact. From 1974 to 2003, the IDRF was used to conduct 41 full-scale 

crash tests of general aviation aircraft, including landmark studies to establish 

baseline crash performance data for metal and composite aircraft; 11 full-scale 

crash tests of civilian helicopters; 48 qualification tests of Army helicopters; 3 vertical drop tests of Boeing 707 transport aircraft fuselage sections; and 60 to 70 drop 

tests of the F-111 Aardvark. In addition, the IDRF aided in numerous component 

tests in support of the Mars Sample Return Earth Entry Vehicle program, as well 

as other unique experiments including a tether-hover test of the XFV-12A, vertical drop tests of CH-47 Chinook helicopter fuselage sections containing artillery 

projectiles, and drop tests of an energy-absorbing pallet for the deployment of a 

remote-controlled vehicle.

The final U.S. Department of Defense–sponsored full-scale crash tests at the 

IDRF were conducted in 1999. Full-scale crash and drop tests of civilian aircraft 

continued until 2003 with support from the Accident Mitigation Element of the 

NASA Aviation Safety Program. With no foreseen future mission need for the 

IDRF and with limited funding for the maintenance and upkeep of such a large 

structure, NASA closed the facility in 2003, and it was placed on the list of buildings and structures planned for demolition at LaRC. As luck would have it, with 

President George W. Bush’s announcement in 2004 of the Vision for Space 

Exploration, NASA determined that the IDRF could be adaptively reused to support the Agency’s new Constellation Program.

The facility was reopened in 2005 to conduct landing tests associated with the 

development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) named Orion. Ironically, the 

testing would be remarkably similar to the original purpose of the LLRF—testing of the LEM. The facility was renamed the Landing Impact Research Facility 

(LandIR), and minor modifications were made to include the installation of a new 

parallel winch system to support full-scale Orion landing testing, as well as the 

replacement of an elevator. After careful study of the program and system elements required to satisfy the new space capsule’s landing system performance 

standards, NASA selected water landing as the primary spacecraft landing mode. 

As a result, a more significant modification involved the installation of a new 

Hydro Impact Basin (splashdown pool) located at the west end of the Gantry. 

Construction of the Hydro Impact Basin, which is 115 feet long, 90 feet wide, 

and 20 feet deep, was completed in December 2010. Although the Constellation 

Program was canceled by President Barack Obama, the Orion project plans to 

continue performing impact testing at the LandIR. Over the next several years, 

water impact tests will be performed as part of the appropriately named Structural 

Passive Landing Attenuation for Survivability of Human-crew (SPLASH), an Orion 

Crew Service Module Landing Systems project. Beginning in February 2011, the 

new Hydro Impact Basin will be commissioned through a series of swing tests 

performed using a Boilerplate Test Article (BTA) that was recently built at LaRC. 

Data from these BTA tests will be used to validate analytical models of the impact 

event. The next series of tests being planned will use the Orion Prime Contractor, 

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

6

Quarterly Series: NASA’s National Historic Landmarks (continued)

Lockheed Martin’s Ground Test Article (GTA). In addition to supporting the Orion 

SPLASH project in using the new water impact testing capability, the Gantry may 

also be utilized in the future by other commercial and government programs.

NASA’s continued reuse of the Gantry is 

consistent with the goals established by 

Executive Order 13287, Preserve America, 

signed by President Bush in 2003, which reaffirms the federal government’s responsibility 

to show leadership in preserving America’s 

heritage by “actively advancing the protection, enhancement, and contemporary use of 

the historic properties owned by the Federal 

Government....” Perhaps more importantly, it 

is a testament to the ingenuity of the NASA 

engineers who continually find ways to utilize 

such a unique and significant Apollo asset to 

support current and future mission needs. The 

history of the Gantry, which spans more than 

45 years, is available online at http://crgis.ndc.

nasa.gov/historic/1297.

For more information on this property, please contact Mary Gainer, LaRC Historic 

Preservation Officer, at mary.e.gainer@nasa.gov, or Caroline Diehl, CRM 

Support Contractor, Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), at 

caroline.a.diehl@nasa.gov.

NASA Appoints New Federal 

Preservation Officer

Ms. Jennifer Groman joined NASA as the new Federal 

Preservation Officer on 18 January 2011. Prior to joining 

NASA, Groman served as the Deputy Federal Preservation 

Officer and Cultural Resources Program Manager for the 

U.S. Army, headquartered in Washington, DC. Groman 

held responsibility for a broad-ranging program including 

over 100 installations nationwide and overseas. She was 

responsible for policy development as well as identifying systemic issues requiring overarching programmatic 

approaches to compliance with the National Historic 

Preservation Act. Groman has strong familiarity with all 

laws pertaining to cultural resources management and has worked with a large 

variety of stakeholders to include the National Trust, the Advisory Council on 

A 2011 aerial view of the Hydro Impact 

Basin.

Ms. Jennifer Groman.
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

7

Historic Preservation (ACHP), the National Park Service (NPS), and numerous 

American Indian Tribes and Native Hawaiian Organizations.

Groman brings to the position her technical expertise in historic preservation and 

a strong understanding of the challenges associated with federal agency roles as 

stewards of the nation’s physical reminders of our distant and not-so-distant past. 

She also brings her experience in complying with multiple accountability regulations 

with respect to heritage assets as well as her technical expertise as a Leadership 

in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) accredited professional. Groman 

has been actively pursuing how to update historic structures to comply with new 

federal energy-efficiency mandates and how to account for historic properties in real 

property databases to meet federal accountability standards. She has more than 

17 years’ experience in the United States and abroad working complex issues and 

balancing competing interests such as public interest groups, heritage tourism, and 

the economic feasibility of retaining obsolete yet historic facilities. Her background 

includes working as a consulting architect for design projects, as a heritage officer 

and strategic planner for local government, as a liaison for the ACHP, as a historical architect with the Army’s Chief of Staff for Installation Management, and most 

recently as a preservation officer for Army Headquarters.

Groman sits within NASA’s Office of Strategic Infrastructure, Environmental 

Management Division. In managing the Agency Cultural Resource Management 

Program, she will support the Center Historic Preservation Officers and work 

closely with NASA historians and archivists, master planners, facility managers, 

and program and project managers, as well as the ACHP, NPS, and State and 

Tribal Historic Preservation Officers. 

Groman has a Bachelor of Arts degree in architecture from Yale University and a 

Master of Architecture in design and a certificate in historic preservation from the 

University of Texas at Austin.

News from Headquarters 

and the Centers

Headquarters

Collectively, Colin Fries, John Hargenrader, and Liz Suckow share reference duties: 

answering inquiries received by e-mail, assisting researchers who visit in person, 

and helping the Chief Archivist with Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests. 

They recently worked as a team on a number of other projects as well. They 

scanned speeches of NASA Headquarters officials, Center Directors, and Program 

Managers and uploaded them into the database which is part of the Historical 

Reference Collection (HRC) and available online at https://mira.hq.nasa.gov/history/. 

They worked together to process a collection of press materials on Space Shuttle 

missions acquired from the Office of Communications newsroom. And their efforts 

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

8

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

remain ongoing to preserve our hard-copy HRC by photocopying deteriorating 

news clippings, replacing worn folders, and then updating abstracts of folder contents. The current focus is on files containing information on astronomy, satellites, 

and space probes.

Colin completed the processing of several collections recently: material on the 

Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) received from former NASA Chief 

Historian Steven Dick, a collection of life sciences sources from contract author 

Maura Mackowski for her forthcoming book, and material on Space Station 

Freedom received from the former acting manager of the Utilization and Operations 

Office Mike Hawes. Also, Colin continues to assist in maintaining and updating the 

History Program Office’s Web pages; he is focusing on reviewing new ePubs and 

adding them to the history publications Web page for downloading. He recently 

attended a U.S. Government Printing Office seminar on marketing publications; an 

astrobiology symposium in Crystal City, Virginia; and a preservation symposium 

at the Library of Congress.

John completed the processing of a small collection of Goddard Space Flight 

Center (GSFC) scientist James Acker’s source files for his forthcoming book on 

oceanography. He continues to verify photo dates in the Great Images in NASA 

(GRIN) database to make sure they conform as closely as possible to the dates 

the photos were taken, after some errors were discovered in GRIN. Additionally, 

John appraised a collection of Center telephone directories, adding digital copies 

of missing issues to our electronic repository in the internal database.

Liz completed the appraisal of a 66-box collection borrowed from the Federal 

Records Center (FRC), photocopying valuable historical items from the files to add 

to the HRC. This large FRC collection contained Office of Manned Space Flight 

correspondence and files of Surveyor Program Manager Benjamin Milwitzky. 

Liz continues to update the Headquarters oral history inventory and also enter 

descriptive information about our oral histories into the internal database. 

Colin periodically uploads the latest version of the inventory to our Web site at 

http://history.nasa.gov/oralhistory/ohcatalog.htm. Liz has begun the appraisal of 

a 21-box collection borrowed from the FRC, which contains sources for an unpublished manuscript on Apollo program management.

Chief Archivist Jane Odom continues to evaluate and acquire new material for the 

HRC. Additionally, she appraises items for historical value, directs the subsequent 

processing of collections, answers reference requests, and currently spends a 

good deal of time on book and archival support contracting issues. This quarter, 

she worked to clear into the building several foreign nationals from different 

countries who visited the NASA History Program Office to conduct research. 

In celebration of Archives Month in October, Jane, Colin, and Liz attended an open 

house at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) Archives, where they visited with colleagues, viewed exhibits, and learned of plans to move the archives to 

Chantilly, Virginia, where the Smithsonian NASM’s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center 

is located.
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

9

Ames Research Center (ARC)

Atmosphere of Freedom: 70 Years at the NASA Ames Research Center (SP-2010-

4314) by Ames historian Glenn Bugos is now available in print. It tells the history of 

Ames since 1958, with special attention to events over the past decade.

Members of the science and flight team of the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) 

relived the past as they opened a time capsule on 10 November 2010 at Ames. The 

KAO was a former Lockheed C-141 aircraft modified to carry a 36-inch infrared 

telescope and that flew for 21 years out of ARC. An entire generation of infrared 

astronomers trained on the KAO before it was retired in 1995 to free up funds for the 

Stratospheric Observatory 

for Infrared Astronomy 

(SOFIA) to succeed it. The 

time capsule was informal, just a flight box into 

which the crew contributed 

items to serve as remembrances of the KAO and as 

lessons learned for the 

future SOFIA crew. Plans 

were to open it upon 

the first science flight of 

SOFIA. Wendy Dolci organized the event, and Ed 

Erickson compiled a set of 

historical slides.

The items reflected the camaraderie and unusual sense of humor that the KAO 

crew developed through much time spent together working, traveling, and inventing ingenious ways to deal with various technical problems and to fine-tune their 

science returns. One KAO team member sent a postcard to his future self: “If you 

got this postcard that means they finally got SOFIA flying.” He hadn’t anticipated 

how postage rates would rise over the years, so his postcard was hand-delivered 

by a friend. The NASA Ames History Office accessioned most of the items. Some 

items were presented to the next generation of infrared astronomers on SOFIA as 

their KAO ancestors wished them Godspeed before the first SOFIA science flight 

on 30 November 2010.

NASA is planning to return to the torrid surface of Venus, and that has kicked 

up interest in the only American explorer to land there. In December 1978, the 

small Day Probe of the Pioneer Venus mission survived its descent through the 

harsh atmosphere of Venus and transmitted data from the surface for an hour. 

NASA engineers refining a proposal for the 2016 NASA Surface and Atmosphere 

Geochemical Explorer (SAGE) mission to Venus are studying the electrical connections and antennas of the Pioneer probes to better understand their success. 

From the Pioneer Project papers at the NASA Ames History Office, we pulled 

Wendy Dolci holds up two mascots from the Kuiper Airborne 

Observatory during the KAO time capsule opening festivities. 

The kiwi and koala were given to KAO crew by friends in New 

Zealand and Australia. The koala mascot flew about four million 

miles on the KAO.

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

10

22 cubic feet of records for review and delivered 2,393 pages of digital material 

to researchers.

Archival intern Ratana Ngaotheppitak prepared and encoded a finding aid to the 

Amelia Reid NACA Human Computer Papers, 1945–1958 (PP09.16). April Gage 

prepared building locator maps for the Web site of the Ames Historic Properties 

Office. Page & Turnbull completed a Historic American Engineering Report on the 

7- by 10-foot wind tunnel #2 (building N216).

Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC)

With the completion of their recent books, Peter Merlin and Curtis Peebles have 

started two new projects.

Peter will research and write a manuscript about Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) 

mishaps and the lessons learned from such “events,” as they are often called. 

UAVs, as genuinely controllable machines, date to the First World War; they were 

in use at Dryden as early as the 1960s, and they have remained in use at the 

Center in varying ways ever since. UAVs come in all sizes, from low-budget radiocontrolled models to subscale and full-scale research aircraft, including a Boeing 

720. Dryden has built and flown its own UAVs and hosted industry partners who 

have come here to experiment themselves, all with varying degrees of success. 

UAVs have been crashing as long as they have been flying (sometimes even 

intentionally, as was the case for the Boeing 720), and with an increasing reliance 

on such aircraft as well as growing pressure for their introduction into the national 

airspace, this should be a timely work.

Curtis Peebles is setting out to 

write the first comprehensive 

study of intelligent flight control 

systems on aircraft. The concept originated as a joint project 

between Ames and Dryden as 

a self-repairing flight control 

system meant to make a damaged or disabled aircraft flyable 

by having an on-board computer manipulate the remaining 

control surfaces or engines to 

maintain stability. The program 

evolved into an intelligent flight 

control system in which the 

flight computer’s neural network 

is “adaptive”: it learns how to 

reconfigure a damaged aircraft on the fly, as it were. NASA’s research has already 

spread to industry, but industry’s choice has been to rely on a “deterministic” flight 

control system wherein engineers anticipate all possible mishaps and program 

in the proper countermove to keep the plane flyable. Dryden continues research 

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

This image, taken in 1984, shows the Controlled Impact 

Demonstration, in which a Boeing 720 was flown remotely 

by a Dryden pilot onto Rogers Dry Lake. Embedded spikes 

tore open the wing tanks to see if a substance called 

Anti-Misting Kerosene (AMK) mixed in with the fuel would 

prevent the fuel from atomizing and catching fire. The huge 

ball of fire settled that question.
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

11

in this field, and not simply because an adaptive system is far harder to master: 

adaptive systems hold the potential for increased fuel efficiency in cars (especially 

as systems age and fail) and for energy efficiency in buildings; output from power 

plants; and maybe even networks of distribution for power grids, communications 

systems, or water distribution systems.

Christian Gelzer has set himself two projects for this year, both to coincide with 

the end of the Space Shuttle program. The first is an edited oral history collection of people at Dryden who worked on the Shuttle program; interviewees will 

span the Shuttle’s career. He anticipates the monograph to fall into the Spoken 

Word series in which Dryden has already released two volumes. The second 

project is an edited collection of essays by key personnel involved in the Shuttle 

program, highlighting aspects of Dryden’s contributions. The chapters will cover 

subjects such as the Shuttle’s approach and landing tests; the U.S. Air Force’s 

role in accommodating the landings; the movement of the orbiters over land from 

Palmdale, California, to Dryden; what it was like for a Center to drop everything 

and respond to the Shuttle; and the preparation of the orbiters to be ferried to 

Florida (when the work was done by a local group). Christian will contribute at least 

one chapter and edit the manuscript.

Betty Love faithfully labors on with the archiving while contributing her knowledge 

and expertise to researchers and authors (most recently, for example, to Bertha 

Ryan, author of Soaring Beyond the Clouds: Einar Enevoldson Reaches for 

100,000 Feet). In addition to digitizing some of the archive’s searching resources 

for the Center’s newsletter (X-Press), she continues to sort boxes of accessioned 

material. She is currently our only bulwark against inundation by new donations, 

not to mention our own gold mine of the Center’s past.

Glenn Research Center (GRC)

On 19 November, a book signing and awards ceremony were held in celebration of Bob Arrighi’s book, Revolutionary Atmosphere: The Story of the Altitude 

Wind Tunnel and Space Power Chambers. The new documentary DVD A Tunnel 

through Time, about the Altitude Wind Tunnel, was 

officially released at the event as well. Staff members 

who assisted in the editing of the book, the creation of 

the Altitude Wind Tunnel Web site, the official Historic 

American Building Survey and Historic American 

Engineering Record report, and the new DVD were presented with certificates in appreciation of their efforts. 

Special guest Dr. Woodrow Whitlow, NASA Associate 

Administrator for Mission Support, was in attendance. 

Les Main, Historic Preservation Officer at GRC, spoke on 

the importance of documenting our historic facilities, and 

Bob Arrighi spoke about the book and the history of the 

tunnel. Those in attendance had the opportunity to watch 

the documentary and get a signed copy of the book. Bob Arrighi.

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

12

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

Another author and book were celebrated on 27 January when Mark Bowles 

was presented with the 2010 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

(AIAA) Historical Manuscript Award for his book, The Apollo of Aeronautics: 

NASA’s Aircraft Energy Efficiency Program, 1973–1987. Dr. Bowles gave a presentation and signed books at a local AIAA chapter meeting. This is his third AIAA 

Historical Manuscript Award.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)

During the last few months, Erik Conway has slogged through a few hundred 

JPL documents from the 1960s-era Surveyor program. Surveyor ran from 1960 

through 1968, and it ultimately landed five (of seven attempted) robotic landers on 

the Moon. Some of the Surveyor records were on paper, others on microfilm. JPL’s 

records are rather scarce prior to 1965, perhaps reflecting one of the criticisms 

leveled at the program by an internal review in 1964, that neither JPL nor NASA 

leaders had paid enough attention to the program to keep it on track.

At Headquarters, a program manager named Benjamin Milwitzky was responsible 

for Surveyor. Milwitzky retained a large volume of material that was retired to the 

Suitland Federal Records Center after Surveyor closed down. Erik is currently 

seeking permission to visit the records center in the spring to fill in details about 

the first few years of the program’s life.

Since his last report on the progress of the Mars exploration history, Erik completed the first round of internal review (answering his supervisor’s comments) 

and started the second, getting comments from a number of JPL engineers and 

scientists involved in the Mars program. He has gotten excellent, and occasionally challenging, comments back from four of his chosen reviewers thus far and 

expects to receive many more in January.

The JPL Archives recently established a Mystery Photo Web site, which is available online at https://beacon.jpl.nasa.gov/mystery-photo and has been a big 

hit. Julie Cooper has been posting images on the Web site every month since 

September and inviting comments from JPLers, retirees, and the public. In the 

last two months, the Mystery Photo Web page received 1,400–1,600 hits resulting 

in many amusing and informative comments on the blog. Retirees have identified 

several people in the photos who had worked with them.

The entire combined Archives and Library collection of JPL telephone directories (136 

of them, dating from 1959 to 2009) has been scanned and converted to PDF files. The 

scanning of the organization chart/personnel chart collection is in progress.

Johnson Space Center (JSC)

The NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) History Office is working closely with the 

Agency’s team coordinating the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) for 

the Space Transportation System (STS).
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

13

The Houston team has completed oral history sessions with 20 individuals representing Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), JSC, and the North American/

Rockwell/Boeing facilities in Downey and Palmdale, California. The audio-recorded 

interviews assist in documenting all phases of the Space Shuttle Program from 

concept development to retirement. The interviews focus on design, hardware 

evolution, and changes in response to the two Space Shuttle accidents.

The oral histories captured thus far reflect a wide array of topics including the 

development and testing of the external tank, the Space Shuttle main engines, the 

thermal protection system, the impact of Challenger, the redesigned solid rocket 

motors, and the retirement of the Shuttle fleet. An additional 10–20 oral histories 

will be collected during 2011. The transcripts are being posted online at the JSC 

History Portal (http://www11.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/oral_histories.htm).

The individuals interviewed for this project were identified by the Agency’s STS 

Recordation Team, which includes representatives from KSC, JSC, DFRC, 

MSFC, and NASA Headquarters; State Historic Preservation Officers from Texas, 

California, Florida, and Alabama; and employees of the National Park Service and 

the national Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.

Langley Research Center (LaRC)

NASA Langley’s Transonic Dynamics Tunnel Celebrates 50 Years of Contributions

In October 2010, Langley celebrated the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel’s (TDT) 

50 years of contributions to aerospace with a reception for community leaders, 

retirees, and employees that included tours of the 

tunnel. The Aerospace Flutter Dynamics Council 

held its semiannual conference at Langley and joined 

in the celebration. Featured speakers at the reception included Hampton Council member Christopher 

Stuart and NASA Associate Administrator for 

Mission Support Woodrow Whitlow. Whitlow began 

his NASA career as a researcher in the TDT in 1979. 

Stuart’s great-uncle, who also attended, is a National 

Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) retiree.

Soon after the TDT opened in early 1960, it was 

called upon to help solve a serious safety issue—

what caused the wings of two Lockheed Electra 

turboprop commercial transport aircraft to snap 

off in flight. From that early first test to the present, the TDT has made significant contributions to 

understanding the aeroelastic characteristics of a 

variety of airplanes, helicopters, and space launch 

vehicles. Many of the airplane studies focused on 

flutter, which is a violent, often destructive vibration 

of a wing or tail surface.

continued on next page

Engineer Tom Brydsong checks 

the Apollo/Saturn 1B Groundwind-loads model in the NASA 

Langley Transonic Dynamics 

Tunnel.
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

14

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

Langley had studied flutter since the 1940s in small tunnels. As aircraft began to fly 

faster, researchers realized that a larger tunnel with sustained transonic capabilities 

was needed to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon. Langley engineer 

Arthur Regier had an idea for such a tunnel and carefully worked out a design. 

Regier’s design was accepted, but then as now, Langley’s budget for new construction was limited. A decision was made to decommission the 19-foot Pressure Tunnel 

and convert it into the TDT, using as much of the previous structure as possible.

The Electra test in the new TDT was an important one. Lockheed engineers brought 

a model of their new airplane to the tunnel. They and the TDT staff, with assistance 

from Boeing and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) engineers, began to examine the flutter characteristics of the aircraft. The tests determined that destructive 

flutter began following damage to the beams that attached the engines to the wing. 

The flutter problem was solved by modifying the attachment beams.

From this initial success, the TDT staff has studied and resolved flutter and other 

aeroelastic issues in commercial and military aircraft. Spacecraft such as Apollo 

and its Saturn rocket, the Space Shuttle, and the Mars robotic explorers were also 

tested in the tunnel. With upgrades to test visualization and data recording, the 

TDT staff continues to make significant contributions to the understanding of aeroelasticity and to keep aircraft and spacecraft flying safely. Please visit online at 

http://aeroelasticity.larc.nasa.gov/index.php/facilities/transonic-dynamics-tunnel/ 

for more information about LaRC’s aeroelasticity research.

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)

On 8 September 2010, 1,129 Marshall 

Space Flight Center team members 

and retirees marked MSFC’s 50th anniversary in a striking manner outside 

Activities Building 4316, as photographed 

from an aerial boom crane. Hundreds 

more—along with federal, state, and 

local elected officials from Alabama; 

local civic leaders; and other special 

guests—joined in additional anniversary 

activities. MSFC had been dedicated exactly 50 years earlier, on 8 September 1960, 

in ceremonies led by President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Stennis Space Center (SSC)

Stennis Launches 50th Anniversary Celebration with Legends Lectures Series

John C. Stennis Space Center launched a yearlong 50th anniversary celebration 

on 9 November 2010 with the first presentation in its Legends Lecture Series, in 

which former NASA leaders reflect on past work at the facility.

“There is no better way to celebrate 50 years of excellence at Stennis than to 

honor the leaders—the legends—who brought us to this point and to embrace 
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

15

the lessons they provide,” Stennis Director Patrick Scheuermann said. “Stennis 

has established itself as the nation’s premier rocket engine test facility because of 

the commitment and dedication of these leaders and so many more. Even as we 

celebrate that history, we continue 

to build on our legacy, thanks to 

the commitment and dedication of 

countless others.”

Former leaders reflecting on the 

emergence of Stennis as a center of excellence during the first 

of several planned lecture series 

sessions included Jerry Hlass, 

former Stennis Space Center 

Director; George Hopson, former 

Space Shuttle Main Engine Project 

Manager; and J. R. Thompson, former NASA Deputy Administrator.

NASA’s public announcement of Hancock County, Mississippi, as the site for a new 

rocket engine test facility came on 25 October 1961. Almost five decades later, three 

former NASA leaders returned to the facility to offer remembrances about their work. 

The leaders particularly focused on the transition of NASA from Apollo lunar missions 

to low-Earth orbit Space Shuttle missions during the 1970s.

Stennis Space Center played an integral role in each space program. The Mississippi 

facility tested all of the engines used on 11 piloted Apollo missions, including six missions that landed on the Moon. The facility then retooled to test all main engines used 

on more than 130 Space Shuttle missions to date.

The Space Shuttle Program is scheduled to end by the close of 2011, so Stennis 

now is in another transition period, preparing to test next-generation rocket engines 

that once more will carry humans beyond low-Earth orbit to deep space destinations, 

such as near-Earth asteroids, the Moon, or elsewhere. Work includes modifying two 

rocket engine test stands and building a new simulated high-altitude stand.

Even as those preparations continue, the Stennis community is reflecting on five 

decades of work that saw its facility emerge as the nation’s premier rocket engine test 

site. Fifty years ago, it was said that however America traveled to the Moon, it had to 

go through south Mississippi. Fifty years later, the same is being said once more—

regardless of destination in space, the path leads through Stennis Space Center.

Hopson especially emphasized the importance of the Space Shuttle main engine 

testing conducted at Stennis. “We’ve flown some 400 successful engine flights and 

it’s because of the testing you do here,” he said. “I can’t tell you how much I respect 

you and what you do. If we didn’t have something like Stennis testing engines, I 

wouldn’t want to be manager of the engine project.”

John C. Stennis Space Center Director Patrick 

Scheuermann (second from right) stands with Legends 

Lecture Series presenters (from left to right) George 

Hopson, Jerry Hlass, and J. R. Thompson. The three 

former leaders reflected on their experiences in the 

first of several planned lecture series sessions on 9 

November 2010. The lecture series is part of the 

yearlong celebration of the 50th anniversary of Stennis.

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

16

News from Headquarters and the Centers (continued)

Hlass and Thompson echoed the assessment. Thompson particularly cited the 

rigorous testing performed on the Space Shuttle main engine as key to its record of 

performance. “The engineering (of the engine) was superb, but I think the real heart 

of its success was the testing program,” he said. “You people played a tremendous 

role in the Space Shuttle main engine project, and I think you have a tremendous 

role to play today.”

Additional lecture series presentations will be held during the upcoming year, featuring 

various segments of the Stennis workforce, such as engineers and support personnel. 

Other activities commemorating the 50th anniversary year also are being planned.

Recent Publications

NASA Publications Reprinted by Dover Publications

Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science, by Homer E. Newell, Jr., 

with a new foreword by Paul Dickson (Dover Publications, October 2010). Ranging 

from the laboratory to the launching pad and from international conference halls to 

lunar wastelands, it chronicles technological advances; explores the relationship 

of space science to general science; and places the space program in a broader 

social, political, and economic context. The book was originally published as 

NASA SP-4211 in 1980.

Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of NASA’s Apollo Lunar Expeditions, by 

William David Compton with a new foreword by Paul Dickson (Dover Publications, 

December 2010). This official NASA history chronicles the behind-the-scenes 

conflicts and cooperation during the Apollo expeditions. It shows how the Agency’s 

scientists, who were primarily interested in the Moon itself, worked out their differences with the engineers, who were charged with the astronauts’ safe landing and 

return. The close collaboration between the scientists and engineers ensured the 

success of a program that remains a major achievement for both fields. The book 

was originally published as NASA SP-4214 in 1989.

The Partnership: A NASA History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, by Edward 

Clinton Ezell and Linda Neuman Ezell with a new foreword by Paul Dickson (Dover 

Publications, January 2011). Told from the American perspective, this official history features interviews and firsthand observations about the first joint spaceflight 

during which the United States and Soviet Union met in orbit. The book was 

originally published as NASA SP-4209 in 1978.

New NASA Aeronautics Books

By Tony Springer

NASA’s Contributions to Aeronautics, Volumes 1 and 2, edited by Richard P. Hallion. 

Since its creation, NASA has steadily advanced flight within the atmosphere, 

repeatedly influencing aviation’s evolution by extending the rich legacy of its 
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

17

predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or NACA. The first 

volume includes case studies and essays on NACA-NASA research for contributions such as high-speed wing design, the area rule, rotary-wing aerodynamics 

research, sonic boom mitigation, hypersonic design, computational fluid dynamics, electronic flight control, and environmentally friendly aircraft technology. The 

second volume includes wind shear and lightning research, flight operations, 

human factors, wind tunnels, composite structures, general aviation aircraft 

safety, supersonic cruise aircraft research, and atmospheric icing.

Available as an e-book online at http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/ebooks/index.htm 

and in hard copy from the NASA Headquarters Information Center or Amazon.com.

Commercially Published Works

Compiled by Chris Gamble

Multimedia

Pour l’amour du Ciel [For the Love of the Sky], by Maria Nicollier and Philippe 

Calame (CAB Productions, Label Image and Télévision Suisse Romande, 2006). 

Claude Nicollier reflects on his extraordinary life and career after more than two 

decades in the United States. About to return to the European Space Agency 

(ESA) in Germany, he must forgo his dream of flying in space and his American 

life and prepare for a more earthbound life in Europe. Characteristics: DVD Pal; 

Region 0; Languages: French, English, and German. Running time: 52 minutes. 

Extras: Nicollier’s four Shuttle missions; Objective Mars; 6 Months in Space; ISS 

walk-through; Hubble clip. Extras running time: 90 minutes.

NASA Hubble High Resolution Image Archive Complete: 1990–2010, by Space 

Telescope Science Institute and Sky Image Lab; edited by James Turley (Sky 

Image Lab, November 2010). This collection includes over 2,500 images published 

between 1990 and 2010 by the Space Telescope Science Institute in the highest 

resolutions available. Images do not include the news release text. Most files in 

.tiff format. Includes a three-level clickable HTML index of thumbnails and full-size 

images. Supports all platform browsers: OSX, Windows, Unix. Archive is available 

in a three-disc DVD-ROM DL set or a 16-gigabyte Class 10 SDHC flash card.

Books

From Jars to the Stars: How Ball Came to Build a Comet-Hunting Machine, by Todd Neff 

(Earthview Media, November 2010). Ball Aerospace built NASA’s Deep Impact comet 

spacecraft. The book relates the story of this company as well as the backgrounds, 

characters, and motivations of the men and women who created the spacecraft.

Sustaining the Global Positioning System, edited by Earl M. Peabody (Nova 

Science Publishers, Inc., March 2010). The Global Positioning System (GPS) not 

only provides positioning, navigation, and timing data to users worldwide, but it 

is also essential to U.S. national security and a key tool in an expanding array 

of public service and commercial applications at home and abroad. This book 

explores the challenges in sustaining and upgrading the system.

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

18

Recent Publications (continued)

A History of Jet Propulsion, Including Rockets, by Raymond Friedman (Xlibris 

Corporation, April 2010). After World War II, dramatic advances in jet propulsion 

and long-range rockets were achieved, leading to supersonic flight, satellites, and 

flights above Earth’s orbit. The technology behind these advances is described, 

along with short biographies of key pioneers.

Engineering the Space Age: A Rocket Scientist Remembers, by Robert V. Brulle 

(Books Express Publishing, May 2010). Robert Brulle found himself immersed in 

the Cold War race to the Moon, developing cutting-edge technology, instructing 

future astronauts in aerodynamics and orbital mechanics, perfecting highperformance fighter aircraft to meet the Soviet challenge, overseeing the procurement of new weapon systems, and exploring alternative energy sources. In this 

book, he shares his unique personal insights into the triumphs and tragedies of 

one of the most exciting eras in American history.

Crossing the Threshold: Advancing into Space to Benefit the Earth, by Paul 

O. Wieland (Threshold 2020 Press, June 2010). With a thoughtful program of 

space activities, the author argues that we can achieve a sustainable world with 

abundant energy and resources, a high standard of living, and unprecedented 

opportunity for all. This book shows a way to see space as integral to addressing 

societal issues.

The Wright Stuff: The Century of Effort Behind Your Ticket to Space, by Derek 

Webber (Collector’s Guide Publishing, Inc., September 2010). The space tourism 

story, told through a well-selected collection of photographs, is of a succession of 

developments and risk-taking that goes back a century to the almost simultaneous 

start of both aviation and rocketry. The key people in this story are highlighted—

and are given “The Wright Stuff” Awards—for their contributions. 

Kennedy Space Center: Gateway to Space, by David West Reynolds (Firefly 

Books, September 2010). NASA’s John F. Kennedy Space Center set the stage 

for the American adventure into space and went on to host a succession of rocket 

launches that have helped to form our understanding of the nature of the universe. 

This abundantly illustrated book is an insider’s history of the heart of America’s 

space program.

In Defense of Japan: From the Market to the Military in Space Policy, by Saadia 

Pekkanen and Paul Kallender-Umezu (Stanford University Press, August 2010). 

In Defense of Japan provides the first complete, up-to-date, English-language 

account of the history, politics, and policy of Japan’s strategic space development. 

Skycrane: Igor Sikorsky’s Last Vision, by John A. McKenna (American Institute of 

Aeronautics and Astronautics, August 2010). The Skycrane was the last creation 

of aircraft design pioneer Igor Sikorsky. John A. McKenna traces the development 

of this remarkable helicopter from original concept and early sketches to standout 

performer for the military and private industry.

Space: From Earth to the Edge of the Universe, by Carole Stott (DK Publishing, 

October 2010). Space takes us on an imaginary journey that starts on a launch pad, 
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

19

goes toward the center of our solar system to see the inner planets and the Sun, and 

then flies outward past the outer planets and on to the fringes of the solar system.

Pluto: Sentinel of the Outer Solar System, by Barrie W. Jones (Cambridge 

University Press, October 2010). In this book, the author uses Pluto as a case 

study to discuss discovery in astronomy, how remote astronomical bodies are 

investigated, and the role of classification in science by discussing Pluto’s recent 

classification as a dwarf planet. 

The 50 Most Extreme Places in Our Solar System, by R. David Baker and James 

T. Ratcliff (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, September 2010). This 

book moves our understanding of the extreme earthly phenomena (hurricanes, 

earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions) into extraterrestrial dimensions 

and gives us an awe-inspiring sense of what our solar system at its utmost can do.

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mission, edited by R. R. Vondrak, J. W. Keller, and 

C. T. Russell (Springer, September 2010). The book describes the the scientific 

objectives, the mission design, the flight system, and the instruments that carry 

out these investigations.

Go for Launch: An Illustrated History of Cape Canaveral, by Joel W. Powell and 

Art LeBrun (Collector’s Guide Publishing, Inc., 2nd edition, September 2010). 

The book gives an exhaustive collection of detailed maps and aerial photographs revealing the famous launch complexes and basic infrastructure of Cape 

Canaveral. The daily activity of thousands of employees at the Cape is also 

provided in pictures providing an unprecedented behind-the-scenes look at 

America’s rocket launches.

Atlas of the Galilean Satellites, by Paul Schenk (Cambridge University Press, 

September 2010). Featuring images taken from the recent Galileo mission, 

complete color global maps and high-resolution mosaics of Jupiter’s four large 

moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—are compiled for the first time in 

this atlas. 

Saturn, by Alan Lawrie (Collector’s Guide Publishing, Inc., 2nd edition, September 

2010). Little has been written on the Saturn V rocket and next to nothing on the 

development, manufacturing, and testing of the rocket stages. In this book, for the 

first time ever, the detailed story of the history of each Saturn V stage is presented. 

The development of the F1 and J2 rocket engines is covered as well as details of 

all the major manufacturing and testing facilities.

Emergence of Pico- and Nanosatellites for Atmospheric Research and Technology 

Testing, by Purvesh Thakker and Wayne A. Shiroma (AIAA, Progress in 

Astronautics and Aeronautics Series, 234, September 2010). Miniaturized satellites are paving the way to a completely new era of faster and less expensive 

access to space by using smaller payloads. This book describes the current state 

of this exciting technology.

Talking About Life: Conversations on Astrobiology, edited by Chris Impey 

(Cambridge University Press, September 2010). This book explores current ideas 

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

20

Recent Publications (continued)

about the search for life in the universe. It contains candid interviews with dozens 

of astronomers, geologists, biologists, and writers about the origin and range of 

terrestrial life and likely sites for life beyond Earth. 

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: An Autobiography, edited by 

Michael Neufeld and Alex M. Spencer (National Geographic, October 2010). 

Designed to convey the awe of a visitor first walking into the world’s largest showplace of aviation history, this book headlines the incredible collections, both on 

view and behind the scenes, of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 

Trailblazing Mars: NASA’s Next Giant Leap, by Pat Duggins (University Press of 

Florida, September 2010). Trailblazing Mars offers an inside look at the current efforts 

required to travel to and from Mars. In this book, the author examines the extreme 

new challenges that will be faced by astronauts on the journey there and back. 

Space Oddities: Women and Outer Space in Popular Film and Culture, 1960–2000, 

by Marie Lathers (Continuum, November 2010). This book examines the representation of women in outer space films from 1960 to 2000, with an emphasis on films 

in which women are either denied or given the role of astronaut. 

The Race for Space—A Human Odyssey: Volume 1, Dawn of the Space Age 

(MP3 Editorial Ltd., October 2010). Subtitled “From the Wright Brothers to Sputnik 1, 

1903–1930,” the book starts with rocket pioneers and visionaries and continues with 

Wernher von Braun and the V-2, the race to acquire German rocket know-how, and 

the first in space (Sputnik); it concludes with preparations for human flight.

The Race for Space—A Human Odyssey: Volume 2, First Into Space (MP3 

Editorial Ltd., October 2010). Subtitled “Early Manned Missions, 1961–1963,” the 

book starts with rivals in space and then moves on to training for space, the first 

man into orbit, and the American response; it ends with the USSR’s continuing 

pace in space.

The Race for Space—A Human Odyssey: Volume 3, Fly Me to the Moon (MP3 

Editorial Ltd., October 2010). Subtitled “America’s Project Apollo 1961–1965,” the 

book starts with the genesis of Apollo and continues with the Soviet response to 

Apollo, Project Gemini, and Apollo’s taking shape. The book ends with unpiloted 

Gemini tests, Voskhod, and Alexei Leonov’s first spacewalk.

Discovering the Oceans from Space: The Unique Applications of Satellite 

Oceanography, by Ian S. Robinson (Springer-Praxis, October 2010). The availability of satellite data has dramatically increased since the first ocean sensors 

were launched in 1978. Several satellites, ranging from TOPEX/Poseidon and 

Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) to new missions launched by 

ESA, NASA, and the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) since the 

new millennium, have provided almost comprehensive worldwide measurements 

of sea surface waves and wind, temperature, color, currents, and other ocean 

properties. The unique perspective provided by satellites has revealed previously 

undetected ocean phenomena, cast new light on old problems, and opened the 

way for new fields of oceanographic study.
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

21

Commercial Space Transportation, edited by Jocelyn S. Gunther (Nova Science 

Publishers, October 2010). This book focuses on recent trends in the commercial 

space launch industry, challenges that the FAA faces in overseeing the industry, 

and emerging issues that will affect the federal role.

NASA’s Future and Its Pursuits, edited by Sophia C. Correno (Nova Science 

Publishers, July 2010). This book analyzes the issues of NASA’s future pursuits and 

interactions with other federal agencies and the growing role of the space industry.

Foothold in the Heavens: The Seventies, by Ben Evans (Springer-Praxis, October 

2010). This book, the second volume in the A History of Human Space Exploration 

series, focuses upon the 1970s, the decade in which humanity established a real, 

long-term foothold in the heavens with the construction and operation of the first 

space stations. This book covers each mission launched between April 1971 and 

April 1981.

Dream Walker: A Journey of Achievement and Inspiration, by Dr. Bernard A. Harris, 

Jr. (Greenleaf Book Group Press, October 2010). The book tells the compelling 

story of the first African American to walk in space, from his humble beginnings to 

his mission as a pioneering social reformer.

My Countdown, by Lena De Winne (Apogee Prime, October 2010). My Countdown

captures the individual stories of crewmembers Roman Romanenko, Bob Thirsk, 

and Frank De Winne—all three members of ISS Expedition 20—and their spouses, 

Julia, Brenda, and Lena, as they prepare and embark on a unique spaceflight 

mission. It is resolutely biographical, offering a vivid recollection of events as 

they happened.

RocketScience: The Journal of the Detroit Rocket Society, Inc. 1947–1952, edited 

by Robert Godwin and Alfred Zaehringer (Collector’s Guide Publishing, Inc., 

October 2010). The Journal of the Detroit Rocket Society is an obscure rarity of 

rocket history and includes 552 photo facsimiles of every edition of the journal 

from 1947 to 1952. It features unique material by Krafft Ehricke, Hermann Oberth, 

Eugen Sänger, Heinz Koelle, and more.

The Power of Stars: How Celestial Observations Have Shaped Civilization, by 

Bryan E. Penprase (Springer, October 2010). This book explores the influence of 

the sky on both ancient and modern civilization by providing a clear overview of 

the many ways in which humans have used the stars as an ordering principle in 

their cultures and which still inspire us intellectually, emotionally, and spiritually.

Sizing Up the Universe: A New View of the Cosmos, by Richard J. Gott and Robert 

J. Vanderbei (National Geographic, November 2010). Sizing Up the Universe

reveals an ingenious new way to envision the outsize proportions of space. 

Using scaled maps, object comparisons, and beautiful space photographs, it 

demonstrates the actual size of objects in the cosmos—from Buzz Aldrin’s historic 

footprint to the visible universe and beyond. 

Humans in Outer Space—Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Jean-Claude 

Worms, Nina-Louisa Remuss, Kai-Uwe Schrogl, and Ulrike Landfester (Springer, 

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

22

Recent Publications (continued)

November 2010). Following the first volume titled Humans in Outer Space—

Interdisciplinary Odysseys, this book investigates the human quest for odysseys 

beyond Earth’s atmosphere and reflects on arising issues related to Europe’s role 

among the states conducting human exploration.

Lakes on Mars, edited by Nathalie A. Cabrol and Edmond A. Grin (Elsevier 

Science, September 2010). On Earth, lakes provide favorable environments for 

the development of life and its preservation as fossils. Past and current missions 

have now demonstrated that water once flowed on the surface of Mars early in 

its history. Whether life existed on Mars is still unknown; upcoming missions may 

find critical evidence to address this question in ancient lakebeds as clues about 

Mars’s climate evolution and its habitability potential are still preserved in their 

sedimentary record. Lakes on Mars is the first review on this subject. 

Beyond the International Space Station: The Future of Human Spaceflight, edited 

by Michael J. Rycroft, Proceedings of an International Symposium, 4–7 June 

2002, Strasbourg, France (Springer, November 2010). What will be the future 

directions of human spaceflight? That was the key question addressed at this 

symposium. Many ideas from the United States, Canada, Europe, Russia, and 

Japan were put forward on the “whys” and the “hows” of our future exploration of 

the final frontier and what is likely to be needed to make dreams come true.

Fifty Years of Flight Research: An Annotated Bibliography of Technical Publications 

of NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, 1946–1996, by David F. Fisher (Nimble 

Books, October 2010). Titles, authors, report numbers, and abstracts are given 

for more than 2,200 unclassified and unrestricted technical reports and papers 

published from September 1946 to December 1996 by NASA’s Dryden Flight 

Research Center and its predecessor organizations. 

Exploring the X-ray Universe, by Frederick D. Seward and Philip A. Charles 

(Cambridge University Press; 2nd edition, October 2010). Capturing the excitement and accomplishments of x-ray astronomy, this second edition now includes 

a broader range of astronomical phenomena and dramatic new results from the 

most powerful x-ray telescopes, with results from the most recent space-based 

instruments, including Röntgensatellit (ROSAT), BeppoSAX, the Advanced Satellite 

for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA), Chandra, and X-ray Multi-Mirror (XMM).

Satellite Technology: Principles and Applications, by Anil K. Maini and Varsha 

Agrawal (Wiley; 2nd edition, October 2010). A comprehensive, single-source reference on satellite technology and its applications, this second edition of Satellite 

Technology: Principles and Applications includes the latest developments on the 

topic. Covering the features and facilities of satellites and satellite launch vehicles, 

with an emphasis on the fundamental principles and concepts, this book explains 

the past, present, and future satellite missions, as well as non-communicationrelated applications, from remote sensing and navigational uses to meteorological 

and military areas. 

Higher and Faster: Memoir of a Pioneering Air Force Test Pilot, by Robert M. White 

and Jack L. Summers (McFarland & Company, Inc., October 2010). In 1961, pilot 
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

23

Robert W. White flew a hypersonic rocket-powered airplane six times faster than the 

speed of sound and higher than 300,000 feet above Earth’s surface. This is his story. 

Surveyor: Lunar Exploration Program: The NASA Mission Reports, edited by 

Robert Godwin (Collector’s Guide Publishing, Inc., October 2010). In order to 

safely land a man on the Moon, some fundamental questions needed to be 

answered. The Surveyor spacecraft, which landed on five sites and returned over 

87,000 pictures from the lunar surface, met this requirement. This book contains 

previously unavailable documentation from this important program and is accompanied by a further 1,800 pages of material on the accompanying CD-ROM.

Operation of a Cryogenic Rocket Engine: An Outline with Down-to-Earth and 

Up-to-Space Remarks, by Wolfgang Kitsche (Springer, November 2010). This 

book presents the operational aspects of the rocket engine on a test facility. 

Watching Earth from Space: How Surveillance Helps and Harms Us, by Pat Norris 

(Springer-Praxis, November 2010). This is the story of how our planet is being 

monitored by hundreds of spaceborne instruments for both military and peaceful 

reasons. It highlights the technical challenges of those instruments and describes 

the agencies that gather useful information from them. But such information can 

also lead to an erosion of personal privacy and freedom. This book looks at the 

possible conflict between public good and market forces, as well as the future 

development of new systems to deal with new needs.

Land Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change: NASA’s Earth 

Observing System and the Science of ASTER and MODIS, edited by Bhaskar 

Ramachandran, Christopher O. Justice, and Michael Abrams (Springer, October 

2010). NASA’s Earth Observing System’s (EOS) primary goal is to study and 

understand all interacting components of Earth as a dynamic system. This book 

is an edited compendium that specifically focuses on the terrestrial components 

of change based on the scientific knowledge derived from data produced by two 

EOS instruments, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection 

Radiometer (ASTER) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer 

(MODIS), which are part of the Terra and Aqua satellite missions. The papers presented in this volume demonstrate the value of EOS for studying Earth’s surface. 

Soviet and Russian Ekranoplans, by Yefim Gordon and Sergey Komissarov 

(Midland Publishing, April 2010). This book offers a type-by-type description of 

the ekranoplans (large vehicles hybridizing a ship and an airplane) developed in 

the Soviet Union and Russia over the past 50 years. Special emphasis is put on 

the Rostislav Alekseyev–led design bureau that produced the KM-1 “Caspian Sea 

Monster,” Orlyonok, and Loon, which remain unsurpassed in size and payload. 

National Regulation of Space Activities, edited by Ram S. Jakhu (Springer, 

December 2010). This book addresses all aspects of national space laws and 

regulations governing the conduct of space activities in 15 spacefaring nations. 

This book explores the policies and rationales underlying the law, constitutional 

basis for the adoption of national space laws, and some facts about national space 

activities in the respective countries; it also discusses the relevant principles and 

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

24

Recent Publications (continued)

rules of international space law in order to bring to light the international context of 

the national laws described. 

Future of U.S. Human Spaceflight: Background and Issues, edited by Derek A. 

Warren and Bridget D. Conway (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., September 2010). 

This book explores the nation’s important decisions on the future of human spaceflight through public documents, which have been located, gathered, combined, 

reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index.

The Politics of Space: A Survey, by Eligar Sadeh (Routledge, December 2010). 

The development and exploration of space are scientific and engineering pursuits. 

However, politics determine which space programs and projects are pursued and 

establish cost, performance, and schedule parameters for these ends. This book 

provides an overview of the politics of space with regard to national space efforts, 

as well as national and international organizations.

Edwards Air Force Base (Images of Aviation), by Ted Huetter and Christian Gelzer 

(Arcadia Publishing, December 2010). Edwards Air Force Base is a strategic 

flight-test, research, and development center for the U.S. Air Force, NASA, and 

civilian contractors. Speed and altitude records were commonplace at Edwards 

during the 1950s. Suborbital spaceflights began there in the 1960s. In the 1970s 

it was the primary testing site for the Space Shuttle Program. Dramatic aerospace 

research continues today at Edwards, America’s proving ground for the future of 

high-technology aviation.

Online Resources

Other Sites of Interest

The Society for the History in the Federal Government (SHFG) announces a 

redesigned Web site with more news and features on the federal history community including federal history work articles, recent publications, conferences/

events listings, the Federalist newsletter, Federal History journal, and more. SHFG 

features the work of federal history offices and discussion of the issues they face.

http://www.shfg.org

Other Aerospace History News

National Air and Space Museum (NASM)

Compiled by Michael Neufeld

On 19 November 2010, NASM officially opened the completed Barron Hilton 

Pioneers of Flight gallery, which was curated by members of the Aeronautics 
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

25

and Space History Divisions, notably Dorothy Cochrane, Jeremy Kinney, Michael 

Neufeld, Cathleen Lewis, and Von Hardesty. This exhibit features a completely 

new display focused on aircraft that have mostly been around since 1976, such 

as the Fokker T-2 (the first nonstop, coast-to-coast flight in the U.S.), the Douglas 

World Cruiser Chicago (one of the first two around-the-world aircraft), Amelia 

Earhart’s Lockheed Vega (first transatlantic flight piloted by a woman), and Charles 

Lindbergh’s Lockheed Sirius Tinqmissartoq (pioneering transatlantic and transpacific flights). Also included in the exhibit are an entirely revamped Black Wings 

display and a new section on rocketry in the 1920s and 1930s, which is the theme 

of the gallery. That section includes a Soviet model of a Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 

rocket proposal, Robert Goddard’s Hoopskirt rocket of 1928, and the American 

Rocket Society’s Test Stand No. 2 of 1938–41.

Roger D. Launius (Space History Division), James Rodger Fleming (Colby 

College, former NASM Lindbergh Chair), and David H. DeVorkin (Space History), 

have edited Globalizing Polar Science: Reconsidering the International Polar and 

Geophysical Years (Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology, 

New York: Palgrave Macmillan, November 2010). This publication brings together 

19 historical essays on various aspects of the International Polar Years and the 

International Geophysical Year drawn from a conference held at the Smithsonian 

Institution in 2007.

Von Hardesty (Aeronautics Division) is working on a major revision of Red Phoenix: 

The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–45 (1982, 1990). This major project has been 

completed in collaboration with Ilya Grinberg. The book will be published by the 

University Press of Kansas in its military history series. Hardesty has also been 

invited by the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia, to help plan and 

to contribute a paper for a scholarly symposium titled “The Evolution of Presidential 

Travel: How Improved Mobility Impacts the Role and Image of the President.” 

At NASM, Hardesty is serving as the curator for the new Smithsonian Institution 

Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) traveling exhibit on Black Wings. It is tentatively 

scheduled for late 2011. Finally, Hardesty has been asked to serve as a consultant 

and writer for a new history of Hawaiian Airlines, which dates back to 1929.

Space History staff and volunteers have published several articles in Quest, The 

History of Spaceflight Quarterly: James David, “What Should Corona Photograph 

and How Often?” in vol. 17, no. 3 (2010): 42–52; Paul E. Ceruzzi, “Deep Space 

Navigation: the Apollo VIII Mission,” vol. 17, no. 4 (2010): 8–18; and Edgar Durbin, 

“Saturn I Guidance and Control Systems,” vol. 17, no. 4 (2010): 19–31.

USC and Huntington Library 

Create Aerospace History Project

Southern California, as we know it, would not exist without aerospace. For much 

of the 20th century, aerospace became the primary economic driver of Southern 

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

26

USC and Huntington Library Create Aerospace History Project Call for Papers (continued) (continued)

California’s growth, transforming it from Sunbelt orange groves to a hightechnology metropolis.

Despite its importance to American history and the history of science and technology, the aerospace industry in Southern California has attracted surprisingly little 

scholarly attention. One primary reason for such neglect is a lack of organized 

and accessible sources. Archival material remains scattered among individuals 

and institutions, if it has survived at all. And with each passing year, more of this 

history is lost forever.

The Huntington Library and the University of Southern California (USC) have created a project to document the history of Southern California aerospace through 

archival collections and oral history. Initial archival acquisitions include the papers 

of Ben Rich, the longtime head of Lockheed’s Skunk Works; Willis Hawkins, a 

Lockheed designer for 50 years and the first president of Lockheed Missiles and 

Space; Harvey Christen, Lockheed’s first employee; Albert Hibbs, an architect of 

the early space program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and a polymathic science popularizer; and Jack Real, a longtime Lockheed designer and close confidant of Howard Hughes. The papers of Tex Thornton, founder of Litton Industries, 

are also committed to the archive.

The Hawkins and Christen collections include several thousand unpublished photos spanning six decades of American aviation. Project historians, to date, have 

also completed 40 oral-history interviews of aerospace corporate leaders, design 

engineers, and manufacturing engineers. These interviews provide a window on 

the industry from corporate boardrooms to engineering bullpens and the shop 

floor, as well as from old-school aerospace firms to alt.space startups.

The Aerospace History Project is a major initiative of the Huntington-USC Institute 

on California and the West (ICW), a collaborative research and teaching enterprise devoted to scholarly investigation of the history and culture of the American 

West. The project combines the curatorial resources of the Huntington Library 

with the research and teaching capabilities of USC; it capitalizes on Huntington’s 

strengths in California and the West, history of science and technology, and business history. The project is supported by the National Science Foundation and the 

Northrop Grumman Foundation.

The aerospace project is led by Peter Westwick, a Huntington Fellow; William 

Deverell, ICW director and professor of history at USC; and Dan Lewis, Dibner 

Senior Curator of the History of Science and Technology at the Huntington Library. 

Project staff include two processing archivists at Huntington and Matthew Hersch, 

an aerospace postdoctoral Fellow at USC. An anthology of essays on Southern 

California aerospace, edited by Deverell and Westwick, is forthcoming from 

University of California Press.

Please see the ICW Web site (http://www.usc.edu/icw) for future announcements of 

new acquisitions, or contact Peter Westwick (westwick@usc.edu) for more information. The project welcomes suggestions of potential collections or oral histories.
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

27

Call for Papers

Palgrave Studies in the History of 

Science and Technology

Series editors James Fleming (jfleming@colby.edu) and Roger Launius 

(launiusr@si.edu) invite proposals for a new series in the history of science and 

technology published by Palgrave Macmillan in New York. Designed to bridge 

the gap between traditionally divergent fields, Palgrave Studies in the History 

of Science and Technology aims to publish the best new work by scholars. The 

series accommodates a wide variety of titles, including but not limited to research 

monographs, synthetic studies, biographies, conference volumes, and singleauthored works featuring ethical and public policy debates and issues in cultural 

context. Their dominant disciplinary approach is historical, but they may also 

incorporate economic, social, cultural, anthropological, and political perspectives.

International Journal of Project Management

For a special issue on project history, guest editors Jonas Söderlund and Sylvain 

Lenfle invite proposals that address the lack of historical understanding of the 

emergence of project management and the importance of landmark projects. In 

seeking to integrate historical research with project management research, the 

editors hope to

• illustrate and analyze the role of projects and project management 

for industrial and societal development;

• establish a more complete understanding of project management 

that is different from the conventional “tools and technique” tradition;

• identify and discuss a number of generic problems in the practice of 

project management;

• create a better empirical common ground among scholars within 

the domain of project management—for instance, through common 

examples and common problems;

• give a broader picture of project and project management history, 

complementing the dominant view that project management is a 

managerial innovation stemming from the defense industry, particularly in the United States;

• identify practices that seem to be critical for the success of projects 

and that are grounded on a contextual understanding of the particular project at hand; and

• document the emergence of certain practices of key concern within 

project management, such as planning techniques, coordination 

mechanisms, team structures, and visualization tools.

continued on next page
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

28

Call for Papers (continued)

In this perspective, this special issue seeks to gather interesting work on management and business history that specifically addresses the individual project (or 

a series of projects/programs). The prime focus is on what might be referred to 

as industrial projects of various sorts—the early influential infrastructure projects 

(canal projects, railway projects), the large-scale development projects from the 

1940s to the 1960s, or a more contemporary project that exemplifies innovative 

practices. The editors also want to invite studies of special kinds of influential 

construction projects that not only created objects of significance, but also created 

them in a novel way, which later on influenced subsequent project management 

practice. In addition, the editors invite contributions that position and present the 

studied project in its historical and institutional surroundings.

For more information or to e-mail an abstract, please contact the special issue 

editors:

Jonas Söderlund

BI Norwegian School of Management and Linköping University

jonas.soderlund@bi.no

Sylvain Lenfle

University of Cergy-Pontoise (THEMA) and Management Research Center—

Ecole Polytechnique

slenfle@hotmail.com

Upcoming Meetings

The 27th National Space Symposium will be held 11–14 April 2011 in Colorado 

Springs, Colorado. Please see http://www.nationalspacesymposium.org/ for 

more details.

The International Academy of Astronautics will host the 18th Humans in Space 

Symposium on 11–15 April 2011 in Houston, Texas. Please see http://www.dsls.

usra.edu/meetings/IAA/ for more details.

The NASA History Program Office and the National Air and Space Museum’s 

Division of Space History will hold a joint symposium, “1961/1981: Key Moments 

in Human Spaceflight,” from 26 to 27 April 2011 at NASA Headquarters in 

Washington, DC. Please see http://history.nasa.gov/1961-1981conf/index.html

for more details.

The 30th Annual International Space Development Conference (ISDC) will be held 

18–22 May 2011 in Huntsville, Alabama. Please see http://isdc.nss.org/2011 for 

more details.

The 218th meeting for the American Astronomical Society will be held 22–26 

May 2011 in Boston, Massachusetts. Please see http://www.aas.org/meetings/

meeting_dates.html for more details.
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

29

The NASA History Program Office will hold the History Program Review from 7 to 

9 June 2011 at Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. For more information, 

please contact Nadine Andreassen at nadine.j.andreassen@nasa.gov.

The annual conference for the Special Libraries Association will be held 12–15 June 

2011 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Please see http://www.sla.org/content/events/

index.cfm for more details.

The annual conference for the American Library Association will be held 23–29 

June 2011 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Please see http://www.alaannual.org/ for 

more details.

The 75th annual meeting for the Society of American Archivists will be held 

22–27 August 2011 in Chicago, Illinois. Please see http://www2.archivists.org/

conference/2011/chicago for more details.

The 62nd International Astronautical Congress will be held 3–7 October 2011 in 

Cape Town, South Africa. Please see http://www.iac2011.com for more details.

The annual meetings for the Society for the History of Technology, the History of 

Science Society, and the Society for the Social Studies of Science will be held 3–6 

November 2011 in Cleveland, Ohio. Please see http://www.historyoftechnology.org/

annual_meeting.html, http://www.hssonline.org/Meeting/, and http://www.4sonline.

org/meeting for more details.

Obituaries

Nathaniel B. Cohen

Nathaniel B. Cohen passed away on 17 

December 2010. He first joined the National 

Advisory Committee for Aeronautics as an 

aerospace engineer for Langley Aeronautical 

Laboratory in December 1952, which became 

Langley Research Center after 1958. During 

his long career, Cohen served as the Director 

for the Office of Policy Analysis in 1971 

and Director for the Management Support 

Division in 1977 at NASA Headquarters. 

He received his Bachelor of Aeronautical 

Engineering degree from the Polytechnic 

Institute of Brooklyn in 1950 and a Master of 

Aeronautical Engineering from the University 

of Virginia in 1956. Cohen also served in the 

U.S. Army from 1950 to 1952. Nathaniel B. Cohen.
NASA HISTORY PROGRAM OFFICE

30

Images in Aerospace History

Every 29 January, NASA participates in a Day of Remembrance to commemorate 

the men and women lost in the quest for space exploration.

The Apollo 1 prime crew for the first piloted Apollo spaceflight. 

From left to right: Edward H. White II, Virgil I. “Gus” Grissom, 

and Roger B. Chaffee.

The STS-51L Space Shuttle Challenger crewmembers. Back 

row, left to right: Mission Specialist Ellison S. Onizuka, Teacher 

in Space Participant Sharon Christa McAuliffe, Payload 

Specialist Greg Jarvis, and Mission Specialist Judy Resnik. 

Front row, left to right: Pilot Mike Smith, Commander Dick 

Scobee, and Mission Specialist Ron McNair.

The official crew photo for STS-107 on the Space Shuttle 

Columbia. From left to right: Mission Specialist David Brown, 

Commander Rick Husband, Mission Specialist Laurel Clark, 

Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla, Mission Specialist 

Michael Anderson, Pilot William McCool, and Israeli Payload 

Specialist Ilan Ramon.
Volume 28, Number 1 First Quarter 2011

31

The NASA History Program Office, under the Office of Communications, NASA 

Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, publishes News and Notes quarterly.

To receive News and Notes via e-mail, send a message to history-request@hq.nasa.

gov. In the text portion, simply type “subscribe” without the quotation marks. You will 

receive confirmation that your account has been added to the list for the newsletter 

and for receiving other announcements. For more information about our listserv, 

please see http://history.nasa.gov/listserv.html on the Web. We also post the latest 

issue of this newsletter at http://history.nasa.gov/nltrc.html on the Web.

Do you have more questions about NASA history in general? Please check out our 

NASA History Program Office Home Page at http://history.nasa.gov on the Web. 

For information about doing research in the NASA History Program Office, please 

e-mail us at histinfo@hq.nasa.gov or call 202-358-0384. 

We also welcome comments about the content and format of this newsletter. Please 

send comments to Giny Cheong, newsletter editor, at giny.cheong@nasa.gov.

NASA Headquarters History Program Office Staff Contact Information:

William Barry, Chief Historian bill.barry@nasa.gov

202-358-0383

Nadine Andreassen, Program Support Specialist nadine.j.andreassen@nasa.gov

202-358-0087

Colin Fries, Archivist cfries@mail.hq.nasa.gov

202-358-0388

Stephen Garber, Historian stephen.j.garber@nasa.gov

202-358-0385

Jack Graul, Intern jack.graul@nasa.gov

202-358-1201

John Hargenrader, Archivist jhargenr@mail.hq.nasa.gov

202-358-0387

Tayler Lofquist, Intern tayler.m.lofquist@nasa.gov

202-358-0180

Jane Odom, Chief Archivist jane.h.odom@nasa.gov

202-358-0386

Elizabeth Suckow, Archivist elizabeth.suckow-1@nasa.gov

202-358-0375

Created and produced by the following:

Stephen Garber, NASA Headquarters History Program Office

William Wallack, Editor, NASA Headquarters Communications Support Services Center

Janine Wise, Publication Specialist/Graphic Designer, NASA Headquarters Communications Support 

Services Center

Hanta Ralay, Printing Specialist, NASA Headquarters Communications Support Services Center 

Trenita Williams, Mail Coordinator, NASA Headquarters Mail Room

Carl Paul, Distribution, NASA Headquarters Communications Support Services Center
National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASA Headquarters

300 E Street SW

Washington, DC 20546

www.nasa.gov