United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

Nos. 97-6058, 97-6154.

Alexis HERMAN, Secretary of the United States Department of Labor, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL BANK; William A. Fickling, Jr., et al., DefendantsAppellees.

Frances J. KNOP; et al., Plaintiffs,

v.

CHARTER MEDICAL CORPORATION, et al., Defendants.

SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL BANK, Defendant-Third Party Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Alexis HERMAN, Secretary of the United States Department of Labor, et al., Third Party

Defendants-Appellants.

SOUTH CAROLINA NATIONAL BANK, Plaintiff-Appellee,

William A. Fickling, Jr., et al., Intervenor-Plaintiffs-Appellees,

v.

Alexis HERMAN, Secretary of the United States Department of Labor, et al., DefendantsAppellants.

May 15, 1998.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. (Nos. CV-92-L2858-NE, CV-91-L-1075-NE, CV-92-H-1544-NE), Seybourn H. Lynne, Judge.

Before EDMONDSON and HULL, Circuit Judges, and CLARK, Senior Circuit Judge.

HULL, Circuit Judge:

These three consolidated cases concern an ERISA trustee's paying $80 million from the
 1

Alexis Herman, the current Labor Secretary, has been substituted for Lynn Martin, the Labor

Secretary in 1992 who initially brought this action. 

 2

An employee stock ownership plan is an ERISA plan that invests primarily in the employer's

stock. 29 U.S.C. § 1107(d)(6)(A). See infra notes 10 and 20 for discussion of this ERISA

prohibition and exemption. Charter's stock was not publicly traded and had no established

market price. The Secretary contends the parties improperly evaluated the impact of over one

and one-half billion dollars in corporate debt on Charter's solvency and the value of its stock. 

assets of an employee stock ownership plan to purchase allegedly worthless stock from a closely

held corporation's owner, his relatives, and related entities. Claiming ERISA expressly prohibits

this stock purchase, the Secretary of Labor appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment

to the plan's trustee and the stock sellers.1

 After review, we reverse.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

A. The Stock Purchase

In 1990, South Carolina National Bank ("SCNB") was the trustee of the Charter Medical

Corporation Employee Stock Ownership Plan ("the Plan"). Trustee SCNB paid $80 million from

Plan assets to William A. Fickling, Jr., his relatives, and related entities (the "Ficklings") to purchase

their common stock in Charter Medical Corporation ("Charter"). Mr. Fickling was the President and

Chairman of the Board of Directors at Charter, a closely held corporation. The Secretary contends

that the Ficklings, as "parties in interest" under ERISA § 3(14), and SCNB, as the Plan trustee,

violated ERISA § 406 when SCNB paid $80 million in Plan assets, or more than adequate

consideration, to purchase the Ficklings' essentially worthless Charter stock.

To avoid conflicts of interest and self-dealing, ERISA prohibits stock transactions between

a "party in interest" and a plan trustee. Although employee stock ownership plans ("ESOPs") invest

in their employers' securities and generally are exempt from this prohibition, the exemption applies

only if the transaction is for "adequate consideration."2

 Before addressing further the Secretary's
 3

The three consolidated lawsuits are: (a) the Secretary's complaint in Martin v. South

Carolina Nat'l Bank, et al., No. CV-92-2858-NE (N.D.Ala. July 24, 1992) (transferred from

M.D. Ga.); (b) SCNB's third party complaint against the Secretary in Knop, et al. v. Charter

Med. Corp, et al., No. 91-L-1075-NE (N.D.Ala. May 10, 1991) (third party complaint filed Aug.

18, 1992); and (c) SCNB's complaint against the Secretary in South Carolina Nat'l Bank v.

Martin, No. 92-H-1544-NE (N.D.Ala. July 7, 1992). 

action against SCNB and the Ficklings, we review the two other lawsuits about this stock purchase

that became consolidated with the Secretary's action.

B. Private Litigants' Lawsuit Against Charter, the Ficklings, and SCNB

In 1991, private litigants brought a class action against Charter, the Ficklings, SCNB, and

others (the "Knop action").3

 The plaintiff class consisted of the Plan's beneficiaries, who alleged

violations of ERISA, federal securities laws, and state law in both this $80 million stock purchase

in 1990 and an earlier $375 million stock purchase in 1988. The Secretary was not a party to the

Knop class action.

In March 1992, the Secretary was advised that the private litigants were settling with all

defendants. The Secretary responded that she was conducting her own investigation of the stock

transactions and was not bound by the private litigants' settlement. The Secretary received the

formal settlement documents on April 6, 1992. By this time, the Secretary's expert had advised that

Charter's significant debt of one and one-half billion dollars and the stock valuation errors during

the 1990 purchase made the stock essentially worthless. On April 9, 1992, the Secretary again

advised the Knop parties that the Secretary was continuing her investigation, may bring suit, and was

not bound by the Knop settlement. None of the parties sought to join the Secretary in the Knop

action.

At the Knop fairness hearing on April 30, 1992, the district court approved the settlement.

Charter made a $12.3 million financial contribution to the settlement, but the Ficklings and SCNB
 4

SCNB stresses that Charter funded the Knop settlement as part of Charter's agreement to

indemnify SCNB. The Ficklings also contend that they contributed financially because: (a) as

preferred shareholders they surrendered certain priority rights as part of a bankruptcy plan of

reorganization that allowed the Plan to obtain some value for the allegedly worthless stock; and

(b) they consented to less favorable allocation of common stock. The Secretary disputes this

contention and argues that there is no evidence that these conditions resulted in a benefit to the

Plan or a sacrifice by the Ficklings and that there is some evidence to suggest that the reverse is

true. In any event, given the magnitude of the Plan's losses, these contributions were negligible. 

 5

See supra note 3. 

 6

See supra note 3. 

did not contribute any money to the settlement.4 Nonetheless, the private litigants dismissed with

prejudice all claims against the Ficklings and SCNB. Knop counsel informed the district court that

the Secretary had advised the parties that the Department of Labor "had no desire to impede the

proposed settlement but that their silence should not be taken as restricting whatever they might do

in the future."

C. SCNB's Lawsuit Against the Secretary

Immediately after the Knop settlement, SCNB filed a new lawsuit against the Secretary on

July 7, 1992, and simultaneously moved in Knop to file a third party complaint against the

Secretary.5

 Each case sought a declaration that the Secretary was in privity with the private Knop

plaintiffs and that the Knop settlement precluded the Secretary from additional relief in any future

lawsuit.

D. Secretary's Lawsuit Against the Ficklings and SCNB

On July 24, 1992, the Secretary filed her own action against the Ficklings and SCNB.6 The

Secretary did not sue Charter or any parties contributing monetarily to the Knop settlement, but sued

only the Ficklings and SCNB, who paid nothing. The Secretary sought to recover from the Ficklings

and SCNB $80 million (offset by sums already recovered), ERISA's statutory civil penalties,
 7

SCNB agreed not to serve as a trustee for any ERISA plan for three years or ever again for

Charter's Plan. 

 8

We review a district court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Useden v. Acker, 947 F.2d

1563, 1572 (11th Cir.1991). 

equitable relief for recission and disgorgement of profits, and injunctive relief.

E. Three Lawsuits Consolidated

In late 1992, the three lawsuits were consolidated because each involved whether the

Secretary was bound by the private Knop settlement. In early 1993, the Ficklings and SCNB moved

for summary judgment. In a June 25, 1993 order, the district court granted summary judgment for

the Ficklings in a single sentence without analysis, citing only Useden v. Acker, 947 F.2d 1563 (11th

Cir.1991). However, as discussed infra, Useden supports, not defeats, the Secretary's claim against

the Ficklings.

In contrast to the Ficklings' motion, the district court held in abeyance SCNB's motion for

partial summary judgment and permitted discovery only on the narrow issue of whether SCNB had

breached its fiduciary obligations. The Secretary was prohibited from conducting discovery on

SCNB's claims of laches, res judicata, and release and other issues. In 1996, the district court

granted SCNB's 1993 motion for partial summary judgment, finding that laches, res judicata, and

release barred the Secretary's claims. The district court did not distinguish between the Secretary's

legal claims for money damages, equitable claims for disgorgement of profits, or right to assess

ERISA's civil penalties, but treated all as claims for monetary relief.

 Subsequently, the Secretary and SCNB settled her claims for injunctive relief, making the

case final.7

 The Secretary then appealed the district court's grant of summary judgment for the

Ficklings and SCNB on the Secretary's remaining legal and equitable claims and right to assess civil

penalties.8
 9

The district court's order, dated December 3, 1992, transferring the Secretary's action from

Georgia to Alabama, made a finding that "Mr. Fickling was a "party in interest' with respect to

the ESOP under ERISA, as were his relatives and affiliated business entities." Martin v. South

Carolina Bank, et al., No. 92-298-1-MAC(DF), at 2 (M.D.Ga. Dec. 3, 1993). Subsequently, the

district court in Alabama granted summary judgment to the Ficklings on a different basis,

without completed discovery on, and without reaching, the "party in interest" issue. Thus, our

analysis assumes arguendo that the Ficklings are "parties in interest" as the Secretary alleges. 

See also infra note 26. 

II. ERISA § 406 PROHIBITS THIS STOCK TRANSACTION BETWEEN PLAN AND

"PARTIES IN INTEREST"

We first examine the ERISA violation in issue. The Secretary alleges that the Ficklings are

"parties in interest," as defined under ERISA § 3(14), and that they violated ERISA § 406 by

engaging in a prohibited stock transaction with SCNB.

As alleged by the Secretary, ERISA § 406 does prohibit stock transactions between an

ERISA plan and a "party in interest", as follows:

A fiduciary with respect to a plan shall not cause the plan to engage in a transaction,

if he knows or should know that such transaction constitutes a direct or indirect—

(A) sale or exchange, or leasing, of any property between the plan and a party in

interest;

...

(D) transfer to, or use by or for the benefit of, a party in interest, of any assets of the

plan; ....

29 U.S.C. § 1106(a)(1)(A),(D) (ERISA § 406(a)(1)(A),(D)) (emphasis supplied).

Also, the Ficklings may be considered "parties in interest" under a number of § 3(14)'s

definitions.9

 ERISA § 3(14) defines a "party in interest" to include fiduciaries, plan employees,

service providers, employers whose employees are covered by ERISA plans, employee

organizations whose members are covered by a plan, and owners of 50% or more of stock in these

employers and employee organizations, or a relative of such an owner. 29 U.S.C. § 1002(14)
 10Since an ESOP invests mainly in an employer's securities, ERISA § 408(e) exempts from §

406's prohibited transactions an ESOP's acquisition of employer stock if (1) the acquisition is for

"adequate consideration," and (2) no commission is charged with respect to the acquisition. 29

U.S.C. § 1108(e) (ERISA § 408(e)). The Secretary alleges that the § 408(e) exemption does not

apply to the Plan's stock purchase because the Plan paid more than adequate consideration for

the stock. The issue of whether the consideration was adequate was never resolved in the district

court and is not before this court on appeal. Instead, the parties and the court have assumed

arguendo for this appeal that SCNB paid more than adequate consideration for the allegedly

worthless stock. See infra note 20. 

(ERISA § 3(14)). A "party in interest" also includes employees, officers, and directors, as well as

shareholders, partners, and joint venturers owning ten percent or more of entities that are themselves

"parties in interest." Id.

 ERISA prohibits stock transactions between a plan and a "party in interest" because of the

obvious conflicts of interest and the high potential for abuse and injury to the plan. See 29 U.S.C.

§ 1106(a)(1)(A), (D) (ERISA § 406(a)(1)(A),(D)). The Supreme Court noted that in enacting §

406(a) barring transactions between a "party in interest" and an ERISA plan, "Congress' goal was

to bar categorically a transaction that was likely to injure the pension plan." Commissioner v.

Keystone Consol. Indus., Inc., 508 U.S. 152, 160, 113 S.Ct. 2006, 2012, 124 L.Ed.2d 71 (1993). It

is clear that a stock transaction for more than adequate consideration between SCNB, as Plan trustee,

and the Ficklings, as "parties in interest," violates § 406.10 The parties mainly dispute whether the

Secretary can sue the Ficklings as "parties in interest" for participating in that stock transaction

prohibited by § 406 or only the fiduciary SCNB.

III. SECRETARY MAY SUE FICKLINGS FOR EQUITABLE RELIEF UNDER § 502(a)(5)

FOR ACTS VIOLATING § 406

A. Useden Distinguishes Suits Against Non-fiduciaries Under §§ 502(a)(2) and 409 From Suits

Against Non-fiduciary "Parties in Interest" Under §§ 502(a)(5) and 406

The district court granted summary judgment to the Ficklings, citing only this court's

decision in Useden v. Acker, 947 F.2d 1563 (11th Cir.1991). Useden concerns breach of fiduciary
 1129 U.S.C. § 502(a)(2) refers to appropriate relief under § 1109 of Title 29, the codified

version of § 409 of ERISA. 

duties under § 409 and holds that non-fiduciaries cannot be sued under § 502(a)(2) for breaching

fiduciary duties under § 409. However, Useden supports, not defeats, the Secretary's claim against

the Ficklings as "parties in interest" under § 406 because Useden goes further and indicates that

§ 502(a)(5) authorizes suits for equitable relief against non-fiduciary "parties in interest" whose acts

violate § 406 without restricting the type of party who may be sued. See Useden, 947 F.2d at 1581.

Comparisons of § 409 versus § 406 and § 502(a)(2) versus § 502(a)(5), plus review of Useden,

readily reveal why the Secretary can sue the Ficklings here.

 We begin with ERISA § 502(a), where Congress outlined who may bring civil actions and

for what relief. A comparison of § 502(a)(2) with § 502(a)(5) follows:

A civil action may be brought—

...

(2) by the Secretary, or by a participant, beneficiary or fiduciary for appropriate

relief under section [409];11

...

(5) ... by the Secretary (A) to enjoin any act or practice which violates any provision

of this subchapter, or (B) to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress such

violation or (ii) to enforce any provision of this subchapter;....

29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2), (5) (ERISA § 502(a)(2), (5)) (emphasis supplied). Section 502(a)(5)

authorizes the Secretary to obtain "appropriate equitable relief" to redress ERISA violations. While

§ 502(a)(5) limits the Secretary to only "equitable relief," § 502(a)(5) does not restrict "the types of

parties who can be so sued." Useden, 947 F.2d at 1581. Section 502(a)(5) does not restrict equitable

relief to being against only fiduciaries.

In contrast, the Secretary may sue under § 502(a)(2), but only "for appropriate relief under
section [409]." Section 502(a)(2), in effect, incorporates § 409, and thereby limits relief to that

available under § 409. We thus turn to § 409, which provides that only fiduciaries "shall be

personally liable" for breach of fiduciary duties, as follows:

Any person who is a fiduciary with respect to a plan who breaches any of the responsibilities,

obligations, or duties imposed upon fiduciaries by this subchapter shall be personally liable

to make good to such plan any losses to the plan resulting from each such breach, and to

restore to such plan any profits of such fiduciary which have been made through use of

assets of the plan by the fiduciary, and shall be subject to such other equitable or remedial

relief as the court may deem appropriate, including removal of such fiduciary.

29 U.S.C. § 1109(a) (ERISA § 409(a)) (emphasis supplied).

The Useden court read the terms of § 409 and § 502(a)(2), referencing § 409, as limiting

relief to fiduciaries for breaches of fiduciary duties. Useden held that the defendants bank and

attorneys, who had advised the former plan fiduciary trustee, were not liable for breaches of

fiduciary duties under §§ 409 and 502(a)(2) because the bank and attorneys had not acquired

fiduciary status in the financial transactions in issue. Useden, 947 F.2d at 1572-79.

Importantly for this case, Useden went further and pointed out significant differences

between § 409 and § 406 and between § 502(a)(2) and § 502(a)(5). Useden first noted the absence

of textual treatment of non-fiduciaries in § 409 and § 409's express language limiting personal

liability to fiduciaries. Useden then contrasted that with § 3(14)(B)'s broad definition of "parties in

interest with whom plans are prohibited to enter into certain transactions under section 406(a)" and

§ 502(a)(5)'s authorization of suit for equitable relief for "any act or practice" violating ERISA

"without restricting the type of parties who may be sued." Id. at 1581. Useden summarized these

important differences in these ERISA statutes, as follows:

In the present case, appellant would have us ignore the obvious care with which

ERISA's remedial provisions are formulated, instead requiring us to supplement the statute

with a substantive right against a party that Congress readily could have chosen to reach.

Congress clearly contemplated the involvement of non-fiduciary parties with employee

benefit plans when it drafted provisions of ERISA. For example, ERISA sections 502(a)(3)
 12In holding that a non-fiduciary cannot be sued for breach of fiduciary duties in Reich v.

Rowe, 20 F.3d 25 (1st Cir.1994), the First Circuit also compared § 409 against § 406 and

contrasted actions against non-fiduciaries for participation in a fiduciary's breach with actions

against non-fiduciary "parties in interest" for participation in prohibited transactions. The First

Circuit concluded that "[a]lthough fiduciary breaches also violate ERISA, non-fiduciaries

cannot, by definition, engage in the act or practice of breaching a fiduciary duty. Non-fiduciaries

can, however, engage in the act or practice of transacting with an ERISA plan." Id. at 31 n. 7. 

and 502(a)(5) authorize suits to enjoin or obtain other equitable relief for "any act or

practice" violating either the statute or the terms of a plan, without restricting the types of

parties who may be so sued. ERISA section 3(14)(B), moreover, broadly defines the "parties

in interest" with whom plans are prohibited to enter into certain transactions under section

406(a). Significantly, however, Congress expressly limited the scope of sections 502(a)(3)

and 502(a)(5) to equitable remedies, and likewise limited section 409(a) to provide a right

of action only against fiduciaries. It is telling that, despite textual treatment of

non-fiduciaries in various other parts of the ERISA scheme, provisions [§§ 409 and

502(a)(2) ] relevant to appellant's theory contain no textual support for a claim for monetary

damages against non-fiduciaries. We cannot infer that Congress's silence is accidental in an

area where Congress has already said so much out loud.

Id. at 1581-82 (citations omitted) (emphasis supplied). Construing first §§ 409 and 502(a)(2),

Useden holds only that non-fiduciaries cannot be sued for breach of fiduciary duties because § 409

contains no references to non-fiduciaries and because Congress expressly limited liability in §§ 409

and 502(a)(2) to fiduciaries.

 In reaching this holding, Useden then contrasts §§ 409 and 502(a)(2) with §§ 406 and

502(a)(5) and answers in dicta the very different question posed here regarding who can be sued for

equitable relief under § 502(a)(5) for engaging in stock transactions prohibited by § 406. In short,

who can the Secretary sue for acts that violate ERISA § 406? Useden directly points to a "party in

interest" who participates in a prohibited transaction in violation of § 406 as an example of a

non-fiduciary against whom relief may be sought under § 502(a)(5). Id. at 1581. This is precisely

the Secretary's claim against the Ficklings in this case.12 In addition to pointing out ERISA's textual

treatment of "parties in interest" in § 406, Useden goes further and concludes these "parties in

interest" can be sued for equitable relief under § 502(a)(5) because § 502(a)(5) does not restrict the
type of parties who may be sued.

B. Other Circuits Hold Non-fiduciary "Parties in Interest" May Be Sued for Violating § 406

Similar to Useden 's dicta, other circuit courts have held uniformly that an ERISA-defined

"party in interest," like the Ficklings, may be sued for equitable relief under either § 502(a)(5) or §

502(a)(3) when that "party in interest" violates ERISA by engaging in transactions with fiduciaries

prohibited by § 406. See Reich v. Stangl, 73 F.3d 1027 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117

S.Ct. 48, 136 L.Ed.2d 13 (1996) (§ 502(a)(5)); Landwehr v. DuPree, 72 F.3d 726 (9th Cir.1995)

(§ 502(a)(3)); Reich v. Compton, 57 F.3d 270 (3d Cir.1995) (§ 502(a)(5)); Nieto v. Ecker, 845 F.2d

868 (9th Cir.1988) (§ 502(a)(3)); see also Reich v. Rowe, 20 F.3d 25 (1st Cir.1994) (§ 502(a)(5)).

Where a fiduciary and a "party in interest" directly engage in a transaction that violates § 406, no

circuit has limited relief under § 502(a)(5) to only the fiduciary. Instead, reading §§ 502(a)(5) and

406 together, these circuits have held that the ERISA "party in interest" who benefitted from the

impermissible transaction with the fiduciary is liable under ERISA for equitable relief and is

required to disgorge ill-gotten assets from the ERISA plan.

We agree with the panel's dicta in Useden and other circuits addressing this same issue, and

now hold that under §§ 502(a)(5) and 406 the Secretary may seek equitable relief from "parties in

interest" to transactions prohibited by § 406. As Useden points out, § 502(a)(5) is aimed at such "

"act[s] or practice[s] violating [ERISA]' without restricting the types of parties who may be so sued."

Id. at 1581.

C. Supreme Court's Mertens

The Ficklings emphasize that § 406 begins, like § 409, with the term "fiduciary" and that §

406 provides that a fiduciary shall not cause the plan to enter into prohibited transactions with

"parties in interest." The Ficklings argue that § 406 imposes a duty on only fiduciaries not to cause
a plan to enter into transactions with "parties in interest," but does not prohibit a "party in interest"

from entering into that same transaction with a fiduciary. This argument, however, ignores key

differences in the statutory language of § 406 and § 409, plus the Supreme Court's recent decision

in Mertens recognizing § 406's prohibition on "parties in interest" engaging in transactions with an

ERISA plan.

First, as to the statutory language, § 409 provides that a fiduciary "shall be personally liable"

for breaches of fiduciary duties. In contrast, § 406 does not address, much less limit, who shall be

personally liable; instead § 406 prescribes the type of transactions that ERISA prohibits. While §

406 does instruct fiduciaries—typically the plan trustee—not to cause the plan to enter into

transactions with "parties in interest," § 406 also serves to prohibit transactions between a fiduciary

and a "party in interest." Even if § 406 imposes an affirmative duty on fiduciaries not to cause the

plan to enter into certain prohibited transactions, this in no sense lessens the fact that a transaction

between a plan and a "party in interest" remains a prohibited transaction under § 406. See Useden,

947 F.2d at 1581-82; Reich v. Stangl, 73 F.3d 1027, 1030-31 (10th Cir.1996); Reich v. Rowe, 20

F.3d 25, 31 n. 7 (1st Cir.1994); Reich v. Compton, 57 F.3d 270, 285-86 (3d Cir.1995); Nieto v.

Ecker, 845 F.2d 868, 873-74 (9th Cir.1988).

Second, § 502(a)(2) limits the Secretary to only "appropriate relief under section [409]," and

then § 409 limits personal liability to fiduciaries. In contrast, § 502(a)(5), as Useden recognizes,

permits the Secretary to obtain equitable relief to address any act or practice that violates § 406

without restricting who may be sued. See Useden, 947 F.2d at 1581. As "parties in interest" to a

prohibited transaction, the Ficklings engaged in an act or practice that violates ERISA. Section

502(a)(5) thus expressly authorizes the Secretary to obtain appropriate equitable relief from the

Ficklings to redress that ERISA violation. While the Ficklings may not be subjected to legal claims
for compensatory damages for joining in a fiduciary's breach under § 409, they may be liable as

"parties in interest" for equitable disgorgement of their profits received from engaging in a

prohibited transaction in violation of § 406.

More importantly, a recent Supreme Court decision supports Useden 's analysis of § 406.

In Mertens v. Hewitt Assocs., 508 U.S. 248, 260-61, 113 S.Ct. 2063, 2070-71, 124 L.Ed.2d 161

(1993), the Supreme Court acknowledged in dicta that non-fiduciaries may be sued and required

under § 502(a)(5) to disgorge illgotten plan assets or profits obtained through participation in

transactions prohibited by § 406. The Supreme Court explained that "the "equitable relief'

awardable under § 502(a)(5) includes restitution of ill-gotten plan assets or profits...." Mertens, 508

U.S. at 260, 113 S.Ct. at 2070-71. The Supreme Court held that non-fiduciaries may not be liable

for the legal remedy of compensatory damages for breach of fiduciary duties because ERISA

contains no provision requiring non-fiduciaries to avoid participation in a fiduciary's breach of

fiduciary duty.

However, the Supreme Court also contrasted the lack of any ERISA provision regarding a

non-fiduciary's participation in a fiduciary's breach with other ERISA provisions, such as § 406 "that

can be read as imposing obligations upon nonfiduciaries...." Id. at 253-54, 113 S.Ct. at 2067. As

an example of a provision that imposes such an obligation, the Supreme Court cited § 406(a)'s

prohibition on "parties in interest" offering services or engaging in other transactions with the plan.

Id. at 254 n. 4, 113 S.Ct. at 2067 n. 4. The Supreme Court further stated that professional service

providers "must disgorge assets and profits obtained through participation as parties-in-interest in

transactions prohibited by § 406, and pay related civil penalties or excise taxes...." Id. at 262, 113

S.Ct. at 2071-72 (citations omitted).

 While Mertens involved service providers, the concept that "parties in interest" can be sued
 13The Third and Tenth Circuits also found that the Supreme Court in Mertens implied that a

non-fiduciary "party in interest" may be liable under § 502(a)(5) for participating in transactions

prohibited by § 406. Reich v. Compton, 57 F.3d 270, 285 (3rd Cir.1995); Reich v. Stangl, 73

F.3d 1027, 1032 (10th Cir.1996). 

 14In Lockheed Corp. v. Spink, 517 U.S. 882, 116 S.Ct. 1783, 135 L.Ed.2d 153 (1996), the

Supreme Court acknowledged that Mertens 's statements about § 406 were dicta, but declined to

retreat from that dicta and stated again, albeit in dicta, that "a party in interest who benefitted

from an impermissible transaction can be held liable under ERISA." Id. at ---- n. 3, 116 S.Ct. at

1789 n. 3. 

for disgorgement of profits for participating in a transaction prohibited by § 406 is no less applicable

to other non-fiduciary "parties in interest," such as the Ficklings.13 See 29 U.S.C. § 1002(14)(B)

(ERISA § 3(14)(B)) (including service providers within the definition of "parties in interest"). Even

though disgorgement of profits may produce money, Mertens makes it clear that disgorgement of

profits is a distinctly equitable remedy different from the legal remedy of compensatory damages

for breach of fiduciary duty. See Mertens 508 U.S. at 260, 113 S.Ct. at 2070-71. The Court's

definition of appropriate equitable relief under § 502(a)(5) clearly encompasses the fruits of a

prohibited transaction from "parties in interest" like the Ficklings.14

In sum, under § 502(a)(5), the Secretary may sue the Ficklings as "parties in interest" for

equitable relief for engaging in a prohibited transaction with SCNB in violation of § 406. Therefore,

the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the Ficklings.

IV. PRIVATE LITIGANTS' SETTLEMENT DOES NOT BAR SECRETARY'S ACTION

The Ficklings and SCNB next contend that the Knop private settlement bars the Secretary's

action against them. This issue requires us to examine the Secretary's special statutory role in

seeking relief and assessing civil penalties for ERISA violations.

A. Secretary's Statutory Role 

In § 502(a), Congress granted the Secretary an independent and unqualified right to sue and
 15ERISA's statement of purpose provides "that the growth in size, scope, and numbers of

employee benefit plans in recent years has been rapid and substantial; that the operational scope

and economic impact of such plans is [sic] increasingly interstate; that the continued well-being

and security of millions of employees and their dependents are directly affected by these plans; 

that they are affected with a national public interest; ...." 29 U.S.C. § 1001(a) (ERISA § 2(a))

(emphasis supplied). 

seek redress for ERISA violations because ERISA plans significantly affect the "national public

interest." ERISA itself contains a declaration of public purpose that recognizes that the economic

impact of private benefit plans affects the "national public interest."15 See 29 U.S.C. § 1001(a)

(ERISA § 2(a)). Private ERISA litigants seek to redress individual grievances. However, in suing

for ERISA violations, the Secretary seeks not only to recoup plan losses, but also to supervise

enforcement of ERISA, to guarantee uniform compliance with ERISA, to expose and deter plan

asset mismanagement, to protect federal revenues, to safeguard the enormous amount of assets and

investments funded by ERISA plans, and to assess civil penalties for ERISA violations.

One circuit court succinctly summarized the Secretary's national public interest in bringing

ERISA actions as ensuring "the financial stability of billions of dollars of assets which in turn have

a monumental effect on not only the Treasury of the United States, but on the national economy and

commerce as well." Secretary of Labor v. Fitzsimmons, 805 F.2d 682, 692 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc).

In addition to recovering plan losses, the Secretary "has an even stronger and paramount obligation

to protect the very integrity, heart and lifeline of the program itself." Id. at 692-93.

ERISA's legislative history also emphasizes the Secretary's national public interest in

deterrence, including the need for the Labor Department to have "broad authority to monitor

employee benefit plans and deter violations of the law," and to "restructure its enforcement efforts

to emphasize deterrence." H. Conf. Rep. No. 101-386, at 431-32 (1989), reprinted in 1989
 16In 1989, Congress expanded § 502 to confer additional enforcement powers upon the

Secretary, including assessment of civil penalties against plan administrators, § 502(c)(2),

"parties in interest," § 502(i), fiduciaries, § 502(l)(1)(A), (m), and, in some instances, against

"any person," § 502(c)(4), (c)(5), (l)(1)(B). Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, Pub.L.

101-239, 103 Stat. 2123. These civil penalties go directly to the United States Treasury. While

the Secretary must assess civil penalties, none of the contested issues about these civil penalties

is presently before the court on appeal. 

 17Application of res judicata presents questions of law reviewed de novo. Richardson v.

Miller, 101 F.3d 665, 667-68 (11th Cir.1996); Riddle v. Cerro Wire & Cable Group, Inc., 902

F.2d 918, 921-22 (11th Cir.1990). For the same reasons that res judicata principles do not apply

in this case, the Knop plaintiffs could not release the Secretary's claims against the defendants. 

U.S.C.C.A.N. 3018, 3035.16 The congressional Conference Committee concluded that the Secretary

must have and use enforcement powers and civil penalties to make ERISA meaningful, as follows:

[I]t has become apparent that the Department must use its enforcement powers more

vigorously to make the protection of ERISA meaningful. The conferees believe

strengthened civil penalties will better enable the Department to protect participants and

beneficiaries. The conferees further believe that the need for strengthened enforcement and

deterrence of violations of ERISA applies not only to the Department of Labor, but to

judicial oversight of private rights of action affecting employee benefit plans. It remains the

intent of Congress that the courts use their power to fashion legal and equitable remedies that

not only protect participants and beneficiaries but deter violations of the law as well.

Id. at 3035-36. Against this statutory background, we examine why the private litigants' settlement

in Knop does not bar the Secretary's action here.

B. Res Judicata

 The district court incorrectly held that the private litigants' settlement barred the Secretary's

claims under the doctrine of res judicata or claim preclusion.17 This doctrine does not apply unless

"the parties to both actions, or those in privity with them, are identical." Richardson v. Alabama

State Bd. of Educ., 935 F.2d 1240, 1244 (11th Cir.1991); see also Hart v. Yamaha-Parts Distributs.,

Inc., 787 F.2d 1468, 1471-72 (11th Cir.1986). This circuit has held that " "[a] nonparty to a prior

decision cannot be bound by it unless he had sufficient identity of interest with a party that his

interests are deemed to have been litigated.' " In re Birmingham Reverse Discrimination
 18The district court cited footnote 9 in Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Russell,

473 U.S. 134, 105 S.Ct. 3085, 87 L.Ed.2d 96 (1985) for the proposition that the Secretary sues

only in a representative capacity. However, Russell 's footnote 9 addressed only actions under §

502(a)(2) for breach of fiduciary duties under § 409. Russell did not involve res judicata or a

Secretary's claim under § 502(a)(5) for equitable relief against "parties in interest" participating

in a prohibited transaction in violation of § 406. Russell also points out that § 502(a)(2)

"authorizes suits by four classes of party-plaintiffs: the Secretary of Labor, participants,

beneficiaries, and fiduciaries." 473 U.S. at 142 n. 9, 105 S.Ct. at 3090 n. 9. In contrast, ERISA

separates the Secretary's right to sue for ERISA violations in § 502(a)(5) from the participant's,

beneficiary's, and fiduciary's right to sue for ERISA violations in § 502(a)(3). 

Employment Litigation, 833 F.2d 1492, 1498 (11th Cir.1987) aff'd sub nom. Martin v. Wilks, 490

U.S. 755, 109 S.Ct. 2180, 104 L.Ed.2d 835 (1989) (quoting Wilson v. Attaway, 757 F.2d 1227, 1237

(11th Cir.1985)). The doctrine does not apply here because the Secretary was not a party to the

Knop settlement and has national public interests separate and distinct from those of the Knop

private litigants.

Every circuit addressing the issue has held that the Secretary is not bound by prior private

litigation when the Secretary files an independent action to address ERISA violations. See, e.g.,

Beck v. Levering, 947 F.2d 639, 642 (2d Cir.1991), cert. denied sub nom., Levy v. Martin, 504 U.S.

909, 112 S.Ct. 1937, 118 L.Ed.2d 544 (1992); Secretary of Labor v. Fitzsimmons, 805 F.2d 682,

690-94 (7th Cir.1986); Donovan v. Cunningham, 716 F.2d 1455, 1462-63 (5th Cir.1983); see also

Brock v. Gillikin, 677 F.Supp. 398, 402 (E.D.N.C.1987). Each court recognized that the Secretary's

national public interests in bringing an ERISA enforcement action are wholly distinct and separate

from those of private litigants who seek to redress individual grievances or recoup plan losses for

their personal benefit as plan beneficiaries. See, e.g., Fitzsimmons, 805 F.2d at 693-94. The courts

note that under ERISA's statutory framework, private plaintiffs do not adequately represent, and are

not charged with representing, the broader national public interests represented by the Secretary.18

A previous ERISA decision from this circuit foreshadows our similar conclusion that the
 19Appellees quote selective statements from Fitzsimmons and argue that a private settlement

limits the Secretary to only injunctive relief, even if the Secretary can sue independently. 

Fitzsimmons 's discussion about the separate interest of the Secretary in obtaining injunctive

relief is only one of the many examples of the Secretary's separate interests discussed in

Fitzsimmons. The Seventh Circuit also discusses the Secretary's separate legal interests in

protecting a plan's financial stability, in obtaining disgorgement of illegal profits, in preventing

unjust enrichment, in restoring plan assets, in protecting beneficiaries' incomes, and in deterring

future ERISA violations, all of which implicate monetary recoveries. (The civil penalties,

enacted in 1989, were not in effect when Fitzsimmons was decided.) 

Knop private settlement does not bar the Secretary's action here. In Campbell v. Hall-Mark

Electronics Corp., 808 F.2d 775 (11th Cir.1987), this court affirmed a denial of the Secretary's

motion to intervene to oppose a plan participants' class action settlement. This court noted that the

Secretary's interests were not prejudiced significantly by the settlement because "the Secretary

certainly may continue to litigate his own case in pursuit of whatever broader public policy interests

he deems important." Id. at 779. Campbell recognized that the Secretary has an independent right

to sue. A corollary to Campbell is that a private litigation settlement does not preclude the

Secretary's separate action.

Similar to this case, the Secretary's main objection to the private settlement in the Seventh

Circuit's Fitzsimmons decision was that the private "recovery was wholly inadequate in light of the

number and dollar amount of the claims against the former trustees and also that the settlement

agreement failed to allow recovery from the personal assets of the former trustees." Fitzsimmons,

805 F.2d at 686. After extensive review of ERISA's statutory framework and purposes, the Seventh

Circuit en banc held directly that the private settlement did not bar the Secretary's independent right

to sue. Id. at 694.19

 These ERISA cases are consistent with the well-established general principle that the

government is not bound by private litigation when the government's action seeks to enforce a

federal statute that implicates both public and private interests. See Hathorn v. Lovorn, 457 U.S.
 20The Fifth Circuit held that the "adequate consideration" exemption in ERISA § 408 was not

applicable and thus the stock transaction was prohibited by ERISA § 406. Donovan discusses at

length the mechanics of ESOPs, the duties of ESOP fiduciaries under ERISA, and the nature of

the inadequate consideration exemption in ERISA § 408. See generally Donovan v.

Cunningham, 716 F.2d 1455 (5th Cir.1983); see also supra note 10. 

255, 268 n. 23, 102 S.Ct. 2421, 2430 n. 23, 72 L.Ed.2d 824 (1982); City of Richmond v. United

States, 422 U.S. 358, 373 n. 6, 95 S.Ct. 2296, 2305 n. 6, 45 L.Ed.2d 245 (1975); Sam Fox Publ'g

Co., Inc. v. United States, 366 U.S. 683, 689-90, 81 S.Ct. 1309, 1313, 6 L.Ed.2d 604 (1961); United

States v. East Baton Rouge Parish Sch. Bd., 594 F.2d 56, 58 (5th Cir.1979). In East Baton Rouge

Parish School Board, this court also recognized this general principle that a private plaintiff's prior

litigation does not bar the government's action, stating:

[T]he district court's conclusion [that the private plaintiffs and the United States were

identical] is directly contrary to the general principle of law that the United States will not

be barred from independent litigation by the failure of a private plaintiff. This principle is

based primarily upon the recognition that the United States has an interest in enforcing

federal law that is independent of any claims of private citizens. In the present context the

Supreme Court has characterized this as "the highest public interest in the due observance

of all constitutional guarantees." Also, any contrary rule would impose an onerous and

extensive burden upon the United States to monitor private litigation in order to ensure that

possible mishandling of a claim by a private plaintiff could be corrected by intervention.

East Baton Rouge Parish Sch. Bd., 594 F.2d at 58 (quoting in part United States v. Raines, 362 U.S.

17, 80 S.Ct. 519, 4 L.Ed.2d 524 (1960) (citations omitted)).

Subsequently, the Fifth Circuit directly applied this same principle to an ERISA case similar

to this one, Donovan v. Cunningham, 716 F.2d 1455, 1462-63 (5th Cir.1983). In Donovan, an ESOP

trustee allegedly had paid more than adequate consideration for the stock of the company's

president.20 The Fifth Circuit concluded that the Secretary's interest was different from private

plaintiffs' interests and, thus, the Secretary was not precluded from bringing an independent action
 21Appellees contend Donovan supports their defense that the Secretary's independent action is

limited to injunctive relief. We disagree. Donovan 's discussion of injunctive relief concerned

only whether the Secretary's action was moot because the private parties dissolved the ESOP as

part of their settlement. In fact, the Donovan court noted that whether the Secretary's equitable

claim for disgorgement was barred was not addressed by the district court and remanded that

issue because "the parties have not adequately addressed the issues raised by these remedial

arguments in the special context of ERISA." Donovan, 716 F.2d at 1462-63 & n. 10. 

 22Defendants rely heavily on EEOC cases from other circuits that preclude the EEOC from

recovering monetary relief for private individuals who already have settled in their own name. 

However, this circuit has recognized that the interests of the EEOC and private litigants at times

"are not necessarily compatible," and "are not always identical." Riddle v. Cerro Wire & Cable

Group, Inc., 902 F.2d 918, 922-23 (11th Cir.1990) (holding private litigant's Title VII claims not

barred by EEOC's settled suit). Riddle concluded that although the EEOC is able to recover

damages for back pay and benefits, the EEOC is primarily interested in preventing employment

discrimination in the workplace; whereas, the aggrieved individual is more interested in

"specific personal relief" in her private action. Id. at 922-23.

Defendants' reliance on EEOC cases also ignores the different statutory

enforcement schemes of Title VII and the ADEA, which reflect Congress's intent to limit

multiple suits. Title VII and the ADEA require a private plaintiff to file a discrimination

charge with the EEOC before suing. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b), (e), and (f); 29 U.S.C. §

626(d). The ADEA also terminates a private plaintiff's right of action under the ADEA

upon "commencement of an action by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

to enforce the right of such employee under this chapter." 29 U.S.C. § 626(c)(1). In

contrast, ERISA gives plan beneficiaries and the Secretary independent rights of action,

does not require private plaintiffs to file charges with the Secretary before suing, and

for ERISA violations. Id.21

The ERISA enforcement scheme, carefully constructed by Congress, is undermined if private

litigants can sue ERISA violators first, reach a settlement, and bar the Secretary's action. The terms

of the Knop private settlement illustrate why this result is not what Congress intended, or provided,

in ERISA. The Knop settlement recovered from Charter only a small fraction of the Plan's $80

million in assets lost in the stock purchase. The private plaintiffs released and dismissed with

prejudice both SCNB and the Ficklings despite having alleged serious ERISA violations against

them and even though they made a negligible contribution to the settlement. Since only the

Secretary can assess civil penalties, none were paid.22
nowhere forecloses private actions after the Secretary files suit, or, the Secretary's suit

after a private action commences. 

While private plaintiffs understandably may be willing to compromise claims to gain prompt

and definitive relief, the Knop settlement does not further the broader national public interests

represented by the Secretary and reflected in Congress's delegation of ERISA enforcement powers

to the Secretary. The national public interest in deterrence of asset mismanagement suffers if private

parties can release claims against ERISA violators for negligible financial recovery and thereby

immunize plan trustees and "parties in interest" from ERISA violations. Furthermore, the public

treasury is ill-served by denying the Secretary the opportunity to assess civil penalties, expressly

authorized by Congress to deter ERISA violations, as well as the occasion to ensure that the Plan

receives full value for the millions of dollars in tax subsidies.

C. ERISA § 502(h)

 The district court emphasized that ERISA § 502(h) requires private litigants to serve their

complaint on the Secretary and gives the Secretary discretion to intervene. See 29 U.S.C. § 1132(h)

(ERISA § 502(h)). The purpose of § 502(h) is to provide the Secretary notice of ongoing private

lawsuits. See Secretary of Labor v. Fitzsimmons, 805 F.2d 682, 691 (7th Cir.1986) (en banc). In

§ 502(h) Congress gave the Secretary discretion to intervene, but chose not to require the Secretary

to do so. As the Seventh Circuit noted, Congress "never mandated that the Secretary must intervene

in each and every piece of litigation or forever be barred by the doctrine of res judicata." Id. As this

court previously recognized, "[t]he courts should not jam judicially created doctrines such as res

judicata into the gears of Congress' carefully crafted statutory machinery." United States v.

Barnette, 10 F.3d 1553, 1561 (11th Cir.1994).

 Given the volume of cases the Department of Labor monitors, courts recognize that it is
 23In 1989, the congressional Conference Committee, reporting on the civil penalties in §

502(l) noted that the Department of Labor was responsible for approximately 5.5 million

employee benefit plans holding $2 trillion in assets and that the Department's resources had not

kept pace with the growing importance of the benefits to the public, the expanding amount of

plan assets, or the increasing number of plans. H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 101-386, at 432 (1989),

reprinted in 1989 U.S.C.C.A.N. 3029, 3035. 

unreasonable and unwise to require the Secretary to intervene in every ERISA action or be

precluded.23 See, e.g., Donovan v. Cunningham, 716 F.2d 1455, 1462 (5th Cir.1983) (stating that

to bar Secretary's ERISA action as a result of private settlement "would impose an onerous and

extensive burden upon the United States to monitor private litigation in order to ensure that possible

mishandling of a claim by a private plaintiff could be corrected by intervention"). Likewise, we

decline to mandate judicially that the Secretary must intervene or be barred because this would

frustrate Congress's express decision to leave intervention to the Secretary's "discretion" in § 502(h)

and would permit defendants violating ERISA to settle quickly with private plaintiffs and defeat the

Secretary's enforcement powers granted by Congress.

D. Laches

 The district court also incorrectly held that the doctrine of laches precluded the Secretary's

action against SCNB. "It is well settled that the United States is not bound by state statutes of

limitation or subject to the defense of laches in enforcing its rights." United States v. Summerlin,

310 U.S. 414, 416, 60 S.Ct. 1019, 1020, 84 L.Ed. 1283 (1940); United States v. Fernon, 640 F.2d

609, 612 (5th Cir. Unit B Mar.1981) (following Summerlin ). This principle protects public rights

vested in the government for the benefit of all from "the inadvertence of the agents upon which the

government must necessarily rely." United States v. Alvarado, 5 F.3d 1425, 1427 (11th Cir.1993);

see also United States v. Arrow Transp. Co., 658 F.2d 392, 394-95 (5th Cir. Unit B Oct. 1981)

("Although the fact situation describes a textbook case of laches, that defense cannot be asserted
 24Congress has specified the limitations period for a variety of circumstances, providing that

an ERISA plaintiff must sue within six years from the last breach or violation, within three years

from the date of actual knowledge of a breach or violation, or, in the case of fraud or

concealment, within six years from the date of discovery of the breach or violation. 29 U.S.C. §

1113 (ERISA § 413). Allowing the federal government, in effect, to be estopped frustrates

federal statutes and infringes upon Congress's exclusive authority to make law. 

 25Neither the district court nor the defendants cite any authority grafting the EEOC exception

onto ERISA. Defendants do cite Martin v. Consultants & Adm'rs, Inc., 966 F.2d 1078 (7th

Cir.1992), but the majority in Martin pretermitted deciding whether laches applied by finding

"the elements of laches have not been met in the case before us." 966 F.2d at 1091. But see 966

F.2d at 1100 (Posner, J., concurring). 

against the United States in its sovereign capacity to enforce a public right or to protect the public

interest.").

 To overcome this accepted rule, the district court relied upon Title VII cases. However, this

circuit permits laches to bar an EEOC suit only because Title VII contains no statute of limitations.

See e.g., EEOC v. Dresser Indus., Inc., 668 F.2d 1199, 1201-02 (11th Cir.1982) ("Laches is an

equitable doctrine designed to prevent unfairness to a defendant due to a plaintiff's delay in filing

suit in the absence of an appropriate statute of limitations.") (emphasis supplied); see also EEOC

v. Vucitech, 842 F.2d 936, 942 (7th Cir.1988); Boone v. Mechanical Specialties Co., 609 F.2d 956,

959 (9th Cir.1979); EEOC v. Liberty Loan Corp., 584 F.2d 853, 856 (8th Cir.1978).

In contrast, ERISA contains a detailed statute of limitations for actions regarding certain

fiduciary breaches and ERISA violations. The Secretary filed her lawsuit within the time permitted

by ERISA.24 The rationale in EEOC suits for departing from the accepted rule is not present here.25

Given the Supreme Court's mandate that the judiciary not tamper with ERISA's enforcement scheme,

Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins. v. Russell, 473 U.S. 134, 147, 105 S.Ct. 3085, 3092-93, 87 L.Ed.2d 96

(1985), and our circuit's recognition of the importance of ERISA's time lines, Brock v. Nellis, 809

F.2d 753, 754 (11th Cir.1987), the district court erred in extending the laches exception in Title VII
 26When the case returns to the district court, each party should be allowed to complete

discovery, including on whether each of the Fickling defendants is a "party in interest" under

ERISA § 406. Also, the Ficklings argue that the Secretary should not be able to rely on §

3(14)(H) as to certain Fickling defendants because the Secretary referred to only § 3(14)(G), (E),

and (F) as to those particular persons or entities. However, the Secretary's allegation, that the

Ficklings are "parties in interest" under § 3(14) engaging in a transaction prohibited under § 406,

was more than sufficient to put the Ficklings on notice of the Secretary's claims. Any failure to

specify each and every sub-subsection of § 3(14) as to each and every person is immaterial. 

to ERISA actions. See Reich v. Valley Nat'l Bank of Arizona, 837 F.Supp. 1259, 1308-09

(S.D.N.Y.1993); First Bank Sys., Inc. v. Martin, 782 F.Supp. 425, 426-27 (D.Minn.1991); Donovan

v. Schmoutey, 592 F.Supp. 1361, 1403 (D.Nev.1984).

V. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the Knop private settlement does not bar the Secretary's independent right to

sue under ERISA in this case. Accordingly, the district court erred in granting summary judgment

in favor of the defendants SCNB and the Ficklings. The Secretary's action may proceed against

SCNB as a fiduciary for legal and equitable relief and civil penalties. The Secretary's action may

proceed against the Ficklings as "parties in interest" for civil penalties and equitable relief, including

but not limited to disgorgement of profits, recission, and restitution of Plan losses.26

Given our declaration that the Secretary's action may proceed, SCNB's third-party complaint

seeking declaratory judgment in the Knop action and SCNB's separate declaratory judgment action

are now resolved by this appeal. The court directs that judgment on the declaratory judgment issue

be entered in favor of the Secretary.

For the above reasons, we REVERSE the district court's orders granting summary judgment

and VACATE the final judgments entered in favor of the defendants SCNB and the Ficklings. The

action is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.