Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 1 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

SPACE SHUTTLE 

MISSION 

STS-45 

PRESS KIT 

MARCH 1992 

ATLAS-1 MISSION 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 2 

STS-45 INSIGNIA 

STS045-S-001 -- Designed by the crewmembers, the STS-45 insignia depicts the space shuttle launching 

from the Kennedy Space Center into a high inclination orbit. From this vantage point, the Atmospheric 

Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) payload can view the Earth, the sun, and their dynamic 

interactions against the background of space. Earth is prominently displayed and is the focus of the 

mission's space plasma physics and Earth sciences observations. The colors of the setting sun, measured 

by sensitive instruments, provide detailed information about ozone, carbon dioxide, and other gases which 

determined Earth's climate and environment. Encircling the scene are the names of the flight crew 

members. The additional star in the ring is to recognize Charles R. Chappell and Michael Lampton, 

alternate payload specialists, and the entire ATLAS-1 team for its dedication and support of this "Mission 

to Planet Earth." 

The NASA insignia design for space shuttle flights is reserved for use by the astronauts and for other 

official use as the NASA Administrator may authorize. Public availability has been approved only in the 

form of illustrations by the various news media. When and if there is any change in this policy, which we 

do not anticipate, it will be publicly announced. 

PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 3 

PUBLIC AFFAIRS CONTACTS 

Mark Hess/Jim Cast/Ed Campion 

Office of Space Flight 

NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 

(Phone: 202/453-8536) 

Brian Dunbar/Paula Cleggett-Haleim/Mike Braukus 

Office of Space Science and Applications 

NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 

(Phone: 202/453-1547) 

Lisa Malone 

Kennedy Space Center, FL 

(Phone: 407/867-2468) 

Barbara Selby 

Office of Commercial Programs 

NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 

(Phone: 703/557-5609) 

Mike Simmons 

Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 

(Phone: 205/544-6537) 

James Hartsfield 

Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 

(Phone: 713/483-5111) 

Jane Hutchison 

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 

(Phone: 415/604-9000) 

Dolores Beasley/Susie Marucci 

Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 

(Phone: 301/286-8102) 

Myron Webb 

Stennis Space Center, MS 

(Phone: 601/688-3341) 

Nancy Lovato 

Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA 

(Phone: 805/258-3448) 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 4 

CONTENTS 

GENERAL RELEASE 5 

 

MEDIA SERVICES 6 

STS-45 QUICK-LOOK FACTS 7 

LAUNCH WINDOW 8 

VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS 9 

TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 10 

SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES 11 

STS-45 PRELAUNCH PROCESSING 12 

ATMOSPHERIC LAB FOR APPLICATIONS AND SCIENCE-1 13 

ATLAS SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 15 

ATLAS PROGRAM 20 

INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLYMER MEMBRANE PROCESSING 22 

GET AWAY SPECIAL 23 

SHUTTLE AMATEUR RADIO EXPERIMENT 24 

RADIATION MONITORING EXPERIMENT-III 24 

VISUAL FUNCTION TEST-III 24 

CLOUD LOGIC TO OPTIMIZE USE OF DEFENSE SYSTEMS-1A 24 

SPACE TISSUE LOSS 24 

STS-45 CREW BIOGRAPHIES 25 

STS-45 MISSION MANAGEMENT 30 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 5 

RELEASE: 92-32 March 1992 

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES OF ATMOSPHERE, SUN HIGHLIGHT STS-45 

Studies of the sun, the upper reaches of Earth's atmosphere and astronomical objects using an international 

array of instruments in Atlantis' cargo bay will highlight Shuttle Mission STS-45. 

The 46th Shuttle flight and Atlantis' 11th, STS-45 is planned to be launched at 8:01 a.m. EST March 23. 

With an on-time launch, landing will be at 6:08 a.m. EST March 31 at the Kennedy Space Center, FL. 

Atlantis will carry the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science-1 (ATLAS-1), 12 instruments 

from the United States, France, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Japan, that will 

conduct 13 experiments to study the chemistry of the atmosphere, solar radiation, space plasma physics and 

ultraviolet astronomy. ATLAS-1 is planned to be the first of several ATLAS flights designed to cover an 

entire 11-year solar cycle, the regular period of energetic activity by the sun. Co- manifested with ATLAS1 is the Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument (SSBUV), which provides highly calibrated 

measurements of ozone to fine-tune measurements made by other NASA and NOAA satellites. 

Commanding Atlantis will be Charles Bolden, making his third space flight. Brian Duffy will serve as 

pilot, making his first shuttle flight. Mission Specialists include Kathy Sullivan, making her third flight; 

Dave Leestma, making his third space flight; and Mike Foale, making his first space flight. Payload 

specialists will be Byron Lichtenberg, making his second flight, and Dirk Frimout, Belgian Scientist, 

making his first flight. 

ATLAS operations will continue 24 hours a day, with the crew split into two teams each on a 12-hour shift. 

The Red Team will consist of Leestma, Foale and Lichtenberg. The Blue Team will be Duffy, Sullivan and 

Frimout. Bolden, as Commander, will set his own hours. 

Secondary experiments aboard Atlantis will include Space Tissue Loss, a study of the effects of 

weightlessness on body tissues; the Visual Function Tester, a study of the effects of weightlessness on 

human vision; the Radiation Monitoring Equipment, an often-flown device that measures radiation aboard 

the Shuttle; Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing, a study of developing polymer membranes 

used as filters in many industries and in space and the Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of Defense Systems, 

an investigation to quantify the variation in apparent cloud cover as a function of the angle at which clouds 

of various types are viewed. 

Also flying on STS-45 will be NASA's Get Away Special payload, a program which provides individuals 

and organizations the opportunity to send scientific research and development experiments on board a 

Space Shuttle. 

In addition, the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment will provide amateur radio operators worldwide, plus 

students at several selected schools, the opportunity to converse with crew members aboard Atlantis. 

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS.) 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 6 

MEDIA SERVICES 

NASA Select Television Transmission 

NASA Select television is available on Satcom F-2R, Transponder 13, located at 72 degrees west 

longitude; frequency 3960.0 MHz, audio 6.8 MHz. 

The schedule for television transmissions from the orbiter and for the change-of- shift briefings from 

Johnson Space Center, Houston, will be available during the mission at Kennedy Space Center, FL; 

Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL; Johnson Space Center; and NASA Headquarters, 

Washington, D.C. The television schedule will be updated to reflect changes dictated by mission 

operations. 

Television schedules also may be obtained by calling COMSTOR, 713/483-5817. COMSTOR is a 

computer data base service requiring the use of a telephone modem. A voice update of the television 

schedule may be obtained by dialing 202/755-1788. This service is updated daily at noon ET. 

Status Reports 

Status reports on countdown and mission progress, on-orbit activities and landing operations will be 

produced by the appropriate NASA news center. 

Briefings 

A mission press briefing schedule will be issued prior to launch. During the mission, change-of-shift 

briefings by the off-going flight director will occur at least once per day. The updated NASA Select 

television schedule will indicate when mission briefings are planned to occur. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 7 

STS-45 QUICK LOOK 

Launch Date: March 23, 1992 

 

Launch Site: Kennedy Space Center, FL, Pad 39A 

 

Launch Window: 8:01 a.m. - 10:31 a.m. EST 

 

Orbiter: Atlantis (OV-104) 

 

Orbit: 160 x 160 nautical miles, 57 degrees inclination 

 

Landing Date/Time: 6:08 a.m. EST, March 31, 1992 

 

Primary Landing Site: Kennedy Space Center, FL 

 

Abort Landing Sites: Return to Launch Site - Kennedy Space Center, FL 

 Transoceanic Abort Landing - Zaragoza, Spain 

 Alternates - Moron, Spain; Ben Guerir, Morocco 

 Abort Once Around - White Sands, NM 

 

Crew: Charles Bolden, Commander 

 Brian Duffy, Pilot 

 Kathy Sullivan, Mission Specialist 1 

 David Leestma, Mission Specialist 2 

 Mike Foale, Mission Specialist 3 

 Dirk Frimout, Payload Specialist 1 

 Byron Lichtenberg, Payload Specialist 2 

 

Cargo Bay Payloads: ATLAS-1 (Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science-1) 

 SSBUV-4 (Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument) 

 GAS Canisters (Get-Away Specials) 

 

Middeck Payloads: RME-III (Radiation Monitoring Experiment-III) 

 STL (Space Tissue Loss) 

 VFT-II (Visual Function Tester-II) 

 CLOUDS-1A (Cloud Logic to Optimize Use of Defense Systems) 

 SAREX (Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment) 

 IPMP (Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing) 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 8 

STS-45 LAUNCH WINDOW 

Launch 

Date Launch Window Opens Launch Window Closes Duration 

GMT EST CST GMT EST CST 

 

3/23/92 13:01 8:01 7:01 15:31 10:31 9:31 2:30 

3/24/92 13:00 8:01 7:01 15:30 10:30 9:30 2:30 

3/25/92 13:00 8:00 7:00 15:30 10:30 9:30 2:30 

3/26/92 13:00 8:00 7:00 15:30 10:30 9:30 2:30 

3/27/92 12:59 7:59 6:59 15:29 10:29 9:29 2:30 

3/28/92 12:59 7:59 6:59 15:29 10:29 9:29 2:30 

3/29/92 12:59 7:59 6:59 15:29 10:29 9:29 2:30 

Note: Mission Duration is 07/22:07 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 9 

VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS 

Pounds

 

Orbiter (Atlantis) empty and 3 SSMEs 172,293 

Atmospheric Lab for Applications and Science-1 15,100 

Get-Away Specials/Support Equipment 522 

Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Instrument 720 

Investigations of Polymer Membrane Processing 17 

Radiation Monitoring Experiment-3 23 

Space Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment 30 

Visual Function Tester-2 10 

Space Tissue Loss 68 

DSOs/DTOs 250 

CLOUDS 5 

Total Vehicle at SRB Ignition 4,495,910 

Orbiter Landing Weight 205,046 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 10 

STS-45 TRAJECTORY SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 

Event 

MET 

(d/h:m:s) 

Relative 

Velocity 

(fps) Mach 

Altitude 

(ft) 

 

Launch 00/00:00:00 

Begin Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:10 183 0.16 776 

End Roll Maneuver 00/00:00:19 418 0.37 3,555 

SSME Throttle Down to 89% 00/00:00:22 499 0.44 4,791 

SSME Throttle Up to 67% 00/00:00:31 718 0.64 9,603 

Max. Dyn. Pressure (Max Q) 00/00:00:56 1,244 1.20 30,580 

SSME Throttle Up to 104% 00/00:01:06 1,538 1.55 42,347 

SRB Separation 00/00:02:05 4,1,41 3.79 155,086 

Main Engine Cutoff (MECO) 00/00:08:35 25,001 21.62 376,676 

Zero Thrust 00/00:08:41 24,999 N/A 376,909 

ET Separation 00/00:08:53 

OMS-2 Burn 00/00:37:08 

Landing 07/22:07:00 

Apogee, Perigee at MECO: 157 x 19 nautical miles 

Apogee, Perigee post-OMS 2: 161 x 160 nautical miles 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 11 

SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES 

Space Shuttle launch abort philosophy aims toward safe and intact recovery of the flight crew, orbiter and 

its payload. Abort modes include: 

• Abort-To-Orbit (ATO) -- Partial loss of main engine thrust late enough to permit reaching a minimal 

105-nautical mile orbit with orbital maneuvering system engines. 

• Abort-Once-Around (AOA) -- Earlier main engine shutdown with the capability to allow one orbit 

around before landing at either White Sands Space Harbor, NM, or the Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) 

at Kennedy Space Center, FL. 

• Transatlantic Abort Landing (TAL) -- Loss of one or more main engines midway through powered 

flight would force a landing at either Zaragoza, Spain; Moron, Spain; or Ben Guerir, Morocco. 

• Return-To-Launch-Site (RTLS) -- Early shutdown of one or more engines, and without enough energy 

to reach Zaragoza, would result in a pitch around and thrust back toward KSC until within gliding 

distance of the SLF. 

STS-45 contingency landing sites are Kennedy Space Center, White Sands, Zaragoza, Moron and Ben 

Guerir. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 12 

STS-45 PRE-LAUNCH PROCESSING 

Flight preparations on Atlantis for the STS-45 mission began Dec. 9, 1991 following its last mission, STS44, which ended with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, CA. 

Atlantis was processed in 55 days, the best ever since mission STS-43, the previous record breaker with a 

60-day Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) flow. Processing took place in OPF bay 2 to prepare Atlantis for 

its 11th flight, including the installation of the ATLAS-1 payload which is the primary payload for mission 

STS-45. 

Atlantis' systems were fully tested while in the OPF, including the orbital maneuvering system and the 

forward reaction control system. 

Space Shuttle main engine locations for this flight are as follows: engine 2024 in the No. 1 position, engine 

2012 in the No. 2 position and engine 2028 in the No. 3 position. These engines were installed on Jan. 10-

11. 

Work began in January 1990 at KSC to assemble the ATLAS payload components. Over the last 2 years, 

payload technicians joined the two ATLAS pallets, integrated the experiments and completed required 

tests. Technicians installed the ATLAS payload into Atlantis' payload bay on Jan. 25, 1992, while the 

Shuttle was in the OPF. The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet experiment was installed in the payload 

bay on Jan. 28. A 43- hour test, verifying connections between the orbiter and payload, was performed Jan. 

29-31. The payload was closed out for flight in the OPF on Feb. 9. 

The Crew Equipment Interface Test, with the STS-45 flight crew, was conducted in the OPF on Feb. 1. 

The crew became familiar with the configuration of the orbiter, the ATLAS payload and unique equipment 

for mission STS-45. 

Booster stacking operations on mobile launcher platform 1 began Dec. 10 and were completed by Jan. 15. 

The external tank was mated to the boosters on Jan. 22 and the orbiter Atlantis was transferred to the 

Vehicle Assembly Building on Feb. 13, where it was mated to the external tank and solid rocket boosters. 

The STS-45 vehicle was rolled out to Launch Pad 39-A on Feb. 19. A dress rehearsal launch countdown 

with the flight crew members was held Feb. 26-27 at KSC. 

A standard 43-hour launch countdown is scheduled to begin 3 days prior to launch. During the countdown, 

the orbiter's onboard fuel and oxidizer storage tanks will be loaded and all orbiter systems will be prepared 

for flight. 

About 9 hours before launch, the external tank will be filled with its flight load of a half a million gallons 

of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen propellants. About 2 and one-half hours before liftoff, the flight crew 

will begin taking their assigned seats in the crew cabin. 

The end of mission landing is planned at the KSC Shuttle Landing Facility. KSC's landing convoy teams 

will be on station to prepare the vehicle for towing to the OPF. Atlantis' next flight will be mission STS-46 

with the U.S./Italian Tethered Satellite System and the European Space Agency EURECA payload 

scheduled for launch this summer. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 13 

ATLAS-1 

ATLAS-1 is the first of up to 10 ATLAS missions to be undertaken throughout one solar cycle, which lasts 

11 years. During that period, a cycle of solar flares, sunspots and other magnetic activity moves from 

intense activity to relative calm. 

ATLAS missions are part of Phase I of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a large-scale, unified study of 

planet Earth as a single, dynamic system. Throughout the ATLAS series, scientists will gather new 

information to gain a better understanding of how the atmosphere reacts to natural and human- induced 

atmospheric changes. That knowledge will help identify measures that will keep the planet suitable for life 

for future generations. 

ATLAS-1 will perform 14 experiments using 12 instruments to investigate the interactions of the Earth's 

atmosphere and the sun. The experiments will study the chemistry, physics and movement of the middle 

and upper atmosphere by measuring the sun's energy and the distribution of trace chemicals in the 

atmosphere. 

By studying these factors throughout a solar cycle, scientists will form a more detailed picture of Earth's 

atmosphere and its response to changes in the sun. The ATLAS-1 instruments also will observe the links 

between magnetic fields and electrified gases, called plasma, that lie between the sun and Earth. Also, an 

astronomical telescope will examine sources of ultraviolet radiation in the Milky Way and other galaxies to 

learn more about the stages in the life of a star. 

The Space Shuttle Atlantis will carry the ATLAS-1 Spacelab on an 8-day flight, during which its crew will 

gather information to be used by scientists on the ground. The European Space Agency provided the 

reusable Spacelab platform in 1981 as its contribution to the Space Shuttle program. The versatile Spacelab 

facility is comprised of pressurized modules that provide laboratory work space and open U-shaped 

platforms, called pallets, that hold instruments requiring direct exposure to space, such as telescopes. On 

missions such as ATLAS, which use open pallets alone, the instruments' power supply, command and datahandling system and the temperature control system are housed in a pressurized container called an igloo. 

Spacelab elements are arranged in the Space Shuttle cargo bay to meet the unique needs of each flight. For 

the ATLAS-1 mission, the scientific instruments will be mounted on two Spacelab pallets in the Shuttle 

cargo bay. All of the instruments flew on earlier Spacelab missions and others will fly on future ATLAS 

missions, reducing the cost of this space-based research. Reuse of these facilities also will allow scientists 

to expand their base of knowledge to provide a more accurate, long-term picture of planet Earth and its 

environment. From Atlantis' 160-nautical-mile orbit, these instruments will be exposed directly to space 

when the Shuttle bay doors are open. During the mission, the orbiter's position will be changed frequently 

to point the scientific instruments toward their targets -- the sun, the Earth and space. 

NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications, Washington, DC sponsors the ATLAS-1 mission. 

Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, is responsible for training the science crew and the groundbased science team. During the flight, NASA's Spacelab Mission Operations Control facility at Marshall 

will control science activities. 

Kennedy Space Center in Florida will prepare the Spacelab and will launch it aboard Atlantis. Johnson 

Space Center in Houston will train the flight crew and provide Shuttle orbiter flight control. 

Other countries participating in experiments on the ATLAS-1 payload are Belgium, France, Germany, 

Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The European Space Agency will provide 

operational support for the European investigations. 

Scientists will spend years poring over the data collected during the ATLAS-1 mission. This information 

will be organized at a special data- processing facility at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 

MD, where the data will be made available to other researchers studying global change and form the 

foundation for the remaining missions in the 11-year ATLAS series. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 14 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 15 

ATLAS SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 

Without the atmosphere, life as humans know it could not survive. Proper atmospheric pressure, 

temperature and oxygen levels are critical to maintaining life. Energy is absorbed and cycled when 

radiation from the sun interacts with atmospheric chemicals Q mainly nitrogen and oxygen, with traces of 

carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases. Additionally, energy is absorbed and cycled when charged 

particles (ions and electrons) interact with the magnetic field generated by the Earth's core. 

Human activities, including agriculture and industry, affect these complex processes. For example, the 

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in air conditioning and other industries rise to the stratosphere, where 

they are reduced to reactive chlorine that depletes the ozone layer which protects the Earth's surface from 

harmful solar radiation. Halons, which contain bromine and are commonly used as fire inhibitors, behave 

similarly. Naturally occurring chemicals such as methane and nitrous oxide can lead to ozone depletion or 

inhibit chlorine-induced ozone depletion. Atmospheric concentrations of all these gases are increasing, as 

is the concentration of carbon dioxide, which is produced by fossil fuel combustion. These changes are 

likely to result in increased stratospheric ozone depletion and changes in atmospheric temperatures. The 

ATLAS mission will help scientists validate and refine their models of the effects of chemical change in 

the stratosphere. 

Earth's atmosphere comprises five layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and 

exosphere. These are classified by temperature, pressure and chemical composition. 

Imbedded in the mesosphere and thermosphere is an electrically charged area called the ionosphere. 

Beyond the ionosphere is the magnetosphere, which separates Earth's magnetic field from interplanetary 

space. The solar wind Q a high-speed stream of charged particles from the sun Q gives the magnetosphere 

a comet-like shape with a tail extending for vast distances from the planets night side. 

The boundaries of these layers are not exact. They interact and form a chain from Earth's surface to 

interplanetary space. Since they are interconnected, what happens at levels above the clouds affects us on 

the ground below. 

The instruments aboard ATLAS-1 will collect information about the composition of Earth's atmosphere, 

investigate how Earth's electric and magnetic fields and atmosphere influence one another, examine 

sources of ultraviolet light in the universe and measure the energy contained in sunlight and how that 

energy varies during the mission. The ATLAS-1 investigations are divided into four broad areas -- 

atmospheric science, solar science, space plasma physics and astronomy. 

A master timeline schedule is programmed into a computer aboard the Spacelab to orchestrate mission 

experiment sequences automatically. Although this timeline may be revised if necessary, computer 

coordination contributes to the smooth operation of complex instruments and tasks. 

Most of the atmospheric and solar instruments and the astronomical telescope will be computer operated. 

The instrument data will be sent directly to scientists at the Spacelab Mission Operations Control facility 

on the ground. The crew will run the space plasma physics instruments manually. For example, the crew 

will report to their counterparts on the ground on visual effects observed from the firing of a beam of 

charged particles (electrons) into the surrounding plasma. 

ATLAS-1 instrument controls are located in the aft flight deck of the Shuttle orbiter. The crew will ensure 

that automatically controlled instruments function properly and enter observational sequences for manually 

controlled equipment. They also will fine-tune and align video cameras and television monitors and select 

camera filters, among other tasks. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 16 

ATLAS-1 INVESTIGATIONS 

Investigation

Spectral 

Range

Selected 

Objectives

Principal 

Investigator

 

Atmospheric Science 

ALAE Far 

Ultraviolet 

Ratio of atmospheric hydrogen 

to deuterium 

J. L. Bertraux, Service 

d'Aeronomie du CNRS, France 

ATMOS Infrared Water vapor, ozone, methane, 

nitrogen compounds 

M. Gunson, Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory, United States 

GRILLE Infrared Water vapor, ozone, methane, 

nitrogen compounds 

M. Ackerman, Institut 

d'Aeronomie Spatiale de 

Belgique, Belgium 

ISO Visible/ 

Ultraviolet 

Atmospheric temperature, 

nitrogen, oxygen, ions 

D. G. Torr, U. AlabamaHuntsville, United States 

MAS Microwave Temperature, pressure, ozone, 

chlorine monoxide 

G. Hartmann, Max-PlanckInstitute for Aeronomy, 

Germany 

SSBUV Near 

Ultraviolet 

Ozone E. Hilsenrath, Goddard Space 

Flight Center, United States 

 

Solar Science 

ACRIM Total Energy Solar constant R. Wilson, JPL, United States 

SOLCON Total Energy Solar constant D. Crommelynck, Institut 

Royal Meteorologique de 

Belgique, Belgium 

SOLSPEC Infrared to 

Ultraviolet 

Solar spectrum G. Thuillier, Service 

d'Aeronomy du CNRS, France 

SUSIM Ultraviolet Solar spectrum G. Brueckner, Naval Research 

Laboratory, United States 

 

Plasma Physics 

AEPI Visible Natural aurora and airglow S. Mende, Lockheed Palo Alto 

Research Laboratory, United 

States 

SEPAC Response of plasmas to known 

disturbances 

J. Burch, Southwest Research 

Institute, United States 

ENAP Visible/ 

Ultraviolet 

Use ISO data to study 

emissions from energetic 

atoms 

B. Tinsley, U. Texas at Dallas, 

United States 

 

Astrophysics 

FAUST Far 

Ultraviolet 

Large-scale astrophysical 

objects 

S. Bowyer, U. CaliforniaBerkeley, United States 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 17 

Atmospheric Science 

Six atmospheric science investigations on ATLAS-1 will study the middle and upper atmosphere with a 

variety of instruments that will help correlate atmospheric composition, temperature and pressure with 

altitude, latitude, longitude and changes in solar radiation. The types of environmental phenomena to be 

examined include global distribution of atmospheric components and temperatures, as well as atmospheric 

reaction to external influences such as solar input and geomagnetic storms. 

The high-altitude effects of terrestrial environmental episodes Q volcanic eruptions, forest fires, massive 

oil fires in Kuwait Q also may be examined. Data collection will help scientists monitor short- and longterm changes, the goal of the series of ATLAS flights. 

Gases in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere undergo constant changes triggered by variations in 

ultraviolet sunlight, by reactions between layers and by air motions. Many of the photochemical reactions 

Q the effect of light or other radiant energy in producing chemical action Q cause atoms and molecules to 

emit light of very specific wavelengths. These light signatures are called spectral features. 

The Imaging Spectrometric Observatory (ISO) will measure spectral features to determine the composition 

of the atmosphere, down to trace amounts of chemicals measured in parts-per-trillion. This investigation, 

which previously flew on Spacelab 1, will add to data about the varied reactions and energy transfer 

processes that occur in Earth's environment. 

The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) and the Grille Spectrometer (Grille) 

experiments will map trace molecules, including carbon dioxide and ozone, in the middle atmosphere. This 

mapping will be accomplished at orbital sunrise and sunset by measuring the infrared radiation that these 

molecules absorb. An orbital "day" consists of a sunrise and sunset occurring approximately every 90 

minutes during flight. These data will be compared with information gathered during other missions to note 

worldwide, seasonal and long-term atmospheric changes. Both instruments have flown previously, 

ATMOS on Spacelab 3 in 1985 and Grille on Spacelab 1 in 1983. 

The Atmospheric Lyman-Alpha Emissions (ALAE) experiment will measure the abundance of two forms 

of hydrogen -- common hydrogen and deuterium or heavy hydrogen. ALAE will observe ultraviolet light, 

called Lyman-Alpha, which hydrogen and deuterium radiate at slightly different wavelengths. Deuterium's 

relative abundance compared to hydrogen at the altitude's ALAE will study is an indication of atmospheric 

turbulence in the lower thermosphere. After determining the hydrogen/deuterium ratio, scientists can better 

study the rate of water evolution in Earth's atmosphere. ALAE flew on Spacelab 1. 

The Millimeter-Wave Atmospheric Sounder (MAS) measures the strength of millimeter-waves radiating at 

the specific frequencies of water vapor, chlorine monoxide and ozone. Observations of these gases will 

enable scientists to better understand their distribution through the upper atmosphere. MAS data will be 

particularly valuable because they should be unaffected by the presence of aerosols, the concentrations of 

which have increased by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991. An earlier version of MAS flew on 

Spacelab 1. 

Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet 

The Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet (SSBUV), which measures atmospheric ozone levels, is a 

calibrating experiment co-manifested with ATLAS-1. Its measurements are compared to those from ozoneobserving instruments aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations NOAA-9 and 

NOAA-11 satellites and NASA's NIMBUS-7 satellite to ensure the most accurate readings possible of 

atmospheric ozone trends. The SSBUV assesses instrument performance by directly comparing data from 

identical instruments aboard the NOAA spacecraft and NIMBUS-7 as the Shuttle and satellite pass over the 

same Earth location. SSBUV data also can be compared to data obtained by the Upper Atmosphere 

Research 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 18 

Satellite launched in September 1991 to study the processes that lead to ozone depletion. The solar data 

taken by SSBUV also will be compared with data from the four solar instruments. 

SSBUV is physically separate from the ATLAS-1 payload, housed in two Get Away Special canisters 

mounted in the Shuttle's payload bay. The instrument canister holds the SSBUV, its aspect sensors and inflight calibration system. The support canister contains the avionics, including power, data and command 

systems. SSBUV commands will be sent from a Payload Operations Control Center (POCC) at the Johnson 

Space Center. SSBUV data will be received at Johnson and the Marshall Space Flight Center. 

SSBUV is co-manifested with future ATLAS flights. The ATLAS-1 mission will be the fourth flight of 

SSBUV, which previously flew in October 1989, October 1990 and August 1991. SSBUV is managed by 

the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. 

Solar Science 

Four solar science investigations will measure the sun's energy output to determine its variations and 

spectrum. Such information is important for understanding the effect of solar radiation on the composition 

of the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. Scientists studying Earth's climate and the physical processes of 

the sun also use the information 

Because the sun is Earth's major source of heat, it drives atmospheric circulation and affects the weather. A 

change of only a few degrees in the temperature of Earth's atmosphere might cause dramatic changes in the 

ocean levels, ice caps and climate. There is evidence that the solar constant, the amount of heat normally 

received at the outer layer of Earth's atmosphere, fluctuates. Therefore, it is important to determine its 

range and variability. 

The Active Cavity Radiometer (ACR) and the Measurement of Solar Constant (SOLCON) experiments 

will measure the total amount of light and energy emitted by the sun, which is especially important in 

climate studies. 

The Solar Spectrum Measurement (SOLSPEC), the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) 

and SSBUV investigations will add to scientists' understanding of how variations in the sun's energy output 

affect the chemistry of the atmosphere. Spectral information is needed to study atmospheric reactions 

because different atmospheric components at different altitudes absorb different wavelength ranges. These 

four instruments have flown on previous Space Shuttle missions. 

Plasma Physics 

Two space plasma physics instruments, the Atmospheric Emissions Photometric Imaging (AEPI) and 

Space Experiments with Particle Accelerators (SEPAC), will study the charged particle and plasma 

environment. A third investigation, Energetic Neutral Atom Precipitation (ENAP), will be conducted using 

data from the ISO instrument. Active and passive probing techniques will investigate key cause-and-effect 

relationships that link the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere and upper atmosphere. Electron and plasma 

beams will be injected into the surrounding space plasma to study phenomena such as aurora Q visible 

signatures of magnetic storms that can disrupt telecommunications, power transmissions and spacecraft 

electronics Q and spacecraft glow. 

Spacecraft glow is a recently discovered phenomenon. On Shuttle missions, surfaces facing into the 

direction of travel were covered with a faintly glowing, thin orange layer. Understanding spacecraft glow is 

very important because of its impact on experiments in the cargo bay and on other satellites. This emission 

of light could interfere with sensitive data- collecting instruments. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 19 

The space plasma investigations also will help us understand the effects of solar energy on our weather, 

communications and spacecraft technologies. AEPI and SEPAC flew on Spacelab 1. 

Astrophysics 

Much remains to be learned about the stages and the rate of star formation in other galaxies. Young stars 

reach very high temperatures and emit intense ultraviolet radiation, which cannot be detected by groundbased astronomers. However, this radiation can be detected by an ultraviolet sensor, such as the Far 

Ultraviolet Space Telescope (FAUST), placed outside Earth's atmosphere. FAUST, which flew on 

Spacelab 1, will study astronomical radiation sources at ultraviolet wavelengths inaccessible to observers 

on Earth. Better knowledge of ultraviolet emission sources will lead to improved understanding of the life 

cycle of stars and galaxies throughout the universe. FAUST has flown on Spacelab 1. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 20 

THE ATLAS PROGRAM 

ATLAS-1 is an important part of the long-term, coordinated research that makes up NASA's Mission to 

Planet Earth. The ATLAS-1 solar science instruments and several of the atmospheric science instruments 

(MAS, ATMOS, SSBUV) will fly on future ATLAS missions. Beyond its own science mission, a key goal 

of the ATLAS series is to provide calibration for NASA's Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). 

Two ATLAS-1 instruments, ACR and SUSIM, have direct counterparts aboard UARS, while other 

instruments aboard each mission are closely related. Repeated flights of the ATLAS instruments, which 

can be carefully calibrated before and after each flight, will provide long-term calibration data sets for 

comparison with data from many satellite instruments and for long-term trend studies. 

The next ATLAS flight, ATLAS-2, is scheduled for launch in spring 1993. Immediately after ATLAS-1 

lands, the science teams for instruments flying on ATLAS-2 will begin recalibrating and preparing their 

instruments for reflight, while analyzing and interpreting their ATLAS-1 data. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 21 

INVESTIGATIONS INTO POLYMER MEMBRANE PROCESSING 

The Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP), a middeck payload, will make its sixth 

Space Shuttle flight for the Columbus, Ohio-based Battelle Advanced Materials Center, a NASA Center 

for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS), sponsored in part by the Office of Commercial 

Programs. 

The objective of the IPMP is to investigate the physical and chemical processes that occur during the 

formation of polymer membranes in microgravity such that the improved knowledge base can be applied to 

commercial membrane processing techniques. Supporting the overall program objective, the STS-45 

mission will provide additional data on the polymer precipitation process. 

Polymer membranes have been used by industry in separations processes for many years. Typical 

applications include enriching the oxygen content of air, desalination of water and kidney dialysis. 

Polymer membranes frequently are made using a two-step process. A sample mixture of polymer and 

solvents is applied to a casting surface. The first step involves the evaporation of solvents from the 

mixture. In the second step, a non-solvent (typically water) is introduced and the desired membrane is 

precipitated, completing the process. Previous flights of IPMP have involved the complete process (STS41, -43, -48 and -42) and the evaporation step alone (STS-31). On the STS-45 mission, only the 

precipitation step will be performed. 

On this mission, the process is initiated by STS-45 crewmembers. They will begin by accessing the two 

IPMP units in the stowage location in a middeck locker. By turning the valve on each unit, water vapor is 

infused into the sample container, initiating the process. Previous work indicates that the entire process 

should be complete after approximately 10 minutes, and the resulting membrane will not be influenced by 

gravitational accelerations at that time. The stowage tray containing the two units is then restowed for the 

duration of the flight. Following the flight, the samples will be retrieved and returned to Battelle for testing. 

Portions of the samples will be sent to the CCDS's industry partners for quantitative evaluation consisting 

of comparisons of the membranes' permeability and selectivity characteristics with those of laboratoryproduced membranes. Lisa A. McCauley, Associate Director of the Battelle CCDS, is program manager for 

IPMP. Dr. Vince McGinness of Battelle is principal investigator. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 22 

GET AWAY SPECIAL EXPERIMENT 

NASA's Get Away Special (GAS) program's goal is to provide access to space to everyone by offering 

individuals and organizations of all countries the opportunity to send scientific research and development 

experiments on board the Space Shuttle on a space-available basis. 

Ten GAS experiments most recently flew on STS-42 in January 1992. To date, 77 GAS cans have flown 

on 17 missions. The GAS program began in 1982 and is managed by Goddard Space Flight Center. Clarke 

Prouty is GAS Mission Manager and Larry Thomas is Technical Liaison Officer. 

(G-229) Experiment in Crystal Growth 

NASA Technical Manager: Dave Peters 

This experiment was designed to grow crystals of gallium arsenide (GaAs). GaAs is a versatile electronic 

material used in high-speed electronics and optoelectronics. The crystal grown on this mission will be 1 

inch in diameter by 3.5 inches long and will be grown using a gradient freeze growth technique. 

The payload is entirely self-sufficient and includes its own power system, growth system and control and 

data acquisition systems. The crystal growth will last nearly 11 hours and will be initiated by an astronaut 

closing a switch. This is the only human interaction necessary with this payload. 

This experiment is a reflight of a successful GAS experiment conducted on STS-40 in June 1991, but with 

additional features included to enhance the ability to analyze convection effects on crystal growth in 

microgravity. 

The payload was designed and constructed at GTE Laboratories in Waltham, ME, and is jointly sponsored 

by GTE, the U.S. Air Force Wright Research and Development Center Materials Laboratory, Dayton, 

Ohio, and the Microgravity Science and Applications Division of the NASA Office of Space Science and 

Applications. The Space Experiment Division of NASA's Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, manages the 

project. Project manager is Dr. Richard W. Lauver. 

This experiment is part of a comprehensive program that involves a comparative study of crystal growth 

under a variety of terrestrial conditions in addition to crystal growth in microgravity aboard the Space 

Shuttle. Scientists from each research institution will contribute to characterization of the space-grown 

crystals. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 23 

SHUTTLE AMATEUR RADIO EXPERIMENT (SAREX) 

The Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment is designed to demonstrate the feasibility of amateur short-wave 

radio contacts between the Space Shuttle and ground amateur radio operators, often called ham radio 

operators. SAREX also serves as an educational opportunity for schools around the world to learn about 

space first hand by speaking directly to astronauts aboard the Shuttle via ham radio. Contacts with certain 

schools are included in planning the mission. 

In addition, if the Russian Mir Space Station becomes visible to the STS-45 crew during the mission, 

SAREX may be used to attempt a conversation with the Mir cosmonauts, who also have a ham radio 

aboard. 

Four of the STS-45 crew members are licensed amateur radio operators: Mission Specialists Dave 

Leestma, call sign N5WQC; Kathy Sullivan, call sign N5YVV; Pilot Brian Duffy, call sign N5WQW; and 

Payload Specialist Dirk Frimout, call sign ON1AFD. Frimout and Sullivan are fluent in several European 

languages and hope to make contacts in that part of the world. However, STS-45's 57-degree inclination 

will place the spacecraft in an orbit that will allow worldwide contact possibilities, including high latitude 

areas not normally on the Shuttle's groundtrack. 

Ham operators may communicate with the Shuttle using VHF FM voice transmissions, a mode that makes 

contact widely available without the purchase of more expensive equipment. The primary frequencies to be 

used during STS-45 are 145.55 MHz for transmissions from the spacecraft to the ground and 144.95 MHz 

for transmissions from the ground to the spacecraft. 

SAREX has flown previously on Shuttle missions STS-9, STS-51F, STS-35 and STS-37. The equipment 

aboard Atlantis for STS-45 will include a low-power, hand-held FM transceiver, spare batteries, a headset, 

an antenna designed to fit in the Shuttle's window, an interface module and an equipment cabinet. 

SAREX is a joint effort of NASA, the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), the Amateur Radio Satellite 

Corp. and the Johnson Space Center Amateur Radio Club. Information about orbital elements, contact 

times, frequencies and crew operating times will be available from these groups during the mission and 

from amateur radio clubs at other NASA centers. 

Ham operators from the JSC club will be operating on HF frequencies and the AARL (W1AW) will 

include SAREX information in its regular HF voice and teletype bulletins. The Goddard Space Flight 

Center Amateur Radio Club will operate 24 hours a day during the mission, providing information on 

SAREX and retransmitting live Shuttle air-to-ground communications. 

STS-45 SAREX Operating Frequencies

Location 

Shuttle 

Transmission 

Shuttle 

Reception 

U.S., Africa, 145.55 MHz 144.95 MHz 

South America and Asia 145.55 144.97 

145.55 144.91 

Europe 145.55 144.95 

 145.55 144.75 

 145.55 144.70 

Goddard Amateur Radio Club Operations (SAREX information and Shuttle audio broadcasts) 

3.860 

MHz 

7.185 

MHz 

14.295 

MHz 

21.395 

MHz 

28.395 

MHz 

SAREX information also may be obtained from the Johnson Space Center computer bulletin board (JSC 

BBS), 8 N 1 1200 baud, at 713/483-2500 and then type 62511. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 24 

RADIATION MONITORING EQUIPMENT-III (RME) 

The Radiation Monitoring Equipment-III measures ionizing radiation exposure to the crew within the 

orbiter cabin. RME-III measures gamma ray, electron, neutron and proton radiation and calculates in real 

time exposure in RADS-tissue equivalent. The information is stored in memory modules for post-flight 

analysis. 

The hand-held instrument will be stored in a middeck locker during flight except for activation and 

memory module replacement, done every 2 days. RME-III will be activated by the crew as soon as possible 

after reaching orbit and operated throughout the mission. A crew member will enter the correct mission 

elapsed time upon activation. RME-III is sponsored by the Department of Defense in cooperation with 

NASA. 

VISUAL FUNCTION TESTER-II (VFT-II) 

The objective of the Visual Function Tester-II experiment is to measure changes in a number of vision 

parameters in the vision of subjects exposed to microgravity. VFT-II consists of a hand-held batterypowered testing device which incorporates a binocular eyepiece and uses controlled illumination to present 

a variety of visual targets for subject testing. The device measures changes in the contrast ratio threshold in 

the vision of subjects exposed to prolonged microgravity. Test results are read on a display and recorded 

on data sheets. VFT-II has flown previously on Shuttle missions STS-27, STS-28 and STS-36. 

On STS-45, the payload specialists will be the primary subjects for VFT-II and will perform testing at 2 

weeks and 1 week prior to the flight. In flight, they will be tested each day. Post-flight, they will be tested 2 

days after landing and 1 week after landing. VFT-II is sponsored by the Air Force Space Systems Division, 

Los Angeles. 

CLOUDS-1A 

The overall objective of the CLOUDS-1A program is to quantify the variation in apparent cloud cover as a 

function of the angle at which clouds of various types are viewed and to develop meteorological 

observation models for various cloud formations. 

The CLOUDS-1A experiment is stowed in a middeck locker and consists of a Nikon F3/T camera 

assembly and film. On-orbit, a crew member will take a series of high resolution photographs of individual 

cloud scenes, preferably severe weather and high "wispy" cirrus clouds, over a wide range of viewing 

angles. 

SPACE TISSUE LOSS (STL) 

Space Tissue Loss is a life sciences experiment that studies cell growth during spaceflight. The hardware 

developed for this experiment allows drugs to be added and the response tested at any preprogrammed time 

during the mission. The objective of the experiment is to study the response of muscle, bone and 

endothelial cells by evaluating various parameters including shape, cytoskeleton, membrane integrity and 

metabolism, activity of enzymes that inactivate proteins and the effects or change of response to various 

drugs on these parameters. 

The payload consists of a large tray assembly which can be refurbished and replaced. The tray fits inside a 

standard middeck locker. All fluids and cells within the tray have three levels of containment to assure that 

nothing escapes from the package into the middeck. The self-contained computer system is preprogrammed 

for medium and gas delivery to the cells, environmental monitoring of temperature and other important 

parameters, timed collection of medium and/or cells and cell fixation. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 25 

STS-45 CREWMEMBERS 

STS045-S-002 -- Official portrait of the STS-45 Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, crewmembers selected 

for the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science 1 (ATLAS-1) mission. Wearing launch and 

entry suits (LESs), holding launch and entry helmets (LEHs), and seated in front are mission commander 

Charles F. Bolden (right) and pilot Brian Duffy (left). Standing behind them, also in LESs, are (left to 

right) payload specialist Byron K. Lichtenberg, mission specialists C. Michael Foale and David C. 

Leestma, and payload commander (PLC) Kathryn D. Sullivan, and payload specialist Dirk D. Frimout of 

Belgium. The backdrop is the Earth limb at sunset and was added using a double exposure technique by 

NASA JSC contract photographer Mark Sowa. 

No copyright is asserted for this photograph. If a recognizable person appears in the photo, use for 

commercial purposes may infringe a right of privacy or publicity. It may not be used to state or imply the 

endorsement by NASA or by any NASA employee of a commercial product, process or service, or used in 

any other manner that might mislead. Accordingly, it is requested that if this photograph is used in 

advertising and other commercial promotion, layout and copy be submitted to NASA prior to release. 

PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 26 

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA 

CHARLES F. BOLDEN Jr., 45, Col., USMC, will serve as Commander. Selected as an astronaut in 

1980, Bolden was born in Columbia, SC, and will be making his third space flight. 

Bolden graduated from C.A. Johnson High School in Columbia in 1964; received a bachelor of science in 

electrical science from the Naval Academy in 1968; and received a master of science in systems 

management from the University of Southern California in 1978. 

Bolden was designated a naval aviator in 1970 and flew more than 100 sorties in Vietnam in the A-6A 

Intruder. In 1979, he graduated from the Naval Test Pilot School. He later served as a test pilot for the A6E, EA-6B and A-7C/E aircraft until his selection by NASA. 

His first space flight was as pilot of STS-61C in January 1986. He next served as pilot for STS-31 in April 

1990. Bolden has logged more than 267 hours in space. 

BRIAN DUFFY, 38, Lt. Col., USAF, will serve as Pilot. Selected as an astronaut in 1985, Duffy was born 

in Boston, MA, and will be making his first space flight. 

Duffy graduated from Rockland High School, Rockland, Ma., in 1971; received a bachelor of science in 

mathematics from the Air Force Academy in 1975; and received a master of science in systems 

management from the University of Southern California in 1981. 

Duffy completed pilot training in 1976 and flew the F-15 out of Langley Air Force Base, Hampton, VA, 

until 1979. He graduated from the Air Force Test Pilot School in 1982 and served as Director of F-15 flight 

tests at Eglin Air Force Base, FL, until his selection by NASA. 

At NASA, Duffy has participated in Shuttle software development, served as Technical Assistant to the 

Director of Flight Crew Operations and worked as CAPCOM or spacecraft communicator for several 

Shuttle missions in Mission Control. 

Duffy has logged more than 3,000 flying hours in more than 25 different types of aircraft. 

KATHRYN D. SULLIVAN, 40, will serve as Mission Specialist 1. Selected as an astronaut in 1978, 

Sullivan considers Woodland Hills, CA, her hometown and will be making her third space flight. 

Sullivan graduated from Taft High School, Woodland Hills, in 1969; received a bachelor of science in 

Earth sciences from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1973; and received a doctorate in geology 

from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1978. 

Sullivan first flew on STS-41G in October 1984. Her second flight was on STS-31 in April 1990. Sullivan 

has logged more than 318 hours in space. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 27 

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA 

DAVID C. LEESTMA, 42, Capt., USN, will serve as Mission Specialist 2. Selected as an astronaut in 

1980, Leestma was born in Muskegon, MI, and will be making his third space flight. 

Leestma graduated from Tustin High School, Tustin, CA, in 1967; received a bachelor of science in 

aeronautical engineering from the Naval Academy in 1971; and received a master of science in 

aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1972. 

Leestma first flew on STS-41G in October 1984 and on STS-28 in August 1989. Leestma has logged more 

than 318 hours in space. 

MICHAEL FOALE, 35, will serve as Mission Specialist 3. Selected as an astronaut in 1987, Foale 

considers Cambridge, England, his hometown and will be making his first space flight. 

Foale graduated from Kings School, Canterbury, England, in 1975; received a bachelor of arts in physics 

from the University of Cambridge, Queens' College, in 1978; and received a doctorate in laboratory 

physics from Queens' College in 1982. 

Prior to his selection as an astronaut, Foale worked for NASA as a payloads officer in Mission Control. As 

an astronaut, his assignments have included work in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory and on 

crew rescue and operations planned for Space Station Freedom. 

DIRK D. FRIMOUT, 51, will serve as Payload Specialist 1. A European Space Agency staff member, 

Frimout was born in Poperinge, Belgium, and will be making his first space flight. 

Frimout graduated from Atheneum secondary school in Ghent, Belgium; received a bachelor's degree in 

electrotechnical engineering from the State University of Ghent in 1963; received a doctorate in applied 

physics from the University of Ghent in 1970; and performed post-doctorate work at the University of 

Colorado Laboratory of Atmospheric and Space Physics in 1971. 

Frimout worked at the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy as head of section instrumentation from 1965-

1978. From 1978-1984, he served ESA as crew activities coordinator and experiment coordinator for 

Spacelab 1. From 1984-1989, he worked in the microgravity division of ESTEC and is a senior engineer in 

the Payload Utilization Department of the Columbus Directorate for ESA. 

BYRON K. LICHTENBERG, 44, will serve as Payload Specialist 2. First selected as a payload specialist 

by NASA in 1978, Lichtenberg was born in Stroudsburg, PA, and will be making his second space flight. 

Lichtenberg graduated from Stroudsburg High School in 1965; received a bachelor of science in aerospace 

engineering from Brown University in 1969; received a master of science in mechanical engineering from 

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1975; and received a doctorate in biomedical 

engineering from MIT in 1979. 

Lichtenberg joined the U.S. Air Force in 1969 and later earned wings as an F-4 fighter pilot, logging more 

than 2,500 flying hours on 138 combat missions. After discharge from the Air Force, he attended graduate 

school at MIT. Lichtenberg first flew as a payload specialist on STS-9 Spacelab-1 in November 1983, 

logging 10 days in space. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 28 

STS-45 MISSION MANAGEMENT 

NASA HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, DC 

Office of Administrator 

Richard H. Truly Administrator 

Aaron Cohen Deputy Administrator (Acting) 

Roy S. Estess Special Assistant 

Office of Space Flight 

Dr. William Lenoir Associate Administrator 

Thomas E. Utsman Deputy Associate Administrator 

Office of Space Science 

Dr. Lennard A. Fisk Associate Administrator 

Alphonso V. Diaz Deputy Associate Administrator 

Robert Benson Director, Flight Systems Division 

Earl Montoya Program Manager 

Dr. Shelby Tilford Director, Earth Science and Applications Division 

Dr. Jack Kaye Program Scientist 

George Esenwein Experiments Program Manager 

Dr. Charles Pellerin Director, Astrophysics Division 

Dr. Barry Welsh Program Scientists, FAUST 

Dr. George Withbroe Director, Space Physics Division 

Lou Demas Chief, Space Physics Flight Programs Branch 

Office of Commercial Programs 

John G. Mannix Assistant Administrator 

Richard H. Ott Director, Commercial Development Division 

Garland C. Misener Chief, Flight Requirements and Accommodations 

Ana M. Villamil Program Manager, Centers for the Commercial Development of Space 

Office of Safety & Mission Quality 

George A. Rodney Associate Administrator 

Charles Mertz Deputy Associate Administrator (Acting) 

Richard U. Perry Director, Programs Assurance Division 

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FL 

Robert L. Crippen Director 

Jay Honeycutt Director, Shuttle Management and Operations 

Robert B. Sieck Launch Director 

Conrad G. Nagel Atlantis Flow Manager 

John T. Conway Director, Payload Management and Operations 

P. Thomas Breakfield Director, STS Payload Operations 

Joanne H. Morgan Director, Payload Project Management 

Mike Kinnan STS-45 Payload Processing Manager 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 29 

MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, HUNTSVILLE, AL 

Thomas J. Kee Director 

Dr. J. Wayne Littles Deputy Director 

Harry G. Craft Jr. Manager, Payload Projects Office 

Anthony O'Neil Mission Manager 

Ms. Teresa Vanhooser Assistant Mission Manager 

Gerald Maxwell Assistant Mission Manager 

Dr. Marsha Torr Mission Scientist 

Paul Craven Assistant Mission Scientist 

Robert Beaman Chief Engineer 

Dr. George McDonough Director, Science and Engineering 

James H. Ehl Director, Safety and Mission Assurance 

Alexander A. McCool Manager, Shuttle Projects Office 

Alexander A. McCool Acting Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project 

Victor Keith Henson Manager, Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor Project 

Cary H. Rutland Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project 

Gerald C. Ladner Manager, External Tank Project 

JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, HOUSTON, TX 

Paul J. Weitz Director (Acting) 

Paul J. Weitz Deputy Director 

Daniel Germany Manager, Orbiter and GFE Projects 

Donald R. Puddy Director, Flight Crew Operations 

Eugene F. Kranz Director, Mission Operations 

Henry O. Pohl Director, Engineering 

Charles S. Harlan Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance 

Sharon Castle ATLAS-1 Payload Manager 

GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MD 

Dr. John M. Klineberg Director 

Dr. Vincent V. Salomonson Director, Earth Sciences 

Dr. Franco Einaudi Chief, Laboratory for Atmospheres 

Dr. Mark R. Schoeberl Head, Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics 

Ernest Hilsenrath SSBUV Principal Investigator 

Donald Williams SSBUV Mission Manager 

Clarke Prouty GAS Mission Manager 

Larry Thomas Technical Liaison Officer 

STENNIS SPACE CENTER, BAY ST. LOUIS, MS 

Gerald W. Smith Director (Acting) 

Gerald W. Smith Deputy Director 

J. Harry Guin Director, Propulsion Test Operations 

AMES-DRYDEN FLIGHT RESEARCH FACILITY, EDWARDS, CA 

Kenneth J. Szalai Director 

T. G. Ayers Deputy Director 

James R. Phelps Chief, Space Support Office 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2000/Page 30 

SHUTTLE FLIGHTS AS OF MARCH 1992 

45 TOTAL FLIGHTS OF THE SHUTTLE SYSTEM -- 20 SINCE RETURN TO FLIGHT 

STS-42 

01/22/92 - 01/30/92 

STS-48 

09/12/91 - 09/18/91 

STS-39 

04/28/91 - 05/06/91 

STS-40 

06/05/91 - 06/14/91 

 STS-41 

10/06/90 - 10/10/90 

STS-35 

12/02/90 - 12/10/90 

STS-51L 

01/28/86 

STS-31 

04/24/90 - 04/29/90 

STS-44 

11/24/91 - 12/01/91 

STS-32 

01/09/90 - 01/20/90 

STS-61A 

10/30/85 - 11/06/85 

STS-33 

11/22/89 - 11/27/89 

STS-43 

08/02/91 - 08/11/91 

STS-28 

08/08/89 - 08/13/89 

STS-51F 

07/29/85 - 08/06/85 

STS-29 

03/13/89 - 03/18/89 

STS-37 

04/05/91 - 04/11/91 

STS-61C 

01/12/86 - 01/18/86 

STS-51B 

04/29/85 - 05/06/85 

STS-26 

09/29/88 - 10/03/88 

STS-38 

11/15/90 - 11/20/90 

STS-9 

11/28/83 - 12/08/83 

STS-41G 

10/05/84 - 10/13/84 

STS-51-I 

08/27/85 - 09/03/85 

STS-36 

02/28/90 - 03/04/90 

STS-5 

11/11/82 - 11/16/82 

STS-41C 

04/06/84 - 04/13/84 

STS-51G 

06/17/85 - 06/24/85 

STS-34 

10/18/89 - 10/23/89 

STS-4 

06/27/82 - 07/04/82 

STS-41B 

02/03/84 - 02/11/84 

STS-51D 

04/12/85 - 04/19/85 

STS-30 

05/04/89 - 05/08/89 

STS-3 

03/22/82 - 03/30/82 

STS-8 

08/30/83 - 09/05/83 

STS-51C 

01/24/85 - 01/27/85 

STS-27 

12/02/88 - 12/06/88 

STS-2 

11/12/81 - 11/14/81 

STS-7 

06/18/83 - 06/24/83 

STS-51A 

11/08/84 - 11/16/84 

STS-61B 

11/26/85 - 12/03/85 

STS-1 

04/12/81 - 04/14/81 

STS-6 

04/04/83 - 04/09/83 

STS-41D 

08/30/84 - 09/05/84 

STS-51J 

10/03/85 - 10/07/85 

OV-102 

Columbia 

(11 flights) 

OV-099 

Challenger 

(10 flights) 

OV-103 

Discovery 

(14 flights) 

OV-104 

Atlantis 

(10 flights)