Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 1 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

SPACE SHUTTLE 

MISSION 

STS-57 

PRESS KIT 

JUNE 1993 

SPACEHAB/EURECA RETRIEVAL MISSION 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 2 

STS-57 INSIGNIA 

STS057-S-001 -- Designed by the crewmembers, the STS-57 insignia depicts the space shuttle Endeavour 

maneuvering to retrieve the European Space Agency's microgravity experiment satellite EURECA. 

Spacehab, the first commercial space laboratory, is depicted in the cargo bay, and its characteristic shape is 

represented by the inner red border of the insignia. The three gold plumes surrounded by the five stars 

trailing EURECA are suggestive of the U.S. astronaut logo. The five gold stars together with the shape of the 

orbiter's mechanical arm form the mission's numerical designation. The six stars on the American flag 

represent the U.S. astronauts who comprise the crew. With detailed input from the crewmembers, the final 

artwork was accomplished by artist Tim Hall. 

The NASA insignia design for space shuttle flights is reserved for use by the astronauts and for other official 

use as the NASA Administrator may authorize. Public availability has been approved only in the form of 

illustrations by the various news media. When and if there is any change in this policy, which we do not 

anticipate, it will be publicly announced. 

PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 3 

PUBLIC AFFAIRS CONTACTS 

For Information on the Space Shuttle 

Ed Campion 

 NASA Headquarters 

 Washington, DC 

Policy/Management 202/358-1778 

 

James Hartsfield 

 Johnson Space Center 

 Houston, TX 

Mission Operations/EVA 

Astronauts 

713/483-5111 

 

Bruce Buckingham 

 Kennedy Space Center, Fl 

Launch Processing 

KSC Landing Information 

407/867-2468 

 

June Malone 

 Marshall Space Flight Center 

 Huntsville, AL 

External Tank/SRBs/SSMEs 205/544-0034 

 

Nancy Lovato 

 Dryden Flight Research Center 

 Edwards, CA 

DFRC Landing Information 805/258-3448 

For Information on NASA-Sponsored STS-57 Experiments 

Charles Redmond 

 NASA Headquarters 

 Washington, DC 

SPACEHAB Experiments/CONCAP 202/358-1757 

 

Tammy Jones 

 Goddard Space Flight Center 

 Greenbelt, MD 

Getaway Specials/Shoot 301/286-5566 

 

Mike Simmons 

 Marshall Space Flight Center 

 Huntsville, Ala. 

Environmental Control and Life 

Support System Flight Experiment 

(FARE) 

205/544-0034 

 

Catharine Schauer 

Shelley Canright 

 Langley Research Center 

 Hampton, VA 

CAN DO 804/864-6122 

804/864-3313 

 

Steve Mansfield SAREX-2 203/666-1541 

x240 

For Information on the ESA EURECA Spacecraft and Experiments 

Daria Robinson 

Franco Bonacina 

 European Space Agency 

 Paris, France 

ESA/EURECA 33-1-42737412 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 4 

CONTENTS 

GENERAL BACKGROUND 

 General Release 5 

 Media Services Information 8 

 Quick-Look Facts 9 

 Payload and Vehicle Weights 10 

 Summary Timeline 11 

 Space Shuttle Abort Modes 12 

 Orbital Events Summary 13 

 Crew Responsibilities 14 

CARGO BAY PAYLOADS & ACTIVITIES 

 SPACEHAB 15 

 Commercial Materials Science Experiments 22 

 Commercial Life Science Experiments 27 

 Johnson Space Center (JSC) Investigations 35 

 Space Station Experiments 40 

 Supporting Hardware 41 

 Science Experiments Summary Charts 43 

 European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) 51 

 EURECA Science 55 

 Get Away Special (GAS) 56 

 Consortium for Materials Development in Space/Complex 

 Autonomous Payload (CONCAP) 

60 

 Super Fluid Helium On Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) Demonstration 61 

 STS-57 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) 64 

MIDDECK PAYLOADS 

 Fluid Acquisition and Resupply Experiment (FARE) 65 

 Air Force Maui Optical Station (AMOS) 66 

SPECIAL EVENTS & EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES 

 GAS #324 - CAN DO 67 

 Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II (SAREX-II) 69 

CREW BIOGRAPHIES & MISSION MANAGEMENT 

 STS-57 Crew Biographies 70 

 Mission Management for STS-57 73 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 5 

RELEASE: 93-78 

FIRST SPACEHAB FLIGHT HIGHLIGHTS STS-57 SHUTTLE MISSION 

The beginning of a new era in the commercial development of space and the retrieval of a European satellite 

highlight NASA's Shuttle Mission STS-57. The mission, scheduled for early June 1993, also will see Space 

Shuttle Endeavour and her six-person crew use experiments designed by and for students, operate a payload 

which may improve crystal growth techniques and demonstrate possible on-orbit refueling techniques. 

A rendezvous with the European Space Agency's European Carrier (EURECA) satellite is scheduled to take 

place on the fourth day of the mission. The Shuttle's robot arm will be used to grapple the satellite. It then 

will be lowered into Endeavour's cargo bay and stowed so it can be returned to Earth. The EURECA satellite 

has been on-orbit collecting data since its deployment during Shuttle Mission STS-46 in July 1992. 

On STS-57, NASA will be leasing a privately-developed mid-deck augmentation module known as 

SPACEHAB. The primary objective is to support the agency's commercial development of space program by 

providing additional access to crew-tended, mid-deck locker or experiment rack space. This access is 

necessary to test, demonstrate or evaluate techniques or processes in microgravity. 

NASA's secondary objective is to foster the development of space infrastructure which can be marketed by 

private firms to support commercial microgravity research payloads. In this instance, SPACEHAB, Inc., has 

the capability of leasing SPACEHAB facility space to other commercial customers on upcoming flights of 

the module. 

The experiments flying inside this first SPACEHAB include investigations ranging from drug improvement, 

feeding plants, cell splitting, the first soldering experiment in space by American astronauts and hightemperature melting of metals. 

Included are 13 commercial development of space experiments in material processing and biotechnology, one 

NASA biotechnology experiment and five other NASA investigations related to human factors and the 

Endeavor's environment and a space station environmental control system test. 

Three other payloads, the Get Away Special (GAS), the Consortium for Materials Development in Space 

Complex Autonomous Payload-IV (CONCAP-IV) and the Superfluid On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) payload 

will be carried in Endeavour's cargo bay. 

The GAS system, which has flown many times on the Space Shuttle, allows individuals and organizations 

around the world access to space for scientific research. During the STS-57 mission, 10 GAS payloads from 

the United States, Canada, Japan and Europe will perform a variety of microgravity experiments. 

The CONCAP-IV payload is the fourth area of investigation in a series of payloads. It will investigate the 

growth of nonlinear organic crystals by a novel method of physical vapor transport in the weightlessness of 

the space environment. Nonlinear optical materials are the key to many optical applications now and in the 

future with optical computing being a prime example. 

The SHOOT payload is designed to develop and demonstrate the technology required to re-supply liquid 

helium containers in space. Because so little experience exists with cryogen management in microgravity, 

SHOOT is designed to gather data about how the liquid feeds to pumps, the behavior of the liquid/vapor 

discriminators and the slosh and cool down of the liquid. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 6 

Middeck Experiments 

Two experiments which previously have flown aboard the Shuttle will be carried in Endeavour's middeck 

area. The Fluid Acquisition and Resupply Experiment (FARE), which last flew on Shuttle Mission STS-53 in 

November 1992, will continue to investigate the fill, refill and expulsion characteristics of simulated 

propellant tanks. It also will study the behavior of liquid motion in microgravity. 

The Air Force Maui Optical System (AMOS) is an electro-optical facility located on the Hawaiian Island of 

Maui. The primary objectives of AMOS are to use the orbiter during flights over Maui to obtain imagery 

and/or signature data from the ground-based sensors. 

Spacewalk on STS-57 

STS-57 crew members David Low and Jeff Wisoff will perform a 4-hour extravehicular activity (EVA) on 

the fifth day of the flight as a continuation of a series of spacewalks NASA plans to conduct to prepare for 

construction of the space station. 

The spacewalk tests, the first of which was performed on STS-54 in January 1993, are designed to refine 

training methods for spacewalks, expand the EVA experience levels of astronauts, flight controllers and 

instructors, and aid in better understanding the differences between true weightlessness and the ground 

simulations used in training. 

In addition, since the Shuttle's remote manipulator system mechanical arm will be aboard Endeavour to 

retrieve EURECA, the STS-57 spacewalk will assist in refining several procedures being developed to 

service the Hubble Space Telescope on mission STS-61 in December. 

Education 

NASA's on-going educational efforts will be represented by two payloads. The Get-Away Special (GAS) 

#324 - CAN DO experiment is designed to take 1,000 photos of the Earth allowing students to make 

observations and document global change by comparing the CAN DO photos with matched Skylab photos. 

The primary payload of CAN DO, known as GEOCAM, contains four Nikon 35 mm cameras equipped with 

250 exposure film backs. The GEOCAM system will match closely the larger Skylab film format in both 

coverage and quality allowing direct examination and comparison of the changes that have occurred to the 

planet in the last 20 years. The canister also contains 350 small, passive, student experiments. 

STS-57 crew members will take on the role of teacher as they educate students from around the world about 

their mission objectives and what it is like to live and work in space by using the Shuttle Amateur Radio 

Experiment (SAREX) experiment. Brian Duffy and Janet Voss will operate SAREX. Operating times for 

school contacts are planned into the crew's activities. 

Mission Summary 

Leading the six-person STS-57 crew will be Mission Commander Ronald Grabe who will be making his 

fourth space flight. Pilot for the mission is Brian Duffy, making his second flight. Leading the science team 

will be Payload Commander David Low who also is designated as Mission Specialist 1 (MS1) and is making 

his third flight. The three other mission specialists for this flight are Nancy Sherlock (MS2), Jeff Wisoff 

(MS3) and Janice Voss (MS4), all of whom will be making their first flight. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 7 

The mission duration for STS-57 is planned for 6 days, 23 hours, 19 minutes. However, the mission may be 

extended by 1 day immediately after launch if projections calculated at that time for energy and fuel use 

during the EURECA rendezvous permit. If for some reason STS-57 remains a 7-day flight, the extravehicular 

activity scheduled for flight day five would be canceled. The STS- 57 mission will conclude with a landing at 

Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility. 

This will be the fourth flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour and the 56th flight of the Space Shuttle system. 

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS.) 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 8 

STS-57 MEDIA SERVICES INFORMATION 

NASA Select Television Transmission 

NASA Select television is available on Satcom F-2R, Transponder 13, located at 72 degrees west longitude; 

frequency 3960.0 MHz, audio 6.8 MHz. 

The schedule for television transmissions from the orbiter and for mission briefings will be available during 

the mission at Kennedy Space Center, Fla.; Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.; Ames-Dryden 

Flight Research Facility, Edwards, Calif.; Johnson Space Center, Houston and NASA Headquarters, 

Washington, DC. The television schedule will be updated to reflect changes dictated by mission operations. 

Television schedules also may be obtained by calling COMSTOR 713/483- 5817. COMSTOR is a computer 

data base service requiring the use of a telephone modem. A voice update of the television schedule is 

updated daily at noon Eastern time. 

Status Reports 

Status reports on countdown and mission progress, on-orbit activities and landing operations will be 

produced by the appropriate NASA newscenter. 

Briefings 

A mission press briefing schedule will be issued prior to launch. During the mission, status briefings by a 

Flight Director or Mission Operations representative and when appropriate, representatives from the science 

team, will occur at least once per day. The updated NASA Select television schedule will indicate when 

mission briefings are planned. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 9 

STS-57 QUICK LOOK 

Launch Date/Site: June 3, 1993/Kennedy Space Center - Pad 39A 

Launch Window: 6:13 p.m. - 7:24 p.m. EDT 

Orbiter: Endeavour (OV-105) - 4th Flight 

Orbit/Inclination: 250 nautical miles/28.45 degrees 

Mission Duration: 6 days, 23 hours, 19 minutes 

Landing Date: June 10 

Primary Landing Site: Kennedy Space Center, Fla. 

Abort Landing Sites: Return to Launch Site - KSC, FL 

 Trans-Atlantic Abort landing - Banjul, The Gambia 

 Ben Guerir, Morocco 

 Moron, Spain 

 Abort Once Around - Edwards AFB, Calif. 

 

Crew: Ronald Grabe, Commander (CDR) 

 Brian Duffy, Pilot (PLT) 

 David Low, Payload Commander/Mission Specialist 1 (MS1) 

 Nancy Sherlock, Mission Specialist 2 (MS2) 

 Jeff Wisoff, Mission Specialist 3 (MS3) 

 Janice Voss, Mission Specialist 4 (MS4) 

 

Cargo Bay Payloads: EURECA-1R (European Retrievable Carrier - Retrieval) 

 SPACEHAB (Space Habitation Module) 

 SHOOT (Super-fluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer) 

 CONCAP-IV (Consortium for Materials Development in Space Complex 

Autonomous Payload-IV) 

 GAS Bridge (Get-Away Special Bridge) 

 

In-Cabin Payloads: AMOS (Air Force Maui Optical Site) 

 FARE (Fluid Acquisition and Resupply Experiment) 

 SAREX-II (Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II) 

DTOs/DSOs: 

DTO 412: On-orbit Fuel Cell Shutdown 

DTO 623: Cabin Air Monitoring 

DTO 700-2: Laser Range, Range-Rate Device 

DSO 603B: Orthostatic Function During Entry, Landing and Egress 

DSO 604 OI-1: Visual Vestibular Integration as a Function of Adaptation 

DSO 618: Effects of Intense Exercise During Space Flight on Aerobic Capacity and Orthostatic 

Function 

DSO 624: Pre-Flight and Post-Flight Measurement of Cardiorespiratory Response 

DSO 901: Documentary Television 

DSO 902: Documentary Motion Picture Photography 

DSO 903: Documentary Still Photography 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 10 

STS-57 VEHICLE AND PAYLOAD WEIGHTS 

Pounds

 

Orbiter (Endeavour) empty and 3 Shuttle Main Engines 173,023 

Spacehab-1/support hardware 9,628 

EURECA (berthed) 9,800 

GAS bridge, cans 5,652 

SHOOT/support hardware 3,570 

FARE 126 

SAREX-II 46 

Total Vehicle at solid rocket booster Ignition 4,516,091 

Orbiter Landing Weight 224,111 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 11 

STS-57 SUMMARY TIMELINE 

NOTE: The STS-57 mission is planned to be 6 days, 23 hours, 19 minutes long. However, it may be 

extended by 1 day immediately after launch if projections calculated at that time for energy and fuel use 

during the EURECA rendezvous permit. If STS-57 remains a 6-day (MET) flight, the extravehicular activity 

scheduled for flight day five would be canceled. Activities planned for the first four flight days would be 

unchanged. Flight control system checkout, reaction control system hot-fire and Spacehab deactivation would 

take place on flight day seven. Entry and landing would be on flight day eight. 

The following is a schedule for the extended, 7-day, 23-hour (MET) mission: 

Flight Day 1 Flight Day 5 

Ascent Extravehicular activity preparations 

OMS-2 (251 n.m. x 169 n.m.) Extravehicular activity (4 hours) 

Spacehab activation 

Spacehab operations Flight Day 6 

NC-1 burn (251 n.m. x 174 n.m.) Spacehab operations 

 FARE operations 

Flight Day 2 

Remote manipulator system checkout Flight Day 7 

Spacehab operations FARE operations 

SHOOT operations 

Spacehab operations Flight Day 8 

NC-2 burn (251 n.m. x 178 n.m.) Spacehab operations 

 Flight control systems checkout 

Flight Day 3 Reaction control system hot-fire 

SHOOT operations Spacehab deactivation 

Spacehab operations Cabin stow 

NC-3 burn (251 n.m. x 184 n.m.) 

Flight Day 9 

Flight Day 4 Spacehab deactivation completed 

EURECA retrieval De-orbit preparations 

NSR burn (251 n.m. x 248 n.m.) De-orbit burn 

NH-4 burn (257 n.m. x 250 n.m.) Entry 

TI-burn (259 n.m. x 256 n.m.) Landing 

EURECA grapple 

EURECA berth 

Spacehab operations 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 12 

SPACE SHUTTLE ABORT MODES 

Space Shuttle launch abort philosophy aims toward safe and intact recovery of the flight crew, orbiter and its 

payload. Abort modes include: 

• Abort-To-Orbit (ATO) -- Partial loss of main engine thrust late enough to permit reaching a minimal 

105-nautical mile orbit with orbital maneuvering system engines. 

• Abort-Once-Around (AOA) -- Earlier main engine shutdown with the capability to allow one orbit 

around before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. 

• Trans-Atlantic Abort Landing (TAL) -- Loss of one or more main engines midway through powered 

flight would force a landing at either Banjul, The Gambia; Ben Guerir, Morocco; or Moron, Spain. 

• Return-To-Launch-Site (RTLS) -- Early shutdown of one or more engines, and without enough energy 

to reach Banjul, would result in a pitch around and thrust back toward KSC until within gliding distance 

of the Shuttle Landing Facility. 

STS-57 contingency landing sites are the Kennedy Space Center, Edwards Air Force Base, Banjul, Ben 

Guerir and Moron. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 13 

STS-57 ORBITAL EVENTS SUMMARY (FOR 1-DAY EXTENDED MISSION) 

Event 

Start Time 

(dd/hh:mm:ss) 

Velocity 

Change 

Orbit 

(n.m.) 

 

OMS-2 00/00:44:00 241 fps 251 x 169 

NC-1(adjusts rate at which Endeavour is closing on 

EURECA) 

00/05:21:00 8 fps 251 x 174 

SH-1 (performed as part f Super Fluid Helium On-Orbit 

Transfer experiment) 

00/22:18:00 3.4 fps 251 x 176 

NPC (aligns Endeavour's orbit directly below EURECA's 

orbit) 

01/03:04:00 6.2 fps 251 x 175 

NC-2 (adjusts rate at which Endeavour is closing on 

EURECA) 

01/04:28:00 4 fps 251 x 178 

SH-2 (performed for the SHOOT experiment) 01/19:53:00 3.6 fps 251 x 180 

SH-3 (performed as part of the SHOOT experiment) 01/21:26:00 3.6 fps 251 x 182 

NC-3 (adjusts rate at which Endeavour is closing on 

EURECA) 

02/03:36:00 4 fps 251 x 184 

NSR (circularizes Endeavour's orbit) 02/19:03:00 109 fps 251 x 248 

NH (adjusts altitude of Endeavour's orbit) 02/21:27:00 15 fps 257 x 250 

NC-4 (adjusts rate at which Endeavour is closing on 

EURECA) 

02/21:27:00 8.6 fps 258 x 255 

TI (begins Endeavour's proximity operations with EURECA) 03/00:35:00 3.1 fps 258 x 256 

GRAPPLE 03/02:50:00 259 x 256 

DE-ORBIT 07/21:36:00 414 fps 

LANDING 07/23/19:00 

NOTE: Engine firings are likely to change slightly after launch as they are recalculated by flight controllers. 

In addition, some of the smaller firings may be deleted altogether if navigation information during the 

rendezvous allows. However, the time frame and other information regarding the larger burns is unlikely to 

change dramatically. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 14 

STS-57 CREW RESPONSIBILITIES 

Task/Payload Primary Backup 

 

EURECA-RMS Low Sherlock 

EURECA systems Sherlock Duffy 

EURECA rendezvous Grabe Duffy, Wisoff 

EVA Low, Wisoff N/A 

EVA-RMS Sherlock Voss 

Spacehab systems Low Voss 

SHOOT Voss Wisoff 

FARE Wisoff Duffy 

GBA Sherlock Grabe 

SAREX Duffy Voss 

 

SPACEHAB experiments: 

ASPECS Wisoff Sherlock 

BPL Sherlock Wisoff 

CR/IM-VDA Low Voss 

HFA: EPROC Voss Sherlock 

HFA: Light, sound Grabe Duffy 

HFA: Trans Sherlock Grabe 

NBP Duffy Grabe 

PSE Grabe Voss 

SCG Voss Low 

TES-COS Voss Grabe 

APCF Voss Low 

ASC-2 Sherlock Duffy 

CGBA Wisoff Voss, Low 

CPDS Voss Low 

3DMA Voss Low 

ECLiPSE-HAB Voss Low 

EFE Low Sherlock 

GPPM Voss Low 

IPMP Grabe 

LEMZ-1 Voss Wisoff 

ORSEP Voss Low 

SAMS Voss Low 

ZCG Voss Low 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 15 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 16 

SPACEHAB-01 

Why The Need For SPACEHAB? 

During the last decade, the commercial development of space became one of NASA's primary objectives, as 

directed by legislation and national policy. Through the many facets of its commercial development of space 

program, NASA has developed and maintains a high level of commitment to this objective. To that end, 

NASA has actively invested in the continued technological leadership of the United States and her future 

economic growth through the direct promotion and support of private sector space-related activities. 

As a result of NASA's objective, in the late 1980's, its commercial development of space program identified a 

significant number of payloads to be flown to further program objectives. To viably sustain this program, the 

Office of Commercial Programs -- now the Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology (OACT) -- had to 

provide a level of flight activity necessary to support the various payload requirements. 

In September 1989, the office conducted an analysis which revealed that planned Space Shuttle flight activity 

would not meet its needs for middeck-class accommodations. Mission experience has clearly demonstrated 

that the orbiter middeck is a very cost-effective area to conduct "crew-tended" scientific and commercial 

microgravity research. However, the size and number of experiments that can be accommodated in the 

middeck are severely limited and have conflicting requirements from Shuttle operations and other NASA 

programs. 

To provide the necessary support for commercial development of space payloads, the Commercial Middeck 

Augmentation Module (CMAM) procurement was initiated in February 1990, through NASA's Johnson 

Space Center (JSC). Consequently, in November 1990, NASA awarded a 5-year contract to SPACEHAB, 

Inc., of Arlington, Va., for the lease of their pressurized modules, the SPACEHAB Space Research 

Laboratories. These laboratories provide additional space for "crew-tended" payloads as an extension of the 

Shuttle orbiter middeck into the Shuttle cargo bay. 

This 5-year lease arrangement will cover several Shuttle flights and requires SPACEHAB, Inc., to provide 

for the physical and operational integration of the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratories in the Space 

Shuttle orbiters, including experiments and integration services, such as safety documentation and crew 

training. 

NASA's primary objective for leasing the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory is to support the agency's 

commercial development of space program by providing the access to space. This access is necessary to test, 

demonstrate or evaluate techniques or processes in the environment of space and thereby reduce risks to a 

more feasible level. 

NASA's secondary objective is to foster the development of space infrastructure which can be marketed by 

private firms to support commercial microgravity research payloads. NASA is only partially using the 

SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory multi-flight capacity, therefore, SPACEHAB, Inc., is marketing the 

additional portion to other commercial users. It is expected that significant commercial demand will result 

from the successful demonstration of SPACEHAB capabilities on this first flight. 

SPACEHAB Accommodations 

The SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory is located in the forward end of the Shuttle orbiter cargo bay 

and is accessed from the orbiter middeck through a tunnel adapter connected to the airlock. SPACEHAB 

weighs 9,628 pounds, is 9.2 feet long, 11.2 feet high and 13.5 feet in diameter. It increases pressurized 

experiment space in the Shuttle orbiter by 1100 cubic feet, quadrupling the working and storage volume 

available. Environmental control of the laboratory's interior maintains ambient temperatures between 65 and 

80 degrees Fahrenheit. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 17 

The laboratory has a total payload capacity of 3000 pounds and in addition to facilitating crew access, 

provides experiments with services such as power, temperature control and command/data functions. Other 

services, such as late access/early retrieval, also are available. 

The SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory can provide various physical accommodations to users based 

on size, weight and other requirements. Experiments are commonly integrated into the laboratory in Shuttle 

middeck- type lockers or SPACEHAB racks. The laboratory can accommodate up to 61 lockers, with each 

locker providing a maximum capacity of 60 pounds and 2.0 cubic feet of volume. 

The laboratory also can accommodate up to two SPACEHAB racks, either of which can be a "double-rack" 

or "single-rack" configuration, but each rack used reduces the number of usable locker locations by 10 

lockers. A "double- rack" provides a maximum capacity of 1250 pounds and 45 cubic feet of volume, 

whereas a "single-rack" provides half of that capacity. The "double-rack" is similar in size and design to the 

racks planned for use in the space station. 

The use of lockers or racks is not essential for integration into the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory. 

Payloads also can be accommodated by directly mounting them on the laboratory. 

SPACEHAB Operations Philosophy 

By its very nature, the Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology (OACT) flight programs assume a 

certain level of risk in order to approach the payloads from the commercial standpoint, including payload 

development costs incurred by industry partners. Each of the investigators is aware of and accepts a selfestablished level of risk for mission success. However, crew and orbiter safety requirements are always fully 

met. 

The preparations for the flight of SPACEHAB-1 have included the development of a number of backup and 

contingency operations for each payload appropriate to that payload's relative design simplicity. These 

backup procedures include scenarios which might possibly affect crew or orbiter safety and each payload has 

procedures associated with it and which the crew has been trained in which will deactivate and/or safe the 

payload. 

The SPACEHAB-01 Payload Complement 

From improving drugs to feeding plants, from cell splitting to intergalactic particles, from the first soldering 

experiment in space by American astronauts to high-temperature melting of metals, the SPACEHAB-01 

payloads represent a wide range of space experimentation. 

Included are 13 commercial development of space experiments in material processing and biotechnology, 12 

of which are sponsored by NASA Centers for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS) and one by the 

NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. There is one NASA biotechnology experiment and five other 

NASA investigations related to human factors and the Endeavour's environment. Finally, there is a space 

station environmental control system test and as supporting hardware, two accelerometers -- one from a 

CCDS and one from the NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. 

Each of the 13 commercial development of space payloads has been screened by OACT to review the 

viability of the commercial aspects of the proposed 

activity as well as the technical soundness. Some of the SPACEHAB-01 CCDS payloads have flown on the 

Shuttle before, with the SPACEHAB-01 flight representing the continuation of industry-driven research 

toward a new or improved commercial product or process. Many of the CCDS payloads, including the 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 18 

CCDS-sponsored accelerometer, have participated in the NASA OACT Consort series of suborbital sounding 

rocket flights to test hardware operation and gain flight worthiness. 

The five investigations sponsored by the NASA Johnson Space Center, involving biotechnology and human 

factors, were included to assure full utilization of the first flight of the SPACEHAB Space Research Facility 

and have been reviewed for their support to commercial objectives. These experiments include equipment 

testing for future uses on the space station such as the first- ever American soldering experiment performed in 

space. 

Also on-board the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory is an investigation sponsored by the NASA 

space station office in Reston, Va., on closed systems to improve water recycling in the future space station 

environment. 

The experiments, housed in the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory on this its maiden voyage to space, 

represent a tremendous effort by government and industry to stretch the possibilities of space as the final 

frontier -- an effort focused on fostering economic growth. 

NASA Centers for the Commercial Development of Space 

The CCDS program is the cornerstone of NASA's commercial development of space activities, generating 13 

of the 21 total flight hardware packages on this SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory. NASA's 

nationwide CCDS network represents a unique example of how government, industry and academic 

institutions can create partnerships which combine resources and talents to strengthen America's industrial 

competitiveness. 

The CCDSs are designed to increase private sector investment and interest in commercial space-related 

activities, while encouraging U.S. economic leadership and stimulating advances in promising areas of 

research and development. The CCDSs are based at universities and research institutions across the country 

and benefit from links with each other and with NASA field centers. 

Since 1985, OACT has issued four proposal solicitations in various areas of promising space-related 

commercial research and development. From the solicitations, 17 centers have been established in eight 

industry-driven, space- based, high-technology research areas such as materials processing, biotechnology, 

remote sensing, communications, automation and robotics, space propulsion, space structures and space 

power. 

NASA OACT provides annual funding of up to $1 million to each center, with additional funding to those 

centers to cover specific programs or flight activities, as appropriate. NASA offers the CCDSs its scientific 

and technical expertise through NASA field centers, opportunities for cooperative activities and other forms 

of continuing assistance. A key facet of the CCDSs is the additional financial and in-kind contributions from 

industry affiliates, state and other government agencies, which, on the average, exceed the NASA funding 

level. 

Through creative and enterprising partnerships with industry, the CCDS program helps move emerging 

technologies from the laboratory to the marketplace with speed and efficiency. The accomplishments of 

CCDS participants include significant advances in a number of scientific fields and hundreds of Earth- and 

space-based applications. 

As an incubator for future commercial space industries, the CCDS program, since its inception, has facilitated 

a number of new commercial space ventures and supported a wide range of ongoing efforts. The CCDS 

program continues to be the key facilitator for U.S. industry involvement in commercial development of 

space activities, encouraging and supporting new and ongoing space- related ventures, as well as spawning 

research and development advancements that promise enormous social and economic benefits for all. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 19 

1993 - The Year of Commercial Space 

Since late 1988, 37 commercial development of space payloads have successfully flown on the Space Shuttle 

including the outstanding performance of four payloads as part of the first United States Microgravity 

Laboratory (USML- 1) mission in June 1992. Additionally, 27 commercial space research payloads have 

flown on several suborbital sounding rockets. 

During 1993, 56 research payloads are planned, including those on the first two flights of the SPACEHAB 

Space Research Laboratory and the first flight of the Commercial Experiment Transporter (COMET). The 

same period also will mark the first flight of a commercial free-flyer research facility, the Wake Shield 

Facility, as well as several Space Shuttle secondary payloads and the launch of the Advanced 

Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS). Another suborbital sounding rocket flight in the Consort 

series already has been successfully accomplished with nine payloads on-board in February 1993. 

Two attributes of these innovative programs are the relatively small amount of federal funds expended and 

the low number of NASA personnel involved. The associated development of additional spaceflight services 

has spurred commercial space infrastructure capabilities while reducing a considerable backlog and reliance 

upon the Space Shuttle. 

In citing 1993 as The Year of Commercial Space, Greg Reck, Acting Associate Administrator for the OACT 

said, "The success of the Centers for the Commercial Development of Space and their many industry and 

academic affiliates should be recognized." 

"They are entrepreneurial visionaries, formulating and implementing an industry-driven program to identify 

and capitalize on the real possibilities in space-related commerce," Reck said. "The bright outlook for 1993 

will stand as a landmark for the realization of the commercial potentials of space and as a benchmark for the 

development of the space frontier. The ultimate benefits for all of us will be more than we can now imagine." 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 20 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 21 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 22 

SPACEHAB-01 COMMERCIAL MATERIAL SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS 

Equipment for Controlled Liquid Phase Sintering Experiments 

The CMDS, based at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), has developed the Equipment for 

Controlled Liquid Phase Sintering Experiments (ECLiPSE), making its first long-duration space flight on 

STS-57 in the SPACEHAB. The UAH CMDS is a NASA Center for the Commercial Development of Space 

(CCDS). 

The ECLiPSE experiment investigates the liquid phase sintering (LPS) of metallic systems. Sintering is a 

process by which metallic powders are consolidated into a metal at temperatures only 50-75 percent of that 

required to melt all of the constituent phases. In LPS, a liquid coexists with the solid, which can produce 

sedimentation, thus producing a material that lacks homogeneity and dimensional stability. To control 

sedimentation effects, manufacturers limit the volume of the liquid. The ECLiPSE experiment examines 

metallic composites at or above the liquid volume limit to more fully understand the processes taking place 

and to produce materials that are dimensionally stable and homogeneous in the absence of gravity. 

The ECLiPSE project is focused on composites of hard metals in a tough metal matrix. This composite will 

have the excellent wearing properties of the hard material and the strength of the tough material. Applications 

of such a composite include stronger, lighter, more durable metals for bearings, cutting tools, electrical 

brushes, contact points and irregularly shaped mechanical parts for high stress environments. 

Kennametal, Inc., is an industry partner of the UAH CMDS participating in the ECLiPSE experiment and has 

immediate applications for materials improvements in the ceramic composites tested. Kennametal is 

developing stronger, more durable tool bits. Wyle Laboratories also is an industrial partner with the UAH 

CMDS on the ECLiPSE experiment. 

This Shuttle flight of the ECLiPSE payload is building on the experience of other ECLiPSE flights on 

suborbital sounding rockets. Suborbital flights have provided only 1-3 minutes of sample processing time, 

and now the longer flight durations possible on the Shuttle are required. Because the hardware was originally 

designed to fly in suborbital rockets, it is very automated, requiring little crew interaction. The UAH CMDS 

is planning more suborbital rocket flight testing and future SPACEHAB missions of the ECLiPSE 

experiment as part of its sintered and alloyed materials project. 

Principal Investigator for ECLiPSE is Dr. James E. Smith Jr., Associate Professor and Head, Department of 

Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville. 

Gas Permeable Polymeric Materials 

The Gas Permeable Polymeric Materials (GPPM) payload is sponsored by the Instrument Research Division, 

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC), through a joint NASA/industry program initiated in 1987 with 

OACT. STS-57 and at least one future space flight of this polymer study program will determine if certain 

types of polymers made in microgravity are very different from the same polymers made simultaneously on 

the ground. 

Plastic materials, which are made of very large molecules called "polymers," are used in everyday life in 

many ways. Some polymers prevent gases, such as oxygen, from passing through. These polymers are used 

in keeping foods fresh for long periods of time in a refrigerator or freezer. Other polymers allow one or more 

gases to pass through. These polymers, called gas permeable polymeric materials, also have many uses. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 23 

The Gas Permeable Polymeric Materials (GPPM) flight experiment will determine if certain types of 

polymers made in low gravity while the Space Shuttle is in orbit are very different from the same polymers 

made at the same time on the ground. 

Gas permeable polymeric materials are being developed for many uses. These include special contact lenses 

for long-term wear and for use by pilots and astronauts; medical applications such as dialysis and blood gas 

monitoring; control of fermentation and other industrial processes and commercial production of pure gases. 

Another promising use is the development of sensors that will measure any gas in the air in very small 

amounts. In this device, a very thin layer of the polymer is coated on a sensor. The polymer allows only the 

gas which is to be measured to pass through it. The sensor then measures the amount of gas that is present. 

These devices will be used in monitoring indoor air quality and in detecting dangerous gases, such as carbon 

monoxide. 

Gravity may affect many properties of the polymer while it is being made. As early as 1984, it was suggested 

that these effects may be eliminated or at least reduced if the polymer was made in the low gravity of space 

flight. A better understanding of how these polymers are formed also can be learned under these conditions. 

These experiments must be carried out on the Space Shuttle with the assistance of the astronaut crew because 

the rates at which the polymers are formed are very slow. If these polymers are very different as expected, 

many new and improved products will result from them. 

The gas permeable polymeric materials being studied by NASA are useful to the contact lens and industrial 

gas industries. In addition, the polymers being developed by these industries are of special interest to NASA. 

A joint NASA and industry program to study polymers made in low gravity was approved in January 1987 

by the NASA Office of Commercial Programs, now the OACT. The Instrument Research Division at the 

NASA LaRC is the NASA organization performing the study. A leading manufacturer of polymers for 

contact lenses, the Paragon Optical Co., of Phoenix, Ariz., is the Industrial Guest Investigator. 

The GPPM flight experiment will be carried out in a sealed aluminum container called the Polymerization 

Module, developed by the Systems Engineering Division at LaRC. The flight Polymerization Module will be 

installed in a Commercial Refrigerator/Incubator Module (CRIM) developed by Space Industries Inc., 

Webster, Texas. The CRIM, which is a small refrigerator and oven in a single unit, can maintain temperatures 

over a range of 4 degrees C to 40 degrees C for indefinite periods. 

Twenty-eight polymer materials will be placed into the flight Polymerization Module and CRIM in an 

experiment preparation room at the SPACEHAB Payload Processing Facility near the NASA Kennedy Space 

Center. Identical materials will be placed in another Polymerization Module and laboratory CRIM. The 

materials will be kept at 4 degrees C until the start of the experiment. 

The Polymerization Module and CRIM will be used on future missions in the SPACEHAB Space Research 

Laboratory or in a middeck locker on the Shuttle. At least one more mission is being planned by NASA and 

Paragon researchers. This mission also may provide an opportunity for additional industrial guest 

investigators to perform an experiment. 

Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing 

The Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP) payload will make its eighth Space Shuttle 

flight for the Ohio-based Battelle Advanced Materials Center, a NASA CCDS. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 24 

The objective of IPMP is to investigate the physical and chemical processes that occur during the formation 

of polymer membranes in microgravity, such that the improved knowledge base can be applied to 

commercial membrane processing techniques. The STS-57 mission will provide additional data on the 

polymer precipitation process to the knowledge base being developed by Battelle and its industrial partners. 

Polymer membranes are porous films which have numerous industrial applications in separation and filtration 

devices for pollution control, food, chemical and drug purification, and kidney dialysis. The largest potential 

market may be the environmental sector. Space-based polymer membrane experiments and resulting product 

improvements could play an important role in pollution control and may serve to significantly reduce the 

growing problem of dangerous gas emissions in the environment. Amoco Chemical Co., DuPont and Bend 

Industries, Inc., have contributed to this project due to the impact it may have on gas separation technology. 

A two-step process is used frequently to make polymer membranes. A sample mixture of polymer and 

solvents is applied to a casting surface. The first step is the evaporation of solvents from the mixture. In the 

second step, the remaining sample is immersed in a fluid bath (typically water) to precipitate the membrane, 

form the solution and complete the process. 

Results from IPMP's previous seven Shuttle and two sounding rocket flights indicate that polymers grown in 

space do show consistently different material properties than those produced on Earth. The latest flights have 

produced polymers that demonstrate the gravitational influence on both the size and distribution of the pores, 

which is a determining factor in the ability of the commercial sector to use polymers for filtration and 

separation processes. 

The results and knowledge gained from all of the IPMP commercially- applied research flights are being 

analyzed for potential process-enhancing applications in existing industrial processing plants. Through the 

dissemination of this information, it is expected there will be increased interest on the part of U.S. materials, 

chemical and environmental companies to grow polymers and other materials in space on a commercial basis. 

IPMP Principal Investigator is Dr. Vince McGinniss, Battelle Advanced Materials Center, Columbus, Ohio. 

IPMP Program Manager is Lisa McCauley, also of Battelle. 

Liquid Encapsulated Melt Zone 

The Liquid Encapsulated Melt Zone (LEMZ) experiment is sponsored by the Consortium for Commercial 

Crystal Growth based at Clarkson University, Potsdam, N. Y., a NASA CCDS. The LEMZ payload is 

developed by the University of Florida, Gainesville, an academic affiliate of the consortium. 

LEMZ is the first experiment in a series of activities to determine the feasibility of commercial, space-based 

production of materials for applications in the computer, optics and sensor/detector industries. These 

materials are needed for the next generation of high speed optoelectronic digital circuits, optoelectronic 

devices and transportation systems. Researchers at the University of Florida have produced small gallium 

arsenide single crystals encapsulated in molten boron oxide using LEMZ in ground-based experiments. 

One of the major thrust areas in materials science is the growth of single crystals with improved homogeneity 

(uniform parts), purity and structural perfection. However, single crystals grown on Earth have many flaws 

and impurities because they are in contact with a container. The naturally occurring low gravity conditions of 

space flight allow large crystals to be grown without touching a container -- a process called floating zone 

crystal growth. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 25 

Floating zone crystal growth is expected to result in large single crystals with purity, compositional 

homogeneity and structural perfection unattainable on the ground. 

The hardware used in the LEMZ experiment is the Fluid Experiment Apparatus (FEA) constructed by an 

industrial partner of the Consortium for Commercial Crystal Growth, Rockwell International. In orbit, several 

indium bismuth rods will be melted in the FEA. Indium bismuth is a low-melting- temperature compound 

being used on STS-57 to test the value of liquid encapsulation. Other materials of greater commercial interest 

will be used on future flights of LEMZ. 

The Consortium for Commercial Crystal Growth is teaming with Rockwell International, the University of 

Florida, McDonnell Douglas and the State of Florida Technology Research and Development Authority 

(TRDA) on the LEMZ payload. The LEMZ program is part of the consortium's goal to produce high quality 

single crystals of semiconductors, complex oxides, non-linear optical materials and sensor/detector crystals. 

Principal Investigator for LEMZ is Professor Reza Abbaschian, Chairman and Professor, Materials Science 

and Engineering Department, University of Florida at Gainesville. 

Support of Crystal Growth Experiment 

The Battelle Advanced Materials Center, a NASA CCDS based in Columbus, Ohio, is sponsoring the 

Support of Crystal Growth (SCG) Experiment on STS-57. 

This experiment is a successor to one conducted in the Spacelab glovebox flown on the first United States 

Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1) mission in July 1992. SCG supports the Zeolite Crystal Growth (ZCG) 

experiment also flying in the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory in that it provides the invaluable 

information required to establish the ZCG autoclave mixing protocol so that the resulting crystal growth is 

optimized. To do this, SCG will assist the crew member and principal investigator in determining how the 

solutions should be mixed for each of several solution combinations and mixer configurations. 

Ground-based and flight research has shown that mixing of the zeolite precursor solutions is critical to 

producing high quality crystals. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging studies, KC-135 flights and analysis of 

the USML-1 results demonstrate the need to optimize the mixing process (uniform mixing while minimizing 

shear). Determining the proper amount of mixing remains an empirical science and therefore, must utilize 

crew observation and judgment which requires extensive training and experience. 

SCG consists of 12 transparent "autoclaves," comparable to the solution containment portion of the ZCG 

autoclaves, and a battery-powered screwdriver to activate the mixing process. The "autoclaves" are 

transparent to facilitate on- board observation by a crew member. Throughout the activation process, a crew 

member will observe the progression and condition of the mixing of the two solutions. The crew member will 

downlink video of each activation/mixing and consult with the principal investigator regarding application to 

the ZCG autoclave activation. This experiment is critical to the success of the ZCG experiment and thus, to 

the success of the Battelle CCDS zeolite program as a whole. 

The Principal Investigator is Dr. Al Sacco Jr., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass. Lisa A. 

McCauley, Battelle Advanced Materials Center, is the flight program manager. 

Zeolite Crystal Growth 

STS-57 will be the second Shuttle flight of the Zeolite Crystal Growth (ZCG) payload, developed by the 

Battelle Advanced Materials Center, Columbus, Ohio, a NASA CCDS. The ZCG experiment flew on the first 

United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1) Shuttle mission (July 1992) and the results appear very 

positive, and all mission objectives were accomplished. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 26 

Zeolite crystals are complex arrangements of silica and alumina which occur both naturally and synthetically. 

An open, three-dimensional, crystalline structure enables the crystals to selectively absorb elements or 

compounds. As a result, the crystals are highly useful as catalysts, molecular sieves, absorbents and ion 

exchange materials. 

Zeolites are used for purification and catalytic purposes. As a purifier, zeolites work as molecular-scale 

sieves to remove contaminants from solutions. If improved zeolites were used in kidney dialysis as a purifier, 

the time needed to complete dialysis could be significantly reduced. Zeolites also could help in removing 

impurities in blood molecules, which would be helpful in blood transfusions. As catalysts, zeolites aid in 

making industrial processes more efficient. The catalytic procedure used to process crude oil into gasoline 

could benefit from improved zeolites, potentially increasing the yield of gasoline, thus reducing U.S. 

dependence on foreign oil sources. Amoco Chemical Co. and DuPont are Battelle's industrial affiliates on this 

flight of ZCG. 

Ultimately, space-produced zeolite crystals are expected to be larger and of higher quality than their groundproduced counterparts, providing tremendous industrial potential for such crystals. The zeolites produced in 

microgravity are considered high value-added products and will be scaled up to production quantities using 

the space station and recoverable orbital systems launched by expendable launch vehicles. 

The nucleus of the experiment will consist of 38 autoclaves, each containing two solutions in separate 

chambers and a screw-activated mixing assembly. To activate the experiment, a crew member will operate 

the screw assembly with a battery-powered screwdriver, which mixes the two zeolite precursor solutions. By 

repeating this process several times, proper mixing of the two solutions can be obtained (several different 

mixing devices are to be used on this mission). Results from the Support to Crystal Growth experiment, also 

flying in the 

SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory, will be used to determine the appropriate mixing protocol for each 

autoclave. 

Principal Investigator for ZCG is Dr. Albert Sacco Jr., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Mass. 

ZCG Program Manager is Lisa McCauley, Battelle Advanced Materials Center. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 27 

SPACEHAB-01 COMMERCIAL LIFE SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS 

ASTROCULTUREtm

The ASTROCULTUREtm payload is sponsored by the Wisconsin Center for Space Automation and Robotics 

(WCSAR), a NASA CCDS located at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. 

Currently, no satisfactory plant growth unit is available to support long-term plant growth in space. Increases 

in the duration of space missions, including stays on the space station, have made it necessary to develop 

plant growth technology that could minimize the cost of life support while in space. Plants can reduce costs 

of providing food, oxygen and pure water and also lower costs of removing carbon dioxide in human space 

habitats. 

Before plants can be grown in the ASTROCULTUREtm unit, however, a series of experiments are being 

conducted on the Space Shuttle to evaluate the critical subsystems essential for the space-based applications 

which also will have tremendous uses on Earth, such as improved dehumidification/humidification units, 

water-efficient irrigation systems and energy-efficient lighting systems for plant growth. 

Results from the flight of the first ASTROCULTUREtm experiment on STS- 50, the flight of the first United 

States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1) in July 1992, indicate that the experiment successfully achieved 

all of its goals, and experiment results are expected to provide new information dealing with the performance 

of water and nutrient delivery in space. ASTROCULTUREtm has been approved for four more Shuttle flights. 

The ASTROCULTUREtm unit consists of a covered cavity with two growth chambers containing inert 

material that serves as the root matrix; a water supply system consisting of a porous stainless steel tube 

embedded into the matrix, a water reservoir, a pump and appropriate valves for controlling the pressure flow 

of water through the stainless steel tube; a water recovery system consisting of the same components as the 

water supply system; and a microprocessor system for control and data acquisition functions. The flight 

hardware for this mission is self-contained in a SPACEHAB locker and weighs approximately 50 pounds. 

This flight of ASTROCULTUREtm will evaluate the performance of other important aspects of the water and 

nutrient delivery system not studied during the first space experiment. In addition, the STS-57 experiment 

will provide information on the performance of a light emitting diode (LED) lighting system during an 

extended period of microgravity. A preliminary evaluation of the LED system was made on the Consort-5 

sounding rocket flight in November 1992. 

In orbit, the water supply and recovery systems will be activated to initiate circulation of a nutrient solution 

through the porous tubes. Subsequently, the solution will move through the wall of each porous tube into the 

matrix by capillary forces. In the matrix, the small pores will be filled with the solution and the large pores 

with air, thereby providing a non-saturated state. The recovery system will operate at several pressure levels 

to determine the rate at which the solution will move through the matrix and the capacity of the supply 

system to provide the solution to the matrix. 

The amount of solution transferred from the supply reservoir to the recovery reservoir will be monitored, and 

data collected by the computer will indicate the supply system's overall capacity for replacing water and 

nutrients removed by plants growing in microgravity. 

The current industry affiliates on ASTROCULTUREtm include Automated Agriculture Assoc., Inc., 

Dodgeville, Wisc.; Biotronics Technologies, Inc., Waukesha, Wisc.; Quantum Devices, Inc., Barveveld, 

Wisc.; and Orbital Technologies Corp., Madison, Wisc. Principal Investigator is Dr. Raymond J. Bula, 

WCSAR. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 28 

BioServe Pilot Laboratory 

The BioServe Pilot Laboratory (BPL) is sponsored by BioServe Space Technologies, a NASA CCDS based 

at the University of Colorado in Boulder. 

The BPL will play an important role in providing the commercial and scientific communities affordable 

access to space for material and life sciences research. The main focus of the project is to provide a "first 

step" opportunity to companies interested in exploring materials processing and life science experiments in 

space. The notion behind the project is to allow industry a mechanism for entry level "proof of concept" 

flights. Thus, the BPL is a crucial screening device for more complex, targeted space research and 

development activities. 

The BPL payload will support investigations in a wide variety of life sciences areas with primary emphasis 

on cellular studies. For STS-57, two series of investigations will be carried out on bacterial products and 

processes. 

One investigation series examines Rhizobium trifolii behavior in microgravity. Rhizobia are special bacteria 

that form an intimate and advantageous, or symbiotic, relationship with plants. The bacteria infect the plants 

early in seedling development to form nodules on the plant roots. The bacteria in these nodules derive 

nutritional support from the plant while in turn providing the plant with nitrogen fixed from the air. Plants 

that form such relationships with rhizobia are called legumes and include alfalfa, clover and soybean. Such 

plants do not require synthetic fertilizers to grow. In contrast, many important crop plants such as wheat and 

corn are dependent on synthetic fertilizers since they do not form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia. 

The experimental system employing Rhizobium trifolii is a model that can be used to better understand the 

multi-step process associated with rhizobia infection of legumes. Once understood, it may become possible to 

manipulate the process to cause infection of other crop plants. The potential savings in fertilizer production 

would be tremendous. 

One of the commercial goals of the BioServe center is to determine whether microgravity might be exploited 

as a tool for rhizobial infection of significant crop plants. This BPL investigation, along with complimentary 

investigations in BioServe's Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) also flying in the 

SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory, should provide the data needed to address this goal. 

Another series of investigations being flown in the BPL concerns the bacteria E. Coli. These bacteria are 

normally found in the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals, including humans. E. Coli have been well studied 

as a model system for bacterial infection and population dynamics and in genetics research. With regard to 

commercial application, the genetic material in E. Coli has been manipulated to produce bacteria capable of 

secreting important pharmaceutical products. These bacteria also serve as a model for bacteria used in waste 

treatment and water reclamation. 

For STS-57, these bacteria are being studied to determine changes in growth and behavior that occur as a 

consequence of exposure to microgravity. The commercial objectives for this investigation include 

understanding and controlling bacterial infection in closed environments, exploiting bacteria and other microorganisms in the development of ecological life support systems and waste management, and determining the 

opportunity for enhanced genetic engineering and enhanced pharmaceutical production using bacterial 

systems. 

Yet another BPL investigation examines a biomedical test model based on cells derived from a frog kidney. 

This investigation is intended to provide insight into effects of microgravity on cell behavior - especially cell 

division. Gravitational effects on such cell systems may be used as models of diseases or disorders that occur 

on Earth. For STS-57, the kidney cell system is being examined to determine feasibility for use as such a test 

model. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 29 

On STS-57, the BPL will consist of 40 Bioprocessing Modules (BPMs) stowed in a standard locker in the 

SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory. The BPMs will contain the biological sample materials. The 

stowage locker also will contain an Ambient Temperature Recorder (ATR) which will provide a temperature 

history of the payload throughout the mission. 

Each BPM consists of three syringes held together on an aluminum tray. Generally, the center syringe in each 

BPM will be loaded with the cell culture system. Adjacent syringes will contain process initiation and 

termination fluids, respectively. A three-way valve is mounted on the trays which permits fluid transfer from 

one syringe to the next. The syringes, valve tubing and fittings provide for containment of the sample 

materials. The hardware is further enclosed in heat-sealed plastic bags to provide additional levels of 

containment. 

For most of the investigations, simultaneous ground controls will be run. Using similar hardware and 

identical sample fluids, ground personnel will activate and terminate BPMs in parallel with the flight crew. 

Synchronization will be accomplished based on voice downlink from the crew. Ground controls will be 

conducted at the SPACEHAB Payload Processing Facility at Cape Canaveral, Fla. 

Dr. Marvin Luttges, Director of the BioServe CCDS, is Program Manager. Drs. Louis Stodieck and Michael 

Robinson, also of BioServe, are responsible for mission management. 

Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus 

The Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) payload is sponsored by BioServe Space 

Technologies, a NASA CCDS located at the University of Colorado, Boulder. The purpose of the CGBA is 

to allow a wide variety of sophisticated biomaterials, life sciences and biotechnology 

investigations to be performed in one device in the low gravity environment of space. 

During the STS-57 mission, the CGBA will support 27 separate commercial investigations, which can be 

loosely classified in three application areas: biomedical testing and drug development, controlled ecological 

life support system (CELSS) development and agricultural development and manufacture of biological-based 

materials. 

Biomedical Testing and Drug Development -- To collect information on how microgravity affects biological 

organisms, the CGBA will include eight biomedical test models. Of the eight test models, four are related to 

immune disorders: one will investigate the process in which certain cells engulf and destroy foreign materials 

(phagocytosis); another will study bone marrow cell cultures; two others will study the ability of the immune 

system to respond to infectious-type materials (lymphocyte and T-cell induction); and one will investigate the 

ability of immune cells to kill infectious cells (TNF-Mediated Cytotoxicity). 

The other four test models -- which are related to bone and developmental disorders, wound healing, cancer 

and cellular disorders -- will investigate bone tissue, brine shrimp development, inhibition of cell division 

processes, stimulation of cell division processes and the ability of protein channels to pass materials through 

cell membranes. 

Test model results will provide information to better understand diseases and disorders that affect human 

health, including cancer, osteoporosis and AIDS. In the future, these models may be used for the 

development and testing of new drugs to treat these diseases. 

Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Development -- To gain knowledge on how 

microgravity affects micro-organisms, small animal systems, algae and higher plant life, the CGBA will 

include 13 ecological test systems. Two of the test systems will examine miniature wasp development. Seven 

separate studies will concern seed germination and seedling processes related to CELSS development. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 30 

Another three test systems will investigate bacterial products and processes and bacterial colonies for waste 

management applications. 

Finally, one other system will study new materials to control build- up of unwanted bacteria and other microorganisms. 

Test system results will provide research information with many commercial applications. For example, 

evaluating higher plant growth in microgravity could lead to new commercial opportunities in controlled 

agriculture applications. Test systems that alter micro-organisms or animal cells to produce important 

pharmaceuticals could later be returned to Earth for large-scale production. Similarly, it may be possible to 

manipulate agricultural materials to produce valuable seed stocks. 

Biomaterials Products and Processes -- The CGBA also will be used to investigate six different biomaterials 

products and processes. Two investigations will attempt to grow large protein and RNA crystals to yield 

information for use in commercial drug development. A third investigation will evaluate the assembly of 

virus shells for use in a commercially-developed drug delivery system. 

Another experiment will use bacteria to form magnetosomes (tiny magnets) for potential use in advanced 

electronics. Two other investigations will use fibrin clot materials as a model of potentially implantable 

materials that could be developed commercially as replacements for skin, tendons, blood vessels and even 

cornea. 

Results from the 27 investigations will be carefully considered in determining subsequent steps toward 

commercialization. STS-57 marks the third of six CGBA flights. Future flights will continue to focus on 

selecting and developing investigations that show the greatest commercial potential. 

For most of the investigations, simultaneous ground controls will be run. Using identical hardware, samples 

fluids and materials, ground personnel will activate and terminate FPAs in parallel with the flight crew. 

Synchronization will be accomplished based on indications from the crew as to when specific GAPs are 

operated. A temperature controlled environment at the SPACEHAB Payload Processing Facility (SPPF), 

Cape Canaveral, Fla., will be used to duplicate flight conditions. 

Dr. Marvin Luttges, Director of the BioServe CCDS, is program manager for CGBA. Drs. Louis Stodieck 

and Michael Robinson, also of BioServe, are responsible for mission management. 

Organic Separation 

The Consortium for Materials Development in Space (CMDS) based at the University of Alabama in 

Huntsville (UAH), has developed the Organic Separation (ORSEP) payload for flight on STS-57. The UAH 

CMDS is a NASA CCDS. 

ORSEP offers the commercial and scientific communities the opportunity to separate cells and particles by a 

mechanistic technique unavailable on Earth. The potential commercial value of separations includes the 

opportunity to culture cell subpopulations on return to Earth, the revelation that subpopulations exist and as is 

the case for protein crystal growth in space, in scientific study of the purified samples. 

he ORSEP hardware was built by Space Hardware Optimization Technology (SHOT), Inc., Floyd Knobs, 

Ind. It is of considerably lower cost than existing phase partitioning devices, and SHOT may be able to 

capture a good portion of the commercial market on Earth. The hardware is a modular design which can be 

configured for use with the Shuttle middeck, Spacelab, Get Away Special canisters, the SPACEHAB Space 

Research Laboratory, sounding rockets and parabolic flight aircraft. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 31 

It is a multi-sample, multi-step, fully automated device that separates non- biological particles, as well as 

biological cells, particles, macromolecular assemblies and organelles in low gravity via partitioning in liquid 

polymer two- phase systems. The hardware has been designed to perform partitioning in microgravity for a 

long duration because 2-3 hours are required for each separation step. Commercial interests were factored 

into the hardware design in its multi-sample capability that offers temperature control and sterility. 

On STS-57, the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory makes available continuous power, which allows 

for constant heating/cooling for the experiment while the vacuum of space provides thermal insulation. As a 

result of these design features, four samples can be processed through 12 purification steps while being held 

at 4 degrees C in a sterile environment. 

Four particle samples will be processed on STS-57 in the ORSEP apparatus. Delicate biological materials 

have been avoided in order to verify that the separations are due to the operation of the ORSEP rather than an 

unexpected response of a sensitive sample, such as to a launch delay or a delay in the recovery of the 

payload. 

The CCR CCDS is using ORSEP to study the separation of organic materials from unwanted impurities. 

When making any type of drug or any material to be used for medical purposes, purity is an extremely 

important characteristic to the ultimate usefulness of the product. Enhanced purity will enable smaller 

quantities of drugs to be used, with reduced chances of unwanted side effects. When certain fluids containing 

pharmaceuticals are mixed in space, the two fluids will separate, much like oil and water. During this 

process, impurities will often separate out and be located in the boundary between the two fluids. They then 

may be removed, leaving the ultra-pure desired products. 

The Principal Investigator for ORSEP in Dr. James M. Van Alstine, University of Alabama in Huntsville. 

Protein Crystal Growth 

The Center for Macromolecular Crystallography (CMC), based at the University of Alabama in Birmingham 

(UAB), is sponsoring Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiments on STS-57. The CMC is a NASA CCDS, 

which forms a bridge between NASA and private industry to stimulate biotechnology research for growing 

protein crystals in space and offers other protein crystallography services to a wide range of pharmaceutical, 

chemical and biotechnology companies. 

The objective of space-based protein crystal growth experiments is to produce large, well-ordered crystals of 

various proteins. These crystals will be used in ground-based studies to determine the three-dimensional 

structures of the proteins. These experiments also continue to investigate how to control and optimize protein 

crystal growth in order to reduce uncertainties or risks associated with using this space-based process as a 

vital and enabling technology for many critical areas. 

Since proteins play an important role in everyday life -- from providing nourishment to fighting diseases - 

research in this area is quickly becoming a viable commercial industry. Scientists need large, well-ordered 

crystals to study the structure of a protein and to learn how its structure determines a protein's functions. 

The technique most-widely used to determine a protein's three- dimensional structure is X-Ray 

crystallography, which requires large, well-ordered crystals for analysis. Crystals produced on Earth often are 

large enough to study, but they usually have numerous gravity-induced flaws. However, space-produced 

crystals tend to have more highly-ordered structures that significantly facilitate x- ray diffraction studies. 

Studies of such crystals not only can provide information on basic biological processes, but they may lead to 

the development of food with higher protein content, highly resistant crops and - of great importance - more 

effective drugs. By studying the growth rates of crystals under different conditions, scientists can find ways 

to improve crystal growth in microgravity, thus providing higher- quality crystals for study and the ability to 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 32 

produce satisfactory protein crystals that are hard or impossible to grow on Earth. For these reasons, the 

CMC has conducted protein crystal growth experiments on 17 Shuttle missions including STS-57. 

Vapor Diffusion Apparatus and Crystallization Facility Experiments 

There are three PCG experiments on STS-57, two of which are contained in thermal control enclosures called 

Commercial Refrigerator/Incubator Modules (CRIM). One of the CRIM will hold three Vapor Diffusion 

Apparatus (VDA) trays at a temperature of 22 degrees C. One side of each VDA tray holds 20 doublebarreled syringes, while the other side holds plugs that cap the tips of the syringes. Protein solution will be 

stored in one barrel of each syringe, and the other barrel will house precipitant solution. A reservoir of 

concentrated precipitant solution surrounds each syringe inside the crystal growth chamber. 

A second CRIM contains the Protein Crystallization Facility (PFC). This equipment will utilize changing 

temperature as a means of producing protein crystals in microgravity. The PFC apparatus consists of four 

containers which can individually hold as much as 500 ml of protein solution. The buffered protein solution 

is initially maintained at a temperature which will not induce crystallization. Once in orbit, the CRIM is 

programmed by the crew to begin slowly changing temperature on a temperature profile which will optimize 

the crystallization process. 

Due to each protein's short lifetime and the crystals' resulting instability, the protein crystal growth 

experiments will be retrieved within 3 hours of landing and returned to the CMC for post-flight analyses. 

Direct-Control Protein Crystal Growth 

A third crystallization system on STS-57 will test new protein crystal growth space hardware. The 

crystallization system will consist of six syringes in a VDA tray and will be contained in a Thermal Enclosure 

System (TES) which occupies two SPACEHAB lockers and provides a hermetically-sealed and thermallycontrolled environment. Within the TES, the Crystal Observation System (COS) will allow real-time crew 

monitoring during the crystal growth period. 

The COS video system will provide individual experiment observation via video cameras mounted to allow 

viewing of each growth chamber. The system will allow crew members to focus from the front of the droplet 

to the back, thereby providing the ability to detect individual crystals, study their growth rate and 

morphology, and continually observe the crystals on board or send video downlink images of the crystals to 

scientists in the Payload Operations and Control Center (POCC). This new hardware will provide critical 

information regarding differences in crystal growth rates and vapor equilibration times in the microgravity 

environment. 

The COS in its hermetically sealed thermally controlled environment represents a significant step towards the 

dynamic control of the several variables that affect protein crystal growth. By developing the ability to create 

tailor made, monitored and programmed environments for each sample, such systems are expected to be able 

to significantly reduce the risks involved in growing valuable crystals of the most troublesome proteins. 

Industrial samples will be flown in each of the protein crystal growth hardware - the VDA, PFC and COS - 

including malic enzyme from Upjohn Pharmaceuticals, recombinant human insulin from Eli Lilly and 

Company and alpha-thrombin from DuPont Merck Pharmaceuticals. 

The CMC has flown over 50 different types of proteins in space, seeking protein structure data and 

techniques for predictable enhancement by growth in microgravity. Crystallographic analysis has revealed 

that on average 20 percent of proteins grown in space are superior to their Earth-grown counterparts. As a 

result of advances made by the CMC in its microgravity crystallographic technologies, 40 percent of the 

proteins flown on the first United States 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 33 

Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1) mission in July 1992, yielded diffraction size crystals, several of which 

were superior to any previously grown on Earth. 

With continued research, the commercial applications developed using protein crystal growth have 

phenomenal potential, and the number of proteins that need study exceeds tens of thousands. Current 

research with the aid of pharmaceutical companies may lead to a whole new generation of drugs, which could 

be able to help treat diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease, influenza, septic shock, 

emphysema, aging and AIDS. These possibilities plus drugs and other products for agriculture, proteins for 

bioprocessing in manufacturing processes and waste management and other biotechnical applications, 

represent critical capabilities for dealing with the future of the world. 

A number of companies are participating in the CMC's protein crystal growth project including BioCryst 

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly & Co., Schering-Plough Research, DuPont Merck Pharmaceuticals, Sterling 

Winthrop Inc., Eastman Kodak Co., The Upjohn Co., Smith Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals and Vertex 

Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Principal Investigator for the protein crystal growth experiments is Dr. Charles E. 

Bugg, Director of the UAB CMC. 

Physiological Systems Experiment 

The Center for Cell Research (CCR), a NASA CCDS based at Pennsylvania State University, is sponsoring 

the third Physiological Systems Experiment (PSE) payload on STS-57. 

The PSE-03 payload is the result of a collaboration by the CCR and the Space Dermatology Foundation 

(SDF), a group of dermatologists and scientists concerned with the future implications and effects of space 

travel and habitation on the human skin. It will investigate the role of two growth factors involved in 

accelerating or enhancing tissue repair. Microgravity appears to slow down the normal tissue repair process. 

The slow down mimics changes associated with conditions on Earth. 

The objective of PSE-03 on STS-57 is to increase the dermatologic database and to demonstrate the value of 

microgravity in dermatologic studies. The results of the experiment will be shared with the medical 

community and the pharmaceutical and biotechnical industries through the SDF. The SDF plans to develop 

and maintain a database of space-related dermatology and dermatologic conditions, which will be the only 

one of its kind. 

PSE-03 is a first step in exploring how microgravity can improve the understanding of the ways growth 

factors regulate tissue repair and regeneration. The knowledge gained in these studies may be useful in the 

development of new medicines for burn victims, diabetics, elderly surgical patients, bed sore sufferers or 

other skin injury patients for whom healing is slow and difficult. 

The results also may provide additional information about how the basic gene processes underlying blood 

vessel and soft tissue formation are turned on and off. In addition, the experiment may have direct application 

in space by helping dermatologists devise therapies to treat astronauts who receive skin and/or soft tissue 

injuries during prolonged space flight. 

Prior to space flight, the growth factors will be implanted in six different areas in each of the 12 male adult 

rats. The rats will be housed in groups of six in two completely self-contained units equipped with food and 

water. Fans will circulate cabin air through the units. The units, known as Animal Enclosure Modules 

(AEM), were developed by NASA's Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. The AEM hardware 

provides the rats with appropriate life support throughout the mission and returns them in good health at the 

end of the mission. No interaction with the crew is required in orbit, however, clear plastic covers on the 

AEM hardware will permit the crew to visually inspect the condition of the rats. 

When returned, the tissues surrounding the implantation sites will be examined to determine the effect of the 

growth factors. Those tissues and others will be studied by researchers affiliated with the CCR, SDF and with 

pharmaceutical and biotechnical companies. The experiment designers expect the 7 day mission to provide 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 34 

sufficient exposure to microgravity to study the initial phases of tissue repair and the manner in which the 

two growth factors affect the process. 

PSE-01, conducted in 1990 with Genentech Inc., San Francisco, increased basic scientific knowledge 

regarding human bone and muscle disease and immune cell deficiency. PSE-02, conducted in 1992 with 

Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Penn., tested a developmental drug designed to counteract the effects of 

osteoporosis. 

Dr. W. C. Hymer is Director of the Center for Cell Research at Pennsylvania State University and coinvestigator for PSE-03. Dr. William W. Wilfinger is the CCR Director of Physiological Testing. Dr. Steven 

R. Kohn, President, Space Dermatology Foundation, is the SDF representative. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 35 

SPACEHAB-01 JOHNSON SPACE CENTER INVESTIGATIONS 

Application Specific Pre-programmed Experiment Culture System 

The Application Specific Pre-programmed Experiment Culture (ASPEC) System is sponsored by the Medical 

Sciences Division, Space and Life Sciences Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston. The 

ASPEC system is a part of the bioreactor project which is aimed at developing a series of hardware concepts 

for facilitating the development of human cells and tissue cultures in the weightless or microgravity 

environment of space flight where cells can grow in all directions for extended periods of time. 

Medical science is unable to grow large high-fidelity human tissue models in Earth's gravity. Microgravity or 

its emulation will allow cells to be suspended for long-term growth and development. Tissues grown in this 

way are useful in testing chemotherapeutic protocols, understanding growth requirements and treating 

specific medical maladies. Potential medical science spin-offs include investigations of viral growth, cancer 

models and therapeutics, and transplantation tissue. 

"A near-term goal is to test the equipment and its impact on a growing colon cancer," said Glenn Spaulding, 

Manager of the biotechnology program at the Johnson Space Center. "From this study, we will be able to 

refine culture techniques here and in space." 

The ASPEC system is a set of self-contained cell growing and cell maintenance units for use in space flight 

experiments. Cell cultures may be initiated in the device or mature cell cultures may be transferred into the 

ASPEC, which can maintain a cell culture experiment for as long as 14 days. 

The ASPEC system will carry several culture vessels on STS-57, its first space flight. Each culture vessel has 

the potential of carrying one complete experiment. On STS-57 the experiment is being flown with colon 

cancer cells to be grown in the chamber and brought back for study. On Endeavour's last mission in January, 

the culture chamber was flown as a testbed to demonstrate movement of fluid through the unit to provide 

constant nutrients to growing cells. 

The hardware of the ASPEC system includes three ASPEC units, an ASPEC power cable, a locker with a 

modified door and packing foam. Each ASPEC unit has an independent plumbing and sensor system to 

regulate temperature and pH and to provide a fresh growth medium and serum to the cells as needed. 

The STS-57 crew will routinely check power indicators and airflow through the ASPEC units and clean the 

vent screens as necessary. The crew also will take still photographs of the system configuration. The 

shutdown procedure will be initiated by the crew. This will begin an automated process for removing 

experiment materials from the reactor chamber, chilling the removed samples to 10 degrees C to prevent 

protein breakdown and other degradation and injecting formalin into the vessels to "fix" the remaining cells. 

A near term goal of the experiment is to provide toxicology testing that will identify the potential longduration hazards on shorter Shuttle missions. This forms a bridge between identifying specific toxicants and 

their biological impacts. 

On the Shuttle, ASPEC will serve as the "foundation experiment" for the space station. Growing cells to full 

maturity may take several months, which can only be done on long-duration flights aboard the station. 

Principal Investigator for ASPEC is Dr. Glenn Spaulding, Medical Sciences Division, Space and Life 

Sciences Directorate, JSC. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 36 

Charged Particle Directional Spectrometer 

The Charged Particle Directional Spectrometer (CPDS) experiment on STS- 57 is sponsored by the Solar 

System Exploration Division, Space and Life Sciences Directorate, Johnson Space Center (JSC). The CPDS 

performs the functions of both a research instrument and an operational monitor. It detects and records the 

many different types of nuclear radiation that bombard an orbiting space vehicle. In so doing, information is 

gathered about the characteristics of these particles at the orbital altitude, and a record is made of the amount 

and type of exposure the crew members receive. 

The particles come from two groups. First are particles trapped in orbit around the Earth by the Earth's 

magnetic field. These particles mainly consist of protons, although other varieties of the nuclear population 

also are present. The second are intergalactic particles, or cosmic rays, that happen to be passing by the Earth. 

All of these particles can be considered orbital debris on a nuclear scale. 

Knowledge of the particle's type, energy and direction is of interest to basic research in physics. Medical 

researchers can use much of the same information, but in addition, they are concerned with the linear energy 

transfer of the particle, particularly in living tissue such as human beings. The measurement indicates how 

much potential damage the particles do as they transverse through living beings. Such information is 

necessary to help determine guidelines that will ensure the long-term health and safety of astronauts. Several 

CPDS instruments are intended to be included as standard equipment on the space station. 

The CPDS experiment consists of three different instruments: a pair of Area Passive Dosimeters (APDs), the 

Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) and the actual CPDS apparatus. The APDs are routinely 

flown on Space Shuttle missions. They are similar to film strips. Particles which strike the strips leave a 

distinctive signature. The strips are analyzed after the flight and give a good indication of total dosage 

received during the flight. 

The TEPC utilizes a detection element that absorbs particle energy in a manner similar to living tissue. The 

data received from this instrument are particularly useful in assessing possible hazards to the crew. And since 

the TEPC is an active electronic instrument, a time record of when each particle strikes is maintained. TEPCs 

have flown on several Shuttle missions and have been instrumental in, among other things, determining the 

configuration of the South Atlantic Anomaly. 

The CPDS apparatus is the most sophisticated instrument of the experiment hardware. It consists of several 

layers of different types of detectors. The various detectors have different characteristics to enable the 

instrument to gather as much data as possible from each particle strike. One important new feature of the 

CPDS is its ability to determine the direction of individual particles. Particle flux is believed to be more 

intense in some directions than in others. If this is confirmed, future spacecraft designs may position crews to 

receive maximum shielding from the spacecraft structure. 

The CPDS experiment is completely housed in a SPACEHAB locker mounted high on the aft bulkhead. It 

requires only electrical power to be operational. The instruments are activated by the crew as soon after 

reaching orbit as practical and are turned off just before the descent back to Earth. Data are retained in 

internal memories and are read out and analyzed post-flight. 

Principal Investigator for CPDS is Dr. Gautam D. Badwar, Solar System Exploration Division, Space and 

Life Sciences Directorate, JSC. 

Human Factors Assessment 

The Human Factors Assessment (HFA) experiment is being conducted on STS-57 by the Crew Interface 

Analysis Section of the Flight Crew Support Division, Space and Life Sciences Directorate, Johnson Space 

Center (JSC). The primary concerns of human factors engineers at JSC are the investigation and evaluation of 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 37 

human-machine and human-environment interfaces unique to spaceflight which affect crew productivity and 

ultimately mission success. 

During the mission, data will be collected on three different aspects of crew activity in space: the acoustic 

and lighting environments of the orbiter, ease of movement -- or translation -- through the middeck-toSPACEHAB transfer tunnel and the use of electronic procedures to perform tasks. The hardware to facilitate 

data collection includes a MacIntosh Powerbook computer with a voice recognition system using Supercard 

displays and for environmental measurements, a B&K Type 2231 Modular Precision Sound Level Meter and 

a Minolta Photographic Spotmeter. 

Evaluation of the acoustic and lighting environments (HFA-SOUND and HFA- LIGHT, respectively) seeks 

to gain objective and subjective measures of the noise and lighting environments during the STS-57 mission 

and also will assess any effects on crew performance attributable to these environments. HFA- SOUND 

additionally seeks to determine if noise is more bothersome to the crew as the mission progresses and to 

compare noise levels and crew-perceived annoyance across missions. 

The HFA-SOUND and -LIGHT investigations will determine whether current spacecraft acoustic and 

lighting design criteria are being met, and what levels are indeed acceptable to the crew during the mission to 

minimize negative effects of these environments on crew performance. Ten 1/3 octave sound level and 

several lighting measures will be taken in the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory, the middeck and the 

flight deck. This investigation will help identify noise-producing hardware and problematic lighting 

configurations that are particularly detrimental to crew member performance. 

The investigation assessing translation through the transfer tunnel (HFA- TRANS) seeks to assess the 

SPACEHAB tunnel adapter and hatch designs for ease of crew translation and equipment transfer between 

the middeck and the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory. 

HFA-TRANS data will provide basic information on translation speeds in the weightless environment of 

space and techniques which will contribute to training and timelining of tasks for subsequent SPACEHAB 

and Spacelab missions and on the space station. The data also will be compared to data collected on crew 

translation through the Spacelab tunnel during STS-40 (June 1991) and STS-47 (September 1992). 

Comments on the various features of the SPACEHAB adapter and tunnel designs will contribute to 

recommendations for the design of more efficient translation areas in the future. Translation video will be 

collected early and late in the mission. 

The electronic procedures portion of this experiment (HFA-EPROC) seeks to facilitate future use of 

electronic flight procedures. Crew performance with electronic procedures must be at least equal to that 

achieved with paper procedures. 

Current EPROC research will help define baseline paper procedures performance and identify specific strong 

and weak points of both paper and computer procedures. The current research also will help define specific 

ways to achieve improved performance with computer procedures. 

EPROC will be of particular significance for future, longer-duration missions which will increasingly rely on 

electronic procedures since they are more easily launched, updated in flight and offer automatic or on-request 

capabilities not available with paper. The development of human factors design guidelines for such electronic 

procedures will be increasingly important for future space missions. 

The HFA-EPROC experiment consists of two tasks: a computer task which will simulate a space station 

propulsion system task and a non-computer task performed in conjunction with the Tools and Diagnostic 

Systems Soldering Experiment. Each task will be performed with paper and computer-based procedures. 

The Principal Investigator for HFA is Sue Adam, Flight Crew Support Division, Space and Life Sciences 

Directorate, JSC. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 38 

Neutral Body Posture 

The Space and Life Sciences Directorate, JSC, is sponsoring the Neutral Body Posture (NBP) experiment on 

STS-57. NBP will investigate the changes in posture of the human body over the course of a space mission. 

Previous space missions have shown that in addition to lengthening of the spine, posture takes on a 

configuration unique to spaceflight. The data from NBP will be useful in the design of future space facilities, 

workstations and hardware, especially since the last in-depth study of this nature was conducted during the 

Skylab program in the early 1970s. 

A minimum of two STS-57 crew members will be evaluated. As time allows, data may be collected on 

additional crew members. The crew members to be evaluated will wear a special sleeveless T-shirt and be 

photographed with orbiter camcorders and 35 mm cameras mounted roughly along orthogonal axes with 

respect to the vehicle. The crew members under evaluation will assume a relaxed position while photos are 

collected. This process will be performed both early and late in the mission. 

Principal Investigator for NBP is Frances E. Mount, Flight Crew Support Division, Space and Life Sciences 

Directorate, JSC. 

Tools and Diagnostic Systems 

The Tools and Diagnostic Systems (TDS) experiment is sponsored by the Space and Life Sciences 

Directorate, JSC. The objective of TDS is to demonstrate the maintenance of experiment hardware on-orbit 

and evaluate the adequacy of its design and the crew interface. The TDS experiment on STS-57 will mark the 

first demonstration of soldering on an American space mission. 

The TDS experiment is a group of equipment selected from the tools and diagnostic equipment to be supplied 

to the space station program. These tools and diagnostic equipment will provide the space station program 

with on- orbit diagnostic and repair capability. The hardware consists of off-the-shelf equipment modified to 

perform acceptably in the space environment. 

There are two parts to TDS: the Soldering Experiment (SE) to demonstrate practical soldering in the 

microgravity environment and to evaluate the use of a new restraint configuration for crew members 

performing precise tasks and the Diagnostic Equipment (DE) experiment to demonstrate microgravity 

maintenance capabilities using state-of-the-art diagnostic equipment. 

In the SE, a crew member will solder a printed circuit board containing 45 connection points, then de-solder 

35 points on a similar printed circuit board. The soldering work station consists of a glovebox to contain 

debris, mounted on a SPACEHAB-supplied work bench, where the circuit boards will be held in a clamp, 

which is in turn mounted on an experiment rack. Of interest to investigators are the techniques used by the 

crew member and the quality of the work of the crew member, which is dependent on the ability of the crew 

member to properly place the solder on the heated connection point. 

The crew member also will be asked to evaluate two types of foot restraints used while performing the SE. 

One restraint consists of adjustable foot loops similar to the current Space Shuttle design. The other is an 

arrangement of foot restraint bars designed for use on the space station. Two crew members will perform the 

experiment twice, but it may be repeated if time allows. 

The DE experiment will operate the development unit for the space station diagnostic equipment caddy. This 

diagnostic caddy contains a function sweep generator, a logic analyzer/oscilloscope and a multimeter. This 

combination of equipment is able to produce an analog or digital test signal, which is input to the test 

equipment, and captures and displays the resultant output. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 39 

The work station consists of the SPACEHAB-supplied work bench mounted on a rack, which provides a 

recess into which the diagnostic equipment caddy will be mounted. A frequency counter also is supplied for 

analysis. 

As part of the DE experiment, a failure in flight will be simulated, after which the Payload General Support 

Computer (PGSC) will uplink a troubleshooting procedure, a test equipment configuration file and a test 

setup diagram. The file to configure the test equipment will allow the complex diagnostic equipment setup to 

be performed by the support crew on the ground. Then the flight crew will perform the procedures and record 

and downlink the results. 

The ground crew will analyze the data obtained and uplink files for a "fix" to the problem for the crew. Upon 

completion of the repair, the test will culminate with successful performance of the frequency counter's 

function. 

The Principal Investigator for TDS is Jackie Bohannon, Flight Crew Support Division, Space and Life 

Sciences Directorate, JSC. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 40 

SPACEHAB-01 PAYLOADS SPACE STATION EXPERIMENT 

Environmental Control and Life Support System Flight Experiment 

NASA's space station office in Reston, Va., is sponsoring the Environmental Control and Life Support 

System (ECLSS) Flight Experiment (EFE) to test components of the water recycling system being developed 

for the space station. 

With a projected rate of four crew members at a time aboard the space station, they will use about 50 pounds 

of water a day. Without an efficient system for reusing this water over and over again, about 10 tons of water 

would have to be sent to the space station every 90 days, requiring special Space Shuttle flights just for the 

replenishment of the water supply. 

Engineers at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, Ala., have succeeded in developing a 

prototype system that can recycle shower and wash water, urine and even respiration and perspiration 

captured from the air back into potable drinking water. Taste tests and other end-use tests run at MSFC 

during 1992 demonstrated that the systems work well and that the recycled water is clean and acceptable for 

crew use. However, now the systems must be tested onboard the Space Shuttle in low Earth orbit to make 

sure they perform just as well in the microgravity environment of space flight. 

The EFE consists of three pieces of recycling hardware -- a bellows tank, a gas/water phase separator and 

two unibeds (filters). These components will be housed in two containers occupying the equivalent of four 

lockers in the forward bulkhead of the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory. The bellows tank features a 

Pyrex see-through window that will allow crew members to observe how gas and water behave inside the 

tank in microgravity -- examining, for instance, whether the air bubbles colonize or cling to the tank walls. 

The phase separator will separate the gas from the mixture. 

The experiment also will carry about a half gallon of pure water, into which will be mixed potassium iodide 

(simulating a wastewater contaminant). The iodide mixture will be run through the unibed filters to purify the 

water. The purification experiment will test both the efficiency of the unibeds in purifying the water and the 

rate at which the unibeds are depleted. 

Two types of unibeds will be flown on STS-57 as part of the ECLSS Flight Experiment, one which is springloaded and the other which is not. The two types will be tested to determine if the spring is required for the 

unibeds to work properly in the microgravity environment. If it is not required, the spring can be eliminated 

to reduce the weight of the hardware. 

The current industry affiliates on the ECLSS Flight Experiment are Boeing Aerospace, Life Systems, Inc., 

and Hamilton Standard. The Principal Investigators for the ECLSS Flight Experiment are NASA Marshall 

Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., and Boeing Aerospace. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 41 

SPACEHAB-01 PAYLOADS SUPPORTING HARDWARE 

Three-Dimensional Microgravity Accelerometer 

The Consortium for Materials Development in Space (CMDS), is sponsoring the Three-Dimensional 

Microgravity Accelerometer (3-DMA) on the STS- 57 mission. The CMDS is a NASA CCDS based at the 

University of Alabama, Huntsville (UAH). 

The acceleration measurement system will help chart the effects of deviations of microgravity on the 

experiments being conducted in space. The microgravity environment inside the SPACEHAB Space 

Research Laboratory will be measured in three dimensions by the 3-DMA, allowing researchers to review 

experiment results against deviations from microgravity. This information will be used to determine the 

degree of microgravity achieved inside the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory. Disturbances caused by 

operating various experiments in SPACEHAB and the residual microgravity resulting from orbiter rotational 

motions and by drag will be measured. 

The 3-DMA hardware consists of four accelerometer assemblies to be located in different parts of the 

SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory. The accelerometers provide the acceleration data to a central 

control box located in a single locker. The data are recorded in flight on two gigabyte magnetic hard drive 

devices. 

The accelerometer package comprises three remotely located standard three-dimensional systems and new 

invertible accelerometers in the central unit. The new, unique invertible feature permits measurements of 

absolute microgravity and low-level, quasi-steady, residual accelerations (i.e., atmospheric drag) that have 

proven difficult to measure in the past. 

A potential application of 3-DMA would be to characterize the microgravity environment of space platforms 

in support of experiments, research and commercialization activities. 

Principal Investigator for 3-DMA is Jan Bijvoet of the UAH CMDS. 

Space Acceleration Measurement System 

NASA's Lewis Research Center (LeRC), Cleveland, is sponsoring the Space Acceleration Measurement 

System (SAMS) on the STS-57 mission. SAMS is designed to measure and record low-level acceleration 

during experiment operations. The signals from these sensors are amplified, filtered and converted to digital 

data before being stored on optical disks and sent via downlink to the ground control center. 

SAMS has flown on six previous Shuttle flights and acquired nearly 15 gigabytes of data which represents 50 

days of operation. Approximately two gigabytes of data will be acquired on the SPACEHAB mission. 

The high density floppy disks have approximately one megabyte of capacity. The capacity of a double-sided 

optical disk used on Shuttle missions is 400 megabytes. This compares to approximately 400 high density 

floppy disks or 40 standard boxes of ten disks. All the data will fit on one optical disk measuring about 5 

inches square and one-half inch thick. 

Three sensors will be flown. One will measure the disturbances near an Environmental Control Support 

System, another sensor will be located on the support structure of the SPACEHAB Space Research 

Laboratory and the third will be attached to a locker door to determine the level of disturbances experienced 

by experiments in the locker and nearby. The second and third sensors are primarily to measure the 

acceleration characteristics of the SPACEHAB Space Research Laboratory for future experiments. 

Scientists will use the SAMS data in different ways, depending on the nature of the science experiment and 

the principal investigators' experience and ground-based testing results. The principal investigators will 

typically 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 42 

look for acceleration events or conditions that exceed a threshold where the experiment results could be 

affected. This may be, for example, a frequency versus amplitude condition, an energy content condition or 

simply an acceleration magnitude threshold. 

Data from previous missions have shown the levels of disturbance evident in the Spacelab module by the use 

of the crew exercise treadmill located in the middeck. This data, along with other missions' data, are 

important in order to reduce and isolate disturbances on future missions, including on the space station. 

SAMS flight hardware was designed and developed in-house at LeRC. The Principal Investigator for SAMS 

is Charles Baugher of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., and the Project Manager is 

Richard DeLombard of NASA Lewis. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 43 

SPACEHAB-01 COMMERCIAL MATERIAL SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS OVERVIEW 

Experiment Sponsor Affiliates Experiment 

Description 

Potential Commercial 

Applications 

Equipment for 

Controlled 

Liquid Phase 

Sintering 

ExperimentSPACEHAB 

(ECLiPSE) 

Consortium for 

Materials 

Development in 

Space, 

Huntsville, AL 

(CCDS*) 

Wyle 

Laboratories; 

Kennametal, Inc. 

Uses a rack-mounted, 

enclosed furnace assembly 

to investigate controlled 

liquid phase sintering of 

metallic systems in 

microgravity 

Development of stronger, 

lighter and more durable 

bearings, cutting tools, 

electrical contact points, 

and irregularly shaped 

parts for high stress 

environments 

Gas Permeable 

Polymer 

Materials 

(GPPM) 

NASA Langley 

Research Center, 

Hampton, VA 

Paragon Optical 

Co. 

Processes gas permeable 

polymer materials in 

microgravity. 

Development of rigid 

extended-wear contact 

lenses with improved 

comfort and durability. 

Investigations 

into Polymer 

Membrane 

Processing 

(IPMP) 

Battelle 

Advanced 

Materials Center, 

Columbus, OH 

(CCDS*) 

Amoco 

Chemical Co.; 

DuPont; Bend 

Industries 

Evaporates mixed solvent 

systems in microgravity 

using induced convection 

to control the porosity of 

polymer membranes. 

Improvement of kidney 

dialysis, water purification 

and water desalination. 

Liquid 

Encapsulated 

Melt Zone 

(LEMZ) 

Consortium for 

Commercial 

Crystal Growth, 

Potsdam, NY 

(CCDS*) 

Rockwell 

International; 

McDonnell 

Douglas; State of 

Florida 

Technology, 

Research and 

Development 

Authority; 

University of 

Florida 

(Gainesville) 

Explores the feasibility of 

liquid encapsulated melt 

zone processing in 

microgravity, and studies 

the interaction of the 

encapsulate with the melt 

and the effects of gravity 

perturbation on the system. 

Development of nextgeneration electronic and 

radiation-hardened devices 

to support data, sensor and 

control system. 

Support of 

Crystal Growth 

(SCG) 

Battelle 

Advanced 

Materials Center, 

Columbus, OH 

(CCDS*) 

Amoco 

Chemical Co.; 

DuPont; 

Worcester 

Polytechnic 

Institute 

Provides information 

required to establish the 

Zeolite Crystal Growth 

experiment mixing 

protocol. 

Support of zeolite crystal 

applications. 

Zeolite Crystal 

Growth (ZCG) 

Battelle 

Advanced 

Materials Center, 

Columbus, OH 

(CCDS*) 

Amoco 

Chemical Co.; 

DuPont; 

Worcester 

Polytechnic 

Institute 

Evaluates the growth of 

zeolite crystals in 

microgravity. 

Improvement of gasoline 

refining, water purification, 

blood impurity removal 

and radioactive waste 

clean-up. 

* NASA Center for the Commercial Development of Space 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 44 

SPACEHAB-01 COMMERCIAL LIFE SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS OVERVIEW 

Experiment Sponsor Affiliates Experiment 

Description 

Potential Commercial 

Applications 

ASTROCULTU

REtm

Wisconsin 

Center for Space 

Automation and 

Robotics, 

Madison, WI 

(CCDS*) 

Automated Agriculture Assoc., 

Inc.; Biotronics Technologies, 

Inc.; Quantum Devices, Inc.; 

Orbital Technologies Corp. 

Validates a concept for 

supplying water and 

nutrients to plants growing 

in microgravity. 

Development of an 

enclosed environmental 

system with earth-based 

and space-based uses, 

including improved 

dehumidification, 

humidification and energy 

efficient lighting. 

BioServe Pilot 

Laboratory 

(BPL) 

BioServe Space 

Technologies, 

Boulder, CO 

(CCDS*) 

Abbot Labs; Alza; Aquatic 

Products; Chiron; Martin 

Marietta; Spaceport Florida 

Authority; Synchrocell 

Determines the responses 

of cells to various 

hormones and stimulating 

agents in microgravity. 

Development of nextgeneration drugs and 

space-grown polymers. 

Commercial 

Generic 

Bioprocessing 

Apparatus 

(CGBA) 

BioServe Space 

Technologies, 

Boulder, CO 

(CCDS*) 

Abbot Labs; Aquatic Products, 

Chiron, Martin Marietta, 

OmniDelta; Spaceport Florida 

Authority; Synchrocell; Water 

Technologies 

Processes biological fluids 

by mixing components in a 

microgravity environment. 

Improvement of bioimplantable products, 

immune disease research 

and waste management 

systems. 

Organic 

Separation 

(ORSEP) 

Consortium for 

Materials 

Development in 

Space, 

Huntsville, AL 

(CCDS*) 

Interfacial Dynamics Corp.; 

Space Hardware Optimization 

Technology, Inc. 

Explores the use of phase 

separation techniques in 

microgravity conditions to 

separate cells, cell 

fragments and heavy 

molecules. 

Improvement of techniques 

for processing 

pharmaceutical and 

biotechnology products. 

Protein Crystal 

Growth (PCG) 

Thermal 

Enclosure 

System with 

Crystal 

Observations 

System 

(TES-COS) 

Center for 

Macromolecular 

Crystallography, 

Birmingham, AL 

(CCDS*) 

BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 

Eli Lilly & Co.; ScheringPlough Research; DuPont 

Merck Pharmaceuticals; Sterling 

Winthrop, Inc.; Eastman Kodak 

Co.; The Upjohn Co.; Smith 

Kline Beecham 

Pharmaceuticals; Vertex 

Pharmaceuticals 

Grows high-quality protein 

crystals by vapor diffusion. 

TES includes the Crystal 

Observation System (COS) 

to monitor crystal growth 

in realtime. 

Acceleration of drug 

research and development. 

Physiological 

Systems 

Experiment 

(PSE) 

Center for Cell 

Research, 

University Park, 

PA (CCDS*) 

Space Dermatology Foundation Determines the effects of 

biomaterials on animal 

physiological systems. 

Design and development of 

medicines to treat 

terrestrial diseases, such as 

osteoporosis, which are 

mimicked during space 

exposure. 

* NASA Center for the Commercial Development of Space 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 45 

SPACEHAB-01 JOHNSON SPACE CENTER (JSC) EXPERIMENTS OVERVIEW 

Experiment Sponsor Experiment 

Description 

Potential Commercial 

Applications 

Application Specific 

Pre-programmed 

Experiment Culture 

(ASPEC) 

Medical Sciences 

Division, Space and 

Life Sciences 

Directorate, JSC 

Controls cell culture variables to 

optimize the assembly of tissues 

from basic cells and substrates. 

Development of human cells and 

tissue cultures in microgravity 

useful in setting 

chemotherapeutic protocols, 

understanding growth 

requirements and treating 

specific medical maladies. 

Charged Particle 

Directional 

Spectrometer 

(CPDS) 

Solar System 

Exploration 

Division, Space and 

Life Sciences 

Directorate, JSC 

Measures charge and direction of 

atomic particles in the Space 

Shuttle/SPACEHAB 

environment. 

Improvement of crew health 

during long-duration space 

missions. 

Human Factors 

Assessment (HFA) 

Crew Interface 

Analysis Section, 

Flight Crew Support 

Division Space and 

Life Sciences 

Directorate, JSC 

Measures and evaluates the 

Space Shuttle/SPACEHAB 

environment including acoustics 

and lighting, computerized 

polling of crew opinion, crew 

movement and interaction with 

equipment. 

Evaluation of human-machine 

and human-environment 

interactions during routine 

operations of the SPACEHAB 

Space Research Laboratory. 

Neutral Body 

Posture (NBP) 

Flight Crew Support 

Division, Space and 

Life Sciences 

Directorate, JSC 

Analyzes the effects of 

microgravity on human posture. 

Design of future space facilities, 

workstations and hardware. 

Tools and 

Diagnostics System 

(TDS) 

Flight Crew Support 

Division, Space and 

Life Sciences 

Directorate, JSC 

Evaluates microgravity effects on 

the physics and human factors of 

electronic circuit board soldering, 

the operation of a portable 

battery charger, and the operation 

of a portable electronic 

diagnostic equipment package. 

Demonstration of experiment 

hardware maintenance in orbit, 

including the first demonstration 

of soldering on an American 

space missions. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 46 

SPACEHAB-01 SPACE STATION 

Experiment Sponsor Affiliates Experiment 

Description 

Potential Commercial 

Applications 

Environmental 

Control Life 

Support System 

(ECLSS) Flight 

Experiment 

Space Station 

Freedom Office, 

Reston, VA 

Boeing 

Aerospace Life 

Systems, Inc.; 

Hamilton 

Standard 

Investigates the 

performance of key 

components for a water 

reclamation and 

management system. 

Development of key 

components for Space 

Station Freedom, such as 

an enhanced water 

reclamation system. 

SPACEHAB-01 SUPPORTING HARDWARE OVERVIEW 

Hardware Sponsor Hardware 

Operation 

Potential 

Applications 

Three Dimensional 

Microgravity 

Accelerometer (3DMA) 

-------------------- 

Space Acceleration 

Measurement System 

(SAMS) 

Consortium for 

Materials Development 

in Space, Huntsville, 

AL (CCDS*) 

-------------------- 

NASA Lewis Research 

Center, Cleveland, OH 

Measures Accelerations 

in three axes within the 

SPACEHAB 

environment. 

Characterization of low-gravity 

environment for the development of 

space hardware and for experiment 

data analysis. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 47 

COMMERCIAL GENERIC BIOPROCESSING APPARATUS INVESTIGATIONS 

ON STS-57 

Biomedical Testing and Drug Development

These investigations will provide information to develop a better understanding of diseases and disorders that 

affect human health including cancer, osteoporosis and AIDS. These models may be used for the 

development and testing of new drugs to treat these diseases. 

Experiment Investigator Experiment 

Description 

Specific 

Application 

T-Cell Induction 

Test Model 

Kansas State 

University 

Examines immune system's ability to respond to 

infectious-type materials. 

Immune Disorders 

TNF-Mediated 

Cytotoxicity Test 

Model 

Kansas State 

University 

Examines immune cells' ability to kill infectious 

cells. 

Immune Disorders 

Bone Marrow 

Cell Culture Test 

System 

Kansas State 

University 

Studies bone marrow cultures in microgravity. Immune Disorders 

Phagocytosis 

Process Testing 

University of 

Rochester 

Investigates process in which certain cells 

engulf and destroy foreign materials. 

Immune Disorders 

Brine Shrimp 

Test System 

Kansas State 

University 

Examines brine shrimp development in 

microgravity. 

Development Disorders 

Inhibitor Protein 

Test Model 

Kansas State 

University 

Studies inhibition of cell division process. Cancer 

Gap Junction 

Processes 

Kansas State 

University 

Investigates ability of protein channels to pass 

materials through cell membranes. 

Cellular Disorders 

Cell Division 

Processes 

University of 

Colorado 

Studies stimulation of cell division processes. Cellular Disorders. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 48 

COMMERCIAL GENERIC BIOPROCESSING APPARATUS INVESTIGATIONS 

ON STS-57 

Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Studies

These investigations could lead to new commercial opportunities in controlled agriculture applications, large 

scale production on Earth of important pharmaceuticals, and production of valuable see stocks by 

manipulation of agricultural materials. 

Experiment Investigator Experiment 

Description 

Specific 

Application 

Seed Germination 

Products (4 studies) 

University of 

Colorado 

Studies seed germination in microgravity. Controlled Ecological Life 

Support System (CELSS) 

Studies 

Seeding Processes (2 

studies) 

Kansas State 

University 

Examines seeding processes in microgravity. CELSS Studies 

Plant Tissue Culture 

Products 

University of 

Colorado 

Studies secondary metabolic production during 

spaceflight 

CELSS Studies 

Miniature Wasp Test 

System 

University of 

Colorado 

Investigates miniature wasp development in 

microgravity. 

CELSS Studies 

Fruit Fly Test System Kansas State 

University 

Examines fruit fly development in 

microgravity. 

CELSS Studies 

Bacterial Products and 

Processes 

University of 

Colorado 

Studies bacterial products and processes in 

microgravity. 

Waste Management 

Bacterial Products and 

Processes 

Kansas State 

University 

Studies bacterial products and processes in 

microgravity. 

Waste Management 

Bacterial Colony Test 

System 

University of 

Colorado 

Studies bacterial products, processes and 

colonies in microgravity. 

Waste Management 

Pentaiodide Product 

Testing 

University of 

Colorado 

Investigates new materials to control build-up 

of unwanted bacteria and other microorganisms. 

Microbial Control 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 49 

COMMERCIAL GENERIC BIOPROCESSING APPARATUS INVESTIGATIONS 

ON STS-57 

Biomaterials Products and Processes

Potential applications of these investigations include commercial drug development and a drug delivery 

system, and the development of potentially implantable materials used commercially as replacements for 

skin, tendons, blood vessels and cornea. 

Experiment Investigator Experiment 

Description 

Specific 

Application 

Virus Capsid Product Kansas State 

University 

Evaluates assembly of virus shells. Drug Delivery System 

Protein Crystal 

Morphology Products 

University of 

Colorado 

Growth of large protein crystals. Drug Development 

RNA Crystal Growth 

Products 

University of 

Colorado 

Growth of large RNA crystals. Drug Development 

Magnetosome Assembly 

Processes 

University of 

Colorado 

Formation of magnetosomes (tiny magnets) 

using bacteria 

Advanced Electronics 

Fibrin Clot Materials 

(2 studies) 

University of 

Colorado 

Use of fibrin clot materials as a model of 

potentially implantable materials. 

Synthetic Implants 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 50 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 51 

EUROPEAN RETRIEVABLE CARRIER (EURECA) 

F. Schwan - Industrial Project Manager Deutsche Aerospace, ERNO Raumfahrttechnik Bremen, Germany 

W. Nellessen - ESA Project Manager ESTEC Noordwijk, The Netherlands 

The European Space Agency's (ESA) EURECA spacecraft was launched on July 31, 1992, by the Space 

Shuttle Atlantis (STS-46) and deployed at an altitude of 230 nautical miles (425 km). It ascended using its 

own propulsion to the operational orbit of 270 nautical miles (500 km). Several weeks prior to the STS 57 

launch, ground controllers will lower EURECA's altitude where it will be retrieved by Endeavour and 

brought back to Earth. 

The EURECA-1 mission primarily has been devoted to research in the fields of material and life sciences and 

radiobiology, all of which require a controlled microgravity environment. The selected microgravity 

experiments have been carried out in seven facilities. The remaining payload comprises space science and 

technology. 

During the mission, EURECA's residual carrier accelerations have not exceeded 10-5g. The platform's 

altitude and orbit control system made use of magnetic torquers augmented by cold gas thrusters to keep 

disturbance levels below 0.3 Nm during the operational phase. 

Physical characteristics 

• Launch mass 9,900 lbs. (4491 kg) 

• Electrical power solar array 5000 W 

• Continuous power to EURECA 

experiments 

1000 W 

• Launch configuration dia: 14.76 ft (4.5 m.) length: 8.33 ft (2.54 m) 

• Volume 132 cubic ft (40.3 m) 

• Solar array extended 66 ft x 11.5 ft (20 m x 3.5 m) 

User friendliness 

Considerable efforts have been made during the design and development phases to ensure that EURECA is a 

"user friendly" system. As is the case for Spacelab, EURECA has standardized structural attachments, power 

and data interfaces. Unlike Spacelab, however, EURECA has a decentralized payload control concept. Most 

of the onboard facilities have their own data handling device so that investigators can control the internal 

operations of their equipment directly. This approach provides more flexibility as well as economical 

advantages. 

Operations 

All EURECA operations are controlled by ESA's Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany. 

During the deployment and retrieval operations, ESOC functions as a Remote Payload Operations Control 

Centre to NASA's Mission Control Center, Houston, and the orbiter is used as a relay station for all the 

commands. 

Throughout the operational phase, ESOC has controlled EURECA through two ground stations at 

Maspalomas, Canary Islands (Spain), and Kourou, French Guiana. EURECA has been in contact with its 

ground stations for a relatively short period each day. When it was out of contact, its systems operated with a 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 52 

high degree of autonomy, performing failure detection, isolation and recovery activities to safeguard ongoing 

experimental processes. 

An experimental advanced data relay system, the Inter-orbit Communication Package, was included in the 

payload. This package communicated with the European Olympus Communication Satellite to demonstrate 

the possible improvements for future communications with data relay satellites. Such a system will 

significantly enhance real time data coverage. 

EURECA Retrieval Operations 

The EURECA free-flying experiment platform will be retrieved on the fourth day of STS-57. EURECA was 

deployed from Atlantis on STS-46 on Aug. 1, 1992. During its approximately 10-month stay in orbit, 

EURECA has supported investigations in processing metallurgical samples, growing crystals and conducting 

biological and biochemical studies. Several weeks before the STS-57 launch, EURECA controllers will lower 

the spacecraft's orbit from 270 nautical miles (500 km) high to 257 nautical miles (300 km) in preparation for 

the retrieval. 

David Low will grasp the 5-ton EURECA with the Shuttle's robot arm and lower the platform into latches in 

the aft cargo bay. 

Beginning on flight day one, a series of engine firings will adjust Endeavour's catch-up rate so that on the 

morning of flight day four, a final altitude adjustment burn will move Endeavour up to the 257-nautical-mile 

EURECA orbit. During the catch-up maneuvers, Endeavour's onboard navigational star trackers will sight on 

EURECA during the best lighting period, from noon to sunset of each orbit, to provide the most accurate 

course correction information for each maneuver. 

For the final mid-course corrections, the crew will use Endeavour's rendezvous radar to refine their 

information about the position of EURECA in relation to Endeavour. For about the final one and a half miles 

of Endeavour's approach to EURECA, Commander Ron Grabe will fly the Shuttle's maneuvers manually. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 53 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 54 

EURECA RETRIEVABLE CARRIER 

Structure 

The EURECA structure is made of high strength carbon-fiber struts and titanium nodal points joined together 

to form a framework of cubic elements. This provides relatively low thermal distortions, allows high 

alignment accuracy and simple analytical verification, and is easy to assemble and maintain. 

Larger assemblies are attached to the nodal points. Instruments weighing less than 220 lbs. (100 kg) are 

assembled on standard equipment support panels similar to those on a Spacelab pallet. 

Thermal Control 

Thermal control for EURECA combines active and passive heat transfer and radiation systems. Active 

transfer, required for payload facilities which generates more heat, is achieved by means of a Freon cooling 

loop which dissipates the thermal load through two radiators into space. The passive system makes use of 

multi-layer insulation blankets combined with electrical heaters. During nominal operations, the thermal 

control subsystem rejects a maximum heat load of about 2300 W. 

Electrical Power 

The electrical power subsystem generates, stores, conditions and distributes power to all the spacecraft 

subsystems and to the payload. The deployable and retractable solar arrays, with a combined raw power 

output of some 5000 W together with four 40 Ah nickel-cadmium batteries, provide the payload with a 

continuous power of 1000 W, nominally at 28 V, with peak power capabilities of up to 1500 W for several 

minutes. 

Attitude and Orbit Control 

A modular attitude and orbit control subsystem (AOCS) was used for attitude determination and spacecraft 

orientation and stabilization during all flight operations and orbit control maneuvers. 

An orbit transfer assembly, consisting of two redundant sets of four thrusters was used to boost EURECA to 

its operation attitude at 500 km and to return it to its retrieval orbit at about 300 km. 

EURECA has been developed under ESA contract by DASA (Deutsche Aerospace/ERNO 

Raumfahrttechnik) (Germany), and their subcontractors Sener (Spain), AIT (Italy), SABCA (Belgium), AEG 

(Germany), Fokker (The Netherlands), Matra (France), Snia BPD (Italy), BTM (Belgium) and Laben (Italy). 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 55 

EURECA SCIENCE 

Solution Growth Facility - a multi-user facility dedicated to the growth of monocrystals from solution, 

consisting of a set of four reactors and their associated control system. 

Protein Crystallization Facility - a multi-user solution growth facility for protein crystallization in space. 

The object of the experiments is the growth of single, defect-free protein crystals of high purity and of a size 

sufficient to determine their molecular structure by X-Ray diffraction. 

Exobiology and Radiation Assembly - a multi-user life science facility for experiments on the biological 

effects of space radiation. 

Multi-Furnace Assembly - a multi-user facility dedicated to material science experiments. It is a modular 

facility with a set of common system interfaces which incorporates 12 furnaces of three different types, 

giving temperatures of up to 1400 degrees C. 

Automatic Mirror Furnace - an optical radiation furnace designed for the growth of single, uniform crystals 

from the liquid or vapor phases, using the traveling heater or Bridgman methods. 

Surface Forces Adhesion Instrument - studies the dependence of surface forces and interface energies on 

physical and chemical-physical parameters such as surface topography, surface cleanliness, temperature and 

the deformation properties of the contacting bodies. 

High Precision Thermostat Instrument - an instrument designed for long term experiments requiring 

microgravity conditions and high precision temperature measurement and control. 

Solar Constant And Variability Instrument - designed to investigate the solar constant, its variability and 

its spectral distribution, and measure: 

• fluctuations of the total and spectral solar irradiance 

• short term variations of the total and spectral solar irradiance within time scales ranging from hours to 

few months, and 

• long term variations of the solar luminosity in the time scale of years (solar cycles) by measuring the 

absolute solar irradiance. 

Solar Spectrum Instrument - designed to study solar physics and the solar- terrestrial relationship in 

aeronomy and climatology. It measures the absolute solar irradiance and its variations in the spectral range 

from 170 to 3200 n.m., with an expected accuracy of 1 percent in the visible and infrared ranges and 5 

percent in the ultraviolet range. 

Occultation Radiometer Instrument - designed to measure aerosols and trace gas densities in the Earth's 

mesosphere and stratosphere. 

Wide Angle Telescope - designed to detect celestial gamma and X-Ray sources with photon energies in the 

range 5 to 200 keV and determine the position of the source. 

Timeband Capture Cell Experiment - an instrument to study the microparticle population in near-Earth 

space -- typically Earth debris, meteoroids and cometary dust. 

Radio Frequency Ionization Thruster Assembly - designed to evaluate the use of electric propulsion in 

space and to gain operational experience before endorsing its use for advanced spacecraft technologies. 

Advanced Solar Gallium Arsenide Array - to provide valuable information on the performance of gallium 

arsenide (GaAs) solar arrays and on the effects of the low Earth orbit environment on their components. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 56 

GET AWAY SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS 

NASA's Get Away Special (GAS) program, managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), 

Greenbelt, Md., is a vehicle that allows the world to get involved in the U.S. space program. Individuals and 

organizations of all countries have gained access to space by sending scientific research and development 

experiments onboard the Space Shuttle via the GAS program. Since its inception, 87 payloads have flown on 

18 Space Shuttle missions. 

NASA's GAS bridge assembly, a structure which fits across the payload bay of the Space Shuttle orbiter, is 

capable of holding up to 12 GAS canisters (or cans), and offers an efficient and convenient way to fly 

multiple payloads simultaneously. 

On STS-57, the GAS bridge is flying with a total of 10 GAS payloads from the U.S., Canada, Japan and 

Europe. Also on the bridge is one secondary payload, a commercialization experiment sponsored by the 

Consortium for Materials Development in Space at the University of Alabama, Huntsville and one GAS 

ballast can. Clarke Prouty is GAS Mission Manager and Lawrence R. Thomas is Customer Support Manager 

for the Shuttle Small Payloads Project at Goddard. The 10 GAS payloads are: 

G-022 Liquid Gauging Technology Experiment 

Customer: European Space Agency, European Space Research and Technology Centre, Noordwijk, The 

Netherlands 

Customer Manager: Manfred Trischberger 

NASA Technical Manager: Richard Hoffman, GSFC 

This experiment demonstrates two in-orbit methods of gauging liquids in tanks - the Periodic Volume 

Stimulus (PVSM) and the Foreign Mass Injection Method (FMIM). 

Both approaches work well in the presence of gravity, but the peculiar properties of liquid under 

microgravity conditions could lead to a lower measurement accuracy. This experiment will study, in 

particular, errors caused by the following effects: 

• liquid distribution in the tank 

• unconnected liquid quantities 

• uneven heating 

• unintentional intrusion of fluid in pipes, sensor apertures, etc. 

G-324 CAN DO 

Customer: Charleston County School District, Charleston, S. C. 

Customer Manager: Carol A. Tempel 

NASA Technical Manager: Neal Barthelme, GSFC 

A detailed description of G-324 CAN DO is available in the educational activities part of the STS-57 press 

kit. 

G-399 Insulin Tagging and Artemia Growth Experiments 

Customer: Dr. Ronald S. Nelson, Inc., Fresno, Calif. 

Customer Manager: Dr. Ronald S. Nelson 

NASA Technical Manager: Gary Sneiderman, GSFC 

This payload is composed of two experiments. Its primary objective is to successfully operate an insulin tag 

experiment and a brine shrimp Artemia physiology experiment. The experiments also will focus on educating 

students about all aspects of carrying out scientific experiments. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 57 

G-450 Multiple Experiments 

Customer: Vandenberg Section, American Institute of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics, Vandenberg AFB, Calif. 

Customer Manager: Martin Waldman 

NASA Technical Manager: Mark Anderson, GSFC 

This is a multi-disciplinary package composed of six self-contained modules, each containing multiple 

experiments. The experiments are designed and developed by California Central Coast elementary, middle 

and high schools. 

• Module one contains solidification/crystallization of saccharin and cryogen transfer. 

• Module two addresses the effects of radiation on bacteria and effects of microgravity on sprouting seeds. 

• Module three is bacteria survival in radiation and zero point energy. 

• Module four consists of electrode occlusion and bubble formation and microgravity bonding. 

• Module five contains osmosis, reverse osmosis and effects of radiation on seeds. 

• Module six is crystal growth, fluids in microgravity and silver crystal growth. 

G-452 Crystal Growth of Gallium-Arsenide 

Customer: Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies, Tokyo, Japan 

Customer Manager: Dr. Naotake Tateyama 

NASA Technical Manager: Herb Foster, GSFC 

This GAS can consists of 12 small electric furnaces. The four kinds of experiments to be carried out in low 

gravity are: 

• Growth of a single crystal gallium-arsenide from liquid phase 

• Growth of a crystal gallium-arsenide based mixed crystal 

• Addition of a heavy element to gallium-arsenide 

• Addition of a heavy element to indium-antimony crystal 

G-453 Semi-Conductors/Superconductor Experiment 

Customer: Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies, Tokyo, Japan 

Customer Manager: Dr. Naotake Tateyama 

NASA Technical Manager: Herb Foster, GSFC 

This GAS can contains four different kinds of experiments. Three of the four are materials experiments on 

semi-conductors and a superconductor, and the other is on boiling an organic solvent under weightlessness. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 58 

G-454 Crystal Growth 

Customer: Society of Japanese Aerospace Companies, Tokyo, Japan 

Customer Manager: Dr. Naotake Tateyama 

NASA Technical Manager: Herb Foster, GSFC 

This experiment studies the crystal growth of indium gallium arsenic from vapor phase under weightlessness, 

the crystal growth of three selenic-niobium from vapor phase, the crystal growth of an optoelectric crystal by 

the diffusion method and formation of superferromagnetic alloy. 

G-535 The Pool Boiling Experiment 

Customer: NASA Headquarters, Office of Space Science and Applications, Microgravity Sciences 

 Division, Washington, D.C. 

Customer Manager: Warren Hodges 

NASA Technical Manager: Tom Dixon, GSFC 

The objective of this experiment is to improve the understanding of the boiling process. This involves putting 

a pool of liquid in contact with a surface that can supply heat to the liquid. The experiment will observe 

heating and vapor bubble dynamics associated with bubble growth/collapse and subsequent bubble motion. 

The lack of gravity driven motion makes the boiling process easier to study in microgravity. 

G-601 High Frequency Variations of the Sun 

Customer: San Diego Section, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, San Diego, Calif. 

Customer Manager: Brian Dubow 

NASA Technical Manager: Neal Barthelme, GSFC 

This experiment will measure and analyze high-frequency variations of the Sun analyzing light that the Sun 

releases to the Earth. It also will determine better the physics of the Sun and other stars. The primary purpose 

of the experiment involves measuring rapid variations in the solar flux. 

G-647 Configurable Hardware for Multi-Disciplinary Projects in Space (CHAMPS) 

Customer: Canadian Space Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada 

Customer Manager: Duncan Burnside 

NASA Technical Manager: Russ Griffin, GSFC 

This is a versatile payload that will provide an inexpensive means for Canadian scientists to conduct their 

materials science experiments in space. CHAMPS, built by MPB Technologies in Montreal, is designed to be 

adaptable, combining the advantages of generic and dedicated research facilities for materials processing in 

space. This experiment will examine a recently-developed technique for crystal growth called Liquid Phase 

Electro-Epitaxy (LPEE) in a microgravity environment. LPEE regulates crystal growth by passing an 

electrical current through a subject material. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 59 

GAS Ballast Payload 

Customer: Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. 

GAS ballast payloads are flown for stability when a GAS payload drops out and no GAS payload is available 

to replace it. This ballast payload contains a small accelerometer package furnished by Goddard to record 

accelerations during the mission. 

Sample Return Experiment 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. 

Principal Investigator: Dr. Peter Tsou 

The Sample Return Experiment (SRE) sits on top the ballast GAS can. The primary science objective of the 

GAS SRE is the quantification of extraterrestrial particles and other orbital debris present in the orbiter bay. 

A secondary objective of this experiment will be a realistic test for comet sample collection concepts. The 

sample particles that are to be encountered and collected have speeds of 10-14 km/second (16-22 m.p.h.) and 

diameters of 10-200 micrometers. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 60 

CONSORTIUM FOR MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT IN SPACE 

COMPLEX AUTONOMOUS PAYLOAD (CONCAP) 

The Consortium for Materials Development in Space Complex Autonomous Payload-IV (CONCAP-IV) is a 

small, Shuttle cargo bay payload sponsored by the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) Consortium 

for Materials Development in Space (CMDS). The CMDS is one of the NASA Centers for the Commercial 

Development of Space (CCDS) managed by NASA's new Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology 

(OACT). 

CONCAP-IV is the fourth area of investigation in a series of payloads deriving their name from the 

consortium in CMDS and the Complex Autonomous Payload (CAP) program managed by the NASA 

Goddard Space Flight Center. On STS-57, CONCAP-IV will investigate the growth of nonlinear organic 

(NLO) crystals by a novel method of physical vapor transport in the weightlessness of the space 

environment. 

Nonlinear optical materials are the key to many optical applications now and in the future -- optical 

computing is a prime example. Many studies have suggested that the photonics industry ultimately will grow 

to the scale of the current electronics industry. Just as materials improvements in silicon were essential to 

electronics, so too are improved optical materials required for advanced in photonics. The investigations in 

the CONCAP series seek to determine whether crystals grown in space can speed the evolution of photonics. 

During the experiment, it is anticipated that the microgravity in space will facilitate two goals of improved 

NLO crystal growth -- it will avoid convection, leading to crystals grown with more uniform composition, 

and it will avoid the deformation of the crystals under their own weight at the relatively high growth 

temperatures where they are extremely soft. 

The experiment operation involves heating up a chamber containing the material needed to produce the 

crystal, but keeping one spot on the chamber walls cooler than the rest of the chamber walls. This method 

causes the vapor of the material to condense onto the cold spot where the crystal grows, much like water 

vapor condenses into dew on grass. 

Within CONCAP-IV there are six NLO "ovens," each containing two NLO growth cells. Each of the twelve 

cells is comprised of a glass chamber, about 1 inch in diameter and 2 inches long and contains the sample 

material to be processed. Each cell is wrapped in a heater. Within each cell is a small copper plug that is kept 

slightly cooler than the rest of the cell, providing a place for sample material vaporized by the heater to 

recondense and grow the desired crystal or thin film material. 

The "ovens" are constructed from two aluminum cylinders, one inside the other, with the area between them 

vented to space to form an insulating vacuum -- like a thermos bottle. The resulting reduction in heat loss is a 

very important consideration since CONCAP-IV is battery-operated, providing a limited power supply. The 

high and low temperatures in each chamber are controlled by a miniaturized computer designed and built 

specially for this purpose. 

The crystals being grown have two important properties. First, when a laser beam passes through the crystal 

it comes out with twice the frequency (half the wavelength) of the original beam. This is important because it 

doubles the range of frequencies available for laser applications. Currently, lasers only operate efficiently at a 

limited number of frequencies, with some very important frequencies missing for scientific and commercial 

applications. 

Second, when an electric field is applied to some NLO materials, the refractive index of the material changes. 

When the refractive index changes, so does the path of light traveling through the crystal. This is like having 

a prism which will bend a light beam different degrees when voltages are applied to the crystal. The changing 

of the path of a light beam results in the crystals or thin film acting as a high speed, nearly instantaneous 

switch. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 61 

Such properties are extremely important to the optoelectronics and photonics industry, especially for optical 

computing. Without NLO materials, optical computers would be impossible. Nonlinear optical materials 

could play the same role in photonics and optoelectronics that semiconductors do in the electronics industry. 

Displaytech, Inc., Boulder, Colo., is participating with the UAH CMDS in CONCAP-IV. Displaytech is a 

commercializer of high-performance electro-optical devices. The Principal Investigator is Dr. Thomas Leslie, 

Associate Professor, Chemistry Department, UAH. The Payload Manager is William Carswell, Research 

Associate, UAH. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 62 

SUPERFLUID HELIUM ON-ORBIT TRANSFER (SHOOT) 

FLIGHT DEMONSTRATION 

The Superfluid Helium On-Orbit Transfer (SHOOT) Flight Demonstration, managed by NASA's Goddard 

Space Flight Center, is an experiment designed to develop and demonstrate the technology required to 

resupply liquid helium containers in space. In addition, components developed for SHOOT may find use in 

future space cryogenic (low temperature) systems. 

Many detectors for astrophysics and observation of Earth require cooling to extremely low temperatures to 

achieve high sensitivity. To achieve these low temperatures, liquid helium is used for cooling. By allowing 

the liquid to slowly vaporize, an instrument may be cooled to temperatures below 2 Kelvin (K) (-519o F, -

271o C). 

Examples of facilities that already have flown using liquid helium are the Infrared Astronomy Satellite 

(IRAS), launched in 1983, which discovered more than a quarter million new infrared objects and the Cosmic 

Background Explorer (COBE), launched in 1989, which has studied the Big Bang, the primeval explosion 

that started the expansion of the universe. 

The liquid helium gradually vents to space as it cools the instruments, therefore the instrument has a finite 

lifetime. It takes only a small amount of heat to evaporate liquid helium. For example, a 100 watt light bulb 

left on in a 53 gallon (200 liter) dewar would evaporate all the liquid in less than 1.5 hours. Both IRAS and 

COBE ran out of liquid in 10 to 11 months of operation. 

To achieve lower temperatures in the liquid, the vapor pressure is lowered. On the ground, this is 

accomplished by powerful vacuum pumps. In orbit, this is achieved by venting to the vacuum of space. By 

doing this, IRAS achieved a temperature of 1.64 K and COBE a temperature of 1.37 K. By contrast, cold, 

deep space is a relatively warm 2.74 K, twice as warm as COBE's liquid helium. Thus, COBE was the coldest 

known object in the universe outside of the Earth's atmosphere. SHOOT is expected to set a new low 

temperature record at 1.1 K. 

The SHOOT experiment consists of two vacuum insulated Thermos-like containers, called dewars, each 

holding 55 gallons (207 liters) of liquid helium. The two dewars are connected by a vacuum insulated 

transfer line. Liquid helium is pumped from one dewar to another at rates from 1.3 to 4.4 gallons per minute 

(300 to 1000 liters per hour). Each of dewar's plumbing, including pumps, valves and instrumentation, is 

nearly identical so that each dewar in turn may act as the supply or receiver dewar. 

The SHOOT dewars are attached to a Hitchhiker bridge which spans the width of the orbiter bay. The 

SHOOT electronics interface to the Shuttle through the Hitchhiker avionics. 

Having no viscosity, superfluid helium will leak through the smallest hole. Because the space around the 

cryogen tank must be a very good vacuum to insulate the liquid, no leak of any size can be tolerated. A leak 

at room temperature would be approximately 10,000 times greater with superfluid helium. Even an air leak 

which is so small that it would take 20 million years to fill the dewar is unacceptable. SHOOT has 

approximately 160 welds and 60 removable metal seals between the superfluid and the vacuum space. All of 

these have been checked and shown to be absolutely leak tight. 

SHOOT will consist of experiments in liquid management in low gravity, filling a large gap in the knowledge 

of the behavior of cryogens in space. The problem of controlling the position of cryogenic liquids in orbit is a 

difficult one. The evaporating gas must be allowed to leave the dewar, but the liquid must be contained. On 

the ground this is easy since the liquid is denser than the gas and gravity holds it in the bottom of the tank. In 

a low gravity environment, the liquid location is not well defined. Surface tension, heat inputs and the small 

residual accelerations of a spacecraft all play a role in positioning the liquid. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 63 

SHOOT will accomplish the first active management of liquid cryogens in space. A device called a phase 

separator allows helium vapor to leave the tank while the liquid is retained. The liquid will be gathered from 

the walls of the tank and fed to a superfluid pump. This pump converts heat directly to pressure by an effect 

unique to superfluid helium called the fountain effect. 

SHOOT is part experiment and part demonstration. Because so little experience with cryogen management in 

low gravity exists, the first part of SHOOT's on-orbit operations will be to gather as much data as possible 

about how the liquid is delivered to the pumps by liquid acquisition devices, the behavior of the liquid/vapor 

discriminators and the slosh and cooldown of the liquid. Control of the experiment will be from the ground 

through the Payload Operations Control Center at Goddard with the astronauts monitoring from the Shuttle's 

aft flight deck at key times. 

At one point the astronauts will accelerate the orbiter to settle the liquid in one end of the dewar to calibrate 

sensors. During two transfers, the Shuttle will be accelerated to move the liquid away from the pump to see if 

such disturbances interrupt the flow. Once the transfer of liquid stops, the acceleration will be stopped and 

the return of the liquid to the pump will be monitored. 

Near the end of the operations, the astronauts will control a transfer completely from the aft flight deck. They 

will use a program which has some expert system capabilities to control the transfer and diagnose any 

problems which may occur. This will be the first use of an expert system for a payload on the orbiter. 

SHOOT was developed and managed by Goddard for NASA's Office of Space Systems Development, 

Advanced Program Division, Washington, DC. 

SHOOT will: 

• achieve the lowest temperature ever in orbit -- 1.1 K (-457o F, 1.1 degrees above absolute zero). 

• demonstrate the first active management of liquid cryogen in space. 

• demonstrate the first use of an expert system in space. 

• demonstrate two types of liquid acquisition systems for delivering liquid to the pump. 

• make the first observations of thermal layering and mixing of a cryogen in orbit. 

• demonstrate superfluid mass gauging to 1 percent accuracy. 

• demonstrate controlled cooldown of a warm dewar. 

SHOOT spin-off technologies include: 

• Cryogenic motor driven valves are leak tight after hundreds of cycles. 

• A liquid/gas phase separator for use with normal liquid helium as well as superfluid, enabling easier 

ground servicing of future small dewars. 

• Liquid/vapor discriminators which can be used for other cryogens as well as liquid helium. 

• A relatively simple thermometry system to obtain resolution of 0.00001 K or better. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 64 

STS-57 EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY: 

DETAILED TEST OBJECTIVE 1210 

STS-57 crew members David Low and Jeff Wisoff will perform a 4-hour extravehicular activity (EVA) on 

the fifth day of the flight as a continuation of a series of spacewalks NASA plans to conduct to prepare for 

the construction of the space station. 

STS-57 will be launched as a 6-day, 22-hour, 40-minute flight. After launch, if calculations of the amount of 

fuel and energy required to retrieve EURECA and operate Spacehab match preflight projections, the flight 

will be extended by 24 hours. The EVA is the lowest priority of any objective or experiment on the flight, 

and the spacewalk will be performed only if the flight is extended by one day to become about a 7-day, 23-

hour flight. 

The space station demonstration EVAs, the first of which was performed on STS-54 in January 1993, are 

designed to refine training methods for spacewalks, expand the EVA experience levels of astronauts, flight 

controllers and instructors, and aid in better understanding the differences between true microgravity and the 

ground simulations used in training. 

In addition, since the Shuttle's remote manipulator system (RMS) mechanical arm will be aboard Endeavour 

to retrieve EURECA, the STS-57 spacewalk will assist in refining several procedures being developed to 

service the Hubble Space Telescope on mission STS-61 in December 1993. 

Low will be designated extravehicular crew member 1 (EV1) and Wisoff will be designated extravehicular 

crew member 2 (EV2). Pilot Brian Duffy will serve as intravehicular crew member 1 (IV1), assisting the 

spacewalkers from inside the crew cabin of Endeavour. 

During the spacewalk, Low and Wisoff first will take turns in a foot restraint mounted on the end of the robot 

arm, holding their fellow crew member in various ways to imitate moving a large, inanimate piece of 

equipment. Next, they will investigate different methods of managing their safety tethers while mounted in 

the robot arm restraint. 

Another objective is planned to have each crew member, mounted in the robot arm restraint, practice aligning 

their fellow crew member into a foot restraint mounted on the side of the cargo bay, simulating the task of 

aligning a large object into a tightly fitting restraint. The crew members also will practice working with 

various tools while in the robot arm restraint and gauge the ability of the restraint to hold them steady as they 

tighten or loosen a bolt. 

The information gathered by these tests is expected to apply to both the HST servicing spacewalks and space 

station construction planning, since moving, aligning and installing objects with large masses from the end of 

the robot arm will be integral to both jobs. 

Among the items hoped to be better determined are the speed at which the arm can be moved while an 

astronaut holds an object on the end, how large an object it is feasible to handle while in the arm foot 

restraint, the amount of time required for such tasks using an EVA crew member and the arm and how much 

stability is supplied by the arm during hands-on work such as tightening bolts and other attachment 

equipment. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 65 

FLUID ACQUISITION AND RESUPPLY EXPERIMENT II 

Principal Investigator: Susan L. Driscoll Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. 

The Fluid Acquisition and Resupply Experiment (FARE II) will investigate the dynamics of fluid transfer in 

microgravity. The experiment previously flew as FARE I on STS-53 in 1992 and also as the Storable Fluid 

Management Demonstration (SFMD) on STS 51-C in 1985. 

In space, liquid in a container does not readily settle on the bottom or leave a pocket of gas on top as it does 

on Earth. The position of liquids in weightlessness is highly unpredictable because the liquid and gas may 

locate or mix in any area within the container. To replenish on-board fluids and prolong the life of space 

vehicles such as the space station, satellites and extended duration orbiters, methods for transferring gas-free 

propellants and other liquids must be developed. 

FARE I was conducted primarily to assess the ability of a screen channel capillary system to drain liquids 

while working in a microgravity environment. Additionally, some experimentation was conducted regarding 

the control of liquid motion during tank refill sequences. 

Housed in four middeck lockers of the orbiter Endeavour, FARE II is designed to demonstrate the 

effectiveness of a device to alleviate the problems associated with vapor-free liquid transfer. The device 

exploits the surface tension of the liquid to control its position within the tank. 

The basic flight hardware consists of a 12.5 inches (30.48 cm) spherical supply tank and a 12.5 inches (30.48 

cm) spherical receiver tank made of transparent acrylic. Additional items include liquid transfer lines, two 

pressurized air bottles, a calibrated cylinder and associated valves, lines, fittings, pressure gauges and a 

flowmeter display unit. 

The experiment is essentially self-contained, with the exception of a water- fill port, air-fill port and an 

overboard vent connected to the orbiter waste management system. 

Mission specialists will conduct this experiment eight times during the flight, using a sequence of manual 

valve operations. Air from the pressurized bottles will be used to force fluid from the supply tank to the 

receiver tank and back to the supply tank. This process should take about 1 hour each time it is performed. 

An overboard vent will remove the vapor from the receiver tank as the fluid level rises. 

The FARE II control panel, containing four pressure gauges and one temperature control gauge, will be used 

by the crew to monitor and control the experiment. Camcorder video tapes and 35-mm photographs will be 

made during the transfer process. The crew also will have the option of using air-to- ground communication 

to consult with the principal investigator, if necessary. 

The test fluid used for this experiment is water with iodine, used as a disinfectant; blue food coloring, which 

will allow better visibility of the liquid movement; a wetting solution, known as Triton X-100, to give the 

fluid the consistency of a propellant; and an anti-foaming emulsion agent to prevent bubbles from forming in 

the receiver tank. 

Post-mission analysis of FARE II will include evaluation of the experiment equipment, as well as review of 

camcorder video tapes and 35-mm photographs. Because there will be no real-time data downlink during this 

experiment, detailed study and analysis of test data will not be conducted until after the mission. 

Historically, problems dealing with fluid orbital transfer have been dealt with by using bellows to move 

liquid without any pressurant gas or vapor surface. These systems are heavier, more complex, more 

expensive and more prone to leakage during the transfer process than conventional methods of liquid 

containment, such as the FARE II equipment. 

The mission managed by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala., will utilize equipment 

developed by Martin Marietta. At Marshall, Susan L. Driscoll is the Principal Investigator for FARE II. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 66 

AIR FORCE MAUI OPTICAL SYSTEM 

The Air Force Maui Optical System (AMOS) is an electrical-optical facility on the Hawaiian island of Maui. 

No hardware is required aboard Endeavour to support the experimental observations. The AMOS facility 

tracks the orbiter as it flies over the area and records signatures from thruster firings, water dumps or the 

phenomena of "Shuttle glow," a well-documented fluorescent effect created as the Shuttle interacts with 

atomic oxygen in Earth orbit. The information obtained by AMOS is used to calibrate the infrared and optical 

sensors at the facility. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 67 

STS-57 SPECIAL EVENTS & EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES 

Get-Away-Special #324 -- CAN DO 

The Charleston County School District's CAN DO experiment (GAS #324) is designed to take 1,000 photos 

of the Earth allowing students to make observations and document global change by comparing the CAN DO 

photos with matched Skylab photos. The canister also contains 350 small passive student experiments. CAN 

DO is sponsored by NASA's Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va., and supported by the South Carolina 

Space Grant Consortium. 

The CAN DO payload uses GAS hardware and is housed in a 5 cubic foot canister. The canister is sealed 

with a 0.92 inch fused silica window, which is optically flat and ground to a quarter wave tolerance, 

permitting photography in visible light, infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths. 

The primary payload of CAN DO, known as GEOCAM, contains four Nikon 35-mm cameras equipped with 

250 exposure film backs. The GEOCAM system will match closely the larger Skylab film format in both 

coverage and quality allowing direct examination and comparison of the changes that have occurred to the 

planet in the last 20 years. 

One thousand photographs will be taken by the four cameras over the course of the Shuttle mission. 

Photographic targets will be chosen by teachers and students based on weather, Sun angle, orbiter orientation 

and crew activities. Targets selected will be sent to the Shuttle once a day as crew notes. 

These efforts will be managed through a student-run mission control room at the Medical University of South 

Carolina. Student-teacher teams of 12 to 20 will operate four desks monitoring crew activities and mission 

timeline, monitoring weather data, targeting geological or environmental interests and communicating the 

target objectives with NASA's Johnson Space Center's Earth Observations Lab and the Shuttle Small Payload 

Customer Support Room. 

Activities and reports from the control room will be televised to students throughout the state by the South 

Carolina Educational Television Network. The Medical University of South Carolina will provide technical 

assistance. 

The CAN-DO teachers have designed classroom activities for grades K- 12 using the 1,000 photos to make 

observations. The photos comprise the first educational payload to photograph the Earth from space. Students 

will search for natural and human-induced environmental changes that may have taken place during the past 

20 years. Comparison between the photos, past and present, enables students to discover for themselves the 

major effects caused by deforestation, urbanization, river sediment loads, desertification, coastal erosion, lake 

levels wetlands and pollution. 

With assistance from atmospheric scientists, the photos should provide clues to the degradation of the air 

quality often mentioned by astronauts. Faculty members of the College of Charleston will aid in the 

interpretation of the results. 

The second experiment carried on CAN DO is 350 student-designed experiments. No other GAS payload in 

the history of the space program has ever undertaken this many different experiments. These experiments 

have been submitted from more than 60 Charleston County classrooms and from invited school districts from 

Maryland, Virginia, Texas, Arizona and Massachusetts. 

These experiments allow students to participate directly in research by testing the effect of space on various 

materials. Students from K-12 have chosen materials ranging from brine shrimp eggs to bubble solution to 

lipstick to cotton seeds to fly in space. A major goal of the student experiments is to teach the skills of proper 

experimental design as well as execution of valid scientific experiments. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 68 

Each student team has five samples of their materials in small 5 ml cryovials: one to fly in space, one to serve 

as a passive control and one each to be exposed to high doses of radiation, extreme cold and centrifuge. The 

control procedures will be carried out at the Medical University of South Carolina as part of its 

Business/Education Partnership Program with the Charleston County School District Office of Math, 

Sciences and Technology. 

In addition to the students' vial experiments, the WESTVACO Forestry Division has donated Sycamore and 

Loblolly Pine seeds to be placed into the canister. Classes participating in CAN DO will receive seedlings 

grown from space-exposed seeds and encouraged to raise "space trees." 

Students and teachers from the Poquoson School District in Poquoson, Va., are participating in the payload's 

student-designed experiments. Also, a team of Poquoson secondary students will travel to Charleston and 

operate the weather desk at the student mission control. NASA Langley atmospheric research scientists will 

provide appropriate training to the Poquoson students for their weather desk assignment. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 69 

SHUTTLE AMATEUR RADIO EXPERIMENT-II 

The Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment-II (SAREX-II) provides for public participation in the space 

program, supports educational initiatives and demonstrates the effectiveness of making contact between the 

Space Shuttle and low-cost amateur "ham" radio stations on the ground. 

On STS-57, Pilot Brian Duffy, call sign N5WQW, and Janice Voss, call sign to be determined, will operate 

SAREX. Duffy has operated SAREX in flight before during Shuttle mission STS-45. Operating times for 

school contacts are planned into the crew's activities. The school contacts generate interest in science as 

students talk directly with Voss or Duffy. There will be voice contacts with the general ham operator 

community as time permits. and short wave listeners (SWLs) worldwide also may listen. When Voss or 

Duffy are not available, SAREX- II will be in an automated digital response mode. 

On STS-57, SAREX-II will include VHF FM voice and VHF packet. The primary voice frequency that 

SAREX-II uses is 145.55 MHz downlink. There are a variety of uplink frequencies. Contacts with Endeavour 

will be possible between 42 degrees north latitude to 42 degrees south latitude, covering the lower half of the 

continental United States and Hawaii, all of Africa, most of South America, Australia, the East and the Far 

East. 

SAREX has flown previously on STS-9, STS-51F, STS-35, STS-37, STS-45, STS-50, STS-47, STS-55 and 

STS-56. SAREX is a joint effort of NASA, the American Radio Relay League (ARRL), the Amateur Radio 

Satellite Corp. (AMSAT), and the Johnson Space Center's Amateur Radio Club. Information about orbital 

elements, contact times, frequencies and crew operating schedules will be made available during the mission 

by these agencies and by amateur radio clubs at some other NASA centers. 

Hams from the JSC club, W5RRR, will be operating on amateur short wave frequencies, and the ARRL 

station, W1AW, will include SAREX information in its regular voice and teletype bulletins. The amateur 

radio station at the Goddard Space Flight Center, WA3NAN, in Greenbelt, Md., will operate around-theclock during the mission, providing information and re-transmitting live Shuttle air-to- ground audio. The 

JSC Public Affairs Office will operate a SAREX information desk during the mission, and mission 

information also will be available on the dial-up computer bulletin board (BBS) at JSC.SAREX Frequencies. 

Shuttle 

Transmitting 

Frequency 

Shuttle 

Receiving 

Frequency 

 

U.S. 145.55 MHz 144.99 MHz 

South America 145.55 144.97 

& Asia 145.55 144.95 

 145.55 144.93 

 145.55 144.91 

Europe 145.55 144.70 

 145.55 144.75 

 145.55 144.80 

South Africa 145.55 144.95 

Packet 145.55 144.49 

GSFC Amateur Radio Club (WA3NAN) planned HF operating frequencies 

3.860 MHz 7.185 MHz 14.295 MHz 21.395 MHz 28.395 MHz 

To connect to the JSC Compute Bulletin Board, BBS, (8 N 1 1200 baud) dial 713/483-2500 then type 62511. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 70 

STS-57 CREWMEMBERS 

STS057-S-002 -- These seven astronauts are in training for NASA's STS-57 mission scheduled for spring of 

this year. In front are astronauts Brian Duffy (left) and Ronald J. Grabe, pilot and mission commander, 

respectively. In back are (left to right) astronauts Peter J. Wisoff, Nancy J. Sherlock, Janice E. Voss, all 

mission specialists; and G. David Low, mission specialist and payload commander. 

No copyright is asserted for this photograph. If a recognizable person appears in the photo, use for 

commercial purposes may infringe a right of privacy or publicity. It may not be used to state or imply the 

endorsement by NASA or by any NASA employee of a commercial product, process or service, or used in any 

other manner that might mislead. Accordingly, it is requested that if this photograph is used in advertising 

and other commercial promotion, layout and copy be submitted to NASA prior to release. 

PHOTO CREDIT: NASA or National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 71 

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA 

RONALD J. GRABE, 47, Col., USAF, will be Commander (CDR) of STS-57. Selected as an astronaut in 

August 1981, Grabe considers New York, N. Y., his hometown and will be making his fourth space flight. 

Grabe graduated from Stuyvesant High School, New York, in 1962. He received a bachelors degree in 

engineering from the United States Air Force Academy in 1966 and studied aeronautics as a Fulbright 

Scholar at the Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, West Germany in 1967. 

Grabe first flew as Pilot for Shuttle mission STS-51J in October 1985. On his second flight, he was Pilot for 

Shuttle mission STS-30 in May 1989. On his most recent flight he was Commander of Shuttle mission STS42 in January 1992. Grabe has logged more than 387 hours in space. 

BRIAN DUFFY, 39, Col., USAF, will serve as Pilot (PLT). Selected as an astronaut in June 1985, Duffy 

was born in Boston, Mass., and will be making his second space flight. 

Duffy graduated from Rockland High School, Rockland, Mass., in 1971. He received a bachelors degree in 

mathematics from the Air Force Academy in 1975 and a masters degree in systems management from the 

University of Southern California in 1981. 

Duffy first flew as Pilot of STS-45 in March 1992 and has logged more than 214 hours in space. 

G. DAVID LOW, 37, will serve as Payload Commander and Mission Specialist 1 (MS1). Selected as an 

astronaut in May 1984, Low was born in Cleveland and will be making his third spaceflight. 

Low graduated from Langley High School, McLean, Va., in 1974. He received a bachelors degree in physicsengineering from Washington and Lee University in 1978, a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering 

from Cornell University in 1980 and a masters degree in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford 

University in 1983. 

Low first flew as a mission specialist aboard STS-32 in January 1990. His next flight was as a mission 

specialist on STS-43 in August 1991. He has logged more than 474 hours in space. 

NANCY JANE SHERLOCK, 34, Capt., USA, will serve as Mission Specialist 2 (MS2). Selected as an 

astronaut in January 1990, Sherlock considers Troy, Ohio, her hometown and will be making her first space 

flight. 

Sherlock graduated from Troy High School in 1977. She received a bachelors degree in biological science 

from Ohio State University in 1980 and a masters degree in safety engineering from the University of 

Southern California in 1985. 

After serving as a Neuropathology Research Assistant for 3 years at the Ohio State University College of 

Medicine, Sherlock was commissioned in the U. S. Army in 1981. She attended the Army Aviation School 

and later served as a UH-1H instructor pilot and a standardization instructor pilot for all phases of rotary 

wing flight. She has logged more than 2,900 hours flying time in rotary wing and fixed wing aircraft. 

Sherlock was assigned to NASA as a flight simulation engineer on the Shuttle Training Aircraft at the 

Johnson Space Center in 1987, developing and directing engineering flight tests, a position she held at the 

time of her selection. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 72 

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA 

PETER J. K. (JEFF) WISOFF, 34, will serve as Mission Specialist 3 (MS3). Selected as an astronaut in 

January 1990, Wisoff was born in Norfolk, Va., and will be making his first space flight. 

Wisoff graduated from Norfolk Academy in 1976. He received a bachelors degree in physics from the 

University of Virginia in 1980, a masters degree in applied physics from Stanford University in 1982 and a 

doctorate in applied physics from Stanford in 1986. 

After completing his doctorate, Wisoff joined the Rice University faculty in the Electrical and Computer 

Engineering Department, researching the development of new vacuum ultraviolet and high intensity laser 

sources and the medical application of lasers to the reconstruction of damaged nerves. He is currently 

collaborating with researchers at Rice University on developing new techniques for growing and evaluating 

semiconductor materials using lasers. 

JANICE VOSS, 36, will serve as Mission Specialist 4 (MS4). Selected as an astronaut in January 1990, 

Voss considers Rockford, Ill., her hometown and will be making her first space flight. 

Voss graduated from Minnechaug Regional High School in Wilbraham, Mass., in 1972. She received a 

bachelors degree in engineering science from Purdue University in 1975, a masters degree in electrical 

engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1977 and a doctorate in aeronautics 

and astronautics from MIT in 1987. 

Voss was a cooperative education employee at the Johnson Space Center from 1973 to 1975, working with 

computer simulations in the Engineering and Development Directorate. In 1977, she returned to JSC to work 

as a crew trainer, teaching entry guidance and navigation. After completing her doctorate, she joined Orbital 

Sciences Corp., working on mission integration and flight operations support for the Transfer Orbit Stage, a 

position she held at the time of her selection. 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 73 

STS-57 MISSION MANAGEMENT 

NASA HEADQUARTERS, WASHINGTON, DC 

Office of Space Flight 

Jeremiah W. Pearson III Associate Administrator 

Bryan O'Connor Deputy Associate Administrator 

Tom Utsman Space Shuttle Program Director 

Leonard Nicholson Space Shuttle Program Manager (JSC) 

Col. Brewster Shaw Deputy Space Shuttle Program Manager (KSC) 

Office of Space Systems Development 

Arnold D. Aldrich Associate Administrator 

Michael T. Lyons Deputy Associate Administrator (Flight Systems) 

Lewis Peach Jr. Director, Advanced Programs 

George Levin Chief, Advanced Space Systems 

Michael Card Program Manager, SHOOT 

Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology 

Gregory M. Reck Associate Administrator (Acting) 

Jack Levine Director (Acting), Flight Projects Division 

Andrew B. Dougherty Spacehab Utilization Program Manager 

Richard H. Ott Director (Acting), Space Processing Division 

Ana M. Villamil Deputy Director (Acting), Space Processing Division 

Dan Bland Commercial Middeck Augmentation Module Project Manager 

 (JSC) 

Office of Safety and Mission Assurance 

Col. Frederick Gregory Associate Administrator 

Charles Mertz (Acting) Deputy Associate Administrator 

Richard Perry Director, Programs Assurance 

Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications 

Gary Martin SAMS Program Manager 

Kennedy Space Center, FL 

Robert L. Crippen Director 

James A. "Gene" Thomas Deputy Director 

Jay F. Honeycutt Director, Shuttle Management and Operations 

Robert B. Sieck Launch Director 

John "Tip" Talone Endeavour Flow Director 

J. Robert Lang Director, Vehicle Engineering 

Al J. Parrish Director of Safety Reliability and Quality Assurance 

John T. Conway Director, Payload Management and Operations 

P. Thomas Breakfield Director, Shuttle Payload Operations 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 74 

Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 

Thomas J. Lee Director 

Dr. J. Wayne Littles Deputy Director 

Harry G. Craft Jr. Manager, Payload Projects Office 

Alexander A. McCool Manager, Shuttle Projects Office 

Dr. George McDonough Director, Science and Engineering 

James H. Ehl Director, Safety and Mission Assurance 

Otto Goetz Manager, Space Shuttle Main Engine Project 

Victor Keith Henson Manager, Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor Project 

Cary H. Rutland Manager, Solid Rocket Booster Project 

Parker Counts Manager, External Tank Project 

Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 

Aaron Cohen Director 

Paul J. Weitz Deputy Director 

Daniel Germany Manager, Orbiter and GFE Projects 

David Leestma Director, Flight Crew Operations 

Eugene F. Kranz Director, Mission Operations 

Henry O. Pohl Director, Engineering 

Charles S. Harlan Director, Safety, Reliability and Quality Assurance 

Stennis Space Center, Bay St. Louis, MS 

Roy S. Estess Director 

Gerald Smith Deputy Director 

J. Harry Guin Director, Propulsion Test Operations 

Ames-Dryden Flight Research Facility, Edwards, CA 

Kenneth J. Szalai Director 

Robert R. Meyers Jr. Assistant Director 

James R. Phelps Chief, Shuttle Support Office. 

Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 

Dr. Dale L. Compton Director 

Victor L. Peterson Deputy Director 

Dr. Joseph C. Sharp Director, Space Research 

Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 

Dr. John Klineberg Center Director 

Thomas E. Huber Director, Engineering Directorate 

Robert Weaver Chief, Special Payloads Division 

David Shrewsberry Associate Chief, Special Payloads Division 
Edited by Richard W. Orloff, 01/2001/Page 75 

SHUTTLE FLIGHTS AS OF JUNE 1993 

55 TOTAL FLIGHTS OF THE SHUTTLE SYSTEM -- 30 SINCE RETURN TO FLIGHT 

STS-56 

04/08/83 - 04/17/93 

STS-53 

12/02/92 - 12/09/92 

STS-55 

04/26/93 - 05/06/93 

STS-42 

01/22/92 - 01/30/92 

STS-52 

10/22/92 - 11/01/92 

STS-48 

09/12/91 - 09/18/91 

STS-50 

06/25/92 - 07/09/92 

STS-39 

04/28/91 - 05/06/91 

STS-46 

07/31/92 - 08/08/92 

STS-40 

06/05/91 - 06/14/91 

STS-41 

10/06/90 - 10/10/90 

STS-45 

03/24/92 - 04/02/92 

STS-35 

12/02/90 - 12/10/90 

STS-51L 

01/28/86 

STS-31 

04/24/90 - 04/29/90 

STS-44 

11/24/91 - 12/01/91 

STS-32 

01/09/90 - 01/20/90 

STS-61A 

10/30/85 - 11/06/85 

STS-33 

11/22/89 - 11/27/89 

STS-43 

08/02/91 - 08/11/91 

STS-28 

08/08/89 - 08/13/89 

STS-51F 

07/29/85 - 08/06/85 

STS-29 

03/13/89 - 03/18/89 

STS-37 

04/05/91 - 04/11/91 

STS-61C 

01/12/86 - 01/18/86 

STS-51B 

04/29/85 - 05/06/85 

STS-26 

09/29/88 - 10/03/88 

STS-38 

11/15/90 - 11/20/90 

STS-9 

11/28/83 - 12/08/83 

STS-41G 

10/05/84 - 10/13/84 

STS-51-I 

08/27/85 - 09/03/85 

STS-36 

02/28/90 - 03/04/90 

STS-5 

11/11/82 - 11/16/82 

STS-41C 

04/06/84 - 04/13/84 

STS-51G 

06/17/85 - 06/24/85 

STS-34 

10/18/89 - 10/23/89 

STS-4 

06/27/82 - 07/04/82 

STS-41B 

02/03/84 - 02/11/84 

STS-51D 

04/12/85 - 04/19/85 

STS-30 

05/04/89 - 05/08/89 

STS-3 

03/22/82 - 03/30/82 

STS-8 

08/30/83 - 09/05/83 

STS-51C 

01/24/85 - 01/27/85 

STS-27 

12/02/88 - 12/06/88 

STS-54 

01/13/93 - 01/19/93 

STS-2 

11/12/81 - 11/14/81 

STS-7 

06/18/83 - 06/24/83 

STS-51A 

11/08/84 - 11/16/84 

STS-61B 

11/26/85 - 12/03/85 

STS-47 

09/12/92 - 09/20/92 

STS-1 

04/12/81 - 04/14/81 

STS-6 

04/04/83 - 04/09/83 

STS-41D 

08/30/84 - 09/05/84 

STS-51J 

10/03/85 - 10/07/85 

STS-49 

05/07/92 - 05/16/92 

 

OV-102 

Columbia 

(14 flights) 

OV-099 

Challenger 

(10 flights) 

OV-103 

Discovery 

(16 flights) 

OV-104 

Atlantis 

(12 flights) 

OV-105 

Endeavour 

(3 flights)