* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. This court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

February 19, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

DAVID EUSTACIO PALATO, 

a/k/a Guero, a/k/a Guerito,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 09-8057

(D.C. No. 2:08-CR-00105-ABJ-09)

(D. Wyo.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before LUCERO, HOLLOWAY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

This case addresses two issues: first, whether the District Court properly

relied upon sufficient evidence when calculating the quantity of drugs for sentencing

purposes; and second, whether the court properly denied Defendant-Appellant David

Palato a downward adjustment for his claimed “minor” or “minimal” participation in the

charged offenses. 

Since the District Court properly relied upon Mr. Palato’s admissions in

combination with the proffered statements of three witnesses to establish both the

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quantity of drugs and that Mr. Palato was not a “minor” nor a “minimal” participant in the

charged offenses, his sentence is AFFIRMED.

BACKGROUND

The Prosecutor’s Statement set forth the following facts:

Mr. Palato was one of several people purchasing methamphetamine from Jose

Suarez, Sr. for redistribution in Colorado and Wyoming. R., Vol. II, at 90. Mr. Palato

was identified by a few individuals as a distributor. Id.

Carol Duran’s proffer related that she met Mr. Palato at dinner with Mr. Suarez,

Sr. in the fall of 2007. During that dinner, Mr. Suarez, Sr. took Mr. Palato’s car keys, left

the restaurant, and came back later with four ounces of methamphetamine. Id. Ms.

Duran described Mr. Palato as a “big dealer” for Mr. Suarez, Sr. Supp. R., Vol. I, at 13.

Jose Suarez, Jr. proffered that he had delivered methamphetamine to Mr. Palato on

three separate occasions on behalf of his father, the amount totaling eight ounces. R.,

Vol. II, at 90.

Leticia Suarez (Mr. Suarez, Sr.’s daughter and Suarez, Jr.’s sister) described how

the relationship between her father and Mr. Palato began. She proffered that Mr. Suarez,

Sr. provided Mr. Palato with methamphetamine to sell so Mr. Palato could repay Mr.

Suarez, Sr. the money ($45,000) he had paid for Mr. Palato’s brother’s criminal defense

and other monies his brother owed to Mr. Suarez, Sr. Ms. Suarez recounted that her

father had supplied Mr. Palato with one or two pounds of methamphetamine every month

between June of 2007 and April of 2008. Id. at 91.

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Mr. Palato was intercepted on a court authorized phone tap. There was a

conversation between Mr. Palato and Ms. Suarez regarding three ounces of

methamphetamine that had been delivered to Mr. Palato but later returned to the Suarez

home because the drugs were of poor quality. When the Suarez home was searched, the

three ounces of methamphetamine were found. Id.

At his Change of Plea Hearing, Mr. Palato pleaded guilty to both (1) Conspiracy to

Possess with Intent to Distribute, and to Distribute Methamphetamine, 21 U.S.C. §§ 846,

841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A); and (2) Using a Communication Facility to Facilitate a Drug

Felony, 21 U.S.C. § 843(b). The District Court explained the charges and the

consequences of pleading guilty to Mr. Palato and following those advisements he

pleaded guilty to both counts. 

Before accepting the pleas the District Court made several inquiries of Mr. Palato. 

Mr. Palato admitted obtaining methamphetamine from Mr. Suarez, Sr. on a front basis,

redistributing it for others for resale, and then paying Mr. Suarez, Sr. for the drugs. R.,

Vol. III, at 23. He admitted doing so “for about, um, four to five years” from “roughly

2004 through 2008.” Id. at 23-4. Mr. Palato explained his drug activity involved people

in both Colorado and Wyoming, specifically Laramie and Torrington. Id. at 24. He

agreed with the court that the “drug quantity was above or right at 500, 500 grams or

more.” Id. He admitted he was voluntarily involved in the drug activities and had spoken

with Ms. Suarez on the telephone regarding facilitating, obtaining, or arranging to obtain

drugs. Id. at 25.

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Close examination revealed the PSR contained an error. The PSR reported Ms. Suarez

described the delivery of one to two pounds of methamphetamine on a weekly basis for a period

of twenty months. Supp. R., Vol. II, at ¶ 35. However, Ms. Suarez’s proffered statement

explained the delivery of one to two pounds of methamphetamine occurred on a monthly basis

and for a period of ten months. Nonetheless, this error is of no effect because even the minimum

calculation of one to two pounds for ten months plus the half-pound proffered by Mr. Suarez, Jr.

would add up to at least 11.5 pounds, which is more than 5 kilograms. 

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Thereafter, the District Court accepted Mr. Palato’s pleas and ordered that a

Presentence Report (PSR) be created. The PSR added the most conservative estimates

reported by Ms. Suarez (of the one to two pounds monthly) and the half-pound reported

by Mr. Suarez, Jr. to be 20.5 pounds, or 9.3 kilograms.1

 Supp. R., Vol. II, at ¶¶ 35-36. 

The probation officer creating the PSR reduced the offense level by three for Mr. Palato’s

acceptance of responsibility and the final offense level was calculated to be 33. Id. at ¶¶

49-50. Thus, the suggested range was 188-235 months. Although the PSR reported Mr.

Palato’s criminal history category to be IV, the court reduced this to III, thereby reducing

the suggested range to 168-210 months. R., Vol. III, at 55-56.

Mr. Palato objected to the PSR and argued the drug quantity was miscalculated: 

there was only evidence of eight ounces of drugs (which is .226 kilograms) not the 5-15

kilograms suggested in the PSR. At the Sentencing Hearing the government introduced

the proffered statements of Ms. Duran, Mr. Suarez, Jr., and Ms. Leticia Suarez. Mr.

Palato argued the statements were not corroborated and as such did not have sufficient

indicia of reliability for the court to use when determining the quantity of drugs. The

District Court disagreed and found by a preponderance of evidence the quantity of drugs

involved was between 5 and 15 kilograms.

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Mr. Palato also objected to the probation officer’s exclusion of a mitigating role

adjustment under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. He argued that when compared to the other members

of the conspiracy his involvement was at a “much less level” and thus deserved a

reduction in his Base Offense Level. R., Vol. III, at 60. Based on Mr. Palato’s repeated

distribution of Mr. Suarez, Sr.’s methamphetamine in two different states for a period of

four or five years, the court found his involvement was not minor or minimal and did not

deserve the reduction. Id. at 55.

However, the court found Mr. Palato deserved a different decrease of two levels

and dropped his sentence to 135 months. Given the time already served, the eventual

sentence was for only 128 months. Mr. Palato was also given five years of supervised

release upon his release from confinement and was ordered to pay a $100 assessment fee

for each charge, totaling $200. Mr. Palato appealed.

DISCUSSION

The District Court had jurisdiction over the case because Mr. Palato pleaded guilty

to committing federal offenses. 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), and 843(b). 

This court has appellate jurisdiction over the final judgment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1291

and jurisdiction to review the sentence according to 18 U.S.C. § 3742.

I. Calculation of the Drug Amount

This court reviews “a district court’s interpretation of the Guidelines de novo, and

its factual findings for clear error, giving due deference to the district court’s application

of the guidelines to the facts.” United States v. Williams, 431 F.3d 1234, 1237 (10th Cir.

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2005) (quotation omitted). Calculating the quantity of drugs to establish a base offense

level is a factual finding “determined by a preponderance of the evidence” and is

reviewed for clear error. United States v. Johnston, 146 F.3d 785, 795 (10th Cir. 1998)

(citing United States v. Arias-Santos, 39 F.3d 1070, 1078 (10th Cir. 1994)). A District

Court’s decision that a piece of evidence has sufficient indicia of reliability is also

reviewed for clear error. United States v. Hooks, 65 F.3d 850, 854 (10th Cir. 1995).

Mr. Palato asserts the District Court erred by relying on the unsworn and

unreliable hearsay statements of Ms. Duran, Mr. Suarez, Jr., and Ms. Suarez. He argues

the statements did not corroborate each other as to the amount of drugs and there was no

evidence supporting a quantity of 5 to 15 kilograms. Ms. Duran’s statement only

mentioned four ounces of methamphetamine, Mr. Suarez, Jr.’s statement discussed a

different eight ounces and Ms. Suarez’s statement gave only a vague indication of one to

two pounds monthly but gave no details as to how those pounds were allegedly delivered,

how she knew this information, or for how many months the methamphetamine was

allegedly delivered. 

It goes without debate that Mr. Palato has the right to have his sentence determined

solely by reliable evidence. See United States v. Verdin-Garcia, 516 F.3d 884, 896 (10th

Cir. 2008) (“‘When the actual drugs underlying a drug quantity determination are not

seized, the trial court may rely upon an estimate to establish the defendant's guideline

offense level so long as the information relied upon has some basis of support in the facts

of the particular case and bears sufficient indicia of reliability.’” (citation omitted)). 

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However, that right does not preclude the District Court from relying on unsworn hearsay

statements so long as they carry sufficient indicia of reliability. United States v. Lopez,

100 F.3d 113, 120 (10th Cir. 1996) (“Hearsay statements need only contain minimal

indicia of reliability to be used at sentencing.” (citing United States v. Browning, 61 F.3d

752, 755 (10th Cir. 1995))). 

Here, the three statements were corroborated not only by each other, but also by

Mr. Palato’s own admissions before the court when he changed his plea. All three

statements identified Mr. Palato as a distributor of methamphetamine for Mr. Suarez, Sr.,

a fact Mr. Palato admitted. Ms. Duran identified Mr. Palato as a “big dealer,” which is

consistent with Mr. Palato distributing methamphetamine for four or five years in two

different states. Mr. Suarez, Jr.’s statement told of how he delivered methamphetamine to

Mr. Palato on behalf of his father. Mr. Palato admitted redistributing methamphetamine

for Mr. Suarez, Sr. Ms. Suarez revealed how the relationship between Mr. Palato and her

father started – with repaying Mr. Palato’s brother’s debt of $45,000 by distributing

methamphetamine. Mr. Palato confirmed his relationship with Mr. Suarez, Sr. grew from

Mr. Suarez, Sr.’s relationship with Mr. Palato’s brother. 

The three proffered statements were corroborated and had sufficient indicia of

reliability in order to be relied upon when calculating the amount of methamphetamine

for Mr. Palato’s base offense level. See United States v. Sells, 477 F.3d 1226, 1241 (10th

Cir. 2007) (holding the witnesses’ statements were sufficiently reliable in part because

they were corroborated). Given that the standard of review is for clear error, Mr. Palato

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needed to prove the District Court was plainly wrong in finding the proffers were

sufficiently reliable. Johnston, 146 F.3d at 795. Here, Mr. Palato has failed to meet that

burden. The proffers were corroborated by each other as well as by Mr. Palato’s

admissions. The District Court correctly relied upon the proffers and calculated the

amount of methamphetamine to be between 5 and 15 kilograms. Therefore, this court

AFFIRMS Mr. Palato’s Base Offense Level to be 33.

II. The “Minimal” or “Minor Participant” Decrease in Offense Level

This court reviews the District Court’s determinations as to a defendant’s role in a

crime under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 for clear error. United States v. Durham, 139 F.3d 1325,

1336 (10th Cir. 1998) (citing United States v. Santistevan, 39 F.3d 250, 253 (10th Cir.

1994)).

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 provides for a four level decrease if the defendant was a

“minimal participant” and a two level decrease if he was a “minor participant.” A

“minimal participant” is one who is “plainly among the least culpable of those involved in

the conduct of the group.” U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 cmt. n. 4. The defendant has the burden to

show he was only minimally involved and did not play a “‘significant role’ in facilitating

a drug trafficking scheme.” United States v. Virgen-Chavarin, 350 F.3d 1131, 1122,

(10th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Ayers, 84 F.3d 382, 384 (10th Cir. 1996)).

Mr. Palato asserts he was the “least culpable” of those involved in the conspiracy. 

He compares himself with Ms. Suarez who shared a home with Mr. Suarez, Sr., who was

involved in delivering pound quantities of drugs, had access to firearms and exposure to

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At oral argument, Mr. Palato’s counsel asserted there must always be a minor participant

in every conspiracy – that it would be impossible to have a conspiracy of all major participants. 

We find this contention is without merit. Criminal conspiracies come in all forms and may

consist solely of major participants with no member being the least culpable.

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large amounts of cash. R., Vol. III, at 59. However, the decision of whether to grant the

adjustment is “heavily dependent upon the facts of the particular case” and “in weighing

the totality of the circumstances, [the District Court] is not required to find, based solely

on the defendant’s bare assertion, that such role adjustment is warranted.” U.S.S.G. §

3B1.2 cmt. n. 3(C). The District Court’s denial of a reduction will not be reversed under

the clear error standard unless the denial was “without factual support in the record, or if

after reviewing the evidence we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been made.” Santistevan, 39 F.3d at 253-54. 

Mr. Palato bore the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that he

was a minimal participant and thus entitled to the reduction. Id. He failed to meet that

burden. “A defendant’s own testimony that others were more heavily involved in a

criminal scheme may not suffice to prove his minor or minimal participation, even if

uncontradicted by other evidence.” United States v. Salazar-Samaniega, 361 F.3d 1271,

1278 (10th Cir. 2004). Mr. Palato offered no evidence other than his own testimony to

prove he was the least culpable member of the conspiracy. He simply compared himself

to his co-defendants and argued he was less culpable. However, the mere fact that others

were very involved in the conspiracy does not necessarily preclude Mr. Palato from being

just as involved or involved in a different manner.2

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In fact, Mr. Palato’s testimony at his Change of Plea Hearing reflected that he was

deeply involved in the conspiracy. He admitted distributing methamphetamine for four to

five years in two different states. He agreed the quantity was “above or at 500 grams”

and he voluntarily distributed methamphetamine for Mr. Suarez, Sr. R., Vol. III, at 23-

25. Mr. Palato’s conduct was of an independent nature since he had his own clientele in

two states. Such independent conduct does not support the contention that Mr. Palato

played a “minor role” in the drug trafficking conduct. See Virgen-Chavarin, 350 F.3d at

1131 (finding a defendant who “obtained drugs, negotiated the price of drugs, sold drugs,

and returned money to drug suppliers” was sufficiently involved in the drug conspiracy to

preclude being a minimal participant). 

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2 was intended to be applied to a lower-level drug trafficker who

was simply doing as he was told. U.S.S.G. § 3b1.2 cmt. n. 3(A) (giving the example of “a

defendant who is convicted for a drug trafficking offense whose role in that offense was

limited to transporting or storing drugs” as a defendant who appropriately deserved the

reduction). It was not intended to be applied to a “big dealer” of drugs with clientele in

two states such as Mr. Palato. His independent actions of redistributing

methamphetamine reflect more than mere minimal participation. See Virgen-Chavarin,

350 F.3d at 1131.

As such, the District Court did not err in denying Mr. Palato a decrease in Base

Offense Level for minimal or minor involvement and his sentence is AFFIRMED.

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CONCLUSION

Mr. Palato’s own admissions, when combined with the reliable hearsay statements

of three witnesses, were sufficient to establish the quantity of methamphetamine that was

trafficked to be between 5 and 15 kilograms. His extensive involvement in the sale of

methamphetamine for four or five years in two different states is sufficient to show he

was not a minor or minimal participant and thus the District Court was correct to deny

Mr. Palato’s request to apply U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. Accordingly, Mr. Palato’s sentence is

AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

William J. Holloway, Jr.

Circuit Judge

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