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ASTRONAUTICS AND 

AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy 

NASA Historical Staff, 

Office of Policy Analysis 

Scrcnrrfic and Tcchntcal Inforrnatrorz Dtt I tron 1966 

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

Washrngton, D C 
For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, 

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 

Price $2.25 (paper cov4 

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number GGG009G 
Foreword 

The year 1965 recounted by this volume was an outstanding one in the 

U.S. space program. In his space report to Congress, President Johnson 

called it “the most successful year in our history.” It was one filled with 

noteworthy milestones deriving from less noticed decisions, actions, and 

labors of previous years. In the same way, milestones of the future are to 

be seen in their formative stages in this chronology for 1965. 

Man received his first close-up view of our neighboring planet Mars 

when on July 14, MARINER IV relayed to earth its photographs of lunar-like 

craters on the Martian surface. The conclusion of the Ranger program was 

witnessed by millions of Americans who watched on live television as the 

cameras of RANGER IX approached the moon on March 24. ALOUETTE 11 

was orbited by NASA for Canada in November and FR-1 for France in 

December. 

The orbiting of ten Gemini astronauts in a series of five spectacular flights 

during the year ended a 22-month gap since the last Mercury flight, FAITH 

7. The man-rated version of the Air Force Titan I1 reliably launched all 

Gemini flights, Astronauts Grissom and Young in March, as well as McDivitt and White in June, the latter marking his “space walk” outside the 

GEMiiu’i iv spacecrafi. TL llc G15L,I-uLLJ ,.:A+ a“., m.cc.nn I.I.ucl.v.~ of Astrnmcts Cnoper and 

Conrad in GEMINI v demonstrated that trained space pilots were physically 

capable of a lunar mission. Orbital rendezvous techniques were thoroughly 

demonstrated by the flights of GEMINI VII and VI. Astronauts Borman and 

Love11 in GEMINI VII took another long step in astronautics with their fourteen-day mission in December of 206 revolutions. Throughout the Gemini 

operation, the team effort involved closest cooperation of all of NASA and the 

military services, contractors, and the scientific community. 

Milestones in the lunar-landing Apollo program were not as well publicized as Gemini but marked significant progress. The Project Fire success 

in atmospheric entry of a test vehicle at speeds simulating a return from 

the moon provided a geometric jump in reentry physics. The first fullduration test of the gigantic Saturn V first stage of 7.5 million pounds of 

thrust on August 5 was a significant milestone in an engine program begun 

in 1958. As the Saturn I concluded its operational life with ten straight 

successes with the orbiting of Apollo boilerplate capsules and three Pegasus 

micrometeoroid satellites, the Saturn IB was being erected on the launch 

pad to begin its flight tests in 1966. 

Spectacular scientific and manned spaceflight events of 1965 could not 

overshadoh the practical utility to man on earth of communications and 

meteorological satellites. TIROS x, placed in orbit for the Weather Bureau, maintained service to worldwide needs for weather data, while 

TIROS Ix provided the first complete picture of the’ cloud-cover over the 

entire earth on February 13. NASA launched EARLY BIRD I for the Com- 

.. 

111 
IV FOREWORD 

munications Satellite Corporation in April. During the same month, NASA 

turned operational control of SYNCOM III over to the Department of Defense 

for service in important Far East communications. 

A chronology is not an adequate substitute for a documented narrative 

history. But in this chronology, spliced alongside the US. space events of 

1965, one can note the less publicized decisions, actions, and discussions 

concerned with the shaping of the future. About 90 percent of NASA’s 

$5.175 billion went to contractors for work done by almost 400,000 people 

in the factories and laboratories of some 20,000 prime contractors and 

subcontractors. In the university program about 10,000 scholars at 100 

universities in all fifty states were working on space-related topics. 

In addition to NASA-related events the chronology gives some of the impact on the American scene of the space effort, including critical comment 

testing in democratic fashion the pace and scale of space efforts. Actions, 

deliberations, and comment as part of international cooperation and competition are likewise represented in these pages. Hopefully this volume 

will serve the serious student of today as he seeks knowledge of past events 

so as to better understand the future. 

The late Hugh L. Dryden once wrote : 

Free peoples everywhere must retain a reliable perspective from which to discern better the future scientific, social, economic, political, and strategic consequences of dynamic advances now underway. The manner of the impact 

of technology upon society in the future will partly result from the broadest 

possible appreciation of its full significance. 

His passing on December 2 of this eighth year of the Space Age was noted 

throughout the world. He leaves lasting contributions to the development 

of space technology and of a sound philosophy of astronautics. This volume helps to document 12 months marking what Dr. Dryden called “the 

opening of a brilliant new stage in man’s evolution.” It should assist its 

readers in gaining helpful perspective upon man’s challenging venture into 

space. 

JAMES E. WEBB 

Administrator 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 
Contents 

PAGE 

111 

vi1 

1 

48 

100 

162 

213 

2644 

307 

363 

410 

458 

500 

533 

575 

605 

609 

619 

623 

Preface 

This chronology is designed to collect in preliminary form pertinent information on aeronautical and space affairs. Future historical research 

and narratives will of course deepen the process of documentation and 

enrich perspective on the high velocity of contemporary science and technology, as well as their impact and implications. The volume was prepared from open public sources to provide a reference for future historians 

and other analysts, scholars, students, and writers. Its detailed index was 

intended to provide ready access to most specialized needs. 

The entire NASA Historical Staff in Headquarters participated in source 

collection, review, and publication. The Science and Technology Division 

of the Library of Congress was responsible for drafting of the text proper, 

in the persons of Miss Lynn Catoe, Mrs. Anne Horton, and Miss Shirley 

Medley. The index was prepared by Arthur G. Renstrom, also of the Library of Congress. General editor of the entire Astronautics and Aeronuutics, 1965 project was Dr. Frank W. Anderson, Jr., Deputy NASA Historian; 

Mrs. Helen T. Wells was technical editor. Lloyd Robbins and Creston 

Whiting (ATSS-T) provided timely translations of Russian materials. Historians and historical monitors throughout NASA contributed useful inputs : 

validation was the constant concern of many busy persons throughout NASA. 

Appendix A, “Satellites, Space Probes, and Manned Space Flights-l%J65,” 

and Appendix B, “Major NASA Launchings, 1965,” were prepared by Dr. 

Anderson. Appendix C, “Summary Chronology of Manned Space Flights, 

1961-1965,” was prepared by William D. Putnam, Assistant NASA Historian 

for Manned Space Flight. Mrs. Wells prepared Appendix D, “Abbreviations of References.” 

This preliminary chronicle is but a first step in the historical process of 

documenting the dynamic and complex events of space exploration and 

exploitation. Comments, additions, and criticism are welcomed at any 

time. 

EUGENE M. EMME 

NASA Historian (EPH) 

Ofice of Policy Analysis 

VI1 
January 1965 

January I: Operation of SYNCOM 11 and SYNCOM 111 communications satellites was transferred to DOD by NASA, which had completed its R&D experiments. Telemetry and command stations and range and rangerate equipment operated by NASA for the Syncom program would be 

transferred to DOD along with the satellites. DOD had furnished the 

communications ground stations used to relay transmissions via the 

two Syncoms for the past two years and would provide NASA with certain telemetry and ranging data of continuing scientific and engineering interest. SYNCOM 111 was to prove useful in DOD’S Vietnam communications. (NASA Release 65-5) 

About 500 employees of the Manned Spacecraft Center’s Florida Operations were transferred to the Kennedy Space Center, effective today, 

under a realignment announced Dec. 24, 1964, by NASA Hq. Elements 

of the manned space flight organization were regrouped to meet the 

requirements imposed by concurrent Gemini and Apollo launch schedules. (MSC Roundup, 1/6/65, 1) 

Two hrs. and 20 min. of radio signals from Jupiter were received around 

midnight New Year’s Eve as predicted by George A. Dulk of the Univ. 

of Colorado. The signals were received at the Altitude Observatory of 

the National Center for Atmospheric Research at Boulder, which had 

kept its radiotelescope operating for the event. (Osmundsen, NYT, 

1/2/65, 1) 

January 2: NASA had compromised the scientific value of the interplanetary 

research program by spending too little on the Deep Space Net communications system, according to Frank Drake, prof. at Cornell Univ., 

in Saturday Review article. Drake noted that MARINER IV would only 

be able to relay 22 photos of Mars back to earth and that these would 

be of lesser quality-all because of communications limitations: “. . . one concludes that the space program could well use an array containing a hundred or more 65-ft. antennas. One array might cost 

$40,000,000, still only a few per cent of what will almost certainly be 

spent on planetary exploration in the next ten years.” 

Soviet cosmonaut Col. Vladimir Komarov, who commanded the threeman spacecraft VOSKHOD I on its orbital flight, told a Havana newspaper: “I believe I will take part in a similar trip-if not to the moon, 

then to another place.” Komarov was a member of the Soviet delegation in Havana for celebration of the sixth anniversary of Fidel Castro’s 

revolution. (New Orleans Times-Picayune, 1/3/65; AP, Hartford 

Courad, 1/3/65) 

(SR, 1/2/65) 

1 
2 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

January 2: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., received the first patent for 

a satellite communication system with its own orbit pattern. The satellite would linger for a considerable period over each of two widely 

separated areas ; while hovering virtually stationary, it could relay 

television and radio programs within its range, and also store programs 

from one area to play later on the other side of the globe. (Jones, 

NYT, 1/2/65; Chic. Trib., 1/3/65) 

U.K. was said to be considering the possibility of a licensing agreement 

with the US. that would enable British manufacturers to make parts of 

late-model aircraft produced in the US. American planes under consideration were: McDonnell Aircraft Corp’s F4C (Phantom 11) carrierbased attack aircraft; F-111 low-level strike aircraft made by General 

Dynamics Corp. and Grumman; and c-141 and Orion, both made by 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. 

January 3: MARINER IV changed the rate of sending scientific data from 331h 

to 835 bits of information per second by an automatic switching operation. This was the first command initiated by the spacecraft itself 

since it performed its mid-course maneuver Dec. 5. MARINER IV had 

traveled nearly 63 million miles in its 325-million-mile flight to Mars; 

the straight-line distance between earth and the spacecraft was 6,156,- 

704 miles. Systems were operating normally after 36 days in space. 

(NASA Release 65-4) 

More than 50 million Europeans-including viewers behind the Iron 

Curtain-had received same-day transmission of the Tokyo Olympic 

Games via US. satellites SYNCOM 1x1 and RELAY I last October, NASA 

announced. (NASA Release 65-2) 

Japan’s Ministry of Telecommunications said signals from what they had 

thought a new Soviet satellite turned out to be Italian-US. SAN MARCO 

I. launched Dec. 15, 1964. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/2/65; AP, Wash. 

Sun. Star, 1/3/65) 

Dr. Albert J. Kelley, Deputy Director of NASA Electronics Research 

Center, said in an article in Boston Sunday Globe: “The need for 

increased electronics research to develop devices which will meet the 

demands and rigors of long space flights will affect our industrial 

outlook and economy in many ways. By requiring a ‘new look‘ at 

electronics, NASA, led by ERC, will provide a research emphasis such as 

we have not had since World War 11 when the golden age of electronics 

started. 

“We have been in the ‘rocket phase’ and are now entering the ‘electronic phase’ of space flight development, a phase which will affect US 

dramatically over many years.” 

British designers had perfected a miniature rocket costing only $2,240 

per copy, it was reported. Nine ft. in length with a 7X-in. diameter, 

the rocket would use solid fuel and reach a speed of 3,500 mph, 

sending the casing containing scientific instruments to maximum 

altitude of 80 mi. plus. 

Scientists concluded that explosions and resultant earth-craters created 

by giant meteorites bore a striking similarity to the effect produced by 

the larger nuclear weapons; hence a meteorite fall might be mistaken 

for a nuclear explosion. Opinions varied as to the size of the body 

that could gouge a crater as large as the Meteor Crater of Arizona- 

(Farnsworth, NYT, 1/3/65, 13) 

(Boston Sun. Globe, 1/3/65) 

( AP, Kansas City Times, 1/4/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 3 

anywhere from 30,000 tons to 2.6 million tons, with an explosive force 

of 20 million tons of TNT. Both the size of the meteorite and its 

velocity on impact would be factors in producing a crater. (Sullivan, 

NYT, 1/3/65,6E’l 

January 3: Semyon A. Kosberg, 61, one of the Soviet Union’s leading designers of airplane engines, was killed in an automobile accident. He 

had been given the title “Hero of Socialist Labor” and had won a Lenin 

prize for his designs. (NYT, 1/5/65, 12) 

Writing in Pravda, I. Akulinichev, Dr. of Medical Sciences, said: “. . . Of course, the question of lunar laboratories is now only 

at the level of scientific planning. . . . To bring this possibility closer 

to our times, it is necessary to accomplish manned flights to the region 

of the Moon. Further, we need to solve reliably the question of methods to use for a successful lunar landing of a spacecraft and the return 

of the cosmonauts to Earth. In my view, the first lunar laboratories 

will initially study the possibilities of the prolonged sojourn of man on 

the Moon. Scientists will investigate ways of using the lunar conditions for assisting the normal life activity of people. . . . Finally, the 

scientists will study the conditions of orientation on the Moon and the 

possibilities of the navigation of interplanetary spacecraft.” 

In the same issue of Pravda, Soviet Academician B. Konstantinov 

wrote: “In this New Year’s article, I wish to dwell on the possibility of 

international cooperation in the use of solar energy. . . . What appears most attractive is the conversion of solar energy into electricity. In the foreseeable future, man may solve this problem; along with 

this, it is conceivable that the problems of controlling the weather and 

climate will also be solved.” 

Januury 4: Gemini GT-3 spacecraft arrived at NASA Kennedy Space Center 

far fix! flight prepiritin~s hefore the nation’s first two-man flight this 

spring. (KSC Release 3-65) 

According to Dr. Harold B. Finger, Manager of AEC-NASA Space Nuclear 

Propulsion Office ( SNPO) , NASA would not spend any further funds on 

Project Orion (nuclear-pulse propulsion project). The decision was 

based on the fact that such a system could not be used while the nuclear 

test ban treaty was in effect. In addition, NASA felt there were more 

urgent projects on which to spend the money. 

Dr. Barry Commoner, professor of plant physiology at Washington Univ. 

in St. Louis and chairman of the AAAS Committee on Science in the 

Promotion of Human Welfare, told Aviation Week and Space Technology that the question of the probability of finding life on Mars had 

not been “fully and fairly aired,” and that an “overbalance of the 

positive viewpoint has been presented to Congress and the public by 

NASA officials.” Dr. Commoner said that if asked his views on 

Voyager as a tax-paying citizen, his feeling would be that “the value of 

pursuing a program to find life on Mars at this time is not worth the 

$1.25 billion to be invested because the problem of finding life there 

has not been adequately explored.” He had made similar charges in a 

speech at the AAAS meeting last December in Montreal. 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space 

Science and Applications, was reported by Aviation Week and Space 

Technology as listing six major points in defending NASA’s position 

(Pravda, 1/3/65,4, ATSS-T Trans.) 

(M&R, 1/4/65, 9) 
4 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

regarding Mars exploration: ( 1) Numerous competent scientists had 

said there was little liquid water on Mars and that the planet had 

a dry, dusty surface with high ultraviolet radiation. Changing patterns on the planet indicated some form of seasonal change, however. (2) With the evidence at hand, it was not possible to say there 

was life on Mars, only that life might be there. (3) If there were life 

on Mars it might be similar to basic life forms on earth. (4) The only 

reasonable approach we could take to the exploration of Mars would 

be to make sure we looked for life before the planet was contaminated 

from earth. If life was not found on Mars, it still would be valuable 

to determine how far the planet’s chemical processes had progressed 

toward life formation. (5) The Voyager program had not been sold 

to Congress on the basis that there was life on Mars. It has been 

pointed out during budget hearings that there might not be life on the 

planet but nobody could responsibly take the position that there 

wasn’t. Therefore, the early emphasis of Project Voyager was on 

bioscience. (6) The Mars exploration was part of an overall program 

to explore the solar system, including the moon, comets, and other 

planets. Mars happened to be the planet NASA was focusing its attention on because it would be in the optimum launch position through 

the mid-1970’s. 

January 4: Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper, director of the Lunar and Planetary 

Laboratory of the Univ. of Arizona and principal scientific investigator on the Ranger project, replied to Robert C. Cowen’s article, “Was 

the Ranger Worth the Cost?”, which appeared in the Christian Science 

Monitor Nov. 18. Mr. Cowen had raised four principal questions: (1) 

Was the recent RANGER VII mission scientifically justifiable? (2) Was 

it well planned and executed? (3) Were the results up to expectations? Dr. Kuiper said in letter to 

CSM: “Ranger was the U.S. pioneering program of deep-space research 

and accomplished much more than getting the 4,300 lunar photographs. 

It established the worth and feasibility of the ‘parking orbit’ and other 

concepts of space ballistics, power supply, and communication, as well 

as preparation for Mars and Venus probes. . . . The cost of the 4,300 

lunar records is therefore not the full $270 million (which moreover 

includes Rangers VIII and IX, not yet flown) but, say, $50-$100 million. No ground-based effort, even with the 300-4Winch telescope 

costing over $100 million, would, even in the absence of our disturbing 

atmosphere, have yielded 100th of the magnification (resolution) obtained in Ranger VII. I definitely know of no better and cheaper way 

to get high-resolution photographs. . . .” 

In a reply to Dr. Kuiper, Mr. Cowen quoted from a letter by Dr. 

Andrew T. Young of Harvard College Observatory and published in 

Science: “. . . It is clear that there are some things that can only be 

learned above the atmosphere, and it is important that we have a 

program directed at learning them. . . . [But] many things that can 

be learned from above the atmosphere can also be learned, much more 

cheaply, by ground-based techniques. For example, some of the most 

convincing evidence for life on Mars is based on a few hours of twi- 

(Av. Wk., 1/4/65, 18) 

(4) Where do we go from here? 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 5 

light observations with the 200-inch telescope. . . . But the 200-inch 

telescope has been available for planetary research only a few times, 

generally during daylight or twilight. . . . Rocket-borne research involves many costly failures, but a duplicate 200-inch telescope could 

easily be built and staffed for the $28 million that Ranger 7 alone 

cost. . . .” 

January 4: Gen. Bernard A. Schriever (USAF) announced the activation of 

the Contract Management Div., Air Force Systems Command (AFSC), 

under the command of Col. Fred L. Rennels, Jr. (WAF). Located at 

Los Angeles Air Force Station, the new division would be responsible 

for DOD contract management activities in those plants assigned to the 

Air Force under the DOD National Plant Cognizance program. (AFSC 

Release 61.64) 

USAF announced that Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., was receiving a 

$1,056,700 final increment to an existing contract for production of 

ion thrustor systems for orbital flight. 

Col. John H. Glenn, Jr., former NASA astronaut and first American to 

orbit the earth, retired from the Marine Corps after 22 yrs. in the 

service. Glenn said he would spend much of his time as a consultant 

to NASA. (DOD 

Release 912-64; Wash. Eve. Star, 1/4/65; Wash. Post, 1/5/65; Balt. 

Sun, 1/5/65; Chic. Trib., 1/5/65) 

January 5: NASA announced plans to negotiate with Lockheed Missile and 

Space Co. to modify five Agena D second-stage launch vehicles for use 

in Lunar Orbiter missions. Modifications under the incentive contract would include vehicle engineering support; systems testing; overall system integration functions ; shroud, adapter and interface COordination; and design iabrication of groiind eq”ip~ezt. The L~nar 

Orbiter program would secure topography data of the moon’s surface 

to extend scientific knowledge and to help select and confirm landing 

sites for the Apollo manned moon landings. 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center had received an estimated 1,351 applications or letters of interest relating to the scientist-astronaut program. 

The deadline for filing applications had been Dec. 31, 1964. (Houston 

Post, 1/5/65) 

J. Stalony-Dobrazanski of the Northrop Corp. reported at AIAA meeting in New York that spaceships could be kept cool automatically 

during reentry by a new guidance system. Network of supersensitive 

thermometers imbedded in the outer skin of the spacecraft would 

monitor the temperature, then computer would order correction in vehicle’s trajectory or orientation if friction of the atmosphere raised skin 

temperature above a certain point. 

Western Electric Company had received a $90,644,200 modification to 

an existing cost-plus-incentive-fee contract for research and development of Nike-X missile system, DOD announced. (DOD Release 3-65) 

Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) announced completion of the new Federal 

Aviation Regulations ( FARS) -a simplification of rules governing the 

Nation’s pilots, airlines, and airplane manufacturers. Number of regulations was reduced from 125 to 55. 

(CSM, 1/4/65) 

(DOD Release 917-65) 

He would also be a director of Royal Crown Cola Co. 

(NASA Release 65-6) 

(Wash. Daily News, 1/26/65) 

(FAA Release 65-2) 
6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

January 5: In a television interview, Israeli Premier Levi Eshkol urged 

West Germans to end the activity of German rocket experts in the 

United Arab Republic, said that these experts were helping the Arabs 

to prepare a war against Israel. The West German government had 

officially deplored the participation of German scientists and military 

experts in Arab rocket projects, but had not interfered on the grounds 

that the group was composed of private citizens who, according to the 

German Constitution, could work where they pleased. German rocket 

expert Prof. Wolfgang Pilz, leader of Germans working for the U.A.R., 

spoke in an interview of the pressure brought to bear by the Israeli 

Government, particularly the terrorist tactics of Israeli secret agents 

which made it necessary for Germans to be accompanied by body 

guards at all times. 

January 6: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket reached a peak altitude of 

91.1 mi. from Wallops Island, Va. Purpose was to simultaneously 

measure the altitude of sodium airglow with sodium vapor and interference filters and determine atmospheric density with a 26-in., metallized, inflated mylar sphere. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

F-111~ was flown successfully for the second time from Carswell AFB, 

Tex. Flight data: maximum altitude, 27,000 ft.; maximum speed, 400 

knots (460 mph) ; flight time, 1 hr. and 2 min. General Dynamics test 

pilots Richard L. Johnson and Val E. Prahl conducted stability and 

control tests at 10,000 and 20,000 ft., operating the wino. sweep mechanism from 16" takeoff position to 26" position, then go, back to 40" 

to make sure the system worked, and finally to full-swept 72.5" 

position. This was the first time that wing position was varied in the 

flight of a military aircraft. The major test objective of the flight was 

accomplished-10 min. of flight with wings fully aft. Flight plans 

calling for an evaluation of stability at 30,000 ft. were called off because fuel flow and temperature in one of the two jet engines appeared 

to be outside normal limits, but this involved no reduction in flight 

time. General Dynamics reportedly would receive a bonus amounting 

to more than $800,000 for completing this milestone flight 24 days 

ahead of schedule. (Thomis, Chic. Trib., 1/7/65; Witkin, NYT, 

1/7/65, 1; Av. Wk., 1/11/65, 19) 

Air Force Secretary Eugene M. Zuckert placed further restrictions on 

simulated bombing missions of B-58 Hustlers over Chicago : the supersonic bombers would fly at higher altitudes (48,00C)-49,000 ft. instead 

of 41,00044,000-ft. range originally programed) to reduce impacts 

of sonic booms; flights would be canceled during bad weather. It had 

been announced earlier that the number of training missions per day 

would be reduced from a maximum of four to two. (Chic. Trib., 

1/7/65) 

Federal Aviation Agency Administrator Najeeb E. Halaby proposed that 

a 10-day international aerospace and science exposition be held at the 

Dulles International Airport in June 1966. Purpose of the exposition 

would be to stimulate aerospace exports. 

Indonesian Air Vice Admiral Budiardjo, deputy air force chief for logistics, claimed that Indonesia had begun surveys for space flights and 

would be able to launch its first astronaut by 1968. (AP, Wash. Post, 

1/7/65, A13) 

(NYT, 1/7/65, 5; Buchalla, NYT, 1/8/65, 1) 

(NYT, 1/8/65, 10) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 7 

January 7: MARINER IV was 70 million mi. on its 325-million-mi. fight to 

Mars after 40 days in space. All systems were operating normally 

(AP, Phil. Eve. Bull., 1/7/65) 

Dr. William A. Lee of NASA Manned Spacecraft Center announced new 

launch schedule for Saturn IB and Saturn V: 1966, three unmanned 

and one manned launches of Saturn IB; 1967, two unmanned Saturn 

V launches, one manned Saturn IB, Lem test with Saturn IB, one 

manned flight with complete Apollo spacecraft, using Saturn IB, and 

one manned flight using either Saturn IB or Saturn V, whichever was 

farthest along in development; 1968, a dress rehearsal for the lunar 

mission in earth orbit for one week with astronauts participating. “We have a fighting chance 

to make it by 1970 and also stay within the $20 billion price tag set 

for the mission by former President Kennedy.” (AP, Wash. Ewe. Star, 

1/7/65) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb swore in R. Walter Riehlman, 

former Republican member of the House of Representatives from New 

York’s 34th District (Syracuse) as a consultant on policy 

matters. (NASA Release 65-9) 

ComSatCorp asked nine foreign companies to propose studies of launch 

vehicles for medium altitude communications satellites in addition to 

the 16 American companies approached a month ago. The deadline 

for submitting proposals was extended from Jan. 11 to Feb. 1. (CornSatCorp) 

AEC report said that nuclear fuel aboard a spacecraft which failed to 

go into orbit last April 21 had burned up harmlessly at high altitude. 

This was a reply to Russian and other critics who had accused the 

US. of causing radiation hazards by putting atomic generators aboard 

spacecraft. The generator involved was a Snap9A aboard a Navy 

navigation satellite launched from Vandenberg AFB, Calif. (UPI, P’nil. 

Eve. Bull., 1/8/65) 

Sen. Leverett Saltonstall (R.-Mass.) introduced in the Senate a bill 

designed to set aside March 16 of every year in honor of Dr. 

Robert H. Goddard, “the father of modern rocketry.” The bill was 

referred to the Committee on the Judiciary. 

Vice Adm. H. G. Rickover (USN) spoke before the Publishers’ Lunch 

Club of New York. In his speech Admiral Rickover said: “HOW to 

resolve the antithesis between technology and individual liberty ; how 

to insure that technology will be beneficial, not harmful, to man, to 

society, and to our democratic institutions-this, I would say, is a 

public question. I raise it here because I believe the members of 

this audience are particularly well qualified to explore this 

problem. In your business the conflict between technology and liberty 

-so prevalent everywhere else in our society-is muted, if not absent 

altogether. 

“Improvements in the mechanics of producing and selling books 

have not diminished the importance of the author. Your success still 

depends on him. He cannot be rendered obsolete by 

automation. The human factor therefore continues to outweigh the 

technical. As in the past, your main function is to discover talent and 

help bring it to fruition. You know that liberty enhances creativity, 

“Then the moon,” said Dr. Lee. 

(CR, 1/7/65, 283) 
8 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

that men with a special competence must be allowed to follow their 

own judgment. . . . “How to make technology most useful to ourselves and our society, 

yet prevent it from controlling our lives-that is the problem. The 

problem is aggravated by the bureau-cratization of American life, itself 

largely a result of technology.” . (Text, CR, 1/29/65, 1522-24) 

January 7: USAF announced that AFSC Space Systems Div. had awarded a 

$1,783,500 increment to an existing contract for procurement of standard launch vehicle boosters to Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc. (DOD Release 8-65) 

Britain would go ahead with the $880-million U.K.-France project to 

build the Concorde supersonic airliner, according to the London Daily 

Express. Two Concorde prototypes, and possibly as many as six, 

would be built with work shared by the British Aircraft Corp. and 

France’s Sud Aviation. There had been no official French response 

to British Labor government’s proposal that the Concorde project be 

cut back, but French government as well as British union leaders were 

said to be hostile to the proposed “review.” (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

1/7/65; Av. Wk., 1/11/65, 32) 

Julius E. Kuczma, executive secretary of the US. Labor-Management 

Government Commission, said his group had decided to hold a hearing 

and take any steps necessary to resolve the labor dispute that had 

halted construction work at Cape Kennedy last month. (UPI, Orl. 

Sen., 1/8/65) 

January 8: FAA announced that contracts for industry study in the supersonic transport program had been extended an additional two months. 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 1/9/65) 

Dr. Richard Shorthill of Boeing Scientific Research Laboratories reported that from 400 to 800 “hot spots” were observed on the moon during the eclipse of December 18, 1964. The lunar face had been 

scanned at infrared wavelengths from the Helwan Observatory near 

Cairo, Egypt. Recent impacts from meteors, which would create 

rocky craters slower to cool after the sunlight was obscured, might 

account for the “hot spots.” It was already known that prominent 

craters from which rays radiated in all directions, such as Tycho, were 

slow to cool, compared to the normal surface, which was thought to be 

carpeted with dust. While the total number of slow-cooling locations 

would remain uncertain until the tape-recorded results had been plotted by computer, Dr. Shorthill felt that if the technique produced an 

inventory of young craters, it would help in spotting new ones when 

they occurred and in estimating the rate at which the moon and the 

earth were bombarded by debris from space. (Sullivan, NYT, 

1/9/65) 

Application for patents on a recoverable single-stage spacecraft booster 

was filed with the US. Patent Office by NASA Marshall Space Flight 

Center. Invented by Philip Bono, a space engineer at Douglas Missile 

and Space Systems Div., the booster was called Rombus (Reusable 

Orbital Module-Booster and Utility Shuttle) and would have the capability of placing approximately 1 million Ib. in circular orbit 175 mi. 

high and could be reused 20 times. Rombus would have its own 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 9 

propulsion for orbiting, deorbiting, and landing retrothrust, would employ eight strap-on, jettisonable liquid hydrogen fuel tanks. The vehicle resulted from a NASA-funded study but was not presently being 

developed. (Marshall Star, 1/13/65, 1-2; Seattle Post-Intelligence, 

1/8/65) 

January 9: At Vatican City, Pope Paul VI saw a movie made up of photos 

taken by RANGER VII as it neared the moon. NASA Associate Administrator Robert Seamans, Jr., in Europe on other business, and 

NASA European representative, Gilbert W. Ousley, were received by the 

Pope, showed him the movie, and answered his questions. (N.Y. Herald Trib., 1/11/65; AP, Balt. Sun., 1/11/65) 

Dr. Eric Ogden, Chief of the Environmental Biology Division at NASA 

Ames Research Center, was recipient of a Research Committee Citation 

presented by the American Heart Association in New York. His work 

for the Heart Association had been primarily in planning and evaluating heart research projects. 

Tass announced that the Soviet Union would launch new types of space 

rockets into the Pacific Ocean from Jan. 11 until Mar. 1 to gather 

experimental data, and had asked other governments using sea or air 

routes in the Pacific to make arrangements for ships and aircraft 

not to enter the impact area between noon and midnight during the 

launching period. The carrier rockets would be fired to a point 

within a radius of 74 mi. from a center with coordinates of 1.58' 

north latitude and 164.17' west longitude. (Reuters, NYT, 1/10/65; 

Tass, Izvestia, 1/12/65,4, ATSS-T Trans.) 

Working on the assumption that a leveling off of defense expenditures in 

the Federal budget would be accompanied by diversion of some defense 

funds for other public needs, California was taking steps to find new 

c~stnmers f~r its aemspare industries. 37 per cent of California's 

manufacturing industry was concentrated in ordnance, aircraft, electrical, and instrument production, all of which, according to Gov. 

Edmund G. Brown, would be vulnerable to cutbacks and phaseouts 

in the Government's space and defense programs. The state was prepared to finance study contracts in four major problem areas: waste 

management, data collection, care of the mentally and criminally ill, 

and transportation systems. Aerojet-General Corp. had already signed 

a six-month, $100,000 contract to develop long-range state plans to 

manage all kinds of waste, including air and water pollution. (Davies, 

Univ. of Louisville would be the first engineering school in the US. to 

have installed an electric system linking its computers with all laboratories and classrooms in its Speed Scientific School. Students working on experiments would signal measurements directly to a computer 

for immediate calculation and correlation. Experiments could be 

shown on closed circuit TV. Eventually the computers would be programed to direct experiments by automatically changing temperatures, 

mixtures, pressure rates, or liquid flows. 

January 10: NASA signed a one-year $70,000 contract with Flight Safety 

Foundation to report and evaluate research and development projects 

and events related to rough air in the atmosphere. The study would 

be conducted from FSF Offices in New York City, Phoenix, Ariz., and 

Los Angeles. (NASA Release 65-10) 

(ARC Release 65-1) 

NYT, 1/10/65, 12) 

(NYT, 1/10/65,44) 
10 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

January 10: In an article entitled “The Pentagon, the ‘Madmen,’ and the 

Moon,” Maj. Gen. of the Soviet Air Force B. Teplinskiy said: “Sober 

voices in the United States call for collaboration with the U.S.S.R. in 

space research. The Saturday Evening Post said: ‘When we reach the 

moon and the stars, we shall find the solutions to the most profound 

secrets of the universe. How much more easily accessible all this 

would be if we would fly there together.’ 

“It is known throughout the entire world that the lag in this respect 

does not depend on the Soviet Union. It is the spiteful policy of those 

U.S. circles, which do not hide their military space plans, which constitute the obstacle. These plans are widely trumpeted by the press, 

television, and radio. On the one 

hand it allegedly pursues the aim of enhancing US. prestige while it 

actually is aimed at blowing up the psychosis around the space armaments race and at trying to provoke the Soviet Union into retalatory 

measures or to intimidate it by the alleged US. possibilities. A naive 

scheme.” (Krasnaya Zvezda, 1/10/65, 3) 

Data from SOLRAD, the Naval Research Laboratory’s satellite monitoring 

the sun’s x-ray behavior during the 1964-65 International Years of 

the Quiet Sun ( IQSY) , indicated that the sun was at its quietest during 

May, June, and July, 1964. Information from SOLRAD also suggested 

that the x-ray region of the corona, instead of being a homogeneous 

region of a million miles or so, was a series of small cells that flared 

up to emit hard x-rays and then decayed rapidly. What was seen on 

earth was the net effect of many knots of very hot, flashing gas 

giving the appearance of a homogeneous region. (Simons, Wash. Post, 

1/11/65; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/11/65; M&R, 1/18/65) 

Eight NASA astronauts began geology field training in Hawaii, where they 

visited lava fields of Mauna Loa and Kilauea, active volcanoes, as well 

as upper elevations of dormant Mauna Kea. Geologists believed that 

these shield volcanoes contained features similar to those of the lunar 

surface. 

Study emphasis was on mechanics of lava flow, fissure eruption, 

deep lava lakes; examples of hot and cold basaltic flows; physical 

composition of lava rock; and topographic forms of shield 

volcanoes. Underfoot textures theorized as being typical of lunar terrain ranged from the glassy form of “pahoehoe” lava, through the 

crusty snow effect of “aa” lava, to the sinking feeling of loose cinders 

and pumice. 

The study was conducted by Dr. Ted FOSS, head of the Geology and 

Geochemistry Section at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. Astronauts 

were Charles Conrad, Jr., Clifton C. Williams, David R. Scott, Edwin 

E. Aldrin, Jr., Alan L. Bean, Donn F. Eisele, Roger Chaffee, and Richard Gordon. ( UPI, Houston Chron., 1/11/65; Bryan, Houston 

Post, 1/14/65) 

US. Chamber of Commerce released a report entitled “Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development,” which proposed the 

establishment of a forum for debating scientific and technical issues 

(such as space exploration and desalting of the oceans) before they 

became national policy. The council, to be composed of representatives of industry, labor, the Government, and the academic industry, 

would investigate the inherent worth of proposed programs and their 

Such a position is not accidental. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 11 

value to society to increase public understanding of issues that were 

usually decided by the Government alone and debated afterward. 

(Clark, NYT, 1/11/65, 46) 

January 11: Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council, said before the New York Academy of 

Sciences that “scientists should not set themselves up to judge the 

overall value” of the national space program. Past advice from scientists had not always been sound advice, he noted. “. . . Organized 

science has not always been outstanding for its courage, its vision, or 

its optimism regarding goals for human efforts. Elements of conservatism, parochialism, and even reactionary thinking do appear 

among scientists just as they do among many other groups in our 

society.” 

Dr. Welsh was also critical of the practice of criticizing the space 

program “by narrowly comparing” the dollars spent for space with 

what those same dollars might accomplish “if devoted to other endeavors, scientific or otherwise.” He said that often such dollars were not 

transferable ; that space dollars might change the general climate to 

one favoring broader aid to the whole spectrum of science; and that 

since space expenditures sought broader goals than those of science, 

“the comparison may well be invalid on the face of it.” 

He continued : “The visionaries, whether primarily scientists or policy makers, must be given the opportunity to point out the many 

benefits which can flow from the manned and unmanned uses of 

aerospace. But, given such opportunity, they should use it effectively 

and affirmatively. Regardless of their motivations, the pessimists who 

cry out against aerospace research and technological endeavors have 

clearly set themselves against progress. The United States can no 

lnnger relax and rest on its past industrial laurels. The race for survival, literally and philosophically, is on. Of course, we would all like 

to believe in the solely non-aggressive uses of aerospace by all countries which have the needed technology. However, the realities of life 

dictate adequate preparation to preserve our national and Free World 

security. We should follow the axiom that a pound of prevention is 

worth mega-tons of cure.” 

Howard Simons commented in the Washington Post that these remarks were probably precipitated by a report from a committee of the 

American Association for the Advancement of Science which had 

charged that social, economic, military, and political pressures were 

distorting the traditional values and effectiveness of science. The report was highly critical of Project Apollo: “The Apollo program, in its 

present form, does not appear to be based on the orderly, systematic 

extension of basic scientific investigation.” (Text, CR, 1/28/65, 

A364-65; Simons, Wmh. Post, 1/12/65) 

9 NASA announced that Launch Complex 16 at Cape Kennedy would be 

modified to convert the former Titan missile facility into static test 

stands for the Apollo manned lunar spacecraft. Construction bids 

were expected to be opened by Army Corps of Engineers, late this 

month. The modified test facility would replace an Apollo static test 

stand originally planned for the NASA Kennedy Space Center’s Merritt 

Island facility. Officials estimated that the modification of Complex 
12 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

16 would represent a cost reduction of about 72 per cent under the 

original $7 million construction estimate for test stands on Merritt 

Island. (KSC Release 7-65) 

January 11: NASA Langley Research Center scientist Windsor L. Sherman 

proposed conversion of Project Mercury spacecraft into unmanned, 

recoverable orbiting telescope platforms. Equipment would include a 

76-cm. Cassegrainian telescope, a camera recording system, and an 

attitude control system. The system would weigh approximately 

4,700 lb. and would be aimed for a 300-mi. orbit. The observatory 

would remain in orbit 1W200 days, exposing four frames of film on 

each orbit for a total of 6,000 frames. After all film was exposed, the 

system would be braked out of orbit and would descend into the 

Bermuda recovery area of the Eastern Test Range, using the same recovery techniques developed for the manned Mercury landings. In 

addition to its capacity to perform a variety of such astronomical observations as high resolution photography, photometry, and spectroscopy, Sherman said, the recoverable observatory would permit reuse 

of capsule, optical, and control systems. It would allow study of 

space effects on equipment, and the system could serve as a test bed 

for advanced orbiting telescopes. Dr. John J. Brennan, Jr., Chairman of the Committee for the Preservation of Cambridge Industries, said he would take to Washington the 

committee’s fight to keep the NASA Electronic Research Center out of 

Cambridge. Dr. Brennan said the City of Cambridge’s claim that the 

renewal project would cost the Federal government $15 million was 

way off. He said costs would be between $40 million and $50 

million. In a letter to the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and the House and Senate space committees, Brennan stated: “We 

are taking every proper course of action, legal and otherwise, to stop 

this senseless destruction. . . .We do not believe that the overall destruction will bear judicial scrutiny.” 

Paul Frank, director of the Cambridge Urban Redevelopment Authority, said Brennan’s figures were inaccurate and that the $40-$50 

million figure was wrong. He claimed the overall cost would bring it 

down to $14,500,000. Of this figure, the Federal government cost 

would be $9,600,000 with the remaining $4,900,000 paid by the City 

of Cambridge, he asserted. 

During the week of January 11 : Titan 111 program director Brig. Gen. 

Joseph S. Bleymaier (USAF) said at a meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences that the launch of the Titan 111-A, on Dec. 10, 1964, 

may have gained the most accurate orbit ever achieved in the US. 

space program. The vehicle achieved an orbit with 10241. mi. apogee and a 99-11. mi. perigee against a planned 100-n. mi. nominal 

orbital altitude. Deviation from a true circle was 0.00075 against a 

predicted value of 0.00050. Time for a single orbit was 88.2 min., 

within 0.04 min. of the time predicted. 

Orbital data: 

apogee, 304 km. (188.9 mi.) ; perigee, 205 km. (127.4 mi.) ; period 

89.5 min.; inclination to the equator, 65”. The satellite carried 

scientific equipment “for the further investigation of outer space 

in accordance with the program announced by Tass on the 16th of 

(Av. Wk., 1/11/65, 23) 

(Boston Globe, 1/11/65) 

(.M&R, 1/18/65, 10) 

January 11: U.S.S.R. orbited COSMOS LII earth satellite. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 13 

March, 1962.” (Tass, Komsomolskaya Pravda, 1/12/65, 1, ATSS-T 

Trans.) 

January 11 : North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) tracked a 

new Russian satellite (COSMOS LII) for several hours before Moscow 

announced the launching. As of this date, NORAD’S space detection and 

tracking system was observing 488 man-made objects in space, of 

which 29 were actual payload satellites and the rest debris from previous launchings. 

Arthur D. Little, Inc.. released a 54-page study entitled “Strategies for 

Survival in the Aerospace Industry,” which predicted that in the next 

five years the production portion of the defense budget would decline 

about 30 per cent and research and development would decline about 

15 per cent. The report recommended that “in view of a declining 

market and fewer opportunities within the market, the aerospace industry’s principal objective within the next few years should be to 

achieve stability, rather than to search for growth opportunities.” 

In January, Dr. Donald F. Hornig began his second year as science 

adviser to President Johnson and director of the White House Office of 

Science and Technology. In interview he mentioned that his job was 

created to prevent a recurrence of the kind of official surprise that 

greeted Russia’s launching of the SPUTNIK I on Oct. 4, 1957. Hornig 

said the policy questions that he encountered were not ones of “right 

or wrong. but wise or less wise.” 

US. Junior Chamber of Commerce named Capt. Joseph H. Engle (USAF) 

one of the ten outstanding young men of 1964. Captain Engle, the 

youngest of the X-15 pilots, had logged nine flights in the X-15. 

Awardees would be honored at an awards congress Jan. 15-16 in Santa 

?.!mica, &!if. (A?, Des nn&.E,S Register, 1/13/hS) 

January 12: Kiwi-TNT (Transient Nuclear Test) was successfully completed 

at Jackass Flats, Nev. This was a safety test to verify predictions of 

behavior of graphite nuclear reactor during a maximum power 

excursion. Using data from the test scientists would establish safety 

standards, particularly for launching nuclear-powered rockets. Nuclear energy released in the test was well within the designated maximum of nuclear test ban treaty of 1963. Preliminary test results indicated: (1) from YL-rni. to 50-mi. downwind from the test site, 

radiation did not approach accepted danger levels; (2) lethal radiation was confined to 200-to-300-ft. radius of the site, and beyond 500- 

to-600-ft. radius “a person would probably have survived unhurt unless struck by a piece of debris”; (3) pre-test predictions of the 

reactor’s behavior were accurate; and (4) cleaning up radioactivity at 

the site was easier than expected. Kiwi ground-test version of a nuclear-reactor rocket engine was a NASA-AEC project. (UPI, JVd. 

Post, 1/13/65; NYT, 1/13/65; AP, Balt. Sun, 1/13/65; JAMA, 

2/8/65, 27-29; Rover Chron., n.d.) 

USN announced the Transit navigational satellite system was operational and had been in use since July 1964. The three gravity-gradient-stabilized satellites, weighing between 110 and 160 lbs. each, 

were launched on Thor-Able-Star boosters into near-circular 600-mi. 

polar orbits from Pt. Mugu, Calif. Operational lifetime of the satellites was expected to be about two years. The satellites emitted radio 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 1/12/65) 

( Duggan, N.Y. Her. Trib., 1/12/65) 

(Av. Wk., 1/11/65,16) 
14 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

signals which ships used to determine their positions, and could provide ships with navigational fixes-accurate to 0.1 mi.-about every 

90 min. The shipboard computer operated automatically, beginning 

when the satellite approached, receiving the data, computing the ship’s 

position, and typing the results for the navigator. A number of fleet 

units were reported to be using the system. Capt. F. H. Price, Jr. 

( USN) , who tested the system from the nuclear-powered cruiser U.S.S. 

Long Beach, called the system “the most reliable means of providing 

navigational information” and said it met the requirement of an “accurate, dependable, worldwide, aII-weather, 24-hour-a-day capability.” This was the first continuous use of space technology in direct 

support of the fleet. It was predicted, but not officially confirmed, 

that the Polaris missile-firing submarines would adopt the navigational 

satellite system. NASA was studying commercial applications of a 

navigational satellite system and considering the possibility of developing its own system if it proved economically feasible. (DOD Release 16-65; AP, Chic. Trib., 1/13/65; Watson, Balt. Sun, 1/13/65; 

M&R, 1/18/65, 14) 

January 12: S. Walter Hixon, Jr., Supervisory Employee Development 

Officer at the NASA Langley Research Center, was selected for his educational activities as the Federal Civil Service Employee of the Year in 

the Hampton Roads area. Hixon had conducted four major programs 

at Langley including graduate study, advanced in-house training, a 

cooperative college education plan, and an apprenticeship training 

system. (LaRC Release) 

France’s newest satellite tracking station, located outside Pretoria, South 

Africa, was nearing completion and would probably be operational by 

July 1965. The $840,000 station would be used to track France’s first 

satellite, scheduled to be orbited around the earth in 1965. (AP, Balt. 

Sun, 1/13/65) 

The first 95-passenger DC-9 jet liner rolled off the Douglas Aircraft Co. 

assembly line. A short-haul, twin-engine jet, the DC-9 would be able 

to land on most conventional airstrips and would, therefore, serve 98 

per cent of the Nation’s civil airports. 58 planes had been ordered 

and options were taken on 60 more, but development costs would not 

be met until the 200 mark was reached. Flight tests would begin in 

March 1965 or sooner, and airlines operating the new jet expected to 

start passenger service early in 1966. 

DOD announced Peter Kiewit Sons Company had received a $9,495,000 

contract for modification of Titan II launch facilities in the vicinity of 

Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz. ; Little Rock AFB, Ark. ; McConnell AFB, Kan. ; 

and at Vandenberg AFB, Calif. The Army Corps of Engineers awarded 

the contract. (DOD Release 18-65) 

A Canadian company, Jarry Hydraulics, Ltd., designed and built the 

variable-wing sweep device for the USAF’S F-111 fighter bomber. The 

actuator, consisting of a unit in the fuselage which controlled two 

booms, could withstand more than 500,000 lbs. tension and could set 

the wings within .015 of an inch of the position selected by the pilot, 

at a rate of 200” per minute. 

DOD would be using 1,274 computers by the end of FY 1965, compared to 

the 815 computers which were in use when Robert S. McNamara first 

(UPI, NYT, 1/12/65, 72) 

(Toronto Globe and Mail, 1/12/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 15 

became Secretary of Defense. NASA would be using 224 computers in 

various branches of its operations. (Fay, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/12/65) 

January 1.3: x-15 No. 3 flown by NASA pilot Milton 0. Thompson to maximum altitude of 99,400 ft. and maximum speed of 3,712 mph (mach 

5.48). Purpose of the flight was to collect air flow data and record 

measurements of skin friction on the aircraft’s surface. (NASA X-15 

Proj. Off.; FRC Release; X-15 Flight Log) 

NASA launched a two part 99-lb. sounding rocket payload from NASA 

Wallops Station which reached an altitude of 614 mi. but did not 

separate in flight as planned. Launched on a four-stage Javelin (Argo 

14) and designed as “mother-daughter’’ experiment, the payload was 

to separate into two sections at about 170-mi. altitude with radio signals 

to be sent from daughter to mother as they continued to rise separately. 

The technique was devised to provide more accurate profiles of electron density in the upper atmosphere. Telemetry data would be 

analyzed to determine why the sections did not separate. (Wallops 

Release 65-3; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

NASA successfully launched an Aerobee 150~ sounding rocket to peak 

altitude of 110 mi. from Wallops Island, Va., with instrumented payload to measure the ultraviolet and visible light emitted from the earth‘s 

atmosphere between 37 mi. and 125 mi. An Attitude Control System 

(ACS) was also flown. Good spectral data were collected. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

Reported that NASA Administrator James E. Webb had ruled against a 

protest by a group of NASA astronauts of the NASA decision to limit the 

first manned Gemini flight to three orbits. The astronauts had requested that the GT-3 flight should be “open-end,” leaving it to the 

astronauts as to whether they should go for three or even 30 orbits. 

(Macomber, Copley News Service, Sun Uiego limon, i/i3/65) 

XC-142A V/Stol, flown by Ling-Temco-Vought test pilots John Konrad 

and Stuart Madison, made a flawless first transition flight. The transport aircraft took off like a helicopter, adjusted its wings for conventional flight, and then circled the field, reversed the process, and mad4 

a vertical landing. The XC-142~’s first transition flight came only 

six flights after its initial hover flight on Dec. 29, 1964. It was the 

Nation’s first V/Stol built for operational evaluaticn rather than 

research. (AP, CSM, 1/13/65) 

NASA Langley Research Center scientists Harry W. Carlson and Francis 

E. McLean said that for the first time there was hope for a significant 

reduction in the sonic booms expected from proposed supersonic airliners. A plane flying faster than the speed of sound compresses the 

air around it into shock waves trailing from the nose, wings, engine 

inlets, tail, and any other protuberances. Near the plane there would 

be separate waves, producing “near field effects.” Traced on a graph 

to show changes in pressure, the waves would make a jagged line 

resembling the letter “N.” As the waves traveled toward the ground, 

they would coalesce into two powerful waves-one appearing to trail 

from the nose and one from the tail-producing “far-field effects” 

also shaped as a letter “N” in terms of pressure patterns. The sharp 

peaks of this N-shaped wave were suspected of causing most of the 
16 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

annoyance and structural damage possible from sonic booms. Carlson 

and McLean discovered that planes the length and shape of supersonic airliner designs would not fly far enough away from the earth 

for their far-field effects to be felt on the ground, leaving only the 

less bothersome near-field effect to be taken into account. 

It was hoped that this new finding would mean that designs currently submitted to the Government in the design competition for supersonic transport, or minor refinements of them, would fit within Government-imposed sonic boom limitations and that still further 

improvement through design changes would bring further decreases in 

the boom. 

Dr. Floyd L. Thompson, LaRC Director, called what had been 

learned “significant new knowledge” and said it could, under the best 

of circumstances, “have great significance.” He pointed out that the 

best of circumstances were seldom found in designing an airplaneparticularly the supersonic transport, which he said was “at least as 

sophisticated technically as the Apollo.” (Clark, NYT, 1/14/65, 1, 

12) 

January 13: DOD announced that during the next six months 150 ICBMS 

scheduled for deactivation (27 Atlas E, 69 Atlas F, and 54 Titan I missiles) would be put into storage at Norton AFB, Calif. Some of these 

missiles would be used eventually as spacecraft boosters, others would 

be employed in the Nike-X program. They would be replaced by the 

more advanced Minuteman ICBMS, of which a total of 1,000 were 

authorized by Congress. It had cost almost $1 million a year to keep 

each of the older ICBMS combat-ready, as compared to $100,000 a year 

for each Minuteman. (Sehlstedt, Balt. Sun, 1/14/65; A&A, 1/65,92) 

Dr. John C. Evvard, Deputy Associate Director for Research at NASA 

Lewis Research Center, discussed possible propulsion systems for future space-flight beyond the moon before the Conference on Civilian 

and Military Uses of Aerospace sponsored by the New York Academy 

of Sciences. He cited a manned Mars project as a prime example of a 

mission that could be performed by a number of different propulsion 

concepts. For example, manned trips by chemical rockets would be 

weight-restricted, but chemical rocket systems would have the advantage of having been extensively flight-tested on many other 

missions. Although the reactor for planned nuclear propulsion systems had only been ground tested, evaluations of complete nuclear 

rocket engine systems were expected within the next few years. Electric propulsion systems for manned spaceflight were even further in the 

future and might not be ready by 1980; but by then the mission 

capability of the nuclear rocket would have been so thoroughly demonstrated that it would be more attractive than chemical engines for 

those missions requiring increased propulsion capability. Even further into the future were nuclear systems such as the gaseous-corecavity reactor which would yield higher performance. ( LRC Release 

65-5 ) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 17 

January 14: MARINER IV had functioned in space for more than 1,100 hr. 

on its 6,000-hr. flight to Mars, and had flown 81.3 million mi., leaving 

some 245 million mi. to be travelled before the spacecraft would encounter Mars next July. The earth-MARINER distance was 8,342,946 

mi. at 9 a.m. EST with the spacecraft travelling 9,276 mph relative to 

the earth and 69,462 mph relative to the sun. (NASA Release 65-12, 

1/14/65] 

Vincent R. Lalli of NASA Lewis Research Center described to the 11th National Symposium on Reliability and Quality Control in Miami Beach 

the R&QA procedure applied at Lewis to engine subsystems of the Sert-I 

(Space Electric Rocket Test) spacecraft to establish reliability standards for equipment never flown in space before. He said an experimental assembly of components, or “electrical breadboard,” was built 

for electrical stress measurements ; once the analysis of stresses during 

operation was complete, safety factor could be defined. “Stress” did 

not refer to mechanical stress but to all physical factors-fatigue, corrosion, current, temperature, etc.-that could degrade or destroy equipment. 

Lalli pointed out: “The real uniqueness of this process is revealed in 

the stress analysis area where the role of the reliability engineer is 

extended beyond the analytical approach into obtaining transient experimental stress data.” ( LRC Release 654) 

Houston Chronicle reported that preliminary funds for the unmanned 

exploration of Mars would be included in the NASA FY 1966 budget. 

On Oct. 30, 1964, the Space Science Board of NAS had recommended 

to NASA that Mars be the next goal because it was the likeliest of the 

planets to be inhabited by living things and would therefore be of 

greiter scie~tific importance ihm the moon or proposed manning 

orbiting laboratories. 

The Enrico Fermi Medal was conferred on Vice Adm. Hyman G. Rickover (USN) by President Johnson. Adm. Rickover, the first nonscientist to receive the award, was cited for “engineering and administrative 

leadership in the development of safe and reliable nuclear power and 

its successful application to our national security and economic 

needs.” He was also credited with almost single-handedly convincing 

Congress and DOD to start the nuclear submarine program. (UPI, 

NYT, 1/14/65, 14) 

In London, 10,000 British. aircraft workers marched to protest the rumored intention of the Labor Government to curtail production of 

British military planes. Defense Minister Denis Healey reportedly 

recommended that development and production of the TSR-2 (tacticalstrike-reconnaissance) aircraft be canceled and that Britain buy 

F-lll’s from U.S., thus cutting defense costs. Two other projects 

subject to cancellation were the P-1154 vertical-takeoff fighter and a 

short-takeoff fighter, both at a less advanced stage of development 

than the TSR-2. Leaders of the British aircraft industry, which employed slightly more than one per cent of the nation’s work force, said 

such a cutback would cause widespread unemployment in the 

industry. (Lewis, NYT, 1/13/65, 9; Lewis, NYT, 1/15/65; Farnsworth, NYT, 1/16/65) 

(Mackaye, Houston Chron., 1/14/65) 
18 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

January 15: USAF launched a Thor-Agena D booster with an unidentified 

satellite toward polar orbit from Vandenberg AFB. (UPI, Denver Post, 

1/17/65) 

USAF successfully launched a four-stage Athena reentry research vehicle 

from Green River, Utah. Impact occurred within a predetermined 

target area in the White Sands Missile Range, N. Mex. (M&R, 1/25,’ 

65, 8) 

The U.S.S.R. filed a brief report with the International Aviation Federation on the flight of VOSKHOD I (Oct. 12-13, 1964) for confirmation of 

the flight achievements as absolute world records, and of world records 

in the orbital flight class in multiseat spacecraft: duration of flight, 24 

hrs., 17 min., 0.3 sec.; flight distance, 416,195,878 mi. (669,784,027 

km.) ; flight height, 254 mi. (408 km.) ; and maximum weight raised 

to the flight height, 11,729 Ibs. (5,320 kg.). (Pravda, 1/15/65, 6; 

Krasnaya Zuezda, 1/15/65,4, ATSST Trans.) 

Top fuel experts of the Coordinating Research Council of New York reported that adoption of a single type of jet fuel by the entire airline 

industry “would not significantly improve the over-all excellent safety 

record of commercial aviation.” The study on fuel safety was requested by Federal Aviation Agency Administrator Najeeb E. Halaby following the fatal in-flight explosion that occurred in a jet airliner December 8, 1963, near Elkton, Md. The aircraft was carrying 

a mixture of JP-4 and kerosene when it exploded in a lightning storm, 

giving rise to the question of the relative safety of the two fuels including the effects of mixing the two. Consensus of the group was that 

the airlines should continue their policy of being individually responsible for selecting fuels and for safety practices associated with handling such fuels. Another conclusion was that aircraft safety depended less upon the particular type of fuel used than upon equipfient 

design and proper fueling techniques. 

AEC entered into 33 mo. contracts with Combustion Engineering, Windsor, 

Conn., and Atomics International, Canoga Park, Calif., for joint research and development work on the heavy water-moderated, organiccooled reactor concept. This concept could lead to construction of 

large central station power plants and applications to large-scale water 

desalting operations. (AEC Release H-12) 

U.S. recorded seismic signals from an underground event in the Soviet 

nuclear testing area in the Semipalatinsk region. The event was reportedly 75 times stronger than previous explosions registered from 

the same area. (AEC Release H-13; AP, New Orleans Times-Picayune, 

1/17/65) 

January 16: NASA announced it would request preliminary design proposals 

from private industry for the unmanned Voyager spacecraft that would 

land scientific instruments on Mars in 1971. From these proposals, 

several contractors would be chosen to perform a 3-mo. program design definition. Previous NASA studies had indicated the system might 

consist of a spacecraft “bus” or main body, a propulsion and braking 

system, and a landing capsule. (NASA Release 65-15) 

Addressing the Houston Junior Chamber of Commerce, Gen. Bernard A. 

Schriever ( USAF) emphasized the importance of technology in maintaining national security: “Recent events show a number of applica- 

(FAA Release 65-9) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 19 

tions of technology designed to increase our national security. These 

include the first flights of the supersonic XB-70 aircraft, the YF-12A 

long-range interceptor, the F-111 supersonic fighter, the Titan IIIA 

space booster, and the Minuteman 11 missile. . . . “Research not only supports today’s weapon systems but also provides the advanced technology from which new systems will 

emerge. . . . “TO name some specifics, a new high-strength, lightweight material 

-formed from boron fibers and a plastic binder-would make possible great weight savings in aircraft and space vehicle structures with 

no sacrifice of either strength or stiffness. We have already produced 

laboratory samples of this boron composite. It is potentially as strong 

as the high-strength steels, structurally rigid, and as light as 

magnesium. It may have higher temperature capabilities than aluminum and magnesium, should be easy to fabricate, and should have a 

high resistance to corrosion. 

“Another advance in the materials area is the use of oxide-dispersed 

metals in aircraft engines to provide strength at high temperatures. 

This development will make possible a substantial increase in the nperating temperature of turbojet engines, which in turn will make for 

greater operating efficiency and improved thrust-to-weight ratios.” 

(Text, AFSC Release) 

January 17: Robert L. Sohn, scientist at Space Technology Laboratories, 

proposed to use the gravity field of Venus as a brake for manned 

spacecraft returning from Mars. 

“We don’t expect to have boosters powerful enough to launch spacecraft of the 1970s that can carry extra propulsion to brake reentry 

speeds. . . . The landing corridor will be so narrow that a small frsctionai error in navigation wouk! seiid the spaceciiift into an eternal 

orbit around the sun.” He said traveling near Venus on the return 

journey from Mars would slow a spacecraft as it passed through the 

Venutian gravity field. Then, with some midcourse maneuvering and 

navigation, the astronaut could return to earth and reenter earth‘s 

atmosphere with greater margin of error. (Macomber, Sun Diego 

Union, 1/17/65) 

Dr. I. M. Levitt, Director of the Fels Planetarium, said in the Philudelphiu Inquirer: “AS of this moment, the Soviets have tentatively determined that the maximum ‘safe’ period of weightlessness is 24 

hr. They hold that after this period, ‘irreversible physiological 

changes begin to occur in the human system which, if not corrected, 

will eventually lead to death‘. . . . “The Soviets have also discovered a correlation between high accelerations and weightlessness. They believe that when an astronaut is 

subjected to high accelerations on launch he tends to overestimate or 

to overcompensate for his movements. Once the astronaut is weightless, then a radical reversal takes place in which the astronaut undercompensates and may suffer disorientation. . . . “The Soviets appear to have concluded that flight crews of the future will be selected as medical teams, and they will further be selected 

on the basis of biological and bacteriological compatibility. The crew 

will be concerned with developing means for forecasting their own 
20 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

health during the entire trip so as to preserve it.” (Phil. Inq., 

1/17/65) 

January 17: Tass reported that a Soviet archeologist had discovered a Neolithic drawing in a cliff gallery in Soviet Central Asia resembling a 

cosmonaut. The figure carried “something resembling an airtight helmet with antennae on its head” and “some sort of contraption for 

flight” on its back. 

January 18: USAF launched an unidentified satellite on a Thor-Altair 

booster from Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Altair was normally the solidfuel fourth stage of the Scout booster. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/19/65) 

In an editorial in Aviation Week and Space Technology, Editor Robert 

Hotz said: “This is a year in which we will hear much about the 

growing pains of Apollo. It would be most amazing if we 

didn’t. For Apollo is now in the midst of that difficult period when 

the problems of creating this incredibly intricate and complex technical system are being hammered the hardest toward solutions. It is 

also the period when the effectiveness of the management structure in 

welding all of the complex subsystems into a successfully functioning 

overall system within the time and money boundaries already established becomes most vital.” 

In his defense message to Congress, President Johnson cited major new 

developments in strategic weapon systems slated to begin this year: 

“A new missile system, the Poseidon [new name for Polaris B-31, to 

increase the striking power of our missile-carrying nuclear submarines. 

The Poseidon missile will have double the payload of the highly successful Polaris A-3. The increased accuracy and flexibility of the Poseidon 

will permit its use effectively against a broader range of penetration of 

enemy defenses. 

“A new Short Range Attack Missile (SRAM) that can, if needed, be 

deployed operationally with the B-52 or other bombers. This aerodynamic missile-a vast improvement over existing systems-would permit the bomber to attack a far larger number of targets and to do so 

from beyond the range of their local defenses. 

These 

include: penetration aids, to assure that the missile reaches its target 

through any defense; guidance and re-entry vehicle designs, to increase many-fold the effectiveness of our missiles against various kinds 

of targets; and methods of reporting the arrival of our missiles on 

target, up to and even including the time of explosion.’’ 

In addition, he said that development of the C-SA (formerly the 

CX) cargo transport and procurement of the Air Force F-111 fighterbomber and new A-7 Navy attack aircraft would begin. 

Finally, regarding the role of science and technology in the Nation’s 

security, the President said: 

“We are currently investing more than $6 billion per year for military research and development. . . . About $2 billion a year of this 

program is invested in innovations in technology and in experimental 

programs. Thus, we provide full play for the ingenuity and inventiveness of the best scientific and technical talent in our Nation and the 

Free World. 

American science, industry, and technology are foremost in the 

world. Their resources represent a prime asset to our national 

(Reuters, Wash. Post, 1/18/65; NYT, 1/23/65) 

(Av. Wk., 1/18/65, 17) 

“A series of remarkable new payloads for strategic missiles. 

(6 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 21 

security.” (Text, Wash. Post, 1/19/65; AP, NYT, 1/19/65, 16; Norris, Wush. Post, 1/22/65) 

January 18: The new Sram (short-range attack missile), cited by President 

Johnson in his defense message to Congress, would be expected to 

travel 150 mi. from the launching plane to its target. The Sram 

would be designed for launching initially from a B-52, but later from 

smaller aircraft such as the F-~C or the F-111. It would be launched 

toward the rear after the aircraft had passed its target, would climb to 

100,000-ft. altitude, powered by its own solid-propellant motor, then 

plunge vertically toward its target having allowed the launch plane 

time to escape its nuclear warhead detonation. (Watson, Balt. Sun, 

1/19/65; Miles, Wush. Post, 1/20/65) 

Alfred Gessow, Chief of Fluid Physics Research, NASA, discussed before 

the Compressed Gas Association in New York City the problems of 

spacecraft deceleration and heating involved in return through the 

earth‘s atmosphere. He explained why the blunt shape solved deceleration and much of the heat problem in returning Mercury 

spacecraft from orbit through the atmosphere to earth. Looking 

beyond the satellite return speed (Mercury and Gemini) and lunar 

return speed (Apollo) , return from interplanetary flight poses the 

problem of much higher spacecraft speed (and thus heating). Research indicates “that the more pointed shape, although it doesn’t show 

up too well at the lower re-entry speeds, is better than the blunt nose at 

the higher speeds because the bow shock is weaker, thus producing 

lower radiant heating losses. Thus, in a very short time scale, but 

taking a big leap forward in the velocity-temperature scale, we find 

ourselves going into another phase of the blunt vs. pointed nose cycle. 

“. . . The switching between slender and blunt shapes is not new in 

the race for high speeds ai a!! times of history. Going through 

history, compact rocks were replaced by slender arrows ; the concept of 

powder guns created round cannonballs; the rocket age produced 

slender forms again, which ironically, finally got blunt noses. It is 

interesting to see how long it took to make such changes empirically 

and how rapidly these variations have been made by following 

scientific principles. . . .” 

Japan expected to orbit a satellite within the next three years, New York 

Times reported. Although Japan’s progress in the missile field had 

been slowed by the limited annual budget allocations of the Defense 

Forces, scientific advances, particularly in the field of electronics, plus 

stimulus to Japanese industry provided by the Korean War, had 

brought marked advances in rocketry and missiles. (NYT, 1/18/65) 

The Communist New China News Agency (NCNA) said in a broadcast 

that Indonesia had successfully launched a two-stage scientific rocket 

Jan. 5 from somewhere in West Java. The rocket was reportedly 

made by the Indonesian air force. There were no other 

details. (UPI, Miami Her., 1/18/65) 

January 19: An unmanned instrument-packed Gemini spacecraft (GT-2) 

was launched from Cape Kennedy on Titan II launch vehicle in suborbital shot preliminary to U.S.’s first two-man venture. Aboard was an 

automatic sequencer which issued orders at precise times en route to 

fire the rocket’s second stage, to separate the spacecraft from the rock- 

(Text) 
22 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

et, to jettison the spacecraft’s storage section, to cartwheel the spacecraft into a reentry attitude, and to open the spacecraft’s parachutes. 

The rocket reached a maximum altitude of 98.9 mi. and a speed of 

16,708.9 mph before impacting 2,127.1 mi. downrange. The Gemini 

spacecraft descended by parachute into the Atlantic 16 mi. short of the 

planned impact point and 52 mi. from the carrier U.S.S. Lake Champlain which recovered the capsule an hour and 45 min. after launch. 

The capsule was reported in excellent condition. 

Major experiments for which the test was intended were apparently 

complete successes: a test of the heat shield; a test of the retrorocket 

system; and a test of the sequencing system. 

Despite its successes, the test had some difficulties: a fuel cell that 

would be the primary electrical system in the spacecraft during longduration manned flights failed to operate before launching because of 

a stuck valve; the temperature was found to be too high in the cooling 

system of the spacecraft. (NASA Release 64-296; MSC Roundup, 

1/3/65, 1 ; Wash. Eve. Star, 1/19/65; Houston Chron., 1/19/65; UPI, 

Rossiter, Wash. Post, 1/20/65; AP, Balt. Sun, 1/20/65) 

January 19: Dr. Burton I. Edelson, staff member of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, spoke on communications satellites at the 

AIAA meeting in Las Cruces, N.Mex. He said: “There is a general growing interdependence of politics, economics, and technology, and in no 

area do these forces interact more noticeably, than in international 

communications. When we try to predict the course that communications satellites systems will follow in the years to come we must consider not only decibels and megacycles, rocket thrusts and orbital elements, but the competitive economic pressure of transoceanic cables 

and the political aspirations of developing nations. . . . “Finally, I believe the words of Arthur Clarke, the visionary who 

first conceived of the communications satellite, will be fulfilled: ‘Comsats will end ages of isolation making us all members of a single 

family, teaching us to read and speak, however imperfectly, a single 

language. Thanks to some electronic gear twenty thousand miles 

above the equator, ours will be the last century of the 

savage.’ ” (Text) 

In his Inaugural Address, he said: 

“For every generation, there is a destiny. For some, history 

decides. 

“Even now, a rocket moves toward Mars. It reminds us that the 

world will not be the same for our children, or even for ourselves in a 

short span of years. The next man to stand here will look out on a 

scene different from our own. 

66 Ours is a time of change-rapid and fantastic change-baring the 

secrets of nature-multiplying the nations-placing in uncertain hands 

new weapons for mastery and destruction-shaking old values and 

uprooting old ways. . . . We can 

never again stand aside, prideful in isolation. Dangers and troubles 

we once called ‘foreign’ now live among us. If American lives must 

end, and American treasure be spilled, in countries we barely know, 

that is the price that change has demanded of conviction. 

January 20: President Lyndon 8. Johnson was inaugurated. 

For this generation, the choice must be our own. 

“Change has brought new meaning to that old mission. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 23 

“Think of our world as it looks from that rocket heading toward 

Mars. 

“It is like a child‘s globe, hanging in space, the continents stuck to 

its side like colored maps. We are all fellow passengers on a dot of 

earth. And each of us, in the span of time, has only a moment among 

his companions. 

“HOW incredible it is that in this fragile existence we should hate 

and destroy one another. There are possibilities enough for all who 

will abandon mastery over others to pursue mastery over 

nature. There is world enough for all to seek their happiness in their 

own way. 

We aspire to nothing that belongs to 

others. We seek no dominion over our fellow man, but man’s dominion over tyranny and misery. . . .” 

January 20: Dr. Robert Jastrow, Director of NASA’s Goddard Institute for 

Space Studies, said at the annual meeting of the Franklin Institute in 

Philadelphia : “Beyond military and political advantages of getting to 

the moon are possibilities we cannot conceive.” The moon, he said 

could prove to be “the Rosetta stone of the universe. Its lifeless surface could give us the clue to the process of life.” (Phil. Eve. Bull., 

1/21/65) 

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. conducted successful static firings of 

the Agena target vehicle for Project Gemini. The firing tests, which 

included simulated maneuvers to be made by Agena during rendezvous 

with the Gemini spacecraft, included five separate firings of the main 

engine and of the secondary propulsion system. The tests lasted some 

12 hrs. and were termed by Lockheed “complete captive flight.” All 

systems of the actual flight Agena were tested, including command 

from earth ir dris~~iiti.ers, pogl dniiiid coiiiiii~iids withi: &C A~x, 

telemetry, and docking simulation. Previous Gemini Agena firings 

had tested the vehicle’s engines only. (Huntsville Times, 1/22/65) 

Dr. M. P. Lansberg of the National Aeromedical Center, Soesterberg, 

The Netherlands, told scientists attending the symposium on the inner 

ear at the Naval School of Aviation Medicine at Pensacola Air Station 

that one role of space flight would be the exploration of the functioning of the vestibular organ. “This might well be the most important 

and fascinating side of space flight,” said Dr. Lansberg. “Not what it 

will reveal to us of distant worlds, but what it will unveil to us about 

ourselves.” 

Dr. Lansberg also warned against expecting too much from experiments conducted here on earth in trying to determine how much gravity-producing spinning man could stand. In recommending rates of 

speed to space engineers, he said “we should be conservative.” (Harris, Pensacolu Journal, 1/21/65) 

In an article in The Huntsville Times, Richard Lewis said: “If Project 

Apollo continues at its present pace, the United States will be able to 

attempt the landing of astronauts on the moon in 1968. . . . “This impression of the status of Apollo . . . was gained by this 

reporter in tours of both industrial and test centers for the mammoth 

project. . . . “The story at these centers is this: no new breakthroughs in electronics, mechanics, metallurgy, propulsion or guidance and navigation 

Our own course is clear. 66 

(Text) 
24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

are required for the program. They 

have been solved or ‘worked around.’ . . . “So well does Apollo appear to be running that there is a strong 

probability it will overtake the later flights of Project Gemini, the 

two-man spacecraft program.” (Lewis, Chicago Sun-Times, Huntsville Times, 1/20/65) 

January 20: It was reported that Lockheed Propulsion Co. had successfully 

test-fired a new solid-propellant rocket motor at the proving ground in 

Redlands, Calif. The lightweight “pulse motor” measured 10 ft. in 

length, 2 ft. in dia., and contained 40 solid-propellant wafers, each of 

which could develop more than 1,000 lbs. of thrust. This was possibly the rocket motor that would power the Sram (short-range attack 

missile) mentioned by President Johnson in his defense message to 

Congress [See Jan. 18, 19651. (Miles, Wash. Post, 1/20/65; SBD, 

1/18/65,74) 

WAF successfully launched its first Minuteman ICBM of 1965 from Vandenberg AFB, Calif. The missile was sent on a 5,W-mi. course toward a target in the Pacific. 

Jonury 21: MARINER IV completed nearly one-quarter of its 71/-mo. 

journey to Mars and was more than 10 million mi. from earth. The 

craft was traveling 10,680 mph relative to the earth; velocity relative 

to the sun was 68,255 mph; total distance traveled was over 93 million 

mi. After 54 days in space, all systems were functioning normally 

except the solar plasma probe which ceased returning intelligible data 

one week after launch. (NASA Release 65-17) 

Laser beam was bounced off NASA’s EXPLORER XXII ionosphere satellite 

and photographed by Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories 

scientists Robert Iliff and Theodore Wittanen. This was first such 

photo and was important verification of feasibility of use of laser for 

both satellite tracking and geodetic purposes. When such laser reflections off satellites were photographed against a star background. from 

two ground stations of known locations and other ground stations in 

the field, triangulation of the simultaneous photos would locate the 

position of field stations with an accuracy hitherto not possible by 

other means. This success with Largos (Laser Activated Reflecting 

Geodetic Optical Satellite) also set a distance record for photo or 

photoelectric detection of reflected laser signals ; slant range to satellite 

was 950 mi. 

USAF launched a 100-lb. ARV (Aerospace Research Vehicle) satellite 

pickaback aboard an Atlas ICBM from Vandenberg AFB, Calif. The 

satellite, carrying instrumentation to sample radiation and micrometeoroids, was the first to be sent toward westward orbit around the 

earth. SateUite Situ+twn Report for January 31, 1965, did not indicate that the satellite had achieved orbit. (AP, Wash. Post, 1/22/65; 

M&R, 2/1/65,9; SSR, 1/31/65,13) 

Sen. Margaret Chase Smith (R-Me.), ranking member of the Senate 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee, told NANA in an interview that the United States was giving more to the Soviets than it 

got in a lopsided exchange of space data. She said that for several 

months weather information derived from “conventional” sources in 

the Soviet Union had been sent through a communications link between Moscow and Suitland, Md. “The weather information is not 

All major problems are settled. 

(UPI, L.A. Herald Examiner, 1/21/65) 

(AFCRL Release 2-65-2) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 25 

that derived from a satellite as provided for by the agreement,” she 

asserted. 

“Up to the present time, based on the information I have available, 

the Soviets are realizing more from the 1962 Geneva Agreement than 

we are.” 

Senator Smith added that measuring the results of the Geneva 

Agreement strictly on scientific knowledge gained “is not a broad 

enough yardstick. Any real plusses, it seems to me, must be measured 

in the light of what we seek to accomplish, namely, the mastering of 

space for the benefit of all mankind. The fact that the Geneva Agreement ever came into existence shows an awareness of the magnitude of 

the task confronting man if he expects to operate successfully in 

space.” 

January 21 .- NASA Administrator James E. Webb received an honorary doctorate from Wayne State Univ., Detroit, Mich. During a speech 

there he said: 

“Our goal is 100 per cent assurance of [space booster] 

success. This is difficult to achieve, but until we are certain in our 

own minds that we can count on success we do not go [on] with a 

manned shot. It came first from 

President Kennedy and has been restated by President Johnson. It is 

‘Go when ready and don’t go until ready.’ ” 

As part of the ceremonies dedicating the Capt. Theodore C. Freeman 

Memorial Library of Astronautics at the Houston Baptist College, 

Faith L. Freeman, 10-yr.-old daughter of the late astronaut, was 

awarded a scholarship to the college. (Houston Post, 1/22/65; MSC 

Roundup, 2/3/65,8) 

Federal Aviation Agency announced that Alitalia had reserved three additional delivery positions for the US. supersonic transport plane, 

bringing the Italian carrier’s total to six. The new total of reserved 

positions for the SST was 96; the number of airlines holding positions 

was 21. 

The newspaper La Maiiana said “flying saucers” had appeared in 

Uruguay. Several readers had reported saucers zigging and zagging 

at great speed, and said they “could only be manned space 

ships.’’ ( UPI, Wash. Daily News, 1/22/65) 

January 22.- NASA’s TIROS IX successfully injected into a polar orbit by a 

three-stage Delta rocket launched from Cape Kennedy. The spacecraft 

was to have gone into a circular orbit about 460 mi. above the earth 

but the second stage of Delta burned 11 sec. too long and pushed 

TIROS IX into an elliptical orbit with apogee 1,602 mi., perigee 426 

mi., inclination 81.6”, and period 119 min. First NASA attempt to 

place a satellite in near-polar sun-synchronous orbit from Cape Kennedy involved three dog-leg maneuvers. In a sun-synchronous orbit 

the precession (westward drift) of the satellite would be about 1’ 

daily, the same rate and direction as the earth moves around the sun. 

A hat-box shaped structure, TIROS IX was an 18-sided polygon, 22- 

in. high, 42-in. in dia., weighing 305 lbs., with one of its flat sides facing 

earth when initially injected into orbit. Ground signals to the control 

system tipped the craft up 90’ SO that it assumed’ the appearance of a 

fat wheel rolling on a track around the earth. Two cameras were 

placed on the perimeter opposite each other so that as the wheel rolled 

(Glaser, NANA, Indianapolis Star, 1/21/65) 

My directive on this is very clear. 

(Text) 

( FM Release 65-12) 
26 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

lanuury 22: TIROS IX photograph of ice-covered U.S. Great Lakes area. 

at 10 rpm, each camera, in turn, would roll into position and snap a 

picture, triggered by an infrared horizon sensor. 

The combination of TIROS IX'S polar orbit (83.4') and rolling 

wheel was expected to provide 100% photographic coverage of the 

earth's cloud cover during daylight hours. 

Primary purpose of the TIROS IX launching was to test the new 

cartwheel concept as a forerunner of a joint NASA-Weather Bureau 

Tiros Operational System ( TOS) of weather satellites. (NASA Release 

65-7; Goddard News, 1/25/65; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/22/65; UPI, 

Wash. Daily News, 1/22/65; AP, Balt. Sun, 1/23/65; Appel, NYT, 

1/23/65,9; Hixson, N.Y. Her. Trib., 1/23/65) 

January 22: A $5,178,000 contract was awarded to a joint venture of 

Blount Brothers Corp., Montgomery, Ala., and Chicago Bridge and 

Iron Co., Oak Park, Ill., for a large space chamber to be built at NASA 

Lewis Research Center's Plum Brook Station. Facility would be used 

for evaluation and developmental testing of complete spacecraft, as 

well as nuclear electric power generation and propulsion systems. It 

would be one of the world's largest space environment chambers 

(cylindrical chamber 100 ft. in diameter and 122 ft. to the top of its 

hemispherical dome). (Lewis News, 1/22/65, 1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 27 

January 22: On the Les Crane Show (ABC-TV), Dr. Charles S. Sheldon of 

the National Aeronautics and Space Council staff said in his opening 

debate statement: *‘. . . what is the space program? 

“It is a program in general science which seeks answers to the most 

fundamental processes of nature, and will support a great jump forward in our mastery of these forces for human betterment. 

“The space program is one of practical applications. . . . “The space program is one of exploration, opening the whole solar 

system to the coming generation. . . . “Space science is neither good nor evil. It is what men choose to 

do with such knowledge. This country’s intent is to develop space for 

the benefit of all mankind, and space offers us new opportunities for 

international cooperation. Our hope is space can become a substitute 

for war by diverting man’s restless energies into a supreme challenge 

of a constructive nature.” (Text) 

Maj. Gen. Samuel C. Phillips, Apollo program director in NASA’s Office 

of Manned Space Flight, said that 1965 would be a year of “heavy 

ground testing” in NASA’s lunar program. Among the major events he 

anticipated were completion of testing of the Apollo spacecraft for the 

first manned flight; qualification of all elements of the Saturn IB 

launch vehicle and delivery of first flight stages to Cape Kennedy; and 

initial testing of Saturn V elements. (NAA S&ID Skywriter, 1/22/65,4) 

January 23: Atlas-Agena D launch vehicle with unidentified satellite payload was launched by USAF from Western Test Range. (U.S. Aeron. & 

Space Act., 1965,132) 

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara announced proposals were 

being requested from industry for design studies to assist in developing cost and technical information required to proceed with development of the manned orbiting laboratory (Mol). Three contractors 

would be selected. Decision whether to proceed with full-scale development of Mol would be made upon completion of the design studies. 

(DOD Release 42-65) 

January 24: French scientists bounced laser beams off NASA satellite EXPLORER XXII three times, according to French Ministry of Scientific 

Research on Feb. 3. Laser beams were reflected from glass prisms on 

the satellite. 

Eldridge H. Derring, Executive Assistant to the Associate Director and 

head of the Research Staff Office, LaRC, died after an illness of several 

months. (Langley Researcher, 1/29/65, 8) 

January 25: President Johnson sent FY 1966 Budget Request to Congress, 

recommending a total space budget of $7.114 billion. Of this sum, 

NASA would receive $5.26 billion, DOD $1.6 billion, AEC $236 million, 

Weather Bureau $33 million, and National Science Foundation $3 million. 

The NASA request provided for initiation of a major new projectProject Voyager, budgeted at $43 million-and intensive study of 

Apollo-X, with funding of $50 million. Hardware development funds 

were requested for the Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory ($25.1 

million), and the Radio Astronomy Explorer Satellite. Advanced research was reduced by cancellation of development of the 260-in.-dia. 

solid-fuel rocket motor, the M-1 liquid-hydrogen engine (1.2-million1b.-thrust) , and Snap-8 nuclear electric power unit. 

(AP, NYT, 2/4/65, 3) 
28 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

NASA Associate Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., labeled 

the budget an austere one, but said the chances of landing a man on 

the moon by 1970 were still good. In discussing the new programs, 

Dr. Seamans said the requested $43 million for Voyager would be 

spent on project definition of the spacecraft bus and landing capsule to 

explore Mars in the next decade. This funding would also enable 

NASA to make a Martian fly-by in 1969 to test the spacecraft and 

launch vehicle prior to the 1971 and 1973 missions. 

Major portions of the DOD space budget were alloted for the following: (1) pre-program definition phase of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) ; (2) accelerated research on reentry and recovery of 

spacecraft; (3) continued development of the Titan 111 space booster; 

(4) development of the Defense Communications Satellite System. 

Two thirds of AEC’S budget request was earmarked for development 

of nuclear rocket propulsion and nuclear power sources for space 

applications. The nuclear propulsion program, Project Rover, was alloted $W.l million ; the nuclear power source program, Snap, $70.5 

million; and advanced projects applicable to space, $12 million. The 

Pluto reactor program was not included in the budget request. 

The Weather Bureau would start its investment in an advanced 

weather satellite system in FY 66 with a $500,000 request for sensors 

and subsystem studies in conjunction with NASA studies. Funds for 

three Tiros Operational System (Tos) satellites and four Delta launch 

vehicles to be delivered in two years, $21.6 million, were included in 

the budget request. Most of the rest was requested for the National 

Weather Satellite Center (NWSC) and would be spent to convert the 

present Tiros command and data acquisition facilities to full-time, 

operational centers run solely by the Weather Bureau. 

President Johnson asked Congress for $650 million as a White 

House contingency fund to meet the possible need to accelerate supersonic transport development. (Text, M&R, 2/1/65, 10-17; Text, 

NYT, 1/26/65, 26-28; Av. Wk., 2/1/65, 16-17; NASA Budget Briefing 

January 25: President’s message sending budget for Fiscal Year 1966 included the following remarks: “Space research and technology: This 

Nation has embarked on a bold program of space exploration and 

research which holds promise of rich rewards in many fields of American life. Our boldness is clearly indicated by the broad scope of our 

program and by our intent to send men to the moon within this decade. 

“The costs are high-as we knew they would be when we launched 

this effort. We have seen a rise in annual expenditures for the space 

program from less than one-haif billion dollars in 1960 to over $4 

billion in 1964. 

However, we have built 

up momentum and are concentrating on our highest priority 

goals. Therefore, we will no longer need to increase space out-lays by 

huge sums each year in order to meet our present objectives. 

“This budget proposes that expenditures increase by $22 million in 

1966 over 1965. This is the smallest annual increase since 

1959. The new obligational authority requested is about the same as 

enacted for 1965.” 

FY 1966) 

“Expenditures are continuing to increase. 

(NASA LAR 1v/l6) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 29 

January 25: NASA Administrator James E. Webb and DOD Secretary Robert 

S. McNamara announced NASA-DOD agreement on the Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory (Mol), released in conjunction with FY 1966 budget: 

“. . . Planning for the Defense manned orbiting laboratory program 

will also consider, in cooperation with NASA, broader objectives of scientific and general technological significance. 

“TO determine the essential characteristics of the vehicle that will be 

required, the DOD will continue intensive studies and design of experiments and systems aimed at the primary military objectives. 

“Cooperative studies, by NASA and Defense, will identify and define 

scientific and general technological experiments which might be carried out, with NASA participation, in conjunction with the military 

program. 

“DOD, with assistance from NASA, will compare configurations of 

Apollo which may be suitable for military experiments with the Gemini B-MOL configuration to determine the complete system that can meet 

the primary military objectives in a more efficient, less costly, or more 

timely fashion. 

“On the basis of these studies, a decision will be made whether to 

proceed with full-scale development by Defense of a manned orbiting 

laboratory system and what the specific developments and vehicle 

configurations are to be. The Defense budget includes $150 million 

in FY 1966 for the program. . . . “Depending upon the manned orbiting laboratory decision, upon the 

progress in the Gemini and Apollo programs, and upon the results of 

NASA studies, a decision will be made whether to proceed with 

modifications to the Apollo system and the nature and timing of necessary specific developments. The NASA 1966 budget includes about $50 

million for proceeding with design and pacing developments. . . .” 

(NASA Budget Briefing FY 1966) 

NASA Associate Administrator Dr. Robert Seamans said during FY 

1966 budget briefing: “. . . it is conceivable . . . that the lunar 

landing would occur in early 1970 . . . we feel actually greatly encouraged at the progress that has been made freezing the design, and 

we feel very reassured at the test results we are achieving on our 

propulsion systems and with our stages. So that we really feel that 

there is more chance that we can get off the flight on an earlier mission than I would have said a year ago.” 

Dr. Seamans said Apollo gave the nation a capability for a wide 

variety of scientific and technological flights in earth orbit, in orbit 

around the moon, and also for an extended lunar stay time. He commented that the objectives of the current extended Apollo (Apollo-X) 

design and feasibility studies were to extend the time of the lunar 

mission out to the order of two weeks. He also said that Apollo-X 

circumlunar flights, in polar orbit about the moon and taking photographs of the entire lunar surface, on missions that could involve 

staytimes on the moon of up to one or two weeks, all would have great 

possibility and would offer great interest scientifically. In commenting on an earlier agreement (1963) with the Pentagon for developing 

of a manned orbiting laboratory, Dr. Seamans said: “At the time of 
30 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

that agreement, we were really thinking of something that we now 

realize is further out in time, namely, a more permanent space station 

that could stay in orbit for a year’s time and could be resupplied, and 

would permit the crew to be ferried into orbit and bring them 

back. The study really related to that kind of possibility which we 

now realize is much further out in time . . . we may end up with 

what is called the MOL, and we may also find that there are important 

uses for the Apollo system beyond the present manned lunar landing 

program.’’ 

He said NASA studies of improving both the Saturn IB and the Saturn V launch vehicles indicated that “these two launch vehicles can 

take care of our needs for an extended period of time.” (NASA Budget 

Briefing FY 1966) 

January 25: NASA announced two Radio Astronomy Explorer satellites 

(RAE-A and RAE-B) would be designed to investigate low-frequency 

(long wavelength) emissions from our galaxy, its planets, and the 

stars. These emissions are mostly intercepted by the ionosphere so 

that little can be learned about them from ground-based receivers. 

This would be the first attempt to map the galaxy for low-frequency 

emissions. The 280-lb. spacecraft would be launched by ThrustAugmented Delta into circular orbits at altitudes of about 3,700 mi. 

and would measure the intensity of the signals, their frequency, times 

of emission and, within limitations, define the regions of space in 

which they originated. Proposed designs called for the development 

of two 750-ft., V-shaped antennas that would be mounted opposite 

each other, forming a giant X. They would be anchored to the basic 

spacecraft, a cylinder of about 40-by-40 in., capped by two truncated 

cones. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center would design, integrate, 

and test the two spacecraft. First launch was not expected before 

1967. (NASA Release 65-20) 

AEC announced that the Snap-1OA nuclear generator designed for spacecraft had produced electricity for the first time in a ground test at 

Canoga Park, Calif., by its builder, Atomics International. The 

system would ultimately provide power for spaceship propulsion systems such as the ion engine. (AEC Release H-18; Wash. Post, 

1/26/65) 

Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla., bestowed an honorary dectorate upon 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb. Mr. Webb said in a speech there: 

. . . space science and technology are not remote and esoteric pursuits but rather are deeply woven into the fabric of our society. The 

space scientist does not practice a new art. He is an astronomer, a 

physicist, a chemist, a geologist, rooted in our university system of 

vigorous effort to expand our knowledge of the universe in which we 

live. The space technologist is an engineer of materials, structures, 

fuels, power sources, electronics, rooted in our industrial and government laboratory systems. Both, however, are directing their interests 

and talents to the newest and most exciting frontiers-where the most 

rapid progress is made and the breakthroughs scored. The knowledge 

they gain feeds back into our scientific and technical communities and 

into our industrial laboratories. . . . Thus, the talents, the skills, 

and the funds for space exploration are all drawn broadly from our 

(6 
ASTRONAUTICS -4ND AERONAUTICS, 1965 31 

society and continue to feed back into it, in the forefront of scientific 

and technical progress-the unique hallmark of the American 

way.” (Text) 

January 25: ComSatCorp filed with the FCC its intent to contract for 24 

satellites that could be used by ComSatCorp to provide a global communications service for DOD. The satellites would be made available 

for three launchings which DOD had slated for the early part of 1966 

on either a Titan IIIC or Atlas-Agena D launch vehicle. DOD would 

pay only for service rendered following successful launch, with Com 

SatCorp assuming the risk if the satellites did not work satisfactorily 

in orbit. This proposal was separate from the program managed by 

ComSatCorp to develop an international commercial communications 

satellite system. (ComSatCorp Release) 

USAF was reported to be considering the use of surplus Wing 1 Minuteman ICBMS as Guidance Error Analysis Vehicles (Geav). According to Air Force Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (CIGTF), 

surplus Minuteman boosters could be the cheapest means to evaluate 

future inertial guidance systems in a true missile environment. ETR 

was selected for Geav because no other range could measure missile 

velocity in three axes to the required accuracy. The Minuteman guidance system itself would be reprogramed and located in a recoverable 

payload for reasons of economy. 

Dr. A. 3. Drummond of Eppley Laboratory, Newport, R.I., told Missiles 

and Rockets that a number of Russian cosmonauts were said to have 

died in booster failures at launch. Dr. Drummond got his information through unofficial sources while attending a technical meeting in 

Leningrad last year. He also said there were no large solar-simulation 

testing facilities in the Soviet Union and that Soviet spacecraft used 

crude bulk insulation for thermal control instead of emission-absorption coatings. (M&R, 1/25/65, 7) 

January 26: USN fired a Hydra-Iris sea-launched sounding rocket. to 184- 

mi. altitude carrying a 100-lb. payload. The rocket was launched 

from a point about 1,400 mi. east of Montevideo, Uruguay. Mission 

was to measure radiation intensity within the inner Van Allen radiation belt. (M&R, 2/8/65,8) 

The first 5-2 liquid-hydrogen rocket engine built to flight configuration 

was delivered to Douglas Aircraft Co., Sacramento, for installation and 

testing in the Saturn S-IVB battleship stage. The 200,000-lb.-thrust 

engine had been recently accepted by NASA from Rocketdyne Div., 

North American Aviation, Inc. 

Dr. John D. Nicolaides, Chairman of Notre Dame’s Aerospace Engineering Dept., formerly Special Assistant to the NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, told National Space Club at a 

Washington, D.C., luncheon that we must realize we were “not yet first 

in the race for space supremacy. . . . The [Soviet] lead in both 

numbers and weights of unmanned launchings continues to 

increase. They are publishing just as many scientific papers as we are 

and they are just as good.” Nicolaides added that he was not including their work in life sciences “which is well ahead of ours by virtue 

of the simple fact that they have been experimenting in space.” 

Dr. Nicolaides said he was alarmed by the U.S.S.R.’s “extensive 

planetary program.” They started early and continued a truly mas- 

(M&R, 1/25/65,34) 

(MarshaU Star, 1/27/65,1, 6) 
32 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

sive effort compared to ours, he said. “They are launching their 

heavy spacecraft at each opportunity to both Mars and Venus, while 

we have abandoned Venus completely and are only studying scientific 

measurement on Mars in 1971. . . .” 

January 26: USAF selected Thiokol Chemical Corp. and Lockheed Propulsion Co. to develop and test new 156-in.-dia. solid-propellant motors 

during 1965. The 

first would be a flight-weight motor with thrust in excess of three 

million pounds. The second motor would be in the one-millionpound-thrust class and would incorporate a submerged nozzle. Both 

motors would use advanced liquid injection thrust vector control to 

explore methods of guiding huge motors of this size. Thiokol’s Wasatch Div. of Brigham City, Utah, would develop the third 

motor. This flight-weight motor would have a thrust of over 320,000 

lb., and incorporate a deeply submerged nozzle permitting the total 

motor length to be under 21 ft. 

At the AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Honors Convocation in 

New York, awards were made to men who had made valuable contributions to development of the aerospace industry : 

Dr. Eugene N. Parker, associate professor at the Enrico Fermi Institute of Nuclear Studies, Univ. of Chicago, received the Space Science 

Award “for distinguished individual research on the causes and properties of the solar wind.” 

Arthur E. Raymond, responsible for the design of the Douglas DC 

series of commercial transports received the Sylvanus Albert Reed 

Award. He was honored for “numerous and distinguished contributions to the aeronautical sciences and the development of aircraft 

during the last 30 years.” 

Igor I. Sikorsky and Michael Gluhareff were given the 1964‘ Elmer 

A. Sperry Award. Mr. Sikorsky was cited as a helicopter pioneer for 

“the concept and development of a new form of aerial transportation 

capable of carrying and placing large external loads over any 

terrain.” Mr. Gluhareff was honored for his engineering contributions in the development of the multipurpose helicopter. 

Dr. Wallace D. Hayes, professor of aerospace engineering at Princeton University, received AIAA’S fourth annual Research Award for his 

leading role in the development of supersonic and hypersonic flow 

theory. 

Sir Frank Whittle, British engineer, was named first recipient of the 

Goddard Award for his “imagination, skill, persistence, and courage in 

pioneering the gas turbine as a jet propulsion aircraft engine, thus 

revolutionizing military and commercial aviation for all time.” 

Harry F. Guggenheim, who had supported aerospace endeavors, received a special commendation for his “contributions, encouragement, 

and personal participation in the development of aviation and rocketry.” (NYT, 1/21/65, 53M; NYT, 1/27/65, 58; NYT, 1/9/65, 50; 

Av. Wk., 1/25/65; Av. Wk., 1/11/65, 13; Langley Researcher 

1/29/65) 

An article by Omer Anderson on U.A.R. rocket program was inserted 

in the Congressional Record by Rep. Silvio Conte (R-Mass.) . Based 

on interviews with German scientists just back from Egypt and with 

(NSC Newsletter, 2/65) 

Lockheed would develop two of the three motors. 

( DOD Release 52-65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 33 

West German defense ministry officials who debriefed them after their 

return, the article said : “Egypt’s missile program is considerably 

further advanced than is generally realized in the West. 

“Some of these scientists who have returned to West Germany say 

that Nasser will have the missiles to devastate wide areas of Israel by 

late 1967 and that he will have rockets with a 1-ton payload by the end 

of 1965. 

“West German defense ministry experts who have questioned the 

returning rocket scientists regard their assessment of Nasser’s rocket 

potential as entirely realistic and possibly too conservative. 

“The scientists say Nasser has accelerated greatly his rocket program since the first test firing of four missiles on July 22, 

1962.” (CR, 1/26/65,1160) 

January 26: Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge Space Technology Laboratories 

chosen as the winner in a two-year design competition to produce the 

rocket engine for Apollo Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) . The liquidpropellant engine was designed to vary its power output between a low 

of 1,000 lb. thrust and a high of 10,000 lb. 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics began a two-day seminar 

with a panel discussion on science and technology, with specific reference to aeronautics. Speaker of the House John W. McCormack 

opened the seminar. 

Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences began executive hearings on the subject of launch vehicles. 

In US. launch vehicles hearings before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, NASA Administrator James E. Webb discussed 

recent study by the Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board’s 

Launch Vehicles Panel : 

“In considering the merits of canceling certain vehicles in order to 

provide quantity production of the remaining vehicles, the Launch Vehicle Panel of the AACB evaluated several alternatives against a forecast of DOD’S and NASA’s needs over the next 10 years. This spacemission forecast served as a basis for determining the number of launch 

vehicles required and the cost of producing the various combinations 

of these launch vehicles. 

“The result of the study is particularly interesting in that it shows a 

cost difference of less than 1 per cent among the alternative 

options. This difference is less than the accuracy of the data used in 

the analysis. The results indicate that any economies that might be 

realized by increased quantity production of boosters would be lost 

through cost of adapting specific mission spacecraft to a new vehicle 

where the costs of such work have already been incurred. . . . “The major advantages of the recent comprehensive study . . . , as 

distinct from previous reviews, were the development of much improved methods for estimating the costs of launch vehicles considering 

the effects of quantity production, variety of vehicles, and inplant 

workload; the use of an inclusive or overall forecast as a basis for 

determination of both DOD and NASA space missions against which total 

launch vehicles costs could be calculated; and the value of the results 

of the study to NASA to confirm our judgment on the use of the SATURN 

I-B for the APOLLO and VOYAGER missions. 

(NYT, 1/29/65) 

(NASA LAR IV/17) 
3 4s ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“. . . we are making extensive use of DoD-developed launch vehicles 

and will continue to do so for some time to come. However, a wider 

variety of first-stage boosters and upper stages is required by NASA 

space missions than by those of the DOD. We have requirements for 

a wider range of variety of size, payload, and velocity for our missions. 

We have been carefully investigating our future vehicle needs; optimum vehicle configurations ; and the most promising advanced propulsion methods to be sure that our program will provide the options that 

the country will need in making decisions to undertake future missions. 

“. . . we are utilizing the channels and procedures established by 

the DOD-NASA launch vehicle agreement and by the AACB to coordinate 

the needs and activities of NASA and the DOD to assure the most effective 

national launch vehicle program. However, we are presenting to the 

Congress, in our budgets each year, the specific booster needs we have 

over and above those which can be met by DoD-developed systems. . . .” (Hearings . . . National Space Launch Vehicles, 6-19) 

January 26: USN began tests of two new air-cushion vehicles variously 

called hydro-skimmers, hovercraft, or ground effects machines. The 

craft were lifted a few feet above the surface by cushions of air trapped 

beneath their hulls and were driven at speeds up to 50 knots by aircraft propellers. The vehicles would be tested during the next three 

to six months to determine their potential usefulness and operational 

suitability for naval operations. 

Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) Administrator Najeeb E. Halaby told the 

House Science and Astronautics Committee that designs of U.S. manufacturers for the proposed supersonic airliner “demonstrated clearly 

the feasibility” of building a plane that would prove as profitable, if 

not more so, over transcontinental or greater ranges as current jet 

airliners. Presidential Committee to evaluate Sst program would begin its extensive critical review late next month. (Clark, NYT, 1/27/ 

65, 19) 

Sen. A. S. Monroney (D-Okla.) suggested in a speech before the Aero 

Club of Washington that the experimental RS-70 bomber be used as 

a test plane for US. supersonic transport program. Monroney was 

interested in more extensive use of the RS-70 for civil airliner studies 

than had been made by NASA. He said use of the RS-70 could produce 

savings in both development and construction costs of the proposed 

airliner. (Sehlstedt, Balt. Sun, 1/27/65) 

William C. Foster, Director of U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament 

Agency, said in testimony before House Foreign Affairs Committee 

that radioactive leakage from Soviet underground nuclear test Jan. 15 

was apparently accidental. The radioactive fallout apparently did not 

violate the intent of the 1963 nuclear test-ban treaty. (FonF, 1965, 

The British Defense Ministry announced that its fleet of Valiant bombers 

would be scrapped because of weakened structure caused by metal 

fatigue. Valiant was the first of the three “V” types of jet bombers 

built by U.K. following World War II. They had been in service nine 

years and only about half the original force remained in service as 

reconnaissance or tankers. This would not affect Britain’s contribution to NATO or its proposal for an Atlantic nuclear force. (NYT, 

1/27/65) 

( Baldwin, NYT, 1/31/65, 88) 

61 1 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 35 

January 26: Richard E. Horner, former Associate Administrator of NASA 

(1959-60), was installed as 1965 president of the American Institute 

of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 

January 27: President Johnson sent to the House and Senate his message 

transmitting annual report on the US. space activities. In his letter, 

President Johnson said: “The advances of 1964 were gratifying and 

heartening omens of the gains and good to come from our determined 

national undertaking in exploring the frontiers of space. While this 

great enterprise is still young, we began during the year past to realize 

its potential in our life on earth. As this report notes, practical uses 

of the benefits of space technology were almost commonplace around 

the globe-warning us of gathering storms, guiding our ships at sea, 

assisting our mapmakers and serving, most valuably of all, to bring 

the peoples of many nations closer together in joint peaceful endeavors. 

“Substantial strides have been made in a very brief span of timeand more are to come. We expect to explore the moon, not just visit 

it or photograph it. We plan to explore and chart planets as 

well. We shall expand our earth laboratories into space laboratories 

and extend our national strength into the space dimension.” 

A hypersonic aircraft-ne that could fly the Atlantic in less than an 

hour-had reached the stage where models were being constructed for 

wind tunnel tests. President Johnson’s report disclosed : “TWO structural models embodying design concepts applicable to the fuselage of a 

hydrogen-fueled hypersonic aircraft were being constructed for testing 

at 1,5W2,5OO0 F-temperatures likely to be encountered in hypersonic flight. Equipment was developed for inducing angular oscillations 

in the test section fiow of a laige iiaiisoiiic wind tunnel m.1 ~i!! be 

used to obtain the dynamic response of wind tunnel models.’’ (CR, 

1/27/65, 1366; U.S. News, 2/2/65) 

NASA launched a Nike-Cajun with acoustic grenade experiment at Point 

Barrow, Alaska, to obtain upper atmospheric meterological data within 

the Arctic Circle. 12 grenades were ejected and detonated at intervals 

from about 25 to 56 mi. altitude as the rocket ascended. By recording 

the sounds on five sensitive microphones on the ground, scientists 

could obtain wind direction and velocity, atmospheric temperature, 

density, and pressure data. This was the first of a series of such experiments to gather upper atmospheric data within the Arctic Circle. 

Point Barrow was 1,100 mi. from the North Pole and 300 mi. within 

the Arctic Circle, at 71” north latitude. (Wallops Release 654; AP, 

NYT, 1/29/65) 

NASA Langley Research Center requested G. T. Schjeldahl Co. to submit a 

bid for construction of six inflatable 100-ft., 130-lb. spherical satellites 

to be used in the national geodetic satellite program. They would be 

nearly identical to ECHO I and would be named Pageos (Passive 

Geodetic Satellite) . Pageos would be launched in 1966 into a near-polar orbit at an 

altitude of about 2,300 mi. Ground camera stations would simultaneously photograph it against a star background to gather precise data 

for locating any point on Earth. 

(Av. Wk., 2/8/65, 13) 
36 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

The other two types of spacecraft to be used in the geodetic satellite 

program would be the 350-lb. Geos and the 120-lb. Beacon ExplorerB. 

January 27: NASA Ames Research Center discussed for the press the major 

significant advances in aeronautics and space-oriented research accomplished by the Center during 1964. Accomplishments cited were: 

(1) establishing feasibility of manned control of large boosters; (2) 

problem definition for hypersonic transport; (3) design of new takeoff and landing aid to precisely locate aircraft position on the runway; 

(4) design of probe vehicle to define Mars atmosphere; (5) improvement of M-2 maneuverable atmosphere entry craft; (6) discovery that 

Mars contamination problem is probably not severe; (7) development 

of system for measuring stress in humans; (8) demonstration of need 

for special training for jet transport pilots to combat severe air turbulence; (9) discovery in meteorite of an extraterrestrial mineral unknown on earth; (10) feasibility demonstration of moon and planet 

mission navigation by hand-held sextant; (11) formulation of 

certification requirements for supersonic transport take-off ; (12) design of ducted-fan to provide efficient airflow for flight from hover to 

high subsonic speeds; (13) formation of organic material under Martian conditions; (14) development of a new magnetic field chamber; 

(15) derivation of formula for simple calculation of convective (friction) heating of spacecraft in planet atmospheres; (16) tests of radiative heating in simulated planet atmospheres; (17) improvement of 

techniques for prediction of heat shield performance; (18) development of a low-power, high-performance magnetometer; (19) measurements of solar wind on IMP-B and OGO 11; (20) feasibility demonstration of new pod for vertical-lift engines for Vtol aircraft at flight 

speeds up to 170 mph. 

Experiments at NASA Ames Research Center by Dr. John Young and Dr. 

Cyril Ponnamperuma indicated that Mars may lie under a steady rain 

of edible sugars produced photochemically in the Martian atmosphere. 

It was speculated that the sugars and other compounds might drift to 

the Martian surface, seep into the soil, and form underground reservoirs of nutrients. 

Results of tests for survival of 50 strains of earth bacteria in simulated Martian atmosphere indicated that the strains of bacteria which 

form hard spores and are thus most likely to survive space flight are 

most sensitive to the freeze-thaw extremes of temperature that prevail 

on Mars. Thus, while the bacteria might survive on Mars in spore 

form, they would not grow there and would not contaminate the 

planet. Other bacteria would die en route. (S.F. Chron., 1/28/65) 

In US. launch vehicles hearings before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Dr. Alexander Flax, Assistant Secretary of 

the Air Force (R&D), said: 

“In general, the joint DOD-NASA study [by the AACB] has shown 

that no drastic revisions to the national launch vehicle family are 

required to meet the mission demands that we can project for the 

immediate future and that further no drastic revisions can be justified 

on purely economic grounds. In addition, it is clear that the extensive effort on the part of both the DOD and the NASA in improving, 

(NASA Release 65-22; Beacon Explorer-B Press Kit) 

(ARC Release) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 37 

launch vehicle system reliability has been paying off, and that we can 

expect a continuing trend in this regard. However, it is important 

to also recognize some of the natural limitations inherent in any longrange projection of requirements such as we have had to make for this 

study period. There are a number of areas in which unforeseen increased mission capability demands could react on our launch vehicle 

performance requirements. We must, therefore, continually maintain 

effective exploratory and advanced development programs which will 

provide us with the technology to meet such demands in the future. . . .” 

January 27: William M. Allen, president at the Boeing Co., addressed National Defense Transportation Association in Washington, D.C. : “Our 

first Boeing study of a supersonic transport was made in 1952. Preliminary design effort was started more seriously in 1956 and 1957. 

Then in 1958 the SST became a major engineering project and it has 

continued in that status ever since, involving many of our top engineers. 

“From the start of our effort to the present, design determinations 

have come in an orderly and unhurried progression, as a result of the 

integration of mountains of test data, much of it worked out in close 

conjunction with NASA laboratories which, incidentally, deserve the 

sincere thanks of the American people for their pioneering work in 

this field. 

“In the process we explored 290 configurations, and completed wind 

tunnel testing on 56 different high-speed wings. . . .” (CR, 1/28/65, 

1454-56) 

Gen. Bernard A. Schriever (USAF) , Commander of the Air Force Systems 

Command, dcsciibcd to members ef the Chzrlette, N.C., Chamher of 

Commerce the development of the US. ballistic missile program: “In 

the ballistic missile program, of course, we were not concerned with 

the missile alone-complicatd as it was-but also had the problem 

of constructing the facilities to test the missiles; building the ground 

support equipment; and training crews to install, service, and launch 

the missiles. This was a $17 billion program, and was larger in scope 

than the Manhattan Project which produced the atomic bomb during 

World War II. 

“TO give you some idea of the size of the task, imagine that Henry 

Ford in the early days had not only had the problem of designing and 

building his automobiles, but at the same time had to construct all the 

highways and bridges, build all the service stations and garages, and 

plan and conduct driver training programs. . . .” 

NASA contract for miscellaneous additions and changes at Launch Complex 34 for the Saturn IB. Work would be done at Cape Kennedy, 

Florida. The contract was awarded by the Army Corps of Engineers. 

(DOD Release 53-65) 

National Science Foundation announced that an ocean area 100 mi. NNE 

of Maui Island of the Hawaiian Islands had been tentatively selected 

as the site for the attempt to drill a six-mi.-deep hole into the ocean 

bottom to penetrate beyond the earth‘s crust. The operation would be 

(Hearings . . . National Space Launch Vehicles, 87) 

(Text) 

R. E. Clarson, Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida, was awarded a $2,179,000 
38 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

called Project Mohole and would be an attempt to gain knowledge of 

the earth’s origin and structure, the formation of minerals, and the 

causes of earthquakes. Drilling was expected to begin in 

1968. (Clark, NYT, 1/28/65, 50; AP, Wash. Post, 1/28/65) 

January 27: Stellar objects dubbed “interlopers” had been discovered by 

the Mt. Wilson-Palomar Observatories in California. Dr. Allan R. 

Sandage of Mt. Wilson said an effort would be made to determine 

whether the new objects were a form of quasar. He said an alternative 

possibility was that the objects were a rare form of star system in 

which two stars lay so close to each other that the presence of one 

caused explosions on the surface of the other. The resulting strongly 

ultraviolet light would superficially resemble that of quasars. Dr. 

Sandage reported that so far about 45 quasars had been identified. 

The “interlopers,” so called because of their close resemblance to 

quasars, had been found at the rate of two to a square degree of sky 

in the limited region studied. (Sullivan, 

NYT, 1/27/65, 31) J. Gordon Vaeth of the U.S. Weather Bureau’s National Weather Satellite 

Center told the American Meteorological Society that the Weather 

Bureau was developing a system in which buoys moored in the ocean 

would broadcast weather data to communications satellites that would 

rebroadcast it almost instantaneously to almost any point on earth. 

Mr. Vaeth said the initial optimum number of buoys would be 300, 

spaced about 600 mi. apart in major ocean regions. They would be 

moored at known, fixed points and would send data on sea and air 

temperature, wind direction and velocity, and barometric pressure. 

Relays from the satellites would be by very-high-frequency radio and 

would be picked up on the ground by inexpensive receiving stations, 

aircraft, or ships at sea,. 

Mr. Vaeth saw the buoy network as an ideal vehicle for international cooperation in meteorology. 

France announced it would build a launching site for spacecraft in 

French Guiana, on the northeast coast of South America, to be ready 

Jan. 1, 1968. 

USAF said in its Project Blue Book that no Ufo “has ever given any 

indication of a threat to our national security” or displayed “technological developments or principals beyond the range of present day 

scientific knowledge.” Report covered 8,908 sightings during past 18 

yrs, including 532 during 1964. (Noyes, Wash. Eve. Star, 1/27/65, 

28) 

A new theory for the behavior of matter, called SUA, was presented in 

New York at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society by 

Dr. Abraham Pais of the Rockefeller Institute. The concept, based on 

a branch of mathematics known as symmetry group theory, supported 

views that all matter might be composed of basic building blocks, or 

quarks,” that could be either real fragments or mathematical entities 

smaller than the electron. It grouped the 100+ known fragments of 

matter into groups and then predicted behavior. A modification 

makes the theory also compatible with Einstein’s relativity 

theory. 

So far, they totaled four. 

(Schmeck, NYT, 1/28/65,50) 

(Reuters, Wash. Post, 1/28/65) 

(6 

(Sullivan, NYT, 1/28/65, 1, 10) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 39 

January 28: MARINER IV, launched two months ago, was 11,873,789 mi. 

from earth and moving toward Mars at a speed of 12,291 mph relative 

to the earth at 9 a.m. EST. Velocity relative to the sun was 67,086 

mph. (NASA Release 65-21) 

The first major Saturn V flight component, a 33-ft.-dia., 60,000-lb. corrugated tail section which would support the booster’s five 1.5-million-1b.- 

thrust engines, arrived at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center from 

NASA Michoud Operations, near New Orleans. The section was one of 

five major structural units comprising Saturn V’s first stage. (Marshall Star, 1/27/65, l) 

USAF announced a four-stage Blue Scout Jr. rocket combination with 

a scientific payload had failed after launch from Cape Kennedy. The 

second stage developed trouble about 100 sec. after launching, causing 

the range safety officer to send destruct signal. The stage broke apart 

on its own. The third stage, meanwhile, separated from the second 

stage, ignited, and followed approximately its preplanned path. The 

fourth stage failed to ignite; it and the payload plummeted harmlessly 

into the Atlantic Ocean southwest of Ascension Island. The probe 

was to have sent its instrumented payload 24,500 mi. into space to 

study earth’s magnetic field. (NYT, 1/29/65; US. Aeron. & Space 

Act., 1965, 132) 

Construction work at Cape Kennedy halted as 3,700 building trade 

workers stayed off the job in a two-year-old contract dispute with 

NASA. The present dispute was between building trades unions and 

the Marion Power Shovel Co., a NASA contractor, over pay scales. 

Work on 44 projects involving contracts totaling $192 million had 

been brought to a standstill. The biggest project affected was the 

52-story Saturn V moon rocket assembly building that was to be ready 

6; AP, Houston Post, 1/29/65) 

President Johnson, on the advice of Defense Secretary McNamara, and 

contrary to the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, had decided to 

postpone the production order for the Nike-X missile defense system, 

Neal Stanford of the Christian Science Monitor asserted. $2 billion 

had already been spent on the R&D phase of the Nike-X and an additional $20 billion would be required to produce and deploy it. The 

FY 1966 budget provided approximately $400 million for continued 

research and development on the Nike-X system pending the decision 

on whether to put Nike-X into production. (Stanford, CSM, 

1 /28/65) 

Army XV-9A experimental pressure jet helicopter, which was first flown 

on November 5, 1964, gave its first public demonstration in Culver 

City, Calif. It was designed and developed under a U.S. Army Transportation Research Command contract with the Hughes Tool Company 

to evaluate the hot-cycle pressure jet system which would eliminate the 

requirement for heavy gear boxes, complex mechanical drive components, and an antitorque tail rotor. Aircraft based on this concept 

could carry payloads greater than the empty weight of the aircraft 

itself. (DOD Release 55-65) .. 

January 29: AEC said in its Annual Report to Congress that the United 

States now had four Vela satellites in distant orbits to detect nuclear 

for the first of these rcclets with? ti?% -‘--T= , --1 U. (UPI, NYT, 1/2?/65, 
40 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

explosions in space. U.S. 

facilities in the Pacific had been brought to a state of instant readiness 

to resume atmospheric testing should the Soviet Union violate the limited nuclear test ban treaty. (AEC Annual Report, 76-77) 

January 29: Speaking on the Senate floor, Sen. Richard B. Russell ( D-Ga.) 

said: “I am greatly disturbed that funds for the continuation of the 

large solid rocket engine program have been eliminated from the 1966 

budget for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. “. . . I am concerned about the effect that the proposed termination 

of this program will have over our long-range space effort and upon 

the security of the country. For it will cut off, at a particularly inappropriate time, a crucial research and development program that already has shown significant potential for fulfilling future space booster 

needs-for both defense and nondefense purposes. This is particularly true for launching large payloads and missions into deep space 

that are contemplated in the not-so-distant future. 

“The booster technology and capability that we are developing 

under the large solid rocket engine program could become a vital 

factor in preventing the Russians from achieving a position of dominance in space. . . . “Indeed, the decision to terminate this program appears to be a 

direct contradiction of Mr. Webb’s own views, as expressed as recently 

as Tuesday of this week to the Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences. He said unequivocally that space missions contemplated for 

the next decade and beyond will require ‘new launch vehicles and new 

space vehicle developments.’ He said our experience with the Apollo 

moon program has shown that ‘a policy of support for the development 

of carefully selected advanced propulsion systems must be followed if 

we are to assure they will be available when needed.’ 

“It is highly inconsistent-to say the least-to speak boldly of exploring the moon, reaching and charting the planets, establishing 

manned stations in space, and extending our national strength into the 

space dimensions, while at the same time killing off one of the most 

promising programs for the achievement of these very goals. . . .” 

(CR, 1/29/65, 1535) 

NASA approved a contract with the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. converting 

the $712-million Gemini spacecraft contract from a cost-plus-fixed-fee 

to a cost-plus-incentive-fee. This was the largest incentive contract 

that NASA had negotiated; it provided profit incentives for outstanding 

performance, control of costs, and timely delivery as well as potential 

profit reductions when performance, cost, and schedule requirements 

were not met. 

The National Commission on Technology, Automation and Economic 

Progress, established by law in 1964 to find out what technological 

change was doing to the economic and social fabric of the country 

and how to obtain its maximum benefits with the least possible harm, 

met for the first time with Vice President Hubert Humphrey. The 

Commission would meet again Feb. 18-19 to determine the areas to be 

explored intensively and possibly to select outside personnel to help 

with basic research in these studies. 

Two more would be launched this year. 

(NASA Release 65-26) 

(NYT, 1/30/65, 6) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 41 

January 29: C-141~ was certified as a commercial cargo jet. FAA Administrator, Najeeb E. Halaby, said the Lockheed fanjet could “help 

give civil freight transportation the kind of mobility that brings success to the armed forces.” The plane could operate at 550 mph, and 

needed only a 6,000-ft. runway. The certification climaxed an unusual 

program in which the FAA, USAF, and industry had jointly developed, 

produced, and tested the new craft. 

U.S. Army formally accepted the first two XV-jA V/Stol (Vertical/ 

Short Take-Off and Landing) lift-fan research aircraft at Edwards 

AFB where they were being readied for a six-month Army flight evaluation. Test pilots from NASA, USAF, USN, and the FAA would assist in 

the evaluation. 

January 30: COSMOS LIII. an unmanned satellite containing scientific 

equipment for outer space research, was orbited by the Soviet 

Union. Preliminary orbital data: period, 98.7 min.; apogee, 741 mi. 

( 1,192 km.) ; perigee, 141 mi. (227 km.) ; inclination, 48.8’. Equipment on board was operating normally. (Tass, Pravda, 1/31/65, 4, 

ATSS-T Trans.) 

Funeral services for Sir Winston Churchill were televised live and by 

delayed transmission from London via TELSTAR 11 communications 

satellite. Earlier in the week, pictures of 

Sir Winston’s body lying in state in Westminster Hall had also been 

transmitted live via TELSTAR 11. 

NASA Ames Research Center was conducting tests on a Douglas F5D 

aircraft with a specially designed planform wing that might minimize 

landing speeds for the proposed supersonic transport. A tornado-like 

flow, called “vortex airflow,” and resulting from the sharp difference 

between the low pressure on the top of the wing and the high pressure 

on the underside, was generated along the ieading edges of the “3”- 

shaped wing. Engineers said use of the sharply angled wings with 

tornado effect on top had these advantages: (1) the tornadoes affected 

air flow over the entire aircraft and eliminated turbulence that would 

make other aircraft directionally unstable when coming in nose high 

for a landing; (2) the tornadoes made it almost impossible for the 

wings to lose their lift completely. Also, it was felt this wing shape 

took maximum advantage of the cushioning effect produced in compressing air between the underside of the wings and the ground which 

would make it necessary to level off sharply at the last moment before 

touching down. 

Existence of this tornado-like flow along the leading edges of the 

wing encouraged the belief that a supersonic airliner might be built 

without resorting to variable-sweep wings. 

In current design competition for supersonic transport under GOVernment auspices, the Lockheed Aircraft Corp. had taken the first 

approach. (ARC 

Release 65-3; Witkin, NYT, 1/30/65) 

An articIe published in The New Scientist reported that experts at the 

Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England, believed that the 

US. communications satellite ECHO 11-launched Jan. 25, 1964, and 

still in orbit-had been pierced by its own launching canister shortly 

after injection into orbit. 

(AP, NYT, 1/31/65, 27) 

( DOD Release 59-65) 

Churchill died on Jan. 24. 

(NBC; CBS; lF“ash. Post, 1/27/65) 

The Boeing Co. had a design with movable wings. 
42 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

According to The New Scientist, the shape of ECHO 11 after launching was flabby and elongated rather than the perfect sphere wanted for 

some of its communication experiments. 

Analysis of Malvern’s radar tracks on ECHO II revealed writhing 

echoes that, according to their theory, arose when the very short radar 

pulses entered a hole and rebounded from the aluminum-coated interior of the balloon. The Malvern team thought the balloon had a puncture about 18 in. long and 27 in. wide in one side. 

NASA spokesmen said they did not believe ECHO II had been punctured by either its launching canister or its launching vehicle and that 

sightings from more than a dozen radar stations had contradicted the 

Malvern theory. They added that ECHO 11’s ability to reflect radio 

signals had not been seriously impaired and many messages had been 

bounced off in the last year. 

January 30: Soviet Union launched a “new type” space booster that 

spanned more than 8,OOO mi. of the Pacific, according to Tass. The 

firing was said to have been so successful that a second planned shot 

was canceled. (M&R, 1/8/65, 8) 

Dr. Joseph Charyk, president of Communications Satellite Corporation, 

speaking in Kaanapali, Hawaii, said the geographic location of Hawaii 

ensured that the impact of Early Bird comsat would be “more profound there than in any of the other states of the union.” Hawaii, he 

noted, would not have to wait, as it does now, to see mainland television programs. Dr. Charyk envisioned a full global communications 

system by 1967. He predicted Hawaii would become a center for 

communications traffic of all types. 

January 30: Columnist James J. Haggerty, Jr., said: “It is all but incredible that after seven years of space research no manned military project 

has reached the hardware stage. . . .” (Haggerty, J/Armed Forces, 

1/30/65, 9) 

January 31: Seventh anniversary of the first U.S. satellite, EXPLORER 

I. In defiance of the original predicted lifespan that should have 

ended some two years ago, the satellite continued to pass overhead 

every 104 min., with perigee of 214 mi. and apogee of 983 mi. Trajectory plotters at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center believed 

EXPLORER I would plunge into the atmosphere and burn in 1968. It 

had slowed down since launch but had logged 904 million mi. around 

the earth. (Marshall Star, 1/27/65, 1,6) 

Japan launched Lambda 111-2, the largest rocket that country had yet 

developed. The 62-ft., three-stage rocket attained an altitude of 620 

mi. and impacted northwest of the Mariana Islands, some 1,130 mi. 

from the launch site at Tokyo University’s space center on 

Kyushu. (M&R, 2/8/65, 8) 

In an interview on the eve of his retirement as Air Force Chief of Staff, 

Gen. Curtis E. LeMay discussed the role of the military in space: 

“Developing military capabilities in space is a task that I think we 

ought to accept as an unavoidable requirement. It is the only way 

that we can establish control over corridors of access to our country 

that would otherwise be open to exploitation by aggressor forces. . . . 

Just as 

he has adapted aircraft to tasks no one could foresee in 1903, he will 

undoubtedly discover uses for space systems over the years ahead that 

(Hillaby, NYT, 1/31/65,29) 

(NYT, 1/31/65, 13) 

“I am confident that man will prove useful in this medium. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 43 

go far beyond the observation and inspection functions we envision at 

this time.” 

January 31 : Tass had reported that Soviet astronomers believed the upper 

layer of the moon’s surface was saturated with meteoric matter distinguished chemically and in mineral content from deeper layers. 

“Highly accurate and reliable” observation had been made by a 

Gorky University team headed by Vsevolod S. Troitsky, the Soviet 

Union’s leading authority on radio emanations of the moon. (&abad , Louisville Courier-Journal, 1/3 1/65 ) 

Two US. physicists, Prof. Robert V. Pound of Harvard and Assistant 

Professor Glen A. Rebka, Jr., of Yale, were awarded the 

Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London for 

gravitational red shift experiments reported in 1960 that confirmed 

Einstein’s principle of equivalence, one of the basic assumptions of the 

general relativity theory. (NYT, 2/1/65, 12) 

Smithsonian Institution disclosed architectural plans for a national air 

and space museum to be built in Washington, D. C., opposite the 

National Gallery of Art. Designed by Gyo Obata, a St. Louis architect, the building would be modern in concept with an internal design 

that would provide a sweeping vista of exhibit areas. Smithsonian 

officials hoped to receive Congressional authorization to build the museum at a cost of $42 million. 

During January: Reviewing Apollo program progress, Dr. Joseph Shea, 

Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at NASA Manned 

Spacecraft Center, said that NASA had characterized the program as a 

series of phases. He explained that 1963 and 1964 were years of 

detailed designs and initial developmental testing; 1964. and 1965 

were years of extensive ground tests and qualifications for flight; from 

1966 nn, groiind tests would be supplemental to extensive flight tests, 

initially on the Saturn IB and later on the Saturn V. From his visits 

to almost all of the major Apollo hardware contractors, Dr. Shea said 

he could report that all of the subsystems associated with the command 

and service modules “are well along in their ground test programs. 

“Almost all elements are on schedule and the test results indicate 

that the designs will meet our program objectives. By early this year, 

all subsystem hardware will be undergoing the rigorous qualification 

tests which we require before certifying such hardware ready for 

flight. . . . By the end of 1965, there will be three Apollo spacecraft 

in continuous ground testing. 1964 was, in retrospect, a year where 

milestone by milestone, we have achieved Apollo objectives.” ( NAA 

S&lD Skywriter, 1/15/65, 1,4; Witkin, NYT, 1/24/65,60) 

Dr. William H. Pickering, Director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 

said in an article in Astronautics and Aeronautics for January: 

“. . . With Ranger 7, the prime factor was the expectation that the 

Apollo mission would choose a landing area on one of the smooth 

‘maria.’ So it was of great value to this program to find out as much 

as possible about the mare topography. In particular, it was necessary to know if these areas were really lava flows and, if so, how much 

was exposed lava and how densely the small craters were scattered 

over the surface. 

In some areas, at least, small 

craters were indeed strewn very thickly. Probably such areas lie 

(AP, Haugland, Balt. Sun, 2/1/65) 

(NYT, 1/31/65) 

“Ranger gave some of the answers. 
44 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

along the rays which radiate from some of the more recent large 

craters. Between these ray regions the surface of the mare appears to 

be quite smooth. No large rocks or fissures are apparent, although 

the general roughness may be comparable to some terrestrial lava 

fields where the lava is of the ‘pahoehoe,’ or fluid variety. However, 

the absence of any significant number of features showing edges with a 

small radius of curvature, and the presence of small craters which have 

been filled with debris, point to erosion as a significant modifier of the 

primeval lunar surface. This erosion could arise from meteoric bombardment and the effects of solar radiations. Estimates of the depth 

of surface which has been eroded away range from 5 to 50 

During January: GAO charged that mismanagement of the Nimbus meteorological satellite project resulted in unnecessary costs of $1.2 

million. The report claimed that Nimbus’ project manager at NASA 

Goddard Space Flight Center “did not effectively carry out his responsibility” for flight planning when it became evident that the spacecraft 

had become overweight and that he allowed the contractor to continue 

working toward the original design goal “even though it was clear [the 

effort] would be futile” because of booster limitations. 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space 

Science and Applications, rebutted the GAO allegations : “The costs 

which were incurred on the Nimbus project during the 5yz months 

between May 1961 and November 20, 1961, were for the development 

of the fully redundant Nimbus system to satisfy the requirements 

of the Plan for a National Operational Meteorological Satellite System. . . . Our effort to achieve the redundant system in the first 

Nimbus flight was continued as long as possible. . . . we did not want 

to take the step of dropping the redundant system, even for the first 

flight, until we were sure we had to.” (GAO Nimbus Rpt., 1/65; M&R, 

2/8/65,9) 

Writing in the January 1965 issue of Astronautics and Aeronautics, Dr. 

Harold B. Finger, Manager of AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion 

Office (SNPO), summed up the various components of the advanced 

nuclear propulsion program and emphasized the importance of the 

solid-core nuclear rocket within the field: “Solid-core nuclear rockets 

are the best understood and most nearly developed of the many advanced nuclear-propulsion concepts being investigated in this 

country. They offer the most assured and earliest possible means for 

very substantial improvements and advances in space-flight propulsion 

capability. Furthermore, because solid-core nuclear rockets rely heavily on technology and techniques of chemical rocket engines and although much extension of these techniques is required, no fundamentally new engineering approaches are required to develop this new 

breed of substantially improved rocketry for actual flight use. Solidcore nuclear rockets can be relied on for our future space missions. 

“Progress has been made in electric propulsion, particularly in the 

thruster area, and important research data and technology are also 

beginning to be provided in the difficult area of nuclear-reactor electric 

generating systems required for prime electric propulsion. 

ft. . . .” (A&A, 1/65, 18-20) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 45 

“Beyond these systems, other advanced nuclear propulsion concepts 

are not yet well-enough understood to justify undertaking significant 

development efforts.” (A&A, 1/65, 30-35) 

During January: Nine areas of scientific experiments for the first manned 

Apollo lunar landing mission had been summarized and experimenters 

were defining them for NASA. Space sciences project group expected 

to publish the complete report by Mar. 1, to be followed by requests 

for proposals from industry on designing and producing instrument 

packages. A major effort was under way by a NASA task force making 

a time-motion study of how best to use the limited lunar stay-time of 

2 hr. minimum for the first flight. 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center announced it would negotiate with Radiation, Inc., of Melbourne, Florida, for a contract to develop a new 

weather measuring system to be tested aboard the Nimbus B meteorological satellite. The new equipment, Interrogation Recording and Location System (IRLS) , would tie together weather observations made 

on the ground and in space as well as oceanographic measurements. 

( GSFC Release 61-65) 

In an article in the Indianapolis Star discussing Soviet medical practices 

observed during his visit to Russia at the invitation of the Soviet 

Academy of Science, Dr. John M. Keshishian, associate in surgery on 

the George Washington University School of Medicine faculty, said : 

“It is not generally known that just before Voskhod was ordered into 

reentry, the pulse rate of one cosmonaut dropped to 40. 

“When your pulse rate drops below 40 heartbeats a minute, you’re 

in trouble. 

“The Russians haven’t said anything about this . . . but it could be 

another one of the problems their space medicine is encountering for 

which there seems to be no ready solutions. 

“For example, some Russian cosmonauts have suffered severe. hallucinations, both in flight and afterwards. Others have suffered equally 

severe and, thus far, inexplicable vertigo during which they can’t be 

certain whether the floor’s coming up to meet them or vice versa, or 

whether they’re spinning, or the room is. And Russian physicians 

have found that , . . space flight environment-possibly weightlessness-draws calcium from the blood and expels it in the 

urine.” (World Book Encyclopedia Science Service, Inc., Keshishian, 

Indianapolis Star) 

In an article in Foreign Aflairs entitled “Slowdown in the Pentagon,” Hanson W. Baldwin said: “The sprawling bureaucracy of 

big government; the control of major military or paramilitary projects 

by agencies over which the Defense Department has no direct authority, including the Atomic Energy Commission, the National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Bureau 

of the Budget ; congressional legislation and executive regulation-social, political and economic; the tremendous size and complexity of the 

Armed Forces ; overcentralization and overregulation in the Pentagon ; 

too much service rivalry and not mough service competition-all these 

and other factors have become builtin roadblocks in defense development and contracting. 

(Av. Wk., 2/1/65, 13) 
46 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“The creation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has provided another type of problem. NASA stemmed from the 

same kind of political philosophy that nurtured the AEC. Atom bombs 

were too powerful to allow the generals to play with them; ergo, a 

civilian agency must control nuclear power-and it must be channeled 

away from nasty military purposes. The same scientific-political pressure groups that advocated this concept helped (with President Eisenhower’s approval) to establish NASA, again on the theory that space 

efforts must be controlled by civilians and that space must not be used 

for military purposes. . . . For 

while the AEC is essentially a research and production agency, NASA is 

an operating agency as well. From a small highly efficient aeronautical research agency, it has now expanded into a gargantuan multibillion-dollar empire, with tentacles all over the country, managing the 

biggest program on which the United States has ever embarked-to 

place a man on the moon. 

“In its early years, NASA was sluggishly if at all responsive to military needs, and the Pentagon itself was inhibited from any effective 

space developments (though, curiously, the only effective space 

boosters available were military ballistic missiles) . Gradually the 

liaison, due to Dr. [Edward C.] Welsh and others, has been greatly 

improved. Numerous military officers, active and retired, now hold 

some of the most important positions in NASA, and in addition the 

Armed Forces have furnished most of the astronauts and by far the 

most important part of the facilities and services used by the 

agency. The two-headed control still offers difficulties, but today the 

main stumbling blocks to the rapid development of military space 

projects are Secretary McNamara and his Director of Defense Research and Engineering, Dr. Harold Brown, who in his new political 

role in the Pentagon has become a remarkably unadventurous scientist. 

“Often the President’s Scientific Adviser, whose contacts with Pentagon and other Government scientists cut squarely across organizational 

lines, has also acted as roadblock to new developments. He exercises 

tremendous power without either specific responsibility or specific authority; therefore, his intervention often not only delays but 

confuses. The Adviser’s great power stems largely from his White 

House status; unfortunately around him has grown up a small but 

important office manned by men more impressive as bureaucrats than 

as scientists, who represent, in effect, another echelon of 

delay. . . .” 

During January: Committee assignments for both parties were made in 

both Houses of Congress. New members on the Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences: Walter F. Mondale (D-Minn.) , JOseph Tydings ( D-Md.) , Len B. Jordan (R-Ida.) , and George’D. Aiken 

New members of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics: 

Roy A. Taylor (D-N.C.), George E. Brown, Jr. (D-Calif.), Walter H. 

Moeller ( D-Ohio) , William R. Anderson (D-Tenn.) , Brock Adams 

(D-Wash.), Lester L. Wolff (D-N.Y.) , Weston E. Vivian (D-Mich.), 

Gale Schisler (D-Ill.), and Barber B. Conable, Jr. (R-N.Y.). 

(Comm. Off.) 

“But in the case of NASA, the problem has been compounded. 

(Foreign Affairs, 1/65; CR, 2/4/65, 2007) 

(R-Vt.). 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 47 

During January: Marvin L. White. AFCRL’S Space Physics Laboratory, 

predicted the sun was encircled by “rings” of electric current totaling 

nearly 200 billion amps. Although total current was high, White 

postulated that the current density was low because the current was 

spread over a large area; he predicted current density to be about 

three trillionths of an ampere per square centimeter, the same order 

of magnitude as in the earth‘s atmosphere. White’s calculations were 

based on particle flux data from MARINER II. (OAR Research Review, 

With launch of two balloons to 87,000-ft. altitudes from Chico, Calif., 

AFCRL began one-year series of high-altitude balloon flights to measure 

moisture in the stratosphere. Series would consist of vertical soundings-25 in all, at the rate of two per month-in which all data would 

be obtained in recoverable instrumented payload parachuted to earth 

when balloon descended to 30,000 ft., and horizontal soundings-five 

11-day flights at float altitudes averaging 75,000 ft.-in which data 

gathered over thousands of miles would be telemetered every two 

hours to ground stations. 

In an article on detecting extraterrestrial life, William R. Corliss in Znternational Science and Technology described some of the plans for 

collecting data on possible life-forms elsewhere and some of the factors 

making the search for extraterrestrial life so challenging. He noted 

the complications for Martian life-detection if retrorockets were necessary to brake the landing of a scientific package: “First, of course, 

they add weight to the landing package, right where it hurts the most. 

Also, their control adds complexity and increases the chance of failure. 

Finally and perhaps most importantly, they would make the problem 

of life-detection more difficult and any results more ambiguous ; the 

rocket exhaust would tend both to fuse the surface of the landing area 

(maybe even killing any existing organisms), and to add combustioii 

contaminants of its own in the most crucial area-around the lander.” 

He listed the variety of experimental instruments proposed for detecting 

extraterrestrial life (or clues of life) and explained why the dependability of these instruments-based on different physical and chemical 

principles-varied widely. 

1/65, 1-2) 

(OAR Research Review, 5/65,15-16) 

(Znt. Sci. & Tech., 1/65, 28-34) 
February 1965 

February I : The second meeting of the French-Anglo-United States Supersonic Transport (F4UsST) group was held in Washington to discuss 

airu orthiness objectives in connection with commercial supersonic 

transports ( SST 1. Agenda items included a discussion of atmospheric 

problems, structures. and sonic boom as related to SST flight. (FAA 

Release T-654 ) 

Gen. Curtis E. LeMaj. retiring Air Force Chief of Staff, received a fourth 

Distinguished Service Medal from President Johnson at the White 

House. Later, during formal retirement ceremonies at Andrews AFB, 

a letter from the President was read: “All the world can be grateful 

to you for your courage, tenacity and exacting standards of professionalism.” Gen. LeMa) bas succeeded by Gen. John Paul McConnell. 

(Loftus. NYT, 2/2/65. 13; NYT, 2/2/65, 13) 

Sealed brushless DC motor, originally developed to power instrumentation 

on unmanned spacecraft. was selected for use in the Apollo two-man 

Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) and the Gemini two-man spacecraft. 

The new motor utilized photo-optical detectors and transistorized 

switching elements which duplicated the functions of conventional 

brushes and commutator without physical contact of the rotating 

parts. Environmental tests had shown the brushless motor had a 

predicted operational life of one year. A barrier to DC motors had 

been the short life of conventional brushes in the space vacuum because of the lack of lubricating moisture necessary to prevent excessive friction. Motor was developed by NASA Goddard Space Flight 

Center under contract with Sperry Farragut. (GSFC Release 62-65) 

NASA Flight Research Center issued requests for proposals for two preliminary feasibility studies of a manned lifting reentry vehicle to 16 

industrial firms. Primary objective of the proposed studies would be 

to determine problem areas and their influence on design and to provide accurate estimates of the weight, cost, and developmental schedule involved with such a research craft. 

NASA awarded $8.3 million contract to Pacific Crane and Rigging Co. for 

installation of ground support equipment at Kennedy Space Center’s 

Apollo-Saturn V Launch Complex 39 on Merritt Island. The contract 

called for purchase, fabrication, assembly, installation, cleaning, and 

testing of electrical, mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic systems, 

valves and control modules, pipe assemblies, and support hardware. 

(KsC Release 17-65) 

Transfer of USN’S Pacific Missile Range and instrumentation facilities at 

Point Arguello, Calif., to USAF operational control became effective. 

The Navy also turned over its Point Pillar tracking stations in California and mid-Pacific stations at Canton Island, Eniwetok, and at 

(FRC Release 5-65) 

4% 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 49 

South Point and Kokee Park, Hawaii. Missile impact location stations (MILS) at Wake and Midway were still under Navy control. 

For operation of its Pacific Missile Range, Navy retained tracking 

stations at Barking Sands missile tracking facility, Kauai, Hawaii, 

and was a tenant at Johnston Island. Other PMR stations included 

those at St. Nicolas and San Clemente Islands on the Sea Test Range. 

(Zylstra, M&R, 3/8/65, 33-34 j 

February 1: Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr. (USN), said he probably 

would be assigned as command pilot to the sixth Gemini flight, which 

would be the first U.S. attempt to meet and join two vehicles in space. 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 2/2/65) 

USAF successfully launched an Athena test missile from Green River, Utah, 

to White Sands Missile Range, N.Mex. 

Construction unions’ strike, that had shut down all NASA construction at 

Merritt Island and Cape Kennedy since Jan. 28, ended when the 

President’s Missile Sites Labor Commission set a date for hearing the 

grievances of the unions involved. It had been the fifth walkout within 

a year. /UPI, Chic. Trib., 2/2/65; Wash. Post, 2/2/65) 

FAA predicted continued aviation growth over the next five years: U.S. 

airline revenue passenger miles would increase 30 billion over the 54 

billion flown in FY 1965; general aviation, measured in estimated hours 

of flying, would increase by four million hours over the estimated 15.5 

million flown in FY 1964; general aviation fleet would number 105,000 

aircraft by 1970, compared to 85,088 aircraft as of Jan. 1, 1964. 

(FAA Release T-65-3 1 

February 2: Capt. Joseph H. Engle (USAF) flew X-15 No. 3 to 98,200 ft. 

altitude and a maximum speed of 3,886 mph (mach 5.7) in a test to 

determine how ablative material reacted to intense heat. (NASA X-15 

Proj. Off.: UPI, Vmh. Post. 2/3/65: X-15 Flight Log) 

NASA announced it Nould negotiate a two-phase contract with Aerojet 

General Corp. for design and development of a liquid-hydrogen, regeneratively cooled exhaust nozzle for the Phoebus nuclear rocket reactor test program. First phase of the contract would include a fourmonth preliminary design study of nozzle concepts and an evaluation 

of fabrication and testing methods. This phase would be negotiated 

on a cost-plus-fixed-fee basis at an estimated value of $400,000. Using 

results of Phase I, the contractor would design, develop, test, and deliver three nozzles to the Kuclear Rocket Development Station at 

Jackass Flats, Nev. Phase 11 Hould be aRarded as an incentive contract with an estimated value of $10 million. 

Phoebus, a 5,OOO-mega~att reactor, would be tested as part of the 

program to develop nuclear propulsion devices for space missions. 

(NASA Release 65-28 j 

Discussing the missions and plans of NASA’s new Electronics Research 

Center, Dr. Winston E. Kock, ERC Director, told the Harvard Engineers Club in Cambridge: “I believe that the recent strengthening 

of research in BASA can act to overcome any such braking of scientific 

enthusiasm which the recent changes in our defense program . . . may 

have instigated. I have seen at first hand true research enthusiasm at 

two NASA Research Centers, Lewis in Cleveland, and Ames in California, 

and, at Cambridge’s new BASA Research Center, the response we have 

had from inventive, research-minded individuals, expressing an in- 

(AP, rash. Post, 2/3/65) 
50 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

terest in association with the Center has been phenomenal. I have 

always believed in the saying ‘necessity is the mother of invention,’ 

and I feel certain that it was the necessities of World War II that 

brought into bloom radar, the jet aircraft, nuclear power, the V-2 

rocket (which led to our present missile and space rockets), and many 

other developments which have proved to be of vital importance to 

our way of life. So, I feel that a counterbalance to today’s reduced 

necessities of the broad, new opening field of space research . . . will 

help to keep our nation’s research talent active and enthusiastic, and 

maintain it in the strong virility it has exhibited since the start of 

World War 11.’’ (Text) 

February 2: Charles W. Harper, Director of NASA Hq. Aeronautics Div., 

discussed aeronautical research at a luncheon of the Aviation/Space 

Writers Association. He said: “ . . . aviation has a tremendous POtential in the short-haul ‘aerial bus.’ Both VTOL (vertical take-off and 

landing) and STOL (short take-off and landing) are being considered 

for this job. . . . On the basis of our current knowledge I would conclude the VTOL commercial transport offers tremendous potential but 

requires additional research . . . before it is ready for detailed feasibility study as a commercial transport. On the other hand the STOL 

machine is ready for a careful examination since the major problems 

seem to be in hand. 

“A 20 to 50 passenger STOL machine should, or could, have a top 

speed of 300 to 400 knots, a steep approach with a touch down at 45 

knots and an operational field length of some 1200 to 1500 feet. Allweather operation is required and, with the aid of space technology 

advances, this appears quite possible. We think we can display electronically to the pilot the important features of the airport so that he 

can approach it and land using the same information that he does in 

clear weather. 

In a smaller 

simple version, perhaps bearing a little sacrifice in performance, an air 

transport well suited for use in underdeveloped areas. Rugged, easy 

to fly and simple to maintain, it could enable these countries to jump 

from jungle or desert trails to modern transport system without building enormously expensive railways and highways. This would be a 

good market for US. industry. In a larger sophisticated version it 

could be the vehicle to make the present short haul feeder lines self 

sufficient, not depending on connecting traffic from the trunk lines. 

This too would be a desirable situation for American industry. NASA 

plans to pursue both of these potentials actively until the air industry 

has enough confidence in success to proceed on its own. . . .” (Text) 

Alfred J. Eggers, Jr., NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced 

Research and Technology, addressed the Science Teachers’ Association of Santa Clara County, Calif., at NASA Ames Research Center. 

He said: “The question then is, what has man done in space to date? 

According to the eminent archaeologist, V. Gordon Childe, whatever 

man has done in the relatively short evolutionary history documented 

by his fossil remains, he has done without significantly improving 

his inherited equipment by bodily changes detectable in his skeleton. 

Moreover, this equipment is inadequately adapted for survival in any 

particular environment, and indeed it is inferior to that of most ani- 

“We see two large markets for vehicles of this type. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 51 

mals for coping with any special set of conditions. Yet in spite 

of his physical inferiority, man has been able to adjust himself 

to a greater range of environment than any other creature, to 

multiply much faster than any near relative amongst the higher mammals, and indeed to beat them all at their special tricks. Thus he 

learned to control fire, and he developed the skills to make clothes and 

houses, with the result that he lives and thrives from pole to pole on 

earth, and already he is concerned with a population explosion. He 

has developed trains and cars that can outstrip the fleetest cheetah, 

and he has developed the airplane so that he can mount higher than 

the eagle. Moreover, he developed telescopes to see further than the 

hawk, and firearms to lay low the elephant or any other animal, including himself. But whatever their use, the important point is that fire, 

clothes, houses, trains, airplanes, telescopes, and guns are not part of 

man’s body. He can set them aside at will. They are not inherited 

in the biological sense, but rather the skill needed for their conception, 

production, and use is part of our intellectual heritage, the result of a 

tradition built up over many generations and transmitted not in the 

blood but through speech and writing. 

“The true stepping stones to the moon are ourselves and our forefathers. The stepping stones beyond are our children, and much of 

what they will be and where they will lead the human race, is up to 

you and your kind. If you succeed in your work, you will have made 

an invaluable contribution to the betterment of man’s ability to make 

himself, to master himself, and finally to understand himself in his environment. Indeed, if you are especially successful, you may, in the 

words of V. R. Potter, ‘develop a new breed of scholars, men who 

combine a knowledge of new science and old wisdom, men who have 

absolute and attainable,’ and who may yet be right. I submit we can 

do no less than find out.” 

February 2: Philco Corp., opposing the bid by the Communications Satellite 

Corporation to supply DOD with communications satellite service, asked 

the FCC to prevent ComSatCorp from signing a “sole source” contract 

with Hughes Aircraft Co. Philco, which was already preparing a 

satellite system for DOD under a contract awarded in July 1963, said 

ComSatCorp’s proposed contract “is in violation of the letter and spirit 

of the FCC rules and regulations which require competition in ComSatCorp procurement.” Since ComSatCorp apparently had been negotiating the matter for some time, “its present statement that stringent time 

requirements impel waiver of the FCC’S rules and regulations is insupportable,” Philco said. 

Under ComSatCorp’s plan, DOD would be supplied 24 satellites built 

by Hughes Aircraft Co. and would pay for service only if the satellites 

worked. DOD 

had made no decision for or against the offer. (Wash. Ewe. Star, 

2/2/65; UPI, NYT, 2/3/65, 54) 

Sen. Warren G. Magnuson (D-Wash.) introduced in the Senate a bill 

to provide for a national oceanographic program and the establishment of a National Oceanographic Council. Senator Magnuson 

said the National Oceanographic Council would have “certain key responsibilities and functions . . . in the oceanographic field [which] 

11. . . ..... . LII~ cuuiage cjf the iiieii uf tlie Reiiai~siiiice W~O th~tgh tic& 

(Text) 

ComSatCorp would absorb the costs if they did not. 
52 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

would be similar to those of the National Aeronautics and Space Council in the space program. . . .,’ 

He noted that “a number of departments and agencies have separate 

missions in the aeronautics and space program,” and that the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council “takes precedence over” the operating 

agencies to coordinate the national aeronautics and space program. 

Similarly, 6 departments and 22 agencies “are engaged or have a direct 

interest in the seas. . . .” 

February 2: R. E. Clarson. Inc., of St. Petersburg, Fla., was awarded a 

$2,179,000 contract for alterations to Launch Complex 34, Cape Kennedy, to accommodate the Saturn IB rocket. Army Corps of Engineers 

made the award. 

Editorializing in the Washington Evening Star about “lean years” beginning for the aerospace industry, William Hines said: “. . . Since the 

 OS, aerospace companies have become accustomed to a diet of caviar, 

filet and champagne. The government has poured something like 

100 billion into rockets, missiles and spacecraft since the Soviet Union’s 

Sputnik went up in October, 1957. The torrent of funds is now being 

reduced, if not precisely to a trickle, certainly to a more moderate 

flow. . . . “The aerospace crisis is serious enough that the management-consultant firm of Arthur D. Little, Inc., has just published a study, 

‘Strategies for Survival in the Aerospace Industry.’ It makes the following revealing point: 

“‘The period 1954-1963 was one of remarkably steady growth in 

the funding of military and space systems. In fact, it was so steady 

that many participants perhaps forgot that there were concrete, finite 

objectives to be achieved with these funds.’. . .,’ (Hines, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 2/2/65) 

Prime Minister Harold Wilson announced plans to buy American 

military aircraft to replace British aircraft, an action he said would 

save more than $840 million over a 10-yr. period. The two U.K. 

projects being dropped were the P-1154 vertical take-off supersonic 

strike aircraft and the HS-681 short take-off military transport. Both 

were made by the Hawker Siddeley group. American Phantom II’S, 

made by McDonnell Aircraft, would be ordered to replace the P-1154. 

Phantoms were already on order to replace the Royal Navy’s Sea 

Vixens. Lockheed’s C-130’s would replace the HS-681. The American planes would be equipped with British engines. On the question 

of the TSR-2, which the U.K. was considering replacing with General 

Dynamics’ F-111, Mr. Wilson said there was not enough information 

yet to make a final decision. (Farnsworth, NYT, 2/3/65, 9; Clymer, 

Balt. Sun, 2/3/65) 

Soviet news agency Tass announced that firing of a new type of multistage rocket booster on Jan. 31 had been so successful that further 

tests in the Pacific series had been canceled. The rocket had travelled 

more than 8,000 mi. in the Pacific southwest of Hawaii. (UPI, Wash. 

Daily News, 2/2/65 ; UPI, Wash. Post, 2/3/65) 

A brightly illuminated object in the sky near Langley AFB, Va., was 

widely reported as a Ufo but identified by USAF as a weather balloon 

with the sun reflecting off its surface. (Newport News Daily Press, 

2/3/65) 

(CR, 2/2/65, 1754-57) 

(AP, Miami Her.: 2/3/65) 

54 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

February 3: NASA Administrator James E. Webb said during a panel discussion at the Military Electronics Convention in Los Angeles: “I think I 

can report that our ten-year aeronautical and space effort [beginning in 

19611 has been well organized, it has stabilized at the 5% billion level, 

and has retained a well-worked-out balance among its various components. At the end of this ten-year period, we will have received back 

from our operating spacecraft the basic measurements of the space environment which will give us a much better scientific understanding of 

this environment and our engineers will have proved out the developmental concepts and engineering designs for effective operations of all 

kinds in space. Further, we will have a launch capability of six Saturn 

IB’S and six Saturn V’s per year, meaning that we could put almost two 

million pounds into orbit per year, if required. We will have logged 

more than five thousand hours of astronaut spaceflight time and 

learned a great deal about the relationship between man, equipment, 

the task assigned, and performance in the space environment. . . .” 

(Text) 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center reported it had saved $12 million toward 

a $35 million cost reduction goal for FY 1965. Major portion of this 

saving was made possible by a suggestion from Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, 

MSC Director, that instead of spending the budgeted $7,873,000 for a 

static test stand for the Apollo spacecraft at Cape Kennedy, the reserve 

Titan Launch Complex 16 be modified for static test use. Cost of 

modifying the Titan launch complex would be $3,982,900, with a net 

saving of $3,890,100. 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center was readying its first Saturn V S-IC 

stage, designated S-IC-T, for static firing late this spring, NASA reported. The S-IC-T, a static test stage, would be hot-fired on a captive test stand in MSFC’S West Test Area and would be ground tested 

repeatedly over a period of many months to prove out the propulsion 

system. (NASA Release 65-27) 

FCC vetoed a proposed Communications Satellite Corp. contract with 

Hughes Aircraft Co. for the design of satellites to be used by 

DOD. In a letter to ComSatCorp, the FCC took note of a protest 

by Philco Corp. (see Feb. 2), that it was as qualified as Hughes to 

bid on the proposed contract and said ComSatCorp must award the 

contract only after competitive bidding. ComSatCorp had asked the 

FCC to approve the proposed contract, waiving requirements for competitive bidding. 

USAF “ripple-launched” two Minutemen ICBM’s from Vandenberg AFB. 

Both were launched from silos, the second within minutes of the first. 

(M&R, 2/15/65, 12) 

February 4: Nike-Cajun sounding rocket with grenade payload to obtain 

temperature, wind, density, and pressure data was launched from 

Wallops Island, Va. to altitude 73.5 mi. (118.2 km.) . Twelve grenades 

were to have exploded during rocket ascent, but two did not explode. 

All other instruments performed as anticipated. A similar experiment 

was launched from Point Barrow successfully. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

WAF’S XC-142A V/Stol, designed and built by Ling-Temco-Vought, made 

its first public flight at Grand Prairie, Tex. piloted by John Konrad. 

Designed to take off and land vertically, the experimental aircraft had 

a wing that could be moved in flight from the normal horizontal posi- 

(MSC Roundup, 2/3/65, 8) 

( FCC Public Notice-C) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 55 

tion to a vertical position. enabling it to hover, fly backwards, sideways, and rotate 360” in either direction over the same spot. It could 

fly forward as slowly as 25 mph without stalling and could be flown 

at maximum speed of 125 mph; cruising speed was 250 mph. Five of 

the airplanes would be delivered to Edwards AFB for further tests. 

(Wash. Post, 2/5/65; Clark, Houston Post, 2/5/65; A&A, 4/65, 8) 

February 4: Scientists at Boeing Co., Seattle, had devised a “trampoline” 

bed designed to exercise the blood vessels in a weightless environment, 

it was reported. Compared in effect to a cocktail shaker, the device, by 

its to-and-fro motion, would send the blood surging from the head to 

the feet and back again. Some scientists had feared that days of inactivity in a weightless environment without exercising the blood vessels 

could result in death to an astronaut. (AP, Newport Rews Daily Press, 

2/4/65; AP, Huntsville Times, 2/4 165; Orl. Sen., 2/4/65) 

USAF presented a Lockheed Agena-B to the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., for permanent display in the National Air Museum. The 

Agena had performed as an orbital injection vehicle, space satellite 

(first to achieve circular and polar orbits), and as an intermediate 

stage booster for deep space probes. 

February 5: MARINER IV was performing normally after nearly 10 weeks in 

space, NASA announced. At 9 a.m. EST the Mars probe was 14,421,246 

mi. from earth and had traveled more than 117 million mi. in its suncircling orbit. It was moving at a velocity of 14,478 mph relative to 

earth and 65,670 mph relative to the sun. Instruments aboard MARINER 

IV Mars probe detected a solar flare and the spacecraft telemetered data 

to a tracking station at Johannesburg, South Africa, for relay to the 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (NASA Release 65-30; L.A. Times, Wash. 

Post, 2/6/65) 

First major piece of Hight-type hardware for the Apoiio program, Service 

Module 001, successfully underwent a 10-sec. shakedown static test 

firing at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center’s White Sands Operations. 

Service Module 001 was unlike previous boilerplate models in that 

it was constructed primarily of aluminum alloy and had an outside skin 

of honeycomb bonded between two aluminum sheets. Made by AerojetGeneral, the service propulsion system engine had 22,000 Ibs. of thrust. 

It would slow down the Apollo for entry into lunar orbit and speed 

up the spacecraft for escape from lunar orbit and the return to earth. 

(MSC Roundup, 2/17/65, 8; NAA S&ID Skywriter, 2/12/65, 1, 3) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb, at Nebraska Wesleyan Univ. to 

receive an honorary doctorate, said in a speech: LL. . . while our 

national policy is to maximize the peaceful uses of outer space . . . and 

to avoid the extension of weapons, we have no choice but to acquire a 

broadly-based total capability in space; a capability that can enable 

us to insure the protection of our national security interests while we 

actively seek cooperative peaceful development. . . . “The Roman mastery of land and sea communications, the English 

mastery of the seas, the American mastery of the air and of nuclear 

energy were each accompanied by greatly enhanced prestige and 

followed by vast increases in power and position, new knowledge, the 

establishment of strategic international economic advantages, the wide 

use of new resources, great advances in military capability, and a 

quickening of national pride and vigor. Portentous realignments 

(Smithsonian Release) 
56 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

among nations were inevitable. These are the advantages the Russians 

now seek from their enormous investments in space. These are the 

advantages we cannot permit them to acquire and use against the 

non-Communist world. 

The 

portents for our own time are clear enough in the early lead of the 

Soviet Union with the first Sputnik, Vostok, and Voskhod. The spurt 

in Soviet prestige brought a new assurance and weight in the international political arena, a new pride and confidence in Soviet national 

purpose. We have reacted quickly and with ever-increasing success, 

but the challenge of the mastery of space remains to be accomplished 

for us as a nation and for you as a member of the new generation. 

We are meeting this challenge, and in doing so enhancing the broadest 

values for our society and our world. 

Our power to survive as a great and vigorous Society is in the 

process of being proven again through our space efforts. Your own 

involvement in the actions and consequences will be far greater than 

you or I can fully appreciate today. . . .” 

February 5: NASA announced it had approved a Rice Univ. proposal for a 

satellite to measure radiation and radiation loss in the Van Allen belts, 

aurorae and airglow. bombardment of the upper atmosphere by energetic particles from space, and galactic and solar cosmic rays. The 

125-lb. scientific satellite, to be known as Owl. would be designed, 

developed, and built by a Rice group headed by Dr. Brian J. O’Brien, 

and would be injected into a near-circular orbit at about 400 mi. 

altitude by Scout launch vehicle. After achieving orbit, the satellite 

would be oriented by a large permanent bar magnet so that one axis 

would be continuously aligned with the earth’s magnetic lines of force. 

The Rice project would be part of the NASA University Explorers Program. Spacecraft and experiments would be tested at NASA facilities 

under the direction of NASA’s Wallops Station, which also was assigned 

project management of Owl. 

First S-11-s ground test stage in the Saturn S-11 program was completed 

by North American Aviation at Seal Beach. The stage would be used 

for structural tests simulating critical thrust and pressure loads anticipated during Saturn V/Apollo flight missions. This stage would not be 

fired-it would have no engine. 

A new alloy known as NASA Modified TaZ-8 had been developed by NASA 

Lewis Research Center scientists John C. Freche and William J. Waters 

for use in modified X-15 nose sensors. The new material, which contained tantalum and zirconium, was necessary because the increased 

speed of the modified aircraft (x-15 No. 2)-up to 5,000 mphwould cause greater dynamic heating. 

Menu released by NASA Manned Spacecraft Center in a request for bids 

from industrial firms interested in furnishing the Apollo astronauts with 

food for the journey to the moon included bacon and eggs, frosted 

flakes, toast, fruit juice, and a strawberry cereal bar. Food allowance 

of 8 Ibs. would be dehydrated to reduce its weight. Astronauts would 

add water to the food from their drinking water supply. (Schefter, 

Houston Chron., 2/5/65) 

National Science Foundation announced that a new radio technique might 

make it possible to study Antarctica’s ice depth. The technique in- 

“In these lessons of history lies the real challenge of space. 

bb 

(Text; NYT, 2/5/65) 

(NASA Release 65-29) 

(NAA S&ID Skywriter, 2/5/65, 1) 

(Lewis News, 2/5/65, 1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 57 

volved sending radio waves down through the ice and measuring the 

time it took them to bounce back from the underlying ground. This 

would provide a measure of ice depth. The equipment was checked 

out at the South Pole where earlier seismic soundings had shown the 

ice to be 9,100 ft. deep. 

February 5: Deactivation of 129 obsolete intercontinental ballistic missile 

launch sites was underway. The Thor, Atlas, and Titan I missiles had 

been superseded by more modern weapons, including Titan 11, Minuteman, and Polaris. Nearly $2 billion of property in 12 states was 

involved. Government agencies had been advised that equipment was 

available as military surplus. 

A tentative plan of the Center for European Nuclear Research (CERN) to 

build a 300-billion-electron-volt particle accelerator in Bavaria was 

being opposed by residents of Munich, it was reported. CERN had stated 

that no final decision had been reached. 

February 6: Tabulations prepared by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 

showed that more than 1,000 man-made obj ects-satellites, spacecraft, 

capsules, and assorted bits and pieces of them-had been placed in 

orbit since Oct. 4, 1957. Of these objects 243 were satellites launched 

by the United States or its allies and 94 were Soviet-launched satellites. 

103 US.-sponsored satellites and 16 Soviet satellites were still in orbit. 

Of those no longer in orbit, 140 were US. and 78 Soviet. Many 

satellites had separated into two or more space objects or had broken 

apart accidentally or by design to produce space junk. GSFC records 

identified 469 hunks of junk of US. origin and 182 of Soviet as having 

orbited the earth at one time or another. Of these, 372 US. and 16 

Soviet objects were still in orbit. 

Among 1965 recipients of the Arthur S. Flemming Award to outstanding 

young men in Federai Government were: Leonard .iaEe, Oirector of 

NASA Communication and Navigation Programs, for his work in communication satellite projects; Dr. Robert Jastrow, for his work in 

nuclear theory at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York; 

Dr. Joseph F. Shea, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office 

at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, for his work in US. manned lunar 

landing program; and Wesley L. Hjornevik, Assistant Director for 

Administration at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, for his work in 

construction of space environment simulator. ( Vash. Post, 2/7/65; 

NASA Notice) 

Dr. Frank J. Low: research associate in the Lunar and Planetary 

Laboratory at the Univ. of Arizona. discovered three halved stars 

with halos around them which may be clues to stellar evolution. He 

said he believed these were stars throwing out material that would 

become building blocks of future stars. He identified the stars as 

Betelgeuse, Aldebaran, and Mu Cephei. (AP, Phil. Eve. Bul., 2/6/65) 

Over 300 Government- and space industries-employed engineers were 

studying for master’s and doctor’s degrees utilizing closed circuit 

television with two-way communication in a program at the Univ. of 

Florida’s College of Engineering. The system had been activated in 

September 1964. TV classrooms were at Orlando, Daytom Beach, Cape 

Kennedy, Melbourne, Patrick AFB, and NASA Merritt Island. INYT, 

2/7/65, 80) 

Marshal Nikolai I. Krylov, Soviet commander of the strategic rocket 

forces, said in Krasnaya Zvezda : “Representatives of the aggressive 

(UPI, NYT, 2/7/65, 77) 

(Hill, NYT, 2/7/65, 64) 

(NYT, 2/7/65, 24) 

(AP, NYT, 2/7/65, 80) 
58 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

imperialist circles often brag about their rocket-nuclear weapons. In 

answer to this we can state with assurance that in respect to the quality 

and quantity of rocket-nuclear weapons, we not only do not lag behind 

those who threaten us with war, but far surpass them.” (Krasnaya 

Zvetda, 2/6/65, 2, ATSS-T Trans.) 

February 7: FAA Administrator Najeeb E. Halaby, questioned about the 

supersonic transport in New Orleans, cited the following advantages : 

the 220-plus passenger Sst in one year would carry as many passengers 

as does the Queen Elizabeth with a crew of 1.500; the Sst would effect 

obvious economies by decreasing air transportation time to a third of 

present levels; the program would provide approximately 15,000 skilled 

jobs a year that would otherwise not be filled; the Sst project would 

advance the technology of titanium as much as World War 11 aircraft 

production advanced that of aluminum. 

A full-scale aluminum model of a 1.400-lb. telescoping space structure 

had been fabricated to verifv design theory and manufacturing 

techniques, AFSC announced. Built by Martin-Denver, the 15-by-8-ft. 

expandable structure could be launched into space in a compact package 

and then, like a telescope, opened to full size after reaching orbit. 

Several of the expandable structures stacked on a booster’s upper stage 

could be sent into space and expanded to form a rotating space station. 

(AFSC Release 4.61.) 

February 8: NASA conducted high-altitude grenade experiments almost 

simultaneously from launch sites in Alaska, Canada, and at Wallops 

Island, using a two-stage Nike-Cajun in each case. Grenades were 

eiected and detonated at intervals from about 25- to 56-mi. altitude. 

This was the third and final set in the current series to obtain upperatmosphere wind, temperature, density, and pressure data at the three 

widely-separated geographic locations. The series marked the first 

time that such measurements had been made with sounding rockets 

within the Arctic Circle. 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center announced selection of Maj. L. Gordon 

Cooper (USAF) and Lt. Cdr. Charles Conrad, Jr. (USN), to make the 

seven-day Gemini v space flight. Gemini v would be the third manned 

Gemini space flight and would be made in 1965. Backup crewmen 

were two civilians, Neil A. Armstrong and Elliot M. See, Jr. (MSC 

Roundup, 2/17/65, 1; AP, Wash. Post, 2/8/65; AP, Balt. Sun, 2/8/65; 

Witkin, NYT, 2/9/65) 

Among the 11 scientists and engineers presented the National Medal 

of Science by President Johnson at a White House ceremony were 

Dr. Charles S. Draper, professor of aeronautics and astronautics at 

MIT, and Dr. Harold C. Urey, professor of astronomy at Univ. of Calif. 

and consultant on NASA Space Science Steering Committee. ( Wush. 

Post, 2/9/65,9; CR, 2/10/65, A590) 

18 additional countries were applying for ownership in the $200-million 

international consortium to operate a global communications satellite 

system, it was reported. Eighteen nations and Vatican City had 

originally participated in forming the consortium in July 19a. US’S 

ComSatCorp acquired 61% ownership and would serve as manager for 

the consortium. 

The new nations applying for ownership participation were Monaco, 

South Africa, New Zealand, Syria, Kuwait, Libya, Yemen, Brazil, 

(Tush. Post, 2/8/65) 

(NASA Release 65-8) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 59 

Morocco, United Arab Republic, Sudan, Iraq, Lebanon, Tunisia, 

Argentina, Jordan, Indonesia, and Ceylon. 

February 8: The world’s first nuclear-powered weather station, designated 

Navy Oceanographic and Meteorological Automatic Device (Nomad) , began its second year of successful operation 300 mi. out of New 

Orleans in the Gulf of Mexico. Developed by the Navy, the unattended 

station was powered by the AEC generator, Snap-7D. (NYT, 2/14/65, 

90) 

A Polaris A-3 launched from the nuclear submarine Sam Rayburn represented the 16th consecutive success for that missile. The Rayburn 

was submerged off the coast of Cape Kennedy. (M&R, 2/15/65, 12) 

During the week of February 8: In an interview, C. R. Smith, chairman of 

American Airlines, backed the Boeing Co.’s entry, one of two basic 

designs under study, in the Government’s design competition for a 

supersonic transport aircraft: “I think the SST will have to have 

variable-sweep wings.” 

In variable sweep, the angle at which the wings meet the fuselage 

could be changed for efficiency at different speeds. At slow speed, the 

wings would be outstretched for greater lift; at high speed, they would 

be swept back sharply to reduce airflow drag. This principle was used 

on the F-111. 

February 8-10: American Astronautical Society presented a Symposium on 

Unmanned Exploration of the Solar System in Denver, Colo. Speaking about the Biosatellite Program, Dale W. Jenkins, NASA Office of 

Space Science and Applications said: 

. . . The Biosatellite Program is a second-generation series of 

carefully planned and selected experiments, including some highly 

sophisticated experiments which have required several years of baseline 

study and development. These orbiting recoverable Biosatellites 

provide an opportunity to test critically major biological hypotheses in 

the areas of genetics, evolution, and physiology. The Biosatellite 

studies will help delineate hazards to astronauts and assist in determining and defining effects on degradation of human performance. 

Prolonged manned flights may involve, for example, physiological 

changes such as decalcification of bones (particularly the vertebrae), 

loss of muscle tone and physical capability, and certain cardiovascular 

changes. Also, the effect of continued sensory deprivation on behavior 

and performance is unknown. 

“Twenty experiments have been selected for flight to study the 

effects of weightlessness and decreased gravity during 3- to 30-day 

orbital periods. The experiments include a wide variety of plants 

and animals from single-cell organisms to higher plants and animals. 

The effects of weightlessness will be studied on the primate, especially 

the central nervous, the cardiovascular, and the skeletal systems during 

orbits of 30 days’ duration. 

“Experiments have been selected to study the effects of weightlessness combined with a known source of radiation to determine if there 

are any antagonistic or synergistic genetic or somatic effects on various 

organisms. 

Experiments are included to study the effects of the unique environment of the Earth-orbiting satellite and removal from the Earth‘s rota- 

(-4~. Wk., 2/8/65, 25) 

(NYT, 2/14/65, 90) 

6b 

66 
60 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

tion in relation to biological rhythms of plants and animals. . . .’, 

(Text) 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space 

Science and Applications, outlining progress made toward the objective 

of solar system exploration, said: “ . . . It would appear . . . that 

enough experience and know-how has been accumulated to make the 

move to a five-ton Voyager spacecraft on the Saturn IB Centaur launch 

vehicle a reasonable next step in the unmanned exploration of the solar 

system. There is no question but that the size and weight of Voyager, 

plus the increased demands that will be placed upon it, will make the 

development of the Voyager a complex and difficult undertaking. 

But certainly, the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory and Mariner 

have shown us that we can deal successfully with complexity. As a 

matter of fact, the increased weight and size may afford considerable 

relief from the need to tailor every last function to a gnat’s eyebrow 

in order to achieve the intended mission, as has been the case 

hitherto. . . .” 

Dr. Newell said that reliability was probably the most difficult 

problem for deep-space long-duration missions and that “. . . the 

development of adequate spacecraft systems will not be the problem. 

The most serious threat to long life operation will lie in the potential 

random failure of one or more [spacecraft] components.” 

He added that this would probably be an ever-decreasing problem as 

we gained experience with launch vehicles and that “. . . launch 

vehicle reliability is far less a difficult program than that of long spacecraft lifetime for very deep-space missions.’’ 

In conclusion, Dr. Newell said: “ . . . Nevertheless, the time 

has arrived when many thoughtful people urge a vigorous program of 

solar system exploration. The President has in his Fiscal Year 1966 

budget request included funds to support initial conceptual and design 

studies of a Voyager spacecraft. Funds are also included for the 

development of a launch vehicle consisting of the Saturn IB plus 

the Centaur. Final decision as to whether to move ahead with the 

development of the Voyager spacecraft would come a little over a year 

from now.” (Text) 

Missiles and Rockets reported that scientists at the Symposium had 

differing opinions on Mars goals. Gilbert V. Levin of Hazleton Laboratories opposed the 1971 scheduled landing of the Voyager: “. . . although we insist that Mars should not be contaminated by terrestrial life before we search for Martian life, we fail to recognize that 

this is tantamount to saying that the U.S. must get there first, because 

the US. appears to be the only nation willing and able to sterilize its 

spacecraft. 

I m all for Voyager, but an initial step in the Voyager program 

should be some early landers at the earliest opportunities. We should 

go ahead and devote efforts to develop a program to land on Mars in 

1969.” 

Temple Neumann, Automated Biological Laboratory program engineer with Philco’s Aeronutronic Div., agreed with Levin: “If the 

planetary biological exploration task is to be performed in a sound 

scientific manner, the US. must do it-first.” 

6C ’ 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 61 

Lawrence B. Hall, NASA Special Assistant for Planetary Quarantine, 

re-emphasized “the disastrous effects that an unsterilized spacecraft 

could have on Mars. . . . If a single micro-organism should land on 

Mars and have a replication time of 30 days, it could grow to the 

bacterial population of Earth in eight years. This could not only 

compete with Martian life but could result in drastic changes in the 

geochemical and atmospheric characteristics of the planet.” 

JPL’S Gerald A. Soffen said that “since the decision between Mariner 

landers and Voyager missions has not been made yet, scientific experimenters have to think in terms both of small payloads and large ones. 

Numerous small missions would provide a good opportunity to perform 

experiments in different locations and during different planetary seasons.” 

“. . . finding the right location, getting there, and interpreting the biological experiment results 

in a way that would indicate definitively whether life was or was not 

present would call for at least 100 times more photography than was 

currently assumed. 

. . . atmospheric effects, color, seasonal changes, and the large 

number of locations of interest will make Martian pictures 10-50 times 

more difficult to interpret than lunar pictures.” 

Robert L. Sohn, TRW Space Technology Laboratories, stressed value 

of earth-return missions and recommended serious consideration of 

round-trip missions and multi-plan round trips using DSIF as guide. He 

suggested that an 800-lb. spacecraft could make a fly-by of Mars, using 

the Venus swing-by technique and return to earth to enable recovery 

of a 50-lb. capsule. Use of swing-by techniques for round trips reduces 

earth launch velocities to those of the favorable years and also reduces 

earth reentry velocities. Additional advantages were closer passage 

with Mars at encounter and the opporiuiiiiy to gathci dat2 ”I? two 

planets. 

Elie A. Shneour, of Stanford University, said he “. . . could not 

say whether it was possible to draw up a set of experiments that would 

definitively search for life.” He maintained, however, that “discovery 

of any form of extraterrestrial life will be tantamount to a basic 

determination of the nature of all life on that planet.’’ (M&R, 2/22,’ 

65, 39, 41) 

February 9: Joint Congressional Atomic Energy Committee, in hearing on 

AEC’s FY 1966 authorization, asked NASA Administrator James E. Webb 

why NASA was dropping funds for the Snap8 spacecraft nuclear 

auxiliary power project. In the joint NASA-AEC project, AEC was working on the reactor and NASA was working on the power conversion 

machinery. Snap-S was one of three projects that had been deleted 

from the NASA FY 1966 budget request. “ . . . in 

the over-all budgeting . , . the President has a hard problem of 

adjusting resources to the needs of the Government. In this case, it 

was decided that these systems, these three systems, could not be 

financed within the resources available for allocation to YASA and 

therefore they were eliminated in the final decision relating to the 

President’s budget, but not on our recommendation. . . . Because we are on the verge of significant technical milestones 

with our power conversion equipment, we believe we should phase out 

Bruce C. Murray, of Cal Tech, said: 

(6 

Mr. Webb said: 

C‘ 
62 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 19G5 

the program in an orderly way and provide the maximum amount of 

experience and data for future use. 

“Therefore, we plan to continue current testing of components combined in the test loop to achieve at least 1,000 hours of operating time 

on each of the major components, by reprogramming our remaining 

fiscal year 1965 funds into these specific task areas. 

“. . . we expect to present to you and the committees, if you will 

permit us to do so, an orderly plan for using the resources we now 

have. This gives the Congressional Committees an opportunity to 

look at and plan and decide whether it does really fit what they 

believe is in the national interest rather than to take a sudden 

action. . . . Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N.Mex. ) , Chairman of the Senate Aeronautical and Space Sciences Committee, expressed his belief “that it 

is too bad that the Bureau of the Budget trimmed you down on this 

work. I wish you had gone ahead with it through the test period, we 

would have learned some very significant things. I disassociate it 

from the other two [canceled projects] but Snap-8 should have gone on 

priority.” (Transcript I 

February 9: Six of eight oso II experiments had been turned on and gave 

“excellent” data, N4S.4 reported. The two experiments not yet operating were the ultraviolet scanning spectrometer provided by Harvard 

Univ. and the ultraviolet spectrophotometer provided by NASA Goddard 

Space Flight Center. Both had been turned on but were turned off to 

prevent damage to themselves or to the satellite when irregularities 

in the data received were noted. All other functions of the satellitesuch as solar power supply, telemetry system, tape recorder, temperature control, and command system-were normal. ( NASA Release 

65-37) 

At a press conference during the Symposium on Unmanned Exploration 

of the Solar System, presented in Denver, Colo., by the American 

Astronautical Society, Univ. of California chemist Harold C. Urey said 

that he hoped the moon was “interesting enough to make the $20 

billion exploration program ‘worthwhile.’ ” He added, “If it turns 

out that the moon escaped from the earth, it will be just another 

incident and I will be disappointed. If, however, it was captured by the 

earth it will be an outstanding link in history.” 

Urey backed the US. program designed to land men on the moon 

by 1970 and said he did not consider the cost excessive. (Denver Post, 

2/10/65) 

During a luncheon speech at the Symposium on Unmanned Exploration 

of the Solar System, presented in Denver, Colo., by the American 

Astronautical Society, Mai. Gen. Don R. Ostrander, Commander of 

USAF Office of Aerospace Research, formerly NASA Director of Launch 

Vehicle Programs, said it was now generally agreed that the near-earth 

space area “looks more promising from the standpoint of potential 

military applications” than lunar bases, Mars flights, and other projects 

suggested earlier. USAF was seeking refinement of its knowledge in 

astronomy, geophysics, geodesy, and other areas. More pressing, he 

said, was to study the space environment as related to weapon systems 

and orbiting satellites. 

97 

(Partner, Denwer Post, 2/29/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 63 

February 9: In a report presented at the 55th national meeting of the 

American Institute of Chemical Engineers in Houston, NASA Lewis Research Center engineer E. W. Ott said that moisture in an astronaut’s 

breath could escape into his space capsule, accumulate and float at 

zero gravity, and short out electrical systems it might come into contact with. He said something like this was believed to have happened 

when Astronaut Gordon Cooper had had to bring his space capsule 

in under manual control in May 1963. “There is good evidence that 

water found its way into automatic control equipment and caused 

malfunctioning.” (Justice, Houston Post, 2/10/65) 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center engineer John H. Kimzey told a meeting 

of American Institute of Chemical Engineers that fires during simulated 

spaceflight had the puzzling hahit of burning fiercely initially, dying 

out so the flame disappeared, but flaring to life when force of gravity 

took over. Kimzey speculated that in weightless conditions, carbon 

monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor created by the fire might 

surround the flame and cut off both oxygen and fuel. Motion pictures 

of the “dead’’ fires had shown no indication of either light or infrared 

heat energy coming from fire locations. (Burkett, Houston Chron., 

2/10/65) 

DOD announced that US. would sell United Kingdom: ( 1) FA (Phantom 

II) fighter/close-support aircraft and (2) c-130~ combat assault 

transport aircraft. It had also been agreed that the two countries 

would expand existing program of cooperation in defense research 

and development. Serious consideration would he given to joint development of advanced life engine for vertical- and short-takeoff aircraft. (DOD Release 80-65) 

Douglas Aircraft Co. Missile and Space Systems Div, reported that tests 

c~cducted fer USAF 1.d indicated that a spin in a centrifuge might 

recondition astronauts living for weeks or months in a state of weightlessness. Previous research had indicated that long stays in the weightless state could have a debilitating effect on the body and cause the 

heart and circulatory system to lose their tone. (NYT News Service, 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2/9/65) 

A USAF Strategic Air Command crew successfully launched a Minuteman 

ICBM from Vandenberg AFB. 

February 10: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center announced four women were 

among the applicants being considered for the new scientist-astronaut 

program. They would receive the same consideration as the male 

applicants. In the past, because of the requirement that applicants 

have either a test pilot rating or at least 1,000 hrs. in jet aircraft, women 

were not seriously considered. MSC had forwarded the names of just 

over 400 applicants to the National Academy of Sciences, which would 

make recommendations on selection of 10-15 scientist-astronauts. 

(Maloney, Houston Post, 2/11/65) 

At an AEC FY 1966 authorization hearing, Rep. Melvin Price (D-Ill.), 

acting chairman of the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic 

Energy, attacked ”wasteful, irresponsible vacillation” in developing 

nuclear power systems for use in space. He cited the Snap-50 project 

which “in 1962 had a development objective through flight test. About 

a year ago, the flight test objective was dropped for a complete flight 

system ground test. This year, we have had another change in ob- 

(M&R, 2/15/65, 12) 
64 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

jective, dropping the complete system ground test and cutting back 

to component test objectives. It thus appears we are moving rapidly 

backward in this program. . . . Rep. Price said millions of dollars were being spent to develop these 

power sources for DOD and NASA but that the projects were often stopped 

short of flight testing because of lack of funds. He mentioned “several 

specific construction items which were not approved by the Budget 

. . . [because] there was no indication of a user for the finished 

product. . . . “The concern of the Committee is that this seems to be a pattern 

that happens on so many of these projects. Usually when it starts, 

you put several more millions in for a few years and then finally cut 

it off completely. . . . If 

we thought it was going to end with the same result, it might be wise 

to cut it off earlier rather than later. . . . I have a pretty deep feeling 

we are back on this requirements merry-go-round.” 

February 10: Detection of the existence of life on Mars could be accomplished by a manned Mars-orbit mission without the necessity of a Mars 

landing, according to two NASA Ames Research Center officials in a 

Copley News Service interview. Alvin Seiff, Chief of Ames’ Vehicle 

Environment Div., and David E. Reese, Jr., Assistant Chief of that division, said life on Mars could be detected from as far away as “several 

hundred thousand feet” from the planet’s surface. “We think we could 

get good accuracy during even hypersonic flight around Mars. . . . We 

don’t need to land men on Mars to find out what goes on there. We 

can find out about its atmosphere and whether life exists there through 

the use of a variety of instruments we now have at hand,” Seiff said. 

Seiff and Reese were in Denver attending AAS Symposium on Unmanned Exploration of the Solar System. (Macomber, CNS, Sun Diego 

Union, 2/10/65) 

Hughes Space Systems Div. at El Segundo, Calif., signed a contract 

with NASA to propose designs of a beacon that could be placed 

on the moon as a guide for safe landing for moonbound Apollo 

astronauts. The beacon would be landed on the moon with a Surveyor 

spacecraft. (UPI, Phil. Eve. Bul., 2/10/65) 

February 11: MARINER IV received 12 commands from JPL to check out 

spacecraft equipment that would be used if the spacecraft was still 

operating normally when it reached Mars next July 14. These commands dropped a lens cover off the television camera, turned on a 

scanning platform that carried the camera and two Mars sensors, 

turned on portions of television system and checked out the capability 

of MARINER IV to perform the encounter sequence. It was not planned 

to take television pictures during this sequence. The lens cover was 

dropped at this time rather than at planet encounter to shake loose 

any possible dust particles that might interfere with the Canopus 

sensor, a light sensing device that locked on the star Canopus to prevent the spacecraft from rolling. 

USAF Titan 111-A rocket was launched from Cape Kennedy, hurled 

its third stage (transtage) and two satellites into orbit in a maneuverability test involving three different orbits. Primary goal of 

the mission was triple ignition of the transtage’s engine. First firing, 

about five minutes after launch, injected the 7,000-lb. rocket-payload 

2, 

We are just worried about this pattern. 

(Transcript) 

(NASA Release 65-43) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 65 

assembly into near-earth orbit of 12Z-mi. apogee and 108-mi. perigee. 

After traveling once around the earth, during which the rocket performed a deliberate some1 sault. the transtage ignited again, burned 37 

sec., and shifted the rocket into an elliptical orbit of 1,766-mi. apogee 

and 116-mi. perigee. During one and one half orbits around the earth, 

the rocket performed a second deliberate somersault; a third firing put 

it in circular orbit with parameters of apogee, 1,737 mi.; perigee, 1,721 

mi.; period, 145.6 min.; and inclination, 32.15”. 

Titan 111-A’S transtage then ejected a 69-lb. experimental communications satellite (LES I). and ejected a 1,000-lb. metal chunk to 

demonstrate its ability to launch more than one payload. 

LES I was to have fired a solid-propellant motor to move to an 

elliptical orbit with an apogee of 11,500 mi. and perigee of 1,725 mi., 

but the motor failed to fire. LES I continued to orbit near the transtage and the metal chunk. LES I (Lincoln Experimental Satellite) had 

been built by MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory to test advanced components, 

materials, and techniques which might apply to future communications satellites. Radio signals were to be exchanged between LES I and 

ground stations. (UPI, NYT, 2/12/65; AP, Houston Post, 2/12/65; AP, 

Balt. Sun, 2/12/65: US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 1331 

February 11: Flight testing of the parachute landing system for two-man 

Gemini spacecraft was completed. The test simulated an emergency 

in which a stabilizing drogue chute failed to deploy from the capsule. 

Dropped from a plane at 17,000 ft., the unmanned. two-ton capsule 

landed safely after a pilot chute and the main Sl-ft.-dia. chute deployed 

on schedule. This was the tenth straight successful test. (AP, Houston 

Post, 2/12,/65) 

NASA announced that it would negotiate with Space Technology Laboratories and Thiokoi Chemical Zorp. for six-moniii, fixed-price contiacts 

of approximately $1.5 million for definition of a program to develop 

and produce a lOO-lb.-thrust rocket engine. The multipurpose engine, 

designated C-I, would be designed for spacecraft attitude control and 

maneuvering systems and also for launch vehicle ullage and attitude 

control systems. It would be powered by the hypergolic, storable 

liquid propellants monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and nitrogen tetroxide. 

(NASA Release 65-41) 

FAA released the first two volumes of a comprehensive five-part report on the sonic boom public-reaction study conducted in Oklahoma 

City in 1964. Their main conclusion: weather had a greater effect 

in determining the strength of booms than suspected, but the effect 

was within a corrective capability. 

The first volume, “Sonic Boom Exposures During FAA CommunityResponse Studies Over a Six-Month Period in the Oklahoma City Area,” 

prepared by NASA Langley Research Center, said measurements taken 

directly under the flight path of the supersonic fighters showed that 

about 80% of the booms were lower in intensity than scientists expected. About 20% equalled or exceeded the anticipated levels. 

“Meteorological Aspects of the Sonic Boom,” prepared by the Boeing 

Co., revealed that: weather had a greater effect on booms generated 

by planes flying less than mach 1.3 than those produced by aircraft 

exceeding mach 1.3; overpressures were increased by headwinds but 
66 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

decreased by tailwinds and crosswinds, with variations as much as 

2076, particularly in the mach 1.3 range; under some atmospheric 

conditions, including such factors as wind, temperature, and even the 

time of day, sonic booms may vary from a complete cut-off with no 

boom heard to heavy overpressures concentrated over a small area 

or spread almost unlimited over a wide lateral area; turbulence had 

the effect of distorting booms and increasing or decreasing intensity 

and distribution. 

February 11: In a luncheon address to the National Security Industrial 

Association in Washington, D.C., Lt. Gen. W. A. Davis ( USAF) , Vice 

Cdr. of Air Force Systems Command, discussed AFSC accomplishments 

in 1964: “. . . Important strides were also made in the area of space. 

We carried out intensive studies on the Manned Orbiting Laboratory 

(MOL). Last month the Secretary of Defense announced that proposals are being requested from industry for design studies to assist in 

developing the cost and technical information needed to proceed with 

full scale development of the MOL. Titan III, the Standard Launch Vehicle 5A, completed two highly successful test launches. Systems Command also provided support to the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration. This included the use of the Atlas-Agena combination 

to launch Ranger 7 on its successful photographic mission to the moon 

and Mariner 4 on its way to Mars. We also conducted the first launch 

of the man-rated Titan 11. 

One of our 

most promising present programs is the Titan 111 space launching system. The Titan 111 will be used to launch the 24 satellites for the interim Defense Satellite Communications System. It will also be used 

to launch the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), which is designed to 

determine man’s capability to perform military functions in space. 

The MOL will have an important bearing on our future space capabilities.” ( AFSC Release) 

In an isolation test in caves 330 ft. below ground near the French Riviera, 

two volunteers were reported to be “steadily losing time.” Antoine 

Senni was about three weeks behind the actual date, observing New 

Year’s Day on Jan. 20; Josiane Laures thought the date was Jan. 4, 

when it was actually Jan. 20. Scientists were conducting an experiment on man’s ability to function in an environment where there was 

no day or night. (Reuters, NYT, 2/11,/65, 54) 

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. had been awarded $8,052,000 cost-plusincentive contract for Agena D launch services at Eastern and Western 

Test Ranges during calendar year 1965, DOD announced. (DOD Release 

87-65) 

Maj. Gen. George P. Sampson (USA), recently retired as Deputy Director 

of the Defense Communications Agency, was appointed Director of 

Operations for ComSatCorp. (ComSatCorp) 

Moscovsky Komsomolets reported that the wife of Valery Bykovsky, Russian cosmonaut, was expecting a second baby. (Reuters, Chic. Trib., 

2/12/65 ) 

February 12: Escape system for the two-man Gemini spacecraft was successfully tested by NASA at the US. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China 

Lake, Calif. Simulating a pad abort condition, the test vehicle was 

mounted atop a 150-ft. tower equal in height to the Titan 11 launch 

(FAA Release 65-15; UPI, Minn. Trib., 2/12/65) 

It was very successful. 

“There are a number of tasks ahead of us in space. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 67 

vehicle; the side-by-side ejection seats were thrust out and away from 

the test vehicle to an altitude of about 350 ft. The mannequins 

landed by parachutes approximately 850 ft. downrange. The Gemini 

escape system was designed and built for NASA by Weber Aircraft Co. 

(MSC Roundup, 2/17/65, 2) 

Its 

radio signals had weakened to a point where NASA tracking engineers 

thought the satellite might never be heard from again, according to 

NASA announcement. The six-inch, 3.25-133. sphere was the second US. 

satellite, launched by USN as part of the International Geophysical Year 

program. For more than six years, it had transmitted radio signals 

from space with power from only six solar cells. Officially known internationally as 1958 Beta 11, VANGUARD I was circling the globe every 

134 min. and had an apogee of 2,442 mi. and a perigee of 402 mi. 

(NASA Release 65-45) 

USAF scientists at Hanscom Field, Mass., said they had hit EXPLORER XXII 

with a ground-based laser gun and had photographed the spot of 

reflected light and recorded it photoelectrically in relation to surrounding stars. 

February 13: USAF Athena missile was fired from the Army’s launch complex at Green River, Utah, to impact at White Sands Missile Range; a 

second firing was postponed because of technical difficulties. (AP, 

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2/14/65, 13A) 

California Institute of Technology received a $1,645,000 grant from the 

National Science Foundation to build the first of eight 130-ft.-dia. 

dish antennas to be trained on distant, recently discovered sources 

of radio energy, quasi-stellar radio sources, called “quasars”-the 

most distant objects yet discovered. (AP, Wash. Post, 2/14/65; sci. 

Serv.. NYT. 2/24/65, 5) 

February 14: Dr. Fred Whipple, director of the Smit‘hsonian Asirophyki! 

Observatory, Cambridge, had suggested landing on a comet. Dr. 

Whipple also speculated that if a space vehicle were sent near a comet 

scientists could use a low-velocity probe that could be put into an orbit 

in the comet’s vicinity for a week or more to study the velocities of 

gas and dust particles boiled off the comet by solar radiation. The 

probe would also be able to take core samples of the comet to give 

direct measurement of one of the oldest physical processes in the 

solar system, Dr. Whipple said. 

JPL scientists had sent notices to professional and amateur astronomers 

asking them to keep the strip of Mars over which MARINER IV would 

fly next July 14 under surveillance from now on, with special emphasis on photography in March. 

“We don’t know what we may learn through this procedure,” a JPL 

spokesman said, “but we want all the information we can get. Suppose, for example, MARINER photographs what looks like a dust storm. 

We’ll have a better chance of determining that fact if ne have pictures 

of the same phenomenon taken through earth telescopes, even though 

it’s a different storm months earlier.” ( AP, Seattle Post-Zntelligencer, 

2/15/65) 

The Royal Astronomical Society of London had awarded gold medal to 

Gerald Maurice Clemence, senior research associate and lecturer in 

the department of astronomy at Yale Univ., for his “application of 

February 12: After almost 7 years, VANGUARD I appeared to be silenced. 

( AP, LA. Herald-Examiner, 2/13/65) 

(NYT, 2/14/65, 50) 
68 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

celestial mechanics to the motions in the solar system” and for his 

“fundamental contributions to the study of time and the system of astronomical constants.” JNYT, 2/15/65, 17) 

February 15: NASA announced it had asked astronomers and scientists in 

38 countries to help analyze and interpret the closeup photographs of 

the moon taken by RANGER VII in July 1964. The scientists would first 

receive a set of 199 high-quality pictures taken by RANGER VII’S “A” 

camera ; photographs taken by other cameras would be sent later. 

NASA had also sent RANGER VII photographs to the European Space 

Research Organization, the European Launcher Development Organization, the International Committee on Space Research, and the United 

Nations. 

Christopher C. Kraft, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center director of flight 

operations, said the three-orbit Gemini GT-3 flight with astronauts 

Virgil I. Grissom JUSAF) and John W. Young (USN) would be 

much safer than Project Mercury orbital space flights. The astronauts 

would not depend solely on the braking rockets to bring them back 

to earth. They would make maneuvers during the first and third 

orbits to bring the spacecraft back through the atmosphere even if 

retrofiring braking rockets failed. Toward the end of the third orbit. 

near Hawaii, Grissom would fire the rockets for about two minutes, 

sending the Gemini spacecraft into a 54-mi. orbit which would be a 

reentry path. Over Los Angeles, the main braking rockets would be 

fired to drive the spacecraft down to a landing about 70 mi. east of 

Grand Turk Island in the Atlantic Ocean. Kraft said if the braking 

rockets did not fire, the GT-3 craft would land about 1.000 mi. due 

west of Ascension Island. 

NASA announced it had determined the areas of Mars to be photographed 

by MARINER IV’s’ TV camera during the July 14 fly-by. Recording of 

the first picture would occur when the spacecraft was approximately 

8,400 miles above the Martian surface. MARIYER’S camera would 

be pointing at the northern Martian desert, Amazonis. The camera 

would then sweep southeast below the Martian equator covering the 

Mare Sirenum, the southern desert Phaethontis, Aonius Sinus, and into 

the terminator or shadow line. The spacecraft would be about 6.300 

mi. above Mars for the final picture. 

First successful flight test of a miniature mass spectrometer specifically 

for biomedical and environmental use was made at NASA’s Flight Research Center. The system weighed 46 Ibs., measured 10 x 10 x 20 in. 

with vacuum system, and could monitor and chemically analyze samples of gases that might be encountered in either the cockpit environment of the spacecraft or in the pilot’s respiratory system. It could 

detect buildup of harmful gas or absence of necessary life support gas. 

The mass spectrometer was built by the Consolidated Systems Corporation, Monrovia, California. 

NASA established an Office of Industry Affairs at the Pentagon by arranvement with the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Installations and Logstics), to coordinate DOD-NASA mutual interest procurement and contract management matters, including quality assurance. Clyde 

Bothmer, who formerly directed management operations in NASA’s 

Office of Manned Space Flight, became Director. (NASA Release 6% 

.i5; NASA Ann. 65-35) 

(UPI, Phil. Eve. Bull., 2/15/65) 

(Galveston News-Tribune, 2/16/65 

(NASA Release 6542) 

( FRC Release 6-65 I 

h. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 69 

February 1.5: Clarence A. Syvertson had been named Director of NASA’s 

new Mission Analysis Division of the Hq. Office of Advanced Research 

and Technology. L4SA amounted. He would be responsible for study 

of future missions for research and technology programs. The Mission 

Analysis Division. to he located at RASA Ames Research Center, would 

be staffed by outstanding scientists drawn from all NASA Centers and 

would be organized along aeronautical and space mission lines. (NASA 

Release 65-46; NASA Ann. 65-34) 

President Johnson sent to Conpress his annual reports on the National 

Science Foundation. the ComSatCorp, and US. participation in the 

International Atomic Energy Agency. In message accompanying the 

NSF report. President Johnson said : “Close and understanding accord 

between science and public affairs is an imperative for free societies 

today.” Science would be looked to for use in technology and industry, health programs, exploration. and, “most especially for the 

guidance that will permit us to proceed with greater security and 

greater confidence toward our goals of peace and justice in a free 

world.” 

In a message accompanying the report on the ComSatCorp, the 

President said the goal of the US. M-as “to provide orbital messengers, 

not only of word. speech and pictures. but of thought and hope” for 

the world. 

“The past year has seen important advances in the program to develop a global communications satellite system. The first launch of 

a commercial satellite is to take place in the early months of this year. 

“Through the initiative of the United States an international joint 

venture has been established. LTnder the law I have designated the 

Communications Satellite Corp. as the US. participant. The corporation is to be the manager on behaif of ali pi-iicipants. 

“The corporation has now been financed, has constituted its first 

board of directors to replace the original incorporators and has moved 

forward with its program. All agencies of the Government with responsibilities under the act have made important and faithful contributions with the sympathetic assistance of the congressional committees concerned. 

“The new and extraordinary satellite telecommunications medium 

bringing peoples around the globe into closer relationship is nearer 

to fulfillment, heralding a new day in world communications.” 

Tn its second annual report ComSatCorp noted that it had ended 

1964 with about $190 million in short-term holdings and more than 

137?000 shareholders. It reported it had agreements with 18 countries 

to join in a single glohal system with ComSatCorp as manager and said 

that a satellite was being readied for launching in March. 

The report on the Nation’s participation in the International Atomic 

Energy Agency was accompanied by a covering letter which said 1963 

“will possibly he marked in I.A.E.A. history as the year in which a 

firm foundation was laid for its system of safeguards against the diversion of materials to military use.” (Text, CR, 2/15/65, 2605; NYT, 

2/16/65, 1; AP, NYT, 2/17/65, 64) 

K4SA and U.S. Army Materiel Command adopted an agreement for joint 

participation in low-speed and Vtol aeronautical research. The re- 
70 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

search program was centered at NASA Ames Research Center. (NMI 

1052.7) 

February 15: NASA had selected the Bendix Field Engineering Corp., 

Owings Mills, Md., to negotiate a cost-plus-award-fee contract for continued operation, maintenance, and support services of the NASA 

Manned Space Flight Network of tracking stations. Contract was 

valued at about $36 million over tho years. 

In National Science Foundation’s annual report to the President and the 

Congress, NSF Director Leland Haworth said the Foundation was “attempting to formulate an approach . . . to interfield priority assessment which would take into account the probable contributions of 

NSF-supported basic research to the solution of a variety of national 

problems. Thus, for example, it is possible that a whole cluster of 

basic research activities might justifiably be supported in several fields 

of the behavioral and environmental sciences, all of which would in 

one way or another shed light on what is now called the ‘transportation-urbanization’ problem. . . .’, 

Discovery of what may be the first real baby star-one apparently 

much smaller than the moon-was described in the NSF report. NSF 

credited the find to Dr. Willem J. Luyten, a University of Minnesota 

astronomer doing research aided by an NSF grant. Having roughly 

one-thousandth the diameter of the sun, the new-found dwarf apparently contained 300 tons of material per cubic inch of volume, 

more than 100 million times the density of water. There was no 

question about the discovery of the star, the report said. The only 

possible question was whether the distance to it had been figured 

accurately, because that would have a bearing on computing its actual 

size. (Carey. Wash. Eve. Star, 2/16/65; Science, 2/25/65) 

Lt. Gen. Frank A. Bogart (USAF, Ret.) was appointed Director of 

Manned Space Flight Management Operations. Since joining NASA 

on December 1, 1964, General Bogart had served as Special Assistant 

to the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight. (NASA Announcement 65-30) 

Dr. Eugene Konecci of the National Aeronautics and Space Council staff 

reported to the Medical Society of the State of New York at its annual 

convention that the semicircular canals of the inner ear had been demonstrated to play a key role in motion sickness that astronauts might 

experience in a rotating, orbiting spacecraft. Capt. Ashton Graybiel 

at the USN School of Aviation Medicine, Pensacola, expressed optimism 

that astronauts could be taught to overcome the effects of motion sickness. One way, he said, was to precondition selected persons by teaching them how to avoid movements that would invariably upset them. 

Another promising development, Dr. Graybiel said, was drug research. 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 2/16/65 1 

Dr. Karl G. Harr, Jr., President of Aerospace Industries of America, Inc., 

addressed the Economic Club of Detroit : 

. . . the aerospace industry of today does indeed represent a truly 

unique phenomenon in industrial history in almost all of its aspects. . . . it is that industry which places at the disposal of the nation-both its public and its private sectors-the capacity to manage 

the research, development and production of the most technologically 

advanced product that is possible-for whatever purpose desired. 

(NASA Release 6548) 

“ 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 71 

LL. . . it is essential that we all understand the principal factorshistorical, present and future-that have produced and will continue 

to produce this uniqueness. 

“First, the genesis and evolution of what is today’s aerospace industry is a direct product of the nation’s post-World War I1 history 

and is inextricably linked thereto. . . . World War I1 unleashed for 

the world, but particularly for the United States, two revolutions 

which have been gaining momentum ever since. The first of these 

was a form of economic revolution which saw the economy of the 

United States surge into new dimensions. The second was a scientific/ 

technological revolution which saw all that had gone before in man’s 

scientific history fade into a pale background. . . . “World War I1 itself provided an extreme example of the explosive 

expansibility of the industrial base of the United States. This expanded industrial base remained after the war to serve as a foundation for a general economic upsurge. “. . . the aerospace industry has become and remains, in a very 

real sense, an instrument of national policy, not only in terms of the 

hardware directly provided the government, but also as it underpins 

the economic/technologic,al advances in the private sector of our 

economy. . . . Discussing the future of the industry, Harr noted that “the size and 

viability of this industry is not tied to defense and space programs, 

important as these have been and will continue to be in shaping its 

destiny. It is tied, rather, to the total technological progress of the 

nation. meaning the application of advanced technology to whatever 

purposes may be desired. Programs now well underway in such 

diverse fields as air freight, urban transportation, desalination, 

xeancgrephy, 2QQQ-m.ph aircraft and hundreds of others serve to 

illustrate this fact. . . .” (Text) 

February 15: In an editorial headed “Space Racing After Seven Years,” the 

Miami Herald said: “Fast starters don’t always win. The match 

race in space between the United States and the Soviet Union is shaping 

up satisfactorily, from our viewpoint. The start was easy to identify, 

but the finish line is nowhere in sight.” (Miami Her., 2/15/65) 

Among Weather Bureau employees honored at the 17th Annual Dept. of 

Commerce Awards Program were: Dr. Sigmund Fritz, for outstanding contributions to meteorological research in the fields of solar 

radiation, ozone, and meteoroloeical satellites, for highly distinguished 

authorship, and for exceptional leadership as Director of the Weather 

Bureau’s Meteorological Satellite Laboratory ; Louis P. Harrison, for 

highly distinguished authorship and outstanding contributions to the 

fields of barometry and psychrometry; David S. Johnson and Dr. S. 

Fred Singer, a joint award in recognition of unusual ingenuity, leadership, and guidance in the development and implementation of a National Operational Meteorological Satellite System; Jay S. Winston, 

for valuable contributions to meteorology in the areas of general 

circulation studies, the interpretation of weather satellite data, and the 

heat budget of the earth-atmosphere system. (Commerce Dept. Release 

WB 65-1) 

Febriuzry 16: Saturn I (SA-9) two-stage launch vehicle, launched by NASA 

from Cape Kennedy, orbited a 33,000-lb. multiple payload, of which 

’7 
72 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

3,200 Ibs. was the PEGASUS I meteoroid detection satellite. Orbital 

data: apogee, 745 km. (162 mi.) ; perigee, 496 km. (308 mi.) ; period, 

97 min.; and inclination. 31.7”. This Mas the eighth successful test 

in eight flights for Saturn I; PEG4SUS I vas the first active payload 

launched in the Saturn tests. 

At launch, an Apollo command and service module boilerplate 

(BP-16) and launch escape sjstem (Les) toher Mere atop Saturn I, 

with PEGASUS I folded inside the service module. After first-stage 

separation and second-stage ignition, Les was jettisoned. When second 

stage ( S-IV) attained orbit, the 10.000-lb. Apollo boilerplate command 

and service modules were jettisoned into a separate orbit. Then a 

motor-driven device extended M inglike panels on the Pegasus satellite 

to a span of 96 ft. Each wing consisted of seven frames hinged 

together and made up of 20G panels. PEGASUS I remained attached to 

Saturn 1’s second stage as planned. A television camera, mounted on 

the interior of the service module adapter, provided pictures of the 

satellite deploying in space. 

PEGASUS I exposed more than 2.200 sq. ft. of instrumented surfare. 

with thicknesses varying up to 16/1000 in. As meteoroid particles 

collided Mith the surface of the panels. they would be registered electronically and reported to earth. Exposure of the large panel area 

over a long period would give designers of manned and unmanned 

spacecraft a good sample of meteoroid data. 

PEGASUS I would be visible from the earth without the aid of telescope 

on clear nights. (NASA Release 65-38; Marshall Star, 2/24/65, 1. 5; 

AP, Houston Chron., 2/16/65; Clark, NYT, 2/17/65; AP, Benedict. 

Vash. Post, 2/17/65; Hoffman. h.Y. Her. Tiib., 2 17/65; Selilstedt. 

Balt. Sun, 2/17/65; US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 133-134) 

February 16: On the floor of the House of Representatives, Congressman 

George P. Miller (D-Calif.) commented upon the successful Saturn I 

launch: “ . . . this morning the United States took another giant 

stride in the exploration of space. At 9:37 a.m. a Saturn rocket . . . with its 1,500,000 pounds of thrust, lifted off the launch pad at Cape 

Kennedy, Fla., on a mission to place in orbit around the earth the 

Pegasus satellite. 

“This was the eighth launch of the Saturn rocket out of eight 

attempts, a truly outstanding scientific and engineering accomplishment 

of the men of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and 

of the many contractors who worked so long and hard to make this 

event a success. 

“I may say that the gratifying success of the Saturn booster has been 

matched in other programs as well. 

“I need only point to the Tiros weather satellite. 

“Nine have been launched out of nine attempts. 

“I think we have every right to be proud of our space team on this 

(NASA LAR 1v/30-32 ; CR, 2/16/65, 

North American Aviation’s XB-?OA made its fifth flight from Palmdale, 

Maximum speed was mach 1.6; maximum altitude 45,000 ft.; 

During the flight the wingtips were 

It was the 

Flutter and stability 

day of outstanding achievement.” 

2630) 

Calif. 

duration of flight, 1 hr. 10 min. 

folded to 25” and then to the full-down position of 65”. 

first time this total deflection had been attempted. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 73 

characteristics, the inlet control system, and the air inlet bypass door 

system were investigated during the flight. Although the emergency 

landing parachute system did not function during landing at Edwards 

AFB, the aircraft completed a normal landing with normal braking. 

The drag chute had deployed, but the three-chute pack did not deploy. 

(Av. Wk., 2/22/65, 22; UPI, NYT, 2/17/65, 74) 

February 16: NASA’s Flight Research Center engineers had made direct comparison of the noise levels generated by the XB-70 and a 707-120B commercial jet transport under the same atmospheric conditions. NASA made 

the measurements as part of its general study of runway noise conditions 

for use in the design of a supersonic transport. 

NASA awarded a $8,879,832 fixed-price contract to the Univac Division of 

Sperry Rand Corp., for digital data processors to be used in Project 

Apollo. The contract also called for computer programing assistance 

in modifying present computer programs or developing new ones for 

Project Apollo requirements. 

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator, received an honorary 

Doctor of Science degree from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. The presentation was made by the Swiss ambassador, Dr. Alfred Zehnder, at the Embassy residence in Washington, 

D.C. (NASA Release 65-47 I 

Dr. Charles S. Sheldon of the National Aeronautics and Space Council 

staff told MIT students: “The Russians are pretty cautious about 

disclosing much about their launch vehicles, but we know pretty well 

what vehicles they’re using.” Dr. Sheldon noted that ZOND 11, the 

Soviet Mars probe. would pass near the planet perhaps one month after 

MARINER IV. The U.S. Mars probe was due to come within 5,400 mi. 

of the planet on July 14. 

FAA Administrator Najeeb Halaby, British Aviation Minister Roy Jenkins, 

and French Aviation Minister Maic Jacquet me: in Londo:: and agreed 

to work for joint establishment of operating conditions for supersonic 

jet transports. The British and French ministers arranged for the 

next stage in the development of their joint Concorde supersonic transport, which the British Labor government reportedly had wanted to 

cancel. The ministers also discussed a new Anglo-French project for a 

subsonic transport, an “air bus” that could take 200 to 300 passengers 

on short interurban hops. (Wash. Post, 2/17/65) 

Progress in developing the laser for communications use was evidenced 

by U.S. Army report that it had transmitted all seven of New York‘s 

standard television channels simultaneously on a laser. Although the 

seven TV channels had been transmitted over a distance only the width 

of a room, the Army said they could have been received at a range of 

several miles. Research described had been carried out at the Army 

Electronics Command’s laboratories in Fort Monmouth, N.J. The 

Army was interested in laser communications because the narrow 

beams could be transmitted between specific points, making enemy 

interception difficult. 

February 17: NASA’s RANGER VIII spacecraft, equipped with six television 

cameras to photograph part of the moon’s surface, was successfully 

launched from Cape Kennedy by an Atlas-Agena B. Seven minutes 

after lift-off, the spacecraft and the Agena stage went into a parking 

orbit some 115 mi. above Africa; the Agena engines were cut off. 

(FRC Release S65) 

(NASA Release 65-50) 

(Boston Globe, 2/17/65) 

(Sullivan, NYT, 2/17/65, 19) 
74 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1965 

For the next 14 min., the combination coasted at 17,500 mph. Second 

burn of the Agena lasted 90 sec., increased the velocity to 24,476 mph, 

and freed the 808.8-1b. RANGER VIII from the major pull of the earth’s 

gravity. Several minutes after injection, RANGER VIII was separated 

from Agena, which entered an elliptical orbit. About an hour after 

launch, RANGER VIII received and obeyed the command to deploy the 

solar panels that would convert solar energy to electrical power for its 

equipment. About 314 hrs. after launch, RANGER VIII completed its 

orientation maneuvering, achieved attitude stabilization, and pointed a 

high-powered antenna toward earth. 

The projected impact area was the Sea of Tranquility, a dark area 

relatively free of crater rays, near the shadow line on the three-quarter 

moon. Lower-angle lighting was expected to give more contrast and 

better definition of detail than was in the photographs made by RANGER 

A small rocket aboard the craft would be fired later to correct a 

moon-miss error on either side of the target; tracking calculations 

showed that the path of the vehicle would miss the edge of the moon 

by only 1,136 mi., well within the correction capability. (NASA Release 65-25; AP, Benedict, Wash. Post, 2/18/65; UPI, Chic. Trib., 2/ 

18/65; AP, Houston Post, 2/18/65; Appel, NYT, 2/18/65, 1) 

February 17: X-15 No. 2 was flown by Maj. Robert Rushworth (USAF) to 

95,100 ft. altitude at a maximum speed of 3,511 mph (mach 5.27) to 

obtain data for several research programs. (NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; 

X-15 Flight Log) 

NAS4 and DOD announced a memorandum of agreement to establish a Delta 

launch capability at the Western Test Range (WTR) . Costs would be 

shared, based on the estimated use of the vehicle by each agency. 

Existing USAF Thor-Able-Star launch sites would be adapted for Delta 

use wherever practicable. Launch pads and blockhouses would be used 

on a shared basis, with each agency responsible for its own missions. 

NASA would exercise launch vehicle control over all WTR Delta launches. 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and IJSAF Space Systems Division 

would be responsible for carrying out the agreement. 

NASA would be responsible for developing an improved Delta launch 

vehicle to meet both agencies’ mission requirements for use at both 

WTR and ETR. DOD was planning to phase out the Thor-Able-Star and 

use the improved Delta for payloads carried by this vehicle class. 

(NASA Release 65-51) 

Hearings on NASA budget authorization for FY 1966 began before the 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics. Of the $5.260 billion 

requested for FY 1966, $4.576 billion was for research and development; $74.7 million was for construction of facilities; and $609.4 

million was for administrative operations. 

“This budget . . . supports 

an on-going successful research and development effort and the use 

of this knowledge to develop and test operating systems designed to give 

us what we need to know for national security, for applications in 

meteorology, communications, and other working satellite systems, and 

from which to make any decisions which may be called for in the future. 

“An important fact that underlies the President’s 1966 budget 

decisions is that the program is now operating at a level of 5% billion 

VII. 

Administrator James E. Webb testified: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 75 

dollars instead of at the optimum level of 5% billion originally recommended by President Kennedy or the ‘fighting chance’ level recommended last year by President Johnson. This means that we cannot 

accomplish the 15 Saturn V-Apollo flights now included in the program 

within the period of this decade. If all 15 flights are required to 

succeed in the lunar landing, then this will not be done before 1970. 

However, our overall major milestones are being met and we still have 

a reasonable opportunity for success on a flight earlier than the 15th 

and thus within this decade. In effect we will be launching toward 

the moon on earlier flights than we thought a year ago would be 

possible, but we simply cannot predict which flight will be the first 

either to orbit the moon or to land there. 

the systems of equipment for the utilization of men for flights of all kinds out as far as the moon are now 

rapidly proceeding toward tests that will work out any imperfections; 

and our fast-developing knowledge of both the space environment and 

the capabilities of this equipment gives us more confidence than we had 

a year ago that we are on the right track and proceeding on a reasonable basis for the development of machines of this size and power. . . . “In preparation of this budget, the President has faced two important 

facts. The first of these is that the central core of NASA activities as 

planned in 1961 is proceeding with excellent results. . . . “The second major fact faced by the President was the necessity for 

a continued emphasis on supporting research and development. . . , 

“Bearing these two facts in mind, this budget and this request for 

authorization call for an operating level which is approximately the 

same as that approved by Congress for fiscal years 1964. and 1965. 

This means that the work planned in 1961 for accomplishment in this 

decade must be spread out over a longer period, and the cost for the 

total will be increased. . . . “The essential funds to give us some opportunity to make the lunar 

landing within this decade are included. as are funds for studies toward 

further use of the Saturn launch vehicles and the AP~OIIO-LEM manned 

space flight systems in the period following the lunar landing. By 

1969, we will have the capability to launch 6 Saturn-IB’s and 6 Saturn 

V’s per year. In the unmanned area, we have begun planning for a 

Voyager-Mars mission in 1971 with the possibility of a test flight in 

1969; funds are included in the budget for expansion of this design 

effort during fiscal year 1966. Development and hardware procurement could then be initiated in fiscal )ear 1967 if appropriate. . . .” 

(Testimony; 1966 NASA Auth. Hearings, 5-14) 

February 17: Dr. Hugh L. Dryden. NASA Deputy Administrator. testified 

before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics on NASA’s 

activities in the field of international cooperation : “Nineteen sixtyfour was a year in which other nations emerged clearly as friendly 

competitors and valuable collaborators in space science and engineering and demonstrated by emulation their endorsement of our view that 

energetic efforts in these fields are essential contributors to the betterment of human society. I am thinking of such thinzs as the energetic 

space programs of France, the demonstrated competence of Canada 

and Italy, the entry of the British aircraft industry into spacecraft 

engineering, the formal establishment of the European Space Research 

“What we can say is this: 
76 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Organization ( ESRO) and the European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), and finally of the successful first test flight of a 

large new booster by ELDO. . . . “A year ago I reported our plans for including foreign experiments 

on N.4SA satellites under arrangements by which foreign experiments, 

selected in open competition with domestic proposals. are sponsored 

and financed by the experimenter’s national space authority. One such 

experiment flew in 1964-a British ion mass spectrometer on EXPLORER 

XX, the US. fixed-frequency topside sounder. Six additional experiments were selected for flight, bringing the total to thirteen, with ten 

more under active consideration. We now have opened virtually all 

categories of NASA spacecraft, including Gemini and Apollo, to foreign 

participation on this cooperative basis. Indeed, we are now inviting 

foreign biomedic experts to a working conference in Houston, next 

April, to learn directly of the opportunities and constraints which apply 

to this program. . . . 

“A noteworthy development was the fact that ESRO became the first 

foreign space agency to seek a ground station on American territory. 

After conducting a site survey and finding a suitable location near 

Fairbanks. Alaska, ESRO has formally requested the Department of 

State to begin negotiations for an agreement. The ESRO station is 

projected as an element in a network of tracking and data acquisition 

facilities. . . . France is establishing a North/South fence from 

France through the Canary Islands, Algeria, Upper Volta, Congo 

Brazzaville, and South Africa. with an injection-monitoring station in 

Lebanon. This chain will also serve ESRO, which expects to have 

additional stations at Spitsbergen, Brussels. and in Australia and the 

South Atlantic. Both the ESRO and French networks will be entirely 

compatible with NASA’s, to maximize possibilities for mutual assistance. 

This is to our advantage, and we encourage it. . . . “Let me bring you up to date on the status of our cooperation with 

the Soviet Union. You will recall that we have a series of agreements 

with the Soviet Academy of Sciences providing for three coordinated 

projects-in meteorology, in surveying the geomagnetic field, and use 

of ECHO 11 for communications tests. The project involving the observation and use of ECHO II is completed. The Soviet side observed 

the critical inflation phase of the satellite optically and forwarded 

the data to us; although not including radar data, which would have 

been most desirable. Communications via ECHO 11 between the U.K. 

and the U.S.S.R. were carried out in only one direction instead of two, 

at less interesting frequencies than we would have liked, and with some 

technical limitations at the ground terminals used. On the other hand, 

the Soviets provided very complete recordings and other data of their 

reception of the transmissions.” ( Testimony ; NASA Auth. Hearings, 

February 17: Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Associate Administrator, 

told the House Committee on Science and Astronautics: “I feel that 

our record over the past calendar year is evidence of the success we have 

had in building a team that is dedicated to effective management. The 

space flight record for 1964 is impressive by several standards: number of flights, percent of success, and variety of missions. The graph 

(spaceflight mission record) shows that, in terms of percentage, our 

15-37) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 77 

19fj4 success record is nearly the same as the high achieved in 1963; 

83 percent compared with 85 percent in 1963. However, we more than 

doubled the number of successful missions from 1963 to 19&, from 11 

to 25. . . . “Other significant measures of the pace and rate of change in our 

space program have been our performance in terms of spacecraft operations and data return. These performance indicators are at the heart 

of a successful space program. 

“For example, in 19M an average of 54 experiments were functioning in space throughout the year; this is an improvement of over 35 

percent from 1963, when we averaged 40 working experiments. 

“The volume of information brought back from space, measured 

in millions of data points per day, shows a tenfold increase over 

previous years: in 1964 we were collecting about 57 million bits of 

information each day from our flight missions. , . .” 

Dr. Seamans listed NASA management accomplishments during the 

past year “to find new techniques and new methods to carry out our 

jobs.” Among them: establishment of Mission Analysis Div. from the 

Hq. Office of Advanced Research and Technology at Ames Research 

Center; conducting the joint DOD-NASA Launch Vehicle Cost Study; 

growth of incentive contract program (“over $1 billion are under 

active incentive contracts”) ; and application of phased project planning. 

“The budget presented here has already undergone critical review 

by NASA’s management, the Bureau of the Budget, and the President. 

It does not provide any contingency funds for the approved missions; 

it is predicated on a cost reduction program that will require us to 

operate more efficiently; it represents a carefully pared program 

priority list. In summary: 

“First, NASA is dedicated to the accomplishment of the present approved missions and projects in terms of cost, schedule, and technical 

performance. 

“Second, new effort is needed to maintain a position of leadership 

in aeronautics and space. This includes the definition of a new program for exploration of the planets commencing with Mars in 1971; 

the research and design necessary for effective extension of present 

Apollo and Saturn capabilities for manned flight; integration of the 

Centaur stage with the Saturn launch vehicle for planetary and other 

unmanned payloads; initiation of an advanced solar observatory 

satellite; and utilization of a prototype XB-70 aircraft for aeronautical 

research. 

“Third, an aggressive research and advanced development effort must 

be maintained in many fields, including chemical and nuclear 

propulsion, to assure the nation meaningful options and alternatives in 

the selection of future aeronautical and space goals and the ability to 

react decisively to external pressures and opportunities. . . .” 

(Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 37-SI ) 

February 17: Experimental solar still stations were being tested by Dr. 

Everett D. Howe, director of the Univ. of California at Berkeley’s Sea 

Water Conversion Laboratory, it was reported. The small stills were 

located on islands in the South Pacific, where climate was favorable for 

testing solar distillation. The stills, made of light plastic and concrete 

or of metal and glass, produced two to five gallons of pure water a day. 
78 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Knowledge gained from the operation might eventually help the 

thousands of persons in nonindustrial countries where water was in 

short supply and fuel and energy for such things as distillation of 

water was scarce. 

February 17: A new extraterrestrial mineral, previously unknown in nature 

and christened sinoite (silicon oxynitride, SiLNLO). had been discovered, NASA Ames Research Center announced. Discovered in a meteorite which had fallen near the village of Jajh deh Kot Lalu in Pakistan 

in 1926, the mineral was grey in color and occurred in rough rectangular crystals. Scientists who made the discovery were Dr. Klaus Keil of 

NASA Ames Research Center; C. A. Anderson, Hasler Research Center, 

Goleta, Calif.; and Dr. B. H. Mason, American Museum of Natural 

History, New York. The meteorite had been made available for study 

by New York's Museum of Natural History. 

Joan Merriam Smith, who flew solo around the world last year, was killed 

when a private plane she was piloting crashed in the mountains 45 mi. 

from Los Angeles. (UPI, NYT, 2/18/65, 42) 

The largest balloon ever constructed completed a successful 26-hr. flight 

over western US. Launched at Chico, Calif., by AFCRL, the 450-ft.- 

long polyethylene balloon lifted a 450-lb. instrumented payload to a 

record 142,000-ft. altitude. At float altitude, the balloon became oblate, 

or pumpkin-shaped, with dimensions of 330-ft. diameter and 270-ft. 

height. Payload consisted of instruments to measure atmospheric 

temperature. density, and pressures : telemetry equipment ; and a command receiver for control of the flight. It was parachuted to earth 

and recovered near Logandale, Nev. 

Soviet Marshal Vasily Sokolovsky said during a Moscow press conference held in connection with the 47th anniversary of the Red 

Army that the U.S.S.R. was armed with intercontinental and global 

rockets whose nuclear warheads were equal to 100 million tons 

of TNT. He claimed strategic rocket troops now formed the backbone of the Soviet armed forces so that the effectiveness of the Soviet 

air force had been sharply increased by supersonic planes equipped 

with nuclear-tipped, long-range rockets. He said the Soviet navy was 

now built around atomic submarines of virtually unlimited range that 

were equipped with powerful missiles. New Soviet antiaircraft defenses 

were capable of reaching targets flying at any speed at any altitude. 

He claimed that the Soviet Union had undertaken several measures 

toward the relaxation of international tension, among them a reduction of $555 million in military spending for the current year. 

(Sovietskaya Moldaviya, 2/18/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.; AP, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 2/17/65; Wash. Post, 2/18/65) 

The Jodrell Rank Observatory, British tracking station, was visited by 

a group of six Soviet scientists led by M. V. Keldysh, president of the 

Soviet Academy of Sciences. 

February 18: RANGER VIII lunar probe successfully executed a midcourse 

maneuver that corrected the path established at launch and aimed it 

for impact on the moon in the Sea of Tranquillity, an area centered 

2.6" north of the lunar equator and 24.8" west of the moon's northsouth line. Signal for the maneuver was radioed from earth to 

activate commands previously stored in the spacecraft's computer. At 

that time, the 808-lb. photo probe was 99,281 mi. from earth, traveling 

(NYT, 2/17/65, 28) 

(ARC Release 65-5) 

(OAR Release 2-65-6) 

(AP, Boston Globe, 2/17/65) 
.4STRONAUTICS .4ND .4ERONA4UTICS, 1965 79 

toward the moon at 4,100 mph. First command ordered the spacecraft to roll 11.6”: the second ordered the pitch maneuver of 151.7’; 

the third commanded the motor to burn for 59 sec. Then, after the 

spacecraft w-as ordered to break its attitude stabilization locks on the 

sun and earth, a ”go7’ command was transmitted and RANGER VIII 

executed the maneuver in about 27 min. The correction completed, 

the spacecraft reacquired its stabilization locks and continued on its 

course. One measure of the accuracy of the maneuver was the current 

expected impact time on the moon: Feb. 20 at 4:57:30 a.m. plus or 

minus 60 sec. 

The photo probe’s initial course would have missed the trailing edge 

of the moon by 1,136 mi. (NASA Transcript; L.A. Times, Miles, F‘ush. 

Post, 2/19/65; Appel, NYT, 2/19/65; UPI, Phil. Eve. Bull., 2/18/65; 

AP, Chic. Trib., 2/19/65; Au. Wk.: 2/22/65, 34) 

February 18: Dr. George E. hlueller, NASA Associate Administrator for 

Manned Space Flight, reviewing overall manned space flight objectives 

and reporting on the Gemini and Apollo programs in testimony before 

the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, said: 

“Chronologically, the first objective of manned space flipht is to 

establish man’s capabilities in space. Next is the establishment of a 

national competence for manned space flight: including the industrial 

base, trained personnel, ground facilities. flight hardware, and operational experience. Next, we use this capability for further space explorations and for other purposes. Finally. accomplishment of all 

these objectives brings about United States leadership in space. 

. . . In 1964, we concentrated our efforts on Gemini ground tests 

and accomplished the first flight test, Filling the pipeline with hardware nnrl rarrying out development testing of subsystems were the 

major Apollo activities. Now in 1965. we have entered a year that 

will be devoted to Gemini flight test operations and the conduct of 

Apollo system development tests. 

“Looking at the remainder of the decade! 1966 will be the year when 

we learn new space flight techniques in the Gemini Program, and 

conduct unmanned earth-orbital flipht tests of the Apollo/Saturn IB 

space vehicle. In 1967, Gemini will be available as an operational 

system and we .will carry out manned earth-orbital flights of the Apollo/ 

Saturn V space vehicle. Manned flights of the ApolloiSaturn V space 

vehicle are scheduled for 1968, leading to the beginning of manned 

lunar missions before the end of the decade. 

. . . I want to emphasize again that Apollo is an orderly program. The buildup of the Apollo effort has proceeded over more 

than three and a half years to its full strength. It is not a crash program. 

“The duration of Apollo, as we reported to the Congress last year, 

is one of the longer United States research and development programs, 

resulting in a schedule that permits rapid, orderly progress. The 

Apollo priority is high but not overriding. Parallel and backup development efforts are limited. Flight testing is being carried out on a 

logical basis, and only after all possible tests are conducted on the 

ground. 

The original planned time was 1:57:30 a.m. 

6L 

‘6 
80 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“Efficient use of available resources is a major consideration in the 

conduct of the Apollo program, whereas a crash program follows the 

most expeditious course regardless of cost. 

66 Finally, crash programs typically have goals beyond the existing 

state of technology and pursue these goals under the pressure of having 

to achieve a technological breakthrough. Apollo, on the other hand, 

harnesses current technology in the development of launch vehicles, 

spacecraft and facilities to permit effective space exploration. The 

greatest challenges in Apollo, in fact, are in the integration of those 

systems and the men who must fly them as well as the provision of 

ground operational support, and the overall management of this enterprise.” 

Dr. Mueller said that data received and analysis continued in 1964 

regarding radiation and the lunar surface indicated that these matters 

were of less importance than had been previously deduced: “. . . First, the chance of a significant solar event occurring during a mission 

is very low. Second, if the worst solar flare previously observed had 

occurred during an Apollo mission, the maximum dose that could have 

been received at the bloodforming organs by astronauts in the command 

module would have been about 10 per cent of the allowable safe dose, 

rather than 15 per cent as estimated last year. 

Regarding the lunar surface. the data from RANGER VII have been 

very helpful. The large area photography has indicated the probability 

that there are many areas of the moon’s surface where the design of the 

lunar excursion module is adequate with respect to surface slope and 

roughness. . . .” 

February 18: NASA Langley Research Center announced it would negotiate 

with Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., an $8 million incentive contract to 

provide complete system management for the Scout launch vehicle. 

The contract would continue support services and materials LTV had 

provided under several contracts. It would include systems engineering, logistic support, operational support, test program support, payload coordination, preflight planning. data reduction and analysis, 

standardization and configuration control, reliability and quality assurance, vehicle modification, checkout, and delivery. (NASA Release 

65-54) 

NASA awarded a $10,940,000 contract to Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., for 

mission integration and launch services of Delta launch vehicles at 

Cape Kennedy. The cost-plus-fixed-fee contract covered the calendar 

year 1965. (NASA Release 65-52) 

Saturn V launch vehicle retro-motors developed 100,000 lbs. of thrust 

in test of the solid-propellant motors at USAF Arnold Engineering Development Center for NASA. (AEDC) 

ComSatCorp met with representatives of aerospace companies it had invited to discuss specifications for 24 communications satellites for a proposed DOD satellite system. Previously ComSatCorp had indicated it 

would contract with the Hughes Aircraft Co. to build the satellites. 

But when the Philco Corp. protested to the FCC, the FCC required ComSatCorp to give Philco and other competitors a chance to show their 

capabilities. 

U.S.S.R. formally protested to Norway plans of the European Space 

Research Organization to establish a satellite tracking station in 

“ 

(Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 53-134) 

(ComSatCorp ; Weekley, Wash. Post, 2/17/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 81 

Spitsbergen. The U.S.S.R. said such a ground station for tracking 

space satellites could be used for “military purposes” in violation of the 

1920 Spitsbergen treaty. Norway later rejected the Soviet charge. 

(NYT, 2/20/65, 2) 

February 18: ComSatCorp filed with FCC a notice of a proposed $300,000 

contract with AT&T for research data and consultant services on ground 

stations for the global communications satellite network. FCC was 

notified that ComSatCorp had analyzed and evaluated other proposals 

and had held subsequent discussions with those making proposals. 

(ComSatCorp) 

The US. was pressing the U.S.S.R. for clarificetion of its view that it 

did not violate the nuclear test ban treaty with an underground explosion that released radioactivity. The large underground test took 

place Jan. 15 in the Semipalatinsk region of Soviet Central Asia. Four 

days later the US. announced that it had detected radioactive debris 

from the explosion over the Sea of Japan. 

February 19: In testimony before the House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics, Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for 

Space Science and Applications, summarized significant mission results : “US. scientific satellites achieved the following firsts : discovery 

of the radiation belt, determination of the earth’s irregular geoid, 

ionospheric topside sounding (with Canada), solar spectroscopy, xray and ultraviolet satellite astronomy, polar orbits, and highly eccentric orbits to map the earth’s magnetosphere. Our deep space 

probes achieved the first successful direct monitoring of the interplanetary environment, the first lunar surface detail, and the first 

successful flight to Venus. We may soon achieve the first successful 

flight to Mars, if MARINER IV completes its mission. In launch vehicle 

development, this program has yielded the first rocket stage using the 

high energy propellant combination of hydrogen and oxygen. It has 

also yielded the first and only all solid propellant space booster. US. 

meteorological satellites have yielded the following firsts : daylight 

cloud photography, night cloud observations including surface and 

cloud top temperatures, world cloud coverage, global heat balance and 

stratospheric temperature measurements, and direct cloud picture transmission to local users. Our communication satellites have been first 

in the following achievements: erection of large structures in space and 

their use as passive reflectors of radio signals; active repeating of 

radio signals at various altitudes and orbits of interest to system 

designers; transoceanic and intercontinental relay of teletype, facsimile, 

voice, data, and television; and achievement of the first true geostationary orbit. 

“The specific record of 1964 space missions of the Space Science 

and Applications Program . . . is particularly informative because 

most major program areas achieved at least one highly significant SUCcess in 1964. Of the 10 scientific satellite missions attempted, 7 

achieved full success and 2 partial success.” 

Dr. Newell observed that SYNCOM 111 communications satellite had 

been placed in a “virtually perfect circular equatorial orbit,” then 

maneuvered “to within about 1 mile of its station over the western 

Pacific where it successfully performed all its planned experiments. 

(NYT, 2/19/65, 17) 
82 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

. . . The Syncom maneuver was comparable to the feat of Ranger 

VII in flying to within 6 miles of its target on the Moon. 

66 Having completed our experiments with Syncoms 11 and III, we are 

turning them over to the Department of Defense. . . . If required, 

full-time communications could be provided between the United States 

and southeast Asia by Syncom III. . . .” (Testimony; NASA Auth. 

Hearings, 136-62) 

Februury 19: NASA selected Philco Corp.’s Aeronutronic Div. for negotiations leading to a nine-month, $1 million contract for research, development, and preliminary design of a lunar penetrometer system applicable to the Apollo program. The penetrometer, an instrumented 

package capable of assessing the hardness, penetrability, and bearing 

strength of a surface upon which it is ejected, could furnish lunar 

surface information to an orbiting Apollo spacecraft for scientific assessment of remote sites inaccessible to manned spacecraft or unmanned 

earth-launch probes. NASA Langley Research Center would negotiate 

and manager the contract. (NASA Release 65-59; LaRC Release) 

NASA approved inclusion of three x-ray and gamma ray telescopes on the 

first Oao (Orbiting Astronomical Observatory) and rescheduled the 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s celescope experiment for the 

third Oao. The three x-ray and gamma ray telescopes, already fabricated, contained experiments for surveying the sky proposed by: MIT, 

to detect high-energy gamma rays that did not originate from earth; 

Lockheed Missiles and Space Div., to seek new sources of low-energy 

(soft) x-rays and to study those recently developed; and NASA Goddard 

Space Flight Center, to detect low-energy gamma rays. The celescope 

experiment was designed to map the stars and nebulae through observations in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum but had encountered 

development problems. 

Unaffected bp the change and proceeding on schedule for a 1965 

launch was the Univ. of Wisconsin’s photometer-telescope system to 

measure the energy distribution and emission intensities of stars. 

(NASA Release 65-49) 

NASA’s MARINER IV, en route to Mars, passed the 20-million-mile mark in 

its distance from earth. The spacecraft was functioning normally and 

was transmitting data on scientific measurements taken in interplanetary space. (NASA Release 65-5G) 

Twenty Llrv Program personnel at NASA Flight Research Center were 

honored at an informal ceremony. Six employees received plaques 

for special and outstanding contributions to the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle project. 

Col. John H. Glenn, Jr. (USMC Ret.), speaking at a National Space Club 

luncheon, said: “Looking back over the 3 years since the flight of 

Friendship 7, I am impressed most of all by the tremendous progress 

the United States has made in space science and technology. 

“I am proud of the determination the American people have shown 

to become the world’s leading spacefaring nation. . . . ‘‘Three years ago, Mercury spacecraft were limited in weight to 

about 3,000 pounds. Today, the Saturn I booster is operational and 

can put 22,500 pounds into Earth orbit, or seven times the weight of 

Mercury. Saturn I-B, which will begin flying next year, will be able 

to orbit a payload equal to 11 Mercury spacecraft. Saturn V, which 

( FRC X-Press, 2/19/65, 1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 83 

will fly in 1967. will be able to orbit a payload equal to more than 

80 Mercuries. That’s some jump-but it is no more than typical of 

the great gains we are making in national space capabilities. 

“The accuracy requirements for all these missions are almost incomprehensible and are one of the least understood parts of the space 

program. A good case in point was the launch of Friendship 7 3 years 

ago. The speed at insertion into orbit was over 25,000 feet per second 

or 5 miles per second, and the booster and spacecraft were accelerating 

at approximately 240 feet per second at a steadily increasing rate. At 

booster cutoff, each error of 1.4 feet per second resulted in a difference 

of approximately 1 mile in apogee on the far side of the Earth. Whcn 

you consider that before the onboard signal for cutoff was received, 

information had to be obtained by radar at the Cape, transmitted by 

landline to Goddard, run through the computers, returned by landline 

to the Cape, checked against Cape data and then transmitted 350 miles 

down range to the spacecraft, still allowing time for onboard delays 

in operation of relays. valves, and thrust termination, it looks like an 

almost impossibly accurate requirement. 

“Those accuracies. however, are rather crude compared with some 

now being obtained on the deep space probes. 

“Now we have Mariner IV which at 6 o’clock tonight will be 

20,194,023 miles out from Earth on an extremely difficult and significant mission. As you know, there was a checkout of equipment aboard 

the spacecraft last week that indicates the chances are still good that 

we will get revealing pictures of Mars next July, when Mariner IV will 

be 134 million miles from Earth, so far it will take 12112 seconds to get 

a radio signal back. 

“TO wax philosophical for a moment: we might liken our space procave for so long they had lost touch with reality and felt that their 

whole existence was wrapped up in the shadows they could see on the 

wall ahead of them. He goes on to say that if one escaped to the outside world and returned to tell the others of what really lay outside 

the dark cave, they would probably think him completely crazy. 

“Even though we have seen such tremendous break-throughs in scientific knowledge in recent years, our knowledge has necessarily been 

limited to such a cave, for practically all we know has been limited to 

this one tiny speck of earth in a much larger environment. But that 

is in the process of becoming changed and with a rapidity no one can 

forecast.” (Text, CR, 2/22/65, A751-53) 

February 19: Sen. A. S. (Mike) Monroney (D-Okla.) said in an interview 

that if commercial airlines would voluntarily join the Federal Government in subsidizing helicopter lines, these services might be saved. 

Commercial helicopter lines operating in New York, Chicago, LOS 

Angeles, and San Francisco had received Federal subsidies since 1947, 

but President Johnson proposed in his budget message that they be 

cut off after Dec. 31. 

Sen. Monroney said: “Congress isn’t going to appropriate any more 

money. We haven’t a chance of selling them or continuing the subsidy 

without added help from the airlines.” His plan involved artificially 

lowering helicopter fares so that a greater portion of the flying public 

would use them. This higher load factor, combined with the use of 

;:a% to Gfie of Plato’s a!!egeries. Iie :=!?. of priso??ers chzir?ed ir? 2 
84 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

larger, more economical aircraft and hoped-for improvements in helicopter technology might lead to self-sustaining helicopter service in a 

few years, the Senator said. 

February 19: On the floor of the Senate, Sen. John Stennis (D-Miss.) 

argued for development of an advanced manned strategic aircraft, 

pointing out that “for the first time in the history of American strategic 

air power, there is no follow-on manned bomber under development.” 

He cited Gen. Curtis E. LeMay who testified last year: “I am afraid 

the B-52 is going to fall apart on us before we can get a replacement 

for it. (CR, 2/19/65, 

3176) 

AFSC announced that an airborne jet engine analyzing system, designated 

to improve flight safety and operational readiness of USAF tactical aircraft, would be flight-tested for one year at Nellis AFB, Nev., and DavisMonthan AFB, Ariz. The jet engine analyzer system would be used to 

monitor, analyze, and assess engine performance of turbojets; to assist 

in predicting required maintenance ; and to indicate engine failures 

before they occurred. 

AFSC Aeronautical Systems Div. had awarded to North American Aviation, Inc., an $8,150,000 increment to previously awarded contract for 

the XB-70 aircraft, DOD announced. 

Boeing Co. announced it had ordered its 737 model into production 

and that it had already received an order for 21 of the shortrange jets from Lufthansa German Airlines. The 737 would be a twinengine jetliner designed for short-haul routes. ( UPI, NYT, 2/20/65, 

52 1 

February 20: RANGER VIII lunar photography probe struck its target on the 

moon at 4:57:36.8 EST, after radioing to earth about 7,000 close-up 

pictures of the lunar surface during the last 23 min. of flight. The 

point of impact was 2.59” north latitude, 24.77’ east longitude, in the 

Sea of Tranquillity, an area slightly east-northeast of the center of a 

full moon. The spacecraft impacted at slightly less than 6,000 mph. 

Total distance of travel along its trajectory from lift-off had been 

calculated as 248,766 mi. Accuracy of the shot was reflected in the 

fact that impact had been planned for 4:57:30, and at 3” north latitude and 24” east longitude. 

RANGER VIII had been programed to execute a “terminal sequence” 

just before impact to point the six TV cameras more in the direction 

of flight; this sequence was omitted to allow the cameras to cover a 

larger area than planned and to provide greater continuity with the 

pictures transmitted by RANGER VII last July 31. A second change in 

the flight was to turn on cameras 23 min. before impact instead of 13 

min. and 40 sec. as planned. The new time had been chosen so that 

initial pictures would be about equal to earth-based resolution and 

then continue into impact. 

Two small anomalies: one part of the spacecraft had registered a 

higher temperature than had been anticipated and more telemetry data 

had been lost during midcourse maneuver than had been expected. 

RANGER VIII had been launched Feb. 17 from Cape Kennedy. (NASA 

Transcript: Appel, NYT, 2/21/65, 1, 65) 

Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper of the Univ. of Arizona, heading the panel for 

scientific evaluation of R4NGER VIII photographs, said at a press 

(NYT, 2/19/65, 69) 

There is a serious danger this may happen.” 

~AFSC Release 57.64) 

(DOD Release 100-65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 65 

conference that one of the most important results of this flight had 

been the discovery that the Sea of Clouds and the Sea of Tranquillity were similar in structure. He noted several “odd depressed 

regions” and said that they could be areas where collapse had occurred, 

which might suggest the presence of lava fields. He believed the lunar 

surface was composed of very light, frothy material such as would be 

formed when rock was melted and allowed to resolidify within a high 

vacuum, like that on the moon. The material envisioned by Dr. Kuiper 

might be considered similar to certain volcanic rocks found on earth: 

while it would probably be lighter than water, it could still have substantial strength. This theory was based on laboratory attempts several 

years ago to simulate conditions existing when the moon was formed. 

Ewen A. Whitaker of the Univ. of Arizona said he felt the lunar 

material, which he thought had a consistency of crunchy snow, would 

support a manned spacecraft. He said color lines and sharp boundaries tended to show that the surface was some sort of frothy, lava-like 

material and definitely not dust. 

Another member of the Panel, Dr. Harold C. Urey, of the Univ. of 

California, noted dimples on the moon’s surface and said their curved 

walls indicated material must have been thrown out of their centers 

when comparatively soft terrain was gouged by heavy masses of rock. 

He thought he saw spots in the center of some dimples into which soft 

material might be draining and estimated the depth of some dimples 

at 50 to 60 ft. Dr. Urey also suggested the surface material might 

have the consistency of crunchy snow. (NASA Transcript; Appel. NYT, 

2/21 165; Miles, L. A. Times, 2/21 165; AP, Indianapolis Star, 2/22/65) 

February 20: No evidence of lunar origin had been found in rock samples 

from western Iowa tested at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, said 

found 

anything in Iowa which could be identified as meteoritic or of the nature of a tektite.” 

NASA had requested a six-county area of western Iowa to submit 

rocks for analysis since GSFC astronomer, Dr. Walter O’Keefe, had had 

the theory that tektites came from the moon. Western Iowa had been 

chosen as a likely spot for the search for tektite fragments because of 

its heavy deposits of loose soil and near absence of natural rock formations. (Barton, Omaha Sunday World Herald, 2/21/65) 

Sir John Eccles, professor of physiology at Australian National University, cautioned Australia and New Zealand against overconcentration 

of scientific energy on space. At a scientific congress in New Zealand, 

he warned: “. . . we are spending too much of our resources, especially 

our intellectual resources, on the exploration of space when we have 

the much more important problem of life, and of man and his brain.” 

The Soviet Union was considering sending weather observers into outer 

space in manned meteorological satellites, Prof. K. I. Kondratief, Univ. 

of Leningrad, said at a meeting in Geneva of the World Meteorological Organization’s Scientific Advisory Committee. i NYT, 2/21/65.24) 

February 21: Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Chairman of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council, said in remarks taped for the NBC-TV 

program, “The Sunday Show,” that the US. would extend its national 

strength into the space dimension. “We expect to explore the moon, 

Dona!d E. Perry, GSFC !nfarmnti3r, OEcer: TVe h2d net . . 

(NYT, 2/21/65, 9) 
86 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

not just to photograph it or visit it.” he said. “We plan to explore 

and chart the planets as well. We shall expand our earth laboratories 

into space laboratories.” 

Mr. Humphrey praised the Nation’s space effort, saying that such 

activities had encouraged economic development, stimulated new products and processes, and furthered the cause of peace. This was 

Mr. Humphrey’s first public statement on the space program as Vice 

President. ( NBC-TV) 

February 21: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LIV, COSMOS LV, and COSMOS LVI 

on one rocket booster. All three satellites were moving in close initial 

orbits: apogee, 1.856 km. ( 1.141 mi. 1 ; perigee, 279.7 km. (170 mi.) ; 

period, 106.2 min. ; inclination, 56’4‘. Equipment aboard “for the 

further investigation of outer space” was functioning normally. (Tass, 

Pravda, 2/22 ’65, ATSS-T Trans.; NYT, 2/22/65, 12) 

February 22: Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey spent six hours visiting 

Cape Kennedy launching pads, talking to space experts, and looking 

over NASA Kennedy Space Center’s Merritt Island Launch Area (MILA). 

“I’m sure the American people can feel this program is in good hands,” 

he said before returning to Washington. At one point, Humphrey 

rode to the top of the 100-ft. launching vehicle to be used in next 

month‘s manned orbital flight and exclaimed: “Man, oh man, what a 

fantastic job!” (NASA Release 65-57; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 2/23/65) 

Orbital data: 

apogee, 512 km. (318 mi.) : perigee. 175 km. (109 mi.) ; period, 91.1 

min. ; inclination, 64’46’. Tass said the satellite carried scientific apparatus “intended for the further investigation of outer space.” Equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, Pravda, 2/23/65, ATSS-T 

Trans.) 

DOD Secretary Robert S. McNamara told the House Armed Services Committee that deferral of the decision on Nike-X production from FY 

1966 to FY 1967 “should not delay an initial operational capability by 

many months beyond what we would expect to achieve if we were to 

start production in Fiscal 1966.” He said this was primarily because 

of the development, test, and evaluation work already under way. He 

added that the FY 1966 requests included $400 million for the continued 

development of Nike-X “on an urgent basis.” Of this, $10 million 

had been programed for preliminary production engineering. McNamara confirmed “. . . a broadening of the objectives of Air Force’s 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program, including: 1) development of technology contributing to both manned and unmanned space 

operation; 2) development of manned capability to assemble and service large orbiting structures; and 3) other manned military space experimentation. In addition, MOL will be used to investigate servicing 

and assembly of non-military structures . . . and will progress to study 

man’s biological responses during periods in orbit of as long as 30 

days.” 

U.S.S.R. had kept the US. under relatively continuous surveillance 

with photo reconnaissance satellites launched as part of the Cosmos 

program, said Edward H. Kolcum in an article in Aviation Week 

and Space Technology. In 1964 14 such satellites were launched, 

he asserted. The article continued : “Soviet photo reconnaissance payload is believed to be an unmanned version of the Vostok spacecraft, 

COSMOS LVII earth satellite was launched by the U.S.S.R. 

(Av. Wk., 2/22/65, 26; M&R, 2/22/65, 18) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 87 

which successfully carried cosmonauts into orbit six times. The unmanned camera mission uses the same launch facilities and same recovery techniques developed from Russian manned satellites. The 

recoverable section is the pressurized cabin, which weighs about 5,000 

lb. when it is ejected from the main spacecraft for a parachute descent 

on land. . . . “Six of these payloads were recovered after eight days; two after 

seven days, one after six days and another after five days. One came 

down after 24 hr. in orbit; one remained up five weeks, another eight 

and a half weeks, and another, launched Aug. 29, is still in orbit. Departures from the norm are believed to indicate retrofire malfunctions 

or failures. Most recent Soviet reconnaissance satellite was Cosmos 

52, launched Jan. 11 and recovered Jan. 19. . . .” 

He stated that 11 of the 14 reconnaissance satellites orbited in 1%4 

were orbited at 65” inclination. The remaining three orbited at 51” 

inclination-“an inclination that also permits the payload to sweep 

over the entire continental United States.” The other Cosmos satellites, orbited at 49’ inclination, had remained in orbit until they decayed naturally. They were “believed to be scientific applications and 

military development payloads.” 

February 22: TSR-2, Britain’s tactical and reconnaissance bomber, broke 

the sound barrier for the first time. The aircraft was flown to more 

than 1,400 mph over the Irish Sea, to a landing at Wharton. This 

was the 14th test flight of TSR-2 by its manufacturer, British Aircraft 

Cofp. (Reuters, NYT, 2/23/65, 53) 

Martin Co. had delivered the first pair of prototype nuclear generators for 

use in space to NASA, it was reported. The units contained no radioactive fuel and would be heated electrically for their qualification tests. 

Each generator was designed to deiiver 38 waits oi direct ciiiieiit to 

the weather satellite Nimbus B, first NASA satellite to use a nuc1ea.r 

power source. 

John F. Mason outlined in Electronics the dramatic changes underway 

in US. tracking and communications stations around the world. 

“Before the end of the year, 85% of the telemetry gear on the 

Atlantic missile range will be replaced. Everywhere, new communications equipment is going in, new pulse radars are being installed and 

continuous-wave radar networks are being expanded. Slowly, the 

separate ranges are becoming an integrated global network. . . . “Besides the work going on at the ranges, research and development effort for programs of the future continues at an active pace at 

the various government and industry centers throughout the United 

States. 

“The reason for this general overhaul of the missile ranges is to 

support Apollo, the manned lunar mission, and approximately 70 other 

ambitious missile and space programs already under way. . . .” 

(Electronics, 2/22/65, 94-105) 

Esso Research and Engineering Co. announced development of a fuel cell 

that could convert methanol, a petroleum derivative, into electricity. 

The most immediate practical uses of the cell would be military, the 

company said. (NYT, 2/23/65, 48) 

Leonid Seliakov, a deputy to the Soviet aircraft designer Andrei N. 

Tupolev, said fundamental breakthroughs would be made in civil 

( Av. Wk., 2/22/65, 22) 

(AP, NYT, 2/23/65, 21) 
88 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

aircraft between 1970 and 1975. Seliakov was quoted in Vecherrulya 

Moskva as saying: “Airliners will be designed for flight speeds up 

to 2,500 kilometers (1,550 miles) an hour. I am sure that in 10 

years from now, Muscovites will be able to fly to Khabarovsk in three 

instead of eight hours.” Khabarovsk is about 4,000 miles from 

Moscow. (AP, NYT, 2/23/65, 53) 

Febrwlry 23: USAF 1.175-lb. Project Asset reentry glider, last in a test series 

of six, was launched from Cape Kennedy by a Thor-Delta rocket booster 

on a 13,300 mph suborbital flight; the spacecraft then was lost at sea. 

The experiment was to test materials for future lifting body reentry designs; it consisted of 2,000 tiny heat-sensitive spots in ten different 

colors designed to change hue as the glider came back through the 

atmosphere from an altitude of 40 mi. USAF said that most of the 

information sought had been radioed to the ground during the 30 min. 

flight, but that visual examination of the glider was necessary for data 

on heat distribution. 

Officials presumed the glider sank into the sea, although intermittent 

radio signals received had indicated it had been at least partially 

afloat for some hours. Planes and ships were combing an area in the 

Atlantic Ocean about 2,750 mi. southeast of Cape Kennedy for the missing craft. (AP, Wash. Post, 2/24/65; U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 

134) 

Addressing the US. Military Academy at West Point, NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb said: “I would like to acknowledge the debt that NASA 

owes to the armed forces for early and continuing work that has contributed to some of our most successful space projects. As you know, 

NASA works closely with the Air Force in the development of launch 

vehicles and in the general technology of space flight. . . . As an example-among many-of cooperative NASA-DOD activities : 

on January 1, NASA transferred control of its operating SYNCOM II and 

SYNCOM 111 communications satellites to the Department of Defense. . . . “When the great DOD missile site construction program-which ran 

at one time to $2.8 billion a year-subsided, the Corps of Engineers 

brought its tremendous engineering capability to the construction of 

NASA facilities. AS the Corps moved toward completion of its work 

for NASA, its abilities will have been enhanced by the experience of 

building these great new national resources. The Corps, with new 

skills, will be able to move to new national requirements with assurance 

that it has performed extraordinarily well in engineering fields never 

before attempted. 

“Today there are detailed to NASA 254 active duty military personnel. Five of our astronauts are graduates of this great Academy. 

Nothing could be more fitting. For the debt modern American science 

and technology owes to West Point is too large to be repaid. It can 

visibly be traced back to Sylvanus Thayer who not only is the father 

of this Academy but who had a tremendous influence for half a century 

in the field of technical and scientific education throughout the United 

States.” (Text) 

Statement of Edmond C. Buckley, NASA Director of Tracking and 

Data Acquisition, was presented by Gerald M. Truszynski, NASA 

Deputy Director of Tracking and Data Acquisition, in testimony before 

1‘ 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 89 

the House Committee on Science and Astronautics: ‘‘Since 1958, NASA 

has provided tracking and data acquisition support by means of the 

NASA Satellite Tracking and Data Acquisition Network for approximately 50 DOD earth satellites. During 1965 we expect to provide 

continuing telemetry support for as many as 10 DOD earth satellites, and 

limited tracking support for several more. Also, our station at 

Carnarvon, Australia, being in an excellent geographical relation 

to the launch facilities at Cape Kennedy, will be used to support 

a number of DOD spacecraft, as well as NASA spacecraft, where data and 

flight control after one-half orbit is required. For example, the DOD 

TITAN 111 launch vehicle development program is vitally dependent on 

support by this station. We anticipate support of approximately 15 

TITAN 111 operations per year for the next two years. 

“In a similar fashion, the tracking and data acquisition support 

which the DOD provides for NASA is extensive. At Cape Kennedy, for 

example, DOD has supported the launch phase of each NASA space flight 

mission. The extensive support provided by DOD for the Mercury program is well known. The Gemini program requires continuation of 

this DOD support.” 

Referring in his testimony to current trends affecting planning for 

support networks, Mr. Buckley said: “. . . equally significant requirement, is the increase in the number of spacecraft which will have highly elliptical or synchronous orbits. Spacecraft in highly elliptical 

orbits must be supported by a particular ground station, much in the 

same way as done for deep space missions, i.e., a particular station is 

required to provide as much as S-10 hours per day of its available 

time for support of one satellite. Spacecraft in synchronous orbits 

require support of a particular station for 24 hours per day. As a 

resuit, tracking and data acquisiiiull links aie L-:-q “Llrra -nm-;++-J ~“I*.IIII.LYY to 

longer support periods which means not only that more equipment is 

required, but additional personnel, ground communications, and other 

operations expenditures are needed to meet this upcoming satellite 

support workload.” (Testimony; 1966 NASA Auth. Hearings, 187- 

212) 

Febrrmry 23: On the floor of the House, Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.). 

Chairman of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, commented on the successful RANGER VIII spacecraft as “yet another major 

American space achievement. For the second time in less than a year 

a Ranger spacecraft has successfully taken closeup pictures of the lunar 

surface and returned them to earth from a distance of a quarter of a 

million miles. . . .” (NASA LAR 1v/33-35) 

Rep. John R. Schmidhauser (D-Iowa) commented upon and inserted in 

the Congressional Record an article which appeared in the Davenport 

Times-Democrat about the Davenport Alcoa plant and the construction 

of Pegasus satellites. It said: “A unique arrangement of special 

equipment that senses infrared energy-thus indicating which part of 

the satellite is facing earth-enables scientists to determine the direction 

each meteoroid is traveling when it strikes Pegasus. Such information 

will tell spacecraft designers the extent of possible damage from hits, 

enabling them to build manned craft which will be relatively unaffected by meteoroids.” (CR, 2 /23/65, A77374) 
90 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

February 23: Scientists at I\IIT’S new Center for Sensory Aids Evaluation 

and Development were screening and testing new items that could potentially help the blind and deaf-blind, it was reported. Scheduled for 

early testing was an inertial navigation system that could sense movement off a straight line. It was about the size of a cigaret package and 

would be held flat between the thumb and index finger. If a blind 

person holding this battery-operated device in his right hand veered 

off course to the left, a projection would hit him in the thumb; if he 

veered off to the right he would be hit in the index finger. The system of gyroscopes and accelerometers that would operate this instrument was also found in missile and spacecraft guidance systems. (Sci. 

Serv., NYT, 2/23/65, 31) 

February 24: Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, NASA Associate Administrator 

for Advanced Research and Technology, told the House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics that “although space research, development, 

and operations have absorbed much of our resources within the past 

few years, the N4SA has been and will continue to be dedicated to a 

strong program of aeronautical research keyed to the Nation’s needs.” 

He testified: “. . . The [aeronautics] program embraces the entire 

spectrum of flight from lowspeed private and V/STOL aircraft to hypersonic vehicles. I have already described . . . our part in the 

evolution of the XV-5A and F-111 aircraft, in the evaluation of 

supersonic transport proposals, and in the solution of jet transport 

rough air problems. Looking ahead to FY 1966, we are requesting 

$42.2 million in Research and Development for aeronautics. This 

figure can be separated into two categories: one funds a broad and 

continuing effort in the scientific disciplines underlying advances in 

all areas of air transportation, civil and military; the other funds a 

more concentrated attack on specific advances in air transportation 

whose potential is identified by research in the various scientific 

disciplines. . , . “Throughout the aeronautics program budget, provision has been 

made to support the direct requests of the Department of Defense and 

the Federal Aviation Agency. It can be pointed out that although 

the Research and Development request in FY 1966 for aeronautics is 

$42.2 million, we expect to spend a total sum of $106.2 million in this 

field. The difference is accounted for by Administrative Operations 

and Construction of Facilities funds as well as supporting research and 

technology directly applicable to aeronautics in fields such as electronics, human factors, basic research, and others. Approximately 

1600 direct personnel will be engaged in aeronautical research in FY 

1966. . . . In testimony before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 

George Friedl, Jr., N4SA Deputy Associate Administrator for Industry Affairs, said: “NAS.4 spends about 93 percent of its dollars 

on contracts with industry, universities and private research organizations. These procurements during fiscal year 1964 amounted 

to $4.6 billion. Approximately 96 percent of this amount or $4.4 

billion was awarded by our field installations in accordance with program and project research and development requirements. NASA contracts support our in-house research and development activities and 

9, (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 213-269) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 91 

establish our coupling with industry and the private scientific community. . . .” 

“The 

cost reimbursement contract has been the basic instrument for procuring 

research and development because the Government has had to risk the 

uncertainties and assume the high cost involved. No other type of contract provides the Government and the contractor the latitude and 

flexibility needed to relate scientific and technical requirements, 

schedules and use of resources to mission objectives. By adding incentive provisions pertaining to time, quality and cost to this type of 

contract, it is our intention to offset some of its deficiencies and 

strengthen the purpose of the Government-contractor relationship. 

“NASA has made a concerted effort to introduce suitable incentive 

arrangements in our cost reimbursement type contracts whenever 

practicable. In each case, the objective is to encourage the contractor 

to manage better and improve his performance; adhere to schedules; 

and hold down costs. 

As a consequence of our incentive contracting drive, there has 

been a marked increase in this activity in the past 4% years. In fiscal 

year 1961 we had one contract worth about $100,000. By December 

31, 1964, we had awarded 75 contracts with a target value of over 

$751 million, 7 of these have been completed leaving 68 contracts 

totalling over $724 million currently being administered. . . . “In view of the undesirable features of letter contracts, NASA Headquarters began a concerted effort, early in 1963, to curtail the issuance 

of new letter contracts and to assure the timely definitization of all 

outstanding letter contracts. Headquarters issued instructions to all 

centers directing program and project managers to plan ahead and 

.!!ow arleqiiate lead time for the initial negotiation of definitive contracts. . . . At the end of January only 3 letter contracts having a 

total value of $4 million were outstanding. We expect that these contracts will be definitized in March 1965.” 

Mr. Friedl said that NASA had “structured a sound practicable managerial technique to direct the planning, approval and execution 

of . . . future programs. We believe that adoption of what we have 

termed ‘phased project planning’ will materially assist us in achieving 

this goal. 

“Phased project planning represents an orderly sequential progression in the execution of NASA major projects. It provides for formulating proposed work goals and missions, and allows for decisions, reappraisal points for management consideration to advance or replan 

such proposals, as well as the resources to implement them. 

“Specifically, phased project planning provides for four distinct 

phases as follows: 

“Phase A Conceptual/Feasibility Phase . . . “Phase B Preliminary Definition Phase . . . “Phase C Final Definition . . . 

Reporting on contract administration, Mr. Friedl testified : 

C6 

and Phase ?) B-velopment ’Operation. . . .” (Testimony: NASA 

Auth. Hearings, 269-88) 

February 24: Canada’s National Defence Research Council said it would 

negotiate an agreement with NASA for Canadian operation of the rocket 

launching range at Churchill, Manitoba. The announcement said such 
92 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

an agreement would open the way for a new partnership between the 

two countries in research. 

February 24: NASA Kennedy Space Center announced it had awarded three 

contracts for equipment used on launch complexes at both Cape Kennedy and Merritt Island Launch Area ( MILA). American Machine and 

Foundry Co. received $1:198,923 for umbilical devices that would provide fuel, liquid oxygen, and air conditioning to the fin section of 

Saturn V’s first stage. $745,601.15 was awarded Kaiser Aluminum 

and Chemical Sales for the fabrication of bulk electrical cable for 

Complex 39. Spaco Inc. received $596,356 to fabricate interconnect 

cables for joining terminal boards in the umbilical towers of Complexes 34, 37, and 39. (KSC Release 35-65) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center awarded a $8,774,000 research 

and development contract modification to North American Aviation’s Rocketdyne Div. for continued uprating of the H-1 rocket 

engine from 188.000 to 200,000 lbs. Uprated engines would be used 

in clusters of eight to provide a total thrust of 1.6 million lbs. in first 

stage of Saturn IB launch vehicle. Modification brought H-1 contract 

total to $20,648,500. 

NASA had contracted with Collins Radio Co., Dallas (Tex.) Div., to 

procure Unified S-Band Telemetry Systems for three 85-ft. -diameter 

antennas in support of Project Apollo. Under the fixed-price type contract worth $2,740,000, Collins would install the three systems at 

antennas to be built at Goldstone, Calif.; Canberra, Australia; and 

Madrid, Spain. (NASA Release 65-63) 

USAF abandoned the search in the Atlantic for the Project Asset glider 

launched Feb. 23. The 6-ft. spacecraft, which had just completed an 

otherwise successful 2,700-mi. experimental flight at 13,300 mph, was 

never sighted visually after impact in the Atlantic. The only guide 

was a weakening signal from its radio beacon that faded out yesterday 

afternoon. Although the glider had radioed valuable data, engineers 

had wanted to examine the skin of the spacecraft to determine the 

ability of its exotic metals and superalloys to withstand prolonged heat 

of reentry. 

The number of women earning more than $lO,OOO annually in scientific 

government jobs had increased dramatically from 1959 because of 

interest in space programs, Mrs. Catherine Dryden Hock, NASA systems 

engineer, informed the New York Section of Society of Women Engineers. Between 1959 and 1963, number of women in Government 

grades of CS-12 and above in computer fields rose 790% ; in mathematics and mathematical statistics, 137% ; and in physical sciences, 

122%. SASA’S engineering force was 3% women. (NASA Release 

65-60) 

February 25 .- President Johnson visited NASA Headquarters, accompanied 

by Vice President Humphrey, for a briefing on the MARINER IV project 

and to congratulate and express appreciation to NASA officials and members of the Mariner and Ranger project team. The President recalled 

that he had sponsored legislation in 1958 that had created NASA: “I 

think it is really incredible that we have come SO far. It was only 

seven years ago this month that we were deliberating and debating and 

still seeking to come to grips with the realities of the space age.” Mr. 

Johnson told NASA officials that the people of America and the whole 

(NYT, 2/26/65, 13) 

(Marshall Star, 2/24/65, 6) 

(Wash. Post, 2/25/65; AP, Balt. Sun, 2/25/65) 
A S, 1965 93 
94 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

search Center. Issuance of the exclusive license on a Governmentowned patent to a private individual was part of NASA’s continuing 

effort to make aeronautical and space inventions available for commercial development as rapidly as possible. The only previous exclusive licensing was to Union Carbide in 1963 for a nickel-based alloy 

invented by a NASA scientist. 

February 25: NASA Kennedy Space Center awarded a $4.1 million cost-plusaward-fee supplement to the Chrysler Corp. for support services on 

the Saturn I and Saturn IB space programs. Chrysler would provide 

prelaunch, launch, and post-launch services at Complexes 31, and 37 

through June 30, 1968. 

DOD’S Hibex, the high acceleration experimental booster, was successfully 

tested at White Sands Missile Range, N.Mex. 

Douglas DC-9, a twin-jet airliner, made its maiden flight. The short-tomedium-range transport, expected to benefit smaller airports, flew from 

Long Beach, Calif., to Edwards AFB in two hours and 13 min. The 

plane had a wing span of 87 ft. and used about 3,500 ft. of the runway in taking off. Its cabin could accommodate up to 90 passengers. 

The DC-9 was expected to go into passenger service early next year. 

Orders or options for 121 of the planes had been received by Douglas, 

of which 24 were placed by Eastern Air Lines. (UPI, NYT, 2/26/65, 

58; 2/26/65, 37) 

Dr. C. Stark Draper, head of the Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

at MIT, and Theodore C. Achilles, a former ambassador to Peru and 

presently vice chairman of the executive committee of the Atlantic 

Council of the U.S., were sworn in as consultants to NASA. Dr. Draper 

would be a technical consultant on a part-time basis; Achilles would 

be available for consultation on NASA’s university program. (NASA 

Release 65-66) 

February 26: PEGASUS I satellite, launched by NASA Feb. 16, was functioning normally and recording information to ground stations on the size 

and frequency of meteoroid “strikes” or impacts on all three sensor 

panel groups. Scientists at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center said the 

numher of penetrations of the panels was not greatly different from the 

expected level. PEGASUS I had a winglike structure 96 ft. long and 

14 ft. in width, offering more than 2,300 square ft. of area instrumented 

to detect collisions with meteoritic particles. The basic information 

on the penetrating power and frequency of meteoroids was needed for 

the design of future spacecraft. In addition, data on temperature, 

power levels, and the intensity of radiation were being received. The 

latter were also as predicted. (MSFC Release 6545) 

COSMOS LVIII satellite, containing “scientific equipment,” was orbited by 

the U.S.S.R. Initial orbital data: apogee, 659 km. (409 mi.) ; perigee, 

581 km. (360 mi.) ; period, 96.8 min.; inclination, 65”. Equipment 

was said to be functioning normally. (Krasnaya Zuezda, 2/27/65, 1, 

ATSST Trans.) 

X-15 NO. 1 was flown by pilot John McKay (NASA) to 153,600-ft. altitude 

at a maximum speed of 3,750 mph (mach 5.40). Purpose was to 

check out landing gear revised recently, give pilot experience at higher 

altitude, and get apparatus data. (NASA x-15 Proj. Off.; X-I5 Flight 

(ARC Release 656) 

(KSC Release 43-650) 

(M&R, 3/8/65, 11) 

Log) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 95 

February 26: Dr. Frank K. Edmonson, chairman of the Astronomy Dept. 

at the Univ. of Indiana, said RANGER VIII photographs had suggested that 

the moon might have features in common with the Karst limestone 

formation in southern Indiana and that a request for aerial photographs 

of the Karst region had been made. RANGER VIII’S pictures showed that 

the Sea of Tranquillity on the moon was pocked and mottled by innumerable depressions. Surface of the Karst limestone layers was similarly 

pocked with sink holes. Dr. Gerard Kuiper, chief experimenter for 

the RANGER VIII project, and Dr. Harold C. Urey of the Univ. of California at La Jolla proposed that these “dimples” were produced by 

drainage of material through holes in their bottoms. (NYT, 2/26/65, 

10) 

Col. John H. Glenn, Jr., was sworn in as a consultant to NASA by Administrator James E. Webb. His duties would include taking part in conferences, making speeches in the US. and abroad, and checking on 

projects under way. (NASA Release 65-67) 

Joseph Campbell, Comptroller General, reported to Congress that the 

decision of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center to lease rather than 

buy two electric substations from the Potomac Electric Power Co. had 

resulted in $174,000 of unnecessary costs thus far. Campbell explained, “We believe that the Center failed to make this determination 

because of the Administration’s failure to provide guidelines to its 

employees, setting forth pertinent factors necessary for consideration 

in making decisions whether to lease or purchase property.” He added, 

however, that NASA had agreed with GAO findings and would purchase 

substations as provided for in contract. The matter was nevertheless 

reported to Congress because it “further illustrates that significant unnecessary costs can be and are being incurred,” when agencies do not 

makc c~mp!ete !ease-versus-pnrchase studies ( Wash. Post, 2/28/65) 

Use of ComSatCorp’s Early Bird communications satellite was subject of 

a London meeting between US. and European participants in the 

program. A general understanding was reached that once commercial 

service started, television networks could use the satellite system outside 

peak transatlantic telephone hours. The peak traffic hours were 

generally considered from about 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. EST. Exceptions 

could be made if major news stories broke in Europe during this 

period. (Farnsworth, NYT, 2/27/65, 51) 

Report of experiments by the European Organization for Nuclear Research indicated there was no fifth force in nature as had been proposed, independently, by two groups of American physicists to explain 

some unexpected experimental results. The four forces in nature were 

gravity, electromagnetism, and weak and strong nuclear forces. 

(Reuters, NYT, 2/28/65, 69) 

February 27: Thiokol Chemical Corp. successfully static-fired its 156-in.- 

dia., lOO-ft.-long solid propellant rocket motor-the largest yet firedfor 64 sec. The 900,000-lb. motor developed over three million lbs. of 

thrust, consumed over 800.000 lbs. of propellant, and generated temperatures up to 6,000”F. The solid propellant was encased in a halfinch-thick steel and nickel casing which apparently escaped damage. 

Also left intact was the 10-ton, 20-ft.-tall nozzle which rested on top of 

the 12-stories-deep testing pit. The motor was fired below ground 

level. Primary objective of the test was to validate design of the 
96 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

nozzle for use later on the 260-in. motor, A secondary mission was to 

check out the propellant processing system which would be used in the 

larger motor. The test was part of the large-solid demonstration 

program currently managed by NASA’s Lewis Research Center. (Shipp, 

Atlanta ]/Const., 2/28/65; M&R, 3/8/65,16) 

February 27: NASA announced it had approved a grant of $100,000 for 

establishment of a Technica!, Utilization Program at the Univ. of 

Minnesota. Along with funds to be provided by private business 

concerns, the NASA grant would support the development and experimental testing of new ways in which developments in space science 

and technology could be rapidly transferred to and assimilated by 

business and industry. North Star Research and Development Institute would participate in part of the program. (NASA Release 

65-69 ) 

February 28: The first industry-produced Saturn I first stage (s-1-8) 

arrived at Cape Kennedy aboard the NASA barge Promise after a sixday trip from NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The stage, which 

was 80 ft. long and 21.5 ft. in diameter, had been built by the Chrysler 

Cprp. Louis Walter, GSFC geochemist, told AP reporter his research with tektites 

indicated lunar surface may be sand-like. The key to this conclusion 

lay in Walter’s discovery of the presence of coesite in tektites, believed 

to be particles of the moon sent into space when meteorites impact the 

lunar surface. Coesite, also found around the world at known meteorite 

craters and sites believed to have sustained meteoritic impacts, is a 

form of silicon dioxide-a major constituent of sand-produced under 

high pressure. “If we accept the lunar origin of tektites, this would 

prove or indicate that the parent material on the moon is something 

like the welded tuft that we find in Yellowstone Park, Iceland, New 

Zealand, and elsewhere,” according to Walter. Welded tuft was said 

to have some of the qualities of beach sand. (AP, Chic. Trib., 3/1/65) 

Three Univ. of California (Berkeley) scientists concluded on the 

basis of their laboratory studies that Dr. William M. Sinton’s 

spectroscopic evidence of organic matter on Mars was not valid. Dr. 

Sinton of Lowell Observatory had made spectroscopic studies of Mars 

in 1959 that suggested infrared radiation from dark portions of Mars 

was comparable to that produced by some terrestrial plant life. The 

California chemists-James S. Shirk, William A. Haseltine, and George 

C. Pimentel--concluded Dr. Sinton had detected vaporized “deuterated 

water’’ ( H,O plus heavy hydrogen-deuterium) rather than plantproduced molecules. 

NATO officials were examining preliminary bids for a $310 million NATO 

Air Defense Ground Environment (Nadge) system that would be used 

to protect continental Europe from enemy aircraft. Nadge was expected to be an improved version of the Sage system that had been 

used to defend the United States. At last December’s NATO ministerial 

meeting, it was agreed that each country be guaranteed Nadge subcontracts equal to the amount the country was contributing to the 

program. The cost sharing formula for Nadge was based on the contributive capacity of the member countries ; the advantage accruing to 

the user country: and the economic benefit to the countries in which 

the installations would be placed. Under this formula the U.S. was 

(MSFC Release 6546; AP, NYT, 3/1/65, 12) 

(UPI, S.F. Chron., 2/28/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 97 

expected to contribute 30.85% of the cost of the program. (Smith, 

NYT, 2/28/65, 12F) 

February 28: Prospecting for high-grade silver could be done, according to 

Thor H. Kiilsgaard, Chief of the Resources Research Branch of the 

US. Geological Survey, by using an infrared system mounted on aircraft. He explained that deposits of silver in the earth were associated 

with hot water and that areas of heat flow could be detected by the 

infrared devices. If the heat zones conformed with mineral zones or 

faults, silver might be present. (Sci. Serv., NYT, 2/28/65, 64) 

During February: The prime and backup crews for the upcoming GT-3 

three-orbital mission underM ent parachute and egress training exercises. Parachute training, \zith the astronauts in space suits, was conducted in Galveston Bay, Tex. Egress training from a submerged 

Gemini boilerplate spacecraft was conducted in a large tank at Ellington, AFR. 

Atlantic Research Corp. announced the Frangible Arcas meteorological 

sounding rocket, developed for USAF, had successfully passed flight tests 

at the Western Test Range. 

New York Times continued its editorial opposition to the national objective for Project Apollo of landing a man on the moon in this decade. 

On Feb. 19, an editorial drew from the two successful major launchings of the Meek (RARGER VI11 and SATURN I SA-9) the lesson that the 

kinds of experiments on these flights (lunar photography of RANGER 

VIII and PEGASUS I micrometeoroid detection satellite on Saturn I) 

proved there were many unmeasured perils in space and that “In the 

face of these uncertainties, the American space program ought to retain 

maximum flexibility of timing, rather than try at all costs to achieve 

the artificial goal of a manned lunar landing by 1970.” 

On Feb. 22, ioiiowing the successlu: cvidiisi~ii of :he XAXGER XII 

lunar photography mission, another editorial praised the accomplishment, then noted that the Ranger series was not providing all of the 

answers to lunar questions critical to the Apollo program, and concluded: “The two successful Ranger shots, however, make clear that 

much valuable information can be gathered about the earth’s natural 

satellite by relatively cheap instrument-carrying rockets that do not risk 

human lives. This demonstration, and the continuing uncertainties 

about matters essential for a safe manned round trip to the moon, 

strengthen still more the case for making progress slowly, without any 

arbitrary deadline, on Project Apollo.” (NYT, 2/19/65, 34; 2/22/65, 

20 ) A warning that “In looking for life on Mars we could establish for 

ourselves the reputation of being the greatest Simple Simons of all 

time” came from Dr. Philip H. Abelson in an editorial in Science. 

Dr. Abelson was editor of the magazine and director of the 

Carnegie Institution’s Geophysical Laboratory. He said he did 

not believe that life, particularly life resembling that on earth, would 

be found on Mars and proposed “a few inexpensive experiments” on 

earth to save years, billions of dollars, and the possibility of “considerable eventual disappointment” if the search for life on Mars should 

prove fruitless. 

Attempts to sterilize spacecraft to prevent them from carrying earth 

organisms to Mars might add “many years and billions of dollars” to 

(MSC Roundup, 2/17/65, 2) 

(M&R, 3/8/65, 11) 
98 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

the cost, the editorial said. It suggested, instead, careful selection of 

experiments to be sent to Mars and “relatively inexpensive studies here 

on earth” to determine whether sterilization were really necessary. 

(Clark, NYT, 2/13/65; Wash. Post, 2/13/65) 

During February: Dr. Leo Steg, manager of General Electric Co.’s Space 

Sciences Laboratory, Missile and Space Div., was named Engineer of 

the Year-1964.. He was cited for outstanding contributions to the 

advancement of space science and the engineering profession. The 

award was presented by an amalgamation of 41 societies during the 

1965 National Engineers’ Week in Philadelphia. (Av. Wk., 2/1/65, 

13) 

NASA’s contributions to the technology of inorganic coatings were described in a new technology survey (NASA SP-5014) published by the 

NASA Technology Utilization Division. They were thermophototropic 

coatings; thermal control coatings for space vehicles ; solid lubrication 

coatings; thermal insulation coatings; methods of applying coatings to 

substrates; measurement of coating optical properties ; and refractory 

metal oxidation resistant coatings. (NASA Release 65-39, 65-44, and 

6541) 

GAO saved the military services a total of $254.7 million, AEC $3 

million, and NASA $7279000 last year. This information was released in a 251-page document released by GAO in addition to the 

GAO Administrator’s Annual Report to Congress. (M&R, 2/15/65, 9) 

Nikita Khrushchev, in his first known public appearance in Moscow since 

his removal from power in October 1964, visited the cosmonauts’ 

monument on the outskirts of the city, Reuters reported. A militiaman 

on duty at the monument said: “Yes, it’s quite true. Nikita 

Sergeyevich visited the monument and spent about 30 minutes.” After 

the Soviet Union’s three-man orbital mission, VOSKHOD I, last October, 

Khrushchev had been scheduled to welcome the cosmonauts to Moscow 

and to dedicate the monument, but his sudden retirement intervened. 

(Reuters, Waller, Wash. Post, 2/22/65, 1) 

France’s Emeraude rocket, first stage of the Diamant booster, was successfully launched from Hammaguir Range, Algeria, after three failures. 

Its liquid-fueled engine provided 62.000-lbs. thrust for 88 sec. Twelve 

Emeraude launchings were originally scheduled. Second and third 

stages of the Diamant launch vehicle, both solid fueled, had already 

been successfully tested. No attempt had been made to launch the 

three stages linked together. (Av. Wk., 3/22/65, 18; M&R, 3/22/65, 

9) 

William Cohen, Chief of Solid Propulsion Experimental Motors in 

NASA’s OART, discussed the great strides in large solid-propellant rocket 

motors taken in the past few years, in Astronautics & Aeronautics 

article. Among the new technologies he mentioned were maraging 

steels, ablative nozzles, vector control, and the cast-cure-test facility. 

Looking toward the future, Cohen said among the advanced concepts 

associated with large solids showing promise of success were reusable 

motor cases, insulation, and nozzle component ; and failure-warning 

systems. (A&A, 2/65, 4246) 

Cost and performance comparability of large solid-propellant rocket 

motors was topic of article by G.W.G. Van Winkle, Boeing 

Co., in Astronautics & Aeronautics. The information was based on 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 99 

research obtained in study made by Boeing for MSFC. In the 

same issue, Dr. Walter G. Berl of Johns Hopkins Univ. Applied 

Physic Laboratory discussed combustion instability in solid-propellant 

rocket motors. Four types of instability were listed, and the status 

of solutions to these problems was discussed. Dr. Berl concluded 

that it was “too much to expect that the always latent instability 

problem has been banished from the new propellants of the future. 

It is more likely that the most obvious troubles can be eliminated, 

partly through analysis, partly through recognition and exploitation of 

past trends. . . .” 

During February: In a report titled “Federal Funds for Research, Development, and other Scientific Activities,” National Science Foundation said 

DOD obligations for R&D increased each year from $2.3 billion in 1956 

to an estimated $7.5 billion in 1964. Although survey predicted a 

small decrease to $7.2 billion for 1965, the 10-yr. period showed a 

200% gain. Support to applied research accounted for about 22% of 

1965 R&D Defense funds, with 2 or 3% used for basic research; about 

757% went for development. Profit-making organizations had done 

most of DOD’S R&D during the 10 yrs., increasing from about 50% in 

1956 to 65% in 1965. The report added: “On the other hand, the relative share of Defense research and development performed intramurally decreased each year from about 40% in 1956 to 21% in 1963, 

but an increase to 25% was expected in 1965. . . .” (NSF Rpt. 65-13) 

Experimental model isotopic thruster was tested at AEC Mound Laboratory, using heat from radioactive decay of polonium 210. Mound 

Laboratory was continuing development of polonium 210 fuel forms 

and fuel encapsulating techniques for specific space applications. The 

isotopic small rocket engine, or thruster, concept envisions use of a 

iadicisctqx tr! heit hydrogenj which is expelled through a nozzle to 

produce low thrust. 

(A&A, 2/65, 48-61) 

(Atomic Energy Programs, 1965,149) 
March 1965 

March I: NASA Administrator James E. Webb sent a letter to the House 

and Senate space committees outlining major reprograming of funds 

planned by NASA during the remainder of FY 1965. Webb said $13 

million had been allocated to large solid rockets in FY 1965 and nothing in the following year “due to the President’s decision not to include funds in the NASA ’66 budget.” Close-out costs for the large 

solids would amount to $8.5 million in addition to the $13 million 

already earmarked “and would yield no technical confirmation of the 

planned objectives.” By adding another $5.3 million. “bringing the FY 

’65 funding to $26.8 million.” NASA would “carry the Phase I program 

through to completion.” Phase I called for the manufacture and 

firing of two “half-length” rockets 78 ft. long and 260 in. in 

diameter. Additional close-out funds were also granted to the other 

programs not included in the FY ’66 budget: $2.15 million for Snap-8; 

$3 million for the M-1 engine. (Text; NASA Auth. Hearings [Part 

41,279438) 

First Saturn V booster (s-IC-T) had been moved to static test stand at 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to prove out its propulsion 

system. The 280,000-lb. stage, developed jointly by MSFC and Boeing 

CO., had two tanks with total capacity of 4,400,000 lbs. of liquid oxygen and kerosene, and five F-1 engines, each weighing ten tons, which 

provided total thrust of 7.5 million Ibs. (MSFC Release 65-47; Marshall Star, 3/3/65, l, 6) 

Louis Walter, geochemist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, reported 

that of the 400 specimens received from “Operation Moon Harvest” 

none analyzed was a meteor or other non-earth fragment. It had been 

theorized that because of the low gravity of the moon, meteoroids 

striking the moon might dislodge fragments which would be attracted 

by earth’s gravity, and that analysis of the fragments would provide 

important clues to composition of the moon. (Des Moines Register, 

3/2/65 1 

Dr. Mose L. Harvey, Director of the Univ. of Miami Center for Advanced International Studies and history professor, was sworn in by 

NASA as part-time consultant in international affairs. Dr. Harvey also 

was a consultant to US. State Department’s Policy Planning 

Council. (NASA Release 65-71) 

JPL’S Dr. Robert Nathan had developed computer system that was doubling resolution of Ranger lunar photographs. Picture data were taken directly from magnetic tape and digitized for insertion into an IBM 

7094, thereby bypassing kinescope response that had contributed to 

distortion of published Ranger pictures. Calibration data obtained 

before Ranger flight were used to remove noise and distortion which 

100 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 101 

brought “a dramatic increase in resolution.” Craters became visible 

that were not seen in original pictures. 

March 1 : ComSatCorp announced delay of Early Bird synchronous satellite 

launch, previously targeted for end of March, because of decision to 

replace defective transistors and retest replacements. (ComSatCorp 

Release) 

David Sarnoff, Chairman of RCA, accepting National Commander’s 

Award for Distinguished Service, said at the American Legion’s fifth 

annual Washington conference: “The same sense of mission that ignited our young nation’s Westward expansion a century ago should now 

be brought to bear in support of the President’s space objectives. . . . “Leadership in space and in the communications art which is the 

key to mastery in space, translates itself today into political, military, 

economic and social leadership among the nations of the 

world. Technological leadership resembles a magnet which attracts 

other forces. When it is weakened, these forces are drawn into other 

orbits.” 

President Johnson sent a message endorsing the award and praising 

Mr. Sarnoffs achievements “on behalf of a grateful nation.” (NYT, 

3/2/65 1 

Editorializing in Missiles and Rockets, William Coughlin suggested a 

“useful mission” for which RANGER IX might be adapted: “Our unsolicited proposal to NASA is that Ranger be employed to return to 

Earth photographs of Earth from space. Satellites have told us the 

Earth is ‘pear-shaped’ rather than round and that it draws a perhaps 

invisible but comet-like tail after it through space. Photographs of 

the entire Earth globe as seen from space would have high scientific 

value. As a propaganda triumph, it would be unequalled. . . .,’ 

President Johnson, addressing 40 winners of annual Westinghouse 

science talent search, said science and politics should strive to “serve 

humanity.” He added that this country was “very anxious to produce 

all the scientists that we can,” and expressed hope that scientists would 

learn about government and politics. Larry Dean Howard of Canoga 

Park, Calif., won first prize for having developed a method of accurately defining the orbits of earth satellites through the use of 

differential calculus. Prize was a $7,500 Westinghouse scholarship. 

(AP, NYT, 3/1/65; Loftus, NYT, 3/2/65,14) 

USAF conducted first inland Minuteman ICBM flight test, launching the 

missile from a silo near Newell, N. Dak. 

March 1-3: The AIAA Unmanned Spacecraft Meeting was held in Los Angeles. 

Maj. Gen. 0. J. Ritland, AFSC’S Deputy Commander for Space, said 

in address that focus on manned space events often caused US to lose 

sight of the numerous space missions adequately performed by unmanned spacecraft. Although much of unmanned spacecraft activity 

had directly supported manned missions, “unmanned space technology 

has benefitted only indirectly from manned space effort.” He predicted that future manned missions might reverse this relationship and 

cited the objectives of the USAF Mol program as an effort to strengthen and expand technology for all space programs. Mol program 

would develop technology to improve manned space capability ; dem- 

(M&R, 3/1/65,8) 

1r1uz<, IAP”R u, 9 11 I, 16s ”Y) 46) 

(M&R, 3/8/65) 
102 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1965 

onstrate servicing by man of large structures in space; conduct basic 

scientific and general technological manned experimentation; determine biological response of man in space for extended periods. General Ritland said : “With a laboratory in space, astronaut-scientists or 

engineers can assemble, test, and observe the operation of many subsystems or components in the actual space environment. They can 

observe equipment failures on the spot and will be able to make necessary replacements or repairs. I have spent many hours . . . looking 

over space flight data-attempting to determine exactly what failed 

and why it failed. The time is near when we can overcome many of 

these frustrations and uncertainties by use of the astronaut to answer 

such questions or to relay data to the ground for detailed analysis.’’ (AFSC Release) 

Discussing future requirements for military satellite communications 

systems, Samuel P. Brown, Technical Director, U.S. Army Satellite 

Communications Agency, said: “The feasibility of gaining significant 

improvements in this area appears very good based on the lessons 

learned from the SYNCOM spin stabilized satellite and the approaches 

planned for the DOD’S Initial Defense Communications Satellite Project 

and NASA’s Applications Technology Satellite Program. From these 

and other programs is expected to evolve techniques for spacecraft 

stabilization which will permit the increase of satellite antenna gains 

by an order of magnitude.” 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Sciences and Applications Edgar M. Cortright said the reason for a civilian and a military space program lay in fundamental differences in the respective 

roles of NASA and DOD: “NASA’s role is to explore and exploit space for 

peaceful purposes. The DOD’S role is to.stay prepared to defend the 

United States and its allies, operating in any medium that furthers this 

end. The present space program with its great breadth would never 

have evolved under the DOD, which must necessarily devote its full 

attention to its awesome military responsibilities. . . . “Fortunately, the two space programs are mutually supporting and 

blend together quite well. They use common equipment . , . and 

draw on the same scientific and industrial base . . . numerous 

projects are of great mutual interest. Top management in both agencies devotes substantial effort to insure close cooperation and to minimize duplication.” (Text) 

JPL’S Dan Schneiderman, project manager for NASA’s Mariner program, told AIAA delegates that data from MARINER IV’S solar plasma 

probe, which ceased normal functioning ten days after the Nov. 28, 

1964, launching, had become understandable to scientists through analysis of a component failure in the plasma probe. Telemetry from a 

second instrument indicated that a portion of the ionization chamber 

experiment, which measured radiation in space, was not operating 

properly. Schneiderman said the new failure was in the GeigerMueller tube. Schneiderman estimated that based on nitrogen consumption to date, there was enough gas available to keep MARINER 

IV stablized for about six years. He said there h‘ad been no loss of 

lock with Canopus since a special command was transmitted to the 

probe Dec. 17,1964. 

(Text) 

(NASA Release 65-73) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 103 

March 1-3: The first NASA University Program Review Conference in Kansas City, Mo., assembled over 400 university representatives interested 

in learning how their institutions could qualify for NASA grants for 

space-related research or expand present programs. Dr. Thomas L. K. 

Smull, Director of the NAS4 Office of Grants and Research Contracts, 

reported that 200 universities were participating in the program, that 

some of the grants were for specific projects, some in university sustaining programs, and others for the support of predoctoral 

candidates. He said that while NASA was “mission oriented,” its job 

was not limited to putting a man on the moon: “Its objective is the 

expansion of human knowledge of phenomena in the atmosphere and 

space. One problem is how the academic community can communicate with NASA.” (McCoy, Kansas City Star, 3/1/65) 

In a luncheon address, Dr. Raymond I,. Bisplinghoff, NASA Associate 

Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, urged educators not to strangle “the holy curiosity of inquiry.” He said the success of the US. space program depended largely on “formation of 

ideas by individuals working as individuals in universities.” 

Sen. Stuart Symington (D-Mo.) told the Conference that the US. 

must “widen the scope of man’s imagination, trample rough-shod over 

intellectually inhibiting barriers and stimulate to their fullest potential 

the mental powers of young and reasonably young Americans if the 

United States were to achieve and maintain preeminence in 

space.” Symington emphasized the need for communication of new 

knowledge. (Kansas City Times, 3/3/65) 

Dr. Willard F. Libby, Director of Univ. of California’s Institute of 

Geophysics and Planetary Physics, reviewed activities supported by 

NASA multidisciplinary grant: “In the three years UCLA has administered [the . . . NASA grant, we have aided in bringing thirty-seven 

visiting scientists to this campus for short periods of time. ‘1 his grant 

has supported fourteen visiting researchers for periods of up to one 

year. Through the use of these funds and program enrichment funds 

from the NASA Predoctoral Traineeship grant, we have aided in bringing seven new faculty members to this campus to augment the existing 

faculty in space-related fields. . . . Finally, we have made over fifty 

sub-grants to faculty for new starts on space-related research in various areas-Biology and Medicine, Physical Sciences, Engineering, 

and Business Administration.” (Text) 

More than 250 scholars and theologians met in New York to discuss 

means of attaining world peace and “to lay groundwork for a 

theology for the dawning age of cybernation.” Moral and technological implications of Pope John XXIII’S encyclical Pacem in Terris were studied. Meeting was sponsored by Center for the Study of 

Democratic Institutions and the Fellowship of Reconciliation. (NYT, 

3/2/65,28; NYT, 3/3/65,24) 

March 2: Two seconds after lift-off, NASA’s Atlas-Centaur 5, carrying a 

dummy Surveyor spacecraft, exploded and burned on Launch Pad 

36-B at Cape Kennedy. Failure occurred when two of the three Atlas 

engines shut off simultaneously due to closing of a fuel-line 

valve. The 150-ton7 108-ft. rocket rose three ft. from the pad, then fell 

back to the ground and exploded. Although burning propellant cov- 

(Text) 

-_ 
104 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

ered most of the launch complex, no injuries to personnel were 

reported. Damage to the launching pad was estimated at $5 million. 

Objectives of the Atlas-Centaur test had been to test the ability of its 

guidance system and hydrogen-powered second stage to send a payload 

the size of the 2.150-lb. Surveyor on a precise path to&e moon and to 

evaluate how well the mock-up Surveyor spacecraft would withstand 

the stresses of launching. (AP, Phil. Eve. Bull., 3/2/65; UPI, Chic. 

Trib., 3/2/65; AP, NYT, 3/3/65; Av. Wk., 3/8/65) 

March 2: NASA invited international scientific community to propose research experiments and design studies for upcoming missions, primarily 

those scheduled between 1967 and 1970, and to propose space investigations not presently scheduled. In addition, they were invited to suggest experiments (1) involving the design and construction of entire 

spacecraft and (2) involving special characteristics or requirements 

calling for the development of a new Explorer spacecraft or for scheduling of additional missions for Explorers already developed. Proposals would be evaluated on scientific merit, technological feasibility, 

competence and experience of investigator, assurance of institutional 

support, and scientific adequacy of apparatus suggested. Proposal 

deadline: Jan. 1, 1966. 

In a letter of explanation to Congress, NASA discussed priorities in the 

FY 1966 budget: “. . . As the President pointed out when he submitted the budget to the Congress, ‘It is a budget of priorities. It 

provides for what we must do, but not for all we would like to do.’ In 

assessing priorities and the most urgent national needs, the 260-inch 

solid propellant rocket program, the M-1 liquid hydrogen-oxygen 

rocket engine capable of providing l*/z million pounds of thrust, and 

the SNAP-8 nuclear electric power generating system to provide 35 

kilowatts of electrical power in space could not be supported in the 

Fiscal Year 1966 budget. 

“. . . [NASA] is, therefore, preparing plans for reprogramming Fiscal Year 1965 funds so as to logically phase out these program activities in such a way as to obtain as much technical information as is 

possible for future use. . . . Every effort is being made to achieve 

the greatest possible benefit from the funds already invested.” 

Prof. Thomas Gold, Cornel1 Univ. astronomer, discussing RANGER 

VIII photographs in an interview with John Lear, World Book Encyclopedia Science Service, Inc., suggested that long, narrow rills and 

irregular depressions could be caused by moon’s surf ace collapsing 

into crevasses opened by the movement of a glacier hidden beneath 

lunar dust. He attributed gently rounded shapes to a shifting of small 

particles by electrical forces which, on earth, were inhibited by 

atmosphere. Concerning the manned expedition, Gold indicated : 

“The presence of ice oceans could give rise to many problems. But 

once these were solved, the ice itself could be mined and used to make 

hydrogen for fuel for rockets returning to Earth.” Referring to the 

electrically-charged particles: “Many particles would be dislodged mechanically by the landing of a spacecraft or the footstep of a 

man. Once loose, the dust would jump in response to electrical attraction or repulsion. If particles landed on the astronaut’s visor, brushing wouldn’t remove them but would instead intensify the electrical 

charges affecting their behavior.” Dr. Gold recommended more re- 

(NASA Release 65-70) 

(Text) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 105 

search on possible control of these electrical forces. (Lear, Houston 

Chron., 3/2/65; Ind. Star, 3/7/65; WBE Sci. Serv.) 

March 2: A $1,366,511 contract for construction of a high temperature heat 

load testing facility at NASA Flight Research Center was awarded to 

Santa Fe Engineers, Inc. The facility would be capable of producing 

temperatures up to 3,000”F on small isolated areas of aircraft; larger 

areas could be heated up to about 600”. Contract was awarded by 

Army Corps of Engineers, which was administering it for NASA. (FRC 

Release 9-65 ) 

A $1,260,000 contract to build an addition to Central Computer Facility 

at Slidell, La., had been awarded by NASA Marshall Space Flight 

Center to Quinn Construction Co., New Orleans, La. The computer 

facility was used to support the Michoud Operations in New Orleans 

and the Mississippi Test Operations, Hancock County, Miss. ( MSFC 

Release 6548) 

In a Christian Science Monitor editorial, Leonard Schwartz posed the 

problem of “how the capability represented by manned orbiting space 

stations can be used to enhance national security and promote 

peaceful-scientific uses of outer space.” Schwartz suggested formation 

of an inspection agency-International Space Patrol-to neutralize 

military potential represented by manned space stations and to ensure 

usage of outer space for peaceful purposes only. He pointed out that 

Vice President Humphrey, one of the first proponents of an arms control agency and an international space agency, was now Chairman of 

National Aeronautics and Space Council, on which sat the Secretaries 

of Defense and State and administrators of AEC and NASA. This position provided him with “an appropriate vantage to supervise their 

arms control capabilities in order to reach a national decision which 

wouid reconciie control wih seciii-iiy aid scientific ESP of mter 

space.” (CSM, 3/2/65,4) 

March 2-3: In testimony before the House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology, Edmond c. Buckley, Director of NASA’s Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, said that during 1965, data processing facilities would 

handle 70,000,000 data points per day and that there would be an 

increase to 200,000.000 data points per day in 1966. He continued: 

“In fiscal year 1966, effort under this category will be directed toward 

developing and evaluating techniques for building up the existing telemetry data reduction capability to match the increasing requirements. In order to reduce this tremendous amount of data in an 

efficient and reliable manner, new techniques must be evaIuated for 

obtaining this additional capability. 

“The heart of this prototype system is the Satellite Telemetry Automatic Reduction System (Stars). The development program for this 

system was initiated in prior years and is planned to continue through 

fiscal year 1968. The Stars equipment presently includes automatic 

editing, decommutation, and calibration of the telemetry data. Functions in addition to these will be included in the prototype equipment 

as the developmental subsystems become available. . . .” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 1-87) 
106 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

March 3: NASA’s PEGASUS I meteoroid-detecting satellite recorded 19 wing 

punctures in its 3 to 4 million mi. travels. Earth-transmitted electronic signals might have been the cause of several recorded hits, but some 

were definitely meteoroid particles. PEGASUS I orbited the earth every 

97 min. (AP, NYT, 3/4/65,50; AP, Wash. Post, 3/4/65) 

NASA, at DOD’S request, had halted SYNCOM 11’s westward drift at 68” 

east longitude over the Indian Ocean. Under the direction of project 

managers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the command signals 

had been sent from the Syncom station in Salisbury, Australia, beginning Feb. 20 and ending Feb. 24. No future major locational corrections were anticipated; SYNCOM 11 should remain in same general area 

indefinitely. (NASA Release 65-72) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb said at a press conference held in 

conjunction with the NASA University Program Review Conference in 

Kansas City, Mo., that the space research program would cost $35 

billion over a ten-year period. At the end of that time, NASA expected 

to have accomplished (1) 12 to 15 flights of the Saturn V, (2) 5,000 

hrs. of astronaut flight time, and (3) the capability of lifting 240,000 

Ibs. from the earth and orbiting 90,000 lbs. (Kansas City Times, 

3/3/65) 

Gen. Bernard A, Schriever ( USAF) , addressing American Management 

Assn. conference in New York City, announced recent approval and 

initation of USAF Spacecraft Technology and Advanced Reentry Tests 

program (Start), “a four-fold research spacecraft program to develop 

unmanned test vehicles capable of maneuvering to a precision recovery site after reentering from orbit.” In a Baltimore Sun editorial, 

Albert Sehlstedt, Jr., said that the Martin Co. had designed for this 

program a new, wingless V-shaped plane, maneuverable in atmosphere 

because its shape would provide aerodynamic lift. The program 

would: (1) launch the SV-5 by Atlas booster, (2) continue Asset 

experiments to test vehicles entering atmosphere at very high speeds, 

(3) study effects of vehicles passing through atmosphere at slower 

speeds, and (4i relate to allied studies that had not yet led to specific 

designs for identifiable reentry vehicles. (Text; AFSC Release 31.65; 

Sehlstedt, Balt. Sun, 3/4/65) 

Rep. J. Edward Roush (D-Ind.) , addressing the House, cited the 1965 

National Science Foundation Report to the House Subcommittee on 

Science, Research and Development of the House Committee on 

Science and Astronautics, which pointed out the heavy concentration 

of Government research contracts in New York, California, and 

Massachusetts. “One-half of the 50 states have 96.78 percent of all 

the funds listed for the various States. The remaining 3.22 percent is 

shared by the other 25 states,” the report continued. Roush maintained that more equitable distribution of Federal funds would alleviate economic depression in many areas. 

March 4: NASA’s oso II satellite, which completed its first month in orbit 

at 11 :36 a.m. EST, had circled earth 419 times and daily returned about 

7 mi. of tape-recorded data, NASA reported. Designed to provide detailed information on solar x-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet rays, 

oso II was functioning normally except for failure of the Harvard 

College Observatory ultraviolet scanning spectrometer and for sporadic 

return of data from the spectroheliograph portion of Naval Research 

(CR, 3/3/65,3895) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 107 

Laboratory coronagraph. Earlier problems with data transmissions 

from GSFC ultraviolet spectrometer had been resolved. (NASA Release 

65-74 ) 

March 4: NASA’s OGO I had received ground-administered “shock treatments” to correct faulty inverter. Continued malfunctioning of inverter, which supplied power for rotation of solar panels to maintain 

proper angle to the sun, would have shortened OGO I’S lifetime for lack 

of electric power. All other systems were functioning normally except attitude control. OGO I was still spin-stabilized in orbit; apparently horizon scanners were obscured by experiment boom only 

partially deployed. 19 of the 20 scientific experiments were returning 

usable scientific data. (NASA Release 65-75) 

US.-Mexican agreement for operation of NASA tracking station at Guaymas, Mexico, had been extended to 1970, NASA announced. The station would be used to track Project Gemini and Project Apollo. The 

two Governments also agreed to cooperate on meteorological sounding 

programs. (NASA Release 65-76) 

. Milton B. Ames, Jr., Director of NASA Space Vehicle Research and Technical Div., told the House Committee on Science and Astronautics’ 

Subcommittee on Space Sciences and Applications that lightweight, 

flexible plastic baffles had proved more efficient for controlling fuel 

“sloshing” in launch vehicle’s propellant tanks than heavy metal 

baffles. He said plastic baffles could also serve to prevent leakage of 

propellant gas used in fuel-pumping during weightlessness. (Text; 

NASA Auth. Hearings, 133-50) 

Dr. Maurice Goldhaber, Director of AEC’S Brookhaven (N.Y.) Laboratory, testifying before a subcommittee of the Joint Senate-House Atomic 

Energy Committee, announced discovery of the “antideuteron,” largest 

partide of antimatter yet known to be produced on earth. Antimatter 

consisted of various subatomic particles which could annihilate their 

particular opposite number if they struck them. Goldhaber later told 

newsmen that scientists had reported observing occasional particles of 

antimatter running earthward from outer space. “It could be that 

somewhere else in the universe there is an ‘anticosmos’ that occasionally leaks particles to the earth.” (AP, Louisville Courier-lournal, 

3/4/65 1 

Basing his judgment on successful Feb. 27 firing of Thiokol’s 156-in. 

solid propellant rocket motor, Harold W. Ritchey, President of Thiokol 

Chemical Corp., predicted US. could produce within 30 months a flyable rocket capable of generating 7 million lbs. of thrust. Brig. Gen. 

Joseph J. Bleymaier (USAF) , Deputy Commander (Manned Systems) 

of USAF Space Systems Div., commented: “. . . this firing provides US 

with final proof that we can configure an all-solid space booster of 

tremendous capability when the requirement presents itself.” ( Appel, 

NYT, 3/5/65) 

Senate passed House-passed bill designating March 16 of each year as Dr. 

Robert Hutchings Goddard Day. 

Firefly, a new life detection instrument containing an extract of common 

firefly’s lamp, had been developed by NASA Goddard Space Flight 

Center to help determine how far out and how much life existed in 

earth‘s atmosphere. This information would be essential to prevent 

contamination of sterilized probes enroute through earth’s atmo- 

(CR, 3/4/65,4009,4010) 
108 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

sphere. Firefly, containing luciferin, luciferase, and oxygen, would 

glow whenever it encountered adenosine triphosphate, a chemical essential to all life known on earth. Report of any encounter with live 

microorganisms would be immediate, precluding need for recovering 

detector. ( GSFC Release G-5-65) 

March 4: Columbia, Harvard, and Yale Universities’ medical libraries, 

aided by a National Science Foundation grant, were linked by a net: 

work of computers and telephone lines, thereby giving students instant 

access to medical literature in all collections. Frederick G. Kilgour, 

Yale medical librarian, foresaw elimination of duplicate material when 

telecommunication and photographic reproducing devices were added 

to the network. Pages from a book in one city could be furnished 

to student in another city and even reproduced for him to check out. 

(Phillips, NYT, 3/5/65, 1) 

March 5: NASA’s MARINER IV spacecraft, at 8:02 a.m., EST, automatically 

switched from its omnidirectional antenna to fixed narrow beam antenna to communicate with earth, thereby becoming radio-ready for the 

remaining 130 days of its Mars flight. JPL received report from 

tracking station at Canberra, Australia, of a prompt increase in signal 

strength. (NASA Release 65-78) 

NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from White Sands, N. Mex., 

went to a peak altitude of 188.5 km. (117 mi.). Primary experimental objective was to study the group of stars of Orion in the 

ultraviolet. Because of a failure with the attitude control system the 

experiment had no chance to operate. Experiment instrumentation 

was provided by Princeton Univ. Observatory. 

In summary of activities of the NASA Office of Lunar and Planetary 

Programs in testimony before the House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Sciences and Applications, Dr. 

Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, said : “The Ranger pictures represent our major sci:ntific 

achievement in 1964. In addition to their direct value as new information, the subtle significance of these pictures toward increasing the 

value of other astronomical data is perhaps worthy of mention, as it 

may not be recognized generally. It is interesting to note how the 

information presented in the high resolution Ranger pictures has sent 

scientists scurrying back to the files of photographic plates taken years 

before to discover features which have remained unnoticed throughout 

the years. Some new interpretations of long recognized features have 

also been made possible by the close-up look obtained by 

Ranger.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 56-111) 

At a House Science and Astronautics Committee budget hearing at NASA 

Manned Spacecraft Center, Rep. Olin Teague (D-Tex.) said he 

thought US. had about a 50-50 chance of landing a man on the moon 

by 1970 “if we get the money for our space team.” Teague felt that 

America was ahead of Russia in development of scientific programs in 

space, but Russia was ahead in development of large boosters. Rep. 

Robert Casey (D-Tex.) stressed that the program would be considered 

a success even if 1970 schedules were not met. Rep. George Miller 

D-Calif.) , Chairman of House Science and Astronautics Committee, 

said that in 50 to 100 years, “people won’t care if we made it in this 

decade, if the program itself is SUCC~SS~UI.’~ Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 109 

MSC Director, said that the Apollo and Gemini spacecraft weuld not be 

limited to manned space program but also would be useful in other 

scientific programs. Teague expressed his disappointment at the military’s failure to make greater use of NASA-developed spacecraft and 

boosters. He predicted that both Gemini and Apollo would be used 

some day as weapon carriers. 

March 5: NASA had awarded one-year, cost-plus-incentive-award fee contracts to nine firms for engineering, fabrication, and institutional support services to six laboratories and three offices of Marshall Space 

Flight Center. Cost of work was estimated at $58.5 million for one 

year and was primarily in support of the Saturn/Apollo launch vehicle 

program. The firms were Sperry Rand Corp., Brown Engineering 

Corp., Vitro Corp., Hayes International Corp., Northrop Corp., Spaco, 

Rust Engineering Co., RCA Service Co., and Management Services, 

Inc. 

USAF launched a Titan I ICBM from Vandenberg AFB, Calif., as one of a 

series of tests to determine compatibility of the missile with various 

payloads. (AP, NYT, 3/6/65,9; M&R, 3,/15/65,11) 

General Dynamics Corp.’s F-111 fighter jet broke the sound barrier for 

the first time in a 1 hr. 32 min. flight test. Afterward, in quick-stop 

braking test, both tires in main landing gear blew out. (AP, NYT, 

3/6/65,11) 

Dr. Clyde W. Tombaugh of the New Mexico State Univ. Research Center 

was quoted in an editorial in the Kansas City Times as saying that the 

“canals” seen on Mars through telescopes were fractures of the planet’s 

crust. He said: “The origin may be due to asteroids impacting on the 

surface, much as what happens when a stone hits the windshield of a 

car. (McCoy, Kansas City 

Times, 3/5/65) 

word-of-mouth to persuade German technicians to leave their jobs in 

Egyptian aircraft and rocket industry. The campaign could be result 

of recent arrests in Cairo of several West German citizens on espionage charges. (Olson, NYT, 3/6/65,7) 

Fred P. Strother, in charge of requirements for Boy Scout merit badges, 

announced that details of a space exploration merit badge were being 

March 6: John W. Findlay, Deputy Director at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, W. Va., had been named Director 

of Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory in Puerto Rico for a one-year 

term beginning in the fall. He would succeed William E. 

Gordon. (NYT, 3/7/65,75) 

March 7: COSMOS LIX satellite, containing “scientific apparatus,” was orbited by the U.S.S.R. Initial orbital data: apogee, 339 km. (210.9 

mi.) ; perigee, 209 km. (129.6 mi.) ; period, 89.7 min.; inclination, 

65”. Equipment was said to be functioning normally. (Krasnaya 

Zuezda, 3/9/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

Commercial aviaticm’s first nonstop crossing of the Pacific was made by 

Qantas Airlines Boeing 707: San Francisco to Sydney in 14 hrs.. 33 

min. (Wash. Daily News, 3/8/65) 

DMS, Inc., aerospace market intelligence operation that published annual 

analysis of DOD and NASA budget requests submitted to Congress, fore- 

(Maloney, Houston Post, 3/6/65) 

(NASA Release 65-77; MSFC Release) 

I think I have the right answer. . . .’, 

m West ceiiiianj- - wa3 -- ...-*. rrOa;..6 m” -:igc?mus carr?prcign hy letter. circular, and 

worked out with NASA. (NYT, 3/6/65,27) h 
110 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

cast a $106.57 billion market for the aerospace industry from 

1966-1970, an increase of 13v for the five-year period. DMS preferred this “generally favorable market climate,” to the “glorified major growth period of fiscal 1962-1964, when Government spending 

skyrocketed, inevitably producing an influx of hopeful though unusually ill-equipped competitors, followed by over-capacity as the market 

tapered off, and finally a retrenchment still under way.” (NYT, 

3/7/65 1 

March 7: A “Dictionary of Scientific Biography” containing essays on 

careers of scientists and mathematicians would be published by 

Scribner with a National Science Foundation grant of more than 

$250,000. Dr. Charles C. Gillispie, Princeton professor of History of 

Science, had been named Editor-in-Chief. (NYT, 3/7/65, Book Review Sec., 8) 

Professor Fred Hoyle, British astronomer, might accept US. position if 

U.K. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research determined not 

to build new Institute of Theoretical Astronomy which would house an 

American computer essential to his work. Hoyle complained last year 

that he had been prevented from using the only American-built computer in Britain that would do his work properly. (Feron, NYT, 

3/8/65,9; Wash. Post, 3/9 I65 ) 

Week of March 7: Drop tests at North American Aviation’s Downey, 

Calif., plant demonstrated that substructure of Apollo spacecraft could 

withstand maximum Apollo u ater-landing conditions. A series of 18 

more drop tests was planned. 

March 8: In first Pacific Ocean sounding rocket experiment from NASA’s 

Mobile Range Facility. tu o two-stage Nike-Apaches were launched 

from USRS Croatarz about one mile north of the equator at 84” west 

longitude. Conducted by NAS4 Goddard Space Flight Center, the mission of first kocket was to measure ionospheric currents and magnetic 

fields in “equatorial electrojet,” a system of electrical current circulating in ionosphere in the region of magnetic equator uhich could be 

responsible for intensifying equatorial magnetic field at about local 

noon. Second Nike-Apache. conducting an experiment for Univ. of 

Michigan, was launched about 2 hrs. later carrying Pitot-static probe 

to measure pressure, temperature. and density in the region of 20 to 75 

mi. altitude. (NASA Release 65-82; Wallops Release 65-12; NASA 

Rpts. SRL) 

The countdown rehearsal for the Gemini (GT-3) flight, conducted 

at Cape Kennedy. was delayed two hours because of (1) a propellant leak in Titan II rocket, (2) crossed wires in ground support 

equipment, (3) failure of some of the batteries to reach peak power 

immediately, and (5) faulty reading in control center. Project Gemini officials said none of these problems had been serious, but the combination would have caused a postponement on launch day. (NYT, 

3/9/65; N.Y. Her. Trib., 3/9/65; Balt. Sun, 3/9/65) 

In testimony before the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences, on “the status, management, and prospects of the aeronautical and space program,’’ NASA Administrator James E. Webb said: 

“The progress during this period in the space program has been made 

possible by the cooperative efforts of many organizations and 

people. Ninety-four per cent of our work during Fiscal Year 1964 

( A4&R, 3/15/65, 7) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 111 

was conducted by American industry and involved a total of about 

380,000 people in industry, universities, research institutes, and government installations. Almost 250,000 separate procurement transactions were initiated during this time. 

“. . . the past )-ear saw the continued strengthening of the coordination and the mutual support between NASA and the DOD in space and 

aeronautics. The Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board 

has continued to be an effective medium for formal coordination. During 1964 3.4SA and the DOD developed procedures for the 

coordination of the space science programs; a national program in 

satellite geodesy was established by the DOD, NASA, and the Department 

of Commerce: a standardized basis for reporting space and aeronautical sciences research and technology information has been adopted; a 

joint NASA-DOD study 14 as conducted to determine the launch vehicles 

needed to meet projected requirements during the next decade; a joint 

study was conducted of the current and planned lifting reentry vehicle 

research and development programs; the needs of EASA, the Air Force, 

and the Federal Aviation Agency were incorporated into an expanded 

flight research program utilizing the XB-70 aircraft to confirm theoretical and wind tunnel data on supersonic flight vehicles. 

“All of this. Mr. Chairman, of course, is under an umbrella of policy followed closely by the [National Aeronautics and] Space Council. . . .” 

Commenting on the Soviet space program, Webb said: “Our rapid 

rate of advance and the success we have achieved already has, we 

believe, denied the USSR many of the benefits and many of the options 

which the Soviets expected their space program to provide as a part of 

their forward thrust toward world domination. However, there is 

every evidence. on the basis of their activity during the past three 

years, that the Russians intend to maintain a vigorous eEort iri space, 

and, in fact. that their activities may be further increased. During 

1963 and 1964 more Soviet spacecraft were put in earth orbit or deep 

space than in the six previous years combined. The number placed in 

orbit last year was double that of the year before. . . (Testimony; 

NASA Auth. Hearings, 13-50) 

March 8: NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Hugh L. Dryden reported on the 

status of NASA cooperation with the Soviet Union in testimony before 

the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences: “Let me 

review where we stand. Of three projects agreed to in 1962, the only 

one completed is that which involved communications tests with Echo 

“The second project-joint mapping of the geomagnetic field-is at 

the stage of exchanging ground-based magnetic observations . . . we 

are now acquiring data that was not previously available in the United 

States. . . . “In the third project-for the coordination of meteorological satellite launchings and the establishment of a link for exchange of dataour prime purpose was and remains a sharing of the cost of providing 

weather satellite service and the exchange of satellite data. . . . we 

are . . . exchanging conventional data over the link, which . . . is 

financed on a 50-50 basis. I look forward for a meeting soon with 

Academician Blagonravov which will afford opportunity to review this 

11. . . . 
112 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

exchange and the prospects of satellite data exchange. . . . a recent 

check shows the US. sending surface data for more stations than it 

receives but receiving upper air data for more stations than it 

sends. In sum, the present exchange is considered by the Weather 

Bureau to improve the quality of forecasts by our national weather 

services since it makes more data available in time for such forecasts 

than was the case prior to establishment of the link.” (Testimony; 

NASA Auth. Hearings, 50-i6) 

March 8: NASA Associate Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., discussing the management of NAS4’s aeronautics and space effort before 

the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, said: 

“. . . our performance in terms of data returned is perhaps the most 

succinct evidence of success. The volume of information brought 

back from space in 1964 averaged 57 million data points per day in 

comparison with a previous high of some 6 million data points per 

day. This indicates not only more advanced instrumentation but also 

more reliable functioning of flight experiments. We averaged 54 

working experiments throughout 1964. which represents an improvement of 35% over the 1963 average. 

“We have achieved significant results in ground based experimentation, testing. aeronautical flights, and sounding rocket 

launchings. Work conducted in our wind tunnels continues to refine 

aircraft configurations for vertical takeoff and landing, supersonic 

transportation, and hypersonic flight. We are continuing to experiment with materials. fuels, turbines, injectors, and nozzles in order to 

improve the efficiency of air-breathing and rocket propulsion 

systems. The 3 successful power tests of the KIWI reactor demonstrated the applicability of nuclear energy to rocket propulsion. In 

1964 \+e conducted 27 more flights of the X-15 aircraft, 19 of them 

over Mach 5, amassing data important to supersonic and hypersonic 

flight. In addition. we launched 131 successful sounding rockets from 

stations around the world to test new instrumentation and to obtain 

important scientific data in geophysics. astronomy, and meteorology. In the areas of manned space flight, the Apollo escape system has 

been successfully tested, and a boilei plate spacecraft checked out and 

flown on the Saturn I. A mock-up of the lunar excursion module has 

been approved. The Saturn IB and Saturn V ‘battleship’ upper 

stages have been successfully fired. The F-1 engine has passed its 

flight rating test. This record was established by the hard work and 

careful attention to detail of the government-industry-university team 

charged with aeronautic and space exploration. This total team, numbering 380,000 people. is managed by the relatively small hard core 

NASA organization of less than 34.000.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. 

Hearings, 761.14 ,I 

Gemini astronaut parachute system was successfully tested in drops from 

a C-130 at 15.000 ft. altitude by LEN Chief Warrant Officer Mitch 

Kanowski and USAF Maj. Dan Fulgham over the Naval Air Facility El 

Centro. Parachutes deployed at 9,000 ft. as they would on actual 

Gemini missions. Additional tests would be made in drops from altitudes up to 35,000 ft. 

U.S.S.R.’s ZOND 11 would pass within 900 mi. of Mars on Aug. 6. 

according to Soviet space scientist Prof. Mstislav Keldysh. This an- 

(Miles, L.A. Times, 3/9/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 113 

nouncement was relayed by Dr. Charles S. Sheldon of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council, who quoted Keldysh as saying ZOND 

II weighed about 2.000 Ibs. Dr. Sheldon speculated that the probe’s 

considerable M eight-four times more than MARINER Iv-could mean 

“it may be doing something more than a simple fly-by” of 

Mars. (UPI, Denver, Post 3/10/65; UPI, NYT, 3/11/65, 42) 

March 8: According to Missiles and Rockets, Dr. Joseph Shea, director of 

Apollo spacecraft program at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, said 

Apollo spacecraft %as having no weight problems. He explained that 

the current weight of 89.000 Ibs. was under 90,000 lbs. goal and there 

was room for additional growth since Saturn V booster had increased 

estimated payload capability to 95,000 lbs. Weight of Lem was increasing in early development stage, but new evaluation stemming from 

RASA decision to make it as safe in terms of redundancy as command 

and service modules, could raise weight from 29,500 lbs. to 32,000 

Ibs. Shea commented that a stable baffled injector had been selected 

for service module’s propulsion system and it mas currently undergoing qualification test series. Recent tests of heatshield in reentry tests 

with Scout (Aug. 18, 1964) achieved high total heat of 250 Btu’s per 

square foot-about 80% of the heat expected to be encountered during 

return from moon. (M&R, 3/8/65, 14) 

NASA had decided to replace Lem’s fuel-cell power subsystem with a more 

conventional battery system, Missiles and Rockets reported. Motivation was concern for reliability. Decision would not affect use of fuel 

cell in the Apollo command module. (M&R, 3/8/65, 14) 

In a letter-to-the-editor in Missiles and Rockets, Thomas M. Morse said 

that since there were no indications that the Russians were building a 

bigger booster for their lunar program, they might be planning to use 

d &ation orbit :o rcach the XOC)II. He Jescrihed the libration orbit 

as an almost stable earth orbit in which a spacecraft would always be 

on a direct line beheen earth and moon, about 33.000 mi. from the 

moon. Advantages offered over the U.S.-planned lunar orbit included 

easier rendezvous ; pre-parking of unmanned freight, shielding, and 

modules ; unlimited rendezvous and liftoff windows; continuous lineof-sight communications between earth, rendezvous craft, and lunar 

landing crew; better radiation protection; improved safety factor; reCalifornia’s Gov. Edmund G. Brown, in his second Annual Economic 

Report to the legislature, w arned that new cutbacks in defense and aerospace spending could dilute “the reservoir of scientific brainpower and 

skilled manpower that has made California the leader in the space 

age.” Brown said that 200,000 new jobs a pear would have to be 

created and that the state had already contracted with aerospace firms 

for studies that might provide solutions “in transferring manpower 

from defense and aerospace production to other areas.” ( AP, L.A. 

Herald-Examiner, 3/8/65 1 

France announced successful launching in the Sahara of the Emeraude 

stage of the Diamant booster. (M&R, 3/15/65, 111 

March 8-9: President Johnson’s proposal to cut Federal subsidies to helicopter carriers in New York. Los Angeles, and Chicago by Dec. 31. 

was opposed by the C~B, Mho suggested continuation of Federal subsiduced cost. (M&R, 3W65. 61 
114 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

dies on declining basis until 1970. Sen. A. S. Mike Monroney 

D-Okla.) , Chairman of the Senate Aviation Subcommittee investigating ways to keep helicopter lines alive, suggested increased support 

from major airlines as possible alternative to Federal aid. Stuart G. 

Tipton, President of Air Transport Association which represented almost every scheduled U.S. airline, testified that helicopter lines received about $1 million a year in indirect support and that “as R 

matter of principle, this is as far as the airlines should go or be 

expected to go.” He added that experience and advances in helicopters and poor-weather landing equipment were about to make helicopters potentially Drofitable in all larze cities. Withdrawal of Federa! ,1 

support now would be disastrous. 

3/10/65. 69) 

(Clark, NYT, 3/9/65; Clark, NYT, ~ IMarch 8-12: “Efficiency and Perfection through People” was objective of 

AFSC’S Internal Zero Defects Program which encouraged people to “set 

their OH n immediate goals and devise measurement techniques.” Results of the program would be analyzed and recognition awards would 

be given to individuals making significant achievements. ( AFSC Release 19.65; CR, A131SA1318) 

March 9: Thor-Agena D launched from Vandenberg AFB orbited eight military satellites, the most in any single launch to date. Two satellites 

would measure solar radiation (GREB VI and SOLRAD) ; two would test 

stabilization methods for future spacecraft (GGSE 11 and GGSE 111) ; 

one would be used in geodesy ( SECOR 1111 ; two would help calibrate 

satellite tracking networks (SURCAL satellites) ; and one would transmit 

radio broadcasts for ham operators (OSCAR 111). 

OSCAR 111 would transmit signals from 25 amateur radio channels 

over a 4,000-mi. radius and was being tracked by ham radio operators 

at Foothill Jr. College, Calif. Amateur tracking stations in 30 foreign 

countries were informally participating in the project. (US’. Aeron. & 

Space Act., 1965, 135-36; GSFC SSR, 4/15/65; Clark, NYT, 5/19/65; 

Wash. Post, 5/20/65, A12; AP, Omaha Eve. World-Herald, 3/10/65) 

Gemini astronaut parachute system for use in launch emergency failed 

to function properly during test at El Centro, Calif. When the jumper 

stepped from a C-130 aircraft at 23,000-ft. altitude, a “ballute” (combination balloon and parachute) device for stabilizing the fall failed 

to deploy; the chute was opened manually at 12,000 ft. (UPI, 

Minneapolis Trib., 3/10/65) 

In testimony on NASA lunar and planetary programs before the House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space 

Sciences and Applications, NASA Associate Administrator Dr. Homer E. 

Newel1 said: “The Surveyor program to date has accomplished a 

number of significant advanced developments that have found or will 

find their way into other programs. 

“The closed loop automatic landing system has other potential space 

and terrestrial applications. 

“The planar-array high gain antenna has several significant advantages over the usual parabolic dish. 

“The doppler and altimeter radars represent a significant advance in 

technology and have been adopted by the Apollo Lunar Excursion 

Module. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 115 

“The throttlable high performance vernier engines, which have an 

almost unlimited operating lifetime, represent another significant step 

forward. 

“The high performance spherical main retro rocket has appreciably 

advanced the state of the art. Several launch vehicle programs are 

interested in this motor as a high-energy upper stage. 

“The Surveyor landing gear design represents a new high in 

efficiency of impact energy absorption. 

“Many of the miniaturized geophysical instruments developed for 

Surveyor may have terrestrial applications.” (Testimony; NASA 

Auth. Hearings, 243ff) 

March 9: World’s longest antenna had been stretched on the top of the 

Antarctic icecap to study radio conditions in space beyond the earth, 

the National Science Foundation reported. The antenna was a 21-mi., 

plastic-coated, %-in. copper cable that radiated low frequency waves 

that traveled far out into space along a line of force in the earth’s 

magnetic field. The waves followed the line of force as it curved back 

toward the earth in the opposite hemisphere. 

Rep. Westen E. Vivian (D-Mich.) told the House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications 

that he intended to request adoption of a policy to award one half of 

all NASA Phase 1A contracts to companies in areas presently receiving 

less than one half of NASA business. Chairman Joseph E. Karth (DMinn. ) said that although fiscal expedience demanded that procurement contracts go to industralized areas, geographic distribution should 

be seriously considered in the allocation of research and development 

funds. He said the Subcommittee would consider Vivian’s proposal. 

(Transcript, 3/9/65) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center hosted group of 61 Navy, Air Force, 

and civilian personnel from Navy Field Office for Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory at Los Angeles. The group received briefings on Apollo 

and Saturn programs and saw facilities at Marshall. They had pr.eviously visited NASA Manned Spacecraft Center and were scheduled 

to tour NASA Kennedy Space Center. 

A job classification dispute at the Chrysler facility of the Michoud Saturn plant in New Orleans caused over 200 United Auto Workers 

(UAW) to walk off the job. Chrysler was responsible for developing 

first stage of Saturn IB rocket for NASA. 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center awarded $1,059,000 contract to Aetron, a division of Aerojet-General Corp., for installation of equipment 

on a Saturn V second-stage test stand at Mississippi Test Operations. 

Equipment would include consoles to check out systems on the flight 

stages being tested as well as in the area’s test control center. (MSFC 

Release 65-53) 

Prompted by results of the experiments of Dr. Frank A. Brown, Jr., 

Northwestern Univ. biology professor, NASA and Northwestern Univ. 

scientists were studying a plan to orbit a potato around the sun in an 

attempt to prove whether man could survive in long trips in 

space. Dr. Brown had concluded that rhythmic patterns of wakefulness and sleep, glandular activity, cellular respiration, and all other 

biological cycles of most live organisms were timed by biological 

clocks outside the organism, not inside. The three primary forces 

(UPI, NYT, 3/10/65) 

( MSFC Release 65-52) 

(UPI, Wash. Post, 3/10/65) 
116 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

were day-night changes and temperature, atmospheric, and pressure 

fluctuations. 

For ten years, Brown had kept potato tubers under constant pressure 

and temperature and in constantly dim light, yet they continued to 

fluctuate at same rate and time as potatoes planted in Illinois and 

they detected atmospheric pressure changes. Brown concluded that 

“something is getting thru to the isolated potatoes to tell them what the 

weather is outside. It could be the earth‘s magnetic or electric fields 

or radiation, since they all observe a 24-hour pattern geared to the 

rising and setting sun, but we are not sure. “. . . biological clocks are necessary to keep a living system a coordinate, living, functioning whole. If the clocks are stopped, the organism may go beserk and die.” If the orbiting potato were to die 

within 90 days, it would indicate that a 24-hour rhythm was 

vital. (Kotulak, Chic. Trib., 3/9/65) 

March 10: A dummy model of the Gemini spacecraft, dropped from 11,000 

ft. altitude by a C-119 aircraft, parachuted into the Atlantic Ocean 

and was recovered by three USAF pararescue men. This was a practice 

mission in case Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom (USAF) and John W. 

Young (USN) had to abort their GT-3 flight during the launching 

phase. (AP, Orl. Sent., 3/11/65) 

Reviewing NASA’s activities in manned space flight in the last year, Dr. 

George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight. testified before the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences: “It is a pleasure to report that . . . there has been 

substantial progress in the development and testing of flight vehicles 

and earth-based facilities, in the nearly complete marshalling of the 

government-industry manned space flight team, and in the consolidation of firm program-wide management. 

“During the past year, the Gemini Program has advanced to the 

point that we are ready for manned flight operations. The Apollo 

Program is entering a year of comprehensive development testing of 

major systems prior to the ‘all-up’ unmanned earth-orbital flights, 

which will begin in 1066. And our study of advanced manned missions has established that it is feasible to return dividends from the 

current investment by applying the wide range of Apollo capabilities 

to a number of other potential missions.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. 

Hearings, 143ff) 

Harold B. Finger, Director of NASA Nuclear Systems and Space Power 

and Manager of the AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, discussed NASA’s electric thrustor program in testimony before the House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced 

Research and Technology : “We conducted the first successful flight 

test of an electric rocket engine in July. using the SERT I spacecraft. 

This flight demonstrated that ion beam neutralization will take place 

satisfactorily in space and, therefore, eliminated the only uncertainty 

regarding the basic feasibility of successful space operation. A second 

major accomplishment was the design, fabrication, and test of a 30 

kilowatt thrustor. This thrustor is 10 times larger than previous ion 

engines, and demonstrates that we are successfully developing the 

engineering relations required to build the mega-watt size thrustors 

needed for spacecraft prime propulsion.” 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 117 

Discussing nuclear propulsion programs, he said: “1964 was a year 

of significant progress in the Nuclear Rocket Program. It was 

marked by the successful completion of the KIWI series of reactor 

development experiments and the successful initiation of the NERVA 

reactor testing. These reactor experiments, coupled with work in 

other portions of our Nuclear Rocket Program, provide assurance that 

the graphite core nuclear rocket can be available to fulfill its role as 

the next major space propulsion system. 

“Of particular significance in 1964 was the successful demonstration 

of the adequacy of the reactor structural design, the elimination of 

reactor structural vibrations, full power reactor operation for over ten 

minutes at an altitude equivalent specific impulse of about 750 seconds, a rapid automatic startup, the ability to restart the rocket reactor, the determination of the effect of a maximum reactor power excursion, and the neutronic investigation of two rocket reactors located 

side-by-side as would be necessary in clustered engine configurations. . . . “During this year emphasis will be placed upon extending our reactor technology to higher temperature, longer duration, and higher 

power while we proceed as rapidly as possible to close coupled nuclear 

rocket engine system testing. We face this task of developing nuclear 

rocket technology including component, subsystem, and engine system 

work, with a confidence that is based on the solid accomplishments in 

our reactor development program and with the knowledge that the 

technology we are developing will provide the propulsion capability 

that will ultimately be required for extensive space 

exploration.” 

March 10: According to USAF Cambridge Research Laboratories study, a 

continuous barrage oi meteoroids was causing moon to iose up to 

6,000 tons a day and earth to gain 10,000 Ibs. a day. Because of its 

strong gravity, earth absorbed about four times as many impacts as 

moon. 

’ NASA announced award of $3,713,400 contract to Raytheon Co. to provide digital systems for Project Apollo. Options for additional displays and consoles, if exercised, could add $400,000 to basic 

price. The equipment was for use at NAS4 control centers and critical 

tracking stations to give instantaneous display of information received 

by encoded radio signals during Apollo flight permitting immediate 

decisions concerning welfare of the astronauts and conduct of the 

mission. (NASA Release 65-79) 

Sen. Claiborne Pel1 (D-R.I.) introduced in the Senate S. 1483, a bill to 

provide for a National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities. 

(CR, 4/26,’65, S122) 

‘-Roy W. Jenkins, British Aviation Minister, presented a plan to House of 

Commons to give grants of up to $100 ($280) each to householders 

plagued by noise of jetliners to soundproof their homes. It was estimated that about 40% of 200.000 householders affected would accept 

the grant, bringing the total cost to $7 million. An Airport Authority 

would be established to underwrite the cost of the grants. Householders 

complained that money was insufficient for adequate sound-proofing. 

(NYT, 4/11/65, 57) 

(Testimony ; NASA Auth. Hearings, 243-300) 

(OAR Release 3-65-3; Chic. Trib., 3/11/65) 
118 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

March 10: Dr. W. Randolph Lovelace 11. NASA’s Director of Space Medicine, 

said NASA physicians screening future astronauts were eliminating people with heart and spine defects so slight they would be insignificant 

on earth. “We are interested in finding minute defects between the 

left and right heart,” he explained. “If you lose pressure and you 

have this defect. thousands of little air bubbles may find their way up 

to the brain. If there is no defect. they are removed from the 

lungs. We are also looking for congenital defects of the 

spine. When someone experiences the acceleration astronauts do, 

however, a small defect may be magnified in effect.” (Kass, Houston 

Post, 3/11/65) 

March 10-11: Stuart G. Tipton, President of the Air Transport Association, testified before Senate Aviation Subcommittee that “more joint 

fares, perhaps more guaranteed flights, certainly more sales campaigns” by larger airlines might be initiated to help helicopter lines 

which were facing end of Federal subsidies. Tipton stipulated, however, that CAB’S five-year declining subsidy proposal still would be 

essential. Earlier in the week, he had testified that airlines would not 

increase their aid. 

Senators and Representatives from all three states that had helicopter service testified in support of subsidies. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy 

ID-N.Y.1 said: “I think that. really, if we don’t do it now [continue 

subsidy] it won’t be done and that will affect not just New York and 

the other two cities but the entire country.” Opposition came from 

Sen. William Proxmire (D-Wis.) who argued for a “user tax on the 

people who use helicopters . . .” (Clark, NYT, 3/11/65, 55; Clark, 

NYT, 3/12/65,66) 

March 11: NASA announced that MARINER IV, scheduled to reach the vicinity of Mars July 14, had traveled over 168 million mi.-more than half 

H ay. 

USAF launched Thor-Able-Star booster from Western Test Range, placing 

in orbit an unidentified satellite and U.S. Army’s SECOR 11 geodetic 

satellite. SECOR II “failed to deploy properly from its piggyback 

container.” (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 136; M&R, 4/5/65, 12) 

Dr. C. 0. Bostrom and Dr. D. J. Williams of the Space Research Div. of 

Johns Hopkins’ Applied Physics Laboratory said danger of radiation 

damage to satellites from the artificial radiation belt created in July 

1962, following the nuclear detonation over Johnston Island, was “now 

significantly less severe.” Results of measurements by instruments 

aboard Navy research satellite 1963 38C showed that the number of 

high-energy electrons in the artificial radiation belt decreased by 50% 

in from three months to one year in different parts of the belt. The 

decrease in intensity as time passed would continue until natural levels 

of intensity were reached. Dr. Bostrom said, “. . . the observed time 

decay does show that the satellite radiation damage problems have 

been reduced by a factor of ten from what they were two years ago.” 

(Balt. Sun, 3/11/65) 

Despite US. Federal Court’s issuance of two temporary restraining 

orders, building trade employees halted construction on Saturn IB 

Launch Complex 34 at Cape Kennedy, for second straight day. Dispute involved general contractor’s use of non-union subcontractor. 

f N4SA Release 65-60) 
AS’IXONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 119 

NASA claimed work on Launch Complex 34 was “critical” to the nation’s space effort. 

March 11: KASA Kennedy Space Center had extended for the second year 

two of the major contracts under which the NASA Merritt Island Launch 

Area was being operated. Extensions were negotiated with TransWorld Airlines, for base support services, and Ling-Temco-Vought, information services. 

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator, speaking in Minneapolis, Minn., before the Twin Cities Section of AIAA, said: “We believe 

that activities in the exploration of space, a modern social need recognizable from the passage of the National Aeronautics and Space Act 

and the appropriation of large sums of money by the Congress, provide the essential environment to accelerate greatly the growth of theoretical and experimental science in many areas. It is true that this 

accelerated growth in science and technology is essential to the on-going development of space capability, but of deeper significance is the 

complex dynamic interaction between science, technology, and space 

exploration, which is essential to the growth of science, technology, 

and space exploration. In this case, as in the cases previously cited, 

to use an analogy from bacteriology, there has to be a nutrient solution (money and employment opportunities) to feed the scientific and 

technological effort, and as soon as this environment is provided, many 

latent efforts in science and technology begin to assert themselves and 

move forward. 

“I believe that this interpretation of certain aspects of the space 

program is more significant and meaningful than the current concepts 

of technology utilization and technological spinoff as incidental or serendipitnus benefits of spare exploration.” 

Gerald L. Smith, NASA Ames Research Center, had been awarded $1,000 

special service award for his computer analysis which resulted in decision to wive ground-based navigation a primary role during Apollo 

lunar missions. Smith explained that, although radar tracking from 

earth and visual tracking onboard spacecraft were almost equally reliable. earth-based system could be maintained more easily and was 

not restricted by weight and size considerations. (ARC Release 65-8) 

American Academy of Arts and Sciences awarded its Rumford Prize to 

Dr. William D. McElroy for his analysis and isolation of chemicals 

that cause bioluminescence in the firefly and other organisms. He 

identified luciferin, luciferase, and adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP) . From his research he concluded that bioluminescence had evolved 

as an accidental consequence of chemical reactions’’ in the organisms 

as they adapted to changing conditions in the environment. Dr. McElroy was head of the McCollum-Pratt Institute of Johns Hopkins 

Univ. and a member of the President’s Science Advisory Committee. 

(SR, 4/3/65, 45-47’) 

Victor D. Lebedev, U.S.S.R. Council of the National Economy, announced plan to convert 119 major industrial plants to electronic computer system of production management within two years. Aimed at 

ensuring fast access to detailed operating information, the systems 

would be introduced in heavy industry and consumer-goods 

(Cocoa Tribune, 3/11/65) 

( KSC Release 58-65) 

(Text 1 

? 

“ 
120 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

production. For the future: computers serving individual plants or 

groups of plants w ould process detailed data and transmit generalized 

information to central agencies to aid in planning economy. (Shabad, NYT, 3/12/65,8) 

March 12: COSMOS LX satellite, containing “scientific apparatus,” was orbited by the U.S.S.R. Initial orbital data: apogee, 287 km. (177.9 

mi.) ; perigee, 201 km. (124.6 mi.) ; period, 89.1 min.; inclination 

64” 42’. Equipment was said to be functioning normally. (Tass, 

Komsomolskaya Pravda, 3/13/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans) 

NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from White Sands, N. Mex., 

went to a peak altitude of 155.5 km. (96.6 mi.) The primary experimental objective was to obtain ultraviolet spectra of Mars and Orion 

by the use of four spectrographs, provided by NASA Goddard Space 

Flight Center. Because of an attitude control system failure no experimental results were obtained. 

USAF launched Atlas-Agena D booster with unidentified satellite payloads 

from Western Test Range. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 136) 

Month-long experiment for NASA to test man’s ability to withstand rotational stress ended at US. Navy School of Aviation Medicine. Capt. 

Ashton Graybiel, Research Director, expressed satisfaction with results 

of the test which confined four US. Navy men in a windowless, circular room, equipped with all necessary living accommodations. The 

room began rotating at 2 rpm’s and in 16 days built up to 10 rpm’s, 

stopping three times daily for meals. This pattern of speed build-up 

had no adverse affect on the men and produced no nausea or 

significant discomfort. This test, one of a series conducted by Naval 

School of Aviation Medicine, was to check new procedure for conditioning men for space flight. Since long space voyages could require 

rotating spacecraft to create artificial gravity, scientists wanted to determine spinning rate man could endure without discomfort. ( NASA 

Release 65441 

Launching pad damage caused by the Mar. 2 explosion of an AtlasCentaur rocket at Cape Kennedy amounted to $2 million and would take 

three to four months to repair, NASA reported. To avoid delay in the 

Atlas-Centaur launching scheduled for mid-summer, NASA was speeding 

completion of a new launching pad that was 90% completed and that 

could be ready in two months. ( UPI, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3/14/65) 

DOD announced new type of defense contract for C-SA, 700-passenger 

supertransport and cargo plane: competitors must bid not only for 

initial development contracts, but for production and “lifetime” support of proposed aircraft. Lifetime support, estimated to be at least 

10 yrs., would cover spare parts and ground maintenance equipment. 

The plane, expected to be biggest jet transport ever built, would have 

a gross take-off weight of 725,000 lbs. and a payload capacity of 

250,000 lbs. 

Boeing, Douglas, and Lockheed were competitors for airframe contract; General Electric and Pratt & Whitney were competitors for engine contract. Contracts would be awarded this summer. $2.5 billion was estimated cost for a 58-plane program. (DOD Release 

915-64) 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 
ASTRONAUTICS ASL) i1ERON:ZLTICS. 1965 121 

March 12: AFSC announced sward of five letter contracts totaling $32 million for conceptual phase of Mark II Avionics S!-stem being considered 

for use on F-111.4 aircraft. Ger.era1 Dynamics. Hughes Aircraft Co., 

Sperry Gyroscope Co., Westinghouse Electric Corp., and Autonetics 

Div. of North American Aviation, Inc., would perform analyses leading 

to system design recommendations intepratinp many subsystems. 

( AFSC Release 30-65 ) 

A 23-year old French nurse, after three months in a 240-ft. deep cave in 

Grasse, France, emerged thinking it it-as Feb. 25. Josie Laures had 

had no clock and a M-hite mouse had been her sole companion in this 

experiment to test effects of solitude. She was flown immediately to 

Paris for three weeks of medical examinations. I AP, NYT, 3/13/65, 

6) 

March 13: President Johnson signed a bill and proclamation declaring 

March 16 “Robert H. Goddard Day.” Dr. Robert Hutchings Goddard 

of Clark University had launched world’s first liquid-fuel rocket at 

Auburn, Mass., on March 16. 1926. 

USNS Croatan, which had left Balboa. Panama Canal Zone, on Mar. 6, 

arrived at Lima, Peru. During the interval. ten two-stage sounding 

rockets had been launched from the deck of the ship. carrying upper 

atmosphere and ionosphere experiments for the Univ. of Michigan, the 

Univ. of New Hampshire, and NASA Goddard Space Flight 

Center. Three single-stage Arcas meteorological rockets, two of which 

carried experiments to measure ozone in the atmosphere, were also 

launched. (NASA Release 65-13) 

Seventy paintings and drawings rendered by 15 contemporary American 

artists at rocket and satellite launching stations were exhibited at the 

National Gallery, Washington, D.C. According to the National Gallery, 

strange new world which space technology is creating” and “to probe 

for the inner meaning and emotional impact of events of fateful significance to mankind.” Accompanying the exhibit was a film “The World 

Was There” which contrasted secrecy of some nations’ space programs 

with the openness of the American effort. (National Gallery Release, 

3/14/65) 

In New York Times Richard Witkin said F-111 variable-slz-eep-wing 

plane, intended as the mainstay of US. fighter forces before 1970, had 

developed problems with engines and with the inlets that feed air to 

the engines. Officials maintained that problems were normal in any 

development, but conceded that fewer difficulties had been anticipated 

because of record number of wind tunnel tests. The two prototypes 

tested, one of which was supersonic, had continuously run into two 

main difficulties: (1) air flow through compressors of engines had 

become disturbed, causing erratic power output: and (2) combustion 

in afterburner section had been suddenly stopping. Otherlvise, 

officials contended that flight tests, including tucking wings far back 

for high-speed runs, had been going better than anticipated. (Witkin, 

NYT, 3/14/65, 58; Chic. Trib., 3/15/65) 

An article in The Economist questioned the political wisdom of the State 

Dept.’s ban on exchange of communications satellite information between Hughes Aircraft Co. and the British Aircraft CO.; it suggested 

that unfavorable repercussions to Anglo-American relations could re- 

(Text: NYT, 3/15 ’65,8) 

rL L1lc - puipuac ...-I- - -- of the :;.is;l-sponsorec! art programs i~zs t~ ‘‘reccr:! the 
122 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

sult: “The reason had little to do with military security. The State 

Dept. appeared to think that American industry has a valuable monopoly in commercial satellites which should be exploited for maximum 

profit, which means keeping the know-how in America. . . . The first 

commercial satellite of Comsat happens to be the Hughes-built Early 

Bird due to be launched in the first half of April. Comsat is 

obliged . . . to distribute its orders among member countries on a 

basis proportional to the shares they hold. . . . Britain is the largest 

shareholder after the United States. So the less satellite know-how 

there is, particularly in Britain, the more work goes to the United 

States . . . this . . . is precisely what some people have been declaring the Americans would do whenever they found themselves in a 

position of technical superiority. . . .” 

March 13: Two Russian airmen had set a world altitude record by flying 

~14 helicopter with a load of nearly two tons to 20,G94 ft., Tass reported. (Reuters, N.Y. News, 3/14/65) 

Israel, to reassure U.S. of her peaceful intentions for use of atomic energy, had permitted two AEC commissioners to inspect Dimona reactor: 

a natural uranium, heavy-water-moderated type, capable of producing 

enough plutonium for several relatively small atomic weapons. Israel 

had imposed strict secrecy on the inspections, one a year ago and a 

second last month. U.S. tentatively concluded that Dimona was not 

being used to produce plutonium for atomic weapons but suggested that 

reactor be placed under inspection by International Atomic Energy 

Agency. Israel refused, explaining: (1) she should not be forced to 

place her national development under agency inspection until international inspection had been accepted by all nations, and (2) the Agency 

had discriminated against her in favor of Arab states in membership of 

its board and location of research centers. 

Many American and British specialists feared that Israel could be 

“keeping the option open” to develop atomic deterrent against Arab 

nations. (Finney, NYT, 3/14/65, 1) 

March 14: Writing about the visit of President Johnson and Vice President 

Humphrey to NASA Hq. for a briefing on NASA programs on Feb. 25, 

Lt. Gen. Ira C. Eaker ( USAF, Ret.) said in an article for the San Diego 

Union: “I was particularly pleased at the deserved tribute the President 

paid Jim Webb and Hugh Dryden. I have known them both since 

1937. They are extremely modest men. They avoid personal 

publicity. They are not jealous of subordinates, but prefer that the 

publicity and credit for NASA successes carry the pictures and headline 

the names of those members of the NASA team most directly 

responsible. For this reason they can attract and hold able people. . . . “While we are giving out the space medals, it is only fair to say that 

without the vision and tenacity of Lyndon Johnson, the first man on 

the moon could not be an American. 

“TO have man’s most dramatic and significant adventure become the 

achievement of a slave state instead of a free society would be 

intolerable.” (Eaker, CNS, Sun Diego Union, 3/14/65) 

Soviet scientists announced development of compact, light-weight nuclear 

power system, similar to U.S. Snap program, to meet relatively low 

(Economist, 3/13/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 123 

power requirements of up to several hundred watts by using heat from 

decay of radioisotopes as energy source for generation of electricity. Tass described system as a power-generating package weighing 150 kg. (330 lbs.) with a capacity of up to 200 watts and a lifetime 

of 10 yrs. Known as Beta, the installation was designed to ensure 

continuous operation of automatic weather stations in remote areas. 

(NYT, 3/15/65, 5) 

March 14: U.S.S.R. reported that number of Soviet science teachers and 

scientific researchers had doubled between 1958 and 1963. At the end 

of 1963, 565,958 workers were engaged in scientific research and 

teaching, compared to 284,036 at end of 1958. Most of this increase 

was in persons having only basic undergraduate scientific and technical training, with women increasing more rapidly than men. Engineering sciences accounted for more than half the total of all Soviet 

scientific workers; physicians and mathematicians comprised second largest group; persons in medicine and pharmacy, the third. 

(Schwartz, NYT, 3/14/65, 18) 

March 15: U.S.S.R. launched into orbit three earth satellites-COSMOS LXI, 

COSMOS LXII, and COSMOS LxIII-with a single booster rocket. Tass 

said three satellites were orbiting in close initial orbits: apogee, 1,837 

km. (1,141 mi.) ; perigee, 273 km. (170 mi.) ; period, 106 min.; inclination, 56”. It was reported that the scientific apparatus onboard 

was functioning normally. (Krasnaya Zcezda, 3/17/65, 1, ATSS-T 

Trans.) 

The S-IB-1, Chrysler-built first stage of NASA’s Saturn IB, arrived at 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center from Michoud Operations in New 

Orleans for static-firing tests. The stage was 21 ft. in diameter, 80 ft. 

in length, and weighed 90,000 lbs. For Saturn IB program, its eight 

engines had been uplaied io 2OO,OOC !bs. thrust eich 1154 weight had 

been reduced by some 16,000 Ibs. It would be returned to Michoud 

Operations in about six weeks for post-firing checks. Saturn IB vehicles would be used for earth-orbital missions of Apollo spacecraft. 

( MSFC Release 65-60) 

NASA and DOD had approved first phase of a General Dynamics proposal 

for 307c-uprated Atlas SLV x3 booster. This phase covered only reliability improvement by introduction of new components. Order to 

proceed on actual uprating was expected this month. (M&R, 3/15/65, 

7) The House Committee on Science and Astronautics reviewed the master 

planning standards of ten major N4SA centers and concluded that, considering the permanence of the space program, “. . . the installations 

and facilities required by ~LASA to implement the program should be 

planned . . . on a long-range basis. in recognition of permanency.” In addition, they suggested that NASA: (1) develop “consistency 

of planning policy,” (2) invest in master plans to prevent situations 

similar to “confused and congested layouts of Lewis and Wallops,” 

(3) invest in facility planning, and (4) avoid procrastination and 

expediency. The Committee concluded that ‘‘NASA has achieved substantial success in master planning at many of its installations . . .” 

but that attempts should be made to succeed at all NASA 

installations. (House Report No. 167, 3/15/65) 
124 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

March 15: A Benedictine nun, Sister M. Margaret Bealmear, said she had 

declined an invitation to apply for astronaut training and that she assumed the letter from NASA Manned Spacecraft Center had been a 

mistake. Sister Bealmear, a candidate for a doctorate in biology from 

the Univ. of Notre Dame, said she had received the invitation in December 1964. Invitations had been extended by P~ASA to select names 

appearing on a list provided by the National Academy of Sciences. 

(AP, NYT, 3/16/65, 5; MSC Historian) 

Dr. John T. F. Kuo, associate professor at Columbia Univ. Henry Krumb 

School of Mines, was studying the earth’s gravity from each of the 

Empire State Building’s 102 floors. Kuo was using a gravimeter sensitive to weight differences of one-billionth of a pound to measure 

gravitational acceleration on each floor. He felt that extrapolations 

from his figures might help in the “design of instrument measuring the 

gravitational acceleration on space vehicles as they hurtle through the 

universe.” (NYT, 3/15/65, 29) 

Dr. Thomas F. Bates, professor of mineralogy and director of the 

Science and Engineering Institute at Pennsylvania State Univ., had 

been named science advisor to Interior Secretary Stewart L. Udall, it 

was announced. He i+ould succeed Dr. John C. Calhoun, Jr., who was 

returning to his post at Texas ABM. 

Despite boasts of increased Government volume by Westinghouse Electric Corp. and Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., most major companies 

complained of decline in defense, Government, and aerospace 

contracts. The Electronic Industries Association offered solutions to 

the problem: (1 1 look for new fields and products, (2) work harder to 

find Government contracts, or I 3 1 continue complaining. ( Smith, 

NYT, 3/15/65) 

“Project Stormy Spring.” a meteorological study by the Air Force Cambridge Research,Laboratories to develop more precise forecasting techniques for specific local areas, began. AFCRL scientists would investigate 

mesoscale structures and weather system dynamics in New England. 

particularly within a mesoscale. A varying distance measure, a mesoscale in New England in March Mas an area about 100 mi. sq. Major 

storm sy stems would be observed and analyzed for continuous periods 

of 24 to 36 hrs. each. A weather satellite, U-2, and C-130 aircraft 

tzould provide cloud photographs. The U-2 Mould also measure ozone 

distributions, temperature, wind, and radiometric data; the C-130 

would contribute cloud phj sics. temperature, and wind data. Permanent and mobile radiosonde sites 60 mi. apart would comprise one 

aspect of the data-gathering netnork; special surface linkage of 25 sites 

spaced 20 mi. apart would gather w ind, temperature, pressure, humidity. and precipitation data. The study would continue through April 

30. 

Aviation Week reported theory of many U.S. officials that COShTOS LVII, 

launched by U.S.S.R. on Feb. 22, 1965, had strayed from its programed flight path and been deliberately destroyed the day after it was 

launched. The alleged reason was to prevent COSMOS LVII from falling into foreip hands. US. officials were said to have assumed that 

COSMOS LVII was a trial run for VOSKHOD 11 flight because of similar 

orbits: VOSKHOD 11 had 30U mi. (496.7 km.) apogee, 10s mi. (174.4 

( UPI, NYT, 3/16/65, 4) 

(WAF OAR Release 3-65-5 1 
ASTKON:iUTICS A90 .AERON.4UTICS, 1965 125 

km. 1 perimee. 65” inclination: COSZIOS LVII had 317 mi. (511.3 km.) 

apogee. I& mi. I 1‘72.6 km.) perigee, and 65” inclination. 

According to \ 4~4 Goddaid Space Flight Center’s Satellite Situation 

Report, 51 pieces of COS\IOS L\II i1ere in orbit Feb. 28. 1965; 39 pieces 

on hlaich 15. 196.5. The Report also listed COS~ios L, launched by 

U.S.S.R. October 2U. 1964. in ZI pieces. (GFSC SSR. 3/15/65, 33, 37; 

Av. Wk., 4 ’12 63, 34 I 

Varch 15: B. F. Goodiich Corp. had been selected by Hamilton Standard to 

replace International Latex Corp. as subcontractor for garment portion 

of the Apollo spacesuit. Change follon ed problems with certain portions of garment. ( 1.1&12. 3 15 65. ‘TI 

Astronaut R. Walter Cunningham suffered a simple compression fracture 

of a neck teitebra during exercise unrelated to astronaut 

training. Cunningham 11 ould be grounded during the three months 

he ~ould ear a neck biace but ~ould continue other phases of astronaut training. 

Opening the annual meeting of the \ational Research Council, Harvey 

Brooks. professor cf applied physics at Harvard Univ., discussed recent 

trends in Federal support of reseaich and development. Of the $14.5 

billion RBD budget for FY 1966. he observed, nearly half was for space 

activities-expended principa!ly through DOD and NASA. Scientific 

satellite programs accounted for 36‘;: of all basic research expenditures. 

He noted the stead) trend toward gieater diversity in sources of Federal 

support for academic research. One indication is the fact that in 1954 

DOD accounted for 70% of academic research but in EY 1966 for only 

2‘T5$. 

Theory held by Soviet astrophysicists Vitaly Ginzburg and Leonid Ozernoi that intergalactic space is hot Itas reported hy Tass. Scientists 

generaiiy beiieved the h~drogeri gdS 111 iiiierg&idc space to be cold 

I -273°C I. Ginzburg and Ozernoi considered it “incomprehensible” 

that the gas could be cold yet neutral-no emissions in the 21-cm. 

M avelensth had been detected from the intergalactic hydrogen. They 

theorized that the gas ~as heated by galactic explosions and likewise 

ionized by them. making impossible any 21-cm.-wavelength emissions. 

(Tass, 3 ’15165 I 

Lance battlefield missile Mas successfully test fired at the White Sands 

Missile Range. Built for the Army by Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., the 

Lance was said to combine guided missile accuracy and range with the 

Ion cost and high reliability potential of a free rocket. It would complement division artillery and expand the capability for nuclear and 

non-nuclear fire. 

March 16: Dr. Homer E. Neuell. NASA Associate Administrator for Space 

Science and Applications, told the House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications that 

NASA had an obligation to make information gained from space exploration available to the public. He continued: “To help achieve this, 

a National Space Science Data Center was established at GSFC in April 

1964. . . . “The Data Center is responsible for the collection, organization, indexing, storage, retrieval. and dissemination of all scientific data resulting from experiments in space and the upper atmosphere. Since 

( 4~. Wash. Eve. Star. 3/17/65) 

( h 4s-RRC Neius Report, 3/65. 1 ) 

.. 

IAP, NYT, 3’1E165, 57) 
126 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

its establishment the Data Center has begun: (1) to maintain a continuing inventory of data from sounding rockets and spacecraft; (2) 

to acquire data generated by spacecraft previously launched; (3) to 

collect selected ground correlative data; and (4) to produce the announcement publications which support its functions. 

“In anticipation of the need for this facility, NASA has established a 

line item in the Physics and Astronomy budget, Data Analysis, of 

three million dollars in FY 1966. Of this, 600 thousand dollars is for 

the operation of the Data Center and 2.4 million dollars is for analysis 

of data from a flight experiment under the flight project. After the 

initial results have been published by the Principal Investigator and 

the data are placed in the data center, the additional analyses of these 

data will be funded from Data Analysis funds on the basis of proposals from competent scientists throughout the Nation . . . This approach 

is expected to . . . encourage them to use all of the available information in their theoretical research.” 

Dr. Newel1 discussed NASA’s orbiting observatory program : “The 

primary reason for . . . solar studies is to meet the overall NASA objective to expand human knowledge of space phenomena. . . . “OSO-c [Orbiting Solar Observatory-C] is the next spacecraft to be 

launched and it is undergoing final testing at this time. On 30 May a 

solar eclipse of unusually long duration will occur. Every effort is 

being made to launch OSO-c prior to this event so that two OSO’S, 

with complementary payloads, can be operating and transmitting 

unique data on the solar radiation at the time of the eclipse.” 

He said that the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (Ogo) program 

would make a major contribution to our understanding of earth-sunenvironment relationships and that although OGO I had not functioned 

as planned “it has proven that the basic spacecraft design is adequate 

and that large numbers of experiments can be integrated and operated 

from a single satellite. Furthermore, should OGO I continue to transmit data for a reasonable period, it is expected that the results will 

contribute substantially to studies of the Earth-Sun relationships. 

“Investigation of the OGO I failure indicated there was no common 

cause for failure, but as a result of the investigation, design modifications and additional tests are planned for future OGO spacecraft. The 

modifications include: (1) relocation of the horizon scanner and certain boom appendages to assure a clear field of view for the horizon 

scanners; (2) the use of a new type development spring and the addition of separate appendage ‘kick-off springs; and (3) the relocation of 

the omnidirectional antenna.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 

March 16: The communications blackout problem was discussed by Dr. 

Hermann H. Kurzweg, NASA Director of Research, Office of Advanced 

Research and Technology, in testimony before the House Committee 

on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Advanced Research 

and Technology: ‘‘One of the phenomena that occurs in gases at high 

temperatures is ionization, that is, electrons are torn away by the highspeed collisions of the gas atoms and molecules. . . . The free electrons, produced by the high temperatures in the shock layer around a 

reentry vehicle, interfere with and block the propagation of radio 

signals. . . . This effect produces the communications-blackout 

461-580) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 127 

problem. To understand what is going on and to eliminate, or at least 

minimize this communication difficulty, one must be able to calculate 

the distribution of free electrons about the body in order to predict 

when the plasma sheath will become opaque for certain radio 

frequencies. This calculation cannot be made until the flow field 

(temperature, density, pressure and velocity) about the body is 

known. A significant part of the fluid physics program is concerned 

with the investigations of flow fields. The results of these studies also 

give us better information on the heat transfer to reentry bodies. 

“AS a possible remedy for the communications blackout, we are 

studying the characteristics of various gases, called electrophylic gases, 

which have the unique property of capturing free electrons. Such a 

gas, which effectively reduces the electron concentration when injected 

into the flow, might solve the problem. . . . This work is tied closely 

with the work on radio attenuation going on at the Langley Research 

Center and the technique is being adapted to test a variety of fluids 

suggested by the work at Langley.” (Testimony; 1966 NASA A&. 

Hearings, 447-62 ) 

March 16: First observance of Robert H. Goddard Day. On the floor of 

the Senate, Sen. Stuart Symington (D-Mo.) spoke of Dr. Goddard’s 

achievements as summarized by G. Edward Pendray in Technology and 

Culture (Fall 1963 ) : 

“Dr. Goddard- 

“Was the first to develop a rocket motor using liquid propellants 

“Was first to design, construct, and launch successfully a liquid-fuel 

“First developed a gyrostabilization apparatus for rockets in 1932. 

r IIS~ used deflector -,-aim i: the b!ist of B mcket motor as a means 

of stabilizing and guiding rockets, also in 1932. 

“Obtained the first US. patent on the idea of multistage rockets, in 

1914. 

“First explored mathematically the practicality of using rocket 

power to reach high altitude and escape velocity, in 1912. 

“Was first to publish in the United States a basic mathematical 

theory underlying rocket propulsion and rocket flight, in 1919. 

“First proved experimentally that a rocket would provide thrust in a 

vacuum, in 1915. 

“Developed and demonstrated the basic idea of the bazooka near the 

end of World War I, although his plans lay unused until finally put to 

use in World War 11. 

“First developed self-cooling rocket motors, variable thrust rocket 

motors, practical rocket landing devices, pumps suitable for liquid 

rocket fuels. 

(CR, 3/16/65, 

5051-52) 

In commemoration of Goddard Day, Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy 

Administrator and other Washington officials telephoned greetings via 

RELAY II to Dr. Goddard’s widow in Worctster, Mass. The call had 

been arranged by Vice President Humphrey, Chairman of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council. Other events commemorating Goddard Day: At NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, a film on Dr. God- 

(liquid oxygen and gasoline) during the years 1920-25. 

rocket-the event we mark today. 

“P. 

“Forecast jet-driven airplanes, and travel in space.” 
12:: ASTKONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

dard’s life and work was premiered; at NASA Manned Space Flight 

Center, Astronaut Scott Carpenter spoke to several hundred science 

students about Dr. Goddard and rocketry; at NAS,~ Marshall Space 

Flight Center. special recognition was shown, and at Smithsonian Air 

and Space Museum an original Goddard rocket was displayed. (NASA 

Release 65-87 ) 

March 16: At the dedication of a new laboratory at Worcester Polytechnic 

lnstitute in memory of rocketry pioneer Dr. Robert H. Goddard, AFSC 

Commander General Bernard A. Schriever said that Dr. Goddard’s 

writings still provided suidance to 1963 rocket men. General Schriever 

said the nation had made significant strides since Goddard conducted 

his first successful rocket launch 39 years ago. “His booster and its 

payload reached an altitude of 41 feet and traveled 184 feet before it 

impacted after a flight lasting about 214 seconds. By contrast, the 

first two-man Gemini orbital space shot scheduled for later this month 

will reach several hundred miles into space for three orbits. . . . “The Air Force Titan 11 booster and the Gemini capsule stand almost 110 feet-over twice the altitude achieved by Dr. Goddard’s historic rocket.” 

Mrs. Esther G. Goddard. Dr. Goddard’s widow, attended the 

ceremonies. 

A low-temperature, primary. non-rechargeable battery had been successfully tested over a range from -100” C to 68” C. NASA Lewis Research 

Center engineers reported. Designed by the Livingston Electronic Co.. 

the battery delivered constant power and, when fully developed, could 

be used on Mars where the nighttime temperatures were -100” C and 

the average daytime temperature -30” C. 

North American and European television broadcasters met at ComSatCorp headquarters in Washington, D.C., and announced outline of inaugural broadcast between the two continents to demonstrate possibilities of Early Bird communications satellite for television use. Plans 

called for major part of telecast to be live transmissions of events in 

various countries. It would include live broadcasts from participating 

ground stations in Europe and North America, a short documentary 

history of past events carried on satellite television, and a brief explanation of how Early Bird worked and what it would mean to communications in the future. 

Sen. Ralph Yarborough (D-Tex.) said on the floor of the Senate that 

results of Government-sponsored research should be “freely available 

to the American public” and that he “viewed with . . . skepticism any 

proposal to create a private monopoly” over this information. (CR, 

3/16/65,5051) 

A NASA-sponsored, 34-day spacecraft atmosphere test began as six Navy 

and Marine Corps fliers entered a space capsule at the Naval Air Engineering Center’s Bioastronautics Test Facility in Philadelphia. The 

fliers would wear a full pressure space suit during three weeks of the 

period, eat a dehydrated menu, and breathe 100% oxygen while exposed to a simulated altitude of 27,000 ft. Investigators would conduct periodic tests to determine the overall effects, physiological and 

psychological, upon each of the men. 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 3/17 ’65 ) 

(LRC Release 65-20) 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 3/17/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 129 

March 16: Dr. Robert Gilruth, Director of NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, 

told a press conference that “there is a question whether astronauts can 

stand long confinement, let alone weightlessness.” Dr. Gilruth was in 

Los Rngeles to accept the 1964 Spirit of St. Louis Medal from the ASME 

at the Aviation and Space Conference. (Miles, L. A. Times, 3/17/65; 

NAA S&ID Skyiuriter, 3/19/65, 1) 

Abraham Hyatt, a former NASA Director of Plans and Program Evaluation, delivered the 9th Minta Martin lecture at the Conference on Aerospace Engineering at the Univ. of Maryland. He said that while much 

had been learned about the space environment since 1958, we still had 

only meager knowledge of the processes that operated on the sun; the 

sun-earth relationship; the sources of energy of the observed physical 

phenomena in space; the planets; and of many other properties of 

space. For a better understanding of the origin and space environment of the solar system, the origin and characteristics of the universe, 

or the possibility of life on other planets, measurements and experiments in space would be necessary for a long time to come, he said. 

(Program Notes) 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center at 

Huntsville, Ala., received an honorary doctorate of laws from Iona 

College. (NYT, 3/17/65,38) 

Dr. Athelstan Spilhaus, dean of Minnesota Univ.’s Institute of Technology and past chairman of the National Academy of Sciences, urged the 

Senate Commerce Committee to establish sea-grant colleges that could 

exploit ocean resources. He said that land-grant colleges had done a 

magnificent job in furthering agriculture and the mechanical arts and 

that sea-grant colleges could do the same in the field of 

oceanography. Dr. Spilhaus also spoke in support of a bill to provide L.. I”. expznded research ir? the CICPEEQ and Great T.akes by creation of a 

national oceanography council. 

Yevgeny Artemyev, vice chairman of the Soviet Union’s State Committee 

of Inventions, announced Moscow’s intention to ratify the 82-yr.-old 

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. The 

agreement required that each member state grant the citizens of other 

member countries in the matter of patents, trademarks, and other industrial property rights the same treatment it accorded its own 

nationals. The Soviet Union would be the 68th country to adhere to 

the convention. (NYT, 3/17/65) 

March 17: MARINER IV’S ion chamber experiment failed completely, Jet 

Propulsion Laboratory officials reported. Count-rate of the GeigerMueller tube portion of the experiment had become abnormal in 

February. The experiment had been designed to measure proton and 

electron radiation. Otherwise the spacecraft was operating normally; 

all other high-energy radiation detectors aboard were continuing their 

interplanetary measurements. In its 110th day of flight, MARINER IV 

was traveling 27,743 mph relative to earth and was 35,000,004. mi. 

from earth. It had traveled more than 178,000,000 mi. (NASA Release 65-90) 

First Saturn IB booster, the S-IB-1, was placed into a static test stand at 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center for scheduled static firings. Built 

by Chrysler Corp., the 1.6 million-lb.-thrust, 90,000-lb. booster contained eight engines, was 21 ft. in dia. and 80 ft. long. The stage 

( AP, NYT. 3/17/65, 52) 
130 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

would be shipped to NASA Michoud Operations for post-firing 

checks. (Marshall Star, 3/17/65, 1,2) 

March 17: Discussing the need for sustaining engineering funds for Centaur starting in FY 1966, NASA Associate Administrator for Space 

Science and Applications Dr. Homer E. Newell testified before the 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics, Subcommittee on Space 

Sciences and Applications: “A preliminary study and design phase is 

being initiated by NASA this Fiscal Year [for adaptation of the Centaur 

to the Saturn IB]. The primary mission for this vehicle is the 

Voyager. Initial studies indicate this vehicle is capable of launching 

a payload to Mars in excess of 8000 pounds during all of the opportunities in the 1970’s. Generally, the modifications necessary to create 

this stage combination are not particularly difficult. They do represent a large engineering effort, but there is nothing apparent at this 

time which indicates that new technologies will be required. The Centaur will be mounted, along with the Voyager, inside a fairing the size 

of the Saturn (260-inch diameter). By constructing this size fairing 

the technical problems associated with adaptation of the Centaur to this 

new booster are significantly reduced and the diameter required for all 

of the Voyager missions is obtained.” 

Dr. Newell described NASA’s sustaining university program as an 

effort “to broaden the national research base in areas of importance to 

the national space effort and increase our capability to replenish continually the reservoir of basic knowledge. . . . “In response to the continuing manpower requirements, NASA conducts a predoctoral training program, under which grants are made to 

universities to select and train outstanding students in space-related 

fields. Specialized training for selected students offers them identification with the national space effort, and involves them directly in the 

new programs of the space age. . . . “At the present time, about 1,957 students are in training at 131 

institutions. The disciplines represented by these 1,957 students are 

distributed as follows: physical sciences, 51 percent; engineering, 37 

percent; life sciences, S percent; behavioral sciences, 4 percent . . . In 

September 1965, about 1,275 new students will begin their three years 

of study and research as NASA predoctoral trainees. At that time, 142 

institutions, located in every state in the union, will be participating. 

With the proposed budget of $25 million for fiscal year 1966, about 

1,300 new students would enter the program. Consequently, the NASA 

goal of an output of 1,000 Ph.D.’s per year will not be reached before 

fiscal year 1968 or fiscal year 1969 . . . Of the students participating 

to date, 40 trainees have received their Ph.D. degrees. . . .” (Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 634-35) 

Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and John W. Young gave the official name 

“Gemini 3” and the nickname “Molly Brown” to the spacecraft they 

would ride into orbit Mar. 23. (MSC Historian; AP, Miami Her., 

3/17/65) 

First six ships of a 20-vessel fleet that would participate in recovery 

of the Gemini GT-3 spacecraft following the two-man orbital flight 

scheduled for Mar. 23 left Cape Kennedy. Ships would be positioned 

from the mid-Atlantic to the Canary Islands. (Wash. Post, 3/17/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 131 

March 17: A strike was under way at the $256-million Mississippi Test Operations under construction in Gainesville, NASA announced. The dispute apparently concerned NASA’s contracting policies. ( AP, St. Louis 

Post-Dispatch, 3/18/65) 

DOD attracted more than 1,000 industrial representatives to its “regional 

unclassified briefing” in New York. It outlined the nation’s military 

needs for the next decade and offered guidance in planning defense 

contracts. This was one of five meetings DOD had called throughout 

the country to provide industry, business, and labor with an idea of 

the military research, development, and production requirements. 

(Wilcke, NYT, 3/17/65, 65) 

FAA granted an air worthiness certificate for an automatic landing system 

developed jointly by the Boeing Co. and the Bendix Corp. It was the 

first system in the world to be so certified by FAA for operation in the 

US. and would enable users to apply to FAA for “Category 11’’ certification under which a pilot could land with only 100 ft. downward visibility and 1,300 ft., or a quarter mile, forward visibility. Most airliners 

must land under “Category I” conditions under which the pilot must be 

able to see the last 200 ft. to the ground and must have at least a half 

mile forward visibility before he could land. First Boeing 707 or 720 

jetliners equipped to land by computer would be available about Jan. 

1966. (Appel, NYT, 3/18/65, 1, 14) 

FAA Administrator Najeeb E. Halaby announced that four Government 

agencies had joined forces to establish a national data bank for interagency exchange of information on civil manpower resources. The 

agencies were Dept. of Labor, Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Civil Aeronautics Board, and Federal Aviation Agency. Halaby 

said availability of such a bank would make it possible to obtain more 

information on status of aviiiiion ir;anp~;:.er than FAA maintained. 

(FAA Release 65-20 ) 

Speaking on safety in the Space Age, John L. Sloop, NASA Assistant 

Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, told 

the 22nd Annual Greater Akron Safety Conference that “for the past 

ten years, the NACA and NASA have had a frequency rate (injuries per 

million man hours work) ranging from 3.2 to 2.1. The national industrial frequency average, I am told, is 6.12 for 1963 and the average 

for all of Federal government is 7.9.” 

Dr. Robert H. Goddard was posthumously awarded the Daniel Guggenheim Medal by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Mrs. 

Goddard accepted the medal. 

Brig. Gen. Charles A. Lindbergh (USAFR) was elected to the Board of 

Pan American World Airways. During his 36-year association with 

the airline, he had helped develop several aircraft from the Fokker and 

Sikorsky to the Boeing and Douglas jets. Recently he had worked on 

the supersonic transport and the fanjet Falcon. He was also a 

member of the NACA from 1931 to 1939. 

March 18: U.S.S.R.’s VOSKHOD 11, manned by pilot Col. Pave1 Belyayev 

and co-pilot Lt. Col. Aleksey Leonov, was launched from Baikonur 

Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, Tass reported. The spacecraft set an a]- 

titude record, reaching an apogee of 495 km. (309 mi.)-higher than 

any manned spacecraft had flown. Other orbital data: perigee, 173 

km. (108 mi.) ; inclination, 65”; period, 91 min. 

(Text) 

(Av. Wk., 3/22/65,13) 

(NYT, 3/18/65,47) 
132 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

During the second orbit. Lt. Col. Leonov, clad in a spacesuit with 

“autonomous life support sj stem.” stepped into space, moved about 

five meters from the spacecraft (tethered by a cable), and successfully 

carried out prescribed studies and observations : he examined the outer 

surface of the spacecraft; turned on a film camera; carried out visual 

observations of the earth and outer space : took horizontal, vertical, 

and somersaulting positions; and returned safely to the spacecraft. 

Tass said: “Outside the ship and after returning, Leonov feels well.” 

He spent about 20 min. in conditions of outer space, including 10 min. 

free-floating in space. Entire procedure 1% as carried out under control 

of Col. Belyayev, M ith M hom continuous communication was maintained. A television camera fixed to the side of VOSKHOD 11 relayed 

pictures of the maneuver to Soviet ground stations. 

Biotelemetric data indicated that both cosmonauts had satisfactorily 

M ithstood the orbiting and the transition to ueightlessness: the pulse 

rate of Belyayev and Leonov itas 70-72 beats a minute and the respiration rate 1E-20 a minute. All spacecraft systems were functioning 

normall). Tass said VOSKHOD II ijould complete at least 13 orbits of 

the earth. (Tass, AP, NYT, 3/19/65; Kornsomolskaya Pravda, 3/19/ 

65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.; Haseltine. Wctsh. Post, 3 ’19/65) 

March 18: Atlas launch vehicle sustainer engine system had been successfully fired for the first time using flox, a combination of liquid fluorine 

and liquid oxjgen. as the oxidizer. This was the first time a complete 

engine sjstem had been fired using this high-energy oxidizer. Approximately 20 firings M ould be conducted in the series using the 

standard concentration of 30% liquid fluorine to 70% liquid 

oxygen. Conditions involving thrust level, oxidant fuel ratio, and 

other engine variables u ould be run to establish engine performance 

limitations. The tests were being conducted under LRC contract, by 

North American Aviation’s Rocketdyne Div., Canoga Park, Calif. 

( LRC Release 65-21 I 

NASA launched a Nike-Apache sounding rocket with a 63-lb. payload 

from Wallops Station, Va., tu peak altitude of 98 mi. The experiment 

was conducted for the Graduate Research Center of the Southwest, 

Dallas, Tex., and M~S designed to measure ion composition and neutral 

composition of the upper atmosphere as functions of altitude. Impact 

occurred 89 mi. downrange in Atlantic Ocean; no recovery was 

attempted. (Wallops Release 65-14) 

NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket was successfully launched from White 

Sands, N. Mex., to a peak altitude of 154.5 km. (96 mi.). The primary experimental objective was to obtain ultraviolet spectra of Mars 

and Orion by the use of four spectrographs. GSFC provided the payload instrumentation. 

USAF launched Thor-Altair booster from Western Test Range with unidentified satellite payload. 

NASA bioscience programs were discussed in testimony before the House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics’ Subcommittee on Space Sciences and Applications by NASA Associate Administrator Dr. Homer E. 

Newell: “Results recently submitted by the U.S. and U.S.S.R. from 

flights up to five days in length indicate that long term space flight may 

( NASA Rpt. SRL) 

(U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 136) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 133 

have several important and serious physiological and behavior effects 

upon the performance and well being of man that need to be investigated further. There were changes in the circulation system, in the 

biochemical characteristics of the blood and urine, and in the electroencephalogram indices, all pointing to a need for more detailed investigations. The results from the Biosatellite studies will have broad 

application to long term, manned space flight, including manned space 

stations and lunar and planetary bases. 

“Prolonged manned flights may involve changes similar to those 

observed after 10 days of strict bed rest on the ground. These are 

moderate losses of bone minerals such as calcium. particularly in the 

vertebrae; loss of muscle tone and physical capability; certain cardiovascular changes; and metabolism in general. The effect of continued 

sensory deprivation on behavior and performance is unknown. 

“Biosatellite experiments are of both scientific and practical importance and extremely profitable to investigate. We do not presently 

have sound theoretical bases for making precise quantitative (and in 

some cases qualitative) predictions of what we expect to happen. It 

is, therefore, important to carry out Biosatellite studies of suitable 

duration to critically demonstrate and test the effects of weightlessness 

on living organisms.” 

Outlining approaches to the search for extra-terrestrial life in NASA’s 

bioscience programs, Dr. Newel1 testified: “(a) An attempt is being 

made to synthesize models of primitive single-celled organisms in the 

laboratory. . . . “(b) The physical environments of the planets are being studied 

and characterized by instruments from the Earth, from high altitude 

balloons and from planetary fly-bys. . . . “(c) Living Earth organisms are being grown under simulated 

planetary environmental conditions. . . . “(d) Plans are being made for both unmanned and manned direct 

exploration of planets. . . .” (Testimony; 1966 NASA Auth. Hearings, 806-41 ) 

March 18: NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Hugh L. Dryden told the annual 

meeting of the American Astronautical Society in Washington, D.C., 

that NASA planned to select 10 to 20 scientists to begin astronaut flight 

training this summer from over 900 applicants. Dr. Dryden said the 

Mercury astronauts had demonstrated man’s ability as a sensor and 

manipulator, and to some extent as an evaluator, in orbit. “Early 

Gemini and Apollo flights will further examine these capabilities so 

that. in the future, man’s full potential can be exploited.” (AP, NYT, 

3/19/65) 

In an article in the San Diego Evening Tribune deploring the strikes and 

labor unrest at Cape Kennedy and Merritt Island, Victor Riesel said: 

“Well over $100 million had been lost in strikes. 

“NASA officials report 78 walkouts between Dec. 1, 1962, and Feb. 

15. 1965. This means 

there has been an average of more than five vital strikes a month. At 

least 35 of them have been illegal and have cost 49,596 man 

days.” 

Tokyo Univ. Aeronautical Institute announced successful firing of a 

three-stage Lambda research rocket from Uchinoura in southern 

Total work loss has been 63,784 man days. 

(Riesel, San Diego Eve. Trih., 3/18/65) 
134 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Japan. The rocket reached an altitude of 680 mi. and landed in the 

Pacific northwest of the Marianas. 

March 18: Among the aerospace pioneers selected for San Diego’s new International Aerospace Hall of Fame were Scott Crossfield, Charles A. 

Lindbergh, Gen. James H. Doolittle, Astronauts John Glenn and Alan 

Shepard, Dr. Wernher von Braun, Orville and Wilbur Wright, Robert 

H. Goddard, Jacqueline Cochran, and Amelia Earhart. Representatives of 227 organizations from throughout the world were on the 

nominating committee. Oil paintings of the honorees were unveiled 

at a dinner given in conjunction with San Diego’s Space Fair 65 observance. 

Catholic Univ. was the first school in the Nation to offer undergraduate 

study in space science, said Dr. C. C. Chang, head of the Dept. of 

Space Science and Applied Physics established two years ago. In addition to space science, the department offered specialization in aerospace engineering, applied physics, and fluid mechanics and heat 

transfer. 

Soviet VOSKHOD 11 Cosmonauts Pave1 Relyayev and Aleksey Leonov 

talked with Cuban Defense Minister Raul Castro, who was in Moscow, 

and told him they had seen his island from space, Tass reported. “It 

was very beautiful, and her green colors were lovely,” they said. (AP, 

3/ 12/65 ) 

Rep. J. Edward Roush (D-Ind.), speaking on the floor of the House, 

compared the states in distribution of Federal research and development funds per scientist employed: “Of the seven states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin only Illinois 

exceeds the national average of approximately $25,000 in research and 

development funds per scientist employed in educational institutions in 

this area. Even then this one state exceeds the average distribution 

by only $4,600. The shares of other states range from a high of 

$15.000 per scientist in Michigan down to only $9,000 in my own state 

of Indiana. In between these we find Minnesota, $13,000; Ohio, 

$11,000; and Wisconsin, $10,900. 

“Leading the national list is New Mexico with $163,000 per scientist 

followed by Nevada with $109.000 and California with $63,000 per 

scientist. At the very bottom of the list is Maine with only $4,000 per 

scientist. 

“. . . this matter of the uneven geographic distribution of Federal 

research and development funds is involving our national interest.” 

(CR, 3/18/65, 5186) 

A spacesuit that would enable man to leave his spacecraft was 

discussed by Soviet doctor Vladimir Krichagin in a commentary for 

Tass written before the VOSKHOD 11 flight: “It is in fact a miniature 

hermetic cabin which consists of a metal helmet with a transparent 

visor, a multi-layer hermetic suit, gloves, and specially designed 

footwear. The spacesuit has its own power circuitry feeding communications, and a system of pickups of physiological 

functions . . . It is impossible to create atmospheric pressure within 

the suit because it would then inflate as a football . . . and the man 

would turn into a statue unable to bend his legs and arms . . . the air 

pressure inside the spacesuit should be at least 0.4 atmospheres . . . It was established that prolonged (over one hour) respi- 

(Reuters, NYT, 3/19/65) 

( NAA S&ID Skywriter, 3/19/65, 1) 

(Hoffman, Wash. Post, 3/ 18/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 135 

ration in pure oxygen literally washes nitrogen out of the tissues of the 

body and then the pressure can be safely reduced. It was . . . possible to free a man in the spacesuit from . . . the immoblizing effect 

of an ‘inflated football’. . . . “There must be a steady supply of pure oxygen for the cosmonaut in 

spacesuit . . . his body has to ‘breathe’ and . . . give off up to 300 

kilo-calories [every hour]. 

“. . . the spacesuit has a special airconditioning system throuuh 

which room temperature air is pumped into the spacesuit. This air 

carries away excess heat of the organism and skin-exuded moisture. 

“To protect man in space from . . . heat . . . and cold . . ., the 

spacesuit is covered by- thermal insulation layer and coated with a light 

color that deflects heat rays . . . In these spacesuits of the ventilation 

ty!; . . . used air is injected into the environment. 

[In] spacesuits of the . . . regenerating type . . . the available 

air and hydrogen supply circulates from the spacesuit to a generating 

device and back. This device on the suit’s surface removes carbon 

dioxide and excess moisture from the ‘spent’ air . . . replenishes oxygen supply and cools off gases to a preset temperature. 

“This spacesuit may be used for prolonged work in space and for 

landing on the lunar surface.” ( UPI, Rosenfeld, Wash. Post, 3/19/65, 

1,2; Tanner, NYT, 3/20/65: 1, 3) 

March 18: Soviet Cosmonaut Col. Pave1 Popovich, who orbited the earth 

48 times in August 1962, said during a televised news conference in 

Moscow: “In the future, we shall be able to discard the cord connecting the cosmonaut with his craft. A small rocket engine will help the 

man to return to his ship.” 

Vasily Seleznev, Soviet doctor of technology, told the news conferGLlLCI ---- L- ,,L +I.-*--L+ LII””--III +Le L1.b -;g-ifcaxe ill for f5rth.r qace resparch of Leonov’s 

leaving his craft was that “in [the] future cosmonauts will take part in 

assembling spaceships. There may also arise the need for repairing 

the craft and, what is most important, there is the prospect of travel to 

other planets.” Seleznev said the Russians hoped to reach the moon 

in the not too distant future. 

Vice Adm. Hyman G. Rickover (USN) urged Congress to approve the 

construction of a new type of nuclear reactor that he said was vital to 

the welfare of the United States and perhaps the whole world. Adm. 

Rickover said the reactor-which he himself conceived-was called a 

“seed-blanket” reactor, would employ thorium as the major fuel and 

would produce more fuel than it consumed. It would run about nine 

years on one fuel charge. Reactors of this type--costing more than 

$263 million for the initial one-could extend the fuel resources of the 

United States by several hundred years and also produce electricity 

economically, he said. 

Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, 

testified that AEC had signed a memorandum of understanding with the 

state of California for the development and construction of the proposed $263 million prototype, and that whereas present “ligkwatd’ 

reactors tapped only 1 to 2 per cent of the energy available in either 

uranium or thorium, the proposed reactor “will demonstrate technology 

which is expected to provide means for ultimately making available 

for power production about 50 per cent of the potential energy in 

9 

b 

(Rosenfeld, Push. Post, 3/19/65, 1’2) 
136 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

thorium-which represents an energy source many times larger than 

that of the known fossil-fuel [coal and oil] reserves.” Admiral Rickover said the proposed power device would have more than twice the 

electrical-generating capacity of any United States central power station. (AP, NYT, 3/19/65, 12) 

March 18-19: Scientific research papers were presented by high school 

students at regional Youth Science Congress contests conducted by 

National Science Teachers Association in cooperation with NASA. Regional winners would compete at the National Youth Science Congress 

to be held in Washington, D.C., later this year. (LaRC Release; GSFC 

Release G-7-65) 

March 19: After 26 hrs. of flight, Col. Pave1 I. Belyayev landed VOSKHOD 

II manually near Perm, Russia. Tass announced. The two-man spacecraft had completed 17 orbits of the earth, one more orbit than 

planned, and had traveled 447,000 mi. This was the first time landing 

of a Soviet spacecraft had been described as manual. Impact of 

VOSKHOD 11 on the ground, later revealed as snow bank, was described 

as “soft.” 

NASA plan for use of SYNCOM 11 in the communications link between the 

Gemini 3 spacecraft and Cape Kennedy was successfully tested in a 

GT-3 mission simulation. Telemetry signals and voice messages 

would come from the spacecraft to a surface ship, the USNS Coastal 

Sentry, in the Indian Ocean. The Coastal Sentry would transmit the 

signals to the Syncom surface station. USNS Kingsport, which would 

then be a few miles away. From there the signals would be transmitted to SYNCOM 11, 22,300 mi. above the Indian Ocean, down to a 

ground station at Clark AFB in the Philippines, and by cable to a 

Nascom (NASA Communications Network ) station near Honolulu. 

From Honolulu the transmission would go by cable to the US. and then 

by landline to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and on down to Cape 

Kennedy. 

Simultaneously the signals u ould be transmitted from the Coastal 

Sentry via high frequency radio to a Nascom station near Perth, 

Australia. Cable would carry it to the Nascom station at 

Honolulu. There. the better reception of the two transmissions would 

be sent to the Cape. 

NASA launched a scientific payload for the Univ. of Michigan from Wallops Station using a two-stage Nike-Tomahawk. The 122-lb. payload, 

consisting primarily of a thermosphere probe in the form of a 32-in. 

ejectable cylinder. was boosted to a peak altitude of 315 km. (196 

mi.). Purpose of the experiment, a joint project of the Univ. of 

Michigan and Goddard Space Flight Center, was to measure density 

and temperature of electrons and neutral particles at 75-200 mi. altitude and to test a solar aspect sensor. This was the first firing of 

Nike-Tomahawk configuration from Wallops Island. (NASA Rpt. SRL; 

Wallops Release 65-16) 

President Lyndon B. Johnson sent a message of congratulations to 

Australian Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies, on the occasion of the 

dedication of a new NASA lunar and planetary spacecraft tracking station at Tidbinbilla near Canberra, Australia. The station would be 

operated entirely by Australians, as are the two other NASA facilities in 

Australia. (NASA Release 65-89) 

(Tanner, NYT, 3/20/65,1,3; Shabad, NYT, 3/21/65,3) 

( NASA Release 65-93) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 137 

March 19: Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, Chairman of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council, made his first address on the US. 

space program at the Goddard Memorial Dinner sponsored by the 

National Space Club in Washington, D.C. He said: “I intend to be 

an advocate of a dynamic space program-a program which will 

succeed in reaching to goals we have set-and one which will see new 

goals-one that can see beyond the moon and into fields where we can 

only speculate about the knowledge awaiting us.” 

The Vice President spoke briefly about the Soviet Union’s VOSKHOD 

11 flight: “It is well for us from time to time to take stock-to take a 

careful look-in order to see how we are making out in comparison 

with our main competitor. The facts are that we do have very strong 

competition and hence we have another big reason for a major space 

effort-namely, prudence. Our national security alone would suggest 

reason enough for us to strive for absolute leadership in space exploration.” 

Humphrey pointed out that the Soviets remained ahead in propulsion for their rockets, while the US. continued to lead “in the directly 

useful fields of weather reporting, navigation, and communications.” 

He continued: “The Soviets clearly have an advantage in studying the 

effects of space environment on human beings. . . . We can salute 

the Russian achievements . . . but we would be foolish if we did not 

understand the military implications of Soviet space science as well 

as our own. 

But a mature nation should not need shock treatment. We are a peaceful 

nation . . . but we would ignore the real interests of the free world if 

we diminished our military efforts in space.” 

In the principal precentatinn; the widow of the scientist presented 

the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy to Dr. William H. Pickering, 

Director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and leader of the RANGER 

VII team that obtained the first close-up pictures of the moon’s surface. 

The National Space Club Press Award for “an outstanding role in 

adding significantly to public understanding and appreciation of astronautics’’ went to Aviation Week and Space Technology; Nelson P. 

Jackson Aerospace Award for “an outstanding contribution to the missile, aircraft, and space field” was presented to Florida Research and 

Development Center, Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Div. of United Aircraft; Robert H. Goddard Historical Essay Award was made to John 

Tascher, Case Institute of Technology, for U.S. Rocket Society Number 

Two: the Story of the Cleveland Rocket Society; Robert H. Goddard 

Scholarship ($1,500 to the university of the recipient’s choice) for 

“the purpose of stimulating the interest of talented students in space 

research and exploration” was awarded Willard M. Cronyn, a graduate 

student in Maryland Univ.’s Dept. of Physics and Astronomy. (Text; 

Program; Carmody, Wash. Post, 3.’20/65) 

“Present-day Americans are thinking, working, and risking to find ways, 

first to explore, and then to use, the new environment of outer space,” 

said NASA Administrator James E. Webb in an address to the New 

Mexico Chapter of the American Institute of Industrial Engineers in 

“Each Russian shock has produced action here. 
138 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, I965 

Albuquerque. He continued: “. . . the exploration of space has 

brought a new force into the affairs and life of this Nation. Once 

more the American people confront a new environment-harsher, 

more demanding, more inspiring than any man has ever tried to enter 

before. . . . We cannot yet foresee all the consequences of man’s 

entry into space. But the record of history is clear, that the mastery 

by one nation of a new environment, or of a major new technology, 

or the combination of the two as we now see in space, has always in 

the past had the most profound effects on all nations and on all the 

peoples of the earth.” (Text) 

March 19: In an interview with Zzvestia, one of the two directors of the 

Soviet space program, the “chief designer,” whose identity had never 

been revealed, said the VOSKHOD 11 program had called for Lt. Col. 

Leonov to spend “10 minutes outside the cabin” but that he could have 

stayed much longer. He said the weight and space saved by having 

two men aboard VOSKHOD 11 instead of three men. as on VOSKHOD I, 

had been used to install a decompression chamber and related equipment. The designer said Leonov’s spacesuit was equipped with “duplicate systems” to ensure a high degree of reliability and that a bellows 

had been installed to allow bending of the torso, arms, and legs. 

Izvestiu said in another article that Leonov’s spacesuit consisted of 

five layers: a heat reflecting layer outside; material for strength; airtight material; heat insulating material; and an inside layer containing a ventilation system. 

The “chief theoretician,” joint director of the Soviet space program. 

told Izvestiu that Col. Leonov’s venture into space had shown that 

future astronauts might find it easier to work in space than on 

earth. He said that “we shall yet live to see the day when orbiting 

platforms appear in space-resembling scientific research institutes in 

the earth’s upper atmosphere.” The theoretician was also quoted as 

saying that Leonov’s principal assignment had been to determine 

man’s reaction to “~eightlessness in free space.” He told Tass: “We 

obtained in practice what we had visualized theoretically before.” 

(Tanner, NYT, 3’20/65, 1. 3) 

President Johnson sent congratulations on the Mar. 18 VOSKHOD II space 

achievement to Anastas Mikoyan. Chairman of the Praesidium of the 

Soviet Union. The message said: “All of us have been deeply impressed by Lt. Col. Aleksei Leonov’s feat in becoming the first man to 

leave a space ship in outer space and return safely. I take 

pleasure . . . in offering on behalf of the people of the United States 

sincere congratulations and best wishes to the cosmonauts and the 

scientists and all the others responsible for this outstanding accomplishment.” (NYT, 3/20//65, 3 ) 

Pope Paul VI, speaking to the “workers of the world” on St. Joseph’s 

Day, expressed the hope that the “great and marvelous” Soviet space 

achievement M ould “serve to render men better, more united and intent 

to serve ideals of peace and common good.” 

Charles A. Wilson. an expert in management and development of space 

and other advanced systems, had been named Project Manager for 

NASA’s Project Biosatellite at the Ames Research Center. He succeeded Carlton Bioletti, who had retired. (ARC Release 65-9) 

(NYT, 3/20/65, 3) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 19G5 139 

March 19: NASA signed a five-)ear S235million incentive contract with the 

AC Spark Plug Div. of General Motors Corp. for manufacture, testing, 

and delivery of primary navipation and guidance systems for Apollo’s 

three-man command module and the two-man lunar excursion module 

(Lem). The sjstems Here being designed by MIT. (MSC Roundup, 

3/19/65.8) 

March 20: President Johnson. asked during a press conference, “where 

does our space program stand in relation to the Soviets’ in the wake of 

their latest feat?” replied: “The Soviet accomplishment and our own 

scheduled efforts demonstrate, I think dramatically and convincingly, 

the important role that man himself will play in the exploration of the 

space frontier. The continuing efforts of both our program and the 

Russian program will steadily produce capability and new space 

activity. This capability. in my judgment, will help each nation 

achieve broader confidence to do what they consider they ought to do 

in space. 

“I have felt since the days \then I introduced the Space Act and sat 

studying Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 that it was really a mistake to 

regard space exploration as a contest which can be tallied on any box 

score. 

“Judgments can be made only by considering all the objectives of 

the two national programs. and they will vary and they will 

differ. We believe very 

confidently in the United States that we will produce contributions that 

we need at the time we need them. For that reason, I gave Mr. Webb 

and his group every dollar in the Budget that they asked for a manned 

space flight. 

“NOW the progress of our program is very satisfactory to me in 

every iespect. We ale committed to peaceful purposes for the benefit 

oi aii mankind. We stressed that in our hearings and our iegisiation 

when we passed the bill, and while the Soviet is ahead of US in some 

aspects of space. U.S. leadership is clear and decisive and we are 

ahead of them in other realms on which we have particularly 

concentrated.” (Transcript; Wash. Post, 3/21/65) 

NASA Aerobee 300A sounding rocket was successfully launched 

from Wallops Station, Va., to a peak altitude of 326.2 km. (203.6 

mi.). Primary objective was the nighttime measurement of the density and temperature of neutral N, using an omegatron mass spectrometer, and the simultaneous measurement of electron temperature and 

density using a small cylindrical electrostatic probe. A secondary objective was the testing of a lunar optical sensor especially developed 

for thermosphere probe application. Univ. of Michigan provided the 

experiment instrumentation. 

VOSKHOD 11’s two-man crew, Col. Pave1 Belyayev and Lt. Col. Aleksey 

Leonov, rested under medical supervision at an undisclosed place in 

the northern Ural mountains, Tass reported. 

Soviet space flight headquarters at Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan reported that VOSKHOD 11’s antennas had burned away as the 

spacecraft reentered the earth’s atmosphere. The descent had been 

tracked by radar units. 

Lt. Col. Andrian G. Nikolayev, Soviet Cosmonaut, said the order to 

use manual controls in landing VOSKHOD II was given by a Soviet 

Our own program is very broadly based. 

( NASA Rpt. SRL) 
140 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

ground station, Izvestia reported. It was not known whether the manual landing was part of the original program or was made necessary 

by a malfunction of the automatic controls. (Shabad, NYT, 3/21/65, 

3) 

March 20: Soviet Cosmonaut Andrian Nikolayev said in the press that "all 

these operations-the orientation of Voskhod 2 and switching on of the 

braking engine-were performed by my colleague cosmonauts by 

hand, without the help of automation. They performed this task 

brilliantly. They carried out this landing excellently." He did not 

say if they had landed in their target landing area. (Balt. Sun, 

3/20/65 ) 

March 21: NASA's RANGER IX, equipped with six television cameras, was 

successfully launched toward the moon from Cape Kennedy by an 

Atlas-Agena B. After the Agena had carried the 800-lb. RANGER IX 

into 115-mi.-altitude parking orbit with 17,500 mph orbital speed, 

the Agena engines were cut off. Second burn of the Agena lasted 

about 90 sec., increasing the velocity to about 24,525 mph and freeing 

RAXGER IX from the major pull of the earth's gravity. RANGER IX 

then continued on its 21/$-day, 245,000-mi. trip to the moon. About 

70 min. after launch. NASA announced the spacecraft had been commanded to deploy its solar panels that would convert solar energy to 

electrical power for its equipment. 

Projected target was the crater Alphonsus, about 12" south of the 

moon's equator, where gaseous emissions had been reported. On the 

day of impact, Alphonsus would be illuminated by slanting sunlight. 

producing long shadows and bringing out subtle surface features. 

The terminator-dividing line between the dark and sunlit portions 

of the moon-would be only 11" from Alphonsus. 

Five hours after lift-off, NASA announced that RANGER IX'S course 

was so accurate it would hit the moon only 400 mi. north of the crater 

target; an inflight maneuver would be executed later to correct this 

small course error. (NASA Release 65-25; Wash. Post, 3/22/65; Sehlstedt, Balt. Sun, 3/22/65; Sullivan, NYT, 3/22/65; WSJ, 3/22/65) 

Leonid I. Brezhnev, Soviet Communist Party First Secretary, talked by 

telephone to Cosmonauts Pavel Belyayev and Aleksey Leonov and 

promised them a fitting reception when they arrived in Moscow. He 

thanked them for the successful fulfillment of their mission. They 

said they felt well. Congratulations on the VOSKHOD II flight were 

sent to Brezhnev by Mao Tze-tung and other Chinese leaders, Peking 

Radio reported. (Loory, N.Y. Her. Trib., 3/22/65; AP, N.Y. Her. 

Trib., 3/22/65) 

Soviet Cosmonauts Col. Pavel I. Belyayev and Lt. Col. Aleksey Leonov 

appeared in public for the first time since they landed VOSKHOD II in 

the Perm region Mar. 19. They were en route to Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan where they were expected to undergo detailed 

medical checkups and debriefings by scientists and technicians before 

being welcomed in Moscow in Red Square. (Shabad, NYT, 3/22/65, 

123) 

At a news conference reported by Soviet press, Col. Pavel Belyayev and 

Lt. Col. Aleksey Leonov, the two-man crew of the Soviet spacecraft 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 141 

VOSKHOD 11, said they had sighted an artificial satellite during their 

Mar. 18 flight: “We shouted with surprise when we saw it slowly 

rotating about 800 meters [900 yards] from our ship.” Neither the 

satellite nor the orbit in which it was traveling was identified. 

The cosmonauts related the part that each had played. Col. Belyayev had operated the controls of the decompression chamber 

through which his companion left the spacecraft, recorded Leonov’s 

pulse and respiration rate, and oriented the spacecraft so that Leonov 

was always in sunlight during the televised sequence transmitted to 

earth. Col. Leonov said that when he opened the hatch of the air lock 

after decompression, he was “struck by a flow of blindingly bright 

sunlight like an arc of electric welding.” The spacecraft was in its 

second orbit, passing over Kerch Strait. Space had an unexpected 

aspect, he said: “Ahead of me was black sky, very black. The sun 

was not radiant, just a smooth disc without an aureole. Below was 

the smooth-level earth. You could not tell it was a sphere, only by the 

fact that the round edge showed on the horizon.” The acrobatics 

tired Leonov, especially because of the effort required to move. He 

said that although the program required that he carefully wind the 

rope that had tethered him to the craft, he found it “a waste of time” 

and simply pulled it into the hatch. “The commander quickly closed 

the hatch cover and injected pressure into the air lock,” Leonov said. 

Describing the manually controlled landing, Col. Belyayev said the 

controls were switched on in time and all systems had “worked without 

a hitch.” He said the spacecraft landed in the northern Ural mountains between two big spruce trees in snow 5-10 ft. deep. (Shabad, 

NYT, 3/23/65,1,23) 

March 21: Over 500 contractors shared the work in NASA’s $1.35 billion 

Gemini manned space flight project. it %as reported. The biggest 

contractors were aircraft companies. hut ioiiiptiter manufacturers, 

major airlines. telephone companies, and small businesses. manufacturing highly specialized items were included. (Hines. Wash. Sun. 

Star, 3/21/65 ) 

March 22: In NASA FY 1966 authorization hearings before the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, NASA Administrator James 

E. Webb testified: “Among the hard decisions and difficult choices 

which had to be made in the preparation of this hudget was the decision to terminate the programs to develop the &I-1 large liquid hydrogen fueled engine, the large 260-inch solid propellant motor, and the 

SNAP-8 nuclear electric power supply. The reduction in the requests 

for space technology activities amounting to ahout $18 million when 

compared with fiscal year 1965, results mostly from these 

terminations. However, as this Committee knows, there is pending 

before it notification of a plan to reprogram $16.950,000 of 1965 

funds so that these projects can be carried forward into 1966 to appropriate developmental points at which important segments of the engineering data for which the projects were originally planned can be 

obtained for incorporation in our total bank of technological and engineering knowledge.” 

Mr. Webb was questioned by Sen. Walter F. Mondale ( D-Minn.) on 

when the first U.S. extravehicular activity was planned, and he replied: 

“Within the next year. We are not sure on which GEMINI flight we 
142 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

will do it as yet.” Senator Mondale asked: “When do we plan our 

first rendezvous maneuver?” and Mr. Webb replied: “Within the next 

year, maybe the latter part of this year.” (Testimony; NASA Auth. 

Hearings, 623,663) 

March 22: Testifying before the House Committee on Science and Astronautic’s Subcommittee on Space Sciences, NASA Associate Administrator 

Dr. Homer E. Newel1 said that since success of any program was measured by the nature of the data provided, NIMBUS I had more than 

achieved design objectives: “. . . during its three and one-half weeks 

of life, Nimbus took 12,13i individual frames of AVCS pictures, an 

estimated 1.930 APT cycles, and over 6,880 minutes of HRIR data. Hurricanes Cleo, Dora, Ethel. and Florence were observed and Typhoons 

Ruby and Sally in the Pacific were located by this spacecraft. . . . “The launch and successful operation of Nimbus I has proved the 

success of the basic Nimbus spacecraft design. It has also given NASA 

a better insight as to what additional modifications will be required in 

the system design for the next Nimbus flight. As mentioned previously, the primary limitation of the first Nimbus flight was the result of 

the failure of the Agena B vehicle to inject the spacecraft in the proper 

polar, near-circular orbit and the failure in the spacecraft solar paddle 

rotation mechanism. The first of these failures resulted in less than 

complete global cloud coverage and the second reduced spacecraft 

lifetime. . . .” 

Telemetry data from RANGER IX indicated that the probe was on such an 

accurate course toward the moon that JPL engineers decided to delay 

for one day a planned mid-course correction. RANGER IX began its 

245,500-mi. trip to the moon Mar. 21, and was 144.488 mi. from earth 

at 9 p.m. EST. (UPI, Wash. Daily News, 3/22/65; Hines, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 3/22/65; AP, Phil. Eve. Bull., 3/22/65) 

More than 900 representatives of news media had been accredited, making the GT-3 mission of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and John W. 

Young the most intensely covered event in the history of space exploration. IVearly 1,200 newsmen had requested credentials from NASA. 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 3/23/65) 

In an editorial in Aviation Week and Space Technology, editor Robert 

Hotz said: “The trail-blazing mission of the Soviet Voskhod 2 still is 

continuing as these lines are written, but it has already opened a new 

chapter in the history of man’s conquest of space. It also has emphasized again that, unless some drastic changes are made, this history 

will be written primarily in the Russian Cyrillic alphabet with only an 

occasional US. footnote technically necessary. . . . “All of this Soviet progress again emphasizes strongly the ultra-conservatism of the US. manned space flight program and the utter inadequacy of the tiny step-by-step approach that sounds so convincing 

when defending under-funded programs. This approach is sounding 

more and more idiotic in the face of Soviet space achievements. . . . “Each Soviet manned space flight makes it clearer that the Russians 

are widening their lead over the US. in this vital area. It also makes 

it clear that the many billions the American people have poured willingly into our national space program for the purpose of wresting this 

leadership from the Soviets are not going to achieve that goal under 

the present management. . . .” 

(Testimony; NASA Auth. Hearings, 928-35) 

(Hotz, Av. Wk., 3/22/65, 11) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 143 

March 22: Reporting on public reactions to the two-man Gemini flight 

scheduled for Mar. 23, Samuel Lubell said in an editorial in the Washington Daily News: “In recent weeks more than half of the persons 

interviewed said funds for moon trips would be the part of the Federal 

budget they would cut first. Another third named space exploration in 

general. This interviewing took place before Russia’s space exploit of 

last Thursday.” (Lubell, Wash. Daily News, 3/22/65) 

NASA Langley Research Center scientists Arthur L. Newcomb, Jr., Nelson 

J. Groom, and Norman M. Hatcher reported their work on an infrared 

sensing instrument to help a spacecraft determine which way was up, at 

the IEEE national convention. The device described was sensitive to 

the difference between infrared radiation in space and that emitted by 

a planetary or lunar body; it employed a mechanically-driven system 

of mirrors to scan the region of space in which it was operating. Radiation gathered by the mirrors was focused into four germanium lenses, each containing a thermistor sensitive to infrared. When the scanning mirror crossed the horizon of a planet, the increase or decrease 

registered on the thermistor and generated an electronic signal that 

could be processed through a series of special circuits to provide a 

stabilizing or control command to the spacecraft. 

The new sensor concept was expected to be useful for weather and 

communications satellites, as well as for space probes and other types 

of spacecraft. ( LaRC Release) 

Britain’s Blue Streak Rocket, first stage of the European Launcher Development Organization’s (ELDO) satellite project, was successfully 

launched to an altitude of 150 mi. from Woomera, Australia. 

(Reuters, Wash. Post, 3/23/65) 

Reasons for choosing the moon crater Alphonsus as the target for 

RANGER IX were given by David Hoffman in an article in the New 

York Herald Tribune: “First, they are just plain curious. Rangers 7 

and 8 photographed two lunar seas and taught scientists that all such 

‘maria’ are pretty much the same. Now scientists want pictorial coverage of the moon’s rugged highlands. 

“Alphonsus’ walls rise 7,000 to 10,000 feet above its crater floor, 

and in the basin thus formed astronomers have observed reddish gas 

seeping from the surface. The question, then, is whether Alphonsus is 

really a lunar equivalent of a live volcano. 

“Second, some space experts believe Apollo astronauts, as they descend on the moon, may encounter an emergency. That emergency 

might force them down in the moon mountains instead of onto a flat 

lunar plain. Accordingly, NASA wants to know surface roughness of 

the smoothest part of the moon mountains. 

“Third, there are some who believe the smoothest areas on the moon 

actually lie within the great craters (Alphonsus’ diameter is 70 

miles). If this proves true, astronauts might select a crater floor as 

their touchdown point, assuming there is no volcanic activity.” (Hoffman, N.Y. Her. Trib., 3/23/65) 

The0 E. Sims, Manager of NASA Langley Research Center’s Project Ram, 

reported results of reentry communications blackout research before 

the IEEE national convention in New York. Sims said significant 

progress had been made toward understanding the fundamental nature 
144 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

of the blackout problem and suggested that vehicle shape selection, 

signal frequency choice, use of static magnetic fields, and material 

addition to the flow field were all possible solutions. 

Flight experiments, he indicated, had shown the materials addition 

technique to be useful at speeds up to 12,000 mph, and an experiment 

to be flown on the first manned Gemini spacecraft would attempt to 

demonstrate the effectiveness of water addition at even higher 

speeds. (LaRC Release) 

March 22: NASA’s actions in releasing foreign satellite information were 

criticized in a report by the House Committee on Government 

Operations, based on study by its Foreign Operations and Government 

Information Subcommittee. Committee stated NASA had deleted from 

its biweekly Satellite Situation Report certain Soviet launches because 

they were designated as secret information by Norad. “NASA has not 

once challenged these security classifications, blindly accepting the military decision. . . .” Compounding the problem, NASA had “publicized the facts about Soviet failures [Sept. 15, 1962, letter from Administrator Webb to Senate and House space committees] after those 

facts had been carefully deleted from its routine report of satellite 

information. “. . . NASA has ignored two clear requirements of law-the requirement for civilian control over nonmilitary space activities and the requirement for the fullest possible flow of public information. By 

yielding, automatically, to the military judgment on what the American people shall know about Soviet space activities, NASA fails to implement its legal mandate. By playing an on-again, off-again secrecy 

game, NASA tends to confuse the American public. . . . Therefore, the committee recommends that, in every possible instance consistent with the dictates of national security, NASA exercise 

its right to challenge military-imposed restrictions by requiring 

justification and, thus, carry out the mandate to keep the American 

people informed. . . .” 

FAA issued a special regulation banning unauthorized aircraft of US. 

registry from the designated recovery and associated areas “during 

the time determined to be necessary for the safe conduct of the 

Gemini flight and recovery operations.” 

AFSC’S 6595th Aerospace Test Wing assumed responsibility for Atlas 

launches into the Air Force Western Test Range in support of the 

Army Nike antimissile program and the USAF Advanced Ballistic 

Reentry Systems ( Abres) program. 

Newsweek reported that plans to capture world’s speed record with 

YF-12A “mystery plane” had been blocked by Defense Secretary 

McNamara because he felt Congress might press for mass production 

of the jet-a move he opposed. Present record was held by U.S.S.R. 

(Newsweek, 3/22/65) 

“[Dr. Robert H.] Goddard’s dream was the object of derision 39 years 

ago. Who, we must wonder, is the dreamer today who is being 

ignored? What is he working on that will change this 

world so vastly 39 years from now? . . .’, These were queries in an 

editorial by William J. Coughlin in Missiles and Rockets. Coughlin lamented the fact that much of the US. technological progress in the 

L< 

(House Rpt. 197) 

(FAA Release 65-21) 

(AFSC Release 46.65) 

Where is he? 

146 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

section carrying the retrorockets. Four hours and 53 min. after 

launching, GEMINI 1x1 safely landed in the Atlantic Ocean off Grand 

Turk Island, considerably off target and some 50-60 mi. away from 

the recovery ship, Intrepid. Navy frogmen from hovering aircraft 

fastened a float around GEMINI III. Original plans had called for 

the spacecraft, with the astronauts still inside, to be hoisted aboard the 

recovery ship and immediate medical checks made. When Grissom 

became seasick the men were picked up by helicopter and landed on the 

Intrepid; the spacecraft was recovered later. 

One was the irradiation of human blood to test the combined effects on it of weightlessness and irradiation. The other w'as to squirt small jets of water into 

the plasma sheath that surrounded the spacecraft as it reentered the 

earth's atmosphere, testing a theory that a fluid flowing through the 

ionized layer of atoms would permit radio signals to penetrate the 

communications blackout common to reentry. 

Gemini officials said that, so far as was known, this was the first 

time a manned spacecraft had maneuvered in orbit, changing its orbital path. (NASA Release 65-81; NASA Transcript; Clark, NYT, 

3/24/65, 1, 22; Simons, Wash. Post, 3/24/65; Bishop, WSJ, 

3/24/65) 

March 23: RANGER IX underwent a midcourse correction maneuver at 7:03 

a.m. EST that would aim the spacecraft more accurately for impact on 

the moon crater Alphonsus on Mar. 21. The maneuver consisted of a 

series of radio signals that changed the spacecraft's attitude and then, 

through a 31-sec. burn of a small jet engine, speeded up its flight by 

40.6 mph. RANGER IX *as then 175,416 mi. from earth, traveling at 

2,943 mph. 

Newly estimated impact point was 12.9" south latitude and 2.3' west 

longitude-only four miles from the original target point of 13" south 

latitude and 2.5" west longitude. Before the correction maneuver, 

RANGER IX was headed for a point about 400 mi. north of Alphonsus. 

JPL Director Dr. William H. Pickering said during a press conference that the landing should be well out of the shadow of the towering 

peak in the center of Alphonsus-a possibility that had caused JPL 

scientists some concern since light was needed for the picture-taking. 

(LA. Times, West, Wash. Post, 3/24/65; Hill, NYT, 3/23/65, 1) 

President Johnson told Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and John W. Young 

during a telephone call: "Your mission . . . confirms once again 

the vital role that man has to play in space exploration, and 

particularly in the peaceful use of the frontier of space. I am sure 

you would be the first to say that on this flight, as well as on our other 

manned flights in space, there were heroes on the ground as well as in 

space, and the record made by men like Jim Webb, Dr. Dryden, and 

Dr. Seamans, as well as all of those at the Cape, Cape Kennedy, and 

around the world, is a very proud record under Project Mercury and 

now on Project Gemini. And to all of those who have helped to make 

our space flights safe and successful, I want to . . . say 'Well 

done'." (Wash. Eve. Star, 3/24/65) 

Vice President (and NASC Chairman) Hubert H. Humphrey, visiting 

Cape Kennedy for the day, congratulated Astronauts Grissom and 

The astronauts helped perform two experiments. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 147 

Young and commended all participants throughout the world for “this 

tremendous flight of three orbits. 

Once we 

have completed the Gemini series, we move on to the Apollo Project 

and we move on even beyond that. . . . Let me say that the American economy is better because of the space program. American education is better because of the space program. American industry is 

better because of the space program and Americans are better because 

of the space program. We are emphasizing here one great character 

of American life-excellence, performance, achievement. . . . These 

are efforts well made and money well spent. . . .” (Transcript) 

March 23: Following the GT-3 space flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, said at a press 

conference : “This particular flight is noteworthy for many reasons. 

Perhaps most importantly it is the first manned flight of a Gemini vehicle and it represents, then, the first step in the remaining twelve 

Gemini flights. In this flight . . . we did for the first time carry out 

an orbital maneuver in space. Another first was the first demonstration of reentry control. We did control reentry landing point on this 

mission. Another first was the use of Syncom for communications 

with the Coastal Sentry Quebec during the course of the flight.” (NASA 

Transcript) 

AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever said in the keynote address 

at the Air Force/Industry Planning Seminar in Dayton that “we need 

a broader perspective and greater vision in our conceptual 

planning . . . we need to be more farsighted.” He continued: “The 

Soviet Union is making a major effort to surpass us in science and 

technology. The Soviets now have approximately the same number of 

sciefitists ad engineers that we have. But every year they graduate 

an average of 200,000 scientific and technical students as compared 

with about 120,000 a year in this country. It is also worth noting 

that the number of scientific institutions in Russia has grown from 

about 3000 in 1957 to about 5000 in 1965. 

“Both of these facts indicate that the Soviets are deadly serious 

when they talk about the importance of science and technology to their 

global ambitions. We must more than match their effort, not only too 

maintain our national security but also to keep our world 

markets.” (Text) 

World Meteorological Day was celebrated by the 125 member nations 

of the World Meteorological Organization, a specialized agency of the 

United Nations. (Commerce Dept. Release WB) 

An editorial in Red Star, the Soviet Defense Ministry newspaper, revealed that the booster that had launched VOSKHOD II had developed 

1.43 million lbs. of thrust. The article said Soviet rockets were “unmatched” and that the VOSKHOD II flight “expedites the appearance of 

orbital stations and the landing of people in the heavenly 

bodies.” 

Cape Kennedy and Moscow’s Red Square were linked in a British television program, “East Meets West,” marking U.S. and Soviet space 

achievements. First part of the program showed the triumphant return to Moscow of Cosmonauts Pave1 Belyayev and Aleksey 

Leonov. Then the scene switched to Cape Kennedy to show prepara- 

“. . . this step forward commits us to the next project. 

(Loory. N.Y. Her. Trib., 3/24/65) 
IX 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 149 

Photographs shown on television itere taken by the “B” camera, one 

of two wide-angle cameras used. Four narrow-angle cameras took 

other shots. Pictures were received on 85-ft. antennas at Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Goldstone Tracking Station in the Mojave Desert 

and recorded on both 35mm film and magnetic tape for detailed 

analysis. Simultaneously signals were relayed by microwave to the 

JPL laboratory in Pasadena M-here an electronic scan converter “translated” electronic impulses from the 1,152-lines-per-picture of the 

RANGER IX signal system to the standard 500 lines of commercial 

television. 

The Ranger program had begun inauspiciously in 1961 with a series 

of failures and near-misses. Rangers 1 and 2 had been designed to 

test the spacecraft and launch vehicle but were not injected into the 

desired orbit. RAR’GER III, IV, and v were to rough-land a seismometer package on the moon to record moon quakes, and to transmit 

closeup photos of the moon to earth by radio. None of the missions 

was successful. RANGER VI, first of the reworked and redesigned 

spacecraft, impacted within 17 mi. of its point of aim-but its television system failed. On July 31, 1964, RANGER VII successfully relayed to earth 4,316 high-quality close-up photos of the lunar 

surface. RANGER VIII, launched on Feb. 20, 1965, transmitted 7,137 

pictures. Total number of photographs from RAXGER VII, VIII, and 

IX was 17,267. (NASA Release 65-96; Sullivan, NYT, 3/22/65, 1; AP, 

Dighton, Wash. Post, 3/25/65, Al, A12, A16; Hill, NYT, 3/25/65, 1, 

23; NASA Proj . Off. 1 

March 24: A panel of scientists analyzed slides of the RANGER IX lunar 

pictures at a post-impact press conference and noted that crater rimssome with level areas-and ridges inside the walls seemed harder than 

the p!gias but that flnnrs of the craters appeared to be solidified volcanic froth that would not support a landing vehicle. Volcanic activity was inferred from indications that the moon had at least three types 

of craters not caused by meteorite impact. 

Dr. Ewan A. Whitaker of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory of 

the Univ. of Arizona said parts of the highlands around the crater 

Alphonsus and ridges within it seemed harder and smoother than the 

dusty lunar plains. Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper of the same laboratory said 

of the crater: “It might well be better to make landings there.” 

Most significant finding of RANGER IX’S photographs, according to 

Dr. Eugene Shoemaker of the US. Geological Survey, was the smoothness of the crater walls and of the long ridges on the floor of the 

crater. 

Dr. Harold Urey of the Univ. of California referred to black patches 

in the pictures which he said might be composed of graphite: 

. . . these dark halo craters are due to some sort of plutonic activity 

beneath the surface of the moon. They do not look to me like terrestrial volcanoes. . . . They look like a unique lunar type of 

object.” Dr. Urey said a Soviet scientist had reported a red flare 

near a peak in Alphonsus and that analysis had indicated presence of a 

molecule with two carbon atoms. He said this was “a very curious 

situation because this molecule . . . does not escape from any known 

volcano” on earth. (NASA Transcript) 

‘6 
150 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

March 24: After watching televised pictures of the moon’s surface transmitted by RANGER IX, President Johnson issued a congratulatory statement that said: “Ranger 9 showed the world further evidence of the 

dramatic accomplishments of the United States space team. Coming 

so close after yesterday’s Gemini success, this far-out photography reveals the balance of the United States space program. 

“Steps toward the manned flight to the moon have become rapid and 

coordinated strides, as manned space maneuvers of one day are followed by detailed pictures of the moon on the next. 

“I congratulate the scientists, the engineers, the managers-private 

contractors as well as Government-all who made this Ranger shot and 

the successes of its predecessors the great space advances that they have 

been.” (Text, NYT, 3/25/65) 

First Biosatellite nose-cone test was conducted at White Sands Missile 

Range to evaluate aerodynamic and reentry characteristics of the 

spacecraft designed to carry biological specimens into-and back from 

-space. AFCRL’S balloon-launch group was assisting NASA in conducting the tests, which involved carrying the nose cones by balloons 

to 88,000-100,000-ft. altitudes, releasing them, then studying their behavior during descent. Evaluated were the drogue ejection mechanism, deployment of parachute systems, descent rate, and vehicle oscillation and impact velocity. A second successful test was conducted 

April 29. 

An editorial in the Baltimore Sun said: “Yesterday’s Gemini flight is 

described as ‘historic’ and so it was. So too is each successful new 

space exploration, launched by whatever country, manned or 

unmanned. . . . What is happening is that a body of knowledge is 

being accumulated through increasingly accurate photographs and increasingly sophisticated exercises and experiences on the part of the 

adventurers of our age, the astronauts. . . .” (Balt. Sun, 3/24/65) 

XB-70A experimental supersonic bomber broke world aviation weight 

and speed endurance records during a one-hour 40 min. flight. It 

took off weighing 500,000 lbs., the heaviest at which any aircraft had 

been flown, and flew at continuous supersonic speeds for 80 min., 

longer than any other aircraft had. It cruised at a top speed of 1,400 

mph and was piloted by A1 White and Van Shepard. (AP, Wash. 

Post, 3/25/65; NYT, 3/25/65; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/26/65) 

An editorial in the Washington Evening Star said: “. . . judging 

from Soviet cosmonaut Leonov’s spectacular ‘walk‘ in the high 

heavens last week, the Russians seem to be well ahead of us at the 

moment. Interestingly enough, however, in marked contrast to the 

wide-open American procedure, they do not let the outside world have 

any look at either the launching or the landing of their 

spacemen. This furtiveness makes one wonder about the nature of 

their program and whether they’re really accomplishing as much as 

they claim to be. 

In any case, regardless of what the Russians are hiding, there can 

be no doubt that the Grissom-Young flight represents an important 

advance for the United States in the race to the moon. Technically, 

we are ahead of the Reds in many respects, and it is entirely possible 

that we’ll make lunar landings before them.” (Wash. Eve. Star, 

3/24/65) 

(OAR Research Review, 7/65, 30) 

<‘ 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 151 

March 24: An editorial in the New York Herald Tribune referred to the 

U.S.-U.S.S.R. race for the moon: “The moon remains an elusive target, but it gets closer all the time. . . . “Ideally, this should be a cooperative venture, enlisting the common 

efforts of the peoples of all nations; instead, so far at least, it is a race 

between the United States and the Soviet Union. Because it is a race; 

because space technology is, in major part, inseparable from military 

technology; because space prestige is, however illogically, a factor in 

the struggle to keep the earth free, we have to compete. NASA’s 

ambitious program of a manned Gemini flight every three months 

promises a vigorous competitive effort. But the American effort does 

not parallel that of the Soviets; each is giving priority to different 

techniques, and the comparative standings in the race are hard to 

measure. What is clear, however, is that the Grissom-Young flight 

has carried the American program a long way forward-and beyond 

that, and more importantly in the long perspective of history, it has 

brought closer the day when man, not American man or Soviet man, 

finally breaks the terrestrial bonds that hold him to his native 

planet.” (N.Y. Her. Trib., 3/24/65) 

“The three-orbit flight by Virgil I. Grissom and John W. Young was in 

some ways the most remarkable space trip yet accomplished by this 

country’s astronauts,” said an editorial in the New York Times. 

Particularly impressive was the apparent success of a series of 

maneuvers to change the Gemini’s orbit-maneuvers that will be required to join two spacecraft in orbit, notably on the return leg of the 

projected manned flight to the moon.” 

!E a speech hefore the Natinnel Assoriation of Broadcasters in 

Washington, D.C., Gen. Bernard A. Schriever (USAF) remarked that 

the Soviet’s space science timetable “always seems to put them one step 

ahead of us.” He said: “It is still true that we lead in some aspects of 

space exploration, such as the total number of space shots, number of 

scientific probes, and practical applications of space satellites for such 

purposes as communications and weather observation. On the other 

hand, the Soviets lead in a number of areas with both propaganda and 

practical implications. 

“. . . Thus, they have put into space the first satellite, the first 

living creature, the first man, the first woman, the first multi-man 

space ship and now the first man to step out of the capsule and into 

space itself. They also hold the world record for time in orbit, orbital 

distance, orbital weight lifted, and highest orbital altitude. . . . “HOW will the Soviets use their space capabilities? . . . we are interested. . . .” 

Gen. Schriever said ground tests would begin shortly for a collapsible and expandable space laboratory for possible use as a space station: “The structure can be compressed into a small package and expanded to a cylinder 10 ft. in dia. and 25 ft. long.” 

U.S.S.R. announced that Cosmonaut Valentina mikolayeva-Tereshkova 

would arrive in Algiers Mar. 26 at the invitation of Algerian President 

Ahmed Ben Bella. 

66 

(NYT, 3/24/65,44-) 

(Text) 

( UPI, IT ash. Post, 3/25/65, D10) 
152 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

March 24: Both US. and U.S.S.R. space research were criticized by a 

Vatican weekly magazine, L’Osservatore della Domenica, which said 

they were using it as a “political instrument.” 

In an editorial, the publication’s deputy director, Federico Alessandrini, said space competition was “beneficial because it widens man’s 

understanding and offers new methods of observations which tomorrow will allow man to attain other goals. 

“But, as one can see, the political instrument made of it limits its 

results and reveals . . . an obstacle to progress.” (AP, NYT, 

3/25/65) 

Aircraft operations in the US. increased 10% for the second consecutive 

year, according to statistics reported in FAA Air Traffic Activity, Calendar Year 1964. Ten percent gains were made in each of three major 

categories: total aircraft operations (takeoffs and landings at 278 airports with FAA airport traffic control towers) -34.2 million ; instrument approaches at Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) areas1.005 million; and IFR (Instrument Flight Rule) aircraft handled at 

ARTCCs-11.7 million. 

March 25: MARINER IV was nearly 40 million mi. from earth, traveling 

30,000 mph relative to the sun. It had covered 188 million mi. in its 

orbit around the sun. The Mars probe had transmitted to earth more 

than 160 million bits of engineering and scientific information about 

planetary space. (NASA Release 65-95) 

Soviet Union launched COSMOS LXIV with scientific instruments 

aboard for investigation of outer space, Tass announced. Orbital data: apogee. 271 km. ( 167 mi.) ; perigee, 206 km. (127 mi.) ; period, 

89.2 min. ; inclination, 65”. All systems were functioning normally. 

(Pravda, 3/26/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

USAF launched an unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB on a ThorAgena D booster. It also fired its 85th Minuteman ICBM. (UPI, 

Phil. Inq., 3/26 165) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb reported to President Johnson and 

the Cabinet on both the two-man GT-3 flight and the RANGER IX photographic mission. Mr. Webb made these points: “The most 

significant accomplishment of the GT-3 flight was that . . . it provided verification of the basic design, development, test and operations 

procedures NASA is using to develop manned spacecraft, man-rated 

launch vehicles and a world-wide operational network. . . . “We now know that at least two spots, and perhaps three, when we 

look more carefully at the RANGER IX pictures, are at least smooth 

enough for the Lem [manned moon landing]. . , .” 

An American astronaut probably would be able to open his spacecraft and partly emerge from the cabin during the GT-5 flight. Mr. 

Webb said under questioning that there might be some possibility of 

achieving this in the next Gemini flight, but that GT-5 was more 

likely. 

He regarded a Russian cosmonaut’s leaving a space vehicle briefly 

as spectacular but said the U.S. was more intent on developing a space 

suit that would enable American astronauts to work outside on space 

vehicles and develop or put together space centers. (Text; UPI, N.Y. 

Her. Trib., 3/26/65) 

( FAA Release 65-22) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 153 

March 25: At a press conference, Maj. Virgil I. Grissom (USAF) and 

LCdr. John W. Young (LEX) described the three-orbit GT-3 flight of 

Mar. 23, as busy, exhilarating, near-perfect, and short on surprises. 

They said it was highly significant for future flight in space since it 

proved that a spacecraft could be maneuvered precisely, at will, and 

more independently of the gound than before. They said it also 

proved that man can eat and safely dispose of wastes as they will need 

to do on long flights. 

Major Grissom suFgested two possible reasons that the “Molly 

Brown” had undershot the target landing area: one was that something 

might have gone wrong during the final orbit change or when subsequently the braking rockets were fired to start the spacecraft’s descent; 

the other was that there might have been a miscalculation of the craft’s 

center of gravity. (i~.4~.4 Transcript) 

Soviet President Anastas Mikoyan sent President Johnson congratulations on the Gemini GT-3 space flight. tAP, Wash. Ewe. Star, 

3/25/65) 

Use of a special airlock through which Lt. Col. Aleksei 1,eonov passed 

from the spacecraft cabin into space and back asain was a 

major factor in the success of the VOSKHOD II flight Mar. 18, it was 

reported. Accordins to Soviet sources, the preservation of normal 

pressure inside the spacecraft throughout flight had had an important 

psychological effect on both Col. Relyayev and Col. Leonov. Findings 

were to be discussed at a press conference to be held by the cosmonauts Mar. 26. (Shabad. NYT, 3/26/65) 

Tass reported that the Soviet Union was making extensive use of RANGER 

VII photographs presented to the Pulkovo Observatory: “Prof. Alexalidei Markov, -.:.h~ sqervised the stiurly of the photos, told a Tass 

correspondent that the materials received from the United States would 

be used to study the size and distribution of moon craters, to ascertain 

the origin and development of the entire lunary relief. He emphasized the particular topicality of these problems ‘in view of the landing 

of spacecraft on the lunar surface planned for near future.’ ” (Loory, 

N.Y. Her. Trib., 3/26/65) 

Gen. Curtis E. LeMay (USAF, Ret.) said in a speech at a dinner meeting 

of the National Security Industrial Assn. where he received the James 

Forrestal Memorial Award that the “United States should observe with 

great care any tendency of the Soviet Union to develop space 

weapons. Already there is considerable reason for concern about SOviet capabilities in space. Many of the techniques the Soviet Union 

has developed so far point strongly toward a military space 

effort. The development of a capability by the Soviet Union to deliver strategic weapons from near space or to deny to the United States 

the opportunity to continue its present programs in space would 

amount to a serious threat and would negate our present favorable 

balance of military power.” General LeMay criticized “current conservatism in the Department of Defense growing out of economic considerations” and said responsible officials should reappraise existing 

military R&D policies. (Sehlstedt, Balt. Sun, 3/26/65; Raymond, 

NYT, 3/29/65, 36) 
154 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

March 25: Dr. Wolfgang B. Klemperer, pioneer in glider and missile design, died of pneumonia. A fellow of the AIAA. the AAS, and the British 

Interplanetary Society, Dr. Klemperer had been active in preparations 

for a NASA project to photograph a solar eclipse on May 30 from a 

jet airliner over the South Pacific. 

Kenneth Gatland, Vice-president of the British Interplanetary Society, 

urged US.-U.S.S.R. cooperation in manned lunar exploration 

in New Scientist article. “. . . it seems we are faced with the ludicrous situation of the world’s two most powerful nations, each with 

massively expensive rival programmes, heading for a common objective which each proclaims is being pursued in the highest interests of 

peaceful scientific exploration.” A joint venture would have the advantage of providing for contingencies such as rescue of astronauts 

possibly stranded on the moon or in lunar orbit-a capability not 

included in Project Apollo. “This situation can only be satisfactorily 

resolved by the provision in lunar orbit of a second soft-landing vehicle and back-up crew capable of mounting an emergency rescue 

operation. To achieve this would require a specially adapted version 

of the craft already designed to soft-land astronauts. 

“This is where the merit of US-Soviet cooperation lies for, as an 

international venture, a project to land men on the Moon would surely 

not be undertaken as envisaged in project Apollo; and certainly not 

with such rigid constraints on time. In all probability it would be 

planned as an operation rather than a solo mission, with logistic support from a second space vehicle placed in lunar orbit ahead of the 

main expedition. . . . “The essential requirement in terms of the eventual lunar expedition 

is that launchings should be coordinated so that expedition components arrive in lunar orbit together. By the mid-l970’s, orbital rendezvous techniques should be well established with the ability of men 

to move between orbiting vehicles. An agreed crew could then descend to the lunar surface Mhile another ship remains in reserve 

orbiting the Moon in case of need. Alternatively, a reserve vehicle 

might be landed, unmanned, in advance. . . . “Although at this stage such . . . [a combined lunar expedition] 

would have little influence on overall costs, it could mean a great deal 

to the safety of initial manned missions. 

It would 

mean America abandoning her 1970 target date for placing men on 

the Moon, and while allowing Russia to keep her rocket secrets she 

would have to be prepared to reveal her programme for manned 

spaceflight. . . .” 

March 26: X-15 No. 1 was flown by Maj. Robert Rushworth (USAF) to 

101,900-ft. altitude at a maximum speed of 3,580 mph (mach 5.2) to 

obtain data using infrared scanner and to check the Honeywell inertial 

guidance system. 

NASA postponed indefinitely the launching of a beacon Explorer satellite 

from Wallops Island. The launching had been scheduled for March 

30. (NYT, 3/27/65) 

Soviet Cosmonaut Pave1 Belyayev told a Moscow news conference 

that VOSKHOD II had been scheduled to land after 16 orbits, but 

that there was an inaccuracy in “the solar system of orientation” that 

(NYT, 3,‘27/65, 27) 

“Such a move would demand concessions on both sides. 

(New Scientist, 3/25/65, 774-76) 

(NASA x-15 Proj. Off., X-15 Flight Log) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 155 

prevented use of the automatic landing system. He said he then had 

to obtain radioed permission from the Soviet space center to land by 

manual control after the 17th orbit. The landing site was overshot 

“by a certain distance” Belyayev said without disclosing how much. 

Belyayev said success of the GT-3 flight of Astronauts Virgil I. 

Grissom and John W. Young “was a national achievement of the United States.” He congratulated “the courageous American cosmonauts,” 

and said: “May the flights of both ours and American cosmonauts be 

dedicated to unraveling the mysteries of the universe in the interests of 

science and for the good of all mankind.” 

Belyayev said VOSKHOD 11 was capable of maneuvering in space as 

did the U.S. GEMIKI 111 but that this was not in the Soviet flight plan. 

Leonov described time outside the ship saying “it is too early to call 

it a pleasant walk. It could not have been done without hard 

training.” He reported his small push on VOSKHOD 11 to move away 

from it after going out of the hatch started the spacecraft into slow 

rotation. In pulling himself back to the VOSKHOD 11 by his cable, 

Leonov disclosed he had yanked rather vigorously and had to put his 

hand out to avoid collision with the spacecraft. 

Belyayev said he and Leonov were found by a helicopter 2% hrs. 

after a soft landing in snowy woods near Perm. He said VOSKHOD 11 

was airlifted back to the launch site at Baikonur in Soviet Central Asia 

and could be used again if necessary. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 3/26/65; 

Shabad, NYT, 3/27/65 ; Flight International, 4/8/65,542-44) 

March 26: Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and John W. Young were honored 

in a White House ceremony where President Johnson conferred NASA 

Exceptional Service Medals on both men and pinned a cluster on the 

NASA Distinguished Service Medal awarded Major Grisson for his July 

two space flights. 

NASA Associate Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans received the 

NASA Distinguished Service Medal for his direction of space 

efforts. Harris M. Schurmeier received an Exceptional Scientific 

Achievement Medal for his direction of the Ranger program. 

President Johnson said: “A Sense of history is present strongly here 

today. All of us are conscious that we have crossed over the threshold of man’s first tentative and experimental ventures in space. . . . “Since we gave our program direction and purpose seven years ago, 

many successes have been achieved through the efforts of a great 

American team, which now numbers 400 thousand men and women in 

industry, on campuses, and in government. And this team is inspired 

and stimulated and led by a former Marine and a great public servant 

-Jim Webb.” 

Following the ceremony, a motorcade bearing Vice President 

Humphrey, the astronauts, and their party took the Pennsylvania Ave. 

parade route, where thousands had gathered to cheer them, to the 

Capitol; a luncheon in their honor was jointly sponsored by Sen. Clinton Anderson (D-N.Mex.) and Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.). 

chairmen of the Senate and House space committees. 

At 5 p.m. the group returned to Capitol Hill for a Congressional 

reception hosted by House Speaker John McCormack 

2i, i%i, suborbital Mercuiy flight. He was tbc first ~23 to EI& 
156 .4STRONA4UTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

D-Mass. 1. I ~4~4 Release 65-% ; Text; Carmody, Wash. Post, 

3/26/65; NYT, 3 ‘2716.5. 1 ) 

March 26: Propulsion system and structure of the hypersonic Sprint antimissile missile itas successfull) tested by the Army at White Sands 

Missile Range. Although the missile was being designed for launchings from underground cells, the Sprint as launched from an aboveground launcher for the test. 

Smithsonian Institution’s National Air Museum placed on display a 

quarter-scale model of the GT-3 spacecraft. a full-scale model of 

RAKGER IX along uith some of the photos it took. and a model of 

MARINER IV Mars Drobe. The macecraft were Dart of an exhibit de- 

( DOD Release 137-65) 

picting NASA’s broad program of space research. (NASA Release 

65-100) 

It was announced that the special magnetic actuator which worked shutters on RANGERS VII. VIII. and IX. that photographed the moon, and 

on all nine Tiros weather satellites would be granted a patent. The 

device moved the shutter at a constant velocitv so that the exDosure 

Itas uniform. It l\as inbented bj KCA engineers Langdon H. Fulton 

and Thomas D. Tilton. 

March 27: M. V. Keldysh. Piesident of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 

commented on the VOSKIIOD 11 flight in an article in Izvestin: “One of 

the most significant accomplishments in the conquest of space was the 

experiment dealing u ith man’s emergence into space. Neu , grandiose 

perspectives are now open for the construction of orbital stations, the 

docking of spacecraft in orbit and the carrying out of astronomical 

and geophysical investigations in space. In the near future it will be 

possible to create, in orbit around the earth, a Space Scientific Research Institute in u hich scientists representing the most diversified 

fields will be able to uork. The results obtained as a result of the 

flight of ‘Voskhod-2’ are most important steps on the way toward carrying out flights to the moon and on to other celestial bodies.” 

(Itvestin, 31 271 65. 5, ATbS-T Trans. 1 

Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and John W. Young had congratulated Soviet Cosmonauts Pave1 Belyayev and Aleksey Leonov on the 

VOSKHOD II flight, Izvestia disclosed. 

March 28: Robert J. Schwinghamer, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 

received American Society of Tool and Manufacturing Engineers’ Research Medal. Schwinghamer was cited for his research “leading to a 

better understanding of materials, facilities, principles, and operations. 

and their application to better manufacturing.” MSFC Release 

65-58; Marshall Star, 3/17/65,1,6) 

March 29: Gemini GT-3 Astronauts Maj. Virgil I. Grissom and LCdr. 

John W. Young were given traditional heroes’ welcome from New 

Yorkers at a parade given in their honor. Honored with the astronauts was Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., Associate Administrator of 

NASA. They were met by Mayor Wagner and the city’s official greeter, 

Commissioner Richard C. Patterson of the Department of Public 

Events. Mayor Wagner presented gold keys to the city to the astronauts and Dr. Seamans at a ceremony at City Hall. He also presented 

the city’s Gold Medal of Honor to Major Grissom and Dr. Seamans 

and the Silver Medal of Honor to Commander Young. At the United 

Nations, Secretary General U Thant presented medals and two auto- 

(Jones, A’YT, 3, ‘i 65. 35) 

( UPI, Wash. Post, 3/28/65) 
ASTKONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 157 

graph sets of U. N. outer space commemorative stamps to the astronauts. (Sibley, NYT, 3/29/65, 36; Talese. NYT, 3/20/65, 1; Or]. 

Sent., 3/30/65) 

March 29: Pravda described Lt. Col. Leonov’s exit and return to VOSKHOD II 

in giving the first detailed description of the inside of the 

spacecraft. The airlock was apparently built into the place occupied 

by a third astronaut during the VOSKHOD I flight Oct. 12. After Col. 

Leonov moved into the airlock, his companion, Col. Belyayev pressed a 

button that closed the inside door and created a vacuum inside 

the lock chamber. At the prescribed moment, Col. Belyayev pressed a 

second button that opened the hatch between the airlock and space, 

allowing Col. Leonov to climb out. The procedure was apparently 

reversed for the astronaut’s return. 

USAF announced successful test firing of a simplified rocket engine called 

Scorpio. The engine had eight combusters in a ring around a nozzle 

and an injector that sprayed fuel into the combusters through several 

ports. Scorpio developed 200,000 lbs. thrust and would be modified 

to produce greater power. (AFSC Release 44.65; AP, Balt. Sun, 

3/30/65) 

Construction work at Cape Kennedy and Merritt Island Launch Area was 

halted when an Orlando union local set up picket lines to protest a 

contractor use of non-union labor. USCE estimated that more than 

4,500 of about 5,000 building trades workers refused to cross the 

lines. NASA had advised the National Labor Relations Board. This 

marked the sixth time in 14 mos. that a labor dispute had crippled 

construction work on Merritt Island where launching facilities were 

being built. 

DOD Advanced Research Projects Agency had selected three conawarded $1 million, subcontract with the Univ. of Denver and conduct 

a three-year program on the high energy rate of forming metals; 

Union Carbide Corp., with $2.5 million, would subcontract with Case 

Institute of Technology and the Bell Aerospace Corp. and conduct a 

three-year research program on carbon composite materials ; Monsanto 

Research Corp., awarded approximately $2 million, would subcontract 

with Washington Univ. of St. Louis, Mo., and conduct a two-year 

research program on high-performance composites. ( DOD Release 

193-65) 

March 30: A copper-plated 46$&lb. “minilab,” instrumented to measure 

radiation variations in the earth’s magnetic field, was launched to 

8,700-mi. altitude from Cape Kennedy on a four-stage Blue Scout Jr. 

rocket. It carried three sensing devices designed to produce a radiation profile during its two-hour climb into the Van Allen radiation belt 

and the two-hour plunge back through the earth’s atmosphere to the 

Indian Ocean. (UPI, NYT, 3/31/65; US. Aeron. & Space Act., 

1965,138) 

Emergency landing of VOSKHOD II was the third such failure in the 

Soviet space program, according to an unidentified Czechoslovak scientist, member of the Astronautic Commission of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, during a panel discussion on Radio Prague. He said 

there had been two earlier failures in the unmanned Vostoks. The 

disclosure was made in reply to a listener’s letter. (NYT, 4/1/65, 6) 

( AP, NYT, 3/30/65) 

(AP, Chic. Trib., 3/30/65) 

*..,.-&,,vm L1aLLvLJ f~r research prcgrams in the mntc-rials field: Martin Co., 
158 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

March 30: Gemini GT-3 Astronauts Grissom and Young were feted as 

heroes in Chicago, where they motorcaded from O’Hara International 

Airport through the city to City Hall. An estimated one million 

thronged the streets shouting joyous ovations and flinging a deluge of 

tickertape and confetti. At luncheon with city officials the astronauts 

were given honorary Chicago citizenship medallions, and later a reception was given in their honor. Accompanying the astronauts were 

members of their families and NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Hugh 

L. Dryden and Mrs. Dryden. 

Dr. Harold Brown, Director of Defense Research and Engineering, 

appeared before the House Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on DOD Appropriations, in testimony supporting DOD’S request 

for $6.709 billion new obligational authority for FY 1966 research, 

development, testing, and evaluation. 

He discussed the Vela nuclear detection satellites, orbiting in nearly 

circular orbits. “All four satellites remain in operation, providing 

data on the radiation background and the operation of detectors in 

space.” He outlined the AACB’S 1964 launch vehicle study, which “was 

intended to identify overall effects and provide a data base for, rather 

than to resolve, individual user program booster selections or nearterm booster improvement questions.” The study “confirmed earlier 

estimates” of launch vehicle needs for the near future. [See Jan. 26, 

Jan. 271 (DOD Appropriations Hearings [Part 5],1-30) 

March 31: Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched from Wallops Island with NASA Lewis Research Center experiment to study three wavelengths of light in the airglow: one in the red part of the spectrum, 

another in the yellow, and a third in the green. Altitude of the airglow was measured with phototubes mounted on the rocket. A 26-31.. 

dia. mylar balloon helped scientists correlate measured light intensity 

and altitude with density of the atmosphere. (Wallops Release 

65-19; LRC Release 65-26) 

U.S. Army disclosed it had orbited a three-satellite earth-mapping system, with two of the spacecraft circling the earth from west to east and 

the third traveling from pole to pole. The satellites were of the Secor 

type. Two were fired into orbit earlier this month; the other was 

launched Jan. 11, 1964. The three spacecraft, each with a radio receiver and transmitter, were helping pinpoint locations on earth that 

were widely separated by large bodies of water. (AP, NYT, 4/1/65, 

11 ; M&R, 4/5/65, 12 I 

Studies carried out under NASA contract by the Union Carbide 

Research Institute had demonstrated the ability of many life forms to 

adjust to at least partial Martian conditions. It had also been demonstrated that lack of oxygen produced surprising results : turtles with 

little or no blood; plants that could endure lower temperatures than 

plants raised in normal air. Such temperature resistance would be an 

advantage on a cold planet like Mars. Dr. Sanford M. Siege1 disclosed these findings during a press tour of Union Carbide and said 

that if earth life could withstand Martian conditions so well, Martian 

life, if there ever had been any, must have been able to evolve to cope 

with the situation there. 

(Wiedrich, Chic. Trib., 3/31/65) 

(Sullivan, NYT, 4/1/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 159 

March 31 : Discussing NASA Kennedy Space Center’s evaluation measurement program for cost-plus-award-fee contracting before the GE Annual 

Method and Work Measurement Conference in Gainesville, Fla., John E. 

Thomas of KSC’S Support Operations listed eight points designed to 

give a thorough profile of the contractor: (1) quality of work; (2) 

personnel profile; (3’1 care and control of Government property; (4) 

effectiveness of the contractor’s training programs; (5) speed of compliance with work requests; (6) contractor attitude; (7) cost-control 

practices; (8) business management practices. He said that from 

these data the KSC Evaluation Board determined how much of the fee 

the contractor had earned. (Text) 

Maj. Virgil I. Grissom and LCdr. John W. Young, the Gemini astronauts, returned home to Houston and to an enthusiastic welcome by a 

crowd of some 12,000 persons. The astronauts walked by much of the 

crowd, shaking hands. “We’ve had a pretty tough week, then came a 

couple of days of debriefing, then three parades, but today is the best 

of all-when we get to come back home,” Major Grissom said. Commander Young said, “We’re sure happy to see all you smiling 

Texans.” (UPI, NYT, 4/2/65, 12) 

USAF sonic boom series over Chicago, which had begun Jan. 4, 

ended. (Chic. Trib., 3/31/65 1 

Senate Armed Services Committee approved a $15,284,000,000 military 

authorization bill for DOD; an unrequested $82 million was added for 

development of a new manned bomber to replace the B-52 and B-58. 

no longer in production. 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb told the American Society 

of Photogrammetry and the American Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, convening in Washington: “. . . since the dawn of the 

Space Age-in iess i’nari eight years--oiie of oiir m~st irr?pcrt.mt tasks 

has been that of mapping-mapping the surface of the world and its 

geodetic figure; mapping the world’s weather, as revealed in its cloud 

patterns as seen from above; mapping the earth’s outermost atmosphere in three dimensions. and exploring its interaction with the 

newly-discovered solar wind ; seeing and mapping astronomical sources 

for the first time in ultraviolet and X-radiation from outside the earth’s 

atmosphere; and mapping areas of our moon to an accuracy 2,000 

times better than that now achievable from earth, and preparing to 

map areas of Mars to an accuracy as much as 100 times better than 

that attainable from earth. . . .” 

All but six of the 170 pieces into which Soviet satellite COSMOS LVII had 

shattered after being orbited Feb. 22 had fallen to earth, according to 

GSFC’S Satellite Situation Report. Another disclosure of the report 

was that a US. satellite orbited March 9 from WTR was orbiting in 

eight pieces, four of which were transmitting signals. (GSFC SSR. 

3/3 1/65) 

Construction workers at NASA Kennedy Space Center returned to work. 

ending a two-day walkout which NASA spokesman said cost the government $200.000 a day. Pickets of United Association of Plumbers and 

Pipefitters were withdrawn when Assistant Secretary of Labor James 

Reynolds agreed to meet with union representatives Apr. 5. (UPI, 

Cocoa Trib., 3/31/65) 

(Raymond, NYT, 3/31/65) 

(Text) 
160 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

March 31: Lt. Gen. James Ferguson, USAF Deputy Chief of Staff (R~;D), 

stated in FY 1966 appropriations hearings of House Appropriations 

Committee’s Subcommittee on DOD Appropriations : “I cannot help but 

believe, if we take a look at the last 1-0 years of Russian national 

development, that they are watching for an opportunity to gain a 

major military advantage over us. I cannot help but feel that they 

are examining opportunities in space very thoroughly for this particular purpose. 

“In order to be able to offset any advantage which they may discover, I feel we must move as rapidly as we can in this area, and take 

full advantage of any other national space programs such as the NASA 

activity. 

“The big program that we hope to get a go-ahead on here shortly is 

the Manned Orbital Laboratory. Here we think we will achieve a 

number of answers in the next 2 or three years. . . .” iDOD Appropriations Hearings [ Part 51, 14s) 

USAF announced a high vacuum test chamber that would simulate 

space environment and altitudes up to 990,000 ft. was being constructed at Wright-Patterson AFB. Liquid metal system components 

such as space radiators, and expandable structures such as solar reflectors, would be tested in the chamber. Chicago Bridge and Iron Co. 

was constructing the facility. which uould be completed in Sept. 1965, 

under a $699.780 contract awarded in Nov. 1964. (AFSC Release 

1.65) 

During March: Asked in an interview for the Sun Diego Union if the US. 

would succeed in landing a man on the moon in this decade, Dr. 

Donald F. Hornig. special assistant to President Johnson for science 

and technology, said: “When you lay down a schedule, it says that if 

everything goes as I see it, making allowances for reasonable difficulties, this is what I’ll do. It’s a tight schedule and will take a lot of 

doing. We also have to acknowledge that unforeseen problems may 

arise. . . . When we started in 1961 on a nine-year program it was 

not wishful thinking but it was a purely paper exercise. We have 

slipped some on our schedules, but in a sense we have gained ground 

in that we have not run into any serious difficulties yet. We are now 

entering the hardest period of all, when the pieces begin to come out 

of the factory and have to be put together and tested.” 

Answering a query if there would be a manned expedition to Mars 

one day, he said: “It would be harder than going to the moon. I 

don’t anticipate he will go soon. But we have started the unmanned 

exploration. The results may whet our appetite or may prove that 

conditions are so inhospitable that it isn’t worth the effort.” (Sun 

Diego Union, 3/7/65) 

JPL scientists W. L. Sjogren and D. W. Trask reported that as a result of 

R4NGER VI and RANGER VI1 tracking data, DSIF station locations could 

be determined to within 10 meters in the radial direction normal to the 

earth’s spin axis. Differences in the longitude between stations could 

be calculated to within 20 meters. The moon’s radius had been found 

to be 3 km. less than was thought, and knowledge of its mass had been 

improved by an order of magnitude. 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center analysis showed that radiation shielding 

offered by the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) was negligible: 

(M&R, 3/22/65, 23) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 161 

a particle flux producing a 1-rem dose in the Apollo command module 

would produce a 17-rem dose in the Lem. The Apollo space radiation 

warning system would provide advance indication of need for astronauts to return from the Lem to the command-service modules. 

(M&R, 3/22/65, 23) 

During March: USAF San Bernardino Air Materiel Area reported that Atlas 

and Titan ICBM’s scheduled for phase-out by summer would be used in 

antimissile and space booster research and development 

assignments. Requests had been received to use the silos as civil defense shelters and for storage of petroleum, gas, and grain. (M&R, 

3/22/65,12) 

NASA’s Office of Technology Utilization published a technology survey on 

advanced valve technology growing out of space research. (NASA Release 65-92) 

A land exchange between the US. Government and New Mexico was 

nearing completion, clearing the way for construction of a $20 million 

rocket testing complex to be built by Bell Aerosystems Co. near the 

White Sands Missile Range. 

Republican minority of the Joint Congressional Economic Committee 

said, after reviewing the President’s Annual Economic Report, that the 

US. emphasis on defense, space, and other Federal research was giving the other industrial nations the opportunity to concentrate on civilian-oriented research, which might enable them to build superior 

economies. (Av. Wk., 3/29/65, 78) 

The theory that temperature change of 3.5” C or more in 5 min. of 

horizontal jet flight was a true indicator of clear air turbulence (Cat) 

had been disproved by George McLean, AFCRL. He explained that Cat 

did not always occur near jet streams and that when it did, the angle at 

which the piane hit the jet stream was a deteimiikg facter. !OAR 

Release 365-6) 

*British Meteorological Office’s Skua solid-propellant sounding rocket was 

described by Kenneth Owen in Indian Aviation. The eight-foot-long, 

five-inch-diameter rocket had been in use since the beginning of the 

year as a tool for weather observations and other research. A series 

of Skuas would be launched as part of IQSY; launchings were planned 

at the rate of three a week during the nine two-week periods of IQSY 

known as “World Geophysical Intervals.” (Indian Aviation, 3/65, 

73-74) 

Interview of Dr. Boris Yegorov, Soviet physician-cosmonaut and member 

of the three-man VOSKHOD I spaceflight crew, by Novosti Press, appeared in Space World. Yegorov mentioned nothing about any ill 

effects of spaceflight conditions, but did say: 

Several times we tried to break away from the chair and hang a bit 

in the cabin. I must tell you that it’s far from a pleasant 

sensation. It’s also entirely inconvenient to sleep thus. One tries 

rather to lean on something: either with his head against ceiling or 

with his feet against the chair. During weightlessness it’s much more 

pleasant to be tied to the chair. . . . “During the time we worked none of us had any unpleasant sensa- 

(AP, Houston Chron., 3/24/65) 

LL 

tions beciuse of weightlessness : we felt fine.” (Space- World, 3/65, 

37-38) 
April 1965 

April 1 : The S-IB-1 stage of the Saturn IB booster was successfully staticfired by Chrysler for the first time at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center; the test lasted about 30 sec. Powered by 8 Rocketdyne uprated 

H-1 engines, each developing 200,000 lbs. of thrust, S-IB-1 stage 

would be fired at least one more time before being returned to 

Michoud herations in New Orleans for checkout. It would then be 

shipped to Cape Kennedy for launch early next year. 

65-75) 

(MSFC Release 

A prototype Tiros weather satellite was donated to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air Museum by Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy 

Administrator, on behalf of NASA, in commemoration of the fifth anniversary of NASA’s TIROS I launch. 

Dr. Dryden said: “. . . nine experimental meteorological satellites 

of the Tiros series have been successfully launched and operated. 

“Seldom, if ever, has a complex technological effort in its early 

phases returned such valuable dividends as this project. In the early 

stage Tiros was an Army project. When the National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration was created in 1958 it took over the development of the spacecraft. 

“The United States Weather Bureau utilized the data from the very 

first experimental flight. The first Tiros had been in orbit only a few 

hours when it began transmitting to NASA ground stations cloud photographs of good quality. The Weather Bureau was quickly able to 

apply the pictures to its day-by-day forecasting. During the years 

since then, Tiros satellites have literally been working their way around 

the world, benefitting men everywhere by supplying previously unobtainable weather data. At this stage, it is impossible to estimate how 

many lives have been saved and how much property loss avoided 

through use of Tiros information, but the totals must already be substantial.” 

David Arthur Davies, Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization, discussed international reaction to meteorological 

satellite developments, listing three main points: (1) “. . . the tremendous impact which this new means of observing the atmosphere 

has had upon the world scientific community. . , . [For instance,] it 

was the realization that the meteorological satellite was . . . a turning point in the long history of man’s endeavors to improve his 

knowledge and understanding of his environment-the atmosphere” 

that led to the establishment of the World Weather Watch. (2) The 

impact of the meteorological satellite upon the United Nations. The 

. . . impact of the TIROS satellites was so great as to inspire the General Assembly of the United Nations to take the very unusual step of 

162 

“ 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 163 

adopting a resolution on a scientific question of this kind [Resolution 

1721 on International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer 

Space] and to maintain its interest from that time.” And, (31 “. . . the general feeling of gratitude and admiration towards the 

United States which the launching of TIROS I and which the decision to 

distribute the data to all countries throughout the whole world engendered.” 

Speaking at the ceremony, Dr. Robert M. White, Chief of the US. 

Weather Bureau, praised the Tiros program and said that the NASAWeather Bureau Tiros Operational Satellite System (Tos) , expected to 

be operational early next year, would modify a Tiros satellite similar 

to TIROS IX to permit daily observation of clouds in the earth’s atmosphere. He added: “And one day we may even be using the moon as 

a base for establishing a weather station to monitor and study terrestrial weather.” Dr. White predicted continued NASA-Weather Bureau 

cooperation : (1 ) to further develop “satellite visual and infrared 

sensing devices for the indirect probing of the atmosphere”; (2) to 

“broaden the meteorological satellite system as a means of data collection”; and (3) to “pursue the use of synchronous satellites for 

weather observations.” 

Dr. Morris Tepper, Director of Meteorological Programs in NASA’s 

Office of Space Sciences, recalled the launching of TIROS I: “It was 

a very exciting morning-waiting for my first countdown . . . someone fixed a leaky lox line at the launching pad by wrapping a wet rag 

around the leak and freezing it solid . . . The launch vehicle, the 

Thor-Able, performed exceptionally well. The spacecraft was placed 

into an exceptional orbit. The next question was-what would we see? 

. . . And finally we had our picture-this first picture from TIROS I. 

lcs, Ll---- -..--- Liiclc: WGlc: ~!rids in it . . . The frst three pictur~s were . . . carried to Dr. Glennan, the first Administrator of NASA, and finally we 

all trekked over to the White House and interrupted a Cabinet Meeting 

to show President Eisenhower the results of this remarkable space 

capability.” (Texts; NASA Release 65-102) 

April 1: To date, 46 sounding rocket launchings had been made from the 

USNS Croatan operating at sea off South America’s west coast, NASA 

announced. 32 of the firings were two-stage sounding rockets carrying upper atmosphere and ionosphere experiments ; 14 were singlestage vehicles to obtain high-altitude meteorological data. Launching 

were part of NASA’s sounding rocket program for the 1964-65 International Quiet Sun Year (IQSY) when solar flare and sunspot activity 

were at a minimum. Expedition data would be correlated with findings of scientists throughout the world conducting experiments to study 

IQSY phenomena. (NASA Release 65-104) 

Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey visited NASA Flight Research Center. 

(FRC x-Press, 4/9/65, 1, 2) 

FAA announced one-month extensions, through April 1965, of design contracts with Boeing Co. and Lockheed Aircraft Corp., airframe contractors; and General Electric Co. and Pratt & Whitney Div. of United 

Aircraft Corp., engine contractors, for US. supersonic transport program. Extensions applied to design contracts awarded to four companies for period Jan. 1, through Feb. 28, 1965, with provisions for 

one-month extensions from Feb. 28, through June 30. Dollar amount 

v-- 
164 ASTRONAUTICS ANI; AERONAUTICS, 1965 

of each one-month airframe contract extension was $1 million 

1$750,000 Government, $250,000 contractor) ; dollar amount of each 

one-month engine contract extension was $835,000 ($626,250 Government, $208,750 contractor). 

April 1: NASA awarded a $1,307,34’7 firm-price contract to Space Corp. to 

fabricate, test, assemble, install. and check out engine servicing. platforms at Kennedy Space Center’s Launch Complex 39 on Merritt Island. (KSC Release 72-65) 

Members of Southern Interstate Nuclear Board, official agency of 

the 17 states of the Southern Governor’s Conference for service and 

assistance in nuclear energy and space technology, toured Cape 

Kennedy and received briefing on NASA activities there. (KSC Release 

73-65 ) 

Najeeb Halaby, FAA Administrator, announced that he would ask Congress for enabling legislation authorizing a ten-day, federally-sponsored International Aerospace and Science Exposition, to be held the 

summer of 1966 at Dulles International Airport, Washington, D.C. 

The Exposition, approved by President Johnson March 31, 1965, would 

attempt to stimulate export sales of US. products and to demonstrate 

US. accomplishments in aerospace and related sciences. (FAA Release 

65-25) 

A proposal was made that Great Britain streamline its space and scientific 

research efforts by dissolving the Dept. of Scientific and Industrial 

Research and transferring its activities to the Ministry of Technology 

and the Science Research Council. Control of British scientific attaches in embassies abroad would be transferred to Dept. of Education 

and Science which would coordinate its activities with Science Research Council and the Ministry. 

April 2: Summary report of NASA’s Future Programs Task Group, directed 

by Francis B. Smith of LaRC, was sent by NASA Administrator James E. 

Webb to the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences and House Committee on Science and Astronautics. 

Report presented “the results of studies made during 1964 to answer 

inquiries made by President Johnson as to criteria and priorities for 

space missions to follow those now approved for the decade of the 

1960’s. . . .” It examined (1) conditions and constraints for future 

planning, (2) major capabilities existing and under development, (3) 

intermediate missions, and (4) long-range aeronautical and space developments. Report concluded: “. . . The details of these new missions such as specific spacecraft 

designs and exact mission plans will, of course, be the subject of continued study. . . . Continued space exploration will be an evolutionary process in which the next step is based largely on what was learned 

from the experience of preceding research and flight missions. The 

pace at which these new programs will be carried out will necessarily 

depend upon many other factors, such as the allocation of budgetary 

and manpower resources and the changing National needs of the 

future. 

“This study has not revealed any single area of space development 

which appears to require an overriding emphasis or a crash effort. 

Rather, it appears that a continued balanced program, steadily pursuing continued advancement in aeronautics, space sciences, manned 

(FAA Release 65-24) 

(Av. Wk., 4/12/65, 33) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 165 

space flight, and lunar and planetary exploration, adequately supported by a broad basic research and technology development program, 

still represents the wisest course. Further, it is believed that such a 

balanced program will not impose unreasonably large demands upon 

the Nation’s resources and that such a program will lead to a preeminent role in aeronautics and space.” (Text; NASA Auth. Hearings [Part 31, Senate Comm. on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 

1015-1102) 

April 2: Fifty years ago President Woodrow Wilson appointed the first 

members of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The 

first meeting of the NACA was held on April 23, 1915, in the office of 

Secretary of War Lindley M. Garrison. Brig. Gen. George P. Scriven, 

Chief Signal Officer, was elected temporary chairman. (Hunsaker, 

40 Years, 247; A&A, 1915-60, 3) 

MARINER IV’S star-tracking guidance system was updated to compensate 

for changing angular relationship between spacecraft and the star 

Canopus. ( NASA Release 65-1 11 1 

Landing pads that might be used on unmanned or manned vehicles in 

NASA’s Project Apollo were patented for NASA. Bowl-shaped, the pads 

would be attached to the spacecraft’s struts by ball joints and would 

be braced inside by collapsible ribs to absorb lateral shock. The 

underside of the bowl would be covered by material similar to sheet 

aluminum designed to shear away if the pads should slide. The inventor, Josef F. Blumrich of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, said 

the pads would support a vertical landing on level terrain and would 

not dig in or transmit undue shock if they should slip against rocks: 

they were designed to settle on rock or dust or a combination of the 

two. (Jones, NYT, 4/3/65, 34) 

USAF designated ‘lextron’s Gaii Aerosysierris Co. an assmiate primp 

contractor to supply rockpt engines for the Agena space vehicle, it was 

announced. Change would enable the AFSC Space Systems Div. to 

procure Agena rocket engines directly from Bell Aerosystems. Bell 

had designed, manufactured, and tested the Agena rocket engine since 

1956 under subcontracts from Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. Agena 

had orbited more than 80 percent of the USAF and NASA satellites and 

had placed approximately 60 per cent of the free world’s functional 

unmanned payloads in space. The Bell Agena engine, which had 

contributed largely to that percentage, had been fired in space approximately 200 times and had achieved a record exceeding 99.3 per 

cent. (Bell Release) 

Canadian Defence Minister Paul Hellyer announced the Mar. 31 shutdown 

of the $227-million Mid-Canada Warning Line, an electronic aircraftdetection device. Mr. Hellyer said that the shutdown would save $13 

million annually and that improvements in the Pinetree radar system 

had made coverage by the Mid-Canada Line unnecessary. (AP, NYT, 

4/4/65, 12) 

Hsinhua, official Chinese Communist press agency, announced public display in Peking military museum of a pilotless US. reconnaissance 

plane, shot down over central south China, Jan. 2, 1965, “by the Air 

Force.” (NYT, 3/3/65, 2) 
April 3: Check out of AEC’S 

SNAPSHOT satellite. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 167 

AEC said the satellite would stay aloft more than 3.000 yrs.-far 

beyond the 100 yrs. it would take for the reactor’s radioactive elements 

to decay to a safe level. The reactor would be shut down after a year, 

the ion engine after about three months. If successful, the test would 

signal the first operation in space of a light, compact, propulsion system that would produce power over long periods on small amounts of 

fuel for (1) surveillance and patrol satellites functioning in orbit for 

years, and (2) manned spaceships capable of speeds of 100,000 mph 

on trips to distant planets now beyond the reach of conventionallyfuelled rockets. 

Also orbited was US. Army SECOR IV geodetic satellite. (Hill, 

NYT, 4/5/65; AP, Wash. Post, 4/4/55; UPI, Chic. Trib., 4/5/65; AEC 

Release H-60; US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 139; Atomic Energy 

Programs, 1965, 151) 

April 3: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched from Ft. Churchill, Canada, to altitude of 201.67 km. (127.2 mi.) with Rice University experiment to make time resolution measurements of electron 

fluxes within an aurora for use in determining transit times of these 

electrons from their sources. Performance was satisfactory. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

USAF School of Aerospace Medicine was conducting experiments on 13 

rhesus monkeys at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to discover how 

nuclear radiation would affect auditory, visual, and motor systems. 

Studies might ultimately reveal how man would be affected under 

similar conditions. Each monkey was conditioned to respond to a 

visual or auditory cue; by measuring the time required for animal to 

respond before and after radiation exposure, scientists could determine the effect of radiation on monkey’s ability to perform. Preliminary results had confirmed that “animals exposed to radiation 

undergo a period shortly after irradiation in which hey are idally 

unable to function.” 

In Saturday Review, Science Editor John Lear reviewed GSFC’S Project 

Firefly as “an epic experiment that will at least track the essential spark 

of life wherever it can be found beyond the earth.” 

He reviewed Dr. William D. McElroy’s pioneering research in 

bioluminescence [see March 111 and noted that Norman E. MacLeod, 

head of GSFC Bioscience Group, emphasized in interviews the contribution of the Johns Hopkins scientist. He also reviewed the flight of 

“robot photographer named Ranger 8,” concluding “The Russians tend 

to be more practical about small but crucial obstacles than Americans 

do. Although they are years ahead in rocketry (having now demonstrated the ability to move a man out through the hatchway of a spaceship in flight and safely back again-a preliminary step to using the 

hatchway to link the two spaceships that will travel as one to the moon), 

they have not yet been so brash as to announce a date by which they 

will make a manned landing on the moon. Before we become still 

more acutely embarrassed by our lunar braggadocio, it would seem 

wise for Washington to abandon the virtually impossible 1970 deadline 

for putting an American on the moon.” 

Sen. J. W. Fullbright (D-Ark.), speaking at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, criticized the US. “crash program aimed at landing on the 

moon by 1970 at a cost of $20-t0-$30 billion.’’ He said that “. . . the 

(NYT, 4/4/65, 68) 

(SR, 4/3/65, 4548) 
168 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

moon is only one of our aspirations, a distant one at that, and in the 

meantime we have children to educate and cities to rebuild.” Fulbright cited education as the nation’s paramount deficit and advocated 

orienting “our space program to our own needs instead of letting the 

Russians determine for us what we will do and how much we will 

spend.” 

April 3: “Our military space program is a wall decoration,” said James J. 

Hagerty, Jr., in an editorial in the Journal of the Armed Forces. He 

continued: “The technology is there, but we are not exploiting it. Our 

DOD civilian leadership is content to drift along with the idea that 

someday we’ll get around to it if we need it. This attitude seems to 

be based on the theory often advanced by Secretary McNamara and 

echoed by [NASA Administrator] Mr. Webb in his Hill testimony, that 

there is ‘little chance that the Russians can develop a surprise military 

[s~ace] capability’ . . . If there is any chance at all, we should be 

doing something more than we’re doing.” (Haggerty, J/Armed 

Forces, 4/3/65, 8) 

Walter Henry Barling, Sr., who built the Barling bomber in 1923 for 

Gen. Billy Mitchell, died at 75. Mr. Barling was one of aviation’s 

first test pilots and his Barling bomber was the world’s largest airplane 

at the time. 

April 4: Gemini spacecraft, scheduled for a four-day manned flight this 

summer, was delivered to Cape Kennedy. It was flown by cargo plane 

from McDonnell Aircraft Corp., prime contractor for manufacture of 

the craft, where it had undergone simulated flights. Astronauts James 

A. McDivitt and Edward H. White XI, who would pilot the Gemini 4, 

also had made simulated flights at McDonnell. (AP, Wash. Post, 

4/5/65) 

Dr. Edmund Klein of Roswell Park Memorial Institute for Cancer Research and Dr. Samuel Fine, Northeastern Univ. professor, in a report 

prepared for the 149th national meeting of the American Chemical 

Society, disclosed that laser beams may cause damage to the eyes, brain, 

and other organs in a way that may not be immediately apparent. 

Klein recommended that researchers “err on the side of safety in 

precautionary measures.” 

Lasers are devices for concentrating light into extremely powerful 

beams; researchers were exploring their usage in fields of communications, eye surgery, cancer treatment, and in chemical and other industrial applications. 

Dr. Krister Stendahl, Harvard Divinity School, replying to the question 

of how the discovery of intelligent creatures on other planets would 

affect religions on earth, said: “. . . it would be a refreshing shock 

to our faith if there were something like intelligent life elsewhere in 

the Universe. It would force us to enlarge our image of God and 

find our more humble and proper place within his creation.” (Boston 

Sun. Globe, 4/4/65) 

April 5: One of TIROS IX’S two cameras had stopped returning useful photographs, NASA announced, possibly because of malfunction of a diode. 

Second camera was taking about 250 pictures daily of the earth’s cover. 

Project engineers at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center had begun a 

“turnabout” maneuver to prevent the meteorological satellite from 

(UPI, Boston Sun. Globe, 4/4/65) 

(AP, NYT, 4/5/65, 31) 

(AP, Houston Post, 4/5/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 169 

overheating and to ensure continued solar power. Maneuver would not 

affect satellite’s picture-taking ability. 

Launched into polar orbit Jan. 22, 1965, TIKOS IX had apogee of 

1,605 mi. and perigee of 435 mi. The “cartwheel satellite,” so called 

because it was moving through space like a rolling wheel with the 

cameras mounted opposite each other on the perimeter, had taken more 

than 32,000 pictures, 92% of them useful to weather forecasters. 

(NASA Release 65-120) 

April 5: The White House announced scientists appointed by President 

Johnson to his Science Advisory Committee: Dr. Lewis Branscomb, 

chairman of the joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics of the 

National Bureau of Standards; Marvin L. Goldberger, professor at 

Princeton Univ.; Kenneth Pitzer, president of Rice Univ.; Dr. George 

Pake, professor at Washington Univ.; and Dr. Gordon McDonald, Univ. 

of California at Los Angeles’ Institute of Geophysics and Planetary 

Physics. Also announced was the nomination of Frederick G. Donner, 

chief executive officer of General Motors Corp., for reappointment to 

ComSatCorp’s board of directors. 

NASA selected three aerospace firms to develop a concept and prepare 

preliminary designs for hypersonic ramjet research engine: Garrett 

Corp., General Electric Co., and Marquardt Corp. Total value of 

first phase of contract would be about $1.5 million. During 9-mo. 

parallel studies. opening phase of NASA’s Hypersonic Ramjet Experiment 

Project, the companies would prepare engine development plans that 

would serve as technical proposals for the second phase of the program. The ramjet engine, because of its relative fuel economy at 

hypersonic speeds, was expected to be useful for hypersonic transport 

aircraft, boosters, and spacecraft flying within the atmosphere. Flight 

research with the engine mounted on the X-15 aircraft was planned. 

Hypersonic Ramjet Experiment Fruitxi wodd be iinder the technic.! 

direction of NASA Langley Research Center, with the assistance of NASA 

Ames, Lewis, and Flight Research Centers. 

NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket was successfully launched from USNS 

Croatan carrying an instrumented payload to provide data on the 

neutron intensity, solar x-ray flux, Lyman-alpha radiation, and 

ionosphere electron density at different latitudes. Experiment was 

conducted for the Univ. of New Hampshire. 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb appeared before House Committee on Appropriations’ Subcommittee on Independent Offices, in 

support of the $5.26 billion NASA appropriation requested by President 

Johnson for FY 1966. He said: “The budget submitted to the 

Congress by the President provides for activities that are essential to 

continuing the progress that we have made towards our goal of preeminence in space sciences, application satellites, manned space flight, 

and advanced research and technological development necessary for 

aircraft improvements and for future space activities. It does not 

provide for everything that we could do or would like to do. In fact, 

it has been necessary ~ithin the strict budget requirements imposed by 

the President that certain desirable project activities started in previous 

years be omitted from the 1966 budget. . . . “Within the confines of this limited budget, the President has provided the funds necessary to preserve the opportunity that we still 

( Wash. Post, 4/5/6S) 

(NASA Release 65-110) 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 
170 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

believe we have to accomplish a manned lunar landing and exploration 

within this decade. The margin for insurance that had been built 

into our original program plan has largely disappeared. However, we 

now estimate this may be possible if we can maintain our current 

successful development efforts and make the all-up systems testing procedure work on the very large Saturn V-Apollo combination to launch 

men toward the Moon on earlier flights than we had originally 

planned. There is, therefore. still an opportunity to accomplish this 

national space objective within the time specified. Our work to date 

gives us somewhat more confidence than we had a year ago that we 

can still achieve the objectives that were planned in 1961 in spite of 

a limit on resources that will not fund all the flights planned at that 

time. It is important, however, to keep in mind that in Gemini we 

are just now in a position to find out by flight experiments how men 

can live, work, remain efficient, and make important contributions in 

space for extended periods. . . .,’ (Testimony; Ind. Of. Approp. 

Hearings [Part 21, 84-6-96) 

April 5: Announcement was made at R‘4SA Manned Spacecraft Center that 

Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr. (Cdr.. USN) and Thomas P. Stafford 

(Maj., USAF) had been selected for the first Gemini docking and rendezvous mission, scheduled for launch “the first quarter of 1966.” 

Virgil 1. Grissom (Maj., USAF) and John Young (Cdr., USN) would 

be the backup crew. (Transcript) 

An equipment modification to permit opening of the hatch on Gemini 4 

had been successfully tested, William Normyle reported in A&- 

tion Week & Space Technology. Hoses connecting the spacesuits 

to the spacecraft’s environmental control system were lengthened to 

permit the astronaut to stand and partially emerge through the hatch. 

NASA had not yet approved a spacecraft-depressurization and hatchopening exercise for the two-man spaceflight. (Normyle, Av. Wk., 

4/5/65, 27) 

NASA had published 110-page illustrated report containing ten papers 

on diversified utilization of space-research knowledge delivered 

at NASA and Univ. of California-sponsored workshop held in Los 

Angeles, June 2, 1964. 

Danish satellite tracking station official reported what he believed to have 

been the explosion of a U.S. satellite launched by USAF Mar. 25. 

About ten brilliantly lighted objects crossing the sky were at first assumed to have been meteors. 

Antoine Senni emerged from a cave 333 ft. below ground near Cannes, 

France. Senni had entered the cave Nov. 30, 1964, to test effects of 

isolation on human system. 

Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander, spoke in a luncheon address 

on military technology at the World Affairs Council in Los Anpeles: 

“. . . we can expect substantial improvements in materials with respect to their strength, stiffness, and ability to operate at high temperatures. 

One such material, a composite formed from boron fibers in a 

plastic binder, has been demonstrated in the laboratory to have approximately five times the specific strength of today’s aircraft alloys. . . . This . . . will give increased strength at greatly reduced weight. 

Another material is oxide dispersed nickel, which can make possible 

(NASA Release 65-109; NASA SP-5018) 

(M&R, 4/26/65, 11) 

( Reuters. Wash. Post, 4/6/65) 

u 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 171 

an increase of several hundred degrees in turbine operating temperatures, enough to double the thrust of today’s jet engines, with no 

increase in weight. . . . “In propulsion, these advances in materials and component technology can make available engines for vertical takeoff and landing 

aircraft with more than double our present thrust-to-weight ratios and 

transport engines with half of today’s fuel consumption. The use of 

hydrogen would make feasible engines for long range hypersonic craft 

flying at 7,000 miles per hour-almost four times as fast as the most 

sophisticated supersonic transport now proposed. And the aircraft 

will be of smaller size to do the same job. 

“New technologies in flight dynamics, such as laminar flow control, 

can materially increase the ranges of transport aircraft. If laboratory 

boron composite structures pan out, we could build aircraft that could 

carry twice the payload at the same weight and range of present models. 

With further understanding of variable geometry wings we can alleviate 

the difficulties of operating at a variety of combinations of speed and 

altitude.” (Text) 

April 5: “Within a decade . . . space could be as vital to defense as nuclear weapons are today,” postulated an article in US. Neius and World 

Report. It continued: “The deep conviction of top US. Air Force 

leaders is that Russia is directing its main energies and resources not 

to the moon, but to mastery of space nearer earth. Some are convinced 

that Russia, far behind in the missile race, is now striving to leapfrog 

the US. and move ahead with manned satellite weapons.” (US. News, 

4/5/65 ) 

April 5-7: The Second Space Congress of the Canaveral Council of Technical Societies was held in Cocoa Beach, Fla. Rep. Olin Teague 

(D-Tex.) reportedly said in a speech that the House Committee on 

Jcience arid Asti-oiiaiitics ar;pp~i:ed a military min-in-cnare -r--- effort and 

“almost unanimously” favored restoring $30 million to the Apollo pro: 

gram. Rep. Teague revealed that the Committee had written to 

President Johnson to stress the need for a decision on the proposed 

USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory program and to urge him to “take 

a careful look as soon as possible and make a decision” as to whether 

or not the Gemini spacecraft would be used in the Mol program. 

(M&R, 4/12/65, 16) 

In answer to the question of what man could do in space to contribute to the military mission, Maj. Gen. Don R. Ostrander, Commander of USAF Office of Aerospace Research, said at the Space Congress: “I believe that the MOL will enable us to come up with some 

of the answers.” (Text) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, speaking before the Space Congress, said: “. . . extravehicular activity, as accomplished by the Soviets, and orbital 

changes, as accomplished by Gus Grissom and John Young . . . are 

essential to future progress in space exploration. Both are objectives 

of our Gemini Program and both are techniques that we must learn 

in order to carry out the Apollo Program. We have long assumed that 

both were objectives of the Soviet Program. 

“Given these assumptions, the difference between the scheduling of 

these experiments in the Soviet program and ours is a detail of relatively minor importance. It has been our judgment that maneuver0. 
172 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

ing and changing orbits are more important than extravehicular activity 

for the progress of our program. For this reason, we scheduled the 

conduct of such maneuvers for the first manned flight in the Gemini 

Program. We must assume that the Soviets had their good reason for 

scheduling extravehicular activity on an earlier flight in their program.” (Text) 

E. Z. Gray, also of NASA’s Office of Manned Space Flight, discussed 

future programs. He stressed that one of the cardinal rules guiding 

the planning was that maximum use must be made of hardware either 

already developed or currently in development. (M&R, 4/12/65, 16) 

April 6: ComSatCorp’s 85-lb. EARLY BIRD I, the first commercial communications satellite, was successfully launched from Cape Kennedy with a 

three-stage Thrust-Augmented Delta (Tad) booster. An hour after 

launching, flight control center confirmed that the satellite had entered 

an elliptical transfer orbit with apogee, 22,677 mi. (36,510 km.) : 

perigee, 908 mi. (1,463 km.) ; period, 11 hrs. 10 min., and was sending 

clear radio signals. NASA handled the launching under a contract with 

ComSatCorp. 

About 40 hrs. after launching, a kick motor aboard EARLY BIRD I 

would be fired to adjust the path of the satellite to a synchronous 

circular orbit at 22,300 mi. altitude above the Atlantic. EARLY BIRD I 

would become the first link in ComSatCorp’s proposed worldwide 

satellite communications system and would relay radio, television, 

teletype, and telephone messages between North America and Europe. 

(Clark, NYT, 4/7/65; AP, Balt. Sun, 4/7/65; ComSatCorp) 

Subcommittee Chairman Albert Thomas (D-Teu.) and the House Independent Offices Appropriations Subcommittee were highly critical of 

Astronaut Virgil Grissom’s deviation from flight plan instructions during the GEMINI 111 flight and eating a sandwich instead of fasting. 

According to published reports, one Subcommittee member referred to 

a “$30 million corned beef sandwich.” and another asked NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb how he could control a multi-million 

dollar budget if he could not control two astronauts. (Av. Wk., 4/12,’ 

65, 25; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/15/65) 

Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara confirmed that the US. had given 

Great Britain option to purchase F-111 aircraft and spare parts totaling more than $1 billion for its Royal Air Force. Delivery orders for 

the F-111 were expected to be placed after completion of the British 

defense review. (DOD Release 210-65) 

April 7: ComSatCorp’s EARLY BIRD I communications satellite successfully 

received, amplified, and returned a television signal to Andover, Me., 

ground station in an unscheduled communications test. ComSatCorp 

Vice President Siegfried H. Reiger said that “the picture quality of 

the test pattern was excellent.” (Clark, NYT, 4/8/65; AP, Balt. Sun. 

4/8/65) 

USAF announced that data from AEC’S Snap-lOA satellite indicated “an 

extremely high noise factor” when the ion engine was turned on, making it impossible to determine whether it was operating properly. 

Scientists said the engine, which on Apr. 2 had operated normally for 

an hour, would not be tested further until additional analyses were 

made. The difficulty had not interfered with the major experimentoperation of the Snap-lOA nuclear reactor. (UPI, NYT, 4/8/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 19615 173 

April 7: Four airmen emerged with high voices and a hunger for meat after 

five weeks of confinement in a simulated space cabin at the USAF School 

of Aerospace Medicine. Scientists were studying a helium-oxygen 

atmosphere for possible future space cabin work because it did not 

produce decompression sickness in astronauts and was less hazardous 

in terms of spacecraft fires. (Chic. Trib., 4/8/65 ; M&R, 4/12/65, 10) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center awarded IBM a 5-yr. $175,125,000 

contract for integration and checkout of instrument units for Saturn IB 

and Saturn V programs. Initially announced in 1964, the contract 

would give IBM the additional responsibility for structural and environmental control systems and integration of all systems. (MSFC Release 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb was asked by Rep. Charles R. Jonas 

(R-N.C.) in NASA appropriations hearing of the Subcommittee on Independent Offices, House Committee on Appropriations. to “set to rest” 

the rumor that NASA was planning to phase out MSFC in Huntsville. Ala. 

Mr. Webb explained that during his recent visit to Alabama leading 

Alabama businessmen had asked “questions about the future and 

whether the budget was going to be larger, and whether more would 

come to Alabama. Perhaps injudiciously, I said, ‘Unless we can recruit 

better and more able people for the new phase of our program, you are 

not going to keep what you have.’ . . . “We have a real problem in recruiting the kind of people needed 

to manage these contracts with American industry to go and live in 

Alabama, and the image of the State has been one of the problems that 

we have had. I pointed this out to the businessmen. and pointed out to 

them also that not only the problem of our recruitment was involved. 

that the State itself, in my opinion, was missing a valuable opportunity to use these kinds of people to build up its own economy. 

because the very existence of them there in ihe wai-ious areas coc!d hp 

of great benefit to the State. . . .” (ind. Off. Approp. Hearings 

[Part 21, 1264-65) 

Soviet cosmonaut commander 4ir Force Lt. Gen. Niholai Kaminin 

denied foreign newspaper reports that some of his men had died in 

unannounced space shots. Kaminin, writing in Krasnaya Zvezda, 

said: “The names of people who have allegedly died listed in foreign 

papers are mostly names of nonexistent cosmonauts.” He said the 

aim of the reports “is to weaken the tremendous impressions made 

by the achievements of Soviet science and technolog in space.” (AP, 

Huntsville Times, 4/7/65) 

It featured NASADOD U.S. Space Park, containing two and one half acres of full-scale 

rockets and spacecraft. Among the exhibits were a full-scale Gemini 

model, an X-15 model, full-scale reproductions of Tiros, Nimbus, Relay. 

Telstar. and Syncom satellites, and AURORA 7 Mercury spacecraft. 

An honorary astronaut card signed by Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr. 

(Cdr., USN), the first American in space, and Astronaut Virgil I. 

Grissom (Maj.. US.ZF), the first astronaut to make tvo trips into space. 

was available at the U.S. Space Park to young visitors taking a ride in 

the full-scale animated Mercury spacecraft on display there. (Press 

Release ) 

65-79) 

New York World’s Fair opened for its second season. 
174 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

April 7: Dr. Franklin P. Dixon. NASA Director of Manned Lunar and Planetary Mission Studies. told Ti3 in Cities 4IAA Chapter in Minneapolis that 

NAS~ mas “investigating and planning manned missions and experiments beyond the presentlj approied Gemini and Apollo programs. . . . ‘‘A logical sequence for future NAS4 manned space flight programs 

. . . begins with the Gemini and Apollo program base. The next 

logical development is the Apollo Extension System (AES) which is a 

stepping stone to advanced Earth-orbital operations, to lunar-orbital 

surveys, and to lunar surface exploration. The AES Earth-orbital activities are a development phase for an orbital research laboratory or 

early space station as itell as a lunar exploration station. Based on the 

Apollo Command and Service module technology, we can also develop 

advanced logistic systems for larger orbiting space stations of indefinite life or for greater expansion of lunar exploration if desired. 

The advanced orbiting space station can likeizise lead to an orbiting 

launch complex for planetary missions such as Martian flyby and 

exploration shelters or a lunar base for potential exploitation of the 

lunar environment. . . . In Earth orbit. the AES can provide for 

experimental operations in the three major fundamental areas . . . : 

(1) flights to conduct scientific research in space requiring man’s presence; ( 2) Earth-oriented applications to increase the nation’s strength, 

and (3) development of advanced technology for support of both 

manned and unmanned space operations. . . . In the field of Earthoriented applications of manned space operations, NASA has been 

conducting studies and investigations jointly with the Departments of 

Commerce. Apiculture. Interior and Defense to determine how we 

might apply Apollo’s unique capabilities to improve our ability to 

forecast weather. to communicate globally at high data rates, to make 

an up-to-date inventory of the borld’s resources, to monitor air and 

sea traffic on a global scale, to support a world-wide air-sea rescue 

service, to make better forecasts of food production and to provide a 

data-gathering system on a global scale. Experiments are also being 

evaluated to enhance over-all development of space operations. 

Biomedical, behavioral and other medical studies would be conducted 

as well as the development of advanced subsystems and technology for 

spacecraft. . . .” (Text) 

National Science Foundatior, reported that three New Mexico State 

Univ. engineers were studying satellites’ radio signals in an attempt to 

determine exact shape of the earth. Under an NSF grant, the engineers 

had set up and were manning a special tracking unit at US. McMurdo 

Station in Antarctica and were tuned in on three spacecraft in polar 

orbit that passed near McMurdo 42 times daily. Stanford Univ. 

scientists had established a unit at Byrd Station to receive information 

from NASA’s Pogo, to be launched later this year. (UPI, NYT, 4/11/65, 

2) 

April 8: M4RINER IV, 49,373,799 mi. from earth and traveling 34,738 mph 

relative to earth, had covered 206,868,340 mi. in its journey toward 

Mars at 9:OO a.m. EST. 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center awarded RCA a 9g4.6-million contract 

to provide a real-time deep space tracking and data acquisition system 

for support of Project Apollo missions. Contract called for installation, 

(N4SA Release 65-111) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 175 

checkout, and documentation of RCA’S iong-range (32,000 mi.) FPQ 

radar on land made available near a NASA site on Cooper’s Island, 

Bermuda, through a land-lease agreement with DOD. The “4-6” radar 

would have a flexible capability to support NASA programs other than 

manned flight. 

April 8: Army Corps of Engineers awarded Fisher Construction Co. a 

NASA-funded $1,497,728 fixed-price contract for construction of Lunar 

Mission and Space Exploration Facility at Manned Spacecraft Center. 

( DOD Release 220-65) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb said at the US. Naval Academy: 

. . . we are on the verge of another major breakthrough-the capability to forecast weather at least five days in advance with better accuracy than we can now predict 24 to 36 hours ahead. Atmospheric 

systems such as weather balloons and ground and seabased instruments which are already developed, together with satellite systems and 

high speed computers, should make it practicable in the next few years 

to establish a global observation system. As distinguished from the 

satellites whose main mission is cloud cover photographs, the more 

advanced future system will be able to map the structure of the earth‘s 

atmosphere in terms of wind, temperature, and pressure at various 

altitudes.” 

He continued: “We foresee the possibility of carrying sensors in 

satellites that will give us the thermal patterns of the ocean’s surface 

which, when compared with the atmospheric conditions in any area, 

may give us the ability to predict the formation of fog. Similarly, 

ocean currents can be mapped and studied to advance the science of 

oceanography. We can even measure sea state-roughness of the sea 

-from a satellite.” (Text) 

Dr. Eugene Shoemaker. head of the astrogeological branch of the US. 

Geological Survey, said in an interview with the Hcz_rtnr! Pmt while at 

Rice Univ. as a speaker in the President’s Lecture Series that the 

Ranger program had cost a total of about $200 million. He estimated 

that each Ranger shot had cost just under $30 million and said that 

although four of the seven Ranger missions had failed, it would have 

been foolish to settle for one success: “Just imagine that the Martians 

sent a Ranger-like camera to take pictures of the earth. With just 

one shot, they’d end up with pictures of a space no bigger than the 

size of an urban lot, or of the peak of the Alps, or of the sand dunes 

in Arabia. Could they tell anything about the earth from pictures of 

just one of these?” The Ranger program, just concluded with the 

success of R4NGEK IX, gave ITS. scientists oood pictures of three different areas of the moon. Shoemaker said. ’A Ranger picture is worth 

a million computer words.” 

Panel on Science and Technology of the House Committee on Science and Technology reported on its sixth meeting (aeronautics), Jan. 

26-27. Report was a comprehensive summary of views by the Committee and Panel members and the more than 150 scientists and engineers attending as representatives of Government, industry, and the 

scientific and academic communities. In its general conclusion, report 

stated three objectives for future improvement of US. civil aeronautics: “Insure that our economy continued to have the best air transportation system to give it a continuing advantage in world competi- 

(GSFC Release G-9-65; GSFC Release G10-65) 

66 

Perez. Houston Post, 4/8/65) 
176 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

tion”; “Insure that US. aeronautical development is immediately 

responsive to the demand, and sufficiently great to continue leadership 

in the domestic and world markets”; and “Maintain recognized world 

leadership in technical matters to insure a favorable image and stature 

of the US. technological competence in aeronautical development.” 

Some of its general observations on the future of aeronautics: 

“There is a need for more centralized direction, control, and procedure . . . [of the] widely dispersed . . . technical competence and 

expertise behind aeronautical development in the United States. . . . “The aircraft industry in general is willing to contribute to any 

prqgram designed to further aviation advancement, but the degree of 

their contribution M-ill depend upon the extent of Government support, 

and the availability of a market. The extent is also dictated by the 

extent of their earnings on marketable products for which the Government is usually the principal customer. 

“There are indications that an insufficient amount of research effort 

is being yut forth in the hypersonic regime of the flight spectrum, particularly in the field of propulsion. 

“The aeronautical research and development capability of NASA is 

not being used to its maximum capacity.” 

April 8: In address on “The Early History of the Space Age” at the Univ. 

of Wisconsin, Eugene M. Emme, the NASA Historian, said: “The Space 

Age clocks on. Never before have basic alterations in fundamental 

knowledge, in practical engineering, and for an universal perspective 

been thrust so quickly upon mankind. . . . “Few serious thoughts, whether associated with the physical or social sciences, or humanities, can ignore some aspect of the space venture. (Text) 

The Flight Safety Foundation, under FAA contract, conducted day and 

night tests in the purposely-wrecked Constellation aircraft at Deer 

Valley, Ariz., to obtain data on emergency evacuation of passengers 

in survivable accidents. “Passengers” were local volunteers; airline 

stewardesses were provided by several air carriers. Evacuation duplicated obstacles passengers would face in real situations. Passenger 

reactions were recorded with remotely-controlled motion picture cameras; certain phases of the operation were timed with precision clocks. 

Test results would aid in planning advanced studies which would explore seat spacing? aisle widths. and other related factors. (FAA Release 65-27) 

April 9 : ComSatCorp’s E.4RLY BIRD I communications satellite, launched 

April 6 by NASA, was placed into a “near letter perfect” synchronous 

orbit, with apogee, 36,637.1 km. (22?765 mi.) : perigee, 35,041.9 km. 

( 21,774 mi. ) The five-day-early maneuver was accomplished by firing small retrorocket onboard satellite 19.7 sec. The satellite would 

be allowed to drift about 5O-over 300 mi.-to the exact point over 

the Atlantic where it would remain for its expected three to five year 

lifetime. (NYT, 4,’10,’65 ) 

USAF launched Blue Scout Jr. space probe from Eastern Test Range with 

instrumented payload to measure space environment effects on biological samples. The probe reached altitude of about 18,000 mi., reentered over the South Atlantic Ocean. Telemetry was received for 

only 13 min. 

(House Rpt. 227, 32-34) 

Like it or not, man’s time for space mobility is here.” 

(U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 14<0) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 177 

April 9: Dr. George E. Mueller. N4SA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, announced change of primary control of manned flight 

missions from Cape Kennedy to Manned Spacecraft Center Mission 

Control Center. Christopher Kraft. mission flight director for GT-3 

flight, completed Mar. 28. would serve as mission director for GT4 

flight scheduled for later this year. MSC Mission Control Center would 

provide centralized control of manned spaceflight programs from 

launch through recovery; computer-driven time and data displays 

would report instantly the status of astronauts. spacemaft. and supporting operations to mission/flight director. Most information would 

travel over land lines. 

NASA awarded MIT separate cost reimbursement contract. with no fee. to 

cover further work on guidance and navigation of Apollo command 

and lunar excursion modules. The new contract, running from March 

1 through November 4, 1965, totaled $15.529,000, including $1.4 million to support research activities in the guidance and navigation field. 

(NASA Release 65-116) 

NASA was negotiating with Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., prime 

contractor to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for Oao program, to convert prototype Oao into flight-ready spacecraft. The contract was expected to exceed $8 million. The converted prototype, to 

be designated Oao A-2, would be the third spacecraft scheduled for 

launch in Oao program. First planned launch in the series was 

scheduled for late this year or early next year at Cape Kennedy. 

(NASA Release 65-115 1 

The Christian Science Monztor asked Dr. Homer E. IVeaell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications. and Dr. Philip 

H. Abelson, Director of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie 

elements of the debate on the question “Man in space: is it worth 240 

billion?” 

Dr. Newel1 presented the case for manned space flight: “The manned 

space flight effort serves to round out the total program. Its primary 

aim is to develop a broad space capability that bill secure to this nation strength, security, flexibility, and freedom of choice in space. 

Landing men on the moon and returning them to earth has been 

chosen as the means to this broader, more substantive end, and it is 

not to be considered as the only justification for our manned space 

effort.” 

Dr. Abelson, speaking for the critics, said: “The unmanned program 

has been a substantial contributor to our international prestige. 

Moreover, prestige based on science and technology tends to be enduring. . . . “Our Apollo program was launched for reasons of international 

prestige. The yield has not been very good or very lasting. How 

many citizens can now recall the names of the astronauts and of their 

capsules? We can expect much the same reaction when we finally 

accomplish a moon landing.” 

NASA announced publication of a summary of research results of the joint 

NASA-USAF-USN, 10-yr. x-15 flight program. (NASA Release 65-114; 

NASA ~~40, X-15 Research Results) 

(Transcript; N4SA Release 65-119) 

T illbllLULIVll A’L.-~:-- of Wnshir?ptc?n and editor of Science magazine, to present 

(CSM, 4/9/65) 
178 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

April 9: After two days of discussion with West Germany’s Minister of Defense Kai Uwe von Hassel, Britain’s Minister of Defence Denis Healey 

told a news conference in Bonn, Germany, that the two countries had 

agreed to develop by the 1970’s a light combat Vtol fighter and possibly a heavy aircraft to succeed the F-104 Starfighter. Healey added 

that studies were being conducted on other weapon projects, including 

tanks and tank equipment. 

Editorial in Life put into perspective the “break-throughs” and spectacular 

“firsts” recently achieved in space exploration-U.S.S.R.’s VOSKHOD 11, 

U.S.’s GEMINI 111, RANGER IX, ComSatCorp’s EARLY BIRD. “The first 

Sputnik was less than eight years ago, but already the space age 

has reached what President Johnson calls an ‘early maturity.’ Each 

technical advance is a planned and measured consequence of the 

previous one; Mercury fed Gemini and Gemini feeds Apollo; each 

hero stands on the shoulders of predecessors who are also his contemporaries. . . . “Our space program is, as Johnson puts it, ‘a national asset of 

proven worth and incalculable potential.’ Its cost is leveling off at 

about $7 billion a year. One hopes this includes enough to land us on 

the moon before the Russians-and what’s wrong with wanting to be 

first? . . . Our program, which may or may not be overtaking the Russian, is 

well past its own first period of jumpy desperation. We can stick to it 

in confidence.” (Life, 4/9/65) 

U.S.S.R. was building a spaceship designed not for space flight, but 

for exhibition in a new space museum to be built at the site of Moscow’s 

Space Monument. Inside the model cabin, which would have a seating 

capacity of 100, a movie showing the earth as it appeared from space 

would be shown to visitors. 

Communist China’s failure to conduct a scheduled second nuclear test 

in March was reported by an unidentified U.S. researcher in an interview with AP. He said reasons for the delay might be technical or 

political. (AP, NYT, 4/11/65’ 94) 

April 10: One of the five F-1 engines on the Saturn V booster was successfully static fired at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center for 16Vk sec. 

(Marshall Star, 4/14/65, 1) 

In a speech to the Interact Conference of First Rotary District 696 

in Orlando, Fla., KSC’S Richard E. Dutton, said: ”. . . NASA’s 

major launch facility for space vehicles and unmanned and manned 

spacecraft [is] the John F. Kennedy Space Center and its new Merritt 

Island Spaceport. I hope you noticed that I used the term Spaceport, 

instead of Moonport, as it is often referred to in the news media. We 

call it a Spaceport because its basic concept is not to exist as a research 

and development facility for any one mission only; it is being created 

to function as an actual port, with a space vehicle launch rate that may 

be some day as high as one manned launch per month. 

“However, just as important to consider is the spaceport’s capacity 

for growth. It can accommodate launch vehicles with up to 40 million 

pounds of thrust, 32.5 million pounds more than the Saturn V here can 

deliver. Because of this, the United States has not invested three 

quarters of a billion dollars in a facility which will serve only to 

launch a manned lunar mission. It has acquired a permanent installa- 

(NYT, 4/10/65, 46) 

66 

(AP, San Diego Eve. Trib., 4/9/65, 22) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 179 

tion which will serve the requirements of the National Space Program 

for years to come. 

“But these facilities, like the lunar landing mission, are themselves 

only a manifestation of a greater entity-people. At present, 2,500 

NASA and 6,300 contractor employees work at the Center. By 1967, 

when the spaceport becomes operational, 3,000 government employees 

and 10,000 contractor employees will be employed.” 

April 10: First General Dynamics F--111~ developmental aircraft, in its 

13th flight, reached 40,000 ft., its highest altitude so far, USAF announced. (Av. Wk., 4/19/65, 27) 

17-yr.-oId John J. Breaux, who exhibited a “soundovac” that could “solve 

any mathematical problem when a formula was available,” and 17-yr.- 

old Douglas A. Whithaus, who based his exhibit on development of a 

liquid-gaseous-propellant rocket engine, were entrants in the Greater 

St. Louis Science Fair selected to compete in the National Science Fair, 

May 6-8. 

Fred Callahan, 16, of Ft. Benning, Ga., prepared to launch Zeus 2, p~ssibly the largest rocket built by an amateur. Zeus 2, nine ft. long with 

2,000-lb. thrust, could reach peak altitude of 64 mi. Zeus 1 was 

launched by Callahan three years ago. (Wash. Daily News, 4/10/65) 

April 11: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center had awarded a ten-month, 

$10,934,377, cost-plus-award fee contract to Mason-Rust Co. to continue 

support services at Michoud Operations, New Orleans, and at its Computer Operations Office in Slidell, La. 

The case of Thiokol’s 260-in.-dia. solid motor ruptured during initial 

hydrotest of the Newport News Shipbuilding Sr Drydock CO., 

builders of the case. Cause of the failure had not been determined. 

(M&R, 4/19/65, 14; Av. Wk., 4/19/65, 29) 

Cnmmenting that contributions to science made by the space probes and 

satellites had been “interesting, all of it useiui, none of ii geiiuifielj‘, cye 

poppingly unexpected,” an editorial in the Sun Francisco Sunday 

Chronicle continued: “Surprisingly enough, space research has produced several by-products with a practical end. 

“The most significant to the world as a whole are the reconnaissance 

satellites with which Russia and the U.S. are now mutually inspecting 

each other’s and everyone else’s military installations with the kind 

of accuracy that has given Washington excellent pictures of the tower 

on top of which the Chinese atom bomb was exploded. They can 

prevent any significant military move from going undetected; a byproduct of them are the weather satellites. 

“Less is heard about the progress of early warning satellites designed 

to pick up the flaming tails of enemy missiles; this could be either 

because they have run into trouble or, like the satellites the Polaris 

submarines steer by. they are too successful to be mentioned. The 

possibility of putting H-bombs into satellites is not mentioned either in 

these days, but this time because the Russians and the Americans seem 

to have decided by mutual consent to forget it: the risks of an unmanned satellite going wrong were too great, and the risk of a manned 

one going berserk was even greater.” 

April 12: Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from White Sands, N. 

Mex., carried instrumented payload to 125 mi. (200 km.) altitude. 

Payload was a spectroheliograph to obtain a monochromatic picture of 

(Text) 

(St. Louis Post Dispatch, 4/10/’65). 

(MSFC Release 65-84) 

(S. F. Sun. Chron., 4/11/65) 
180 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

the sun. Experiment was conducted by NASA Goddard Space Flight 

Center. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

April 12: ComSatCorp announced that clear test signals transmitted via 

EARLY BIRD between Andover, Me., and stations in Goonhilly Downs, 

England; Pleumeur Bodou, France; and Raisting, W. Germany, had 

demonstrated that communications satellite’s equipment to receive messages from the European stations was functioning properly, as was its 

receiver tuned to the Andover station. (AP, Chic. Trib., 4/13/65) 

AEC granted a full-term, ten-year operating license to NASA’s Plum Brook 

Reactor Facility, NASA announced. The Plum Brook reactor, which 

produced 60,000 kw. of thermal power at peak operation, was being 

used in basic research relating to development of a nuclear rocket and 

of systems and components for space nuclear auxiliary power. The 

Facility is part of NASA Lewis Research Center. (LRC Release 65-27) 

USAF had awarded to General Dynamics a fixed-price-incentive-fee contract covering initial procurement of 431 F-111 aircraft, DOD announced. The contract was expected to exceed $1.5 billion. (DOD 

Release 228-65) 

Tass announced : “Scientists of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute 

believe they have received perhaps the first evidence that we are not 

alone in the universe.” The report referred to a strange pattern in 

signals emanating from a radio source believed being beamed at earth 

from another civilization. 

During the past year, the Soviet announcement continued, Soviet 

scientific listeners have noted that the signals come and go like the 

radio equivalent of a revolving beacon. Every hundred days the 

signals get strong and then fade out again. 

The Tass announcement quoted Dr. Nikolai Kardashev as saying: 

“A super civilization has been discovered.” 

Dr. Kardashev had first announced a year ago that he thought the 

radio signals from a source known as CTA-102 came from intelligent 

beings. Tass indicated that radio astronomers at Britain’s Jodrell 

Bank station had also observed CTA-102. (Loory, N.Y. Her. Trib., 

4/13/65; Simons, Wash. Post, 4/13/65) 

A spokesman for Britain’s Jodrell Bank Radio Telescope Observatory 

said concerning the Tass report that radio signals from CTA-102 might 

come from intelligent beings in outer space: “We have made measurements on these sources and confirmed that they are very weak and 

very small. But there is no observational evidence at Jodrell Bank to 

show any variation in the signal strength received. We would have 

to scrutinize carefully the Russian evidence before making any further 

statements.” (AP, Balt. Sun, 4/13/65) 

Fourth flight of General Dynamics’ second USAF F-111~ developmental 

aircraft lasted 1 hr. 40 min. Speeds ranged from 138 to 354 kt., with 

wings swept at 16”, 26”, and 70”. Landing gear and flaps were 

worked up and down during the flight. 

Fifth flight of the aircraft lasted 2 hr. 10 min. and attained a speed 

of mach 0.8 and an altitude of 27,000 ft. Wings were swept at 16”, 

26”, and 70”. 

In a Missiles and Rockets editorial, William J. Coughlin questioned 

NASA’s wisdom in drawing up mission requirements for lunar 

exploration. The article said: “Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA associate 

(Av. Wk., 4/19/65, 27) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 181 

administrator, told Congress last year: ‘Ranger will play an important 

role in the support of Project Apollo.’ . . . “Not a single change has been made in any part of the Apollo 

system or in the program’s operational plan as a result of the Ranger 

findings. None is contemplated. The reason for this is simple. 

The Block 111 Rangers mere incapable of producing an) such data. . . . “The case for Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter as supports for the Apollo 

program . . . is not a very strong one. . . . “Dr. Newell sees them as part of what he calls the ‘total program for 

exploring the Moon.’ . . . [He said] in the following statement to 

Congress: That lunar landing will 

involve a few hours of stay on the Moon, a look that the astronauts 

can make, a few collections of samples, maybe some simple tests, and 

maybe the implacement by the astronauts of monitors to be left on 

the lunar surface.’ 

“After their departure, Dr. Newell sees the instruments carrying 

on. Lunar Orbiter wheels overhead. Surveyor explores areas on the 

moon which Man would have difficulty in reaching. . . . We suggest that if anyone proposed exploring the Antarctic in 

such a manner, he would be clapped in the pokey as a nut. Man is 

going to the Moon and he is going to explore it. Expenditure of 

billions of dollars on instruments remotely controlled from Earth to 

do the same job is folly.” 

April 12: Chickens exposed to one half to three times the earth’s gravity 

had contracted chronic acceleration sickness in tests conducted at the 

Univ. of California. Dr. Russell R. Burton. a veterinarian at the University conducting the experiments as part of a program supported by 

NASA and the Office of Naval Research. said there was great variation 

amma the chickens in susceptibility to the sickness: “Some chickens 

%ill show symptoms after a few days at i5g, but ohers not znt;l m~~y 

months at 3g, and, of course, some never exhibit any of the symptoms. 

However, once the sickness develops, symptoms are the same.” Sick 

fowl developed enlarged adrenal glands and their digestive functions 

became abnormal. Some chickens’ legs were paralyzed as a result of 

increased gravity forces. 

Objective of the tests was to determine effects of artificially altering 

body weight. Interest in increased gravity fields stemmed from 

greater fields present on other planets such as Jupiter, which has 

gravity 21$ times that on earth. 

Robert Hotz, editorializing in Aviation Week and space Technology, 

said that it could be a ‘‘dangerous mistake” to defer development of earth-orbital operational capabilities until financial and 

technical peak loads of Apollo had been passed: “The Soviets obviously have chosen the earth-orbital approach to their lunar landing 

mission. Therefore, they necessarily must develop rather fully their 

hardware and operational techniques in this area as a vital prelude to 

their lunar landing attempts and not as a postlude, in the manner of 

current US. planning. They also have made little attempt to conceal 

their primary military interest in the development of manned spacecraft 

operations in the earth-orbital area. 

“Thus, it is entirely possible that unless U.S. policy is drastically 

changed soon. the Soviets may have an opportunity to achieve the 

‘You will have a lunar landing. 

CC 

(M&R, 4/12/65, 46) 

(Aw. Wk., 4/12/65, 79) 
182 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

technical surprise in space that they so narrowly missed in the race to 

an intercontinental ballistic missile.” 

April 12: Pravda announced the birth of Russia’s third “space baby”: a son 

to Cosmonaut Valery F. Bykovsky and his wife Valentina. (UPI, Wash. 

Daily News, 4/13/65) 

Week of April 12: European Space Research Organization (ESRO) selected 

Laboratoire Central de Telecommunications ( LCT) , a wholly-owned 

French subsidiary of International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., as 

prime contractor for development of Esro 1 polar ionosphere satellite. 

The $3-million contract awarded called for development and production of one prototype and two flying satellites-one a backup-to gather 

information on ionospheric and particle conditions in the northern 

polar region. 

April 13: Establishment of a Joint Meteorological Satellite Program Office 

( JMSPO) , to identify, compile, and coordinate requirements from the 

military services and the Joint Chiefs of Staff for use of meteorological 

satellites, was announced by DOD. JMSPO would continually review the 

NASA meteorological satellite program and would define military applications of the national system and the DOD technical efforts to support 

the national program. (DOD Release 229-65) 

At a news conference, astronomers at Moscow’s Sternberg Institute of 

Astronomy repudiated the Tass report that radio signals had been 

received from a “super civilization” in outer space. The astronomers 

explained that their studies had been based on a radio signal from a 

point in space called CTA-102-a designation of the California Institute 

of Technology for a quasi-stellar radio source. Signals had been picked 

up from CTA-102 systematically in fluctuating strength that followed 

a regular 100-day pattern. They said that although no other radio 

emission from outer space had the same periodicity, it was too early 

to tell whether the radio signals were artificially made by intelligent 

beings or whether they came from a natural source. 

The Soviet astronomers appealed to their Western counterparts to 

help study CTA-102 to determine whether the signals were artificially 

or naturally made. (AP, Balt. Sun, 4/14/65; Post News Service, 

Houston Post, 4/14/65) 

NASA had awarded Douglas Aircraft Co. 82,697,546 contract modification to test Saturn V instrument unit and S-IVB stage instrumentation in a space environment. The test program would be conducted in Douglas’ 39-ft.-dia. space simulator at Huntington Reach, 

Calif., and would simulate a typical Saturn V flight from launch to earth 

orbit and injection into lunar path. Tests would begin in early 1966. 

(MSFC Release 65-88) 

Reported that Dr. William I. Donn of Columbia Univ.’s Lamont 

Geological Observatory, Dr. Wilbur G. Valentine of Brooklyn College, 

and Dr. Bertram D. Donn of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center had 

challenged presently accepted ages of the earth (4.5 billion yrs.) and 

the sun (5 billion yrs.). They had asserted that the oldest of continental rocks were so very ancient that the sun’s and the earth‘s ages 

allowed too little time for continent formation by earthly processes 

and from earthly materials. Two alternative explanations were proposed: (1) either the sun and the earth must be much older, perhaps 

by a half-billion years or more; or, (2) the original continents were 

(Av. Wk., 4/12/65, 21) 

(Av. Wk., 4/12/65, 37; Av. Wk., 4/19/65, 30) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 183 

thrown down upon the planet’s surface when objects from spacehundreds of miles across in size-crashed into the earth. Research 

results had been published in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of 

America. 

April 13: Brig. Gen. Joseph S. Bleymaier (USAF), Deputy Commander for 

Manned Space Systems of AFSC’S Space Systems Div., announced at a 

Washington, D.C., luncheon for Aviation,/Space Writers that two used 

Gemini spacecraft would be flown by USAF in tests for a Manned 

Orbiting Laboratory (Mol). This would be the first time that a 

Mercury or Gemini spacecraft had been flown twice. Both Air Force 

flights would be unmanned and would test the effect of cutting a hatch 

into the heat shield on the capsule’s blunt end. 

Second General Dynamics-UsAF F-111~ developmental aircraft made its 

sixth flight, lasting 1 hr. 30 min. Wings were swept at 16”, 26”, and 

70”. (Av. Wk., 4/19/65, 27) 

Soviet astronomers were seeking increased research funds. At a 

meeting of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences, physicist Lev A. 

Artsimovich reportedly assailed what he called the inadequacy of the 

observational equipment available to Soviet astronomers and noted that 

the U.S. had more large telescopes than did the U.S.S.R. He accused 

those charged with making appropriations of underestimating the 

importance of astronomy, while overestimating the importance of and 

being overly generous to nuclear physics: “At the present time, expenditures on astronomical work in our country are no more than a 

few percent of the investments in elementary particle physics. Our 

progeny will probably be surprised that we divided in such strange 

proportions the efforts directed to investigate the great world of stars 

and the artificial world of elementary interactions [of nuclear 

particles].” (NYT, 4/13/65) 

“Award of the [$40 millionj contract ifor 28 At!as SLV-~S] reflects 

plans by the Air Force and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to use the Atlas in a variety of future space missions,’, 

Robert Zimmerman said in an article in the San Diego Union. He 

continued: “Its versatility as a launching vehicle lies in the ‘plug-in’ 

concept which allows electronic instruments for various missions to be 

installed on the basic booster as requirements for the mission may 

dictate. 

“Before the Atlas was standardized into the SLV-3 it would take a 

year to 18 months to equip one booster for a particular mission. NOW: 

an SLV-3 can be outfitted for any mission in three to four months.” 

(Zimmerman, San Diego Union, 4/13/65) 

According to official sources, both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. had exploded 

certain of their own satellites in orbit to prevent their fallinq into 

other hands, but neither nation was known to have attempted to knock 

down a spacecraft belonging to the other. (Clark, NYT, 4/4/65, 1) 

Commenting on blockade to prevent Negroes from using North Merritt 

Island ocean beach-federally-owned property released for public use 

by NASA-&. Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director, said: “Jf difficulty should 

continue to arise in implementing a basic public policy of non-discrimination, the Kennedy Space Center would be obligated to withdraw the beach from public use.” 

(Abraham, Phil. Eve. Bull., 4/13/65) 

(NYT, 4/15/65, 8) 

(Miami Her., 4/13/65) 
154 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

April 14: MARINER IV set a distance record for communications from 

American spacecraft. The Mars probe transmitted data from 54 

million miles out, exceeding the record of 53.9 million miles set by 

MARINER 11 in 1963. (AP, San Diego Eve. Trib., 4/14/65; NASA 

Releases 65-111, 65-117) 

ComSatCorp’s EARLY BIRD I communications satellite reached its 

permanent station over the Atlantic Ocean: apogee, 22,243 mi. 

(35,811 km.) ; perigee, 22,224 mi. (35,780 km.) ; period, 23 hrs. 56 

min. 57 sec.; inclination. ,085” ; location, 28.0” west longitude. 

(ComSatCorp) 

9 In a “topping out” ceremony, signifying that the Vehicle Assembly 

Building at NASA’s Merritt Island Launch Area had reached its 

maximum height of 525 ft.. a 38-ft.. four-ton steel beam inscribed 

with emblems of the companies and Government agencies participating 

in the building’s construction and autographed by contractor and Government personnel, was hoisted into place in the upper reaches of VAB’s 

steel skeleton. Scheduled for completion in 1966 as an integral part 

of Launch Complex 39, VAB would have 7.5 acres of floor area, would 

be 525 ft. tall, 518 ft. wide, and 716 ft. long. Within the 129 million 

cu. ft. of the structure, Apollo-Saturn V launch vehicles would be assembled in an upright position in a controlled environment. (KSC 

Release 8665) 

NASA launched from Wallops Island a four-stage Journeyman (Argo D8) sounding rocket with 130-lb. Univ. of Minnesota payload. Firing 

was timed to correspond closely with passage of the OGO I satellite in 

an unsuccessful attempt to compare and correlate radiation belt electron and proton measurements. Sounding rocket reached peak altitude 

of 1,031 mi.; experiment package impacted in the Atlantic Ocean about 

1,200 mi. downrange. 

Telemetry indicated proper functioning of instrumentation during 

the 26-min. flight, but no useful data were returned because the nose 

cone covering the payload failed to eject and the experiment package 

was not exposed to energetic particles in the radiation belt. (Wallops 

Release 65-21; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

First of four Stellar Acquisition Flight Feasibility (Staff 1 flights planned 

by WAF failed 73 sec. after launch of the experiment aboard a 

Polaris A-1 booster. The experiment’s Stellar Inertial Guidance 

System (Stings) was operating open-loop and was not guiding the 

missile, which had to be destroyed when it veered off course. Stings 

had been locked onto the star Polaris and had tracked properly through 

the first 54 sec. of flight until time of second-stage ignition, when the 

trouble with the launch vehicle apparently developed. Period during 

which the Stings operated was time of highest dynamic pressure; data 

received were termed excellent. 

Main purpose of the Staff flight was to test a telescope-like device 

intended to allow a Stings to take a reading from Polaris after piercing 

the earth’s cloud cover and to plot an exact trajectory to a target area. 

(M&R, 4/19/65, 9) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb told the Harvard Business School 

Club of New York: “The impact of the space program cannot 

be described just by a recital of the flow of technology to industry. 

The NASA system of management, for example, has efficiently mobilized 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 185 

for research and development in aeronautics and space some 400,000 

men and women and is utilizing some 20,000 industrial companies 

under prime and subcontract arrangements. We are handling about 

250,000 procurement actions a year, and over 150 universities are 

involved in the scientific, engineering, and training programs required 

for the rapid solutions and high standards the program requires.” 

He continued: “It should be emphasized that our space program is 

not a crash effort. It is a planned, deliberate development over a 

ten-year period. 

“Through our programs at NASA, we are proving out important new 

mechanisms through which investments made in science and technology can pay substantial dividends. The social, economic, and 

political forces at work in our society today are dependent, as never 

before, on developments in science and technology.” 

April 14: NASA Administrator James E. Webb said at the Boy Scout Launch0-Ree in New York City that the “future will be determined in large 

measure by the kind of talented and dedicated youth found in the Boy 

Scouts. Science and technology, which form the basis for the national 

space program, are pioneering areas within which many of you can find 

opportunities for satisfaction and service.” 

Dr. Frederick Seitz, President of the National Academy of Sciences, 

speaking at the end of Purdue Univ.’s three-day symposium on “Science 

and Public Policy-Evolving Institutions,” warned that the present 

system of Federal grants might be “disastrous” to some areas of 

science if not modified. “The man with the big, obvious project tends 

to get his Federal grant today, but the lonely individual with an 

off-beat idea does not fare so well,” he said. Dr. Seitz favored a 

large-scale, supplementary system of Federal grants for research in 

science ad the humanities that would permit the individual university 

to determine how the grant would be disposed. ‘%lock giants wodd 

enable a university administration to draw upon talents of its faculty 

and administrators in deciding how funds for a certain area of research 

are allocated,” he argued. Dr. Seitz said that such a Federal grantgiving agency would be patterned after the National Science Foundation and might fulfill the role envisioned for the National Humanities 

Foundations proposed in bills currently before Congress. (Sullivan, 

NYT, 4/15/65, 30) 

Dr. Joseph F. Shea, Apollo Program manager at NASA Manned Spacecraft 

Center, announced at a press conference at North American Aviation’s 

Tulsa facilities that the Tulsa plant would build 16 Apollo service 

modules. Apollo contract work there totaled more than $61 million. 

(Leslie, Tulsa Daily World, 4/15/65) 

“Positive action must soon replace delay and procrastination” on the 

development of an American supersonic airliner, Sen. A. S. (Mike) 

Monroney (D-Okla.) , Chairman of the Senate Aviation Subcommittee, 

told a Washington, D.C., meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers. Monroney said that US. failure to build the plane could “choke 

off’ 375,000 jobs within several years. Sen. Monroney added that 

if U.S. carriers did not fly supersonic planes as early as foreign airlines, it could mean a loss of $1 billion a year in passenger revenues. 

“If we capitulate, it would mean the eventual loss of technical super- 

(Text) 

(Text) 
186 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

iority and a second class airline industry,” he said. (NYT, 4/15/65, 

15) 

April 14: Supreme Court Justice William 0. Douglas told Philadelphia 

Rotary Club members that money being spent to put a man on the 

moon could be better spent ending water pollution in the United States. 

He claimed that costs for equipping the Nation with adequate sewage 

disposal was about equal to that of sending a man to the moon in the 

Apollo project. 

Arthur E. Jenks, retired FAA official, received the Laura Taber Barbour 

Air Safety Award for 1965 at a luncheon in Washington, D.C., given by 

the Society of Automotive Engineers in conjunction with its annual 

meeting. The award, sponsored by the Flight Safety Foundation, was 

presented to Jenks because of his “contributions to improving the 

techniques for flight checking the accuracy of air navigational aids 

and improvement of landing aids on and around airports.” (FAA 

Release 65-30) 

April 15: Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) ascent engine underwent a 5-sec. 

test firing under ground level conditions at White Sands Missile Range. 

Initial indications were that the test had been successful. The 3,500-1b.- 

thrust hypergolic engine was built by Bell Aerosystems and used a 

50-50 mixture of Udmh and hydrazine for fuel and nitrogen tetroxide 

for the oxidizer. (MSC Roundup, 4/30/65, 1) 

Vice President Hubert Humphrey wrote to Cape Kennedy technician 

Richard Tennis: “I understand that you are the gentleman who corrected the problem of the oxidizer leak on the Gemini-Titan [ GT-31. 

“I simply wanted to express to you the thanks of all of us here in 

Washington who have watched so carefully the success of this program. 

It is the excellent and quick efforts of people like yourself that have 

made this program so successful.” ( KSC Spaceport News, 4/15/65, 2) 

Federal Urban Renewal Administration would approve location of the 

NASA Electronics Research Center in the Kendall Sq. area of Cambridge by declaring the area eligible for an urban renewal project, 

the Boston Globe reported. According to an unidentified Federal official, an eligibility report prepared by the Cambridge Redevelopment 

Authority had been approved by the New York regional office and 

approval from Washington, D.C., was expected soon. (Boston Globe, 

4/15/65) 

. The Associated Press applied to FCC for recognition as “an authorized 

entity for the purpose of buying service from the Communications 

Satellite Corporation.” AP was the first organization to take advantage 

formally of the clause in the Communications Satellite Act of 1962 that 

authorized ComSatCorp to furnish circuits “to the carriers and to other 

authorized entities, foreign and domestic.” The law, however, did not 

define an authorized entity, also known as “authorized user” (in contrast to an “authorized carrier”). 

A. J. Hayes, president of the International Association of Machinists, said 

at a Dallas briefing of industry sponsored by DOD and the National Security Industrial Association that Federal procurement officers were 

meddling in negotiations of labor and the aerospace industry to the 

extent that free collective bargaining was being eroded away. He said 

the affected unions would not settle this year for less than the 57-cent 

( AP, Galveston News-Tribune, 4/15/65) 

(Gould, NYT, 4/27/65, 1, 25) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 187 

package in wage increases and fringe benefits recently worked out for 

the United Auto Workers. 

April 15: Battelle Memorial Institute reported reasons the sweet potato 

would be the best vegetable for a space garden: (1) it would yield a 

large number of calories per pound and would have a high count of 

vitamin A; (2) its leaves are edible, either cooked or raw; (3) under 

simulated space conditions, it would grow in 90 to 120 days; (4) it 

would give off oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide, aiding air conditions 

inside a spacecraft. The plan, Battelle said, would be to grow the 

sweet potato in a spacecraft in a soilless culture to provide fresh vegetables for astronauts. (AP, Wash. Post, 4/16/65) 

A Cairo newspaper revealed that the United Arab Republic was training 

men for space flight. No date for a possible launching was given. 

(UPI, Milwaukee J., 4/16/65) 

April 15-16: World scientists met in a special conference on the lunar 

surface sponsored by the International Astronomical Union and NASA 

Goddard Space Flight Center at Greenbelt, Md. 

Noting areas of disagreement among scientists, theoretical astrophysicist Thomas Gold of Cornel1 Univ. tried to explain why the 

Ranger pictures resolved so little: “The Ranger pictures are like a 

mirror. Everyone sees his own theories reflected in them.” Prof. 

Gold saw a moon covered with dust; young craters composed of solid 

rock while older craters had somehow gone soft; and vast sheets of ice 

locked under compacted sediment beneath much of the lunar surface. 

Dr. Harold C. Urey, Nobel prize-winning chemist from the Univ. of 

California, referred to evidence of widespread collapse of the lunar 

surface, probably due to underground movement: “The RANGER IX’S 

pictures scared me more than anything. There’s all sorts of evidence 

that some of these craters are sinking.” 

Dr. Eugene Shoemaker of the G.S. Gc~!c$ca! Survey said that 

chances that the moon’s surface was too soft for the 15-ton Lem were 

“almost vanishingly remote.” ( Simons, Wash. Post, 4/16/65; Clark, 

NYT, 4/16/65) 

Dr. Ewan A. Whitaker agreed with findings in the paper he presented 

for his colleague, Dr. Gerald P. Kuiper of the Univ. of Arizona’s Lunar 

and Planetary Laboratory. Dr. Kuiper concluded that the lunar surface had a bearing strength of between one and two tons per square 

foot. His calculations, made from data extracted from RANGER IX 

photographs. was based on the size of rocks ejected from a given impact 

crater and the distance they traveled. Other tentative findings were 

that the dark portions of the maria were due to some unknown fluid 

flows and not lava or ash flows; that the maria were not completely 

covered with lunar dust; and that the moon’s surface exhibited a remarkable series of fracture patterns which could be due to polar contraction, tidal effects, or some other force. (Clark, NYT, 4/16/65; 

Simons, Wash. Post, 4/16/65; Av. Wk., 4/26/65, 34) 

Boris J. Levin, section chief of the Institute of Earth Physics. 

U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, said studies based on radioactive emissions from meteorites and on lunar data indicated that the interior of 

the moon partially melted some two million years after the formation 

of that body began: “If you assume the moon is of the same material 

(AP, Denver Post, 4/15/65) 
188 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

as meteorites. it is necessark to assume that the interior at one time was 

partly molten.” Prof. Levin said the moon was formed simultaneously 

with the earth and \\as not originally part of it. It was about 10 earthradii distant and later shifted to the present position. He added: “We 

believe that there is a lava flow not covered by dust.” (Wash. Post, 

4/17/65: Milwaukee J.. 4 17/65: CSM, 4/26/65; Av. Wk., 4/26/65, 

34 i 

Dr. John Clark. NASA Director of Space Sciences. said that a year 

ago N4SA officials had hoped that Ranger ~ould tell something about 

the topography of the moon: “That in turn would tell something about 

the geometry needed for the landing vehicle. Ranger has done this 

and now we look to the Surveyor spacecraft to tell us the bearing 

strength of the moon’s surface.” i AP, Houston Post, 4/17/65; Clark, 

NYT, 4/17/65) 

Dr. Fred Whipple of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory said 

the moon’s surface might be lower than had been calculated: “The data 

indicates that R~NGER VII and VIII, and maybe RANGER IX, landed one 

second late because the moon Mas one mile small. The moon’s surface 

at the point of landing Mas lower by two kilometers (a mile and a 

quarter) than the average lunar radius.” ZP, Hoiiston Post, 4/17/65; 

Milwaukee J., 4 17 ’651 

April 16: Saturn V launch vehicle IS-IC stage) was static-fired for the first 

time. at VASA Marshall Space Flicht Center. The five F-1 engines were 

icnited in a test uhich lasted 611.) sec. during which they generated a 

thrust of 7.5 million Ibs. ~160.000.000 hp.). This was the first full 

cluster test and was made on a recently completed 400-ft.-tall test stand. 

The S-IC was the first stage of 364-ft:tall Saturn V-Apollo combination 

that would ultimately take astronauts and equipment to the moon. 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. 

Mueller congratulated MSFC personnel on the successful test: “. . . As 

this \+as one of the key milestones in the whole lunar landing program, 

its successful performance. 12 weeks ahead of schedule, has a great 

bearing on our program.” (MFSC Release 65-92 : Marshall Star, 

5/5/65, 5) 

NASA had signed a $9.6-million contract with Ball Brothers Research Corp. 

to build, integrate. and test two Orbiting Solar Observatories. The 

spacecraft. designated Oso-D and Oso-E, would contain experiments 

designed to advance understanding of the sun’s structure and behavior 

and the physical processes by which the sun influenced the near-earth 

environment and interplanetarv space. The amount included $800,000 

obligated by letter contract siped Feb. 17, 1964. (NASA Release 65- 

129) 

Followinc: a six-hour visit to Cape Kennedy and the Merritt Island spaceport, Mayor Willie Brandt of West Berlin said: “The space challenge is 

not only the responsibility of young Americans and Russians, but also 

that of young Europeans” Mayor Brandt said the European space 

effort should be a combined effort and that Germany would welcome 

any cooperation. (AP, Orlando Star, 4/17/65; w, Miami Her., 4/17/ 

65 

FAA approved the British-built BAC 111, a new short-haul jet airliner, 

for passenger-carrying operations in the U.S. FAA% airworthiness 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 189 

certificate was awarded after a 31/-yr. evaluation program. ( UPI, 

NYT, 4/18/65, 49) 

April 17: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXV from the Baikonur launch complex 200 mi. northeast of Tyuratam, Tass announced. The satellite 

carried scientific instruments for continuing the Soviet space exploration program. Orbital data: apogee, 342 km. (212.4 mi.) ; perigee, 

210 km. (130.4 mi.) ; period, 89.8 min.; inclination, 65”. All systems 

were functioning normally. (Tass, Krasnaya Zvezda, 4/18/65, 1, 

ATSS-T Trans.; SBD, 4/22/65, 290) 

In an article discussing major American testing sites, Howard Simons and 

Chalmers M. Roberts of the Washington Post said: “Indeed it is from 

Vandenberg and not Cape Kennedy. Fla., that the majority of American 

satellites are launched. Between Jan. 1, 1964, and Oct. 31, 1964, for 

example, 33 or three times as many satellites were successfully put into 

space from Vandenberg as from Cape Kennedy. 

“The great majority of the satellites launched from Vandenberg, the 

hub of what is officially called the Air Force Western Test Range, are 

military satellites with secret payloads or reconnaissance cameras capable of peering down on Russia and China.” (Simons and Roberts, 

Wash. Post, 4/17/65) 

April 18: United Airlines and Eastern Airlines had placed the first orders 

for Douglas Aircraft Co.’s new ~c-8-61 jetliner, seating 251. The 

aircraft would be the largest commercial jet in existence, having a total 

length of 187 ft. 4 in., and would cost about $8 million. United 

would buy five of the Model 61’s and take options on two more; Eastern 

had ordered four aircraft for delivery late next year. (NYT, 4/18/65, 

84 1 

Soviet Union announced that pilot A. V. Fedotov had established a new 

He flew an E-266 

aircraft with 2,000-kg. (4,409 lbs.) cargo at average speed of 2,320 

kph. This exceeded by 253 kph the world speed record for that class 

held by U.S. pilot Harold E. Confer in a B-58 Hustler aircraft. 

(Krasnaya Zvezda, 4/18/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

A shipment of American Hawk missiles was unloaded recently at the 

Israeli port of Haifa. Israel announced. (UPI, Wash. Daily News, 

4/19/65) 

April 19: A detailed report on the progress of the Mars-bound MARINER IV 

spacecraft was presented at annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Washington, D.C. : 

MARINER IV, launched Nov. 28, 1964, was on course to fly by Mars 

shortly after 9 p.m. EDT on July 14. Four of MARINER IV’S six experiments were still working well. The ionization experiment had ceased 

to function and data from the solar plasma probe were only partially 

interpretable. At 3 p.m., MARINER IV was 58,176,037 mi. from the 

earth. It had traveled 221,330,000 mi. on its journey of 325 million 

miles. 

MARINER IV had returned a considerable amount of scientific data. 

A cosmic ray telescope aboard the 575-1b. spacecraft had, for example, 

c‘observed” more solar protons than alpha particles from the sun. 

John A. Simpson of Univ. of Chicago said this indicated there was a 

“different kind of mechanism operating on the sun for accelerating 

these particles in space.” 

... IIvllu , -1,l spyd recnrd for l,Onn-km. closed route. 
190 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

A report from a team of scientists from NASA GSFC and Temple Univ. 

indicated that MARINER IV was encountering increasing amounts of 

cosmic dust as it moved further away from the sun. MARINER IV’S 

cosmic dust detector had been hit 95 times. 

Dr. James A. Van Allen predicted that if Mars had a magnetic field 

no stronger than 1/30th the intensity of the earth‘s, MARINER IV would 

detect it in July. 

Richard Sloan of JPL said he and his colleagues planned to try to 

establish a radio lock with MARINER IV in September 1967 after it had 

journeyed through space and come back to within 40-50 million miles 

of earth. (NASA Releases 65-117, 65-117-A, 65-117-B, 65-117-C, 

65-117-D, 65-117-E, 65-117-F; Transcript) 

April 19: Six Navy and Marine flyers emerged from a cylindrical chamber 

at Philadelphia’s naval air engineering center where they had spent 34 

days in a simulated journey into space in an experiment sponsored by 

NASA. The project was designed to collect and analyze information 

on long confinement in a space atmosphere, specifically, how pure 

oxygen would affect the blood, the lungs, thinking, and eating. Cdr. 

Kenneth R. Coburn. project manager, called it “a major success,’’ 

noting that “we find that man can live for long periods of time-for a 

month anyway-without any bad effects.” ( AP, Chic. Trib., 4/20/65) 

DOD announced award to Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. of $3,000,000 

increment to existing contract for engineering support for Agena system. (DOD Release 246-65) 

Edward L. Hays, chief of crew systems at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, announced that the crew of the Gemini GT-~ flight would wear the 

qualified Extravehicular Activity (Eva) spacesuit during their flight. 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/19/65; M&R, 4/26/65, 7) 

Excerpts from comments on management of research and development 

activity by Dr. L. R. Hafstad, director of General Motors Research and 

Defense Research Laboratories, appeared in Aviation Veek and Space 

Technology: “In the modern laboratory the basic research activity is 

essentially an information-gathering intelligence operation. The operatives must be trained to speak, and allowed to speak, the language of 

the area on which they are expected to keep informed, and to interact 

with other researchers in the same area. It is this apparently excessive 

freedom of action on the part of employees which makes for the concern 

of students of administration about the management of research, or the 

lack thereof. My conclusion is that most of this problem evaporates 

once it is realized that a director of research directs the research program-but certainly not the individual researchers. 

“The partnership of science, engineering and industry is really a 

rather new concept developed since the turn of the century and only 

now reaching maturity. An even newer concept is the partnership of 

science, engineering, and government. A problem we must face up to 

-whether we represent industry, government or science-is the effective use of research in creating a better future for everyone. 

There is never a dearth of projects-the difficulty is to pick worthwhile projects. It is here that I feel that the discipline of the profit 

and loss statement is essential. . . .” 

“ 

(Av Wk., 4/19/65, 21) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 191 

April 19: Two teams of scientists collecting dust from Greenland and 

Antarctic icecaps presented their findings to the American Geophysical 

Union, meeting in Washington. The scientists were collecting particles 

by “core sampling”-boring through the ice with a thermal drill and 

analyzing particles to determine their origin. Team studying Greenland 

samples-E. L. Fireman, J. Defelice, and C. C. Langway, Jr., of the 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the US. Army-believed 

their dust samples to be nonterrestrial in origin. Team studying 

Antarctic samples-M. B. Giovinetto of the Univ. of Wisconsin and 

R. A. Schmidt of NASA-was not certain of the origin of these particles. 

They reported a high concentration of spherucles in the core samplings; 

the amount of these particles, which closely matched those found in 

volcanic eruptions, made identification of dust origin more difficult. 

They had collected dust from 165-ft. core of ice, representing 400 yrs. 

accumulation. Greenland team had drilled to depth of 1,800 ft. and 

expected to continue to 5,000 ft. National Science Foundation would 

use the same thermal drill-beginning in summer of 1967 or 1968-to 

drill to 8,000-ft. depth through the south polar ice. (Simons, Wash. 

Post, 4/20/65, 1) 

Week of April 19: Cryogenic propellants were loaded for the first time into 

a ground test model of the NASA Saturn S-IVB upper stage to verify the 

design of the stage and fabrication techniques, and to demonstrate 

operational procedures. The S-IVB, 58 ft. long and 21.5 ft. in diarneter, was being built for Saturn IB and Saturn V by Douglas Missile 

and Space Systems Div. for NASA MSFC. 

April 20: NASA had awarded a 83,135,977 contract modification to the 

Boeing Co. for preparatory work leading to dynamic testing of the 

Saturn V moon rocket at NASA MSFC. Boeing would perform engineering services for :he Satur:: Y .lyr?smic testing program and would supply instrumentation equipment for the test stand. (MSFC Release 

65-94) 

NASA Ames Research Center had let a $1,382,000 contract to the American 

Machine and Foundry Co. for fabrication of an advanced flight simulator which could simulate nearly all flight situations for aircraft and 

spacecraft except cases involving either high acceleration forces on the 

pilot or aerobatics. 

Designed by the Research Facilities and Equipment Div. at Ames, the 

simulator would have “six degrees of freedom,” the capability to move 

in all possible axes of motion: fore and aft, vertical, and side-to-side; 

also pitch, roll, and yaw. It would be unique in having 100 ft. of 

lateral motion. This would be needed to simulate supersonic transport 

(Sst) flight since the crew would be far forward of the center of rotation of the aircraft. 

North American Aviation Co.’s XB-~OA experimental bomber reached 

altitude of 59,000 ft. and speed of 1,500 mph on its tenth flight 

from Edwards AFB. Duration of flight was 1 hr. 39 min., of which 1 

hr. 14 min. was at supersonic speed, boosting its total supersonic flight 

time to 5 hrs. 5 min. 

The X-15 research aircraft was praised by William Hines in an article in 

the Washington Evening Star: “The United States spent nearly a 

quarter-billion dollars to produce three copies of the X-15, unromantically known as ‘No. 1,’ ‘No. 2,’ and ‘No. 3.’ Modifications, 

(MSFC Release 65-98) 

(ARC Release 65-12) 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/21/65, A7) 
192 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

maintenance and operation charges have by now pushed the bill close 

to a third of a billion. 

“By any rational standard, the x-15 has been worth every penny. 

It has given the United States far more than mere supremacy in the 

flight record books; it has provided a foundation for advanced aeronautical technology that could have been obtained in no other way.” 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/20/651 

April 20: Dr. Werner R. Kirchner, vice president and manager of AerojetGeneral Corp.’s solid rocket operations. announced that a new solid 

fuel multipulse rocket engine containing several charges of propellant 

that could be separately fired by electrical signal had successfully completed its first series of test firings. The rocket could zip, glide, and 

dart about much like a bird, he said, or could lie dormant in space a 

year and then be restarted on command. Key to multipulse firings 

was described as a lightweight thermal barrier separating each charge. 

Aerojet had conducted demonstration firings of six flight-weight configurations in the company-funded program. ( k~, Denver Post, 4/21/ 

65; Av. Wk., 4/19/65,30) 

Donald E. Crabhill of the Bureau of the Budget discussed “Space 

Programs and the Federal Budget” before the National Space Club : 

“What are some of the significant factors to be pointed out in the relationship between the space program and the budget? 

“The first is, of course, the matter of growth in the funding for space 

and the current absolute amount of funds allocated to space programs, 

including not only NASA, but also DOD, AEC, and activities in this area by 

other agencies. In FY 1957, approximately $150 million was expended 

by the Federal Government on space programs. In FY 1960, the total 

was still below $900 million. In FY 1966, the tenth year of the space 

age, the President’s budget provides for space expenditures of $6.9 

billion. 

“Where does this amount stand in relation to amounts in the administrative budget for other programs? It is less than the total amounts 

to be spent in 1966 on national defense; on health, labor, and welfare 

programs; and on interest on the national debt. But it is greater than 

that to be spent for any other function of Government. Space expenditures of all agencies will be greater in 1966 than those for international 

affairs and finance, for agriculture, for natural resources, for commerce 

and transportation, for housing and community development, for veterans benefits and services, or for other general Government. 

“The space program has not been, since it was initiated, and is not 

today, a budgetary underdog. 

“The second specific point to be made is that the budget process by 

its very nature is an exercise in priorities. . . . A great many merely 

desirable projects get deferred throughout the Government every year 

under the press of the budgetary process. 

“In the past, this pressure has not been felt as severely in the space 

area as it has in most others because of the emphasis that has been 

given to creating in a hurry a vast capability to operate in space. The 

space program has been very successful in meeting this aim. In fact, 

it has been so successful that space is now coming of age with other 

Government programs. We will soon have a technical capability to do 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 193 

a great many more space missions than we as a nation will probably 

want to pay for. . . . “There is one other point that. as a budget examiner. I feel I must 

mention. Funding and schedule estimates for space programs have 

been historically quite unreliable. Cost estimates have tended not so 

much merely to grow, but to multiply! At the same time, schedules 

have tended to slip, slip, slip. 

“This was an understandable situation while the space program was 

new, but we have had enough experience that there will be considerable 

resistance from now on to escalation in price and radical slips in schedule of the next generation of space projects. The more detailed planning we are doing now, the phased project procurement processes, and 

the experience we have gained in the technology and the techniques of 

Space operations must be expected to show returns in better ability 

to make good cost and schedule estimates in the first place, and then to 

meet the cost and schedule targets that are approved.” 

April 20: Three American scientists were honored by the American Geophysical Union during an honors meeting at the National Academy of 

Sciences in Washington, D.C.: Norman F. Ness of NASA Goddard 

Space Flight Center received the John Adam Fleming Award for 

research done by means of instruments aboard NASA’s EXPLORER XVIII 

satellite; Gordon J. F. MacDonald of the Univ. of California at Los 

Angeles was given the James B. Macelwane Award for work on a 

variety of subjects ranging from the center of the earth to the solar 

corona; Hugo Benioff, professor emeritus at the California Institute 

of Technology, was awarded the William Bowie Medal for “unselfish 

cooperation in research.” 

April 21: Pegasus B, second of the “winged” micrometeoroid detection 

srrte!!ites, arrived at Cape Kennedy to ha readied for launch during 

the next two months. Similar to PEGASUS I, Pegasus B would occupy 

a simulated Apollo service module aboard the SA* vehicle. A boilerplate model of the Apollo command module would be placed above the 

Pegasus; in orbit, the Apollo modules would be jettisoned and the 

satellite exposed. Preliminary data from PEGASUS I indicated it was 

confirming current theory on micrometeoroid density. ( MSFC Release 

65-85; Marshall Star, 4/21/65, 1, 2) 

NASA absolved Astronaut Virgil I. Grissom (Maj .. USAF) of any blame in 

the 58-mi.-off-target landing of the GEMINI 111 spacecraft following 

the three-orbit flight Mar. 23, according to MSC spokesman. The 

mishap was attributed to the fact that the spacecraft did not develop 

as much lift as expected. The possibility that Major Grissom might 

have banked GEMINI 111 improperly as a result of misunderstanding 

instructions from ground stations had been investigated. (UPI, NYT, 

4/21/65, 11, MSC GEMINI 111 Fact Sheet) 

EARLY BIRD communications satellite would relay a sampling of scientific, 

cultural, and entertainment events televised live at 35 sites in North 

America and Europe during an hour-long inaugural program, “This is 

Early Bird,” scheduled for 1 p.m. EST, May 2, ComSatCorp announced. 

(ComSatCorp Release; Adams, NYT, 4/21/65, 91 ) 

Thomas W. Thompson of Cornel1 Univ. said in a paper presented at the 

meeting of the American Geophysical Union that half the moon’s surface had been mapped in a lunar mapping program using the radio- 

(Text) 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 4/21/65) 
194 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

radar telescope at Cornell’s Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico. From 

the radar signal returns, the hardest areas of the moon were the rim 

and floor of the relatively new craters. The floors of the older craters 

and the surface of the maria were covered by a three-to-four-meter-. 

thick layer of highly porous material often referred to as “lunar dust.” 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 4/22/65; NYT, 4/22/65) 

April 21 : Dr. Gordon H. Pettingill, Dr. Rolf H. Dyce, and Dr. Thomas Gold 

of Cornel1 Univ., reported to the meeting of the American Geophysical 

Union that through radar studies with Cornell’s l,OOO-ft.-diameter 

radiotelescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, they had found an apparent 

“flat spot” on the planet Mars that seemed to correspond to markings 

seen there through telescopes. They also reported that radar observations indicated the planet Mercury rotated on its own axis once each 

54 to 64 days, exposing all sides to the sun in a year. Its full day, 

corresponding to a 24-hr. earth cycle, would be about 180 earth days 

long. It was inconclusive whether Mercury rotated in the opposite 

direction from its orbit-a retrograde rotation-r in the same direction as its orbit-a direct rotation. 

Dr. Gold also speculated that Mercury could not have been in its 

present orbit for much longer than 400 million years. Otherwise, he 

postulated, the sun would have held the planet over a long enough 

period of time to force it into a synchronous or 88-day rotation. 

This suggested to Gold that Mercury might once have been a moon 

of Venus but broke away or was tugged away to establish its own orbit 

around the sun. (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/21/65; Clark, NYT, 

4/21/65, 17; Simons, Wash. Post, 4/21/65) 

In a statement of FAA policy outlined by FAA Administrator Najeeb E. 

Halaby, FAA’S obligation was affirmed to regulate private conduct of 

pilots but only to the extent required in the public interest: to 

recognize the right of the general public to be informed and to be 

heard; to apply the regulatory hand evenly in similar situations, 

while also recognizing the different rights, duties, and operational 

requirements of the various segments of the aviation community: and 

to manage the airspace as a national resource in a manner best serving 

the requirements of all users while also recognizing the interests of 

people on the ground. (Text) 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, was among the ten outstanding Federal Government employees chosen by the National Civil Service League to receive Career 

Service Awards May 19. 

April 21-23: A Technology Status and Trends Symposium was held at NASA 

Marshall Space Flight Center for industry and university officials and 

invited guests. Purpose of the conference was to make available for 

general use in everyday life the results of research and engineering 

carried out in connection with the U.S. space program. (Marshall 

Star, 4/21/65,1, 5; NASA SP-5030) 

At AIAA/AFLC/ASD Support for Manned Flight Conference in Dayton. 

Ohio, Temple W. Neumann of Philco Corp. reviewed studies of 

manned Mars missions and discussed the importance of “early biological precursor missions” to Mars. 

It has been shown that the lack of biological, as well as critical 

environmental, data about Mars can have important ramifications in 

(Wash. Post, 4/22/65) 

He concluded : 66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 195 

not only the cost, but possibly even in the feasibility of performing 

early manned missions to Mars. The importance of preliminary 

knowledge about the interaction of possible Martian organisms with 

man and his equipment has been shown to significantly affect surface 

operations, decontamination requirements, and equipment reliability. 

Further, the need for some preliminary data about the nature of 

Martian organisms is necessary in order to intelligently design an 

experimental program for use by the first manned landing expedition. 

The conclusion can therefore be supported that a precursor biological 

mission, such as that represented by the current ABL studies, is mandatory in the early 1970 time period if manned missions are to make 

effective use of the mid-1980 launch opportunities.” (Text, AIAA Paper 

ApriZ 22: With arrival of the sea-going launch platform USNS Croatan at 

Valparaiso, Chile, NASA completed a successful expedition of launching 

scientific experiments off the west coast of South America. A total 

of 77 sounding rockets were fired, 45 of them Nike-Cajun and NikeApaches, and 32 of them single-stage meteorological rockets. Firings 

occurred at various position from 5” north to 60’ south of the equator. 

Five experiments were conducted at or near the 60th parallel at about 

78” west longitude. The project was part of the NASA sounding rocket 

program being conducted during the 1964-65 International Quiet Sun 

Year. Expedition data would be correlated with findings of scientists 

throughout the world conducting experiments on IQSY phenomena. 

(Wallops Release 65-22) 

Two NASA sounding rockets, a Nike-Cajun and a Nike-Apache, were 

launched at Wallops Station after dark and about one hour apart. 

Both rockets released chemiluminescent gas clouds, which observers on 

the gronnd mad to measure atmospheric winds, shears, turbulence, and 

vertical motions. Nike-Cajun reached altitude of 128 km. (‘79.5 mi.) 

and the Nike-Apache, 145 km. (90.1 mi.) (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

NASA selected Ling-Temco-Vought and Lockheed Electronics Co. for competitive negotiation of contract covering operational support services 

for laboratories and test facilities at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. 

The support contract would be cost-plus-award-fee for one year with 

options to extend for four additional one-year periods. First year 

costs were expected to exceed $2 million. 

NASA selected three industrial firms with which to negotiate similar preliminary design contracts for a Voyager spacecraft to undertake unmanned scientific exploration of the planets : the Boeing Co., General 

Electric Co., and TRW Space Technology Labs. The three-month, 

fixed-price contracts would each be worth about $500,000. (NASA 

Release 65-135) 

At Purdue Univ., Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator 

for Manned Space Flight, discussed in a speech NASA’s emphasis on 

man’s part in future planned space experiments: “The role of man in 

space is basic to any discussion of our planned space experiments. . . . We have always recognized his inherent characteristics as a sensor, 

manipulator, evaluator and investigator. 

As a sensor, man adds little to automatic equipment in spacsometimes nothing at all. . . . instruments can measure . . . phenomena that man cannot perceive at all. 

65-249) 

(NASA Release 65-133) 

<c 
196 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“But instruments are limited by the knowledge we now have on 

earth; they cannot cope with the unexpected or the unknown. Man, on 

the other hand, can operate in any unprogrammed situation and reap 

full benefits of the true objective of manned operations. He can explore the unknown. 

“The second function of man in space is manipulation. Gus Grissom 

demonstrated superbly last month that a man can operate the spacecraft controls for delicate maneuvering. . . . “In the conduct of space research also, man as a manipulator can 

probe into his environment. He can make use of motor responses and 

verbal skills to carry out procedures and to assemble, operate and 

repair equipment. . . . “With the capacity to evaluate, man achieves a substantial degree 

of self-reliance in controlling what he perceives and how he reacts. 

When a man remembers, analyzes, compares, and induces-using a 

solid foundation of knowledge--he has improved the degree to which 

meaningful data can be translated into useful knowledge. . . . “The most advanced role of man in space is that of an investigator 

who responds creatively to unexpected situations. He is able to 

postulate theories and hypotheses, and to devise and use systematic 

measurements. In this role, the astronaut is a full-fledged scientist.” 

(Text) 

April 22: NASA Manned Spacecraft Center’s Public Affairs Officer, Paul 

Haney, announced that daily newspapers might have ?/..-hr. interviews 

with the crew of the GT-~ flight on the same basis as television networks and wire news services. Astronauts James A. McDivitt (Maj., 

USAF) and Edward H. White (Mai., USAF ) would spend two full days in 

personal interviews at MSC early in May. There would be a mass press 

conference for all news media in Washington, D.C., on April 30. 

Without such an arrangement, the only newspapers that would have had 

personal interviews would be those that subscribed to the service that 

paid astronauts for their stories. 

New sunspots heralding the start of a new 11-yr. cycle were discussed at 

sessions on the International Years of the Quiet Sun held in Washington, D.C., under auspices of the American Geophysical Union and 

the International Scientific Radio Union. Scientists said the asymmetrical birth of the new cycle suggested it might not reach as intense 

a maximum as usual. 

The cycle was of vital interest to planners of a manned moon landing since it had been discovered that some solar eruptions shoot out 

protons at so close to the speed of light they could kill an astronaut. 

While astronauts were on the moon, or inside the Lem, they would 

be poorly protected against such a proton shower. Dr. Herbert 

Friedman, of the Naval Research Laboratory, said during the symposium they would be comparatively safe if they could return to their 

orbiting command capsule. The goal, therefore, he said, was to learn 

enough about these events so that astronauts could have sufficient warning to take refuge in their spacecraft. 

’ A two-day conference began at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center on international participation in space biomedical experiments on US. manned 

spaceflights. About 50 doctors from 17 countries attended. (Houston 

Chron., 4/21/65; NASA Release 65-31) 

(Houston Post, 4/23/65) 

(Sullivan, NYT, 4/23/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 197 

April 22: First of four Canadian Stol CV-7A transport planes was accepted 

by the USA. The aircraft would undergo extensive service. engineering, 

and climatic tests in the next year. 

DOD announced award to Thiokol Chemical Corp. of $2,300,000 increment 

to existing contract for production of Minuteman Stage I operational 

and flight test rocket motors. 

April 23: U.S.S.R. launched its first communications satellite MOLNIYA I 

into orbit: apogee, 39,380 km. (24,459 mi.) ; perigee, 497 km. 

(309 mi.); period, 11 hrs. 48 min.; inclination, 65”. Krasnaya 

Zvezda reported that the “basic purpose of launching the Molniya-1 

communications satellite is to accomplish the transmission of TV 

programs and to perform two-way multichannel telephone, phototelegraphic and telegraphic communication. All the onboard equipment 

on the satellite and the ground radio network are operating normally, 

and the first transmission of TV programs between Vladivostok and 

Moscow were successfully completed.” (Tass, Krasnaya Zveada, 4/ 

24/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

Successful simultaneous two-way transmission of television tests via 

EARLY BIRD communications satellite between the US. ground station 

at Andover, Me., and European ground stations at Pleumeur-Bodou, 

France; Goonhilly Downs, England; and Raisting, W. Germany, was 

announced by ComSatCorp. The pictures were of good quality. 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

X-15 No. 3 was flown by Cap. Joe Engle (USAF) 79,700 ft. altitude at 

a maximum speed of 3,657 mph (mach 5.48) to obtain data for heat 

transfer experiment with surface distortion panel ablative test. (N4SA 

x-15 Proj. Off.; FRC Release; X-15 Flight Log) 

Successful completion of formal flight qualification tests of the uprated 

::-I rGcket engke for cse in the Satiirn TR <pace vehicle was announced 

jointly by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, under whose technical 

direction the engine was being developed, and by Rocketdyne Div. of 

North American Aviation, Inc., its manufacturer. Two engines were 

used for the qualification program. In 51 firings they operated SUCcessfully for 4,581 seconds-more than 75 min.-and produced 

200,000 Ibs. of thrust (188.000 Ibs. was previous power rating). 

(MSFC Release 65-96) 

NRX-A3, experimental Nerva nuclear reactor engine fueled with liquid 

hydrogen, was successfully hotfired for about 8 min., including 3v2 

min. at full power. A loose circuit connection caused the engine to 

shut off prematurely after the 314 min. of full power. (Nerva Proj. 

Off.; Push. Post. 4/25/65: Rover Chron.) 

Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge had proposed to NAS~ a design for a Deep 

Space Planetary Probe System to be used in a flyby of Jupiter, Saturn, 

or Pluto. The spacecraft would consist of a large dish antenna, possibly as large as 16 ft. in diameter, which would telemeter data back 

to earth. Power would be supplied by 10-watt Snap-19 generator. 

The spacecraft could be boosted by either Atlas-Centaur or Saturn IBCentaur with upper-stage assist from available solid rockets or from 

the Poodle. a low-thrust radioisotope rocket engine. Flyby missions 

for the probe could be made in 1970 to Jupiter. tu Saturn in 1972, and 

ultimately to Pluto. 

(DOD Release 25365) 

(DOD Release 255-65) 

(SBD, 4/23/65. 297) 
198 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

April 23: Addressing a citizen’s seminar at Boston College sponsored by the 

College of Business Administration, Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) , Chairman of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, gave 

examples of the potential down-to-earth benefits of space research : 

“-Automated highspeed, urban and interurban rail transportation, 

such as the four-hour trip between Boston and Washington mentioned 

recently by President Johnson. 

“-Better communications systems, more reliable radios and television sets, improved home appliances. 

“-Reduction of rust and corrosion by controlling bacteria which 

space researchers found to thrive by eating and digesting metal. 

“-Prevention of muscular atrophy and new methods of treating 

Paget’s disease, osteo-porosis and kidney stones. All this springing 

from the studies of weightlessness. “. . . also new knowledge about the processes of aging, and cancer.” 

(White, Boston Globe, 4/23/65) 

Prof. Hannes Alfven of the division of plasma physics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, revived a theory that the 

moon was once an independent planet. In an article written for 

Science, he said that “many if not all of the craters of the moon were 

produced” by an “intense bombardment of fragments of itself” when the 

moon swept too close to the earth and partly disintegrated under the 

tremendous tidal forces that were generated. “It is also possible,” the 

theory suggested, “that so much of the lunar matter fell down [on this 

planet] that the upper layer of the earth-the crust-originally derives 

from the moon.” Prof. Alfven wrote that this theory was first stated 

by H. Gerstenkorn of Hanover, Germany, and published in 1954 in 

Zeitschrift fur Astrophysik under the title “Uber die Gezeitenreibung 

beim Zweikorperproblem” (“About Tidal Friction in a Two-Body 

Problem”). (Osmundsen, NYT, 4/24/65, 31 J Myler, Wash. Post, 

4/24/65) 

USAF received at Travis AFB, Calif., the first of 65 C-141 Starlifter cargo 

jets to be delivered this year, DOD announced. The aircraft were 

capable of carrying 30 tons of cargo or 123 combat troops 6,000 mi. 

nonstop at a speed of about 500 mph. 

FAA announced that US. airports known to FAA numbered 9,490 at the 

end of 1964, an increase of 676 over previous years. Over the past 

five years, the annual increase in landing facilities reported to FAA had 

averaged 623. (FAA Release 65-36) 

April 24: Second major Saturn V milestone this month: First five-engine 

ignition test of the Saturn V second stage, the S-11, was conducted 

at the Santa Susana, Calif., static test laboratory of North American 

Aviation, Inc., NASA Marshall Space Flight Center announced. The 

five 5-2 engines, built by NAA’S Rocketdyne Div., would produce one 

million pounds thrust. Short-duration firings leading to full-duration 

tests of nearly 400 sec. would follow the ignition firing. ( MSFC Release 

65-99) 

In an address at Duke University, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey 

said: “How fortunate we are to live in this dramatic and creative 

period of change, of challenge, of opportunity. How great is our 

responsibility to achieve excellence of mind and spirit to do the tasks 

that must be done. 

(UPI, NYT, 4/24/65, 15) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 199 

“I appeal, therefore, to you the generation of 1965. 

“Make no little plans. 

“Have not little dreams. 

“DO not set your standards and goals by those of your mother and 

“DO not set your standards and goals by those of this time. 

“Challenge the impossible. 

“Thirty years ago it was ‘Brother, can you spare a dime.’ 

“Today we reach the stars.” 

father. 

Do what cannot be done. 

(Text, CR, 4/26/65, 8179-80) 

April 24: The John Young Award, a medal specially struck by the citizens 

of Orlando, Fla., was presented to the astronaut as a highlight of the 

John Young Day celebration. The medal would be used in future 

years to honor Orlando residents for outstanding achievements, but 

would not necessarily be awarded annually. 

Soviet astronomer Dr. I. S. Shklovsky of the Sternberg State Astronomical 

Society in Moscow suggested 100 years as the age for a source of radio 

waves known only as 1934 minus 63. These figures pinpoint its 

position in the southern sky. 1934 minus 63 would be the youngest 

known natural object in the sky. 

Employees of NASA Kennedy Space Center began moving into the new 

headquarters building on Merritt Island. The move of more than 

1,700 employees would be completed by mid-August. ( KSC Spaceport 

News, 4/22/65,1) 

April 25: FAA Administrator Najeeb E. Halaby said that FAA’s sonic boom 

tests over Oklahoma City last year had shown that construction of a 

supersonic airliner prototype was clearly warranted : “My current conclusion is that a supersonic airplane can be designed in terms of configuration, operating attitudes and flight paths so as to achieve public 

acce~i;ta?ce i::the early 1970s.’’ Halaby’s statement was in conjunction 

with release of a three-volume final report on the Oklahoma City experiment. 

The FAA report, which included preliminary results from boom tests 

at the White Sands Missile Range, concluded that only abnormally 

massive booms would create serious problems. A principal finding in 

the “community reactions” study stated: “Substantial numbers of 

residents reported interference with ordinary living activities and 

annoyance with such interruptions, but the overwhelming majority 

felt they could learn to live with the numbers and kinds of booms 

experienced during the six-month study.” 

The three volumes just released were “Structural Response to Sonic 

Booms,” “Community Reactions to Sonic Booms in the Oklahoma City 

Area, February-July 1964+,” and “Final Program Summary, Oklahoma 

City Sonic Boom Study, February %July 30, 1964.” 

Publication of these three documents completed the five-part 

Oklahoma City report. Two volumes had been made public in 

February 1965. (FAA Release 65-34) 

Expansion of the role of the National Science Foundation and expenditure 

by Federal mission-oriented research agencies of more money on basic 

research were two major recommendations of a special panel of the 

National Academy of Sciences to Congress. Recommendations were in 

a report, Basic Research and National Goals, submitted to the House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics. 

(Orl. Sent., 4/18/65) 

(Sci. Serv., NYT, 4/24/65, 9) 
200 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

The panel, headed by Dr. George B. Kistiakowsky of Harvard Univ., 

former science adviser to the President, was comprised of 15 scientists, 

engineers, and economists. The panel held that the National Science 

Foundation, as the sole agency of Government whose purpose was 

support of science across the board without regard for immediate 

practical gains, should be expanded to serve as a “balance wheel” to 

soften the impact of variable research policies of mission-oriented 

agencies on “little science.” The recommendation that agencies should 

devote greater portions of their budgets to basic research was based 

on the view that in many cases these budgets were becoming stationary 

while the capacity for scientific growth was expanding. The panel 

also recommended that in some cases the Congress should extend the 

mission of the agency to include the pursuit of certain branches of basic 

research. 

Three general opinions were widely held by the panel regarding the 

balance of science support today: first, Federal funds should be 

allocated with some consideration to the geographical-social effects of 

their expenditure: second, biological sciences had been under-supported 

and should receive support to expand them faster than the physical 

sciences; third, there was an impending crisis in the physical sciences 

because mission-oriented agencies, faced with stationary budgets, would 

probably not expand their support of basic physical research as fast as 

capacity to do basic research expanded. (Clark, NYT, 4/26/65, 55; 

SBD, 4/30/65, 330) 

April 25: Dr. Hideo Itokawa, professor at Tokyo Univ. and deputy director 

of Japan’s Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, was quoted on 

Japan’s role in space activity by Peter Temm in an article in the 

Washington Sunday Star: “Space research is not a competition. It 

should be a cooperative undertaking among all countries, to explore and 

study the universe. 

“Both America and Russia appear to be chiefly interested in artificial 

satellites and manned space vehicles. I see Japan’s role as filling 

some of the gaps skipped over by these two nations. 

‘‘I believe it is possible that Russia may be preparing to abandon its 

project of putting a man on the moon in favor of assembling a satellite 

space station; at least, this how I interpret the recent Voskhod flight 

and its emphasis on carrying out tasks outside of the capsule. 

“I sincerely hope if this is so, that American space scientists will 

not swerve from their intentions of getting to the moon. There are 

many sides to space research, and the ideal approach is for all nations 

engaged in the new science to tackle different areas. 

(Temm, Wash. 

Sun. Star, 4/25/65) 

April 26: A 37-man study group chaired by Dr. Colin Pittendrigh of 

Princeton Univ. and convened by the Space Science Board of the 

National Academy of Sciences at the request of NASA had reconfirmed 

the Academy’s appeal for exploration of Mars to receive “the highest 

priority among all objectives in space science-indeed in the space 

program as a whole” and endorsed NASA plans to use the 1969-73 

favorable Mars window for intensive study of the planet with the 

Voyager spacecraft. In its final report transmitted to NASA Administrator Webb, the group said that “given all evidence presently avail- 

“That way, we will all progress at a faster rate.” 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 201 

able, we believe it entirely reasonable that Mars is inhabited with 

living organisms and that life independently originated there,” and thus 

that “the biological exploration of Mars is a scientific undertaking of 

the greatest validity and significance.” 

The panel noted, however, that “while we are eager to press Martian 

exploration as expeditiously as the technology and other factors permit, 

we insist that our recommendation to proceed is subject to one rigorous 

qualification : that no viable terrestrial microorganisms reach the 

Martian surface until we can make a confident assessment of the 

consequences.” 

The group made seven basic recommendations: (1) “every opportunity for remote observation of Mars by earth-bound or ballon-and 

satellite-borne instruments should be exploited”; (2) “. . . An adequate 

program for Martian exploration cannot be achieved without using 

scientific payloads substantially larger than those currently employed 

in outer unmanned space research program. . . . We see very substantial advantages in the use, from the onset, of the new generation of 

large boosters which are expected to become operational toward the 

end of the decade”; (3) since flyby missions “yield at best a fleeting 

glimpse of the planet” and carry a relatively small array of instruments, “we deliberately omit an explicit recommendation in favor of 

any flyby missions additional to those already executed or planned”; 

(4) “Every effort should be made to achieve a large orbiting mission 

by 1971 at the latest. This mission should precede the first lander. . . . By ‘large’ we mean a scientific payload that would include instrumentation for infrared and television mapping, microwave radiometry 

and bistatic radar, infrared spectromztry, and optical polarimetry”; 

(5) “The first landing mission should be scheduled no later than 1973 

and by 1971 if possible” and will “ultimately demand a large lander” 

like Ab1 (Automated Biological Lab) ; (6) “The task of designing an 

Ab1 should be initiated immediately as a continuing project”; and 

(7) to maintain “a continuing dialogue among all potential investigators and the engineers responsible for implementing their scientific 

goals,” the Academy’s Space Science Board should have a standing 

committee. ( NAS Release; Abraham, Phil. Eve. Bull., 4/26/65; Hines, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 4/26/65, 2; Sullivan, NYT, 4/27/65, 1) 

April 26: The Federal Communications Commission confirmed it expected 

to rule soon on who should own the initial American ground stations 

providing access to communications satellites. The established international carriers, including AT&T, RCA communications, Western Union 

International, and ITT World Communications, had accused ComSatCorp of exceeding its statutory authority and demanded the right to 

share in the ownership of the ground stations. (Gould, NYT, 4/27/65, 

1725) 

Lh. Charles A. Berry, chief of medical operations at NASA Manned 

Spacecraft Center, had said that new body sensor equipment developed 

for astronauts had “stretched the doctor’s stethoscope to reach 100 

miles,” reported Norm Spray in an article in the Houston Chronicle: 

“This could open the door for new types of medical research and treatment potentially as important to the family physician as to space 

scientists, Dr. Berry believes. 

“ ‘Right now,’ he said, ‘we think our sensing and monitoring system 
202 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

would be a tremendous tool in hospital recovery and intensive care 

rooms. 

“ ‘Basic medical data that is reliable and distortion-free could be fed 

from each patient to a central computer or console. Each patient could 

be watched as closely as if a nurse or even a doctor were constantly 

at his bedside.’ ” (Spray, WBE Sci. Serv., Houston Chron., 4/26/65) 

April 26: Sen. Claiborne Pel1 (D-R.1.) discussed in the Senate S. 1483, bill 

which he had introduced to establish a National Foundation on the Arts 

and the Humanities. He cited article bv Frank Getlein on the recent 

“Eyewitness to Space” exhibition at the National Gallery of Art. Getlein’s article showed “how cooperation between our Government and 

the arts can illuminate some of the most exciting moments in our 

important explorations in space.” The exhibition contained some 70 

paintings and drawings by 15 artists under the NASA art program. “. . . The work shows total freedom and a wide variety, ranging from 

the superb illustrationist’s style of Paul Calle to the highly individual 

abstraction of Washington artist Alfred McAdams. “. . . The space effort, therefore, from Huntsville to the launching 

apparatus at Cape Kennedy, to the pickup system in the Pacific, is 

covered at once as a set of visual phenomena and an immensely varied 

set of artistic responses to those phenomena. . . . “The NASA art program is a modest step but a carefully made one in 

the gradually reemerging relationship between American art and the 

American Government. It deserves study by those interested in the 

larger problem.” (Getlein, Wash. Eve. Star; CR, 4/26/65, 8122-23) 

Groundbreaking ceremony for Univ. of Maryland’s $1.5-million Space 

Science Building was held at the College Park, Md., campus. Dr. 

Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science 

and Applications, and Edward F. Holter, Vice Chairman of the Univ. 

of Maryland Regents, shoveled the first spadefuls of dirt. (Wash. Post, 

4/27/65, A12) 

Dr. Roman Smoluchowski of Princeton Univ. said at the American 

Physical Society’s meeting in Washington, D.C., that there was no life 

on Mars. All seasonal changes in the color of the planet could be 

traced to bombardment of minerals with energetic radiation under 

varying temperatures. 

Dr. Jane Blizard of Boulder, Colo., also speaking at the APS meeting, 

suggested that any astronaut braving a 400-day journey to Mars would 

be likely to get a fatal dose of radiation. Maybe, she said, long range 

forecasting of solar storms can be perfected in time. Or maybe 

“superconductive magnetic doughnuts” could be devised to shield 

spacecraft from barrages of protons spewed out in solar storms. 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 4/27/65) 

Jean Delormk, president of France’s L‘Aire Liquide and head 

of Eurospace, said he believed there could be no large-scale European 

space program without formation of a European equivalent to the US. 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. He called for establishment of a central coordinating body that would be the supranational European NASA, with the power to make financial decisions. 

Delormk was addressing opening of 12-day US.-Eurospace conference 

in Philadelphia. 

Dr. Paul Herget, professor and director of the Univ. of Cincinnati 

(AP, NYT, 2/27/65, 17) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 203 

Observatory, was awarded the James Craig Watson Medal of the National Academy of Sciences “for important contributions to the field 

of celestial mechanics, and particularly his application of electroniccomputer techniques to calculations of the orbits of comets, earth 

satellites, and asteroids.” He previously had responsibility for developing operations of the Vanguard Computing Center, which provided 

tracking information on early scientific satellites. Henry Draper 

Medal for original investigation in astronomical physics was awarded 

in absentia to British radioastronomer Martin Ryle. ( NAS Release; 

NAS-NRC News Report, 4/65, 4) 

April 26: Speaking before the Fourth Symposium on Advanced Propulsion 

Concepts in Palo Alto, Calif., Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander, said that the Air Force was studying the possibility of using 

hydrogen-burning, supersonic combustion ramjet engines, known as 

Scramjet, to power hypersonic aircraft: “The Scramjet is the most 

promising approach we have today for sustained hypersonic flight 

. . . . it could be used effectively on hypersonic aircraft with both 

military and commercial applications.” He said experience gained 

with the research airplane might lead to the hypersonc aircraft and 

could make feasible the development of recoverable launch vehicles for 

flight speeds up to about 8,000 mph. This would permit delivery of 

very large payloads into space at far greater economy than is presently 

possible. 

DOD had asked NASA to consider using Minuteman I missiles 

scheduled to be removed from their silos, as launch vehicles, Missiles 

and Rockets reported. NASA Hq. transferred study to Langley Research Center. LaRC was expected to complete its feasibility investigation in three to four weeks. (M&R, 4/26/65, 7; LaRC) 

Maj. Gen. Don R. Ostrander. Commander of USAF’S Office of Aerospace 

Research, said at the Fourth Symposium on Advanced Propulsion Concepts in Palo Alto, Calif., that important changes in America’s research and development posture during the past few years “are the 

result of the more stringent requirements that must be met before 

increasingly complex and expensive systems can be approved for 

development.” He continued : “These changes have placed more 

emphasis on research and exploratory development. 

Coupling-or reducing the time lag between discovery and application-is the proposed solution for accomplishing this tremendous task. 

The problem of coupling is the problem of time. . . .” (OAR Release 

4-65-3) 

Passage of bills concerned with freedom of information was urged by 

William J. Coughlin in an editorial in Missiles and Rockets: “Intent 

of the bills is to establish a Federal public records law and to permit 

court enforcement of the people’s right to know the facts of government. 

Providing for sensible exceptions in the case of sensitive and classified 

information, the proposed law would require every agency of the government to make all its records promptly available to any person. . . . “The onus for restrictive news management usually falls on the 

Dept. of Defense, and rightly so, but there are a number of individuals 

in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration who are inclined to regard the agency as a preserve which should be off limits 

to the press. It is to the credit of Administrator James E. Webb that 

(Text, AFSC News Release 65.65) 

66 
2w ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

he has a consistent record of correcting abuses of press freedom that 

are called to his attention. The same cannot be said of his counterpart in the Defense Department.” 

April 27: The House Committee on Science and Astronautics unanimously 

approved a $5.2 billion NASA authorization for FY 1966, cutting only 

$75 million from the President’s request. An unrequested $27.2 

million was included for the 260-in. solid propellant program, the 

M-1 liquid hydrogen engine, and the Snap 8. Biggest single reduction 

was $42 million cut in $3.6 billion request for Apollo. Other programs 

affected by the cut included Oao, Ogo, Surveyor, Rover, Lunar 

Orbiter, and Centaur. (WSJ, 4/28/65) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center announced $40 million modification 

to contract held by General Electric Co. for the design of electrical 

equipment for Saturn vehicle launch support. Modification would 

cover the design portion of the work involved in providing electrical 

support equipment for Saturn IB and Saturn V launches. (MSFC Release 65-100) 

w. L. Everett, chief test pilot for the Ryan Aeronautics Co., was catapulted 

to his death from an XV-SA experimental plane after the vertical 

take-off aircraft developed mechanical difficulties. 

A witness said the XV-SA was at only 800 ft. and upside down 

when Mr. Everett ejected: “When he ejected, he ejected straight into 

the ground.” The parachute did not have time to open. (N.Y. Her. 

Trib., 4/28/65: Miles, Wash. Post, 4/28/65) 

Gen. William F. McKee (USAF, Ret.), NASA Assistant Administrator for 

Management Development, was named to succeed Najeeb E. Halaby 

as Administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency. (Wash. Post, 

4/28/65) 

Frederick G. Donner, chief executive of General Motors, appeared before 

a Senate Commerce Committee on his renomination by President 

Johnson as a director of the Communications Satellite Corporation. 

Asked about rivalry from the Soviet Union in view of their recentlylaunched comsat, Donner said he regarded this about the same way he 

did Soviet automobiles as far as competition was concerned. (AP, 

Wash. Post, 4/28/65) 

“Self-organizing flight controller,” featuring device that could cope with 

unexpected flight conditions of satellites and aircraft, was being 

developed by AFSC Research and Technology Div. Applying “probability state variable devices,” bionics researchers had recreated function 

of a living nerve cell in a device called “Artron” (artificial neuron). 

Networks of Artrons in electronic cluster functioned like living neurons : 

they became self-organizing, achieving problem-solving, and learning 

new ways to capitalize on their mistakes and find new ways of performing a given task. AFSC stressed that flyable self-organizing flight controller was 5-10 yrs away. 

Dr. Geoffrey Bennett, chief medical officer of th- British Ministry 

of Aviation, gave a progress report on the Anglo-French supersonic 

transport, the Concorde, at the annual meeting of the Aerospace Medical 

Association in New York. He said problems of designing a supersonic 

aircraft safe enough for commercial use were proving less difficult 

than had been expected: “It is quite heartening to find that the further 

one goes along, the less difficult things seem to be.” 

(M&R, 4/25/65) 

( AFSC Release 50.65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 205 

After his talk. Dr. Bennett said in an interview that such potential 

hazards as loss of air pressure in the cabin, accumulation of ozone, 

radiation, and problems of acceleration aroused much worry and discussion a few years ago. Overcoming these problems by proper designs 

had proved less difficult than many expected, he said. (Schmeck, 

NYT, 4/28/65, 89) 

April 27: President Charles de Gaulle said in address delivered over French 

radio and television : “In the economic, scientific and technical domain, 

. . . we must see that our activities, for the essential part, remain 

under French management and control. We must also meet, at whatever cost, the competition in advanced sectors. . . . Finally, when it is 

opportune, in order to combine our inventions, our capabilities and our 

resources in a given branch with those of another country, we must 

often choose one of those which is closest to us and whose weight we do 

not think will overwhelm us. 

“That is why we are imposing a financial, economic, and monetary 

stability upon ourselves which frees us from resorting to outside aid; we 

are converting into gold the dollar surpluses imported into our country 

as a result of the American halance of payments; we have over the 

past six years multiplied by six the funds devoted to research; . . . we are joining with England to build the world’s first supersonic 

passenger aircraft ; we are ready to extend this French-Rritish collaboration to other types of civil and military aircraft; we have just concluded an agreement with Soviet Russia concerning the perfection and 

use of our color television process. In sum, however large may be 

the glass offered to us, we prefer to drink from our own, while touching glasses round about. . . .” (Text, Atlantic Conm. Qtrly., 6/22/65) 

Rep. Emilio Q. Daddario (D-Conn. ) disclosed in speech before Washing 

ton Section, National Association of Science Writers, that the House 

Subcommittee on Science, Research and Deveiopmenr (of w:iidi lie 

was chairman) was planning an investigation of the National Science 

Foundation. He said: “For some years, there has been the need to 

review its work and to determine if it were, in fact, thoroughly successful in promoting the progress of science, the national health, prosperity 

and welfare and for other purposes.” 

In a speech before the Aero Club of Washington, Dr. Raymond 

L. Bisplinghoff, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, ventured predictions for the newt 20 years 

in aeronautics and astronautics. He noted the steady increase in 

civil aircraft output and the expansion in air travel “at a rate better 

than 12 percent per year for more than 15 years.” He predicted “a 20- 

fold rise in air tr&c volume over the next 25 years,” but said that in 

order to reach its full potential the aircraft must be improved “in at 

least three important respects” : reduction of minimum speeds for 

safe controlled flight; increase of maximum flight speed; and greater 

simplicity and economy of operation. He cited NASA research in these 

vital areas. (Text) 

Dr. Erhard Loewe, vice president of the German company Telefunken, 

outlined Eurospace’s long-range goals at Eurospace Conference in 

Philadelphia: “. . . we want to avoid errors as far as possible and 

derive the greatest possible profit from experience gained in the 

us. . . . . 

(Wash. Post, 4/28/65, C9) 

79 
206 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Loewe said that Eurospace would urge support of the Aerospace 

Transporter, conceived as a two-stage vehicle-both piloted-able to 

carry a 5,000-lb. payload into a 180-mi. (300-km.) altitude orbit and 

capable of rendezvous with an orbiting satellite. Loewe said that 

the Aerospace Transporter “signified as much to Europe as the trip 

to the moon does to the US. and the U.S.S.R.” 

Other specific projects in the Eurospace recommendations : space 

stations, because long-term platforms were believed necessary to exploit 

space scientifically and economically ; communications satellites in a 

system that would be integrated with the worldwide system of the 

U.S. ComSatCorp; applications and scientific satellites, for highcapacity commercial television, weather forecasting, and data collecting; ground facilities for basic R&D. 

ApriE 27: Dr. George B. Kistiakowsky, professor of chemistry at Harvard 

Univ. and former special assistant to President Eisenhower for science 

and technology, was selected Vice President of the National Academy of 

Sciences for four-year term beginning July 1, 1965. NAS also elected 

35 new members in recognition of their distinguished and continuing 

achievements in original research. 

National Academy of Engineering, holding its first annual meeting 

in coordination with NAS, elected 19 new members including Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced 

Research and Technology. ( NAS Releases; NAS-NRC News Report, 4/65) 

April 28: X-15 No. 2 was flown by pilot John McKay (NASA) to 92,600-ft. 

altitude at a maximum speed of 3,260 mph (mach 4.80) to obtain data 

on the landing gear modification and on stability and control. (NASA 

X-15 Proj. Off.; FRC Release) 

USAF orbited two unidentified satellites with a single Atlas-Agena D 

launch vehicle launched from Vandenberg AFB. (AP, NYT, 4/30/65, 

41); U.S. Aeron. & Space Act:, 1965, 140) 

In its 11th test flight, the XB-70 aircraft reached a speed of 1,630 mph 

and an altitude of 62,000 ft.-both records for the XB-70. The aircraft’s total time in the air was 14 hrs. 41 min. Flight was made 

from Edwards AFB with NA.4 pilots Alvin S. White and Van Shepard. 

(Clark, NYT, 4/29/65) 

Quasi-stellar radio sources (“quasars”) , cosmic x-ray sources, and 

neutron stars were discussed at NAS meeting in Washington. Jesse 

L. Greenstein of Mt. Wilson and Palomar Observatories suggested 

quasars were signs of galaxies forming-“the first condensation” of 

intergalactic gases. William A. Fowler of Cal Tech revived his earlier 

theory (proposed with Fred Hoyle) that these sources were huge energy 

masses created by explosive contractions of gigantic stars. Herbert 

Friedman of NRL presented new evidence that cosmic x-ray sources and 

neutron stars were not the same things. (Scientists at NRL had earlier 

suggested that some cosmic x-ray sources were the theoretical neutron 

stars.) Edwin E. Salpeter of Cornel1 Univ. reiterated the neutron star 

hypothesis. He suggested neutron stars could be oscillating stars which 

generate such great amounts of gravitational energy that the x-rays 

are produced. 

Dr. Harold C. Urey, Univ. of California physicist, told members of the 

Overseas Writers Club in Washington, D.C., that Communist China 

(Av. Wk,, 5/10/65, 74-81) 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 4/29/65, A5) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 207 

could produce hydrogen bombs by a comparatively simple process and 

could possibly develop a nuclear delivery system in five years. Dr. 

Urey said Communist China had surprised world scientists, including 

himself, when it produced a nuclear bomb last fall with uranium 235- 

one of the technically most difficult ways to produce the nuclear bomb. 

(AP, NYT, 4/30/65, 3) 

April 29: NASA’s EXPLORER XXVII ( BE-c ) satellite was successfully launched 

into orbit from Wallops Island aboard a four-stage Scout rocket. 

Orbital parameters were: apogee, 796.5 mi. (1,162.4 km.) ; perigee, 

579.7 mi. (921.3 km.) ; period, 108 min.; inclination to the equator. 

41 ’. Primary mission of the 132-lb., windmill-shaped satellite was 

geodetic measurement : irregularities in the earth’s gravitational field 

would be mapped by analysis of the Doppler shift of radio signals from 

the spacecraft. As a secondary mission, EXPLORER XXVII would provide data related to ionospheric studies and would evaluate further the 

use of laser techniques in deriving orbital and geodetic information 

and for deep space communication. 

(Wallops Release 65-24; 

NASA Release 65-147; NASA Proj. Off.) 

MARINER IV set world space communications distance record shortly after 

3:OO a.m. EST when it reached a straight-line distance from earth of 

66 million mi. Soviet scientists reported two years ago that they 

lost radio contact with their MARS I spacecraft March 21, 1963, after 

149 days of flight at more than 65 million mi. (NASA Release 65- 

141) 

USAF launched Thor-Agena D from Vandenberg AFB with unidentified 

satellite payload. 

Second successful Biosatellite nose cone test at White Sands Missile 

Range was conducted by AFCRL, which was assisting NASA in evahating reentry of the spacecraft after being released by balloons at altitudes of from 88,000 ft. to 100,000 ft. First such test had been conducted March 24. 

An accelerated reservoir light-gas gun had set a world speed record of 

25,300 mph for controlled flight of a visible object. of known mass 

and shape, and over a known distance in a ground facility in tests at 

NASA Ames Research Center, Ames announced. The shot was 3,200 

mph faster than the previous record. In the light-gas gun used, an explosive charge was eet off in a cylinder behind a plastic piston. The 

explosion pushed the piston into a chamber of hydrogen gas, compressing it, and the gas in turn pushed the projectile out of the firing tube. 

A light gas must be used because it has low mass and would expand 

at the highest speed after compression. 

With the ability to move objects this fast, researchers could extend 

their knowledge of space flight problems. (ARC Release 65-13; ARC 

Astrograrn, 4/29/65: 1,2) 

DOD announced interagency agreement whereby Defense Supply Agency 

would furnish NASA about $500,000 worth of electronic items annually 

on a reimbursable basis. The agreement would involve approximately 

12,000 centrally-managed items at DSA’S Defense Electronics supply 

Center in Dayton, Ohio. (DOD Release 272-65) 

All systems were operating as planned. 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 141) 

(0.4R Research Review, 7/65, 30) 
208 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

April 29: At the Spring Meeting of the American Physical Society, Dr. 

Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and 

Applications, attempted to answer the question “What can the space 

program do for experimental sciences like physics”: “. . . the impact 

that space techniques are having and have already had on geophysics 

. . . is three-fold in character. First, the geophysicist finds in the 

space program powerful tools to use in a new approach to solving old 

problems. Seccndly, the application of space techniques to geophysics 

has already turned up a number of exciting new problems, greatly 

broadening the scope of the discipline. Thirdly, as space probes, and 

eventually men. reach other bodies of the solar system such as the 

moon and planets, the domain of geophysics grows beyond the confines of a single body of the solar system. Let us consider each of 

these extensions to geophysics a little further. “. . . space techniques have provided new tools for studying old 

problems of geophysics. Geodesy, meteorology, upper atmospheric 

physics, ionospheric research, and sun-earth relationships have all 

benefited from the application of space techniques. In the case of 

geodesy, the influence of the earth upon the orbits of various artificial 

satellites has been measured by careful radio. radar, and optical tracking and used to obtain quantitative measures of the various harmonics 

in the expansion of the earth’s gravitational potential. As a consequence of such measurements it has been found that the earth‘s 

equatorial bulge is some 70 meters greater than one would expect. . . . Other departures of the geoid from the figure of hydrostatic equilibrium 

have also been determined from these satellite measurements. . . . These measurements in turn have important implications for the 

distribution of matter within the earth, and for the internal strength 

of the earth‘s mantle.” (Text) 

At a news conference in Washington, D.C., Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, said that although 

extravehicular activity” was not planned for Gemini astronauts until 

GT-5, “we are working hard at trying to qualify the space suit and 

the hatch itself to see whether we can accelerate that date.” 

If their spacesuits and the spacecraft’s hatch passed tests in time, 

Astronaut Edward H. White (Maj., USAF) would lean halfway out 

of the capsule for perhaps 15 min. on flight GT-~, scheduled for early 

June. He and Astronaut James A. McDivitt would attempt to orbit the 

earth 63 times in 98 hours. taking off from Cape Kennedy and landing 

in the Atlantic near Grand Turk Island. 

Maj . White and Maj. McDivitt appeared at the news conference with 

their backup crew-Lt. Cdr. James A. Lovell, Jr. (USN), and Maj. 

Frank Borman (WAF). (Transcript) 

Dr. Winston E. Kock, Director of NASA Electronics Research Center. 

was guest of Dr. Robert R Gilruth, Director of NASA Manned 

Spacecraft Center, on a tour of MSC facilities. While in Houston, Dr. 

Kock addressed the annual banquet of the Institute of Navigation. In 

his speech he revealed ERC would investigate possibilities of new guidance techniques for future ion-propelled (or other low-thrust) spacecraft, employing Mossbauer radiation as an accelerometer to monitor 

systems performance on the spacecraft. He termed Mossbauer radiabC 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 209 

tion “the most precise electromagnetic frequency yet known” in guidance applications. ( MSC Roundup, 5/14/65, 7) 

April 29: National Academy of Engineering’s first award, the Charles 

Proteus Steinmetz Centennial Medal, was presented to RCA President 

Elmer W. Engstrom, for his outstanding leadership in electrical engineering for more than 30 years. 

Dr. Charles H. Townes, provost of MIT, reported at the meeting 

of the American Physical Society in Washington, D.C., that L? laser 

beam had been used to produce sound waves more than a million times 

higher in pitch than those audible to the human ear. Dr. Townes 

explained that the laser beams at MIT had been used to produce oscillations constituting sound waves in solids and liquids. Sound had 

been produced by means of the laser at 3,000 mc in a fluid and 60,000 

mc in a solid. It should be possible, Dr. Townes said, to generate 

sound at 300,000 mc in diamond. 

John G. Lee, pjoneer aircraft designer and former director of research 

for United Aircraft Corp., had joined NASA as a part-time consultant to 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb on aeronautical research. (NASA 

Release 65-143) 

A full-size model of the Soviet Union’s Vostok spacecraft was placed on 

public view for the first time. The spherical, silvery capsule, mounted 

on a model of the last stage of its launch vehicle, was on display in 

Moscow’s permanent Exhibition of National Economic Achievement. 

The 4.6-ton Vostok had a diameter of 7% ft. 

April 30: S-IVB stage of the first Saturn IB launch vehicle-first piece of 

flight hardware from Douglas Space Systems Center at Huntington 

Beach-had been shipped aboard NASA barge Orion to Douglas 

Sacramento Test Flight Center for flight readiness testing. The stage, 

58 ft. long and 21.5 ft. in dia., had single Rocketdyne 5-2 engine, developing 200,000 lbs. thrust. 

NASA had awarded $300,000 grant to the Dept. of Interior’s Bureau of 

Mines for a three-year research program on the potential use of lunar 

materials to support manned exploration of the moon. The research 

team, utilizing data from NASA’s unmanned lunar programs, would 

study the possible production, processing, and uses of materials on the 

moon for the construction, supply, and operation of manned lunar 

bases. Faculty consultants and graduate students from Univ. of 

Minnesota would assist as part of the Bureau’s program to develop 

future capabilities at educational institutions. (NASA Release 65-144) 

NASA Flight Research Center awarded separate lifting body study contracts 

to McDonnell Aircraft Co. and Northrop Norair. The two separate 

six-month studies would investigate a vehicle concept whose sole mission 

would be the basic research involved with reentry of a manned lifting 

body from orbital flight. Preliminary objectives included determination of problem areas and their influence on design. Both contracts 

were fixed price; McDonnell received $152,496 and Norair $150,000. 

( FRC Release 11-65) 

James E. Webb, NASA Administrator, addressed meeting of Eurospace in 

Washington, D.C. 

“Launch vehicle and propulsion requirements for more distant applications have led us to establish the feasibility of nuclear reactors 

for space propulsion purposes, and continuing attention will be given 

(NAS-NRC News Report, 4/65, 4) 

(Sullivan, NYT, 4/30/65) 

(NYT, 4/30/65, 8) 

( MSFC Release 65-104) 
210 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

to this field. Data obtained in 10 years of extensive technical effort 

have now experimentally verified the analytical predictions of performance for this type of propulsion. And, of course, the supporting technologies which would be necessary for difficult and distant 

future missions must also be considered, the power sources, including 

fuel cells, radio isotope sources, reactor power plants, vastly improved 

communications technology, pointing and orientation technology, highly reliable and long-lived componentry, and life support systems, including closed ecological systems. In this wide range of prospects for 

the more distant future, we are not committed to a particular line of 

development nor to given systems. We are too early in the space age 

to make such commitments. . . .” (Text) 

April 30: C. Leo De Orsey, financial advisor and attorney for the seven 

original astronauts and acting president of the Washington Redskins 

football team, died. (UPI, Houston Chron., 5/1/65; AP, NYT, 5/2/65, 

89 ) Operational control of US. weapons to intercept and destroy armed 

satellites had been assigned to the Space Defense Center at Colorado 

Springs, Denver Post reported. The Space Defense Center included 

the Space Detection and Tracking Systems (Spadats) , which recorded 

the launches of all space vehicles, foreign and domestic, and logged 

precise orbital data until they decayed in the earth‘s atmosphere. 

(Partner, Denver Post, 4/30/65) 

During April: More than 100 delegates from Eurospace toured US. aerospace installations, including NASA Kennedy Space Center, Goddard 

Space Flight Center, and facilities of U.S. firms corresponding to 

Eurospace member companies. Purpose of the US. European Space 

Conference was to bring together top industrial leaders from European 

and American aerospace companies to review problems posed for the 

industry by evolution of space technology. 

A 9b2.3-million test facility expected to improve space storability of liquid 

and solid rocket propulsion systems would be completed at the Air 

Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory at Edwards AFB, MissiZes and 

Rockets reported. (.M&R, 4/26/65, 10) 

The 2,000th full-scale solid rocket motor of the Polaris A-3 model was 

shipped to Navy’s Pacific Missile Facility where it would be integrated 

into an operational missile. 

Walter R. Dornberger, vice president in charge of research for Bell 

Aerosystem Co., wrote in the company’s bimonthly magazine, Rendezvous, the United States was spending too much for space exploration. As a start to cutting costs, Dornberger proposed developing 

space boosters that could be recovered and reused. (AP, Milwaukee J., 

4/14/65 ) 

AFCRL experiment proved, that a radio signal transmitted by an orbiting 

satellite could be trapped between two layers of the ionosphere and, 

upon emergence, channeled to ground stations half way around the 

world. Scientists had been aware of the ionospheric ducting capability 

for a number of years, but it had not been fully explored before the 

orbiting satellite experiment. 

Dr. Willard F. Libby, chemist and Director of UCLA Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, advocated emphasis on manned scientific 

missions in the U.S. space program. “In my opinion, space is a 

(M&R, 4/26/65, 9) 

(.?/Armed Forces, 4/24/65, 15) 

(OAR Release 4-65-1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 211 

great unknown from which we will obtain many new scientific discoveries.” He approved of the use of scientist-astronauts, “but they 

must be backed much more wholeheartedly by the entire scientific community, particularly the academic community, than is at present the 

case. Education will help to accomplish this eventually, but there is a 

particular urgency to determine the post-Apollo objectives in the near 

future.” A solution to the immediate problem, which had been proposed to and adopted by NASA: formation of a “Scientific Task Force,” 

made up of scientists about the same age as the astronauts, to work 

and live at MSC and be closely connected with the astronauts, MSC 

Director Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director of the Office of Space Sciences 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, and the Advisory Committee for Science and 

Technology. The Scientific Task Force would educate the scientific 

community with the manned space flight program and thereby acquire 

its ideas on the subject, and acquaint the NASA directors with the 

ideas for scientific experiments suggested by the academic community. 

(A&A, 4/65, 70-75) 

During April: Martin Summerfield, Princeton Univ., said in AIAA editorial 

that most of the critics of the US. space program were erecting and 

knocking down “straw men.” Some of the attacks on the space program were designed to divert space funds “to other, supposedly more 

important purposes,” and these viewpoints are “pushed too hard and 

can lead the nation in dangerous directions.” The more significant 

criticism on scientific grounds was that ground-based instruments (supplemented by unmanned probes) can gather data about space, the 

moon and other celestial bodies more effectively than rocket-launched 

exploration. This criticism, he said, “misses the mark completely because it takes for granted that the national space program-or at least 

the NASA part of it-was conceived simply as a scientific venture. 

. . .” He recalled the words of the National Aeronautics and Space 

Act of 1958, which provided “clearly . . . the overriding intent to 

develop the technology of space flight as an extension of the former 

NACA’S commitment to aeronautical flight. . . . “The real issue is whether the nation should continue to develop the 

technology for flight in space, capitalizing on such useful applications 

as seem practical from time to time. The answer can only be ‘yes,’ 

and nothing less than a vigorous program will do. It makes no sense 

to insist that so broad a program be evaluated in competition with 

telescopes or unmanned scientific probes. Advances in space science 

will not substitute for flying capability. Each of these efforts is important in its own right. . . .’, 

Orville H. Daniel discussed small rockets-chiefly meteorological sounding rockets-in International Science and Technology. “Forty years 

ago, when Dr. Goddard was performing his first experiments, all rockets 

were small rockets. Today, with thrusts nearing 10 million pounds 

and rocket vehicles approaching the size of small skyscrapers, a 500- 

pound-thrust rocket seems like a relic of the past. Nevertheless, such 

small rockets remain as important to science and as challenging to 

technology as Dr. Goddard’s fledglings were in his day. About 1500 

of them were fired last year for various scientific purposes. . . .” 

(Int. sci. & Tech., 4/65, 32-37) 

Cosmic x-ray detection experiment carried aloft by an Aerobee sounding 

(A&A, 4/65, 23) 
212 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

rocket discovered the first two extragalactic x-ray sources and identified a variable x-ray source within the Milky Way galaxy. The two 

extragalactic sources-Sygnus A and M-87-were found to emit xradiation 10 to 100 times their radio and light energy. The variable 

x-ray source was Casiopeia A. Details of the experimental results were 

announced March 2, 1966, by Dr. Herbert Friedman, Naval Research 

Laboratory physicist. Project was conducted by Dr. Friedman, E. T. 

Byram, and T. A. Chubb of NRL under sponsorship of NRL and National 

Science Foundation. (Clark, NYT, 3/3/66; AcSiA, 4/66, 98, 100) 
May 1965 

May 1 : NASA Administrator James E. Webb, speaking at Rose Polytechnic 

Institute, Terre Haute, Ind.: “Indeed, the success of the national space 

program depends to a very large degree on the quality and the extent 

of involvement by the universities. Their most important contribution 

would naturally be in doing the jobs they are uniquely qualified to do, 

that is, in research and in educating and training at both the undergraduate and graduate levels the scientists engineers, and other professional personnel required by the space program. . . . “With its university program, the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration is approaching a goal established early in its 

history. That goal, when achieved, will provide a substantial increment to those trained men who are capable of guiding this country’s 

undertakings in science and technology confidently toward future 

needs that are only partially visible to us now. That goal is being 

pursued in institutions of higher learning where men teach and practice their specialties in the context of other highly refined fields of 

interest. Surely, this concept is broader than the space program 

itself.” (Text) 

four speed and altitude records at Edwards AFB: (1) 2,062 mph 

straight-away speed record, breaking the 1,655.9 mph previous record 

held by the Soviet Union’s E-166; (2) 80,000-ft. record for sustained 

altitude in horizontal flight, exceeding the E-166’s 74,376-ft. record; 

(3) 1,688 mph record for 1,000-km. closed-course event with 2000-kg. 

(4,409-lb.) cargo, surpassing the 1,Ml mph record set by the E-166 

in April 1965; and (4) 1,642 mph record for 500-km. closed-course 

event, topping Soviet performance of 1,452 mph. USAF pilots Col. 

Robert L. Stephens and Lt. Col. Daniel Andre set the first two records; 

Maj. Walter F. Daniel and Capt. James Cooney, the others. YF-12A 

performed under requirements of the Fkdgration Akronautique Internationale, world authority for verification of flight records. (DOD Release 281-65; NYT, 5/9/65,88) 

Possibility that the wake of ice crystals4ontrails-produced by supersonic jets would persist and spread into a thin, semipermanent haze 

layer at about 14-mi. altitude, increasing temperature of the air mass 

below, altering global wind patterns, and effecting unpredictable climate changes had been suggested by several weather specialists, reported Walter Sullivan. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/1/65, 1) 

May 2: The recommendation to NASA by NAS-convened study group [see 

Apr. 261 that Mars receive “the highest priority among all objectives 

in space science,” evoked editorial comment from the New York 

Times : 

-_- I E -ZA, USAF’J t-&-j e:, d&a-wir,ged interc$ptor prototype, estahlished 

213 
214 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“The biological exploration of Mars will not be cheap, and available 

funds for scientific research and development are limited. 

“The likely costs and returns of the search for Martian life must be 

compared with those from, say, programs for stepped-up research into 

cancer or for building. giant accelerators that would permit physicists 

to peer more deeply into the recesses of the atomic nucleus. That 

broader consideration may well suggest a less concentrated program 

than the scientists had recommended. 

“Such a decision would have the added advantage of allowing more 

time for an effort to make the search for Martian life a cooperative 

international project and not, . . . merely one more arena for the 

wasteful duplication that is the essence of Soviet-American space competition.” (NYT, 5/2/65) 

May 3: Nike-Cajun sounding rocket was launched from Wallops Station, 

Va., to obtain temperature, wind, density, and pressure at a time of 

minimum zonal wind flow by exploding twelve grenades during the 

ascent of the rocket. Two grenades did not eject and a third exploded 

before complete ejection, causing complete failure of experiment. 

Coordinated firings did not occur simultaneously at Ft. Churchill or 

Pt. Barrow due to weather conditions and payload problems. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL) 

FAA announced one-month extensions, through May 1965, of design contracts with Boeing Co. and Lockheed Aircraft Corp., airframe contractors; and General Electric Co. and Pratt & Whitney Div. of United 

Aircraft Corp., engine contractors, for U.S. supersonic transport 

program. Extensions applied to design contracts awarded to four 

companies for period Jan. 1 through Feb. 28, 1965, with provisions 

for one-month extensions from Feb. 28 through June 30. Dollar 

amount of each one-month airframe contract extension was $1 million 

($750,000 Government, $250,000 contractor) ; dollar amount of each 

one-month engine contract extension was $835,000 ($626,250 Government, $208,750 contractor). 

Gemini Astronaut John W. Young (LCdr., USN) was presented 

the Navy’s astronaut wings by Secretary of the Navy Paul H. 

Nitze. (AP, Wash. Post, 5/4/65) 

EARLY BIRD I transmitted clear pictures and sound of live television 

programs between Europe and North America for 14 hrs. demonstrating its usefulness in regularly scheduled television. For three 

weeks, television’s use of EARLY BIRD I would be restricted to Mondays; daily commercial use would not begin until fall when rates had 

been fixed. The satellite would be used on other days for telephone 

purposes and transmission of recorded information. (ComSatCorp ; 

Gould, NYT, 5/4/65,75) 

A GEMINI 111 experiment in which blood cells subjected to a known 

dosage of radiation were allowed to float around weightless in a container showed that weightlessness had no effect on irradiated human 

blood cells, according to Charles W. Mathews, Gemini program 

manager. He also explained why GEMINI 111 landed about 60 mi. 

short of predicted spot: The pilots were instructed to fly a bank angle 

based on wind-tunnel data of Gemini spacecraft’s lift characteristics. 

But in actual reentry, the spacecraft’s “lift was only about 2/3 of what 

( FAA Release 654) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 215 

we had expected it to be.” Onboard instrumentation showed the 

discrepancy, but the command pilot followed ground instructions. 

When he ultimately changed the angle, based on the onboard display, 

it was too late to achieve the spacecraft target. 

May 3: Editorializing in Aviation Week and Space Technology, Robert 

Hotz said that during the Eurospace meeting in Philadelphia, European members had made significant points of interest: “Europe needs 

a technically strong, economically beneficial and politically imaginative space program of its own if it is to remain a powerful economic 

entity and maintain its present standard of general prosperity . . . Europe must organize its technical and political resources on 

an over-all European level to be successful in space technology. . . . European industry faces a formidable task in selling the 

economic and political benefits of space technology to its people and 

governments. . . . European industry must develop its own space 

technology and cannot remain technically dependent on the US. regardless of how much support this country is willing to 

provide.” Hotz concluded that “the fact that the discussions were so 

blunt and realistic proved the value of an organization such as Eurospace where these admittedly knotty problems can be 

aired. . . .” 

Discussions at last week‘s Eurospace meeting in Philadelphia indicated 

that “Europeans are eagerly seeking means to acquire US. technical 

know-how and systems management capability without buying hardware,” wrote William J. Coughlin in a Missiles and Rockets 

editorial. He continued: “This was recognized in a blunt statement by 

Lockheed vice president Elmer P. Wheaton: 

“ ‘As we see the situation, the real reason today for joint US.-Europsz~ indtistria! caoperati~n is tc! fxi!itate acquisition hy Europe of the 

technical capability the United States has been fortunate enough to 

develop. If we objectively appraise the existing circumstances, we all 

recognize that U.S. cooperation will often simply strengthen the European ability to compete more effectively with U.S. firms. With these 

facts in mind, it is obvious that the purchase of U.S. hardware does 

not best fulfill Europe’s aims’. . . . “As Lord Caldecote, managing director of the guided weapons division of British Aircraft Corp., put it: ‘I cannot believe European taxpayers will be prepared to put forward money for programs on which 

American firms are prime contractors’. . . . “The most hopeful route to European space collaboration probably 

lies in the proposals put forward for navigation, meteorological and 

television satellites.” (Coughlin, M&R, 5/3/65,46) 

May 4: Aerobee sounding rocket successfully launched from NASA Wallops 

Station, Va. carried 317-lb. payload to Wmi. altitude and impacted 

about 54 mi. downrange in the Atlantic. Conducted by NASA Goddard 

Space Flight Center, the stellar spectroscopy experiment measured special radiation of two stars, Spica and Alkaid, utilizing an ultraviolet 

stellar spectrometer and an input telescope with a 13-in. aperture. 

Performance of a gimbaled star tracker and modified attitude control 

(Strap) was also tested. Data were telemetered to ground station 

during flight. (Wallops Release 65-26) 

(Transcript) 

(Hotz, Av. Wk., 5/3/65, 11) 
216 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

May 4: Sen. Russell B. Long (D-La.) introduced a bill (S. 1899) in the 

Senate “to prescribe a national policy with respect to the acquisition, 

disposition, and use of proprietary rights in inventions made, and in 

scientific and technical information obtained, through the expenditure 

of public funds.” Senator Long said in introducing the bill: “New discoveries derived from research supported by public funds belong to 

the people and constitute a part of the public domain to which all 

citizens should have access on terms of equality.” (CR, 5/4/65, 

Aerospace Corp.’s $22 million expenditure to construct buildings in California when space was available in nearby US. facilities was criticized 

by Comptroller General Joseph Campbell in his testimony before the 

House Armed Services Special Investigations Subcommittee investigating Aerospace. Campbell said that Aerospace had also incurred “certain questionable costs which appear to be of interest.” (AP, NYT, 

5/5/65) 

Dr. Eugene B. Konecci of the National Aeronautics and Space Council 

staff discussed future manned aerospace flight before the American 

Astronautical Society meeting in Chicago: 

“A great deal of lifting-body research is being performed by NASA 

and the USAF. In the not too distant future we will enter into the 

truly second generation manned spacecraft era by relying more on a 

higher L/D (lift-drag ratio) such as a hypersonic L/D of about 

1.3. . . . The lifting body second generation manned spacecraft gives 

operational versatility for reentry from a number of orbit planes and 

gives a recovery capability at a number of landing sites within the 

United States. This versatility also increases the margin of safety for 

the astronauts. . . .” 

Orbit of MOLNIYA I Soviet communications satellite was slightly corrected to increase its usefulness for relaying telecasts between Moscow and 

Vladivostok. Soviet Communications Minister Nikolai D. Psurtsev 

told Zzvestiu that the firing of a special rocket motor aboard the satellite had raised the apogee to 40,045.2 km. (24,872.8 mi.) ; perigee to 

548.4 km. (340.6 mi.) ; and the period to 12 hrs. Previous orbital 

parameters : apogee, 39,467.7 km. (24,514.1 mi.) ; perigee, 498.4 km. 

(309.5 mi.); period, 11 hrs. 48 min. The corrected high elliptical 

orbit put MOLNIYA I within the visibility of Russia’s ground stations 

for the greater part of its period. 

Muy 66: U.S.S.R. Mars probe ZOND 11 had stopped transmitting data to 

earth, Russian physicist, Gennadii Skuridin, told the AAS-IIT Research 

Institute Symposium on Post-Apollo Space Exploration in Chicago. 

Cutoff apparently resulted from a failure in the probe’s solar panels 

caused by meteoroid impact or solar radiation, he said. Other facts 

about the Soviet space program made public for the first time: (1) 

pressure in Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov’s spacesuit during his walk in 

space on March 18, was about 5.9 lbs. psi; (2) Leonov had trouble 

with his vision and in orienting himself while in space, but was 

capable of performing useful work; (3) Soviet scientists have the 

technological know-how to perform orbit-changing spacecraft maneuvers. A thirty-minute movie of Leonov’s walk in space gave closeup 

views of construction of VOSKHOD 11’s airlock, Leonov’s spacesuit, 

gloves, footwear, and life-support equipment back pack. 

9023-9027) 

(Text) 

(NYT, 5/5/65, 6) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 217 

Discussing investigation of space by the U.S.S.R., Skuridin said 

that from 1962, the problem of going to the moon had been studied 

with the Cosmos series of spacecraft. He said COSMOS 111 and COSMOS 

IV had studied solor plasma, its energy and location in earth areas, 

and during the period April 24 to May 2, 1962, had transmitted to 

earth more than 50 million measurements; 20 million more had been 

stored in a data-storage system. COSMOS XLI had investigated 

charged particles at 40,000 mi. altitude. The Elektron series, he continued, had made important measurements of the atmosphere up to an 

altitude of 3,000 km. The ions of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen had 

also been measured. 

Discussing future flights, Skuridin said the Soviet Union would like 

to study Saturn, Pluto, and the sun, but added that a satellite was 

needed that could be launched to far-off planets and the sun and return 

to earth. (UPI, NYT, 5/6/65, 2; Kotulak. Chic. Trib., 5/7/65; M&R, 

5/10/65,12,13) 

May 4-6: Preliminary plans for Apollo Extension System (Aes) development required selection of three major spacecraft contractors, NASA 

official told Missiles and Rockets during Symposium on Post-Apollo 

Space Exploration in Chicago: one to devise single payload plan, one 

to cover physical installation of experimental payloads and checkout 

systems, and one to translate Apollo spacecraft into Apollo extension 

vehicle with a six-week manned orbiting capability. NASA official attributed this decision to a reluctance to depend on a single contractor 

and a desire for broad-based readily available industrial capability. 

(M&R, 5/10/65, 13) 

Muy 5: Soviet Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov, first man to walk in space, had 

received 11230th of the permissible radiation dose, proving that space 

irdve! is radiation-safe, Tsss an~n~~ncecl. 

NASA Assistant Deputy Administrator Dr. George L. Simpson, Jr., was 

named Chancellor of the University System of Georgia and would assume the duties of the new post July 15. Simpson, who had joined 

NASA in 1962 as Assistant Administrator of Public Affairs, later became Assistant Administrator for Technology Utilization and Policy 

Planning. In July 1964 he assumed the additional duties of Assistant 

Deputy Administrator. A native of North Carolina, he had been a 

professor at the Univ. of North Carolina and a planner of the Research 

Triangle, cooperative endeavor of the Univ. of North Carolina, Duke 

Univ., and North Carolina State College. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

5/5/65 ) 

USAF Chief of Staff General John P. Mcconnell, speaking at a meeting of 

the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., said: “. . . As airmen, 

all of us in the Air Force look at space with real concern. Will it 

someday become an area of military operation? If SO, what will be 

the US. posture? 

“Space exploration is the responsibility of the National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration. . . . The act which created the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration gave NASA broad responsibilities for meeting many of the broad needs of the nation. It also 

stated that the Department of Defense should be responsible for and 

direct those space activities peculiar to or primarily associated with the 

(RPII~PTS. NYT. 5/6/65, 2) 

In military language, what is our readiness? . . . 
218 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

development of weapon systems, military operations or the defense of 

the United States. 

“SO we have both NASA and Air Force assigned specific responsibilities. And a partnership it is 

in carrying out the national program as recommended by the President 

and authorized and funded by Congress. The intent of Congress is 

very clear. The members wanted the broad space capabilities of the 

nation to be built up as rapidly as possible without unnecessary duplication of effort or of waste. And 

while I would not ordinarily try to speak for Jim Webb, the NASA 

Administrator, I think I can speak for him today on this subject, in 

saying, that it is a very well understood mutual objective between the 

Air Force and NASA.” 

Asked his opinion about spending of $20 billion to reach the moon, 

McConnell said: “I think it is necessary for us to get everything we 

can out of space. And I think we should get it as rapidly as we can at 

as reasonable cost as we can. But you can’t get it rapidly and at the 

same time cheaply . . . going to the moon is just the end product of 

what we are getting out of it. If we were just going to the moon, I 

wouldn’t think it would be worth 20 billion dollars to go to the 

moon. But I don’t hesitate to say that all of the other things which 

we have to do, the preliminaries, and the things that we’re going to 

learn in the process of achieving that goal is well worth the expenditure of whatever money is required to attain the knowledge which we 

will attain as a result of this project.” 

May 5: Boeing Co. unveiled to the public a mockup of its Molab (Mobile 

Laboratory), a six-wheeled vehicle being studied by NASA for use in 

manned exploration of the moon. 

May 6: MARINER IV, after 159 days in space, was 72 million mi. from 

earth, had travelled 243 million mi. The spacecraft continued to return scientific and engineering data to ground stations daily and to set 

new records for distance of communications. 

U.S. House of Representatives passed a bill authorizing appropriations to NASA for FY 1966 totaling $5,183,844,850, as follows: 

$4,537,121,000 for research and development ; $60,675,000 for construction of facilities ; and $586,048,850 for administrative operations. 

NASA had requested $5.26 billion. 

During the debate preceding passage of the bill, Rep. James G. 

Fulton (R-Pa.) said: “We have moved quickly. But we are not in a 

crash program. We are now conducting a reasonable program . . . it is a well-planned program. 

“It is impossible to believe that in the fiscal year 1959 only 

$48,354,000 was authorized for space [NASA]. In fiscal year 1960 it 

went up ten times to $485,550,000. It doubled again in fiscal year 

1961 to $915 million. 

We have the basis of a partnership. 

This we are attempting to do. 

(Text) 

(AP, Tulsa Daily World, 5/6/65) 

(NASA Release 65-148) 

‘‘In fiscal year 1962 it went to $1,361,900,000. 

“In fiscal year 1963, it went to $3,742,162,000 and in fiscal year 

“In fiscal year 1965 it went to $5,193,810,500. 

“For this fiscal year, the committee has recommended $5,183,844,- 

1964 to $5,238,119,400. 

850, which is down from last year’s level. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 219 

‘‘I want the House to know we have gone over these programs 

thoroughly. We have made cuts in the committee, and the cuts were 

worthwhile. They are responsible, and they are substantial. They 

are not small.” 

Regarding. - funds restored to the NASA budget, Rep. Fulton said: 

“The-M-1 engine development, the 260-inch eGgine development, and 

the SNAP-^ development, were ongoing .programs of research that were 

approved by the committee and authorized by the House over the past 

several years. However, for reasons of economy, the Administrator 

cut these three programs entirely from the NASA budget. The committee on the other hand, believed that such actions in the long run would 

be extremely wasteful and later result in very high costs when it would 

become necessary to reactivate these programs. 

Consequently, the committee restored $15 million to the M-1 program to continue it on a technological development level, $6.2 million 

to the 260-inch solid rocket program to carry it through the test firing 

of two full length rockets, and $6 million to the SNAP-8 to continue it 

at the scheduled level of effort.” 

Rep. Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.) discussed changes made by the 

Manned Space Flight Subcommittee: “The total request by NASA for 

manned space flight for fiscal year 1966 is $3,567,052,000. . . . The 

subcommittee is recommending a total reduction of $42,825,000. 

“NASA requested $3.249,485,000 for research and development in 

manned space flights. Total reduction in research and development 

amounts to $30 million. All of this reduction comes from the Apollo 

program. It is the view of the subcommittee that in the areas of 

Apollo mission support and engine development that program improvements could be made. However, the reduction was made in the total 

request to allow NASA io iiiake pxgrarn n!teratims with a hroad management latitude of choice without adversely affecting the total 

program. It was recognized by the subcommittee that NASA, prior to 

coming before the committee, had made substantial reductions in their 

total research and development program. A further reduction was 

also made by the Bureau of the Budget. Based on this, the $30 million reduction is considered a maximum amount that could be taken 

without jeopardizing the pace and progress of the Apollo 

program.” (CR, 5/6/65,9291,9296,9301) 

Muy 6: Saturn V booster (s-IC stage) was static-fired for the second time 

at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The five F-1 engines were 

ignited in a 15-sec. test during which they generated 7.5 million lbs. 

thrust. Tests of this stage would gradually increase in duration until 

full-length firing of 234 min. was reached in late spring or early 

summer. 

USAF Titan III-A rocket was fired from Eastern Test Range in a maneuverability test in which the third stage (transtage) , carrying two satellites, executed a series of consecutive and intricate maneuvers. Primary goal of the mission was four separate ignitions of the transtage’s 

engines-a feat never before attempted. 

First firing, after burnout of the first two stages, lasted 296 sec. and 

injected the 7,000-lb. rocket-payload assembly into near-earth orbit of 

125-mi. (201.3 km.) apogee, 108-mi. (173.9-km.) perigee, and 88.1- 

min. period. After one earth orbit, about 90 min. after launch, the 

66 

( MSFC Release 65-1 17) 
220 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

third stage ignited a second time, for 37 sec., driving the stage upward 

into an elliptical orbit of apogee, 1,757 mi. (2,828.8 km.) and perigee, 

115 mi. (185.2 km.). Two and one-half hours later, transtage's two 

8,000-lb.-thrust engines burned a third time, for 27 sec., to circularize 

the orbit at 1,743-mi. (2,806.2-km.) apogee and 1,729-mi. (2,783.7- 

km.) perigee. Thirty seconds after shutdown of the transtage, an 82- 

lb. Lincoln Laboratory experimental communications satellite ( LES 

II), equipped with its own rocket motor to shoot itself into a higher 

elliptical orbit, was spring-ejected from the stage. LES II attained 

orbit of 9,364-mi. ( 15,076-km.) apogee; 1,753-mi. (2,822-km.) perigee; 315-min. period; and 31.35" inclination. Then, 42 sec. after LES 

11 was released, a 44.5-in.-dia., 75-lb. hollow aluminum radar calibration sphere (LCS I) was ejected from the transtage. LCS I was to 

remain in near-circular orbit with 1,743-mi. (2,806.2-km. ) apogee, 

1,729-mi. (2,783.7-km.) perigee. Seven hours after launch, the transtage was fired a fourth time, driving it into a final elliptical orbit of 

2,317-mi. (3,730.4km.) apogee; 1,725-mi. (2,777.3-km.) perigee; 157- 

min. period; and 32.07' inclination. (UPI, NYT, 5/7/65, 12; Av. 

Wk., 5/10/65, 33; USAF Proj. Off.; U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 

141) 

May 6: NASA announced its agreement with the Brazilian Space Commission ( CNAE) to cooperate in scientific sounding rocket program to 

investigate the lower regions of the ionosphere, emphasizing the effects 

of cosmic rays. NASA would provide and CNAE would launch two 

sounding rockets from Natal, Brazil; scientific payloads would be constructed by Brazilian technicians at NASA Goddard Space Flight 

Center. NASA and CNAE would combine to provide ground support 

equipment, to analyze data, and to publish the results of the 

experiment. In addition, NASA would launch one instrumented sounding rocket from Wallops Station, Va., in a complementary 

experiment. The project would contribute to observance of 1965' as 

International Cooperation Year. 

To assure expeditious completion of NASA's Mississippi Test Facilitypermanent national center for ground testing of large launch vehicle 

stages-Marshall Space Flight Center announced two changes in preparation of the installation: (1) buildup in personnel would start immediately ; (2) MSFC planning, construction, and activation elements 

would be grouped into a new Mississippi Test Facility Task 

Force. Jackson Balch, until now MSFC'S assistant deputy director, 

technical, would have the dual titles of Mississippi Test Facility site 

manager and head of the MTF Task Force. A permanent organization 

to operate MTF once it was activated would be formed later. (MSFC 

Release 65-114) 

Techniques for weather predictions reliable up to two weeks were discussed at Geophysics Corp. of America in Bedford, Mass., by Dr. D. Q. 

Wark of the US. Weather Bureau, Dr. William Nordberg of NASA 

Goddard Space Flight Center, and Dr. Jean I. F. King of GCA. These 

scientists had successfully utilized radio waves to collect weather data 

and were planning to build a new weather satellite which could log 

greater amounts of data and provide constant coverage. They proposed placing weather buoys in the oceans and weather balloons in the 

(NASA Release 65-149) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 221 

atmosphere equipped to relay data to the orbiting satellite which, in 

turn, would relay data to ground stations. 

May 6: Russian communications satellite MOLNIYA I, because of its higher 

and sharply elongated orbit, could transmit continuously several hours 

longer than American Telstars, reported Tass. Tass claimed that Telstars could transmit uninterruptedly for only 30 win. (Reuters, NYT, 

5/7/65,3) 

Chairman of the UCLA Astronomy Dept. Dr. L. H. Aller believed the 

moon might be as solid as metal below the top few inches of surface, 

reported George Getze in the Los Angeles Times. According to Getze, 

Aller said chances were good that the chemical composition of the 

moon was more like the sun’s than the earth‘s and that elements in 

the sun as gases would be found in the moon as solids. “The first few 

inches of the moon’s surface may have been changed a good deal by 

meteor hits and solar radiation, but if we go down a few feet we will 

probably find that the composition is like the sun’s,’’ he said. (Getze, 

L.A. Times, 5/6/65) 

Editorializing in the Evening Star, Richard Fryklund said: “It is a 

pity . . . that the hot, new plane, called the YF-lzA, has almost no 

chance to be used by the Air Force for anything except tests and speed 

records. . . . “The reason: Secretary of Defense McNamara doubts that any new 

interceptor is needed or that the Air Force’s nomination is the right 

plane even if one is needed. . . . “Three of the records set by the YF-12A on May Day are considered to be the most important performance checks on any airplane: 

Speed over a straight course (2,062 miles an hour, or about mach 

3.2), altitude (80,000 feet, though it can go ‘higher) and speed around 

ii ciicii!ar COiiise (1,688 mi!es zz hc~r).” (Frykliind, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 5/6/65, 7) 

May 7: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXVI with scientific instruments aboard 

for investigation of outer space, Tass announced. Orbital data: apogee, 291 km. (180.7 mi.) ; perigee, 197 km. (122.3 mi.) ; period, 89.3 

min. ; inclination, 65”. All systems were functioning normally. 

(Tass, 5/7/65) 

The President of Aerospace Corp., Dr. Ivan A. Getting, replying to 

Comptroller General Joseph Campbell’s charges that Aerospace had 

spent $22 million to build new facilities in California when Government space was available, told the House Armed Services Special 

Investigations Subcommittee that the separate buildings assured “the 

financial independence and stability to enable the corporation to perform its mission,” and that the construction would be paid for with 

earnings from Government contracts and fees. Chairman of the Subcommittee Rep. Porter Hardy, Jr. (D-Va.), said that the hearings had 

revealed “startling deficiencies in the control of public funds made 

available to Aerospace.” 

Civil Aeronautics Board approved a United Air Lines plan to lease 

eight Boeing 727-22 jet airliners from a group of 22 banks rather than 

buy them directly from Boeing. United told the CAB;^^ applying for 

approval of the new agreement, that the lease arrangement would give 

it the use of the planes on a cost basis substantially more favorable 

than if it leased the planes some other way or financed their purchase 

(Hughes, CSM, 5/6/65) 

(AP, NYT, 5/9/65,76) 
222 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

through commercial bank borrowings. Each plane would be leased to 

United for 13 yrs. from date of delivery. 

May 7: Civil Aeronautics Board request for $2.1 million in subsidies for 

commercial helicopter lines in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, to 

be paid during July-December period, was denied by House Appropriations Committee. 

Pan American Airways announced it would purchase four additional 

Boeing 727 jet aircraft, bringing its Boeing purchase program total to 

19. (WSJ, 5/7/65,3) 

May 8: “We are already getting ready for the next manned flight,” Soviet 

Cosmonaut Pave1 Belyayev’s backup pilot wrote in a Soviet air force 

journal. “We are getting acquainted with the construction of a new 

ship” and “planning new flights on new courses with more complicated 

assignments.” (Wash. Post, 5/8/65) 

Muy 9: LUNA V, a 3,254-1b. instrumented moon probe, was successfully 

launched by U.S.S.R. on an undisclosed mission. According to Tass 

announcement, the probe was launched by multi-stage rocket into a 

parking orbit and then fired toward the moon. All onboard equipment was said to be functioning normally and a U.S.S.R. station tracking the probe was receiving “scientific information.” Tass reported 

that LUNA v was “moving along a trajectory close to the planned 

one.” At 1O:OO p.m. Moscow time, the probe was 110,000 km. 

(68,323 mi.) from earth. 

Sir Bernard Lovell, director of the radiotelescope facility at Jodrell 

Bank, England, said that the telescope would try to track Soviet lunar 

probe LUNA v on May 10. LLWe have been expecting the Russians to 

make an attempt to achieve a soft landing of an instrumented package 

on the moon for some time now,” he said. “This may possibly be the 

attempt.” (NYT, 5/10/65) 

Studies on flight handling qualities of a manned lifting body reentry vehicle during the later stages of reentry and during the landing approach were being jointly conducted by NASA and Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory at NASA’s Flight Research Center using a T-33 

jet aircraft specifically modified for AF Systems Command by 

Cornell. Cornell was working under a NASA-funded $231,000 contract 

which also included human transfer-function studies and ground simulation of the lifting body. 

Recently released photograph of the recoverable capsule of the U.S.S.R. 

Vostok spacecraft revealed that the craft was spherical and that one 

third of it was covered with an unidentified material marked by concentric rings. In a New York Times article, Frederic Appel said that 

the U.S. had rejected a spherical design for U.S. spacecraft because of 

its lack of dynamic stability and because, during reentry, too much 

surface was exposed to hot gases deflected by the heat shield raising 

the internal temperature above allowable limits. Appel speculated that 

the Soviets might have solved the problem with greater heat insulation 

or a more powerful cooling system and that the material marked by 

concentric rings could be the remains of a heat shield that had burned 

away. (Appel, NYT, 5/9/65,14) 

U.S.S.R displayed some of its newest, most powerful missiles during a 

parade across Red Square in Moscow commemorating 20th anniversary of victory over Hitler’s Army. Missiles never before displayed 

( WSJ, 5/7/65, 6) 

( WSJ, 5/7/65, 2) 

(Tass, 5/9/65) 

( FRC Release 12-65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 223 

included two three-stage missiles about 110 ft. long and 10 ft. in diameter uhich Tass described as of “unlimited” range and as similar to 

the rockets that orbited the Vostok and Voskhod spacecraft; two missiles of similar construction-about 65 ft. long-described by Tass as 

“intercontinental rockets’’ using solid fuel ; a massive self-propelled 

missile consisting of a tracked carrier topped by a stubby rocket resting as if in a pod and described by Tass as a solid-fuel medium-range 

missile of “tremendous destructive power.” This was the first time 

the Soviet Union had officially reported it possessed a solid-fuel rocket 

of the intercontinental, or orbital, type. 

Also in the parade were a Polaris-type missile used by submarines 

and what Tass described as an “antimissile missile.” These types of 

weapons had been displayed before. 

May 9: Dr. Richard L. Lesher, consultant to NASA since June 1964 and a 

special assistant to Breene M. Kerr, NASA Assistant Administrator for 

Technology Utilization since Nov. 1964, became NASA Deputy Assistant 

Administrator for Technology Utilization. 

Sixty college science and engineering students selected in a nationwide 

competition were awarded NASA grants to participate in a summer 

space science program at Columbia Univ. 

May 9-12: During NASA Conference on Aircraft Operating Problems, NASA 

scientists reported to Government and industry technical experts on 

research accomplishments leading to improved aircraft usefulness and 

safety. Held at NASA Langley Research Center, the technical sessions 

were under the sponsorship of NASA’s Office of Advanced Research and 

Technology and included 34 papers. (NASA Release 65-160; NASA 

SP-83.) 

May 10: Tass announced that LUNA v probe had undergone a planned 

midco~rse menexve~ to change its trajectory. 

Evidence of life on earth 2.7 billion yrs. ago was reported by Univ. of 

California professor and Nobel prize winner Melvin Calvin. The evidence was in the form of two chemicals, phytane and pristane, extracted from the Soudan Formation, a carbon-rich and precisely-dated geological stratum in Minnesota. Both are carbon-hydrogen compounds; 

both are manufactured only by living systems; both are stable enough 

to have survived unaltered. As Calvin reconstructed it, both chemicals were synthesized by chlorophyll-containing plants-fairly high 

forms of life requiring long ancestry. First signs of earthly life must 

therefore have existed 800 million yrs. prior to the date currently 

accepted. (Newsweek, 5/10/65) 

Rep. James C. Corman (D-Calif.) announced that a poll taken among 

his constituents showed that 68.7% supported a program to land an 

American on the moon by 1970; 14% felt the program should be 

slowed down; 17.3% disapproved of the program. (CR, 5/10/65, 

A2275) 

Newest US. telescope, a 24-in. reflector for photographing stars, was 

operating at Univ. of Rochester under direction of Dr. Stewart 

Sharpless. It would be used to study the structure of the galaxies, the 

gas and dust between stars, and the evolution of variable stars. (Sci. 

Serv., Wash. Daily News, 5/10/65) 

USAF scientist Dr. John W. Evans received DOD’S Distinguished Civilian 

Service Award for his research on the physical processes of solar mag- 

(Tanner, NYT, 5/10/65) 

(NASA Release 65-161) 

(NYT, 5/9/65,34) 

(Tass, 5/11/65) 
224 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

netic fields, mass motions of the solar photosphere, and growth and 

development of solar flares. 

May 10: Second stage (SIV) for the tenth and last Saturn I launch vehicle 

was delivered to Kennedy Space Center, NASA, aboard “Pregnant 

Guppy” aircraft. The stage was flown from Douglas Aircraft Co.’s 

Sacramento, Calif., facility. 

U.S.S.R.’s antimissile missile and other powerful rockets were shown 

in action for the first time in a film on Moscow television, “Rockets 

in Defense of Peace.” Included were test firings of surface-to-air, 

air-to-surface, and underwater missiles as well as launchings of 

intermediate and intercontinental surface-to-surface ballistic missiles, 

some from underground silos. Also displayed were installations of 

the Soviet antimissile defense, including testing stations, computer 

centers supplying data for interceptions, and launching sites for interceptor missiles. One sequence showed firing of an antimissile missile 

and the interception of an intercontinental ballistic missile at an 

unspecified altitude. (Shabad, NYT, 3/11/65,4) 

In a New York Times article, Jack Gould suggested that statesmen planning EARLY BIRD I telecasts prepare their speeches well in advance and 

consider time differences in their scheduling. He noted that President 

Johnson’s speech had received limited European coverage because it 

was hastily arranged and that the address of West Germany’s Chancellor Ludwig Erhard had suffered because of an unusually poor simultaneous English translation. 

May 11: NASA Administrator James E. Webb, speaking to the Washington 

Board of Trade, said: “In 1959, when NASA attempted 14 space flights, 

we had 37 percent success in missions and launch vehicles. Last year 

we attempted 30 missions, more than twice as many as in 1959, and 

the percentage of success in missions went up to 83, with 93 percent 

success in vehicles. So far this year, the percentages are holding close 

to those of 1964.” (Text) 

Successful 75-min. test of USAF F-111~ supersonic fighter bomber was 

conducted at Edwards AFB by Lt. Col. James W. Wood (USAF) who 

flew at 760 mph and to 30,000 ft. 

~-lll~, USN version of the F-111 multipurpose fighter designed for use 

by both USAF and USN, was displayed for the first time during a rollout ceremony at the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. plant at 

Peconic, L.I. Secretary of the Navy Paul H. Nitze was the principal 

speaker. Test pilots demonstrated the variable-sweep wing which 

could extend almost perpendicular to the fuselage for take-offs, landings, and slow flight, and then pivot back sharply for supersonic 

flight. In a news conference, Brig. Gen. John L. Zoeckler (USAF), 

F-111 project manager, acknowledged that F-111~ was 500-600 lbs. 

“overweight,” but said that “very substantial strides” had been made 

in weight reduction. He added that “some compensation” in performance would be achieved in later USN models by addition of high-lift 

devices. The two-man, all-weather, supersonic aircraft was designed 

to fly at about 1,600 mph. (DOD Release 285-65; Hudson, NYT, 

5/12/65,18) 

A third solid-fuel Pershing ballistic missile unit would be moved to Europe this month, DOD announced. The Pershing could reach 400 mi. 

(OAR Release 5-65-1) 

( MSFC Release 65-135) 

(Gould, NYT, 5/10/65,59) 

(AP, NYT, 5/12/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTTCS, 1965 225 

with either a nuclear or conventional warhead and would replace the 

slower-firing liquid-fuel Redstone missile. 

May 11 : NASA announced closing of its Santa Monica and Dallas Area 

Professional Staffing Offices and moving of its New York office to 

Boston to assist in recruitment program for new Electronics Research 

Center in Cambridge. (NASA Release 65-156) 

Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, announced the appointment of Francis J. Sullivan as Director of the Electronics and Control Div. of 

NASA’s Office of Advanced Research and Technology. Mr. Sullivan 

had been serving as Acting Director since Sept. 1, 1964. (NASA Release 65-152) 

Decision to narrow the choice of type of broadcast satellite it 

would consider from three to two was announced by ComSatCorp president Joseph- V. Charyk at a stockholder’s meeting in Washington, 

D.C. Two of the approaches under consideration involved satellites 

that would operate about 6,000 mi. above the earth: one would have 

18 satellites, orbiting in random positions; the other would have 12 

satellites, orbiting at “phased” or controlled positions. The third approach, being tested in EARLY BIRD I, had satellites placed at an altitude of 22,000 mi. in synchronous orbit. In his speech, Charyk revealed that the corporation had decided to drop from consideration the 

6,000-mi. random version. It had been discovered, he reported, that a 

6,000-mi.-high satellite could be controlled more easily than ComSatCorp had believed when it first started studying random satellites as 

one alternative approach. Moreover, Charyk said, it now appeared 

that a satellite could be designed that would operate either at 6,000 mi. 

in controlled positions or at the 22,000-mi.-high, synchronous position. 

ConlSatCorp thercfoie :vdd inlrite oatellite designers to offer bids 

to build this type of satellite. (Denniston, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/11/65, 

12) 

May 11-21 : 1965 COSPAR (Committee on Space Research) meeting was 

held in Mar del Plata, Argentina, where it was moved from Buenos 

Aires because of student demonstrations. 

A new working group was formed, with Morris Tepper (Chief of 

Meteorological Programs, NASA) as chairman. Called Working Group 

VI, for Scientific Space Experiments Concerned with Properties and 

Dynamics of the Troposphere and Stratosphere, it was formed to 

further international understanding of, and cooperation in, the use of 

rocket and satellite systems and techniques for meteorological research, 

and to promote international discussions involving meteorologists with 

scientists of other disciplines in order to provide a good climate for 

the development of imaginative new approaches to the use of rockets 

and satellites for meteorological research.’’ ( NAS-NRC News Report, 

Vol. xv, 5/6/65, 6) 

Dr. 0. Z. Gazenko, physiologist and member of the Soviet Academy 

of Sciences, said that cosmonauts had no difficulty knowing the orientation of their bodies and experienced no nervous disorders if they 

were given visual cues. He based his remarks on experiences of soviet cosmonauts, especially those of Lt. Col. Aleksei Leonov in 

VOSKHOD 11: “When he saw the spacecraft, he had no problem know- 

(Wash. Post, 5/11/65) 

66 
226 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1965 

ing his orientation, but it was different when he didn’t see the spacecraft.” 

During the launch phase, the cosmonauts’ pulse and breathing rates 

were greater than noted during centrifugal tests in ground laboratories. In VOSKHOD 11, it took a comparatively long time for the normal 

levels to be reached, according to Gazenko. Comparison of the data 

of the Voskhod flights with other space flights showed fewer cardiovascular variations and better responses to stress. He recommended 

crews of several people since “the feeling of togetherness of cosmonauts is very important.” (Text) 

Success of the fully stabilized British Skylark rocket in obtaining 

new astrophysical data was described. Skylark was a single-stage, solid-fuel vehicle designed to carry 150-200-lb. payload to 200 km. (124 

mi.) altitude. Using the sun as a reference, Skylark could achieve 

pointing accuracy of between two and three minutes of arc in pitch 

and yaw, reported Kenneth Pounds, lecturer at Leicester College, England, and one of its users: “The new Skylark has revolutionized the 

whole field of rocket research as far as we’re concerned.” He pointed 

out that many scientific experiments, such as taking x-ray photographs 

of the sun, could not be done by an unstabilized rocket: “You need 

100 see. or more exposure time, plus roll stabilization, or the photographs will be blurred.” 

M. S. V. Rao, reporting on the Thumba, India, experiments conducted on World Days during the 1964-1965 IQSY, said east northeasterly 

winds with speeds of 60-90 knots were observed in the stratosphere 

during the monsoon. In the mesosphere, data revealed a region of 

unusually strong winds with high shear. Rao reported that radar observations of the rate of dispersion of chaff confirmed existence of 

complex pattern of high shears and pronounced turbulence in the 

equatorial mesosphere in the monsoon season. 

NASA scientists at Wallops Station, Va., had made a similar rocket 

launching during the Thumba experiments to get a synoptic 

picture. Arnold Frutkin, NASA Director of International Programs, 

said at the COSPAR meeting that “these data were the first relating to 

the monsoon problem on a global scale. It shows what very important 

work less advanced countries can do.” 

Activities in the 1964 US. space program were summarized by Dr. 

Richard W. Porter, National Academy of Sciences delegate to 

COSPAR: “. . . Satellite storm warnings, intercontinental television, 

voice and data transmissions via satellite, all-weather navigational 

‘fixes’ for ships at sea, and precise map making by means of satellite 

observations have become almost commonplace events. Space launchings at frequent intervals are providing a continuous stream of new 

information of value to science and mankind. . . . In total, the various agencies of the United States carried out sixty-one successful satellite and space probe launchings ; however, because of the occasional 

practice of launching several satellites at a time . . . the total number 

of useful discrete payloads in Earth orbit or escape trajectory was 

seventy-seven. . . . “In addition, the United States launched seven large high-altitude 

rocket probes, in the range from 700 to 1100 km., and well over one 

hundred other scientific sounding rockets, most of which reached alti- 

( COSPAR Rpt.) 

(Text) 

(M&R, 5/24/65,17) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 227 

tudes between 110 and 250 km. Twelve hundred twenty-three small 

meteorological rockets, having a payload of about 5 kg. and a maximum altitude of about 60 km. were fired on regular schedules by the 

meteorological rocket network and more than one hundred scientifically instrumented large balloon flights were made during the period. 

“Technological advances made during this period which will contribute significantly to the space-research capability of the United 

States include the launching of three SATURN I booster rockets, capable 

of putting about 7500 kg. of useful weight into Earth orbit, one TITAN 

IIIA booster, and successful tests of the CENTAUR liquid hydrogen 

rocket. Electrostatic ion accelerator rocket propulsion devices were 

tested in space during 19@, and more recently a nuclear reactor with 

thermoelectric energy conversion devices successfully began an endurance run in space which is still continuing. Passive gravity-gradient 

stabilization techniques have been perfected by means of additional 

satellite tests to the point where this technique is ready for useful 

employment in a variety of space applications. The highly directional 

properties of a lasar beam were successfully used in tracking a satellite. Significant improvements were also made in sounding rocket, 

high altitude balloon design and in data conversion facilities.” (Text) 

K. Maeda, chief Japanese delegate to the sixth international space 

symposium of COSPAR, told Missiles and Rockets Japan would launch 

its own satellite with its own launch vehicle within the next three 

years. A four-stage, solid-fueled rocket would be used, with the Mu 

rocket as first stage. The satellite, to be used solely for scientific 

research, would weigh between 50-100 kgs. and be sent into a 

500-1,OOO-km. (311-621-mi.) orbit. (M&R, 5/17/65, 9) 

At a IWWS codeieiice &irix~~ the COSPAE meetingj A. A. Blagonravov, chief Soviet delegate, said that in view of the difficulties of soft 

landing on the moon, the Soviet Union would probably try to soft land 

another Lunik before attempting to land cosmonauts. He said the 

lunar surface must be known in detail and “should be examined by 

automatic stations.” Because of the problems involved, he added, “it 

is not possible to set any date for a lunar landing.” (M&R, 5/24/65, 

17) 

Muy 12: LUNA v “hit the moon in the area of the Sea of Clouds” at 1O:lO 

p.m. Moscow time [3:10 p.m. EDT], Tass announced. The release 

continued: “During the flight and the approach of the station to the 

moon a great deal of information was obtained which is necessary for 

the further elaboration of a system for soft landing on the moon’s 

surface.” The announcement revealed no further details of the 

landing. Western experts saw evidence that the Soviets had attempted 

a soft landing and failed. (Tass, 5/12/65; Shabad, NYT, 5/13/65, 1, 

24 ) 

USAF launched Blue Scout Jr. space probe from Eastern Test Range with 

instrumented payload to measure pitch angle and magnetic field intensity in space. Probe attained 8,536-mi. altitude in its 3-hr. 50-min. 

flight and returned useful data to earth before falling into Indian 

Ocean. 

First developmental test of a possible landing system for the Apollo 

Spacecraft was successfully performed at NASA Manned Spacecraft 

(U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965,141) 
228 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Center with the drop of a boilerplate spacecraft from a crane into a 

700,000 gallon water tank. The boilerplate was fitted with two pairs 

of rockets and an S-ft.-long altitude sensor. Rockets were mounted in 

the outer rim of the heat shield; thrust vector of the rockets was 

aligned with the gravity vector of the spacecraft. 

Structural reinforcement of the heat shield area was current solution 

for preventing damage to the spacecraft in a rough water landing. If 

the landing rocket system proved desirable, it would cut several 

hundred pounds from the weight of the Apollo command module in 

addition to providing an improved emergency and landing capability. 

(MSC Roundup, 5/28/65, 8) 

Muy 12: USN would build new stations at Raymondville and Roma, Tex., 

as part of its SPADATS (Space Detection and Tracking System) surveillance network for detecting satellites passing over the U.S., reported 

Warren Burkett in the Houston Chronicle. (Burkett, Houston Chron., 

5/12/65) 

NASA announced award of $15 million contract to Grumman Aircraft 

Engineering Corp. to build an additional Orbiting Astronomical 

Observatory. Grumman already was building three Oao spacecraft 

under a previously awarded contract. 

At Bell Telephone Laboratories a two-mile-long laser beam was folded 

into a ten-foot-long space by reflecting the beam back and forth more 

than 1,000 times between two mirrors. By distorting the shape of the 

mirrors to enable the beam spots to form a pattern of slowly changing 

ellipses, scientists kept the reflections separate. Bell predicted that a 

computer utilizing this effect could store 1,000 bits of information 

which could be read out serially one bit every billionth of a 

second. (NYT, 5/12/65) 

DOD awarded Smith and Sapp Construction Co. a $1,616,970, NASAfunded, fixed-price contract for construction alterations to existing 

spacecraft facilities at Cape Kennedy. Soviet’s first communications satellite MOLNIYA I maintained direct radiotelephone communications between Vladivostok and Sofia, Warsaw, 

and Prague for almost three hours. 

In interim decision, FCC awarded ComSatCorp for two years “sole responsibility” for design, construction, and operation of three ground 

stations for a global communications network. Future of AT&Towned Andover, Me., station was not discussed. 

XB-70 and Boeing 707 noise comparison results were reported by FRC 

engineers Carol S. Tanner and Norman J. McLeod at Aircraft Operating Problems Committee meeting at URC. During takeoffs both aircraft reached maximum noise level in the frequency range of about 

125 cps. Data from tests would aid in prediction of runway noise 

levels for the proposed supersonic transport. ( FRC Release 13-65) 

Capt. Robert F. Freitag (USN, Ret.), Director of NASA Manned Space 

Flight Field Center Development, told Theodore von KBrmin Memorial Seminar in Los Angeles that solutions to air and water pollution 

could very well develop out of the research now being undertaken 

to develop self-sustaining life support systems for astronauts on missions of long duration.” 

Muy 13: MARINER IV, 78,277,013 mi. from earth at 9 a.m. EST, had cov- 

(NASA Release 65-154) 

( DOD Release 323-65) 

(Tass, 5/12/65) 

(ComSatCorp) 

66 

(West, L.A. Times, 5/13/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 229 

ered 251,691,170 mi. along its orbit. The Mars probe was travelling 

46,214 mph relative to earth and was returning data and scientific 

information continuously. (NASA Release 65-159) 

President Johnson transmitted to Congress a plan to merge the Weather 

Bureau, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards into an Environmental Science Services Administration. “The new administration 

will then provide a single national focus for our efforts to describe, 

understand, and predict the state of the oceans, the state of the lower 

and upper atmospheres and the size and shape of the earth . . . as 

well as enhance our ability to develop an adequate warning system for 

the severe hazards of nature . . . which have proved so disastrous to 

the Nation in recent years.” He added that Federal agencies “concerned with the national defense [and the] exploration of outer space” 

would receive improved services and that combining of offices and 

technical facilities would save money 

Gemini GT-~ countdown rehearsal at KSC with Astronauts James A. 

McDivitt (Maj., IJSAF) and Edward H. White II (Maj., USAF) was 

delayed because of a minor fueling problem. Launch of the GT~ 

mission was scheduled for June 3. (AP, Galveston News-Tribune, 

5/14/65) 

An Emeraude rocket was successfully fired by France from the Hammaguir range, Algerian Sahara, to a planned altitude of 112 mi. It was 

topped hy a mockup of the Topaze rocket which was to be the second 

stage of the Diamant launcher that France was developing. (Reuters, 

NYT, 5/18/65; Root, Wash. Post, 5/18/65; M&R, 5/31/65,11) 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center researchers Dr. John B. Schutt 

and Charles M. Shai announced development of a new series of inorganic spacecraft paints with promise of commercial application; report 

given at a meeting of the Philadelphia Society for Paint Technohgj. 

and the Philadelphia Section of the American Chemical Society. The 

paints would utilize an alkali-metal silicate as a binder and an inorganic phosphate as a wetting agent. They would adhere to most metals 

and non-metals; would not crack, peel, chalk, flake, or fade when subjected to temperatures between 1,800”F and -320’F; would be washable; could be made in any color; and would have a long shelf 

life. (GSFC Release G-13-65) 

American Broadcasting Co. notified the FCC it was preparing plans for a 

domestic communications satellite to relay network television programs 

to affiliated stations for rebroadcast, thereby raising for the first time 

the question of a company other than ComSatCorp owning and operating a comsat. 

NBC announced it would televise the June 3 Gemini GT4 spaceflight in 

color. It would be the first live-color coverage of a space 

flight. 

Cornell Univ. astronomers at Arecibo radiotelescope facility revealed 

that their radar observations of the planet Mercury April 25 indicated 

that Mercury rotated on its axis once every 59 days, rotating in the 

same direction as its orbit. This new study confirmed clearly that 

Mercury did not have a retrograde rotation and laid to rest the classic 

view that Mercury did not rotate on its axis at all. The astronomers 

had reported their findings on Mercury’s rotation in Washington last 

(White House Release) 

(Gould, NYT, 5/14/65,1) 

( Doan, N.Y. Her. Trib., 5/14/65) 
230 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

April 21 but at that time were not sure whether the rotation was 

retrograde or direct. 

May 13: The Sofar (Sound Fixing and Ranging Device), used to locate 

ICBM’s through a small explosive charge set off as the missile sank, 

would be transformed into a rescue device for aircraft and ships in the 

Pacific, Capt. John M. Waters, Jr. (USCG), told a US. Coast Guardsponsored North Atlantic Search and Rescue Seminar in New York. A 

pressure switch mechanism would fire the explosive at 2,500 ft. below 

the surface-depth at which sound waves encountered least resistance ; 

sound of the explosion would be picked up by four hydrophone listening stations and the exact disaster site plotted. Capt. Waters said 

the device was “practically foolproof” and had been endorsed by the 

Naval Aviation Center. Each Sofar locator would cost about $75. 

(Bamberger, NYT, 5/14/65, 65 j 

Soviet engineer T. Borisov suggested that cause of LUNA V’S apparent 

failure to soft land on the moon might have been failure of the 

braking rockets to fire “precisely when needed,” the New York Times 

reported. Borisov pointed out that earth stations could not help the 

automatic equipment during this phase because it takes 2% sec. for 

radio signals to make round-trip between earth and moon. (NYT, 

5/14/65, 3) 

A descriptive report on the three generations of Soviet manned spacecraft-VOSTOK I through vOSTOK VI, first generation; VOSKHOD I, second generation ; and VOSKHOD 11, third generation-was prepared by 

Space Daily, in collaboration with Soviet space officials and the Novosti Press Agency: “The Soviet’s first three generations of manned spacecraft are injected into orbit within a standard cone-cylinder configuration with a maximum length of 30.3 feet and a maximum diameter of 

8.7 feet . . . “The launch-to-orbit vehicle is comprised of four major components: the last stage of the rocket; the instrument and service module; 

the cosmonaut cabin and re-entry capsule; and the nose cone and fairing. . . . The cabin for the first two generation spacecraft remained in external configuration essentially the same. The major modification . . . was the internal arrangement providing a capability for two astronauts 

instead of one which included the requirement for an additional hatch. 

The third generation spacecraft has required not only a major modification for the internal arrangement, for the third cosmonaut, but has 

forced a configuration addition to the 7.5 foot sphere with the attachment of the airlock. . . . For the first generation spacecraft the cosmonaut was seated in the 

center of the sphere with his back to re-entry portion of the 

sphere. The capsule had three hatches: the egress hatch, the parachute compartment hatch and an equipment access hatch . . . The 

parachute compartment was located to the left and rear of the 

cosmonaut . . . Antennas for the radio system of the re-entry capsule 

were located 180 degrees from the stagnation point of the heat 

shield. Even in that location it is possible that heat build-up destroyed all protruding systems as evidenced by the landed VOSTOK. . . . 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/13/65) 

66 

6C 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 231 

“The first generation vehicles weighed about 10,430 pounds, after 

ejection of the nose cone and fairing and separation of the third stage 

of the booster. . . . The cabin for the first and second generation 

missions weighed about 5300 pounds. 

“In addition, VOSKHOD 11 represents an advancement to a more 

operational type of vehicle with an arrangement indicating its role for 

extensive Earth-orbital operations. 

“The airlock for the VOSKHOD 11 mission would represent the farthest evolution of the Soviet manned spacecraft program . . . a 

cylindrical projection to the basic vehicle, psitioned within the nose 

cone and fairing above or forward of the cabin in the antenna region. 

With respect to the cosmonauts the airlock would be above and to the 

front as they remained in their seats; its position would be 180 degrees from the stagnation point of the heat shield.” (SBD, 5/13/65, 

68-70) 

May 13-14: Executives of four competing companies briefed the USAF 

Space Systems Div. source selection board on their Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory (Mol) entries. Represented were the Boeing Co., General 

Electric Co., Lockheed Aircraft Corp., and Douglas Aircraft Co. (Av. 

Wk., 5/31/65,22) 

Muy 14: NASA and FAA announced formation of a joint 12-member coordinating board to strengthen joint planning and facilitate exchange of 

information between the two agencies. The board would focus its 

attention on aeronautical research, development, and testing activities 

to gain the greatest return from available resources and to avoid 

duplication. Co-chairman would be Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, 

NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, 

and Robert J. Shank, FAA Associate Administrator for Development. 

(NASA Re!easr 6s-155) 

Sen. A. S. Monroney (D-Okla.) told a meeting of the American Helicopter Society in Washington, D.C., that NASA was spending too small a 

share of its budget on aviation research. 

Senator Monroney, the chairman of the Senate Aviation Subcommittee, said he became angry when he compared the $43 million earmarked for aeronautics next year with the space agency’s total budget 

of $5.2 billion. 

He said that although the agency allocated less than 2 percent of its 

budget to solving the many flight mysteries it acknowledges still exist, 

the agency’s working-level scientists wanted to do more in this area. 

Monroney also said he disagreed with those who contended that 

subsidy for the helicopter airlines was wasteful and unwarranted. 

He said that while helicopters might not have made the progress 

many wished for and some had promised, commercial revenues had 

increased, costs had declined, equipment had improved, and capability 

to operate on instruments had been developed. 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced during a ceremony at 

Western Reserve Univ. honoring retiring Dr. T. Keith Glennan, president of Case Institute of Technology, that Glennan had been asked to 

return to NASA as an adviser. Webb said Glennan would be asked to 

review NASA spending plans for the next ten years. 

Glennan, Webb’s predecessor as NASA Administrator, was appointed 

(AP, NYT, 5/15/65) 
232 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

by President Eisenhower to head the agency when it was formed in 

1958. 

May 14: Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara told the House Appropriations Committee that about $1.2 billion-80 per cent of the 

allocated money-had been wasted on the abortive B-70 bomber project, Howard Margolis reported in the Washington Post. The question 

of how much of the money spent was wasted arose when McNamara 

was asked whether knowledge from the B-70 work would be valuable 

to other military and civilian projects. McNamara suggested that at 

least 80 per cent of the money had been wasted, Margolis said. McNamara’s general view had been that substantial “waste” of this sort 

was unavoidable in the defense program since it was rarely possible to 

know how valuable a development project would be before large sum 

had been spent. Margolis added that McNamara suggested minimizing 

such waste by insisting on good evidence of probable value before 

allocating large expenditures and, even then, by limiting spending as 

much as possible until the value of a project was proven. (Margolis, 

Wash. Post, 5/15/65) 

A special educational television satellite station to carry color or blackand-white TV direct to home receivers was proposed to NASA by 

Hughes Aircraft engineer Dr. Harold Rosen. (Time, 5/14/65; CR, 

5/20/65, A2549) 

Sen. Henry M. Jackson ID-Wash.) reported that ComSatCorp would 

construct a $6 million ground station at Brewster, Wash., and that FCC 

had approved ownership of the station by ComSatCorp. (AP, Oregonian, 5/14/65) 

A mouse-size “algati on,’’ life-support system designed to make outer 

space habitable for astronauts on prolonged missions, was demonstrated by Univ. of California scientists Dr. William J. Oswald and Dr. 

Clarence G. Golueke. In the system bacteria break down animal 

wastes, algae live off the result. and emit oxygen while absorbing carbon dioxide. According to the scientists’ report. the algatron, in 

which a mouse lived for six weeks and could have stayed indefinitely, 

would weigh about 1,000 lbs. in a man-sized version. (Wash. Post, 

5/14/65) 

A lunar dust cloud produced by braking rockets of Soviet probe LUNA 

v as it attempted a soft landing on the moon May 12 was photographed 

by the observatory at Rodewisch, E. Germany, said the observatory’s 

director in an interview with ADN, E. German press agency. The tracking station had made photographs of the lunar approach of the spacecraft at 15-sec. intervals. At the moment of best visibility--l0:15 p.m. 

Moscow time-the dust cloud was 140 mi. long and 50 mi. wide. It had 

disappeared by 10:21 p.m. Moscow time. This was the first indication that braking rockets aboard the spacecraft had been oprative. 

Soviet announcement had given landing time for LUNA v as 1O:lO p.m. 

Pictures of the dust cloud were published in Izvestia. (NYT, 5/16/65, 

6; AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 5/16/65) 

Communist China exploded its second atomic bomb “over its western 

areas” at 10 a.m. Peking time, according to Hsinhua, the Chinese 

Communist press agency. 

May 15: NASA Administrator James E. Webb, speaking to the University of 

Alabama Alumni in Washington, D.C.: “During the five years ending 

(Ludwigson, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 5/15/65) 

(Reuters, NYT, 5/15/65, 2) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 233 

this month, NASA will have awarded to the University general-purpose 

grants, project contracts in support of research, and traineeships 

amounting to over $4.8 million. 

“This sum has supported 68 research projects and renewals and the 

training of 30 graduate students. 

“In the last academic year 63 faculty members, 67 graduate students, 51 undergraduate students, and 25 others were supported 

through NASA research and predoctoral training programs. 

“Over the past five years 49 faculty members, 61 graduate students 

and 73 undergraduate students participated in engineering research 

sponsored by NASA. 

“In addition to this support-and in addition to support for the 

physics, mathematics and chemistry departments-the Marshall Space 

Flight Center has guaranteed support for the graduate training program at Huntsville to a total of $750,000 in five years. This Huntsville program permitted the establishment two years ago of resident 

master’s degree programs in five disciplines. A sixth was added last 

year, In two years, 2,729 students have participated.” (Text) 

May 15: “There are 593 objects in earth orbit today,” said Maj. Gen. 

Horace A. Hanes (USAF), Commander of the 9th Aerospace Defense 

Div., at an Armed Forces Week celebration at Selfridge AFB, 

Mich. He said these ranged from the six-in.-dia. Vanguard satellite 

through the 90-ft.-dia. Echo satellite. Hanes said the primary mission 

of his division was to detect and warn the US. of a mass ballistic 

missile attack: “We use radar stations in Alaska, Greenland, and England for this. But to detect satellites and other objects in earth orbit 

we use these radars plus a variety of other equipment including special 

optical cameras eleven feet high that weigh 3,000 pounds.” (Pipp, 

Detroit News. 5/16/65 ) 

A newspaper article summarizing a report of the International Civil 

Aviation Organization on the safety record of the non-Communist 

world’s airlines in 1964 said: “. . . its more than 100 member airlines, which include US. carriers, ended the year with the lowest fatality rate on record, 0.61 deaths to 100 million passenger-miles flown, 

22.5 percent below 1963, the best previous year.” (CR, 5/19/65, 

10592) 

Week of May 16: A $300,000 telescope produced through gifts of parts and 

money was put on display at the Stamford (Conn.) Museum and 

Nature Center. The 22-in. photo-visual telescope, designed to track 

even man-made satellites, was the result of a project compared to a 

“barn raising.” A spokesman said that at dedication on June 13, 

plaques would be distributed to 51 major contributors of equipment 

and labor, and certificates to 81 other cooperators. (Devlin, NYT, 

5/23/65) 

May 16: EXPLORER XXIII and PEGASUS I meteoroid technology satellites 

continued to transmit useful information after months of operation in 

the space environment, reported Milton B. Ames, Jr., NASA Director 

of Space Vehicles Research and Technology. 

EXPLORER XXIII, launched by Scout rocket from Wallops Station, 

Va., Nov. 16, 1964, was last of three S-55 series satellites which were 

the first spacecraft orbited specifically to measure meteoroid penetrations through spacecraft structures. Performance of EXPLORER XXIII 
234 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

had been entirely satisfactory, and indications were that it would have 

a useful life of more than a year, Ames said. Orbital parameters 

were: apogee, 615 mi. (990 km.); perigee, 290 mi. (467 km.) ; inclination to the equator, 51.95’. 

PEGASUS I, launched Feb. 16, 1965, was first of a series of three 

satellites intended to measure meteoroid penetrations of greater structural thicknesses and contained a meteoroid penetration area of almost 

2,300 sq. ft. Ames said that although useful results had been obtained 

with .0015-in.-thick panels, the data obtained with .008-in.-thick and 

.016-in.-thick panels had not been fully satisfactory because of difficulties in the operation of the detection system. Still, PEGASUS I had 

provided significant information leading to improvement of detection 

systems on the remaining two Pegasus spacecraft. Orbital parameters 

for PEGASUS I were: apogee, 451 mi. (726 km.); perigee, 311 mi. 

(500.7 km.) ; inclination, 31.75’. 

May 16: Editorializing, the Hartford Courant said: “. . . Lunik V’s purpose was openly said to be a soft landing on the moon, an experiment 

that might have sent back the first pictures of the moon from the 

actual lunar surface, and information about the physical nature of that 

surface. Possibly the Russians were sure they had the problems of a 

soft landing solved. But just possibly they decided this time to be 

frank and out in the open about the whole business. After all, why be 

scared? Look at all the failures the United States has admitted. 

And right now the Russians have something to console themselves 

with. It’s called honesty, and its just as good to be distinguished for 

this as it is for technology.” 

Muy 17: Britain and France signed an agreement to jointly build two 

supersonic military aircraft for the 1970s: (1) a strike trainer; and 

(2) a pivoting-wing attack plane. The strike trainer, to be based on 

France’s twin-engine Breguet 121, would be built by the British Air: 

craft Corp. in cooperation with the SociCt6 des Ateliers d’Aviation 

Louis Breguet. Rolls Royce, Ltd., and Turbomeca, a French engine 

concern, would supply the engines. The variable sweep wing, aircraft 

similar to the American F-111 fighter-bomber, but smaller, would be 

based on the concept of British aircraft designer Dr. Barnes Wallis 

and built by the British Aircraft Corp. and the SociBt6 GCnCrale ACronautique Marcelle Dassault. 

The agreement committed‘ each country to an initial expenditure of 

$56 million, most of which would be spent on a prototype for the 

strike trainer. 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center had awarded a $1,600,000 contract to 

Aero Spacelines, Inc., to transport Saturn upper stages and outsize 

rocket components in its modified Boeing Stratocruiser, Pregnant 

Guppy. The contract would run through June 1966. (MSFC Release 

65-123) 

Aviation Week reported: “NASA is considering the possibility of launching two manned Gemini spacecraft within a few days of each other SO 

that the two would operate concurrently in space for a day or 

two.” Noting that the plan was not yet approved, the item speculated 

that such action would probably not take place until late in the Gemini 

program. Since only one Gemini launch stand existed, it was most 

(NASA Release 65-157) 

(Hartford Courant, 5/16/65) 

(Farnsworth, NYT, 5/18/65, 8) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 235 

likely that the second vehicle would be erected and checked out first, 

then stored until the first had flown. 

May 17: Robert Hotz said in an editorial in Aviation Week and Space 

Technology: “With each passing year it becomes more and more apparent that the Soviets agreed to the partial nuclear test ban treaty at 

a time most advantageous to them and most disadvantageous to 

us. The Soviets already had tested their nuclear warheads over the 

entire spectrum-from underwater devices to 50-megaton air bursts 

including live ICBM warheads. The U.S. had not tested any of its 

nuclear warheads in strategic systems and can only theorize about the 

effects that high-altitude nuclear blasts in the 50-megaton-and-up range 

will have on communications and control networks of silo-based ICBMS 

and other strategic systems. 

“Mr. McNamara has based his defense policy on the belief that he 

will be able to detect any new Soviet weapons development in time to 

develop a U.S. counter-measure before the Russians can become operational with their new force. Since several of the new Soviet ICBMS 

and an anti-ICBM shown in recent Red Square parades came as a 

complete surprise to the Western intelligence community, it would appear that this assumption by Mr. McNamara is open to serious 

challenge. History may prove that Mr. McNamara’s view of the time 

span available for the US. to counter-develop weapons to thwart a 

Soviet challenge is as wrong as his forecasts of the war in 

Vietnam.” (Av. Fk., 5/17/65,21) 

“The Soviet Union, with its May 9 display of missile and space might, 

has dealt a major blow to the complacency of those persons in the 

United States who consistently have underestimated the competence of 

the Russians in these fields,” wrote William J. Coughlin in an editorial 

in Missiles and Rockets. He continued: “The appearance of Soviet 

soiid-iuei missiles ol’ a type siiiiilar to &e U.S. Minutem~r! ICEM indicates that the Soviets finally have overcome the chemical roadblock 

which until now has made possible the U.S. lead in solids. . . . “In a film which the Moscow correspondent of the New York Times 

estimated to be at least three years old, the Soviets also displayed 

launching5 from an underground silo. The combination of these 

events suggests the Soviets now are in a position to rapidly close the 

missile gap with the United States to the point where it is of no 

consequence in military calculations. . . . “In the film release, the Russians for the first time showed their 

anti-missile missile in action. One sequence was of intercept of an 

“The increasing Soviet confidence also is indicated in the space 

field. The Soviets let it be known more than a month in advance that 

their next space spectacular could be expected May 9. . . . The 

launch of LUNIK v obviously was right on schedule. The acknowledgement after launch but in advance of impact that its goal was a 

lunar soft landing also is a more realistic approach to space developments than previously shown. 

“This shift toward a franker attitude is supported by the open admission of the Zond 11 Mars probe failure by Soviet scientists attending the Space Exploration Symposium in Chicago on May 4. 

(Av. Wk., 5/17/65,23) 

ICBM. . . . 
236 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“At the same time, the Russians released more information on the 

Soviet space program at the Chicago meeting than heretofore. 

“All of this points toward greater maturity in both Soviet missile 

programs and Soviet space programs. The competition therefore is 

far keener than many persons in the US. have been willing to admit. 

The U.S. cannot afford to let down or it 

will be far outdistanced in areas which will continue to be vital in its 

national security and well-being for many, many years.” (Coughlin, 

M&R, 5/17/65,74) 

May 17: Communist China’s second nuclear bomb was the warhead on a 

missile launched from a military base and detonated in the air after 

traveling an undisclosed distance, asserted the Japanese newspaper 

Asahi Shimbum. The bomb was exploded May 14 over Western 

China. 

May 18: X-15 No. 2 flown by pilot John McKay (NASA) to 102,100 ft. 

altitude at maximum speed of 3,541 mph (mach 5.17) to obtain data 

for stability and control evaluation, star tracker checkout, advanced 

X-15 landing dynamics, and landing gear modification checkout. 

(NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

USAF launched an unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB with a 

Thor-Agena D booster combination. 

TELSTAR II had successfully turned off its tracking beacon as scheduled 

after two years and nine days of service and 4,736 orbits of the earth, 

Bell Telephone System engineers announced. This would not affect 

the cornsat’s usefulness, but would conserve energy and permit other 

satellites to use the channel that was cut off. TELSTAR II was expected to remain usable for at least three more years. (UPI, NYT, 

5/20/65, 18) 

Memorandum of Understanding for a cooperative Argentina-U.S. program of meteorological sounding rocket research was signed by Teofilo 

Tabanera for the Cornision Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales 

(CNIE) and Hugh L. Dryden for NASA. Specific purpose of this 

experimental program was to obtain high-altitude meteorological data 

in the vicinity of Chamical, Argentina, by Boosted-Dart and Arcas 

sounding rockets and to evaluate Argentine ground support equipment 

in conjunction with the payloads. General purpose of the experimental program was “to develop a basis for future meteorological rocket 

soundings on an operational basis.” The program was contemplated 

as “one element in a projected inter-American, experimental, meterological sounding rocket research network ( EXAMETNET) .” (Memo of 

Understanding) 

3C-9, a quasar (quasi-stellar radio source) receding from the earth at 

149,000 mps or 80% of the speed of light, had been discovered with 

the 200-in. telescope at Mt. Palomar Observatory, Walter Sullivan 

reported in the New York Times. It was the most distant of a new 

generation of five quasars which included CTA-102, the object Soviet 

astronomers had suggested might be transmitting signals under intelligent control. All appeared to be so distant that their life had 

probably ended during the billions of years required for their light to 

reach earth. Dr. Allan R. Sandage of Mt. Palomar Observatory said 

his studies of brightness and velocities of these five quasars and four 

others previously calculated resulted in evidence supporting the “oscil- 

“The conclusion is clear. 

( UPI, Wash. Daily News, 5/17/65, 18) 

(UPI, NYT, 5/19/65,2) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 237 

lating universe” theory. Data on the nine quasars’ velocities largely 

was the work of Dr. Maarten Schmidt, Mt. Palomar Observatory. 

(Sullivan, NYT, 5/18/65, I, 2; 5/23/65, 6E) 

May 18: Stanley R. Reinartz, previously deputy manager of NASA Marshall 

Space Flight Center’s Saturn I/IB Program Office, had been named 

program manager of the newly established Saturn IB/Centaur office, 

MSFC announced. The office would manage the program definition 

and design phase of the three-stage Saturn IB/Centaur space vehicle 

system. 

NASA Lewis Research Center planned to buy enough l/s-in.-dia. pingpong 

balls to fill a bucket-like device 12 ft. in dia. and 19 ft. deep. The 

miniature pingpong balls would be used to cushion experiments in 

LRC’S SOO-ft.-deep zero-gravity shaft. Experiments would be recovered 

intact for evaluation and later reuse. The pingpong balls, it was 

hoped, could cushion up to 6.000 lbs. ( LRC Release 65-34) 

Four Ohio college students ended a six-week isolation test at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, to study diets, effect of continuous wearing of a 

spacesuit, and microbiology of the human body. The four, comprising the eighth group to take part in space tests conducted by the 

Aerospace Research Labs., spent the first three weeks on a balanced 

but monotonous diet and the last three weeks on a liquid diet with 

the same nutrients as their earlier meals. All agreed that astronauts 

would probably be able to wear spacesuits for long missions but that 

“something would have to be done” about the proposed liquid 

diet. (AP, NYT, 5/19/65; AP, Cleveland Plain Dealer, 5/19/65) 

Najeeb E. Halaby, retiring FAA Administrator, speaking at the annual 

news conference of the Aviation-Space Writers Association in Albuquerque, urged President Johnson to make the “tough decision” to 

develop 2,000 mph airliners to handle expanding travel in the 

1970s. He said opponents of the supersonic transport project had 

“seriously overstated” the safety and other problems involved. 

Mr. Halaby received the Monsanto Chemical Co.’s aviation safety 

award for the “most significant and lasting contribution to aircraft 

operating safety in 1964.” President Johnson sent him a congratulatory telegram hailing his “outstanding performance” as aviation administrator. ( UPI, NYT, 5/19/65) 

Representatives of companies planning to buy the supersonic Concorde 

airliner were told in a report prepared by the joint builders, British 

Aircraft Corp. and Sud Aviation France, that the makers were 

confident, following extensive wind tunnel tests, that the Concorde 

represented “the best possible compromise for a supersonic transport” 

and would be “safe and easy to fly.” A special report on the problem 

of sonic boom said tests had shown that the calculated extent of these 

sharp detonations had been “generally pessimistic.” It said that 

climb and acceleration techniques were being developed that would 

keep the shock waves of air causing these booms as slight as possible. 

The experts present for the three-day talks on the airliner’s progress 

were from Air France, British Overseas Airways Corp., Pan American 

World Airways, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Qantas, Air 

India, and Middle East Airlines, which had together ordered or taken 

options on 45 of the aircraft, valued at $560 million. (Reuters, NYT, 

5/19/65,94C) 

( MSFC Release 65-124; Marshall Star, 5/26/65,1) 
238 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

May 18: Sen. Margaret Chase Smith (R-Me.), interviewed by a group of 

women correspondents, was critical of the Administration’s failure to 

“pinpoint” objectives beyond its 1970 goal to put a man on the 

moon. She said she found it “hard to believe” the Administration 

wasn’t thinking beyond the moon to Mars and Venus but that “it’s 

difficult to get the answers.” 

A fuel cell system had successfully operated for more than 1,300 hrs.- 

the time it would take a spacecraft to make nine trips to the moon and 

back-producing electricity and drinking water from hydrogen and 

oxygen, John L. Platner of the Allis-Chalmers Research Div. told the 

19th annual Power Source Conference in Atlantic City. Platner gave 

details of the cell’s performance in reporting on an advanced 2,OOOwatt fuel system being built by Allis-Chambers for NASA. (UPI, Tush. 

Post, 5/19/65, A21) 

May 19: A 71-ton Little Joe 11 rocket fired from White Sands Missile 

Range, N. Mex., to test the Apollo spacecraft escape system split into 

fragments three miles above ground following a series of excessive 

rolls occurring about 25 sec. after launch. The escape rocket fired 

immediately, however, and carried the 14-ton Apollo boilerplate free of 

the debris; the parachute recovery system operated normally, lowering 

the command module to the ground. Apollo program manager Dr. 

Joseph F. Shea said: “Although the prime objectives of the high altitude abort test were not met, the launch escape system proved its 

mettle in an actual emergency, which is the purpose for which it was 

designed.” The launch escape subsystem would be used to propel the 

spacecraft and its crew to safety in the event of a Saturn launch vehicle failure either on the pad or during powered flight. 

Little Joe II had been programed to carry the test vehicle, Boilerplate 22, to 22-mi.-altitude in 89 sec.; an escape motor would propel 

the spacecraft to a peak altitude of about 35 mi. Finally, the three 

84-ft.-wide parachutes would lower the command module to 

earth. (NASA Release 65-145; N.Y. Her. Trib., 5/20/65; NAA S&ID 

Skywriter, 5/21/65, 1, 2; NYT, 5/20/65, 42; MSC Roundup, 

5/28/65,8) 

US. launched eight military satellites into orbit from Vandenberg 

AFB March 9 with a Thor-Agena D booster, NASA disclosed. This was 

the greatest number of payloads the US. had ever orbited with a 

single launch vehicle and was believed to exceed any multiple launching made by the Soviet Union. Orbital parameters: apogee, 585 mi. 

(942 km.) ; perigee, 561 mi. (903 km.) ; inclination to the equator, 

70”. Two payloads would measure solar radiation; two would test 

stabilization methods for future spacecraft; one would map the earth’s 

surface; another, Surcal (Space Surveillance Calibration) , would help 

improve precision of satellite tracking networks; another, Oscar (Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio), would broadcast on frequencies that amateur radio operators could track. The satellites had 

been unidentified until NASA listed them in its periodic satellite summary. 

The summary also showed that unmanned COSMOS LXI, COSMOS 

LXII, and COSMOS LXIII, launched by U.S.S.R. March 15 with a single launch vehicle, had become 26 satellites or pieces of satellites. COSMOS LXVI, and two companions, launched May 7, had fallen out of 

(Dean, Wash. Eve. Star, 5/19/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 239 

orbit. (GSFC SSR, 4/15/65; Clark, NYT, 5/19\65; rash. Post, 

5/20/65, A12) 

May 19: NASA launched a two-part 104-lb. sounding rocket payIoad from 

NASA Wallops Station, Va., to measure electron densities and ion composition of the upper atmosphere. Designed as a mother-daughter experiment-with radio signals to be sent from daughter to mother-the 

payload separated as planned at about 170-mi. altitude and the twosections reached peak altitude at 605 mi. The sections were programed 

to rise separately for about 8 min. and reach a distance apart of about 

3 mi. Experimental information was radioed to ground stations and 

no recovery of the sections was required; they impacted in the Atlantic 

Ocean. Measurement of the differences between the signals of the two 

devices, monitored by ground stations, was expected to provide more 

accurate profiles of upper atmosphere electron density. The launching 

was timed to occur while Canadian satellite ALOUETTE was passing 

nearby. ALOUETTE'S instruments would provide a horizontal profile of 

ionospheric and ion densities and temperatures to be correlated with 

findings of the mother-daughter ixperiment. (Wallops Release 

65-30) 

The Gemini 2 spacecraft which made a suborbital unmanned flight from 

Cape Kennedy Jan. 19, 1965, would be rewwked by the McDonnell 

Aircraft Corp. and delivered to USAF in July 1966 for a preliminary 

unmanned flight in the USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory Program, 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center announced. USAF would launch the 

spacecraft in an unmanned suborbital flight to test the Gemini B heat 

shield design. The heat shield would have a hatch to allow crew 

transfer from the Gemini to the Orbital Laboratory. (NASA Release 

65-166) 

NASA successfully launched Argo ~-4 sounding rocket from Wallops Station, Va., to peak altitude of 588 mi. Objective of l'ix-miri. test was 

the measurement of phase differences to determine electron density 

along the rocket trajectory. Experiment was provided by Pennsylvania State Univ. 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science 

and Applications, was among the ten outstanding Federal Government 

employees who received a career service award from the National Civil 

Service League. (Mohr, NYT, 5/20/65) 

A $784,600 contract had been awarded to Mechling Barge Lines, Inc., 

for towing three Saturn space vehicle barges, NASA MSFC announced. 

Two of the barges, Promise and Palaemon, would be used to carry the 

Saturn I and IB boosters. A third, being readied, would transport the 

larger Saturn V booster. The contract covered a one-year period. 

( MSFC Release 65-128) 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 

was named chairman of the International Sponsors Committee for 

Clark Univ.'s $5.4 million Robert Hutchings Goddard memorial library scheduled for completion by 1968. 

Several nuclear-powered, self-supporting lunar bases and a wide variety of space stations would be in operation by the year 2000, Dr. von 

Braun told the luncheon meeting of the National Space Club in Washington, D.C. He made his predictions during the question and answer 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 
240 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

period following his speech on Dr. Robert H. Goddard’s contributions 

to American rocketry. 

The greatest activity in space 35 yrs. hence would be in earth orbits, 

von Braun felt, and space would provide a “tremendous military 

field.” This field would not be the science fiction concept of orbiting 

hydrogen bombs, but rather a broad program of military 

reconnaissance. Photography and direct observation of foreign military developments were cited. 

Space stations would be in a variety of orbits and many would be 

manned by scientists and repairmen shuttling back and forth in reusable vehicles. Scientists would spend up to six weeks at a time in the 

stations to make their observations. The use of reusable boosters 

would cut the cost of delivering payloads to orbit down to some 10% 

of today’s costs, von Braun added. 

Muy 19: “Early Bird should not be construed by any government as just 

another door to be opened when there is a self-serving point to be 

made, and a door to be slammed when that point is in danger of being 

questioned,” said Dr. Frank Stanton, president of the Columbia Broadcasting System, in a speech at the Career Services Awards dinner of 

the National Civil Service League in Washington, D.C. Dr. Stanton 

said it was agreed the peoples of the world should have an opportunity 

to hear foreign leaders. but that this must be done in an atmosphere 

of freedom “with openness and in candid discussion.” He added: 

“Early Bird must not be transformed from the unprecedented opportunity into the most universal and pervasive censorship-both affirmative 

and negative-ver known.” 

Dr. Johannes H. Klystra, interviewed in his laboratory at the State Univ. 

of New York in Buffalo, revealed that laboratory mice and dogs had 

survived completely submerged in heavily oxygenated salt water ; the 

lungs had extracted oxygen from the pressurized liquid. Dr. Kylstra 

said that man might one day find it useful to develop techniques for 

breathing liquids as an aid in the exploration of the two new realms 

that are just opening up to him: space and the ocean depths. A space 

flier, for example, could be protected from the destructive forces of a 

less-than-soft landing on another planet if he were in a cockpit filled 

with oxygenated liquid that he could also breathe; a free-swimming 

underwater explorer with liquid-filled lungs could go deeper, stay 

longer and ascend faster and more safely than a diver breathing a 

gaseous mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. (Osmundsen, NYT, 

5/19/65,49C) 

Bendix Corp. would receive from USAF a $2,666,840 initial increment to 

a $22,123,000 fixed-price contract for modification and improvement 

of the AN/FPS-85 space track radar. Work would be done in Towson, Md., and at Eglin AFB, Fla. 

May 20: NASA-AEC successfully performed a restart of the NRX A-3 Nerva 

experimental engine at Jackass Flats, Nev. The firing lasted for 18 

min., including 13 min. at the engine’s full power rating. The engine 

was the same one that had run for four minutes Apr. 23 before being 

shut down prematurely due to spurious malfunction. ( SNPO-N-65-9 ; 

Wash. Eve. Star, 5/21/65; Rover Chron.) 

USAF launched unidentified satellite payload with Thor FW4S booster 

from WTR. 

( NSC Newsletter, 5/65,6/65) 

(NYT, 5/20/65, 75) 

(DOD Release 343-65) 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965,142) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 241 

May 20: Ground test version of the Saturn V booster (s-IC-T) was fired 

by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center for 41 sec., MSFC announced. It 

was the third and longest firing of the five engines, which developed 

7.5 million lbs. thrust. The firing seemed entirely satisfactory, based 

on preliminary evaluation of data. ( MSFC Release 65-131) 

USN’S F-11113 fighter aircraft, originally designated TFX, was given its 

first test flight over Long Island at 2,000-mph for an hour and 18 min., 

during which the variable wing-sweep of the craft was tested. (Wash. 

Post, 5/19/65, 11; UPI, Wash. Post, 5/20/65, 2) 

NASA engineers Harry Carlson and Francis E. McLean believed the sonic 

boom problem in the operation of the supersonic transport could be 

solved by fattening the fuselage just forward of the wing, thereby 

altering the air flow in such a way as to cut the boom to an acceptable 

level, reported Richard P. Cooke in the Wull Street Journal. Fattening the Sst fuselage forward of the wings, said the NASA engineers, 

would also help the lift and might permit room for more 

seats. (Cooke, WSJ, 5/20/65) 

AFSC announced that an airspace surveillance and weapons control system had been proposed for installation in the Ryukyu islands, southwest of Japan. Through use of semi-automatic data processing, the 

Ryukyu Air Defense System (Rads) would pick up airspace intruders 

in its area almost instantly, enhancing defense capabilities of the 

Pacific Air Force in that area. The system would consist of radars, 

ultra-fast communications, data processors, display consoles and command posts where decision makers could direct manned or unmanned 

weapon interception. Returning aircraft could be directed home or to 

alternate bases through the system. ( AFSC Release 54.65) 

Newest Soviet aircraft, including the 186-passenger, four engine 11-62, 

designed for nonstop intercontinental service, were displayed __ at an 

exhibition of airliners . and helicopters at Moscow’s Vnukovo 

Airport. The 11-62, whose engines were mounted on the tail section 

of its fuselage, had a cruising speed of 500 to 550 mph and a range of 

5,500 mi. Boris Kharchenko, chairman of the Soviet aircraft export 

organization, said the Soviet Union was seeking orders this year for 

both the 11-62 and the Tu-134, a medium-range, two-engine 

jetliner. Delivery would be in 1967. (NYT, 5/21/65) 

Secrets unearthed by MARINER 11 and just made public were reported 

by Frank Macomber in the San Diego Union: “Venus is no lush seaand-swamp world, possibly teeming with primitive life, as some astronomers have speculated. Under its eternal cloud cover, the planet’s 

surface must be like fuming slag or lava. The surface temperature is 

about 80O0F.-hotter than molten lead. 

“The clouds surrounding Venus are a dense, unbroken pall of hydrocarbon smog, boiling up to at least 60 miles from the planet’s 

surf ace.” 

Macomber said MARINER II was regarded as one of the most SUCcessful of US. spacecraft. (Copley News Serv., Macomber, Sun Diego 

Union, 5/20/65) 

General Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander, said in an address to 

the Aviation-Space Writers’ Association Conference in Albuquerque: 

“The Air Force responsibility for our nation’s military developments 

in space is clearly established. This morning I would like to review 
242 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

our current progress in the areas of unmanned space programs, 

boosters and propulsion, and finally, manned space programs. . . . “In the late 1950s, a small group of Air Force officers began a 

program to develop a space-based missile detection and warning 

system. To obtain information on the background as observed from 

space and on the signature of ballistic missile rocket motors, the Air 

Force initiated a series of measurement programs. Instrumented aircraft were used to obtain data on our missile target, from many 

aspects and in various weather conditions. Concurrently, a spacecraft 

‘piggyback‘ program for background measurements was instituted. 

This program has resulted in information of great value and is still 

collecting valuable data. . . . Last September, President Johnson announced the existence of operational US. 

anti-satellite defense systems. . . . “The third area of interest is the detection of nuclear detonations in 

space. The original effort was formerly known as ‘Vela Hotel,’ and 

has now emerged as the present Vela Satellite Program. . . . “In 1963 the first pair of Vela Satellites was launched from Cape 

Kennedy; the second launch occurred in 19M. Both launches were 

completely successful, and the four satellites are still functioning. . . . “The last area that I would like to consider in unmanned military 

space systems is communication satellites--commonly called COMSAT. 

Our current philosophy of controlled response has placed an additional 

emphasis upon communications between field commanders and the 

highest level of our nation. . . . We need to 

exploit it effectively for our own purposes to prevent it from being 

used against us. We are aware of the many problems confronting us 

and do not pretend to have all the solutions. But much has been 

done, and we are building a broad technological base to meet the even 

greater challenges of the future.” 

May 20: NASA MARINER IV was 85 million miles from earth and traveling 

faster than 48,000 mph, NASA announced. A radio signal from the 

spacecraft, traveling at the speed of light, would take more than 7% 

min. to reach a ground station. The Mars probe was returning 

scientific measurements and engineering data continuously and daily 

setting a new record for distance of communications. (NASA Release 

65-167) 

A NASA report on its Aircraft Noise Research Program to the House 

Committee on Science and Astronautics and the Senate Committee on 

Aeronautical and Space Sciences said: “. . . there is a growing understanding that efforts at a practicable and mutually effective solution 

will need to be evolutionary in nature, and involve a dedicated attack 

on all major aspects of the problem. These include the acquisition of 

definitive information on the manner in which aircraft noises are generated and propagated, and the associated development of efficient 

methods for the reduction of adverse .aircraft noise at its source; the 

establishment of safe and efficient aircraft operating procedures that 

minimize and control the exposure of airport community property to 

undesirable aircraft noise; and the provision of a rational understand- 

“The second area of interest is anti-satellite defense. 

“In summary, space is a new environment of activity. 

(Text) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 243 

ing of the specific aircraft noise factors which produce subjective annoyance for various activities and environments of a community population, and of optimum methods for the control and adjustment of 

community property usage in critical noise areas in the vicinity of the 

airport.’’ (CR, 5/27/65) 

May 20: AEC’S Snap-lOA nuclear reactor, aboard SNAPSHOT satellite, 

launched by USAF into circular polar orbit Apr. 3, automatically shut 

down on May 16 for unknown reasons, AEC announced. Snap-1OA had 

been producing power for its own telemetry; first indications of malfunction came when telemetry ceased. Telemetry resumed about 40 

hrs. later, powered by stand-by batteries, and indicated the reactor had 

shut itself down and was no longer producing power. 

The prototype of future auxiliary power systems, planned to operate 

at least 90 days, had been operating successfully although the ion 

engine experiment included in the spacecraft had been shut down when 

it developed electronic noise. The spacecraft containing the defunct 

power system would remain in orbit more than 3,000 yrs.; it would 

take 100 yrs. for the reactor’s radioactive elements to decay to a safe 

level. 

AEC said Snap-1OA had provided valuable information for design of 

future nuclear propulsion systems. (AP, Wash. Post, 5/21/65 ; UPI, 

NYT, 5/22/65,5; Atomic Energy Programs, 1965,151) 

Enriched uranium of U-235 was the fuel used by the Chinese 

May 14 in their second nuclear explosion, according to preliminary 

analysis of airborne radioactive debris, AEC announced. It found “implausible” reports that the nuclear device had been carried by a missile 

although the detonation took place “above ground.” AEC said the 

May 14 test was somewhat larger than China’s first explosion of Oct. 

16, 1964> which was equal to 20 kilotons or the Hiroshima 

bomb. 

Dr. Jeanette Piccard’s 1934 balloon flight, establishing the still current 

women’s world altitude record for a balloon, was celebrated in Dearborn, Mich., by a ceremony and placing of a marker near the takeoff 

site. The balloon had a 600,000 cu. ft. volume, reached 57,559 ft. 

altitude, and took Dr. Piccard from Dearborn, Mich., to Cadiz, 

Ohio. (CR, 5/18/65, A2465) 

May 21: U.S. and Argentina jointly announced plans to collaborate in 

launching weather rockets to gain information about hemispheric 

weather patterns. Under terms of an agreement, Argentina would 

provide launching facilities, would transport rockets and equipment 

from the U.S. where they would be manufactured, and would assemble 

and launch the rockets. US. launchings would be made from Wallops 

Station; launching pads in Argentina would be at Chamical. Other 

Latin American countries had been invited to participate in the 

program. (AP, NYT, 5/22/65) 

Vice President Humphrey, Chairman of the National Aeronautics and 

Space Council, said at the 16th annual luncheon for Albert Lasker 

Medical Journalism Awards in Washington, D.C. : “The most important race is not the space race or the arms race. It is the human 

race. If America can get excited about putting a man on the moon in 

1970, why can’t we get excited about putting a lot of people on their 

feet by the same date? . . . some day we will be able to tell the world 

(NYT, 5/21/65; Wash. Post, 5/21/65, A27) 
24 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

that science has discovered the secrets of aging or of cancer or of 

muscular dystrophy or multiple sclerosis or mental retardation. That 

news will outrank in importance even the wonderful tidings that man 

has landed on the moon.” 

May 21: David N. Buell of Chrysler Corp. told the Aviation-Space Writers’ 

Association Conference that an unmanned spacecraft could be launched 

to the sun by 1975 or 1980 with a modified Saturn IB/Centaur booster 

and that it could obtain information vital to space exploration and a 

better understanding of the universe. Buell envisioned the solar 

spacecraft as a bi-conal structure with the forward cone pointing toward the sun and acting as a sunshade, bolstered by refrigerants inside 

the craft. 

“MARINER IV, speeding toward Mars for a rendezvous in July, has 

knocked out the romantic notion that the ruddy planet is the site of a 

dying civilization millions of years older than ours and far wiser,” 

wrote David Dietz in the Knoxville News-Sentinel. Continuing : “This 

theory holds that the planet is drying out, losing its atmosphere and its 

water supply and that the inhabitants have taken refuge in underground cities. 

The Martians forgot 

to take their radios with them. For the past five months, Mariner 4 

has been sending a steady stream of radio chatter back to earth . . . If 

little Mariner 4 can do that, there is no apparent reason why the 

Martians couldn’t do the same, providing, of course, that there are 

Martians of superior intelligence.” (Dietz, Knoxville News-Sentinel, 

5/2 1 /65 ) 

David H. Hoffman, aviation editor of the New York Herald Tribune and Arthur C. Clarke, British science writer, were cited by the 

Aviation-Space Writers’ Association for outstanding articles in 

1964. Mr. Hoffman received the James J. Strebig memorial award for 

his series on air safety. Mr. Clarke was honored for an article published in Life magazine on communications satellites. (N.Y. Her. 

Trib., 5/23/65) 

May 22: NASA’s 200-lb. Project Fire II spacecraft-similar in shape to an 

Apollo command module-was launched into a ballistic trajectory 

from ETR by an Atlas D booster that sent it over 500 mi. into space in 

test of reentry heating of spacecraft returning from the moon. Some 

26 min. later, when the ballistic path of the payload turned it toward 

earth, a solid-fueled Antares rocket fired for 30 sec., accelerating the 

payload into the atmosphere at 25,400 mph. As a fireball estimated at 

20,000”F formed a shock wave in front of the spacecraft, instruments 

in its interior radioed information to tracking stations. Tracking reports indicated that the heat probe impacted 32 min. after launch in 

the south Atlantic about 5,130 mi. southeast of Cape Kennedy. The 

spacecraft had been dubbed a “flying thermometer” because it was to 

radio more than 100,000 temperature readings. 

First Project Fire flight took place from Cape Kennedy April 14, 

1964, and was the fastest controlled in-flight reentry experiment ever 

conducted. The spacecraft reached a speed of more than 25,800 mph 

and telemetered many important direct measurements of reentry 

heating. 

(Text) 

( UPI, Wash. Post, 5/23/65) 

“Well, if this is the case, one thing is certain. 

(NASA Release 65-131 ; AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 5/23/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 245 

May 22: Jack N. James of the Jet Propuision Laboratory, responsible for 

MARINER IV’S cameras during the July 14 Mars flyby, told the Aviation-Space Writers’ Association Conference that photographs taken by 

the probe were not expected to show signs of life that might exist on 

the planet since surface detail in the photographs would not be 

great. James said MARINER IV’s cameras probably would be fixed on 

the planet by command from earth; previous plans had called for this 

to be done automatically by equipment in the spacecraft. (AP, Wash. 

Sun. Star, 5/23/65; Wash. Eve. Star, 5/24/65) 

The Gemini 4 manned spaceflight had been scheduled for June 3, 

NASA announced. The four-day flight would last about 97 hrs. 50 

min., and would increase the US’S hours of manned space flight to 

about 257 hrs. No decision had been made about opening the twoman spacecraft and letting one astronaut stand exposed to 

space. (Clark, NYT, 5/22/65,8) 

President Chung Hee Park of the Republic of Korea, his wife, and 

members of his official party visited Kennedy Space Center where they 

were briefed on NASA programs and toured facilities at Cape Kennedy 

and on Merritt Island. 

In a luncheon statement, President Park said: “You are now engaged in a breath-taking race with Moscow for the conquest of 

space. . . . I should like to invite your attention to the stark reality 

that there are some fools engaged in utilizing space power politically, 

psychologically and militarily for sinister and dangerous purposes. 

They are absorbed in developing space power not for the true purpose envisaged by mankind but for making it an instrument with 

which to conquer the world. 

I believe you [Americans] 

have the responsibility of causing the Communists to desist from this 

dangerous play and of well preparing yourselves to douse a fire if it 

breaks out of that play. . . .” (NASA Off. Int. Aff.; KSC Spaceport 

News, 5/20/65, 1, 5; AP, Miami Her., 5/23/65) 

In an interview at Reed College, Dr. John A. Simpson, professor of 

physics at Univ. of Chicago’s Enrico Fermi Institute for Nuclear Studies, said that the US’S present space policy was based on scientific 

achievement “and this has been diverse, thorough and deep and has 

led to wondrous discoveries.” He lauded US. developments in 

weather and communications satellites which he termed an “outstanding example” of peaceful developments in space exploration. “Russia 

is mainly concerned with putting a man on the moon and has ignored, 

for the most part, the US. goals of achieving a better physical understanding of our solar system-and contributing to civilization’s use of 

it.” (Sun. Oregonian, 5/23/65) 

European Broadcasting Union’s administrative council issued a statement 

saying it was concerned by the possibility that “prohibitive” charges 

might make it impossible to transmit television programs over EARLY 

BIRD I communications satellite. The council expressed the hope that 

the first three experimental years of intercontinental satellite television 

would not be “cut off at the start of commercial satellite 

operation.” (Reuters, NYT, 5/23/65, 19) 

Soviet pilot Natasha Prokhanova, flying an E-22 supersonic jet trainer, 

climbed to 79,OOO-ft. altitude, exceeding the world altitude record for 

(6 

“Needless to say, they are Communists. 
246 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

women of 56,073 ft. set by US. pilot Jacqueline Cochran in 1961 at 

Edwards AFB in a NorthroD T-38 Talon suDersonic iet trainer. (NYT. -I 

5/31/65, 24) 

Mar 23: The Life Sciences Committee of the National Academv of 

Sciences’ Space Science Board recommended to NASA that Ameiican 

astronauts returning from the moon and planets be kept in quarantine 

for at least three weeks to prevent possible contamination of the earth 

by extra-terrestrial organisms, Howard Simons reported in the Washington Post. Recommendation was in a report entitled “Potential Hazards of Back Contamination from the Planets.’’ 

Other recommendations included the need to avoid decontamination 

of returning equipment until it had been subjected to biological study; 

the possible need for the astronauts to shed their outer garments on 

the moon and Mars before returning home; the need to conduct immediate research on any samples of extraterrestrial life brought to earth; 

and trial runs to acquaint astronauts with methods for minimizing 

chance of contamination. 

United Press International had announced it would seek to establish a 

worldwide satellite communications system, either on its own or in 

partnership with others, if the governments concerned granted the 

necessary permission. (NYT, 5/23/65) 

Muy 24: AFSC had selected nine graduates of its Aerospace Research Pilot 

School, Edwards AFB, Calif., to participate in crew performance studies 

for manned space flight to be conducted by NASA at the Martin 

Co. Three seven-day lunar landing simulations would be made using 

a simulated Apollo lunar landing mission. Each would utilize a threeman crew. (AFSC Release) 

President Johnson said, in transmitting NSF’S sixth annual report to Congress on weather modification programs that control of weather was 

not beyond the reach of man: “The development of methods for altering weather and climate is a subject of quickening interest in the Congress and the Executive Branch . . . as, indeed, it is to all of the 

human race. We must recognize that the achievement of such a capability would mean vast economic and social gains for human life on 

this earth.” (House Doc. 188) 

EARLY BIRD I linked audiences at the Parke-Bernet Galleries in New 

York City and at Sotheby’s in London for the first trans-Atlantic art 

auction, ComSatCorp reported. BBC broadcasted a portion of the auction for British TV viewers. The telecast marked the fourth successive 

Monday on which the satellite had carried a commercial program free 

of charge to show its potential. (ComSatCorp Release; Esterow, 

NYT, 5/25/65,1) 

The British Government announced plans for conversion of weights and 

measures to the metric system over the next ten years. The announcement meant the US. would be the only major power using nonmetric 

units. 

Sen. Claiborne Pel1 (D-R.I.) said on the floor of the Senate: “The 

United States finds itself in the odd position of having inherited our 

anachronistic system of quarts, pounds, and inches from the British, 

only to find that the parent of the system has recognized its impracticality and is moving over to the metric system. This leaves us virtually 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 5/23/65) 
ICS, 247 

May 25: 

PEGASUS 

Saturn I launch of 

n from Cape Ken. 

nedy. 
248 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

checkout, and pilot altitude buildup. (NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 

Flight Log) 

May 25: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXVII containing scientific equipment 

for investigation of outer space. Orbital parameters: apogee, 350 km. 

(217 mi.); perigee, 207 km. (128 mi.) ; inclination to earth, 

51.8”. Onboard equipment was functioning normally. (Krasnaya 

Zvezda, 5/27/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

During the planned 4-day flight June 3, Astronaut Edward H. 

White (Maj., USAF) would leave the Gemini 4 spacecraft for 12 min. 

“if conditions are favorable,” MSC officials announced at press 

conference. 

NASA said the decision had been delayed “SO final qualification tests 

could be completed on the spacecraft, spacesuit, secondary life support 

pack and umbilical.” 

The 12-layer protective suit that Astronaut White would wear had 

been worn for more than 200 hrs. and White himself had worn it 

during more than 60 hrs. of tests. Among other things, it had had 

pellets fired at it at a speed of 30,000 fps to simulate the impact of 

small meteoroids. 

The flight’s command pilot, Astronaut James A. McDivitt (Maj., 

USAF) would not open his hatch but would take movies of White 

through a spacecraft window. Astronaut White would take a 35-mm. 

still camera loaded with color film on his “walk” in space. Although 

he had practiced acrobatics, White had no planned program and would 

“use his own judgment as to what to do while outside the ship.” Exit 

from the spacecraft was planned for the second orbit. (Transcript; 

Clark, NYT, 5/26/65, 1, 11; UPI, Wash. Post, 5/26/65, A3) 

A1 J. Hayes, International Association of Machinists president, said 

union negotiations with Aerojet-General Corp. would not halt the 

scheduled two-man Gemini shot at Cape Kennedy on June 3. He said 

union members would contin’ue work at Cape Kennedy even if a walkout were called against Aerojet General. (UPI, Wash. Post, 5/26/65, 

A3 1 

X-22A vertical/short take-off and landing aircraft (V/Stol) was inspected by Government and military representatives at the Bell Aerosystems 

plant in Niagara Falls. Its unique characteristic was the ducted fan 

concept of propulsion consisting of four shrouded propellers-two forward and two on the tips of the 39-ft. wing aft-driven by four T-58 

turbine engines. The four engines, expected to propel the aircraft at a 

cruising speed of 300 mph, were run for about five minutes. 

X-22A was constructed for the Army, Navy, and Air Force under a 

Navy-administered contract for $25 million. First flight test would be 

made in September 1965. (DOD Release 341-65; AP, NYT, 5/26/65, 

94) Minute amounts of fresh radioactive debris from detonation of Communist China’s second nuclear bomb were registered over the US. by the 

Division of Radiological Health of the US. Public Health 

Service. (AP, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 5/26/65,5) 

Muy 25-26: More than 300 representatives of NASA and industry attended 

the 1965 Cost Reduction and Management Improvement meeting at 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. 

He would be secured to the craft by a 25-ft. safety line. 

Pollution was far below the hazard level. 

(Marshall Star, 6/2/65, 2) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 249 

May 26: NASA launched an ionosphere experiment from Wallops Station, 

Va., on a four-stage Javelin (Argo ~4) sounding rocket. Primary 

objectives of the flight were to measure ion and electron densities and 

temperatures and the ionic composition in the upper atmosphere. A 

malfunction in the launch vehicle caused the 140-lb. payload to reach 

an altitude of only 200 mi. instead of the planned 520 mi. Telemetry 

data were received for about nine minutes. Project officials termed 

the flight a partial success despite the failure to achieve peak 

altitude. (Wallops Release 65-31) 

PEGASUS II had reported two meteoroid punctures, NASA announced. 

The hits were recorded on the .0015-in. and .008-in.-thick aluminumcovered detection panels. 

On the floor of the Senate, Sen. Ralph W. Yarborough (D-Tex.) advocated that rights to patents from Government-sponsored research 

should belong to the Government: “In this struggle between the public 

interest and those who seek a public subsidy to enrich private coffers, 

the stakes are immense. The Federal Government every year becomes 

more involved in the financing of scientific research. This being the 

case, it is the responsibility of Congress to protect the public purse, 

rather than to construct private pipelines from the Public Treasury to 

private recipients.” (CR, 5/26/65) 

“Establishment of a communications satellite system for commercial purposes is a matter entrusted to the Corporation under the Communications Satellite Act,” was the reply of ComSatCorp President Joseph 

Charyk to the FCC regarding the American Broadcasting Co.’s proposal 

to launch its own satellite. The FCC had requested the views of ComSatCorp on the proposal. 

In Second Annual Sight Lecture to the Wings Club, Dr. Jerome C. 

Hunsaker, former Chairman of the NACA and MIT professor of aeronautics, said: 

We cannot return to the time when the century was young, yet we 

still need the ingenuity and luck of gifted individuals. It is important 

to establish an environment with incentives to bring new ideas forward. 

“I think of the British Admiralty’s prize for a ship’s chronometer. 

The chronometer appeared, and changed the entire art of navigation. 

Lilienthal’s gliding experiments, the Wrights’ flights and Sikorsky’s 

helicopter were individual contributions, not in government programs. 

“Scientists have a favorable climate for their own research provided 

by the Universities and Foundations, with opportunity for publication 

and recognition through the learned societies. Could we not devise a 

plan to bring ideas of individuals before sensitive and wise people who 

would select wheat from chaff and arrange for development testing of 

some of the harvest. I am reminded of Dr. 

Paul Foote’s remark that, for a new chemical, it is usually seven years 

from test tube to tank car. 

What we must avoid is centralized control of the exploration of 

ideas by the people responsible for immediate needs. There is nothing more discouraging to an engineer than the statement: ‘We have no 

requirement for what you are thinking of.’ 

( NASA Release 65-175) 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

(6 

We must be patient. 

CL 
250 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“Today, US. military power is supreme, but our intent and resolve 

are more in question than our strength. General LeMay says, ‘We 

must make more determined and longer range plans and 

commitments. . . . We must look further into the future to foresee 

the threats that lie ahead.’ 

“Quantum advances in technology follow availability of scientific 

knowledge plus creative imagination and financial risk taking. International cooperative effort has been valuable in the past in research, 

and could be valuable in development work when the threat of destructive purpose becomes less. 

“Let us never think we have no requirement for men with new 

ideas.” (Text) 

May 26: First stage (s-1-10) for the tenth and last Saturn I launch vehicle left MSFC’S Michoud Operations aboard the barge Promise, to 

arrive at KSC May 31. This was the second s-I stage built at 

Michoud by Chrysler Corp. Space Div. 

ComSatCorp may well face competition from foreign satellite communications systems in the next few years, David Sarnoff, chairman of the Board of Radio Corporation of America predicted at the 

convention banquet of the Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Assn. in Washington, D.C.: “We can expect that ultimately 

Russia will set up a satellite communications system competitive to our 

own and offer it to other nations on favorable terms determined more 

by political than economic considerations.” 

Mr. Sarnoff advocated creation of “a single, privately owned American company” to handle all international communications currently 

handled by six private carriers. He argued that, among other 

benefits, a single “unified carrier” was the only way the US. could 

“deal on equal terms with foreign government [communications] monopolies. 

The RCA chairman warned that in only five years the interim agreement between ComSatCorp and the 45 participating nations would be 

up for re-evaluation. The US., he said, “will have to negotiate a new 

contract under different circumstances and possibly vastly altered bargaining conditions.” 

It was technically feasible, Mr. Sarnoff said, that direct radio/Tv 

broadcasting by satellite could be undertaken by 1975. Three equatorial, synchronous orbit satellites powered by nuclear energy, each 

equipped with a three-Tv-channel capability, would be able, he said, to 

broadcast programs to the entire United States and parts of 

Canada. He estimated that the three satellites, exclusive of ground 

stations, would cost $30 million and compared this with the $50 million annual cost to the three major networks for leasing circuits to 

transmit programs to their affiliated stations or to the $30 million cost 

of a single large city television station. (IT‘S,/, 5/27/65, 6; Wash. 

Eve. Star, 5/27/65) 

Missile lead of the US. was put at three to one in an article by Richard 

Fryklund in the Washington Evening Star: “U.S. intelligence estimates 

are that the Soviet Union has 245 to 295 intercontinental ballistic 

missiles on launchers ready to be fired. 

“The United States has 900.” (Fryklund, Wash. Eve. Star, 

5/26/65, 2) 

(MSFC Release 65-135) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 251 

May 26-28: NASA-sponsored Fifth National Conference on the Peaceful 

Uses of Space and St. Louis Bicentennial Space Symposium was held 

in St. Louis with participants from Government, education, industry, 

and the scientific community. 

NASA Deputy Administrator Hugh L. Dryden, delivering the keynote 

address, said: “The rate of growth of space activities in the first six 

years of the space age has been unprecedented in the history of a new 

field of science and technology but there are signs of attainment of a 

certain degree of maturity. The most obvious is the establishment, 

following several years in which available funds nearly doubled each 

year, of a level of five to five and a quarter billions for congressional 

appropriations to NASA, or about seven billions for space activities of 

all agencies at the suitable level. . . . “Maturity is also indicated by the drastic reduction in the number 

of unsuccessful missions, the result of increased knowledge and experience in the previously unknown field of space. Thus in calendar year 

1958 in the first three months of NASA, four missions were attempted 

without a single success. In the following year eight of fourteen were 

successful, whereas in 1964. twenty-five of thirty more difficult missions 

were successful, a percentage of 83 which has been maintained now for 

three years. . . .” 

Answering the query “What does the future hold in store?” NASA 

Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. 

Mueller told the Symposium about future manned flight options: “In 

near-earth space, missions could include low and high inclination, polar, or synchronous orbits to accomplish research, technological, and 

applications objectives. . . . “In a low inclination orbit, below the Van Allen belts, the basic 

pr~hlems of keeping men in space for extended periods can be studied, 

rendezvous and resupply problems could be worked out, and scientific 

experiments conducted. 

“In synchronous orbit, where the spacecraft hovers over a fixed area 

of the earth all the time, experiments could be carried out which involve manned observations over a given portion of the earth or which 

use man to assist in the operation of various experimental systems. 

In polar orbit, scientist-astronauts could monitor and observe the 

entire surface of the earth as it passes beneath the spacecraft, mapping 

it and surveying most of the world’s resources. . . . “In earth orbit . . . a medium-size manned orbiting research laboratory might be developed. Such a space station would accommodate 

six to nine men and remain in orbit for up to five years. . . . Resupply vehicles, or space shuttles, could be used for crew rotation and for 

delivery of equipment and supplies. The laboratory would provide 

roomy quarters with a shirt-sleeve environment for conducting a wide 

variety of experiments in space. It would also contain a centrifuge, should it be found essential for reconditioning crew members to 

withstand the effects of gravity after periods of weightlessness. 

“Following this a larger permanent manned orbiting research laboratory accommodating 20 to 30 men, might then be developed, by 

assembling three or four of the medium-size laboratories in 

space. Artificial gravity could be provided in the laboratories by rotating them about their axes. 

(NASA SP-82) 

(NASA Release 65-83; Text, NASA Release 65-165) 

C< 
252 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“Possibly the most challenging long-term goal of the entire space 

program is manned exploration of the planets-especially of 

Mars.” (Text) 

Comparing the space programs of the US. and the U.S.S.R. Dr. 

Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National Aeronautics and 

ace Council, said: 

spc61. In number of earth-orbiting payloads the United States has 

launched almost three times as many as has the USSR, although the 

1965 rate is less than two to one. 

“2. In the weight of such payloads, the USSR has put up almost three 

times as much as has the United States. 

“3. In propulsion, the Soviets have from the beginning enjoyed an 

operational advantage over the United States. However, we are currently making great strides in this regard and it is hoped that we will 

keep moving up the propulsion ladder so as not to be overtaken again. 

4. In manned space flight, the USSR is ahead of the US., not only in 

hours of flight but also in multi-manned flight and extravehicular activity. So far, the US. astronauts have completed 40 orbits of the 

earth, the Soviet cosmonauts have completed 342 such orbits. Moreover, as our Gemini schedule proceeds and contributes continued 

progress, we must look for much more activity on the part of the 

Soviets. 

“5. In the application of space developments to directly useful purposes, the United States is well ahead, particularly in such fields as 

weather observations, navigation, and communications. However, the 

Soviets have potential capabilities of these types and have already begun to show some actual experience in space communications. 

“6. In lunar and interplanetary activity, the US. may have an edge 

with the spectacular success of the Rangers and Mariners. We have 

developed this advantage, even though the Soviets have made a greater 

relative commitment in this regard, both from the view of absolute 

numbers of launches and also in regard to weight of payloads. 

7. Based upon clear knowledge of our own program and upon assertions by the Soviets about theirs, one can reasonably conclude that 

both countries have manned lunar landing projects under way. It 

would be impossible to state definitely who is ahead in this regard but 

I am hopeful that we will turn out to be. 

“8. As regards the collection of scientific data from space, both 

countries have made impressive strides, resulting in a possible advantage to the USSR regarding the effects of space environment on human 

beings. 

“9. Both countries are in a position to make many observations 

from space, but both countries have pledged not to orbit weapons of 

mass destruction and have stressed that their programs are dedicated 

to peaceful uses. I can only speak for this country in regard to our 

intent and do state that we will maintain our defenses while pledging 

not to use space for aggressive purposes.” 

Dr. Welsh warned: “Let us not expect our space program to proceed 

indefinitely without some tragedy involving our astronauts.” 

Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, said: “In assessing our growth in 

space capability in terms of three steps from earth to earth orbit, from 

66 

66 

(Text) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 253 

earth orbit to moon, and from moon to planets, it is important to 

recognize that the first two steps rest on essentially the same technologies. These are technologies which have evolved for decades and 

which are familiar: chemical energy conversion, relatively common 

engineering materials, measurement and control systems generally consistent with aircraft and ground technology and microwave 

communications. However, the third step will demand performance 

and efficiency well beyond the first two. An entirely new level of 

technology is needed ; nuclear energy conversion, new refractory materials, accuracy of sensors-improved by orders of magnitude-and 

laser communications. There are the underlying requirements of 

higher reliability and longer lifetimes than have yet been demonstrated, together with low specific weight. 

The requirement for improvement in this spectrum of space-related technologies will drive them well beyond their present level. The 

presence of difficult goals can have a profound influence on earthbound consumer products through the advancement of common fields 

of technology in addition to opening the gateway to deep space. The 

NASA program of advanced research and technology embraces most of 

these elements at least in their fundamental forms. Without this research the space program would soon wither and die. With it, by the 

year 2000, an enormous influence can be exerted on national prestige 

and strength.” (Text) 

Discussing space projects of the future at the Conference on the 

Peaceful Uses of Space, Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director of NASA 

Marshall Space Flight Center, said: “The reusable vehicle seems to be 

the key to development of an economical earth-to-orbit transportation 

system. Passenger conveniences must be improved so that scientists, 

engineers, technicians, military personnel-and even politicians and 

journalists-can make the trip. 

“One of the methods we have been studying several years combines 

the experience gained in the x-15 rocket plane program with present 

Saturn know-how, for building a high performance two-stage rocket 

“plane”-called the Re-Usable Orbital Transport. It appears entirely 

practical to develop a vehicle that would not subject passengers to 

more than three g’s in ascent or descent. 

“In the orbital transport under study, the first stage would fly mission paths similar to the X-15, with the second stage, carrying passengers and cargo, launched from a piggy-back position. The second 

stage would fly into and out of orbit, gliding to a power-off landing 

after re-entry in the same manner the X-15 does now as routine procedure. 

“It would offer passengers who are in a hurry transportation over 

global ranges with about one-hour flight time. If we can develop a 

single or two-stage chemical rocket aerospace vehicle and learn to fly it 

over and over before it is worn out, the high-income traveler should 

find the operational cost acceptable. But, of course, the thing we must 

have is the demand-the traffic, cargo, and passengers to make the 

system economical. 

“After we have tried our wings in the immediate earth environment, 

our next major step in exploring and utilizing the solar system is the 

moon. And after that, the planets.” (Text) 

66 
254 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Dr. Joseph V. Charyk, ComSatCorp president, announced at the 

Space Symposium that the corporation might invite the aerospace industry to submit detailed proposals for satellites that would connect 

the television networks to their affiliated stations and would provide 

new facilities for airplane companies to communicate with aircraft in 

flight. 

Dr. Charyk’s disclosure was a consequence of the American Broadcasting Company’s recent proposal to put up its own comsat to relay 

TV shows to affiliated stations for rebroadcast to home viewers. 

Dr. Charyk said a satellite to relay television programs to affiliated 

stations involved no new basic engineering problems and offered “real 

potential, sound economic basis.” 

He envisioned a television satellite equipped with 12 channels, three 

of which would serve each of the four time zones. A satellite of 

essentially the same design could serve the airplane companies, he 

noted. (Gould, NYT, 5/29/65,55) 

May 27: All test phases of the Project Fire 11 reentry heating experiment 

conducted at Cape Kennedy May 22 were satisfactory, NASA announced. Preliminary examination of telemetry data indicated that 

heating information was received throughout reentry and that all test 

sequences occurred as scheduled. 

USAF launched Atlas-Agena D from WTR with unidentified satellite 

payload. 

Army Lockheed XH-SlA, fastest helicopter in the world, demonstrated 

its rigid rotor system and auxiliary jet engine in a successful test 

flight. Without thrust from the 

engine, the XH-51A could be operated as a helicopter. (Wash. Post, 

5/27/65, A7) 

An explosion two minutes after launch ruined a USAF attempt to send a 

plastic replica of an astronaut’s body into space aboard an Atlas missile from Vandenberg AFB. The dummy was instrumented to measure 

space radiation at various depths of the body. Cause of the explosion 

was not immediately determined. 

First experimental color television transmissions through the Soviet comsat MOLNIYA I were reported by Tass. Programs were transmitted 

continuously for more than nine hours from the Moscow television 

center via MOLNIYA I to an unidentified ground station about 1,000 

mi. from Moscow and by land lines back to the Soviet capital. Tass 

said the tests included color television systems developed in the US., 

France, and the Soviet Union. The U.S.S.R. and France had recently 

concluded an agreement to cooperate in development of a joint 

system. (NYT, 5/28/65,2) 

Dr. Kurt Waldheim, Austrian U.N. delegate, was unanimously elected to 

head the U.N. Outer Space Committee. 

It was reported that President Johnson was disappointed that the twoman Gemini-Titan 4 spacecraft scheduled for June 3 launching, had no 

cameras aboard for simultaneous TV transmission of the space 

walk. The President had hoped that at completion of the four-day 

flight by Astronauts McDivitt and White, the US. would have pictures 

similar to those released by the Soviet Union after VOSKHOD II 

flight. TV cameras had been sacrificed for experimental 

instruments. 

(NASA Release 65-179) 

(U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 143) 

It had a top speed of 272 mph. 

(AP, Wash. Post, 5/29/65) 

(NYT, 5\28/65) 

(Humphrey, Phil. Eve. Bull., 5/27/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 255 

Muy 27: “If Major Edward H. White leaves his space capsule during next 

Thursday’s Gemini 4 flight, it will only be a ‘space spectacular’ stunt,” 

said Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) during a news conference in San 

Francisco. Rep. Miller, chairman of the House Committee on Science 

and Astronautics, had made the same comment at the time of a similar 

feat by the Soviet Union. (NYT, 5/28/65) 

NASA would hire 330 additional summer employees, ages 16 through 21, 

in support of the Youth Opportunity Campaign announced by President Johnson May 23, NASA disclosed. Instructions had been sent to 

11 NASA field centers directing them to begin recruiting for work to 

begin as early in June as possible. 

A working model of Electro-Optical Systems, Inc.’s new 100-lb., 15-in.- 

dia. ion engine, using accelerated ions to gain thrust, was presented to 

Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., for display in the Arts 

and Industries building. 

Forty educators from Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee attended a NASA-Univ. of Alabama Educational Symposium whose prime purpose was to determine the impact 

upon the curriculum of secondary schools of new knowledge and developments in science, sociology, and human relations created by NASA 

MSFC activities. Symposium and workshop were conducted by the 

University under a MSFC contract. 

Muy 28: X-15 No. 3 was flown by Capt. Joe Engle (USAF) to 209,600-ft. 

altitude at a maximum speed of 3,754 mph (mach 5.17) to obtain data 

on NSL radiometer, Langley scanner, and boundary-layer noise. (NASA 

X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

NRX A-3 Nerva reactor, joint NASA-AEC project to develop a nuclear 

rocket, was restarted and operated for the third time at Jackass Flats, 

Ner. T3ta! npersti~g time was 45 min., including about 7 min. at 

more than 40% of its designated 55,000-lb. thrust capacity. Function 

of the test was to explore control system response characteristics in low 

and intermediate power ranges. (s~~0-N-659; UPI, NYT, 5/29/65, 

8; Rover Chron.) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb said in a statement to Pat Houtz of 

the Huntsville Times: “. . . it is extremely important that both the 

Legislature and the Governor fully understand the importance of the 

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center operation to the success of the 

current United States effort in space and, also, the importance of our 

ability to work in that state in an environment conducive to the most 

effective uti!ization of our ablest scientists, engineers, technicians, and 

industrial contractors.” 

Dr. George Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, said at a news conference in Cocoa Beach, Fla., that Astronauts 

McDivitt and White would attempt to steer the Gemini 4 spacecraft to 

a rendezvous with the spent second stage of its booster rocket. This 

plan was outlined for the flight: When the Gemini 4 spacecraft separated from the second stage six minutes after launching, Maj. James A. 

McDivitt, as command pilot, would fire jet thrusters to hold a tight 

formation with the spent stage, which would trail the astronauts by 

about 300 ft. 

Throughout the first orbit, the astronauts would make a complete 

check of all their systems. At the start of the second orbit they would 

(NASA Release 65-177) 

(Wash. Post, 5/27/65, F3) 

May 27-29: 

( MSFC Release 65-129) 

(Text; Huntsville Times, 5/28/65) 
256 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

begin preparing for Maj. White’s emergence by unpacking life support 

packs, the maneuvering unit, and the 25-ft. lifeline. 

Sweeping over the Indian Ocean during this orbit, they would begin 

to depressurize the spacecraft cabin and pressurize their spacesuits. 

Over Hawaii, Maj. McDivitt would maneuver the spacecraft to within 

25 ft. of the second stage. 

Maj. White would open his hatch and at a point west of Guaymas, 

Mexico, he would leave the vehicle. That would be about three hours 

after launching. 

Using the hand-gun maneuvering unit, Maj. White would slowly 

rotate toward the second stage, which is 27 ft. long and 10 ft. in dia. 

and would be equipped with two flashing lights. The astronaut would 

carry a 35-mm movie camera to take pictures of the earth, star background, the booster, and the spacecraft. 

After 10 min., over Florida, Maj. White would begin returning to 

the spacecraft. The cabin would be repressurized and the suits 

depressurized. 

Then Maj. McDivitt would fire thrusters so that the spacecraft would 

move about 16 mi. away from the booster. During the fifth orbit, 

about three hours later, the Gemini again would be maneuvered so that 

it would approach the second stage high over Africa. 

The craft would close to within 10 ft. this time to determine how 

well they can approach an orbiting craft, sighting on the flashing 

lights. 

May 28: Scientists at NASA Lewis Research Center had successfully operated a high-field-strength cryomagnet having a volume many times 

larger than any previously known, NASA announced. The cryogenic 

magnet would provide research facilities for magnetics, solid state 

physics, and plasma physics. Effects of‘ high-strength magnetic fields 

on life could also be examined, using plant life, fruit flies, and small 

animals placed in the field. (NASA Release 65-170; LRC Release 

65-38) 

Lt. Gen. Walter K. Wilson (USA) received NASA’s Outstanding Leadership 

medal for his “outstanding leadership as Chief of Engineers, United 

States Army, in directing the effective application and utilization of 

the resources of the Corps of Engineers in the design and construction 

of facilities crucial to the successful exploration of space by the United 

States and the application of its space technology for the benefit of 

mankind.” (NASA Release 65-180) 

A tariff for the use of Early Bird satellites for transmission and reception 

of voice, record, data, telephoto, facsimile, television, and other signals 

was filed by ComSatCorp with the FCC. 

Beginning Sunday, June 27, voice channels would be available between 5 a.m. and 9 p.m. EDT on a daily basis. Minimum rental period, one month ; rent, $4,200. Additional consecutive periods would 

be rented at $140 per day. No 

refunds would be given for interruptions of less than 30 min. or for 

those caused by solar eclipse. Interruptions of 30 min. or more not 

the responsibility of the customer would be refunded at roughly $3 per 

30-min. interruption. ComSatCorp could request temporary surrender 

of a voice channel for TV use and, in that event, would refund charges 

in amounts proportional to the surrender period if it falls between 5 

(Transcript; Appel, NYT, 5/29/65, 1) 

Voice channels would be two-way. 
ASTRONAIJTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 257 

a.m. and 8 a.m. or between 2 p.m. and 9 p.m., or in amounts twice 

proportional to the surrender period if it falls between 8 a.m. and 2 

p.m. 

Also beginning June 27, television channels would be available as 

frequently as feasible. Hours would be 5 a.m. to 8 a.m. and 2 p.m. to 

9 p.m. (Schedule I) and 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. (Schedule 11). Channels 

would accept standard TV signals. TV channel rentals must be made 

for at least a 30-min. period. Rent: $2,400 for first 30 rnin., $475 per 

immediately following 15 min. (Schedule I) ; $3,825 for first 30 min., 

$710 per immediately following 15 min. (Schedule 11). Regular 

channels would be on one-way monochrome. Two-way monochrome 

and one-way color would rent for an additional 50%. Interruptions 

of more than 30 sec. and not the responsibility of the customer would 

be refunded in amounts proportional to the interrupted period. If a 

customer canceled his application for use of a TV channel, he would 

be billed as though he had not and would be required to pay any 

additional charges involved in acquiring temporary use of a voice 

channel if his application had made such acquisition necessary. TV 

channels would be rented on a first-come-first-serve basis. 

Rates covered only transmissions between Andover. Me., and the 

satellite. The arrangement whereby refunds would be made for temporary TV use of voice channels was necessary because EARLY BIRD 

I cannot handle both kinds of transmissions simultaneously. 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

May 28: Supersonic transport airframe and engine design contracts had 

been extended through the month of June, FAA announced. The airframe contractors were the Boeing Co. and Lockheed Aircraft Corp.; 

engine contractors were the General Electric Co. and the Pratt & Whitney niv. of TJnited Aircraft Corp. 

The House Armed Services Real Estate Subcommittee approved Air 

Force plans to dispose of Atlas and Titan missile sites representing an 

investment of $856,900,000. The 14 missile complexes, embracing 

113 missile launching silos, were being declared surplus as a result of 

the obsolescence of the missiles they were built to accommodate. (AP, 

NYT, 5/29/65,25) 

May 28-29: Fifth Scientific Conference of the Polish Astronautical Society 

was held in Krakow. Reports were read on many important aspects 

of rocketry and space travel and on space physics, technology, and 

biology. Some 93 persons attended the conference which reviewed 

projects conducted in Poland and abroad. (Skrzydluta polsku, 

6/27/65, 9) 

May 29: NASA successfully launched EXPLORER XXVIII Interplanetary 

Monitoring Probe (Imp-C) from ETR on a three-stage Thor-Delta 

booster. A slightly longer than planned burn by the third stage engines placed the 130-lb. probe into an orbit with 164,000 mi. (264,040 

km.) apogee and 120 mi. (193 km.) perigee instead of the scheduled 

orbit of 130,000 mi. (209,300 km.) apogee and 120 mi. (193 km.) 

perigee. Inclination was 34" ; period, 5 days, 22 hrs. The spacecraft 

was equipped with devices to report on the earth's magnetic field, 

cosmic rays, and the solar wind throughout its highly elliptical orbit. 

Confused telemetry signals from the EXPLORER XXVIII for 31/2 hrs. 

after launching made it seem the spacecraft had not separated from the 

(FAA Release 65-46) 
258 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

third stage of the booster; however, later signals indicated that all 

spacecraft systems were operating normally, that separation had occurred. 

The Imp series began with EXPLORER XVIII (Imp-A) launched 

Nov. 26,1963. 

May 29: MARINER IV, NASA’s Mars flyby and photographic probe, reached 

the distance of one AU (Astronomical Unit) from earth at 9 p.m. 

EST. An Astronomical Unit is the mean distance of the earth from the 

sun that had been established, partially from data received from 

MARINER 11, as 92,956,000 mi. The probe had traveled over 271 million mi. in its orbit; its velocity relative to the earth was 51,442 mph. 

(NASA Release 65-171) 

An “antirock”-a meteorite composed of anti-matter-may have hit the 

earth in 1908, accounting for what was perhaps the most violent explosion ever observed on earth, said a report in Nature by Dr. Clyde 

Cowan of Catholic Univ. and C. R. Atluri and Dr. Williard F. Libby 

of the Univ. of California. The 1908 explosion, referred to as the 

Tunguska meteorite, took place in the air at a height estimated at 

three miles. Its effects were comparable to those of a nuclear weapon 

with a yield equivalent to that of 30 million tons of TNT. 

The hypothesis had been supported, to some extent, by an analysis 

of tree rings formed during, before, and after the year of the 

explosion. It was calculated that an anti-matter explosion would 

create enough additional atoms of carbon 14 to produce a worldwide 

enrichment of this radioactive substance. In the study, a 300-yr.-old 

Douglas fir from Arizona and an oak tree from near Los Angeles were 

analyzed. Wood was stripped from a number of annual rings from 

1873 to 1933. In both trees, the highest content of carbon 14 was 

from wood formed in 1909, the year after the explosion. Another 

supporting fact was that the blast left no cloud such as that produced 

by an atomic or chemical explosion; a mass of anti-matter, plunged 

into the atmosphere, would be annihilated, leaving no cloud. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/30/65, 1,50) 

NASA Lewis Research Center scientist Charles A. Low, Jr., was co-recipient (with William R. Mickelsen) of a patent for a radio-isotope 

generator with attached propulsion system. Low and Mickelsen would 

use a colloidal particle thrustor to provide the propellant. Research 

was underway at LRC on use of colloidal particles as propellant in 

various thrustor designs. The system could cut interplanetary flight 

durations by as much as one-half or increase interplanetary payloads 

by substantial amounts. (LRC Release 65-39) 

May 30: A modified Convair 990A jet transport-NASA’s new high-altitude 

research laboratory-carried 30 scientists from five countries and a 

million dollars worth of delicate instruments in a race with a total 

eclipse over the South Pacific. Path of the eclipse stretched from the 

northern tip of New Zealand 8,000 mi. east to the coast of Peru. Except for a few small islands, the eclipse was not visible in any heavily 

inhabited parts of the earth. 

Taking off from Hilo, Hawaii, the jet flew at an altitude of 39,500 

ft.; in its 9 min. 42 sec. race with the 1,700 mph eclipse, it reached a 

speed of 587 mph, doubling observation time possible from a groundbased station. 

(NASA Release 65-164; Wash. Sun. Star, 5/30/65) 
ASTRON s, 1965 2 

e MOLNIYA I. 
260 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

According to the drawing and the text description, MOLNIYA I had 

an airtight cylindrical body with conical ends, one of which contained 

a rocket engine used to correct the orbit, as well as other solar orientation devices. 

Expanding like spokes of a wheel from the cylinder were six long 

panels of solar batteries to supply electrical power to the satellite for 

retransmission of signals received from earth. It was equipped 

with two parabolic antennas, one active, the other in reserve. These 

were pointed toward earth with a high-precision direction finder for 

earthbound transmissions. MOLNIYA I would make two 12-hr. revolutions around the earth every 24 hrs. One loop would take it over the 

Soviet Union during daytime periods, when it could be of most use for 

transmissions. The other loop would take it over the United 

States. (NYT, 5/31/65, 6) 

May 30: A successful 60-sec. ground test of the solid-fuel rocket programed 

to launch Japan’s first artificial satellite in 1968 was announced by 

Tokyo Univ. scientists. The rocket had a maximum thrust of 200,000 

lbs. (Wash. Post, 5/30/65) 

May 31 : All technical problems threatening the scheduled launching of 

Gemini 4 on June 3 had been cleared up, NASA said. One problem 

involved what had been thought to be a malfunction in the water 

management system of the spacecraft which would provide water for 

drinking and cooling. Instead of a leak, technicians found that a 

valve had been left open in error. A second problem, rupture of an 

underseas communications cable 10 mi. south of San Salvador in the 

Bahamas, was sidestepped when USAF rented a commercial cable from 

Puerto Rico to West Palm Beach to replace the severed line. (UPI, 

Wash. Daily News, 5/31/65; Appel, NYT, 6/1/65, 16; AP, Wash. 

Post., 6/1/65) 

Students at West Bend High School near Milwaukee and at Lycee Henri 

IV in Paris talked for 40 min. via a two-way circuit on EARLY BIRD 

I in the first transatlantic linkup of classrooms by live television. 

The exchange was conceived by the Univ. of Wisconsin’s educational television station, WHA-TV, in cooperation with Radiodiffusion-T&- 

vision Frangaise. Sound and picture transmission were excellent. 

(NYT, 5/1/65, 32) 

Members of the International Association of Machinists struck AerojetGeneral Corp.’s rocket-engine and torpedo plant at Azusa, Calif., because of a wage dispute. 

“Along with the development of a nuclear weapon, Communist 

China has also conducted a program to develop rockets,” wrote Cheng 

Chu-yuan in Military Review. He continued: “Since early 1956, when 

Peking mapped out the 12-year plan for the development of science 

and technology, jet propulsion has been listed as one of the 12 major 

tasks, exceeded only by the use of nuclear energy. The project is 

under the supervision of the Institute of Mechanics in the CAS. 

“In 1958 several new institutes were set up within the Academy-an 

Institute of Upper Atmosphere Physics in Wuhan; and an Institute of 

Automation and Remote Control and an Institute of Mechanics and 

Electronics both in Peking. All of these institutes participate in the 

rocketprogram. . . . 

(AP, NYT, 6/1/65,25) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 261 

“The Science and Technology University of the CAS, the Tsinghua 

University in Peking, and the Peking Aeronautical Engineering College are the three important centers for training engineers and technicians in rocketry. During the past ten years, more than 3,000 college 

students, specialists in aeronautical engineering, have been graduated. 

In 1963 the China Aeronautical Engineering Society was formally 

established, indicating the rapid growth of technical manpower in this 

field. 

“Since Communist China has several capable men with long years of 

experience in the rocket field, and since China began her rocket 

project almost in the same period with the nuclear weapons program, 

the development of a rocket booster might soon be anticipated. It is 

quite possible that China may launch her first rocket within the next 

two or three years.” 

May 31: Aerobee 150A sounding rocket, launched from Wallops Station, 

Va., attained peak altitude of 90.5 mi. (145 km.) . Primary experimental objective was to measure spectral irradiance of the stars Spica 

and Alkaid in the wavelength interval from 1,100 A to 4,000 A. Instrumentation consisted of an ultraviolet stellar spectrometer with photometers and optical telescope. Attitude control was obtained with a 

modified Attitude Control System (Acs) , a roll-stabilized gyro platform, and an optical tracker-the combination known as Strap. The 

Strap system performed correctly. Due to an incorrect gain setting, 

the star-tracker failed to lock-on throughout most of the flight. The 

telescope and spectrometer functioned properly, but obtained no data 

due to the failure to lock-on. Experiment was conducted by CSFC. 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 

During May: A camera capsule from the Saturn I SA-7, launched from 

San Salvador in the Bahamas. Color film in the capsule had deteriorated and was not usable. The capsule was the third one found of the 

eight flown on the SA-7. The first two were found in November 1964, 

near San Salvador and Eleuthera Islands. Film in these capsules was 

in good condition. 

Bell Telephone Laboratories astronomers detected radio waves that 

seemed to be “flying in all directions through the universe.” Dr. 

Arno A. Penzias and Dr. Robert W. Wilson made the observations with the horn antenna developed for communications satellite research at Holmdel, N.J. Princeton Univ. scientists led by Dr. 

Robert H. Dicke, Prof. of Physics, unaware of the BTL observation, 

reached a prediction of the existence of such waves, which they theorized were remnants of light waves from the primordial explosion giving birth to the universe. In this theory of the universe’s origin-the 

big bang” theory-the galaxies all originated at a single point, shooting outward ever since the cataclysmic event. According to the 

theory, the light waves were stretched into radio waves by the expansion of the universe. (Sullivan, NYT, 5/21/65) 

Remarkable adaptability of some fungi and bacteria to life in atmosphere containing high concentrations of ammonia and methane was 

discovered by Dr. S. M. Siege1 and Miss Constance Guimarro of the 

Union Carbide Research Institute and reported in Zcarus. The report 

suggested there might therefore be life on Jupiter, where extremes of 

(Military Review, 5/65, 10F) 

l7-- haatein Test F,ai~ge Sept. 18, 196.1, wzs f~~nd is sha!low waters off 

(Marshall Star, 5/19/65, 6) 

<‘ 
262 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

temperature and a dense atmosphere of these noxious gases would 

seem to make life-forms resembling those on earth unlikely. The research was supported by NASA contract. (Schmeck, NYT, 5/12/65; 

Icarus, 1~/1965, 374) 

During May: Carl Sagan, Harvard Univ. and Smithsonian Astrophysical 

Observatory, and Sidney Coleman, Lyman Laboratory of Physics, 

Harvard Univ., reviewed the need for sterilization of Mars-bound 

spacecraft to protect that planet from contamination. Using probability theory, Sagan and Coleman specified formulas to provide predictions of onboard-experiment and Mars-contamination relationships. 

(A&A, 5/65, 22-27) 

Research expenditures in 1963 totaled $5.9 billion in the national 

economy, according to National Science Foundation report. Of this 

amount, $3.4 billion (58% ) was financed by the Federal Government 

and $2.1 billion (35%) by industry, with colleges and universities and 

other nonprofit institutions providing the remaining 7%. In performance of research, industry spent $3.2 billion (54%) ; colleges and 

universities, $1.4 billion (24% ) ; Federal Government, 3.9 billion 

(14% ) ; and other nonprofit institutions, $.4 billion (7% ) . Of the $5.9 billion total, nearly $2 billion was expended for basic 

research and the rest for applied research. Predominant in basic research performance were the colleges and universities and other 

nonprofit institutions, spending more than $1 billion (57%) of the $2 

billion total. (NSF Reviews . . ., Vol. I, 5/65, 1, 2) 

Article in Soviet Life by Academician Anatoli Rlagonravov described 

the “three-directions of modern astronautics”: 

“The first is the study of the earth’s upper atmosphere and the 

portion of space adjoining our planet. . . . The second is the study and exploration of . . . the moon. 

“The third is the study of solar space, including the nearest planets, 

“Soviet scientists are working in all three directions. 

The first to be launched, always, are the automatic scouts, followed by men. 

“. . . The final stage in the solution of the first problem-exploration of near space-will probably be to set up a permanent manned 

space observatory-town, with bilateral contact maintained through 

rockets. Of course, long before this, reliable systems of meteorological sputniks, worldwide television sputniks, navigation sputniks, etc., 

will have been established. . . . “Several interesting moves have been taken in the second direction 

[lunar exploration]. . . . The automatic devices have not yet explored the moon’s surface in detail, have not yet determined the conditions prevailing there. Presumably, they will be followed by 

animals. Only after the safe return of the ship to earth has been 

assured will man go to the moon. 

“Manned landing will be preceded by numerous earth-moon 

flights. In the course of these flights the conditions along the entire 

route will be studied, detailed maps of the lunar surface made, and 

lunar space investigated. Need I add that all these flights will be 

made by teams of scientists only? 

Mars and Venus. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 263 

“The first stage in the exploration of the moon will be to set up a 

permanent research station on its surface. . . . “In the third direction-the exploration of near solar space and 

near planets-only the first steps have been taken, the first flights of 

automatic scouts. . . . The interplanetary routes will be explored 

again and again by automatic stations that will bring back much needed information on space and the nature of the planets to which they 

are sent. Only then will the first interplanetary expeditions take 

off. They will carry even larger teams than the lunar reconnaissance 

expeditions.” (Soviet Life, 5/65,48) 

During May: Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, President of Cal Tech, discussed objectives of the space program and what men hoped to learn through the 

space program about the moon, the planets, the sun, interplanetary 

space, and the earth itself. He concluded: 

“Man’s growing understanding of the nature and constitution of the 

universe had led to new advances in our knowledge of physics and of 

chemistry; and these in turn have led to applications of this knowleJge 

to the development of things which men have found useful. We have 

never been able to predict in advance what the usefulness would be of 

new knowledge about the nature of the physical universe. All we 

know is that, by and large, new knowledge always has proved usefuland often it has proved useful in the most unexpected and unforeseeable ways. No one would have predicted that Newton’s enunciation of 

the laws of motion would lead to the age of machinery; that Faraday’s 

experiments would lead to the age of electricity; or that Einstein’s 

theory of relativity and Bohr’s theory of the atom would lead to the 

atomic bomb and atomic power. 

“We do know one thing: that scientific research which has been 

aimed at purely practical problems though it often has been oi great 

value, has over a long run been of less value in producing wholly new 

things than has the research aimed solely at the extension of 

knowledge. The extension of man’s knowledge is the basic and the 

overriding purpose of the space exploration program.” (Text, JPL 

Lab-Oratory, 5/65,1&12) 
June 1965 

June 1 : Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from White Sands, N. Mex., 

went to peak altitude of 113 mi. (180 km.) . Preliminary experimental 

objective was to obtain clear spectrograms of ultraviolet light from 

stars. Experimentation was provided by Princeton Univ. Observatory. 

(NASA Rpt. SRL; AP, NYT, 6/28/65,2) 

North American Aviation, Inc., was awarded a $17 million increment to 

a previous contract for the XB-70 flight test program. USAF Aeronautical Systems Div. was the contracting agency. (DOD Release 374-65) 

June 2: US. Senate passed a bill (H.R. 7717) authorizing appropriations 

to NASA for FY 1966 totaling $5,196,826,350, as follows: $4,533,350,- 

000 for research and development; $67,376,350 for construction of 

facilities; and $596,100,000 for administrative expenses. (CR, 6/2/ 

65, 11816) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb, testifying before the Senate Judiciary 

Committee’s Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights, 

said: “Fundamental to NASA’s approach to the patent policy question 

and to technology utilization is our belief that active effort must be 

expended, and meaningful incentives provided, if the byproducts of the 

space efforts are to flow to the general public through entrepreneurs 

willing to risk investment capital. . . . If NASA’s experience has served to establish one principal, it is . . . that ‘a single presumption of ownership does not provide a satisfactory 

basis for Government wide policy on the allocation of rights to inventions.’ NASA’s experience further establishes . . . that the ‘Government has a responsibility to foster the fullest exploitation of the inventions for the public benefit.’ ” 

William B. Rieke, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator (Management) 

for Manned Space Flight, was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Industry Affairs, replacing George Friedl, Jr. Prior to his 

appointment to NASA in 1962, Rieke was president of Lockheed Aircraft International, Inc. Friedl would continue to serve NASA as a 

consultant. (NASA Ann.) 

Grove Webster had been appointed Director of NASA Hq. Personnel Div., 

NASA announced. He had previously served as deputy and acting 

director. (NASA Release 65-182) 

AFSC Commander Gen. Bernard A. Schriever predicted at a Retired 

Officers’ Luncheon in Washington, D.C., that “the next major breakthrough in international commerce will be low cost, long haul air transportation, which could be derived in large part from prior military 

experience.” Gen. Schriever said he recognized “that there are 

problems involved in translating military systems into commercial systems . . . but these problems can be successfully attacked and solved 

if there is adequate long range planning now.” 

(6 

(Transcript) 

(Text) 

264 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 265 

June 3-7: NASA’s GEMINI IV spacecraft was launched at 11:16 a.m. EDT with 

two-stage Titan 11 booster from the Eastern Test Range and began 

the four-day space flight of Astronauts James A. McDivitt (Maj., WAF) 

and Edward H. White, II (Maj., USAF), who would make 62 revolutions around the earth in 97 hrs. 56 min. Two minutes and 36 sec. 

after liftoff, the first stage of the booster separated. Six minutes later, 

traveling at 17,567 mph, the spacecraft was inserted into an orbit with 

apogee, 174.8 mi. (283.2 km.) ; perigee, 100 mi. (161 km.) ; period, 

94 min. Original plans had been for GEMINI IV to be maneuvered 

within 25 ft. of the burned out second stage of the TITAN 11 booster 

rocket and for White to approach and possibly touch it during his 

extravehicular mission. Three hours into flight, ground stations 

reported that excessive tumbling of the second stage had increased 

atmospheric drag and that it was orbiting 32 mi. ahead of and 5 mi. 

below GEMINI IV. Mission Director Christopher Kraft confirmed Command Pilot McDivitt’s suggestion to abandon further attempts at rendezvous because of a potential fuel shortage. 

White’s extravehicular activity, planned for the second orbit, but 

delayed until the third to allow astronauts more preparation time, began 

at 3:45 p.m. EDT. The cabin was depressurized; White, equipped with 

tether carrying oxygen and communication and with chest pack for 

emergency oxygen supply, emerged from the spacecraft just past 

Hawaii. Carrying a modified 35 mm. single-lens reflex camera loaded 

with color film and propelled by a hand-held, oxygen-jet gun, he went 

three times to the full length of his 25-ft. tether and then returned, 

using the gun to halt his motion and prevent his hitting the spaceship. 

When the gas supply in the gun was depleted, he returned to the 

=------&+ ayubbbLurr k-r “J b”””J --n+L +nwn;nw “‘7 the tether line. At one point. 

McDivitt exclaimed : “You smeared my windshield, you dirty dog.” 

Flight plans had called for a ten-minute walk in space but White 

remained outside the spacecraft for 22 min. He experienced no disorientation during his “walk.” When he finally heeded commands 

to return to the capsule, he had difficulty closing the hatch and decided 

not to reopen it to jettison excess equipment. “It’s the saddest moment 

of my life,” White said as he reentered the spacecraft. 

On June 5 during the 17th orbit, the astronauts spoke to their wives 

at MSC. During the 20th orbit, McDivitt spotted a satellite with “big 

arms sticking out.” 

On June 6 during the Uth orbit, trouble developed with the spacecraft’s computer and attempts to repair it with the aid of ground instructions failed. The malfunctioning computer made it necessary for 

GEMINI IV to reenter on a ballistic trajectory. 

Throughout the flight the daily routine of the astronauts included 

eating, exercise, and performance of medical and scientific experiments. They alternated rest periods. During 12 of the 62 orbits, 

when GEMINI IV passed through a heavy radiation area called the South 

Atlantic anomaly, Astronauts McDivitt and White switched on radiation and magnetic field measuring devices to take readings inside 

and outside the spacecraft and near their bodies. They also attempted 

to improve the knowledge of the earth’s terrain through high-quality 

color photographs ; to measure with instruments the electrostatic 

He was unable to identify it positively. 
266 AE 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 267 

because of the one-second error in the firing of the thrusting rockets 

and one-second delay in the firing of the retrorockets. 

Fifteen minutes after splashdown, Navy frogmen, lowered into the 

water by helicopter, placed a flotation collar around the capsule. 

Before egressing from the spacecraft to be hoisted to helicopter, 

astronauts took biomedical data on themselves. About 40 min. later, 

Majors McDivitt and White were landed by helicopter on the flight 

deck of the’carrier Wasp. They were taken immediately to the ship’s 

sick bay for postflight examinations. 

Dr. Charles Berry, Chief Flight Surgeon for the astronauts, said 

after the examinations: “We have knocked down an awful lot of straw 

men. We had been told that we would have an unconscious astronaut 

after four days of weightlessness. Well, they’re not. We were told 

that the astronaut would experience vertigo, disorientation when he 

stepped out of that spaceship. The 

most serious problem was fatigue. “Both men were bushed,” said Dr. 

Berry. Maj. McDivitt had a few flecks of caked blood in his nostrils, 

caused by the dryness of the mucous membranes from inhaling pure 

oxygen for so long. X-rays taken of the astronauts’ little fingers and 

heel bones both before and after the flight to determine if long exposure 

to weightlessness would cause a substantial loss of calcium were being 

studied. 

Commenting on the historical significance of the Gemini flight, 

Dr. George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator of NASA’s Office of 

Manned Space Flight, said the flight had included “at least two world 

firsts”: a record length for two-man flights and the first time a pilot 

had maneuvered outside a ship with a propulsion gun, which gave him 

control over his movements. 

American astronauts had flown a total of 259 hrs. 34 min. in space; 

Soviet astronauts had accumuiated 507 hrs. and i6 rnin. (NASA Release 65-158; NASA Proj. Off.; NYT, 6/4/65, 1,15; Wash. Eve. Star, 

6/4/65, Al,A6,A10; Wash. Post, 6/4/65, Al,A7,A8; WSJ, 6/4/65, 

4; Clark, NYT, 6/5/65, 1,12; Wash. Eve. Star, 6/5/65, A3; Wash. 

Post, 6/5/65, Al,A7; NYT, 6/6/65: 1,70; NYT, 6/7/65, 22C; Wash. 

Post, 6/7/65, Al,A4,A6; Balt. Sun, 617,165; Justice, Wash. Post, 6/ 

8/65; Simons, Wash. Post, 6/8/65; Time, 6/8/65, 20,25,25A; NYT, 

6/8/65, 22C; NYT, 6/9/65, 1,22; Lee, Houston Post, 6/9/65; Wash. 

Post, 6/11/65, Al; Wash. Ewe. Star, 6/13/65, Al; Wash. Post, 6/15/ 

65, Al.) 

June 3: Viewers in Great Britain and at least 11 Western European nations 

were able to watch the Gemini 4 lift-off live via EARLY BIRD I satellite. 

Picture reception was reportedly clear. ComSatCorp, cooperating with 

European ground station owners, arranged for free use of EARLY 

BIRD I between 8:OO a.m. and 12 noon EDT. (Wash. Post, 6/4/65; 

ComSatCorp Release) 

Department of Defense should, without further delay, commence fullscale development of a manned orbital laboratory (Mol) project, 

recommended a report by the Military Operations Subcommittee of 

the House Committee on Government Operations. The report also 

suggested that DOD “pursue a more realistic security policy in its program,” and that “careful and intensive consideration be given to 

achieving future economies in space operations with greater standardWe hit that one over the head.” 
268 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

ization of systems and subsystems and through such techniques as 

recoverable and reusable boosters and spacecraft.” Moreover, “NASA 

and DOD [should] use each other’s facilities and resources to the 

greatest possible extent.” (Text) 

June 3: RCA Communications, Inc., asked FCC for the right to lease and operate 30 of EARLY BIRD 1’s voice-grade and television channels operating 

between the US. and Europe. FCC approval would enable RCA, owner 

of the National Broadcasting Co., to provide international television 

and closed-circuit transmission programs across the Atlantic. ( WSJ, 

6/4/65, 6) 

A home-made US. flag, carried by astronauts Virgil I. Grissom (Maj., 

USAF) and John W. Young (LCdr., USN) on the March 23 GEMINI 111 

flight, was hoisted at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center the moment 

Astronauts James A. McDivitt, (Maj., USAF) and Edward H. White 11 

(Maj., USAF) went into orbit. Flag would be flown only while astronauts were in spaceflight. 

House voted to allow Gen. William F. McKee JUSAF, Ret.) to serve 

as Administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency and retain his military 

status. Effect of the legislation. if it were to become law. would be 

to let McKee draw reduced military retirement pay of $8,404 annually 

in addition to the Administrator’s salary of $30,000. Without the 

bill, he would have to give up his military status and retirement 

benefits. 

American Telephone and Telegraph Co. made the first formal bid to 

become a customer of ComSatCorp. In a filing with the FCC, AT&T 

asked for the right to lease 100 voice-grade channels that would operate 

through EARLY BIRD I comsat and connect with European telephone 

companies. AT&T also asked that it be allowed to acquire a television 

channel for use from time to time in providing TV service to and from 

Europe in ventures with various European communications carriers. 

(WSJ, 6/3/65, 4) 

June 3: In an article suggesting the possibility of catastrophe during the 

Gemini GT-~ flight, William Hines had said in the Washington Evening 

Star: “The truth is that the only ‘first’ the United States has a chance 

to achieve in Gemini 4 is ‘first casualties in space7-and nobody (including the Russians) seek this dubious record.” Commenting on the 

planned “rendezvous,” he said: “. . . the other and more questionable 

added spectacular on the present mission-is a risky business of unknown proportions . . . There are several purely technical objections 

to this exercise. First, it is not part of the original Gemini 4 mission, 

but an afterthought. Second, the spacecraft was not built for rendezvous. Third, the rocket was never envisioned as a target vehicle and is 

uncontrollable in space. . . . “But if tragedy should strike as a result of something that happens 

on the first few orbits of Gemini 4, how will the responsibility be fixed: 

As pilot error . . . or politician’s error?” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

6/3/65 1 

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. was awarded a $10,789,000 increment to an existing contract by USAF for FY 1965 launch services 

for Agena-D program. 

First Negro to receive USAF astronaut training, Capt. Edward J. Dwight, 

Jr. (USAF), denied Ebony magazine’s charges that he had been 

( AP, Knoxville News Sentinel, 6/3/65) 

(CR, 6/3/65, 11961; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/4/65) 

(DOD Release 379-65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 269 

eliminated from selection by the NASA program because of his race. 

Dwight said the charge “apparently had some information out of 

context.” A statement released by NASA in response to queries about 

Dwight said: “A formal objective rating system based on flight 

experience, academic background and supervisory ratings was developed 

and used by a preliminary selection committee in rating the candidates to make sure that the best qualified were selected as finalists to 

be considered for the 14 available astronaut positions. Of the 136 

candidates, 102, including Capt. Dwight, were eliminated by the 

primary selection committee, leaving a group of 34 finalists of whom 

the 14 best were chosen. 

“Selection is made on a best qualified basis without regard to race, 

religion or sex. 

“Capt. Dwight did possess the basic qualifications; he did not score 

sufficiently high to be selected under the rating system.” (UPI, NYT, 

6/3/65; WSJ, 6/3/65, 1; Wash. Eve. Star, 6/3/65) 

National Park Service delivered to NASA a comprehensive report outlining 

ways to make Kennedy Space Center a major tourist attraction. 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 6/2/65) 

June 4: Man would someday control enough energy to maneuver planets 

in their solar systems to suit his own purposes, British astronomer Dr. 

Fred Hoyle predicted at the dedication ceremony of Brown Univ.’s 

new science building. He explained: “The only large and still mainly 

untapped reservoir of energy is from nuclear fuels. The conversion of 

deuterium in the waters of the ocean to helium is the biggest potential 

resource. . . There’s just the possibility that Venus may possess an 

atmosphere of hot steam. If this is so, pushing Venus a little farther 

from the sun would cause the whole steam atmosphere to collapse into a 

much cooler ocean. In fact . . . with the energy availabilities I have 

been talking about, conversion of Venus to a pianet iike earth would 

be an entirely feasible proposition.” 

June 5: Jzvestia, official Soviet newspaper, said that the “walk” in space by 

Astronaut Edward H. White 11 (Maj., USAF) had given an impetus to 

U.S. plans for using outer space for military purposes and cited a recommendation by a Congressional committee for an orbital laboratory 

run by the Pentagon: “These are the evil ‘uses’ of man in space being 

thought up here by some influential people in Washington where, incidentally, not one official word has been said about the peaceful 

purposes of the flight of Gemini 4.” 

June 6: The 2 million people of Melbourne, Australia, saluted Astronauts 

McDivitt and White as GEMINI IV passed overhead by turning on all 

the lights in the city. McDivitt said to the Carnarvon tracking station : 

“Tell them I thank them for lighting the night for me.” (AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 6/7/65, A6; Houston Chron., 6/7/65) 

NASA terminated its contract with the Thiokol Chemical Corp., and its 

subcontractor, Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co., for development of a 260-in.-dia. solid rocket motor. Reason for the decision was the difficulty encountered by the contractors in processing and 

welding special steel required for the rocket case and the time which 

would be required to develop an alternate method. 

During a hydrostatic pressure test April 11 of the first rocket case 

produced under the Thiokol contract, failure had occurred at a pressure 

(NYT, 6/6/65, 70) 

(AP, NYT, 6/6/65, 82) 
270 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

considerably below the normal operating firing pressure with the 

consequent destruction of the case. A second case, presently about 

60% complete, had been constructed by the same method and was subject to the kinds of faults that resulted in destruction of the first case. 

Aerojet-General Corp., a second contractor undertaking development 

of a 260-in. solid rocket motor, was not affected by termination of 

Thiokol contract. (NASA Release 65-187; Marshall Star, 6/16/65, 6) 

lune 6: Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council, told the graduating class of Clark 

University: “Your country has wisely although belatedly made a firm 

decision to conduct a vigorous national space program. It is a clear 

responsibility of each of us to learn what he can about that program, 

find out what it means to the country as a whole and to the individuals 

who live here.” He continued: “As we attempt to carry out our 

responsibilities in educating the general public about space, there are a 

few concepts which need particular emphasis : 

“1. Education. The space program has been a catalyst, a stimulus 

to education at all levels, with particular attention to science and 

engineering. . . . How much more secure are we, due to 

improved communications, more accurate navigation, and more complete weather information? How much is it worth to be better informed about potential sources of danger? How can we assess the 

advantage of developing competence to detect and offset possible aggression from space? How important is it to know that we intend to 

keep peace and freedom in space so that all who would go there with 

peaceful intentions are free to do so? I cannot judge the worth of this 

national security. . . . 3. Innovations. The space program stimulates the development 

of new materials, new products, new productive processes, and new 

managerial techniques. . . . “4. International Status. A substantial difference in influence in 

world affairs evolves from whether a country is in a first position or a 

second position in power. In many respects, a nation’s relative position 

depends on how it stands in advanced technology. Power and influence 

in world affairs depend to a great degree upon the technological 

capability of a nation. . . . The ideal picture is that of a nation strong 

in ideas, in technology, in freedom, in standard of living, and in 

military power to protect the viability of the other prestige ingredients. 

The space program, effectively and imaginatively conducted, contributes positively to all of those ingredients. Of even greater importance is the potential impact the space program can have on world peace 

through substituting competence in space exploration for competence in 

building implements of aggression. . . . 5. Economics. Combining the best talents in management, in 

engineering, and in science, with the most modern facilities available, 

the net result of the space program is the production of progress. . . .” 

(Text) 

Russian Cosmonaut Lt. Col. Aleksey Leonov, first man to walk in space, 

was quoted as calling the GEMINI IV flight of Majors James A. 

McDivitt (USAF) and Edward H. White 11 (USAF) “a very interesting 

one.” During an interview with the Bulgarian news agency, he con- 

“2. National Security. . . . 

(6 

66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 271 

gratulated the Gemini crew, wished them “a happy landing back on 

earth,” and said “no doubt the experience from our flight must have 

helped the U.S. space program very much in preparing and executing 

the flight.” (Reuters, NYT, 6/7/65) 

June 6: ABC science editor Jules Bergman reported that the satellite sighted 

June 4 by Astronaut James A. McDivitt (Maj., USAF) was a secret U.S. 

military reconnaiSsance satellite with cameras. He said that space 

officials had been unable to identify it because DOD would not admit 

the existence of a U.S. reconnaissance satellite. (AP, Balt. sun, 6/7/65) 

Pope Paul VI, in a mid-day Pentecostal message to a crowd in St. Peter’s 

Square, blessed Astronauts McDivitt and White: “Our benediction goes 

to all on earth and rises also to the skies for those who are exploring 

astral paths.” (NYT, 6/7/65, 33) 

The National Science Foundation’s past activities were reviewed in a 

report by the Library of Congress Legislative Reference Service for 

the House Committee on Science and Astronautics. No judgments were 

made, but the 286-page report called attention to broad areas of concern: (1) Could the Foundation meaningfully promote the progress of 

American science on a very limited budget? (2) What was its 

relationship to the Office of Science and Technology which was developing national science policy? (3) What was its relationship to 

American universities conducting research? (4) Had it effectively 

gathered data and made statistical analyses essential to research planning and administration? (5) Should the Foundation continue to 

manage large-scale research projects? (Text) 

June 6-26: 50 helium-filled tetrahedronal plastic balloons were released 

over New York City by the Weather Bureau to gather air pollution information at altitudes of 500 ft. or less. Each balloon carried a radar 

beacon which was tracked by weather radar to obtain a continuous 

record of its position; some were iolluwad by ldizopteis io gathi 

additional information on pressure, temperature, and air pollution 

values. (U.S. Weather Bureau Release) 

June 7: President Johnson telephoned the Nation’s thanks to Gemini 

Astronauts James McDivitt (Maj., USAF) and Edward H. White II 

(Maj., USAF) and told them that they had written their names “in 

history and in our hearts.” He concluded: “What you’ve done will 

never be forgotten. We can hope and pray that the time will come 

when all men of all nations will join together to explore space together 

and walk side by side toward peace. And you two outstanding men 

have taken a long stride forward in mankind’s progress, and everyone in 

this nation, and I think in the free world, feels in your debt.” The 

astronauts, aboard the carrier Wasp in the Atlantic for medical tests, 

were invited to spend the week-end with the President at his Texas 

ranch. 

ITT asked the FCC for authority to lease 41 of EARLY BIRD 1% 240 voicegrade channels. (Weekley, Wash. Post, 6/8/65, D8) 

Educators from various elements of NASA and a group of 65 lecturers 

employed in the NASA Spacemobile program began a week-long 

training session at NASA Langley Research Center. (LaRC Release) 

“Soviet spaceships make their landings on terra firma, and practically 

everybody in the space flight business agrees that this is much more 

desirable than splashing down in the ocean,” wrote the Washington 

(Kilpatrick, Wash. Post, 6/8/65, A14) 
272 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Evening Star. The article said that Itater landings by U.S. spacecraft 

proved that “U.S. manned spacecraft lack the capability to come back 

to land.” 

June 7: “US. space officials are in no particular hurry to develop a ground 

landing because Hater landings have \+orked so well,” reported the 

Washington. Post. The article said that the “Soviet landing systempartly due to the Russians’ large and sparsely populated land area and 

their lack of sea forces-required Russian astronauts to parachute out 

of the descending spaceship.” This put stress on the airman-especially after long periods of weightlessness. ( AP, Wash. Post, 6/8/65, 

A14) 

Soviet cosmonaut Gherman Titov, who orbited the earth 17 times in 

August 1961. announced that his wife was expecting a baby in a few 

weeks. (UPI, Houston Chron., 6/7/65) 

June 8: LUNA VI, 3,179-Ib. instrumented moon probe, was successfully 

launched by U.S.S.R. with a multi-stape rocket into a parking orbit 

and then fired on a trajectory toward the moon. All onboard equipment was said to be functioning normally and the trip was scheduled 

to last about three and a half days, according to Tass announcement. 

(Tass, 6/8/65) 

Snap 8, NAS4-AEC experimental reactor. had run continiiously at power 

for 209 days, thereby completing the longest known power operation of 

a nuclear reactor. Built by Atomics International Div. of North 

American Aviation, Inc.. Snap 8 began power operation in November 

1963, ran 91% of the total time available, and produced more than 

five million kw. hours of heat. It was operated in a shielded AEC 

test facility near Los Angeles. (Atomics International Release AI-18) 

Selection of Radiation, Inc., to negotiate a fixed-price contract for Pulse 

Code Modulation (Pcm) Data Handling Equipment Systems was 

announced by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The proposed 

$1,700,000 contract M ould call for design, manufacture, and spare parts 

for 11 PCM systems. fGSFC Release 6/14/65) 

ComSatCorp filed application with the FCC for licenses to operate commercially EARLY BIRD I and the ground station at Andover, Me. 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

France announced it had successfully completed tests of its three-stage 

Diamant rocket scheduled to orbit a French satellite in 1966. (Reuters, 

Detroit News, 6/10/65; Reuters. NYT, 6/10/65) 

Communist Hungary acquiesced to a US. State Dept. request and SUSpended a Budapest radio broadcast which could have interfered with 

base-to-ship communications during the GEMINI IV splashdown period. 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 6/8/65) 

June 9: USAF launched Thor-Agena D booster rocket with unidentified 

satellite from Vandenberg AFB. 

USAF launched Blue Scout Jr. space probe from ETR on a 10,897-mi. 

altitude flight to measure effects of space radiation on human tissue 

equivalents. Useful data were telemetered, and after the 4-hr., 32-min. 

flight the probe fell into the Indian Ocean. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 

1965, 145) 

LUNA VI, Russian probe, passed the halfway point on its journey 

to the moon. All systems continued to function normally, Tass announced. (Tass, 6/9/65) 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/7/65, A6) 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 6/10/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 273 

June 9: Astronauts McDivitt and White, onboard the carrier Wasp for 

medical debriefing, received a congratulatory telegram from Soviet 

Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, first man in space: “We send you our congratulations after the success we witnessed of the spaceflight in ship 

Gemini 4. We express hope that spaceflights will be to serve the world 

and make progress for humanity.” ( AP, Haughland, Vush. Post, 

6/10/65, Al, All) 

NASA released a photograph of the GEMINI IV spacecraft taken by Astronaut 

Edward H. White 11 (Maj., USAF) during his walk in space. The 

picture was one of an unannounced number that Major White recorded 

with a 35 mm. camera mounted atop a space gun that he used for 

maneuverability. Films of Astronaut White floating in space would 

be made available for public showing “sometime within the next 

month.” (AP, NYT, 6/11/65, 12) 

An analysis of worldwide press reactions to the successful GEMINI IV 

flight indicated that most newspapers took the occasion to call for 

US.-Soviet cooperation in space ventures. “That this [cooperation] 

is unlikely shows how far our politics lag behind our technology,” 

Britain’s Manchester Guardian said. Dutch newspapers joined in asking for cooperation in space and Trouw said the duplication of effort 

by the Soviet Union and the United States “is a waste of money and 

know-how.” The West Berlin press highly praised the U.S. policy 

of reporting the Gemini flight as it was taking place. Swedish newspapers refrained from any comment amid a wave of anti-American 

sentiment over Viet Nam and the Dominican Republic. The Hindustani Times commented: “It is a pity that the two nations [US. and 

Soviet Union] are going about the job with such secrecy. The time 

has come for both nations to pool their resources and make the projected attempt on the moon a truly human adventure.” (Wash. Post, 

6/9/65, A3) 

Joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. space effort was urged by L’Osservutore della 

Domenica, Vatican magazine. An editorial said press comment on the 

GEMINI IV spaceflight had been slanted by “a competitive mentality for 

which, especially in this field, there is no longer any reason.” It 

continued: “Let us ask ourselves . . . if those who on earth appear 

divided by unbridgeable distances may not meet and collaborate in 

space.” (UPI, NYT, 6/11/65, 7) 

EARLY BIRD I communications satellite demonstrated its ability to 

relay commercial voice messages, photographs, and data between 

Europe and the US. During one exchange a news photograph was 

relayed from London to the N.Y. offices of the Associated Press; 

simultaneously, Pan American Airways was relaying international 

airline reservations and communications, including pilot and control 

messages. Other uses included transmission of pictures and layouts for 

a fashion magazine and relay of bank signatures from New York for 

verification of a check-signer in London. Except for a slight echo 

bounced back from Europe on the voice transmissions, the reception 

was excellent. (ComSatCorp Release; Dewar, Wash. Post, 6/10/65, A3) 

The earth has four vast bulges roughly in the design of a pyramid and 

four equally large depressions, reported scientists from Johns Hopkins 

Univ. Applied Physics Laboratory. “They are as big as the North 
274 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

American continent,” said Dr. Robert R. Newton, Supervisor of 

Space Research and Analysis at the Laboratory. Discoveries announced were credited to ANNA IB geodetic satellite, launched Oct. 31, 

1962, and a number of USN research satellites. By studying rises and 

dips in their orbits, scientists were able to determine gravitational highs 

and lows. One high point centers over Ireland in the northern 

hemisphere and sprawls northward toward the pole. Another extends 

across the equator from New Guinea northward toward Japan. Another is south of Africa centered about half way to Antarctica, and the 

fourth is west of South America with its apex off Peru. (Johns 

Hopkins Univ. Applied Physics Lab. Release; Myler, UPI, Wash. Post, 

6/9/65, A3; AP, NYT, 6/10/65, 17) 

June 9: USAF awarded Aerojet General a $5,101,000 initial increment to a 

$28,294:800 fixed-price contract for first and second stage engines 

for the Titan III-x/Agena program. 

Gen. Bernard A. Schriever (AFSC) , in talk on “Materials and Tomorrow’s 

Air Force” at the Air Force Materials Symposium in Miami Beach, 

said: “The rate of progress in materials will be measured by accomplishments in four areas. First, the acquisition of new fundamental knowledge which will lead either to new materials or to the utilization of 

existing materials to meet specific needs. Second, the exploratory 

development of materials in advance of specific system requirements. 

Third, the evaluation of new materials for potential applications. And 

fourth, the investigation of economical manufacturing techniques and 

equipment. The importance of vigorous efforts in all of these areas is 

obvious when we remember thal it takes from 5 to 10 years to translate 

a laboratory result into hardware. 

. . . the people of the Air Force Materials Laboratory are making 

significant contributions to present and future Air Force systems. 

Their recent accomplishments include development of methods for 

ultrasonic detection of corrosion in aircraft fuel tanks and for installation of corrosion-resistant rivets in aircraft skins. They have done 

important work with reinforced structural composites; with graphites 

for leading edges, nose cones, and rocket nozzles; and with chemically 

resistant seals for liquid rocket propulsion systems.’’ 

Annual 

expenditures have risen from $100,000 in 1961 to $1.3 million to be 

spent by FAA alone in 1965,” FAA Administrator Najeeb E. Halaby 

told a National Aircraft Noise Symposium in New York City. He 

warned: “If we fail to make progress in reducing noise . . . pressure 

may perhaps ultimately exclude the availability of aviation facilities 

to our centers of trade and commerce. I feel it is essential that we 

all recognize the price that we may be forced to pay for a tolerable 

environment next door to our airports.” (Text) 

June 10: LUNA VI, Soviet probe, would miss the moon by 160,000 km. 

(99,379 mi.) because of an unsuccessful midcourse maneuver, Tass 

announced. Engine used to adjust the spacecraft’s trajectory could 

not be switched off, causing a deviation from the planned course. 

(Tass, 6/10/65) 

A grant of nearly $4 million to the Univ. of Minnesota to strengthen 

its scientific and technological capability, particularly in space re- 

(DOD Release 392-65) 

(6 

(Text) 

“Much has been done in an effort to alleviate aircraft noise. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 275 

search” was made jointly by NASA and National Science Foundation. 

(NASA Release 65-191 ) 

June 10: Astronauts James A. McDivitt (Maj.. USAF) and Edward H. White 

XI (Maj., USAF) were flown from Mayport, Fla., to Ellington AFB near 

Houston for reunion with their families. (Clark. NYT, 6/10/65, 1,47) 

First computer landing of commercial airliner with fare-paying passengers was made in London by British European Airways’ Trident; touchdown termed smooth by test crew and passengers. Trident was the 

first civil aircraft certified to employ the automatic landing system, 

Autoflare, developed by Smith & Sons, Ltd., a British aviation engineering company, in association with Hawker Siddeley Aviation Co. 

(NYT, 6/11/65) 

Formation of a program to achieve a more powerful Atlas booster 

for future Agena and Centaur missions was announced by NASA. 

Presently designated SLV-3x, the program would seek a 21,OOO-lb. 

propellant capacity increase in the standard Atlas booster by making 

the top of the vehicle cylindrical and would increase the thrust of 

three Atlas engines by using modified Saturn H-1 fuel injector and 

improved turbines. AFSC Space Systems Div. would act as NASA’s procurement agent. NASA Lewis Research Center would supervise ; General Dynamics Convair Div. was expected to receive the contract. Use 

of an uprated Atlas would increase the Surveyor mission capability by 

600 lbs. and would permit similar payload increases for Lunar Orbiter, 

Ogo, Oao, and Applications Technology Satellite (Ats) . (NASA Release 65-192) 

W. C. Fortune, manager of NASA Marshall Space Flight Center’s Mississippi Test Facility since November 1962, had been selected to evaluate 

the cooperative efforts of the Government-industry Saturn rocket team 

and “to ascertain that maximum utiiization is obtained from the giant 

new super rocket family now under development,” announced MSFC. 

( MSFC Release 65-14,6) 

The computer aboard the GEMINI IV, launched June 4, that was to have 

controlled the landing of the spacecraft was returned to IBM for tests to 

determine the cause of failure. 

U.S.S.R. dominated the International Air Show at Le Bourget, France, 

with premiere showing of 11-62 186-passenger jetliner, powered by 

four turbofan engines, each developing 23,100 Ibs. thrust, and display 

of the M-110 crane helicopter reported to have set an unofficial world’s 

record last month by hoisting 25 tons more than 8,000 ft. into the air. 

Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin answered questions in the Soviet pavilion. 

(UPI, Miami Her., 6/11/65) 

Curtiss-Wright Corp. could participate in future naval weapons procurement, including the procurement of weapon system trainers, DOD 

announced. Last March when R/Adm. Allan M. Shinn, Chief of the 

Bureau of Weapons, testified before a closed session of the House 

Appropriations Committee he disclosed “inadequate performance” on 

the part of Curtiss-Wright in connection with the P3-A trainer program. (Text; NYT, 6/11/65, 12) 

lune 11 : Saturn V booster (s-IC-T stage) was successfully static-fired for 

90 sec. at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. During the test, longest 

to date, the five F-1 engines developed 7.5 million Ibs. thrust and all 

(NYT, 6/11/65) 
276 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

four outer engines were gimbaled to simulate the motion required to 

control the vehicle in flight. (MSFC Release 65-148; Marshall Star, 

5/16/65, 1) 

June 11 : At a news conference at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center on the 

Gemini GT-~ spaceflight, Astronaut McDivitt said: “I saw three things 

that looked to me like they were satellites on the earth. I saw two over 

the Pacific, I guess. I saw a white object and it looked like it was cylindrical and it looked to me like there 

was a white arm sticking out of it. . . . We saw another one at night. 

It looked like just a pin point of light in the sky. . . . And I saw 

another one over the western Pacific again just shortly before I got 

into the sunlight on the windshield. . . . The only one I could even 

define the shape of at all was the first one and it looked a lot like 

an upper stage of a booster.” 

Astronaut White commented: “. . . we were looking to find out: 

Could man control himself in space? And the answer is yes, man 

can control himself in space.” McDivitt continued: “The first thing 

we learned was that the Gemini 4 is a liveable spacecraft for at least 

four days.” 

President Johnson announced during an impromptu visit to NASA Manned 

Spacecraft Center-his first-that he had nominated Astronauts James 

A. McDivitt (Maj., USAF) and Edward H. White 11 (Maj., USAF) for 

the rank of lieutenant colonel. In a speech before nearly 5,000 MSC 

employees, Mr. Johnson said: “The race in which we of all generations are determined to be first is the race for peace in the world. 

“In the labors of peace-as in the explorations of space-let no man 

doubt for the moment that we have the will, and the determination, 

and the talent, and the resources required to stay the course and see 

those labors through.” (Text; Stern, Wash. Post, 6/12/65, A3; 

Semple, NYT, 6/21/65; MSG Roundup, 6/25/65, 1) 

Sen. E. L. Bartlett (D-Alaska) introduced a bill to extend privileges ana 

immunities, including tax and customs granted international organizations, to the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) . ESRO 

was considering building a satellite telemetry command station near 

Fairbanks, Alaska, and was seeking the same special treatment afforded 

NASA with regard to its tracking stations abroad and personnel abroad. 

(CR, 6/11/65,12836) 

Rep. Albert Thomas (D-Tex.), Chairman of the House Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Independent Offices, paid tribute to NASA on the floor of the House: “. . . too much credit cannot 

be given the top management of the Space Agency . . . “TO this group of distinguished gentlemen, must go the credit of 

spending some $17 billion without the slightest breath of scandal attached to the many thousands of transactions.” (CR, 6/11/65, 12829) 

’ Laser beams could be used to track satellites, a group of scientists reported at a news briefing at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The 

briefing followed a two-day meeting discussing efforts to track EXPLORER 

XXII and EXPLORER XXVII satellites which were orbiting the earth at a 

height of about 700 mi. Dr. Henry Plotkin, Head of GSFC’S Optical 

Systems Branch, said the experiments had indicated that: 1) a beam 

of laser light from the ground could be directed with sufficient accuracy 

One . . . near Hawaii. . . . 

(Transcript; A’YT, 6/12/65, 3) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 277 

to strike satellite reflectors; 2) turbulence in the atmosphere would not 

break the beam enough to interfere with its lighting up the satellite; 

3) very short bursts of light from lasers could be used to measure the 

range of a satellite precisely by means of timing the flight and rebound 

of the pulse; 4) reflected light could be photographed against a stellar 

background to provide angles by which the satellite could be identified very accurately. (Transcript) 

June 12: Kennedy Space Center’s “lost time rate” because of strikes was 

10 times that at all the other missile and space installations combined, 

reported Victor Riesel in the Indianapolis Star. He said that during 

the 15 months ending March 31-the deadline months preceding the 

GT~ spaceflight-there were 93 work stoppages at all missile and 

space sites in the country. 65,lM 

man-days were lost. At all missile bases and space centers, there was 

a total of 13 major walkouts; 10 of these involved KSC. (Riesel, 

Indianapolis Star, 6/12/65) 

Canada’s Black Brant research rocket underwent its first successful launch 

from Ft. Churchill, Manitoba. 

Discovery of “quasi-stellar blue galaxies,” termed a “major new constituent of the universe,” was announced by Mt. Wilson and Mt. Palomar observatories. The blue galaxies resembled quasi-stellar radio 

sources (“quasars”) except that they did not emit strong radio waves. 

They appeared to be 500 times more plentiful than quasars and numbered about one to every 100,000 normal galaxies. According to Dr. 

Allan Sandage of Mt. Palomar, the newly discovered blue galaxies 

substantiated the theory that the “universe is a finite, closed system 

originating in a ‘big bang,’ that the expanding universe is slowing 

down, and that it probably pulsates once every 82 billion years.” 

(Sullivan, NYT, 6/13/65, 1, 81) 

British Broadcasting Zo. hied a petition with the FCC io request Ii&- 

ing suggested fee of $3,825 for a half-hour’s television use of 

EARLY BIRD I communications satellite. In addition to ComSatCorp’s 

charge, any television user must pay an identical fee to the group 

of 17 European countries that helped finance EARLY BIRD I; this combined fee of $7,650 would cover the cost of transmission only between 

Andover, Me., ground station and one European point and would not 

include costs for ground lines to broadcasting stations. One BBC expert, who estimated that at the proposed rates a half-hour transatlantic 

program would cost more than $11,000, concluded that British broadcasters would be able to use the satellite only for the “most compelling 

matters.” (Lewis, NYT, 6/13/65, 1) 

June 13: A 22-nation European Post and Telecommunications Congress 

ended its 12-day meeting in Lisbon after appointing a coordinating 

committee to deal rapidly with problems of international radio and 

television communications by satellite. Discussions in the congress, 

which was closed to the press and public, centered on improving postal 

services and satellite-relayed radio and television transmissions. (AP, 

WSJ, 6/14/65, 24; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/13/65, A-11) 

lune 14: MARINER IV successfully performed a final .tracking correction before its encounter with Mars on July 14. A preprogramed command 

electronically altered the look-angle of the star sensor to compensate 

for the changing relationship between the spacecraft, the sun, and 

Of this number, 56 were at KSC. 

(M&R, 6/28/65,11) 
278 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Canopus. The star sensor must be pointed at Canopus so that the 

Mars probe would be properly aligned and stabilized in attitude. 

(NASA Release 65-198) 

June 14: A crowd of two million gathered in Chicago during the parade and 

motorcade honoring Astronauts James A. McDivitt (Maj ., USAF) and 

Edward H. White 11 (Maj., USAF), accompanied by Vice President 

Hubert H. Humphrey. Honorary citizens medals were presented the 

astronauts at a special City Council meeting. Civil rights leaders postponed a demonstration protesting de facto school segregation in deference to the celebration. (AP, Wash. Post. 6/16/65; Wehrwein, 

NYT, 6/15/65) 

Radio station WTOP in Washington, D.C., assisted NASA in conducting a 

radio signal interaction experiment employing a Nike-Apache rocket 

launched from Wallops Sta., Va., with a 55-lb. instrumented payload. 

WTOP transmitted a steady modulated tone for several minutes during 

the flight to enable Univ. of Illinois scientists to measure interaction 

of the WTOP signal on a signal of a different frequency broadcast 

from Wallops Sta. Both were received hy instruments in the payload 

as the rocket rose to peak altitude of 110 mi. (NASA Release 65-195; 

Wallops Release 65-35) 

EARLY BIRD I communications satellite experimentally transmitted to a 

Paris physician an electrocardiogram of a passenger on the S.S. France, 

2,000 mi. at sea, the French Line reported. (NYT, 6/15/65, 70; AP, 

Wash. Post, 6/15/65, A14) 

AT&T and ITT asked the FCC to reverse its May 12 decision awarding 

ComSatCorp temporary control over the initial three US. ground 

stations which would comprise important segments of a global satellite 

communications system. ITT, in its petition, contended that the ruling 

supported an “unwarranted monopoly in international communications.” AT&T argued that the licensing policy was not in the public 

interest. ( WSJ, 6/14/65, 24) 

M2-F.2 manned lifting body research vehicle was rolled out at Northrop 

Norair’s Hawthorne, Calif., plant and accepted for NASA by Paul 

Bikle, Director of NASA Flight Research Center. The craft would 

be dropped from beneath the wing of a B-52 bomber at high speeds in 

tests to determine how this configuration would perform in the critical 

period during reentry if it were carrying astronauts. (AP, Wash. Post, 

6/17/65, A3; ARC .4strogram, 6/24/65, 1) 

US. News and World Report suggested that the success of the Gemini 

GT-~ flight should prompt reassessment of the US. position in the race 

with the Soviet Union. 

“1. In the civilian space race, White’s self-propelled ‘space walk‘ and 

McDivitt’s ability to maneuver the spaceship put the US. ahead in at 

least two key areas and gave the US. a fighting chance eventually to 

overtake the Russians in the race to the moon. . . . 2. In the military space race, maneuvering of the Gemini spacecraft demonstrated that the region just above the earth-the inner 

space belt-could soon become vital to American security.” (U.S. 

News., 6/14/65) 

Lt. Col. Aleksey Leonov’s comments on extravehicular activity during the 

March 18 VOSKHOD 11 flight were quoted in a review report authored 

by Prof. N. M. Sissakian of the Soviet Academy of Sciences and deTwo conclusions were noted: 

‘6 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 279 

livered in Paris at the Second International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space: ‘‘I found that the slightest 

shift in direction of the force of impact caused rotation in the corresponding plane. Those persons who will be working in space will 

obviously have much to do in securing their bodies in . . . [the 

weightless state]. As for the so-called psychological barrier that was 

supposed to be insurmountable by man preparing to confront the 

cosmic abyss alone, I not only did not sense any barrier, but even 

forgot that there could be one.” (Wetmore, Av. Wk., 6/21/65, 25) 

June 14: That antimatter could exist in aggregations of particles, not only 

as isolated subatomic particles, was demonstrated by physicists studying under AEC funds at Columbia Univ. Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory 

and Brookhaven National Laboratory. Protons placed in Brookhaven’s 

AGS synchrotron were hurled at almost the speed of light and energy 

of 30 billion electron volts at a tar,aet of beryllium; scientists used a 

high-transmission mass analyzer to detect anti-deuterons in the debris 

of collisions between high-energy protons and nuclei of atoms in the 

target. Research report appeared in Physical Review Letters. The 

existence of the antideuteron had been predicted theoretically, but its 

actual production indicated that properties of the nuclear force were 

closely mirrored in the world of antiparticles and that an antiworld 

would be conceivable in terms of contemporary nuclear physics. 

(Schmeck, Jr., NYT, 6/14/65, 1) 

A model of Tu-la, proposed supersonic passenger plane, was displayed 

by the Soviet Union at the International Air Show at Le Bourget, 

France. Tu-144 was designed for a capacity of 121 passengers, a 

speed of 1,550 mph, and a range of 4,000 mi. (Kamm, NYT, 6/16/65, 

1. 9) 

An instrumented experiment package capable of recording lunar phenomena and relaying information to earth, would be installed on the moon 

by astronauts before their return to earth, reported Howard Simons in 

the Washington Post. Simons said that NASA officials explained that 

the package would contain “combination of instruments to measure 

the moon’s gravity and atmosphere, heat flow and solar wind, proton 

activity and micrometeorite impacts for as long as a year.” Such information would be helpful in planning the establishment of permanent lunar bases and in studying the history of the earth and the solar 

system. 

Discussing Russian-American cooperation in space in a letter to the 

editor in the New York Times, Donald Spero, a student at Columbia 

Univ. School of Engineering, said: “. . . technical integration of the 

US. and (assumed) Russian lunar programs is out of the question. 

Hardware for every phase of the Apollo program has already been 

designed and built. . . . The integration of a Russian booster and an American capsule 

would be a technical impossibility. . . . The only plausible alternative 

for initial lunar exploration would be to include a Russian cosmonaut 

in the Apollo crew or one of our astronauts as a member of the 

Russian expedition. Even if problems of language and pilot training 

could be overcome, political and propaganda considerations eliminate 

this alternative. 

Realistic possibilities for cooperation lie in the areas of unmanned 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 6/14/65, A9) 

cc 

bb 
280 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTlCS, 1965 

probes, communication and weather satellites, and eventually manned 

planetary exploration and establishing of lunar bases.” (NYT, 

6/14/65) 

June 14: A New York Times editorial by Harry Schwartz concerning 

Soviet-American cooperation in space: “The real issues relate to the 

advantages and disadvantages in the moon race itself-including, of 

course, its propaganda aspects. 

“The argument that cooperation will not mean significant savings is 

strongest for the immediate future, but its force weakens rapidly as one 

extends the time horizon of both nations’ future space efforts. Even 

in the next year or two both countries could gain from a full pooling 

of space technology and knowledge because this would reduce the 

number of Gemini-type flights each would have to engage in. . . . “Major cost advantages can certainly be gained by agreement on 

a division of labor between the Soviet Union and the United States, if 

it is accompanied by a decision to send mixed crews on major missions. For example, a pooling of information and resources might 

permit one country to focus on the hardware needed for the moon 

trip, while the other concentrated on the equipment needed to send men 

to Mars. . . . “But the major savings from real Soviet-American cooperation in 

space might come from another direction entirely. In both countries 

influential voices are urging major military efforts looking to the 

creation of armed national space fleets . . . The time is past due for 

decision between space cooperation, or the extension of a rivalry that 

could cost both Soviet and American peoples dearly-and perhaps not 

solely in terms of vast sums wasted.” (Schwartz, NYT, 6/14/65, 31, 

32 ) 

June 14-21 : PDP-5 and PDP-8 (Program Data Processing) computers, reported to simultaneously collect and analyze oceanographic data and 

to use data received by radio from artificial earth satellites to fix the 

position of ships, were displayed at the Ocean Science and Ocean Engineering Conference and Exhibit in Washington, D.C. PDP-5 had first 

been used by the U.S. Coast Guard during the 19M International Ice 

Patrol season to predict the speed and course of icebergs drifting into 

major ship lanes. (Callahan, NYT, 6/14/65, 58M) 

Dr. James H. Wakelin, Jr., president of the Scientific Engineering 

Institute of Boston, said in an address at the Conference: “We must 

look forward to undersea dwellings, laboratories and military installations in which men would live and work for the economic good and 

military defense of the United States.” Dr. Wakelin advised President Johnson to appoint a National Advisory Commission on the 

Ocean to develop a 10-yr. program for study, exploration, and use of 

the seas. 

Capt. Jacques-Yves Cousteau urged the organization to “preserve 

and protect the sea from pollution.” He also warned against conducting undersea explorations entirely with instruments and suggested: 

“Let us go down . . . and see for ourselves, with our eyes.” (Casey, Wash. Post, 6/16./65, A14) 

June 14-25; “Science in the Sixties,” a seminar sponsored by the Air Force 

Office of Scientific Research, was held in Cloudcroft, N. Mex. In 

(UPI, NYT, 6/15/65, 6) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 281 

opening remarks, Maj. Gen. Don Ostrander, AFOSR Commander, said: 

“The purpose of these Cloudcroft meetings is to stimulate ideas-to 

act as an intellectual catalyst. . . . We all have a responsibility to try 

to understand the complex interrelationships between science and technology, and between technology and national defense; through understanding, to participate in the excitement and urgency of the creative 

turmoil which is such an inescapable part of the age in which we live!” 

Historian A. Hunter Dupree, professor of history at the Univ. of 

California (Berkeley) and a consultant to NASA, said that scientists 

with a negative attitude regarding the Nation’s manned space flight 

activities had a laboratory-limited view of scientific endeavor and had 

lost perspective of the contributions made to American and world 

science through exploration and survey expeditions in the field. He 

pointed out the relationship of the Pacific voyages of Capt. Cook to 

Darwin’s later theory of evolution and said: “One can as little predict 

the results of space exploration as Captain Cook could have predicted 

Darwin’s theory.” 

According to Dupree, it was the general expansion of knowledge 

that would lead to later fruitful developments. But to justify these 

developments immediately or to justify exploration in terms of predictable developments would be a mistake. (Simons, Vash. Post, 

6/16/65; AFOSR Release 5-65-2; Aerospace Historian, 10/65, 106- 

110) 

An artificial frog’s eye which could be sent to the surface of Mars 

to detect living organisms was described by Warren McCullough and 

Louis Sutro. Research had revealed there were four varieties of 

ganglion cells in the eye of the frog-each processing different information. The MIT scientists had proposed the following scheme to 

NASA: the ariificial eye woii!c! be CG~A~ to 2 rr.icroscope in a tiny 

computer. Samples of Martian soil would be seen by the frog’s eye 

through the microscope. When movement was detected, the eye would 

inform the computer. which would decide whether a picture of the 

moving organism should be taken for relay back to earth. (Simons, 

Wash. Post, 6/18/65, Al) 

Theories on biological rhythms were proposed by Colin Pittendrigh 

of Princeton Univ. at the AFOSR seminar. He suggested that oscillations or biological rhythms were serving a fundamental function that 

was not yet fully identified and that all organisms undergo oscillations 

with a periodicity that matches that of the external world-roughly 24 

hrs. Light, even in negligible amounts, could alter these oscillations. 

In Pittendrigh‘s view, once the true face of biological clocks-time 

measuring mechanisms innate in all living organisms-was seen, science would have vital clues to how life developed on earth and how 

biological rhythms determine what it is all living things do. (Simons, 

Wash. Post, 6/22/65, A6) 

Star collisions were suggested by astrophysicist Thomas Gold of 

Cornell Univ. as one way that energy now associated with a host of 

new objects observed throughout the universe was released. He said 

a prime candidate for providing the right kind of environment for star 

collisions was elliptical galaxies. In their predeath condition, elliptical galaxies start to lose stars that comprise the galaxies. Star loss 

causes the galaxies to shrink and become denser. The remaining stars 
282 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

rush in and out through the heats of these galaxies at speeds possibly 

as high as 24 million mph-greatly enhancing the chance for star 

collisions. The effect of collisions at these speeds would be to release 

amounts of energy equivalent to that calculated to be stored in the 

quasi-stellar radio sources. Gold had not observed such star collisions, 

but dense regions on the “brink of destruction” had been detected. 

“We must inspect each in turn,” Gold said, adding, “maybe we will 

learn that something totally different is involved, a new type of energy 

source that physics doesn’t know about.” (Simons, Wush. Post, 

6/23/65) 

June 15: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXVIII containing scientific equipment 

for the investigation of outer space. Orbital parameters: apogee, 334 

km. (207 mi.) ; perigee, 205 km. (127 mi.) ; inclination to earth, 65’. 

On board equipment was said to be functioning normally. (Pruvdu, 

6/16/65, 1; Zzvestia, 6/17/65,4, ATSS-T Trans.) 

High-speed transmission of weather data between the US. and France 

was provided by EARLY BIRD I communications satellite. Information 

gathered by TIROS IX weather satellite during a 24-hr. period and assembled on a chart at the World Weather Center in Maryland, was 

relayed to the Andover, Me., ground station; then, via EARLY BIRD I, 

it was transmitted to the French ground station at Pleumeur-Bodou 

and on to the French National Weather Center in Paris. Conducted 

jointly by the Weather Bureau and ComSatCorp, in conjunction with 

Press Wireless, Inc., and Alden Electronics Corp., the demonstration 

illustrated a new and advanced forecast method which would include 

transmissions of facsimile charts and data at eight times the speed of 

present networks. 

CBS became the first US. network to issue a formal statement about commercial rates proposed May 28, 1965, by ComSatCorp for EARLY BIRD I 

transmission: “We shall have to make future determinations as to the 

use of Early Bird on a case by case basis, depending on the importance 

or urgency of the news to be transmitted. Certainly, the cost structure 

proposed for the use of Early Bird militates against its use on a routine 

basis. Unless urgency requires transmission by Early Bird, we shall 

have to continue to rely upon air shipments of film and taped coverage 

of European news.” 

NASA announced completed negotiations with Aerojet-General Corp. for 

two-phase $11,163,051 contract to design, develop, and deliver three 

exhaust nozzles for use in testing the 5,000-mw Phoebus nuclear rocket 

reactor. Phase I would be a $1,837,971 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract 

and would include four-month preliminary design study of the nozzle, 

and evaluation of fabrication and testing methods as well as a joint 

design effort involving Aerojet, LASL and American Car and Foundry, 

Inc. Phase 11 would be a $9,325,080 incentive contract and, relying 

on the results of Phase I, Aerojet would be required to design, develop, test and deliver three nozzles to the Nuclear Rocket Development 

Sta., Jackass Flats, Nev., by the end of 1967. The contract would be 

under management of the joint AEC-N ASA Space Nuclear Propulsion 

Office. (NASA Release 65-196) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, said at the National Space Club in Washington, D.C., 

(ComSatCorp Release; AP, Balt. Sun, 6/16/65) 

(CBS News Div.; Adams, NYT, 6/16/65, 87) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 283 

that it would take “a great deal of effort over a number of years” for 

the United States to achieve first place in space and warned it would 

be “a mistake to believe” that the successful GEMINI IV spaceflight had 

“overcome a lead of several years” held by the Soviet Union. He said 

“the most important result” of the GEMINI IV flight might be the condition of the astronauts upon their return, based on the preliminary 

medical examinations of Astronauts McDivitt and White. The final 

medical report on the flight and their postflight condition would take 

about two months. 

lune 15: Defense Communications Agency had awarded contracts to six 

firms to conduct parallel systems design studies for the Advanced Defense Communications Satellite Project : ComSatCorp, General Electric 

Co., Hughes Aircraft Co., Philco Corp., RCA, Defense Electronic Products, and Space Technology Lab. The fixed price contracts ranged 

from $135,000 to $196,000. 

The studies, to be completed in three or four months, would be 

used as a basis for design of any advanced operational satellite communications system. (DOD Release 482-65) 

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator, was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Princeton Univ. (Off. of Deputy 

Administrator ) 

Honorary Doctor of Astronautical Science degrees were conferred on 

Astronauts James A. McDivitt (Maj., USAF) and Edward H. White II 

(Maj., USAF) by their alma mater, the Univ. of Michigan where Maj. 

Whlte received his BS degree in 1959 and Maj. McDivitt, his MS degree 

in 1959. The astronauts then attended a ceremony dedicating the 

University’s new $1.7 million space research building and rode in a 

motorcade through downtown Ann Arbor. NASA’s official representative at the festivities was Dr. Floyd L. Thompson, Director of the NASA 

Langley Research Center, also a Michigan alumnus. ( URC Release ; 

AP, Balt. Sun. 6/16/65) 

G. Mervin Ault, Associate Chief of Material and Structures Div., NASA 

Lewis Research Center, discussed refractory metals in an honors 

lecture before American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 

meeting at Purdue Univ. Refractory metals-such as tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, columbium-have strength at high temperatures 

and corrosion resistance to alkali metals. “The past decade has resulted in greater progress in refractory metals than ever before achieved 

for any one class of structural materials,” Ault said. The lecture 

commemorated metallurgist Horace W. Gillett and was sponsored 

jointly by ASTM and Battelle Memorial Institute. ( LRC Release 6544) 

In surprise move, U.S.S.R. landed the world’s largest plane at the 

International Air Show, Le Bourget, France. Designated An-22, the 

aircraft could carry 720 passengers or 80 tons of cargo and would 

weight 250 tons with maximum cargo. Powered by four turboprop 

engines, each with twin propellers rotating in opposite directions, the 

aircraft, with maximum load, would have a range of 3,100 mi. at 

cruising speed of 420 mph. Maximum speed would be 460 mph; maximum altitude 36,000 ft. An-22 would require 4,300 ft. for takeoff 

but only 2,600 ft. for landing. It was designed by Oleg Antonov and 

was called “Antaeus” for the mythical Libryan giant wrestler who drew 

new strength every time he touched the ground. 

(Text; Clark, NYT, 6/16/65, 13) 
284 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

USAF supersonic 13-58 Hustler jet bomber crashed on landing at Le 

Bourget, killing the pilot, Lt. Col. Charles Q. Hubbs (USAF), and injuring the two crew members. The aircraft was arriving from Torrejon Air Base, Spain, to take part in the air show. A U.S. B-58 had 

crashed at the International Air Show in 1961. (AP, Wash. Post. 

6/16/65, A3; Kamm, NYT, 6/16/65,1,9; WSJ, 6/16/65,1; Av. Wk.; 

6/21/65. 24) 

June i5: ‘Referring to the “real success of Luna 6,” an article in the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin said: “This is not the first Russian failure in 

space. Americans, who 

have had their own failures, can’t help but warm up a little in the glow 

of such non-Marxist honesty.” 

Mr. Norden’s 

device developed for USN was used by AAF B-17’s and other bombers 

during World War 11. (AP, NYT, 6/16/65,43) 

lune 16: X-15 No. 3 flown by pilot Capt. Joseph Engle (USAF) to 244,700 

ft. altitude at maximum speed of 3,404 mph (mach 4.66) to measure 

ultraviolet radiation and noise intensity of the boundary layer of air. 

(NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

Poland launched its first meteorological rocket. The two-stage vehicle 

was 2.5 m. (8.2 ft.) long and reached an altitude of 37,000 m. (121,360 

XB-70A research bomber, leaving Edwards AFB, flew 1,700 mph at 

65,000-ft. alt. on its 13th test flight. It landed three minutes earlier 

than planned because of a possible leak in a hydraulic system. (AP, 

Balt. Sun, 6/17/65) 

An atomic clock so accurate it could help determine the position of a 

rocket hurtling at 238,000 mph toward the.moon within three-quarters 

of an inch was in production at Varian Associates, UPI reported. The 

clock would be about the size of a hatbox. (UPI, NYT, 6/16/65, 31) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb, in Subcommittee of the Senate 

ate Committee on Appropriations’ hearings on the requested $5.26 billion appropriation request for NASA in FY 1966, said: 

Recent events have clearly demonstrated two important facts about 

space activities. First, the United States has shown that it can successfully build and launch complex spacecraft to measure the space 

environment over large regions of our solar system and to extend our 

knowledge of our neighboring space bodies. We have developed a 

capability to produce large launch vehicles, to test them, and to launch 

them successfully. We are producing the space hardware for environmental testing that will prove out our concepts and engineering for the 

large launch vehicles and spacecraft that will be required to operate 

out to and on the moon and meet all the demands of our other difficult 

undertakings. We have successfully developed space technology for 

improved communications and weather reporting and forecasting systems. The Ranger program, completed with Ranger IX, provided 

17,000 closeup pictures of the moon that have not only given us a 

better understanding of its topography but may reveal totally unexpected processes taking place below the surface.. The first two 

manned flights of the Gemini program verified the system for using 

man in space, the capability of the Gemini spacecraft, the capability 

of an astronaut to operate outside of his spacecraft, and the utility of 

But it is the first open admission of failure. 

(Phil. Eve. Bull., 6/15/65) 

Carl L. Norden, inventor of the famous bombsight, died. 

ft.1. (M&R, 6/28/65, 10) 

(6 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 285 

the ground net and mission control, and provided the first tests of 

Some of the equipment designed to accomplish rendezvous and docking. 

They also served as an orbiting space laboratory with several experiments included on both flights. 

“The second major fact demonstrated by recent space events is that 

the Soviet Union continues to make a major commitment to its aeronautical and space activity. In late 19a, they launched the first 

multi-manned mission with the three-man Voskhod I satellite. So far 

in this calendar year, they have launched 17 Cosmos satellites; in the 

Voskhod 11 flight they achieved the first extravehicular activities of 

man in space; in April they placed in orbit Molniya I, their first active 

communications satellite; in May they launched a Lunik spacecraft to 

the moon with a successful midcourse correction but apparent terminal 

failure; and only a few days ago they launched another Lunik spacecraft to the moon with an apparent unsuccessful midcourse correction. 

They, too, are expanding upon a sound basis for both manned and unmanned activities in space. The growth of their space activity is quite 

apparent. The exhibition in Paris yesterday afternoon of a new very 

large air transport indicates the same kind of emphasis on equipment 

to use the earth’s envelope of air. 

“In aeronautics, it is important to note the increasing tempo of our 

research in not only the aerodynamics, loads and structures, propulsion, 

and operating problems of supersonic flight, but hypersonic flight as 

well. There is a resurgence of interest in airbreathing propulsion in 

the form of advanced turbojet and ramjet engines to meet the requirements of supersonic and hypersonic transports and to make them competitive with transports operating in the subsonic range. And of 

course, we are also engaged at the other end of the speed spectrum in 

our work with vertical takeoff and landing aircraft. . . .” 

In response to questioning, Mr. Webb said: “A substantial amount 

of time is now being put into aeronautics by our top people. Remember, we have to go through the air to get to space. The use of thin 

wall structures and the use of power delivered by engines all come 

out of the same research competence which we have. 

. . . I have been asked once or twice to consider whether NASA 

should take on the management and development of prototypes and 

all other factors relating to the building of a supersonic transport. 

“Each time I have pointed out that we spend a large number of our 

dollars through the military services because they have the procurement capability. They are the only people in the US. Government 

today who know how to let a contract, monitor a contract, and take 

delivery on large airplanes and large numbers of airplanes. We use 

them for that purpose in boosters where they have already developed 

the competence; and in new boosters like SATURN V, we also use their 

contract administration and their Project 60 for engines. . . .” (Id. 

Of. Approp. Hearings, 1095-1195) 

June 16: Max Quatinetz of NASA Lewis Research Center addressed International Powder Metallurgy Conference in New York. He discussed LRC 

research in adding fibered metals to tungsten to strengthen that metal, 

which has a high melting point but is brittle and difficult to work. 

Quatinetz described a new method of producing the fibered compounds 

66 
286 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

-extrusion of powdered metals. Researchers had formed tungsten 

composites containing high-temperature additives such as oxides, 

borides, nitrides, and carbides; they had noted increases in the metal’s 

stress-rupture life of up to 50 times. Quatinetz observed that the new 

method of fibering would have wide potential application in materials 

research. ( LRC Release 6545) 

June 16: Dr. Werner R. Kirchner, vice president and manager of Solid 

Rocket Operations, Aerojet-General Corp., received AIAA’S James H. 

Wyld Propulsion Award during the Institute’s Propulsion Joint Specialists’ Conference in Colorado Springs. He was cited for “outstanding contributions to the field of solid rocketry for over 15 years, including the development of thrust-vector control and thrust-reverser 

systems that made possible the use of solid rocket motors in ballistic 

missiles.” (NYT, 6/17/65, 54M) 

June 17: Charles W. Mathews, manager of the Gemini program, and Astronauts James McDivitt (Maj., USAF) and Edward White 11 (Maj., USAF) 

received NASA’s Exceptional Service Award from President Johnson in 

a special White House ceremony. Introducing the President, NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb said: “. . . we . . . should never forget that at the beginning of the space age, in 1957, the challenge of 

this new frontier which was laid down to us was first met by the man 

who is now the President of the United States and who has so graciously invited us here today to indicate again his interest in, and the importance he attaches to, the new systems we have developed for building our national competence in space and using the science and technologies acquired to work toward a peaceful world and a better world. 

“This great leader of our nation, and of the Free World, is still 

pioneering, this time on an even more difficult frontier where we must 

learn to master the restrained but decisive use of the powers which 

technology gives our nation. Those of us who are responsible for the 

build-up of our new base of technology believe that power, based on 

advanced technology, can provide new means to hold back those ruthless forces which answer not to the need of all men for security, freedom, dignity, and opportunity. The pioneering which President 

Johnson is engaged in today on this new frontier is, if anything, more 

important than his pioneering actions in 1958 to create our national 

program in aeronautics and space. 

“Seldom in the history of the world has one man had to play so vital 

a role in developing the tools of modern science and technology and 

then in the development of a national capability to use them to achieve 

cooperation toward a world consistent with our own ideals and those we 

have sought for others as well as ourselves.” 

Accompanying citations noted ‘‘outstanding contributions” and 

singled out Major White as “the first man to engage in self-propelled 

extra-vehicular activity.” Terming the three “the Christopher Columbuses of the 20th century,” Mr. Johnson said their work had nudged 

the world toward greater international cooperation. “Men who have 

worked together to reach the stars are not likely to descend together 

into the depths of war and desolation,” he said. Later, the recipients 

were guests at a luncheon held by Vice President Humphrey and received accolades in both the House and Senate. A crowd estimated at 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 287 

50,000 applauded the motorcade as Mathews and the astronauts rode 

to the Capitol. 

In the evening, Majors White (USAF) and McDivitt (USAF) narrated 

a 20-min. film of the GEMINI IV flight for the chiefs of foreign diplomatic missions. President Johnson, in a surprise appearance, told the 

astronauts to “take the Presidential plane and travel outside this country again.” He said: “Many people in many lands were thrilled by 

what you have done. I want you to join our delegation in Paris and 

go out among the friendly peoples of the earth to share with them the 

excitement and thrills of your experience.” 

Astronauts White and McDivitt then returned to the White House 

where provisions had been made for them and their families to remain overnight. (Text; Clopton, Wash. Post, 6/18/65, Al, A3; UPI, 

N.Y. Her. Trib., 6/18/65; Semple, NYT, 6/18/65, 1, 13; Sehlstedt, 

Balt. Sun, 6/18/65) 

June 17: x-15 No. 1 flown by pilot Milton Thompson (NASA) to 108,523 ft. 

altitude at maximum speed of 3,541 mph (mach 5.145) to measure and 

record infrared radiation and to conduct further flight checkouts on 

the new inertial guidance system. (NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 

President Johnson said during a Washington press conference that “we 

are going to build” a supersonic passenger airliner to compete in the 

world market against a supersonic transport being developed jointly 

by British and French interests and one the Russians intended to enter 

in the competition. Mr. Johnson told reporters he wanted the best 

plane possible, one that the airlines would buy as an economically attractive investment. (Transcript, NYT, 6/18/65, 14) 

A Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched from Wallops Sta., Va., to 

peak altitude of 109.9 mi. (176.8 km.j in an experiment io iiieaSiiie 

electron densities. Good signals were received on all telemetry channels throughout the flight; indications were that good data were obtained. Instrumentation was provided by GCA Corp. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

WAF’S attempt to launch Titan 111-c was unsuccessful when a series 

of minor technical problems and then bad weather were encountered. 

Two of thee technical holds were attributed to faulty instrumentation. 

The third hold was caused by a drop in pressure in the second stage 

oxidizer tank. 

F~c Phantom jet pilots downed two attacking Communist Korean 

War-vintage MiG-17’s about 80 mi. south of Hanoi. (AP, NYT, 

7/11/65) 

The Senate, in a 46-20 vote, gave final Congressional approval to a bill 

waiving the restriction barring military men from the post of Administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency, clearing the way for 

President Johnson to appoint Gen. William F. McKee (USAF, Ret.) 

of NASA. 

Sen. Wayne Morse (D-Ore.) introducing a bill to amend the NASA Space 

Act of 1958 regarding patent rights to inventions, said the bill had 

two objectives: “The first is to reestablish congressional control over 

the disposition of patent rights by the national aeronautics and space 

agency [sic], and the second is to provide that private companies 

desiring to acquire interests in such patents and processes repay the 

Flight Log) 

(Ubell, N.Y. Her. Trib., 6/18/65) 

(CR, 6/17/65, 13541; Wsj, 6/18/65,8) 
288 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

taxpayers of this country fair market value pursuant to the so-called 

Morse formula.’’ (CR, 6/17/65) 

June 17: Commenting on anxiety about the Soviet Union’s capability of 

delivering strategic weapons from near space, Dr. S. Fred Singer said 

in an article in Reporter: “If a bomb is released from a satellite without giving it any propulsion, it will stay with the satellite and simply 

blow it up. For a bomb from a satellite to be directed to a point on 

earth, it must be propelled not only with a lot of rocket power but also 

with exceedingly fine guidance. In principle, this can be done from a 

satellite or from the moon or even from the planet Pluto; but the cost 

and complexity is enormously greater than that of an equally effective 

ICBM buried deep in the earth itself.” 

In what he termed “Coming of Age in Houston,” William Hines wrote in 

the Washington Evening Star of “a new, mature outlook on the part 

of NASA.” He said: “There was a conscious effort to deglamorize (but 

not depersonalize) the [Gemini 41 astronauts, and to focus attention 

on the mission rather than on celebrities who would subsequently tell 

their stories in Life. The decision not to give the spacecraft a name 

and to use the radio call sign ‘Gemini 4’ was a step in this direction. 

“The determination of NASA to rid itself of what has been called 

the ‘Hollywood syndrome’ and handle space flights as transcendental 

news events instead of tawdry theatrical productions did not come 

easily, or without prodding from the outside. But once the decision 

had been made not to try any longer to fool all the people all the time, 

a new era in public understanding of space dawned.” (Hines, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 6/17/65) 

June 18: WAF Titan 111-c, launched from the Eastern Test Range, became 

the most powerful rocket known to have been lofted and the first 

liquid-fuel spacecraft to be lifted from its pad with solid-fuel rockets. 

Two 120-in.-dia., 86-ft.-long solid strap-on boosters generated a peak 

thrust of 2.647 million lbs. sec. after ignition to propel the liquidfuel core vehicle to an altitude of 24 mi. Less than two minutes after 

lift-off, the boosters were jettisoned by firing of 16 small rockets. The 

liquid-fuel engines of the 127-ft., three-stage core vehicle then fired a 

474,000-lb. thrust burst that injected the vehicle’s third stage (transtage) with 29,285433. lead ballast and instrument payload into an orbit 

with apogee, 116.2 mi. (187 km.) ; perigee, 110.4 mi. (177.7 km.) ; 

period, 88.1 min; inclination to the equator, 32.175”. This was the 

heaviest payload ever orbited ; insertion velocity was 25,584 fps. 

The solid-fuel motors, made by United Technology Center, were 

formed in 10-ft.-dia. segments stacked inside metal casings. Adding 

two segments to each of the two five-segment boosters used would permit Titan 111-c to put 32,000 lbs. into orbit. Payload could be increased to 40,000 lbs, using 13-ft.-dia. segments of another type already 

test-fired by UTC. Liquid stages used nitrogen tetroxide and Aerozene 

50 (a 50/50 mixture of hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine) as the oxidizer and fuel; the propellants ignited hypergolically. 

A series of twelve Titan 111-c tests was projected. 

Most powerful rocket previously launched was NASA’s Saturn I, 

which produced 1.5 million lbs. thrust. The most powerful known 

Soviet rocket, which orbited VOSKHOD I and VOSKHOD 11, had been 

(Reporter, 6/17/65, 14) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 289 

rated by American experts at 800,000-900,000 lbs. thrust. The twostage Titan 11 that launched GEMINI 111 and GEMINI IV into orbit 

produced 430,000 Ibs. of thrust. (Clark, NYT, 6/19/65, 1; AP, Benedict, V‘ash. Post, 6/19/65, A3; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/19/65; 

Av. Wk., 6/28/65, 16-19) 

June 18: A briefing given by NASA Administrator James E. Webb to President Johnson and the Cabinet in session said that the success of the last 

two Gemini missions “has proved the design and confirmed the results 

of the ground tests, has increased our confidence in the reliability of 

the over-all Gemini systems, and has enabled the National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration to advance the Gemini program such that 

rendezvous and docking are now scheduled during calendar year 1965.” 

(Text) 

NASA launched 3.5-ton Aerobee 350, new two-stage research rocket, 

from Wallops Station, Va., in first flight test. The 52-ft.-longY 22-in.- 

dia. rocket carried 367 lbs. of performance instrumentation to peak 

altitude of 235 mi. and impacted in Atlantic Ocean 160 mi. from launch 

site. 

Designed and developed by Space-General Corp., Aerobee 350 had 

a main stage “sustainer” propelled by four liquid-fuel engines, each 

developing 4,100 lbs. thrust. Booster stage used a solid propellant 

Nike motor with 51,000 lbs. thrust. Booster and sustainer stages fired 

simultaneously, with the booster burning out and separating about 

3.2 sec. later. The rocket would boost a minimum-weight payload of 

150 lbs. to an altitude of 290 mi. and a maximum payload of 500 lbs. 

to 210 mi. (Wallops Release 65-37; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

An ionospheric sounding probe launched by NASA on a Nike-Apache 

vehic!e fram Wel!ops Station, Va., reached peak altitude of 116 mi. 

in an experiment to measure electron density in the E region of the 

ionosphere. Electron profile data were obtained during both the 

ascent and descent portions of the flight trajectory and were telemetered 

to ground receiving stations during the flight. Experiment was conducted for National Bureau of Standards’ Central Radio Propagation 

Lab. and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. (Wallops Release 65-36) 

NASA announced it would negotiate with Lockheed Missiles and Space 

CO. for mission modifications on seven Agena-D second stages for 

future missions. Total cost of the modification would be more than 

$13 million. Five of the Agenas would be used with Atlas boosters to 

launch the Applications Technology Satellites (Ats) ; the other two, 

also to be boosted by Atlas launch vehicles, would be used for the 

third and fourth Orbiting Astronomical Observatories (Oao) . Lockheed would design, develop, and fabricate equipment and match the 

Agenas with the Atlas boosters and the spacecraft. (NASA Release 

65-199) 

ComSatCorp was authorized by FCC to begin temporary commercial service at midnight via EARLY BIRD I to replace circuits lost due to a break 

in the Canada-to-England cable. The authorization would be in 

effect until midnight June 26. 

A temporary tariff, approved by FCC, set a rate of $420 a day, per 

circuit, for the first two days of commercial operation and $210 per 

circuit for the remainder of the time. (ComSatCorp Release) 
290 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

June 18: Canada’s Black Brant research rocket underwent its second successful launch from Ft. Churchill, Manitoba. 

Brig. Gen. Joseph S. Bleymaier (USAF) , Deputy Commander (Manned 

Systems) of AFSC Space Systems Div. and head of the Titan 111-c 

program, and project leaders Cols. David V. Miller (USAF) and Otto 

C. Ledford (USAF) were honored by Maj. Gen. Ben I. Funk (USAF) 

for the success of the Titan-1x1 program. General Bleymaier’s commendation for the Legion of Merit was for “outstanding service to 

the United States.” Colonels Miller and Ledford were awarded 

Commendation Medals. The ceremony was conducted at Eastern 

Test Range one hour after launch of Titan 111-C-1. (Clark, NYT, 

6/19/65, 1,ll) 

USAF resumed tests of the Athena reentry program with two launches 

from Green River, Utah, into White Sands Missile Range. One was 

termed a complete success; the other 80% successful. (M&R, 6/28/65, 

11) 

First use of USAF B-52 heavy jet bomber in anger when 28 US. Strategic 

Air Command B-52’s dropped 750- and 1,000-lb. conventional bombs 

on Viet Cong units in South Vietnam. ~j-52 had been mainstay 

of US. global thermonuclear deterrent for almost a decade. (Margolis, 

Wash. Post, 6/18/65, Al, A18; EPH) 

lune 19: Vice President Humphrey and the GEMINI IV astronauts, Maj. 

James A. McDivitt (USAF) and Maj. Edward H. White 11 (USAF), won 

cheers and applause from visitors to the International Air Show at 

Le Bourget, France. Attendance at US. pavilion, which had been poor, 

picked up appreciably. Also present were NASA Administrator James 

E. Webb, and Charles Mathews, manager of the Gemini program. 

A scheduled formal meeting between the American astronauts and 

Lt. Col. Yuri Gagarin, first man in space, fell through when the 

Soviets announced that Col. Gagarin would be “too busy.” However, 

at an o5cial luncheon, Gagarin stopped at White’s table and the two 

astronauts shook hands and spoke briefly. (.4~, NYT, 6/20/65, 38; 

UPI, Wash. Daily News, 6/19J65; AP, Hudgins, Wash. Post, 6/20/65, 

A28) 

TIRos VII meteorological satellite completed two years in orbit without a 

failure. NASA had orbited TIROS VII June 19, 1963, with a Thor-Delta 

launch vehicle launched from ETR (then called AMR) . (NASA Proj. Off.) 

Gemini 5 spacecraft was flown by cargo carrier to Kennedy Space 

Center, NASA, for the seven-day flight scheduled for Aug. 9. (UPI, NYT, 

6/20/65) 

British physicist Samuel Tolansky of London Univ.’s Royal Holloway 

College theorized that a carpet of black diamonds valuable for industrial purposes had formed on the lunar surface over the ages because 

of meteor impact. He cited diamonds found in the El Diablo meteorite 

crater in Arizona. 

“It is time now to put the manned military control of space on a crash 

basis equal in priority to the Apollo program,” said Rep. John W. 

Wydler (R-N.Y.), member of the House Science and Astronautics 

Committee, in a letter to the editor in the New York Times. He suggested the following steps be taken: “The first M.O.L. flight is 

scheduled from two and one half to three years from now. This 

(M&R, 6/28/65, 11) 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/19/65, 1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 291 

should be speeded up at least a year and the necessary sacrifices made 

to achieve it. The Gemini capsules required for the M.O.L. project 

should be ordered at once. To achieve our goals effectively the manned 

earth orbiting program should be placed under military control. . . . “I believe the only way the Department of Defense can meet its 

responsibilities in ‘near space’ is to assume direction of the manned 

earth orbiting program. It should reorganize the US. Air Force 

into the US. Aerospace Force and make it truly that. . . . “The decision we must make is not whether there will be military 

control of space but rather whether that control will be Russian or our 

own. . . .” 

June 19: The Space Act of 1958 may have unwittingly provided competition 

that is getting results, said an editorial in the Cleveland Plain Dealer: 

There was conjecture then, and there is conjecture now, that NASA 

and the Air Force duplicate efforts in the parallel development of 

rockets. 

“But yesterday’s dramatic blastoff of the triple-barrelled Titan 3-C 

by the Air Force, coming closely on the heels of NASA’s sensationa1 

Gemini performance, indicates the competition, thus far is beneficial to 

both.” 

USAF has come up with something for NASA to reckon with, commented 

William Hines, concerning the Titan 111-c success, in an article in the 

Washington Evening Star: “It is the Air Force position-which NASA 

will now be forced to try to disprove-that anything Saturn IB can 

do, Titan 111-c can do better. 

“The Air Force, for its part, must now try to prove Titan 111-C’S 

reliability over the long haul . . . Gen. Joseph S. Bleymaier Jr., head 

of the Titan 1x1-c program, said it is his goal to make every one of the 

Bleymaier says the 

Titan 111-c can be produced in quantity for $12.8 million, or just 

a little more than half the $22 million it is estimated NASA’s Saturn IB 

will cost. Titan 111-C’S $800 million development cost is but a 

fraction of what NASA will have spent to get the first Saturn IB off the 

ground.” 

June 20: Vice President Humphrey. in France for the International Air 

Show at Le Bourget with Astronauts White and McDivitt, met for 80 

min. with President de Gaulle. (Tanner, NYT, 6/21/65; Newport 

News Daily Press, 6/22/65) 

Two single-engine propeller-driven Skyraider tactical bombers downed 

two Communist jet MiG-17’s over North Vietnam. (AP, NYT, 

7/11/65) 

June 21: F-1 rocket engine completed its 1,000th test firing at NASA MSFC’S 

Rocket Engine Test Site where it operated at its full thrust of 1,500,000 

lbs. for 165.6 sec. Test was conducted by North American Aviation’s 

Rocketdyne Div. In a cluster of five, F-1 would provide 7,500,000 

lbs. thrust in the SIC first stage of the Saturn V booster that would 

launch Apollo lunar missions. ( MSFC Release 65-154; MarshuU Star, 

6/23/65, 1) 

NASA would negotiate with the Rocketdyne Div. of North American 

Aviation, Inc., for 22 H-1 rocket engines with 200,000-lb. thrust for 

(NYT, 6/19/65, 28) 

(6 

There are rumors of smouldering controversy. 

(Cleveland Plain Dealer, 6/19/65, 23) 

12 shots i:: the Titan I!!--c de.:e!c?pmeIlt series a 100% SUCC~SS. 

“Equally important with reliability is cost. 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 6/19/65) 
292 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

use on the 12 Saturn IB launch vehicles presently planned, NASA 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced. Engines, with supporting 

services, would cost more than $6 million. (MSFC Release 65-155; 

Marshall Star, 6/23/65, 1) 

June 21 I Dr. Robert C. Seamans, NASA Associate Administrator, received 

the New England Aero Club’s Godfrey L. Cabot Award in Boston. 

He was cited for “outstanding contributions to aeronautics.” (NASA 

Release 65-193) 

West German satellite tracking station at Bochum monitored radio 

signals from a new Soviet space probe. The observatory said it had 

received the signals since 11:26 a.m. EDT. 

AEc reorganized its space-related R&D activities and established a Division 

of Space Nuclear Systems. All AEC space-oriented work on Snap 

reactor and isotope electric power systems was transferred to newlycreated Space Electric Power Office in that division. Isotopic thruster 

propulsion work, formerly under AEC Division of Isotopes Development, 

was transferred to NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office ( SNPO) . “A major advantage of the new organizational alignment [was] the 

improved communication and ease of coordination between AEC and 

NASA in the power area.” 

Immediate planning for a fourth jetport for the New York City 

area was advocated by Harold E. Gray, President of Pan American 

World Airways, at the -4nnual Aviation Luncheon of the Queens 

Chamber of Commerce: “Maybe the need is eight years from now. 

Maybe it is twelve years from now. But it would take ten years, as 

I understand it-starting today-to develop a fourth airport. So, 

tomorrow may be too late to make this start. Maiiana is not soon 

enough for me!” This was the first time a Pan Am official had stated 

the airline’s position on the jetport issue. (Hudson, NYT, 6/22/65, 58) 

Rep. Oren Harris (D-Ark.) , in France for the International Air Show, 

endorsed the idea of an international exhibition at Dulles International 

Airport in 1966. Harris, who headed the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce which would handle any American counterpart of the Paris show, made his statement after comment by American 

aircraft builders participating at Le Bourget that the US. had let 

the Soviet Union “steal the show.” 

During the first days of the exposition, the Russians had displayed the 

prototype of a 720-passenger commercial aircraft to be ready in two 

years. Also, Yuri Gagarin, first man in space, was on hand. The 

US. had recovered some lost ground during the final weekend by flying 

in Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Astronauts Edward White II 

(Maj., USAF) and James McDivitt (Maj., USAF). American jets had 

also put on spectacular acrobatic demonstrations. 

Rep. Harris said the project had been discussed at the White House 

but that further studies by the FAA and the Budget Bureau would be 

necessary. 

The U.S. showing at Le Bourget was discussed by Robert Hotz in an 

Aviation Week and Space Technology editorial: “The United States 

is presenting a sorry spectacle at the 26th Paris Air Show [June 11-21] 

that does grave injustice to its genuine aerospace capability in relation to 

its principal competitors, including the Soviet Union. As the show 

(Reuters, 6/21/65) 

(Atomic Energy Programs, 1965, 141) 

( UPI, Bruns, Wash. Pose, 6/22/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 293 

draws to a close, only a bold stroke of public relations, such as jetting 

Astronauts White and McDivitt with their Gemini capsule to Le Bourget 

for a weekend finale would offer any chance for the US. to recoup the 

prestige lost last week through the combination of top-level government indifference, official naivete and the stifling channels of interagency bureaucracy between the various government departments involved in the U.S. show effort. . . . “For the past two Paris air shows, the NASA exhibit has been a major 

sensation, convincing Europeans of U.S. technological leadership. This 

year, NASA was conspici~ously absent. Even frantic pleas from the 

French to have Astronaut John Glenn appear to match the Soviets’ 

Yuri Gagarin were strangled in the maze of interdepartmental coordination. . . . “The net result of this sad combination of government bungling at 

Le Bourget has been to spend large sums of the taxpayers’ dollar to 

create the impression that the United States is resting smugly on its 

technical oars, complacently relying on rapidly obsolescing military 

hardware for the present and craftily confident this aging equipment 

can be foisted on its European allies in the near future.” (Hotz, 

Av. Wk., 6/21/65, 13) 

June 21-July 16: Space Research Summer Study-1965, convened at Woods 

Hole, Mass., by NASNRC Space Science Board, reviewed the National 

space program. Various working panels were formed to examine in 

detail the three topics of particular focus : planetary exploration, 

astronomy requirements, and the role of man in space research. About 

200 invited scientists participated in the multi-disciplinary review, 

which was under general chairmanship of George P. Woollard, Director, 

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics. NASA provided financial support. 

(NAS-NRC, i‘ews Repori, 9/65, 5) 

June 22: MARINER IV spacecraft was functioning well on its mission to 

Mars, but the public should not “expect too much” from the photographs of Mars it was scheduled to take July 14, NASA scientists said 

during a press briefing. It was conjectural whether the 21 photographs the Mars probe would take would be clear enough to disprove or 

verify the theories held by some scientists that there are canals and 

some form of life on Mars. Scientists who would study the photo. 

graphs pointed out that 21 pictures would only enable them to see 

1% of Mars. Nevertheless, any pictures of the surface would be far 

superior to the best observations now obtainable with earth-based telescopes. 

The first few photographs might be made public immediately after 

being received, but the others probably would not be released until 

they had been studied for weeks or months. (Transcript, Sehlstedt, 

Balt. Sun, 6/23/65; Hill, NYT, 6/23/65, 7) 

X-15 No. 2 flown by pilot John McKay (NASA) to 155,900 ft. altitude at 

maximum speed of 3,938 mph (mach 5.64) to obtain data on star 

tracking cameras, landing gear modification checkout, stability and 

control and advanced x-15 landing dynamics. (NASA X-15 Proj. 

Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

The GEMINI IV spacecraft’s onboard computer that failed toward the end 

of the GT4 flight was working well in ground tests. It would be 
294 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

tested under simulated orbit conditions to determine if the problem 

might have been in the inertial guidance system. (UPI, NYT, 6/22/65, 

36; Phil. Eve. Bull., 6/22/65) 

June 22: Two Nike-Apache sounding rockets launched two sodium vapor 

trail experiments from Wallops Station, Va., as part of NASA’s upper 

atmosphere meteorological research program. Vapor trails were 

ejected through a region 40 to 124 mi. above earth. One rocket was 

fired on an azimuth of 90’ (due east) and the other on a 130” azimuth 

(southeast) so that the sodium trails were in the same altitude region at 

about the same time but several miles apart to provide data on wind 

behavior variations over a lateral distance as well as at various altitudes. 

(Wallops Release 65-38 ) 

President Johnson nominated Astronauts Walter M. Schirra (USN) 

and John Young (USN) for promotions. Commander Schirra was 

nominated for captain and Lt. Commander Young for commander. 

Each had received his current rank in 1961, before the space flights. 

All the original astronaut team had now been promoted. (AP, Wash. 

Post, 6/23/65, A12) 

lune 23: Three Nike-Apache sounding rockets launched vapor trail experiments from Wallops Station, Va., as N.4SA completed a five-shot, twoday series of experiments to measure wind direction and velocity over 

the Atlantic coast as part of its meteorological research program. P“;- 

loads also contained instrumentation to compare electron densities with 

wind dispersion and to measure electron temperatures. Experiments 

were conducted for the GCA Corp. under contract to NASA. (Wallops 

Release 65-39) 

Pegasus C, third meteoroid detection satellite, arrived at NASA Kennedy 

Space Center aboard the aircraft “Pregnant Guppy.” Pegasus C was 

scheduled for launch during summer of 1965 by SA-lo, the last Saturn 

I vehicle. 

President Johnson nominated Gen. William F. McKee to be Administrator 

of the Federal Aviation Agency. He made the appointment after 

signing a bill that exempted General McKee (USAF, Ret.) from the 

requirement that the FAA administrator be a civilian. (AP, NYT, 

6/25/65 ) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb said in an address to the Defense 

supply Agency in Alexandria, Va.: “We are at a watershed of historywe are at a point where man has made reality of his wildest imagination-he has created machines which enable him to move outward fmm 

the earth into the new environment of space, not just in thought, but 

in actuality, taking long strides toward the stars. . . . “With the initial planning and procurement phases behind us, we 

are now approaching a period when decisions on the next generation 

of major activities in space will be made. We have created and tested 

a workable managerial capability to direct the planning, approval, and 

execution of future programs. We believe that adoption of what we 

have termed ‘Phased Program Planning’ will materially assist US in 

achieving this goal. 

“Phased Program Planning represents an orderly, sequential progression in the execution of major NASA projects. It provides for 

formulating proposed work goals and missions, and allows for re- 

( MSFC Release 65-159; Marshal2 Star, 6/30/65, 2) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 295 

appraisal points for management consideration to advance or replan 

such proposals, as well as the resources to implement them.” 

June 23: NASA ordered new computer equipment that would make possible 

the processing of data sent back by spacecraft at a rate 40 times faster 

than in the systems currently used. The contract, ranging from an 

initial procurement of about $8 million to a possible total of $18 million 

if all contract options were exercised, was being negotiated with International Business Machines Corp. (NASA Release 65-205; AP, NYT, 

6/24/65, 4; AP, WSJ, 6/24/65) 

Joint plans for higher wage and improved fringe benefits negotiations 

in 29 agreements with major aerospace companies were formulated at 

a conference in Washington, D.C., between leaders of the United 

Automobile Workers and the International Association of Machinists. 

Contracts discussed would expire within the next six months. (AP, 

NYT, 6/24/65, 21) 

June 24: A wage dispute involving the International Alliance of Theatrical 

and Stage Employees caused a shutdown of much of the construction 

under way at Kennedy Space Center, NASA, as about 3,000 of some 

5,700 construction workers stayed off the job because of the picket lines. 

(UPI, NYT, 6/25/65, 28) 

NASA and the US. Army had entered into an agreement which would 

establish a joint effort in the area of low-speed aeronautical research 

to be accomplished in facilities at NASA Ames Research Center, Ames 

reported. The program would be conducted in cooperation with 

personnel of the US. Army Materiel Command. (ARC Astrogram, 

6/24/65, 1) 

USAF launched an unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB with a 

Thor-Able-Star booster. 

NASA would stick with its Saturn launch vehicles for the Apollo program, 

Maj. Gen. Samuel C. Phillips (USAF), Apollo Program Director, 

reportedly said in Tulsa. Asked about the possibility of “leap-frogging in the Apollo and making use of Titan 111-c-because of its 

launch potential-instead of Saturn V, Phillips said “no,” and commented: “The Saturn vehicle will do what we want insofar as the 

Apollo program is concerned, and leapfrogging now probably would 

mean some setbacks rather than advancing the Apollo project.” He 

said launch vehicles such as Titan III-C, which had a potential of 

11 to 15 million lbs. of thrust, most certainly would have major roles 

in future space operations. “But NASA is committed to the Saturn for 

the Apollo and we plan to stick with this vehicle.” (Leslie, Tulsa 

Daily World, 6/24/65) 

Vice President Humphrey announced that the National Aeronautics and 

Space Council, of which he is chairman, would meet July 1 to consider 

a proposed USAF manned orbiting laboratory. Meeting was later 

postponed to July 9. (NYT, 6/26/65,5; EPH) 

Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced 

Research and Technology, submitted his resignation, effective at the 

end of August, to accept the presidency of Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Bisplinghoff had come to NASA in 1962 

from MIT where he was Deputy Head of the Department of Aeronautical 

Engineering. (NASA Release 65-208) 

(Text) 

(UPI, NYT, 6/26/65, 6) 

. 9, 
296 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

June 24: NASA Administrator James E. Webb presented NASA Exceptional 

Service Award to Dr. George F. Simpson, Assistant Administrator for 

Policy Planning, in an informal Headquarters ceremony. Having 

joined NASA in 1961, Dr. Simpson resigned to become Chancellor of 

the State of Georgia University System. 

First Federal regulations specifically governing agricultural flying 

and related activities were announced by FAA. Effective Jan. 1. 1966, 

the rules would establish national standards and requirements for 

private and commercial agricultural operator certificates, operating 

rules, aircraft airworthiness, pilot qualifications, and record keeping. 

(FAA Release 65-50) 

Senate adopted a resolution requesting President Johnson to proclaim 

Sept. 17 and 1s as special days in honor of the memory of James 

Smithson, the Englishman who willed all his property for establishment 

of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. 200th anniversary of his birth would be celebrated this year. (AP, NYT, 6/26/65,20) 

Col. Jack Bollerud (USAF) was appointed Deputy Director of Space 

Medicine, Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA Hq. He would be 

deputy to Dr. W. Randolph Lovelace 11. 

June 25: Soviet Union launched COSMOS LXIX artificial earth satellite 

containing scientific equipment for the study of outer space. Orbital 

parameters: apogee, 332 km. (206 mi.) ; perigee, 211 km. (131 mi.) ; 

period, 89.7 min.; inclination to the equator, 65". All instruments 

were operating normally. (Izvestia, 6/26/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans. ; Pravda, 6/26/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

USAF launched two unidentified satellites from Vandenberg AFB using 

a single Atlas-Agena D booster. (UPI, Chic. Trib., 6/26/65; U.S. 

Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 146) 

First Phoebus 1~ nuclear reactor test was conducted at NRDS, the reactor 

operating successfully at full power for lOY1 min. The reactor was 

damaged during shutdown when the facility liquid hydrogen supply 

was unexpectedly exhausted. Test was part of NASA-AEC Phoebus 

program to extend graphite reactor technology developed under the 

Kiwi series to higher power and temperature, ultimately leading to 

high-thrust nuclear engine system for space exploration. (Rover 

Chron.; Atomic Energy Programs, 1965, 145) 

NASA Lewis Research Center announced successful test of a large-scale 

facility to investigate the boiling of liquid sodium. Test was just 

one milestone in the complex and extensive research being conducted 

on the properties and engineering performance of liquid metals. 

Liquid alkali metals, having excellent heat-transfer capabilities and 

large liquid range, were being considered as working fluids in future 

advance electric power systems in spacecraft. 

NASA announced it would negotiate with Douglas Aircraft Co. for 

nine additional S-IVB flight stages to be used as the third stage of the 

Saturn V launch vehicle being developed at NASA Marshall Space 

Flight Center. Work would also include related spares and launch 

support services. Value of the SIVB contract presently totaled some 

$312 million. The new work was expected to exceed $150 million. 

(NASA Release 65-209; &1sFc Release 65-162 ; Marshall Star, 6/30/65, 

1) 

(EPH) 

(NASA Release 65-207) 

(LRC Release 65-46) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 297 

June 25: Thiokol Chemical Corp. received from USAF a $3,195,500 fixedprice contract for design, development, and firing of a 156-in. solid 

rocket motor. USAF also awarded United Technology Center a 

$10,500,000 increment to a previously issued contract for design, development, fabrication, delivery, and flight testing of large segmented 

solid propellant motors. 

Ives, Whitehead & Co., Inc., a Washington, D.C., management and 

trade consultant company, proposed that the Nation’s program to 

develop a supersonic airliner be financed by a special Government 

corporation similar to ComSatCorp. The plan would eliminate the 

necessity of asking Congress to appropriate the minimum $1 billion 

needed for development of the aircraft. The proposed company would 

be known as the SST Development Corp. and would be authorized to 

raise capital funds through private investment channels, by issuing 

and selling bonds or notes or both. The corporation would then enter 

into contracts with airframe and engine manufacturers whose designs 

had been selected by FAA. The corporation’s obligations would be 

repaid by a predetermined percentage of the profits earned by industry 

by selling the planes to private airlines and by royalty payments added 

to the sale price of the plane by the airlines. ( UPI, NYT, 6/26/65, 42) 

NASA announced the appointment of Robert F. Thompson as Mission 

Director for the future Gemini missions and Col. C. H. Bolender (USAF) 

as Mission Director for the first and second Apollo/Saturn IB flights. 

Thompson and Bolender were assigned to the Mission Operations 

Organization in the Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA Hq., and 

would have overall responsibility for directing assigned missions. 

Christopher Kraft would continue in his regular assignment as Flight 

Director for Gemini missions. 

Thompson was Chief, Landing and Recovery Div., NASA Manned 

Spacecraft Center, before receiving this assignment. Col. Bolendyr 

had directed a studies group in the office of the WAF Chief of Staff 

and had engaged in extensive guided missiles and aeronautical systems 

work. 

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) authorized Pan American Airways 

and Trans World Airlines to subsidize New York Airways’ helicopter 

service temporarily. CAB also announced that two stockholders in 

New York Airways, Robert G. Goelet and John Hay Whitney, had lent 

a total of $165,000 to the company. 

South African Prime Minister Hendrik F. Verwoerd said his government 

would not admit American Negroes if they were assigned to work in 

satellite tracking stations operatinw in South Africa. The Johannesburg Sunday Times commented: a“The United States will have to 

decide whether it can afford morally to overlook Dr. Verwoerd’s remarks.” (Lelyveld. NYT, 6/27/65) 

A centennial meeting in Moscow paying homage to the work of Gregor 

Mendel marked the end of a 20-yr. period during which his work was 

discredited and Soviet biological science was based on the work of 

geneticist Trofim D. Lysenko. 

June 26: NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced at a press conference during the 23rd annual Hampton County (S.C.) Watermelon 

Festival that the Gemini V manned space flight would be an eight-day 

( DOD Release 426-65) 

(NASA Release 65-21 1 ) 

(AP, NYT, 6/26/65, 42) 

(NYT, 6/27/65, 2) 
298 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

mission-the time required to fly to the moon, explore its surface, and 

return to earth. Webb also disclosed that NASA would announce next 

week the selection of six scientist astronauts. 

Speaking at “Mendel Rivers Day” ceremony, Webb pointed out that 

Congressman Mendel Rivers, Chairman of the House Armed Services 

Committee, “has steadily supported the Nation’s effort to build 

strength in space.” Webb also said: “Thoughtful students of national 

power and its uses are increasingly aware that America’s security as 

well as her leadership of the Free World, depends directly upon our 

progress in mastering and using space. 

“The National Aeronautics and Space Administration cooperates 

closely with the Department of Defense, to ensure that the technological 

progress we make in developing the peaceful uses of space will be drawn 

upon as needed to help keep the peace-in space and on earth. 

“As you can readily understand, the development of military space 

systems follows those basic research fields which provide the scientific 

understanding and technological capability to make such systems 

possible. It is NASA’s job, as the space research and development 

agency, to provide this basic knowledge and know-how.” 

Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and John W. Young accompanied Webb 

to this festival. (NASA Release; Text; Aerospace Historian, 10/65, 

JWW 26: 20th anniversary of the United Nations celebrated in San Francisco. 

President Lyndon B. Johnson said in an address to the General Assembly: “The movement of history is glacial. On two decades of experience none can presume to speak with certainty of the destiny of man’s 

affairs. But this we do know and this we believe: Futility and failure 

are not the truths of this Organization brought into being here 20 

years ago. 

“Where historically man has moved fitfully from war toward war, 

in these last two decades man has moved steadily away from war as 

either an instrument of national policy or a means of international 

decision. . . . “The promise of the future lies in what science, the ever more 

productive industrial machine, the ever more productive, fertile and 

usable lands, the computer, the miracle drug and the man in space 

all spread before us. The promise of the future lies in what the 

religions and the philosophies, the cultures and the wisdoms of 5,000 

years of civilization have finally distilled and confined to us-the 

promise of abundant life and the brotherhood of man.” (Text, NYT, 

6/26/65) 

June 26: Thirteen NASA astronauts left NASA Manned Spacecraft Center for 

an area near King Salmon AFB, Alaska, for a week-long study of a 

large volcanic ash flow believed to be similar to the surface of the 

moon. The ash was deposited in 1912 from a volcanic eruption and is 

the largest flow of its type in the world. 

An S-IVB facility vehicle and an S-11 simulator arrived in New Orleans 

aboard the USNS Point Barrow enroute to NASA Kennedy Space Center. 

Both the S-IVB and s-11 were upper stages of the Saturn V launch 

vehicle. The S-IVB would also serve as the second stage of the 

Saturn IB booster. ( MSFC Release 65-161; Marshall Star, 6/30/65, 

2) 

111-14) 

(AP, NYT, 6/22/65, 2) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 299 

June 26: Sealab 11, described as having some interesting “physiological” 

similarities to the proposed USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory program, was scheduled to begin the middle of August by the Office of 

Naval Research. In the experiment, part of a long-range project to 

determine how effectively man could work under the sea, two diving 

teams of ten men each would descend to the Pacific Ocean bottom off La 

Jolla, Calif. Two of the divers were expected to stay on the bottom 

for 30 days, living and sleeping in specially-designed, 57-ft. long 

quarters about 210 ft. below the surface. 

It was anticipated that Cdr. M. Scott Carpenter (USN), presently on 

loan from NASA, would be leader of the first team. (Anderson, Chic. 

Trib., 6/27/65) 

The solar boat had been found feasible by Army engineers after extensive 

tests, NlNA reported. It was a lightweight craft that operated solely 

by sunlight falling on power-generating cells. The Army said: “The 

solar propulsion boat may have potential military application where 

it is necessary to operate quietly and without using conventional fuel.” 

( NANA, Detroit News, 6/27/65) 

June 27: The six scientist-astronauts selected for the Apollo program were 

announced in the Nation’s press: Owen K. Garriott, 34, associate professor of physics, Stanford Univ.; Edward G. Gibson, 29, senior research scientist, Applied Research Labs., Aeronutronic Div., Philco 

Corp. ; Duane E. Graveline, 34<, flight surgeon, NASA Manned Spacecraft 

Center; Lt. Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin (USN), 33, staff flight surgeon, Air 

Wing, 4, Cecil Field Naval Air Sta., Pa.; Frank Curtis Michel, 31, 

assistant professor of space sciences, Rice Univ. ; Harrison Schmitt, 29, 

astrogeologist, US. Geological Survey. 

They were chosen from a group of 16 nominees submitted to NASA 

by the National Academy of Sciences. NAS had screened about 400 

applications forwarded by NASA earlier this year. 

The six new scientist-astronauts were to have been announced officially by NASA June 29 but NASA officials confirmed the six named on 

June 28, the day after the press stories. (Schefter, Houston Chron., 

6/27,/65; UPI, Wash. Post, 6/27/65) 

First clear spectrograms of ultraviolet light from the stars were 

obtained on a Princeton Univ. rocket experiment originally thought 

to have been a failure, a spokesman for the university’s rocket program 

announced. 

The films from the June 1 flight from White Sands Missile Range 

had at first been feared to be fogged, but after being developed by 

special techniques, showed spectra of starlight with a fineness of detail 

never before achieved. A detailed report would be issued after the 

films had been studied further. (AP, NYT, 6/28/65; Wash. Post, 

6/29/65) 

The US. should take the lead in establishing an international patent 

system, Dept. of Commerce Deputy Assistant Secretary for Science 

and Technology William W. Eaton said at a patent conference in 

Washington, D.C. At present, an inventor must take out separate 

patents in each of several foreign countries or run the risk of his idea 

being exploited. The new system would eliminate this problem by 

having one international patent cover each invention, Mr. Eaton said. 

(Sci. Sew., NYT, 6/27/65, 53) 
300 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

June 27: In his column in the New York Journal American, Bob Considine 

cited an item written about Soviet failures in space by Julius Epstein, a 

research associate ~ith the Hoover Institute of War, Revolution, and 

Peace, Stanford Univ. : “According to reliable reports in Washington, 

the Soviets have lost at least three cosmonauts on their way to the 

moon. My first publication of these assertions in 1962 met with no 

denial from our National Aeronautical and Space Agency when I 

forwarded a copy and asked for comment. A free-lance writer, researching the possibility of Soviet failures, tells me that NASA informed 

him that all such information had been classified as top secret. They 

recommended that he use my material! Isn’t that a reasonable indication for the veracity of this record?” (Considine, N.Y. J. Amer., 

6/27/65) 

Soviet parachutist holding world and national records, Vyacheslav 

Zharikov, flew through the air at 119 mph at the end of an airplanetowed cable, Tass reported. He then dropped free. opened his parachute above 100,000 spectators at an air show at Tula, USSR., and 

landed safely. 

June 28: Pictures of Mars relayed to earth by MARINER IV would be released to the public within 36 to 48 hrs. after they were taken July 14, 

NASA announced. MARINER IV was expected to take more than 20 

photographs in about 2-1 min. and radio them back to earth in digital 

form; while not as detailed as the Ranger photographs, they were expected to make a valuable contribution to space exploration. 

The pictures 

would be taken at somewhat greater distances while Mars was in sunlight relative to the spacecraft. (NASA Release 65-210; UPI, NYT, 

6/29/65) 

NASA officially confirmed the six scientist-astronauts named in the Nation’s press June 27. They were Owen K. Garriott; Edward G. Gibson; Duane E. Graveline; Lt. Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin (USN) ; Frank 

Curtis Michel; and Harrison Schmitt. 

USAF and NASA were finishing plans for joint lifting-body tests, reported 

William Normyle in Aviat~on Week and Space Technology. He said 

a joint USAF-NASA Flight Test Group was being formed at Edwards 

AFB and would include NASA and USAF pilots who would flight-test three 

lifting-body configurations in a program to be monitored by NASA. 

Two configurations, the M-2 and the HL-10, were NASA designs built 

by Northrop Corp’s Norair Div. Third configuration, USAF’S SV-5, 

was developed by Martin Co. 

In response to newsmen’s questions, a spokesman for the State Dept. said 

the US. planned to continue operating its two satellite tracking stations in South Africa despite the warning by South African Prime 

Minister Hendrick Verwoerd that Negro Americans cannot be employed there. Of the two tracking stations, DOD operated one and 

NASA the other. The DOD station employed about 50 American technicians, almost all civilians, and about 25 South Africans. The NASA 

station had only one American, a liaison officer; other employees were 

South Africans-some of them non-white. (Halloran, Wash. Post, 

6/29/65, A16) 

EARLY BIRD I began commercial operations when President Johnson formally inaugurated telephone service via communications satellite in a 

(AP. Wash. Post, 6/28/65, A17) 

MARINER IV would pass within 5,600 mi. of the planet. 

(NASA Release 65-212) 

(Normyle, Av. Wk., 6/28/65, 19) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 301 

25-min., 6-nation conference call with European officials, including 

British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard, and Swiss President Tschudi. Participants reported satisfaction with results. (ComSatCorD Release: Robertson. NYT. 

6/29/65, 12) 

June 28: At a Special Awards Ceremony at’NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, 

the Presidential Citation was presented to John H. Robinson of Resources Management Div. Robinson was one of the three. individuals 

responsible for organizing a control center, preparing all Pert networks, 

and operating this control center. Operation was so effective that 

USAF was able to complete a modernization program far ahead of 

schedule with a monetary saving of several million dollars. (MSC 

Roundup, 7/9/65, 3) 

President Johnson accepted the resignation of Eugene G. Fubini 

as Assistant Secretary of Defense (Deputy Director of Research and 

Engineering), effective July 15. 

A strike by 86 members of the International Alliance of Theatrical and 

Stage Employees carried work stoppage at Kennedy Space Center into 

the fifth day. They had walked out in a wage dispute with a firm 

providing printing and reproduction services for NASA; about half the 

5,300 construction workers at KSC had honored their picket lines, halting work on $178 million worth of projects. (Wush. Post, 6/29/65) 

June 29: NASA successfully conducted an Apollo boilerplate pad abort test 

at White Sands Missile Range to check the launch escape system. 

The test simulated an abort from ground level, using the Apollo launch 

escape system for propulsion. This type of abort would be necessary 

in an actual mission if serious trouble developed with the Saturn launch 

vehicle just before or during ignition of the Saturn en,‘ uines. 

Boilerplate 23A, the command module used for this test, powered 

by the iaunch escape rocket’s i55,OOO 1Es. of thrust, tra.:e!ed 5,KE ft. 

above the range. Eleven sec. after ignition was signaled from the 

blockhouse, canards deployed near the top of the escape motor, causing the spacecraft to pitch aerodynamically to a blunt-end-forward 

position. Three seconds later, the tower jettison motor ignited, removing the tower and boost protective cover from the spacecraft. The 

forward (apex) heat shield was jettisoned .4 sec. later to uncover the 

parachute containers. Dual drogue parachutes were deployed by mortars from the upper deck two seconds after the LES was jettisoned. 

They slowed the spacecraft’s descent, then disreefed to stabilize the 

module in a blunt-end-forward position. When the drogue parachutes 

were jettisoned, three pilot chutes were deployed to extract the three 

main chutes from their containers. The main parachutes were deployed in reefed condition, then disreefed to lower the spacecraft to 

a gentle landing about one mile from the launch site. The flight sequence took about one minute. This was the first Apollo boilerplate 

to be reused. (NASA Release 65-202; UPI, Chic. Trib., 6/30/65; MSC 

Roundup, 6/25/65, 1 ) 

President Johnson signed the bill authorizing $5,190.396,200 for NASA 

during FY 1966. 

At Kennedy Space Center, NASA problems with radio frequencies forced 

at two-day postponement of an attempt to launch Tiros 10 weather 

(UPI, Wush. Post, 6/29/65) 

(AP, Wash. Post, 6/30/65) 
302 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

satellite, designed to study hurricanes and typhoons. (Wash. Post, 

6/29/65) 

June 29: Ten firms had submitted proposals to the NASA Marshall Space 

Flight Center for preliminary dksiin study of the Optical Technology 

Satellite being considered as part of the Apollo Extension System 

(Aes). Two contracts would be awarded for parallel studies. 

Objective of the proposed Ots program was to advance NASA’S capability in space optics technology by performing several engineering and 

scientific experiments in space. Selected contractors would review 

existing conceptual designs for Ots and analyze the technical feasibility and justification for the performance in space of experiments being 

considered. The contractor would then create a conceptual design 

with onboard experiments. 

In Phase 11, the contractor would perform a conceptual design study 

of the Ots subsystem to establish a sound base for overall preliminary 

design. The program would be under NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. (NASA Release 65-213; MSFC Release 65- 

213) 

Capt. Joseph Engle JUSAF) qualified for the military rating of astronaut 

by piloting the X-15 No. 3 research aircraft to an altitude of 280,600 

ft. at a maximum speed of 3,432 mph (mach 4.94). By exceeding 

264,000 ft. (50 mi.) Engle, 32, met the USAF astronaut requirements. 

Purpose of the flight was to use a scanning device to obtain measurements of the earth’s horizon. The measurements would be used to 

establish the design criteria for navigational systems for future spacecraft. (NASA X-15 Proj. off.; NASA Release 65-201; X-15 Flight 

Log 1 

USAF awarded Hughes Aircraft Co. a $13,468,725 contract for modifications of missiles and space parts. 

Pickets were removed from entrances to Kennedy Space Center, NASA, 

when printing and reproduction workers voted to end their 6-day-old 

construction-crippling strike and submit the dispute to the President’s 

Missile Sites Labor Commission. Removal of the pickets would enable 2,200 construction workers who had honored the lines to return 

to vital space projects. 

The 10 crew members of a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707 jetliner that caught fire just after take-off and lost an engine and part of 

a wing would receive FAA’s Exceptional Service Citation and medals, 

FAA announced. Capt. Charles H. Kimes and his crew landed the plane 

safely at Travis AFB; all passengers were clear of the plane within the 

two-minute goal set by FAA as a maximum safe evacuation time. 

(NYT, 6/30/65, 59) 

June 30: A four-stage, 60-ft.-long Journeyman (Argo D-S) sounding 

rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station, Va., carried a 137-lb. 

instrument package to an altitude of 1,060 mi. on a 25-min. flight that 

ended 1,700 mi. offshore in the Atlantic, east of Bermuda. After 

launch, the payload. unfurled two 35-ft. antennas to provide a single 

dipole antenna, measuring 70 ft. from tip to tip. Main objective of 

the mission was to measure the intensity of radio frequency energy 

originating largely from outside the solar system. This was done at 

three frequencies: 750, 1,125, and 2,000 kc. Secondary objectives 

were the investigation of previously detected radio noise on the top 

(WSJ, 6/29/65, 9) 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 6/30/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 303 

side of the ionosphere and measurement of electron density in that part 

of the ionosphere. 

Information would be used in planning future space radio astronomy 

experiments to investigate certain characteristics of antennas in the 

ionospheric region. Experiment was conducted in cooperation with 

the Univ. of Michigan. (NASA Release 65-214; Wallops Release 65- 

40; AP, Balt. Sun, 7/1/65) 

June 30: Lunar Landing Research Facility, a controlled laboratory for exploring and developing techniques for landing a rocket.powered vehicle on the moon, had been put into operation at NASA Langley Research Center. The $3.5 million facility included a rocket-powered 

flight test vehicle which would be operated while partially supported 

from a 250-ft. high, 400-ft.-long gantry structure to simulate the onesixth earth gravity of the moon in research to obtain data on the 

problems of lunar landing. 

. ComSatCorp asked the FCC for authority to assemble a third Early Birdtype satellite from existing parts for a future launch. A back-up 

satellite to EARLY BIRD I was already assembled; components for a third 

comsat were completed earlier this year. The application before the 

FCC requested permission to assemble these components. (ComSatCorp Release) 

Voice of NASA Administrator James E. Webb was relayed from Washington, D.C., to Tulsa, Okla., via RELAY XI for the dedication of Tulsa’s 

Central Library. Mr. Webb spoke briefly before triggering an electronic signal that turned on the lights in the new building. (AFP; 

Tulsa Daily World, 6/10/65) 

Senate confirmed the nominations of Gen. William F. McKee ( USAF, Ret.) 

as Federal Aviation Agency Administrator and David D. Thomas as 

his deputy administrator. 

President Johnson formally accepted the resignation or” Mci<ee’s 

predecessor, Najeeb E. Halaby, with a “Dear Jeeb” letter praising 

Halaby’s “vigorous and dynamic leadership,” particularly in supersonic transport development. (CR, 6/30/65, 14824; UPI, Wash. Post, 

. NASA procurements for FY 1965 totaled $5,187 million, an amount 

13% greater than the amount awarded during FY 1964. About 94% 

of NASA’s procurement dollars was contracted directly or indirectly to 

private industry: About 79%~ of net dollar value was placed directly 

with business firms; 47% was placed with educational and other nonprofit institutions or organizations, 5% with Ca! Tech for operation of 

JPL, and 1270 with or through other Government agencies. 90% of 

the dollar value of procurement requests placed with other Government 

agencies resulted in contracts with industry (awarded on behalf of 

NASA) ; also, about 76% of NASA-placed funds under the JPL contract 

resulted in subcontracts or purchases with business firms. (NASA FY 

1965 Annual Procurement Rpt., 54) 

During FY 1965, NASA awarded $121,115,000 in grants and research contracts to 190 colleges and universities in 50 states, the District of 

Columbia, and 8 foreign countries. In addition, $25,527,000 was 

awarded to 53 nonprofit institutions in 20 states and the District of 

Columbia. (NASA Proj. Off.) 

( LaRC Release 6/30/65) 

7/1/65) 
304 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

June 30: Strongly urging greater emphasis on US. aeronautics and aviation than now exists, Sen. A. S. (Mike) Monroney (D-Okla.), Chairman of Senate Aviation Sub-committee, addressed Air Force Association in Dallas, Tex. 

“I am afraid some people, and I mean people of high stature and 

great influence, seem bent on relegating aeronautics to a secondary 

position. This I think is a crucial mistake. In aeronautics we stand 

on the threshold of a boundless upsurge which may well dwarf what 

has been achieved by aviation over the past 61 years. 

“Also, the economic productivity of aeronautics makes dollars . . . and sense. It means money in the bank, or rather gold in Fort Knox. 

On the other hand, I don’t know of any scheme . . . and I doubt 

that one will emerge within this century . . . for fighting the balance 

of payments deficit in outer space. 

“There simply are no dollars floating around between here and the 

moon. For the time being, outer space commerce just doesn’t seem to 

be in the cards. And as long as this is the situation, I don’t think 

we should banish aeronautics to the back seat . . . or have a NASA 

budget which is better than OS percent spacecraft and less than 2 percent aircraft. And this in spite of the fact that NASA and it5 forerunner, NACA, were ostensibly founded to serve aeronautics ! 

“I am not saying this to downgrade space, but to suggest that we 

strike a balance based on how the national interest and economy are 

served best. . . . This widening disparity between NASA’s space and 

aeronautical efforts . . . this wall flower treatment of the airplane 

. . . is a reckless gamble, economically, politically and militarily, that 

will come back to haunt us in the future. My criticism, by the way, 

is not directed at the level of competence in that agency but at the lack 

of programming of aeronautical goals and the failure to mobilize this 

nation’s brain power on behalf of aviation. It seems to me the real 

deficiency is that the well qualified aeronautical talent in NASA is SO 

far down in the hierarchy that these men rarely ever get involved in 

the decision making. It’s crystal clear that other nations, the Russians 

included, have cut this Gordian knot and are rapidly filling the vacuum 

which we so invitingly created for them. . . .” (Text; AP, NYT, 

7/2/65 ) 

Dr. Albert J. Kelley, Deputy Director of NASA Electronics Research 

Center, retired as a U.S. naval commander. He had been assigned 

to detached duty hith NASA by USN in 1960 and would continue with 

ERC as a civilian. 

A Titan 11 ICBM was fired from Vandenberg AFB underground silo on a 

routine flight down the Western Test Range by a Strategic Air Command (SAC) crew. (UPI, Boston Globe, 6/30/65) 

The last of 800 USAF Minutemen I ICBMS became operational at 

Warren AFB, pc’yo. Weighing about 65,000 lbs., the three-stage solid 

propellant missiles would have a range of more than 6,300 mi., a speed 

of over 15,000 mph, and would carry a nuclear warhead. The missiles 

were housed in individual blast-resistant underground launch sites and 

could be stored for long periods with a minimum of maintenance. 

(AFSC Release 97.65) 

During June: First patent for production and separation of plutonium was 

granted to AEC Chairman Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg and co-inventors the 

(Boston Globe, 7/1/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 305 

late Dr. Joseph W. Kennedy and Dr. Arthur C. Wahl. The patented 

procedure included treatment of uranium in a reactor to produce 

plutonium-first synthetic element to be seen by man-and to separate and recover the plutonium by a method called oxidation reduction. (Jones, NYT, 6/26/65, 33) 

During June: Interviewed in Data, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff discussed basic research in the NASA program: 

The basic research 

program involves elements which undergird everything we do in aeronautics and space. Such areas as materials, fluid physics, electrophysics and applied mathematics form a common base for all of our 

work. In addition, most of this program is carried on at a fundamental level, that is, at the atomic and molecular level. If we select, 

for example, the field of materials we can observe that nearly everything we do in atmospheric and space flight is limited in some way by 

materials. . . .” 

Asked about the role of industry in NASA’s advanced research and 

technology program, Dr. Bisplinghoff said: 

“About 7.5 per cent of the OART research and development budget 

is spent outside the NASA organization. This money goes to university 

and research institutes and to industrial contractors capable of carrying out the advanced work making up this program.” (Data, 6/65, 

22-25) 

Five-week study of atmosphere contaminants in a closed environmental 

system was concluded at USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks 

AFB, Tex. The three phases of the test: determining leak rate of the 

main test cell; checking the unmanned cabin; and checking the 

four volunteer airmen lived inside the cabin in the strictly controlled 

experiment. They Mere not allowed to shave or wash; they subsisted 

on liquid nutritional compounds; they kept logs of diet consumed 

and waste volume and time; they occupied themselves only by operating psychomotor test panels or, for recreation, watching television. 

Study was conducted in cooperation with NASA. (AFSC AMD Release 

65-125) 

Harold B. Finger, Manager of NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, 

discussed nuclear-rocket technology in Astronautics & Aeronautics: 

“The recent reactor test experience shows that nuclear rockets can 

be made available to furnish thrust at high specific impulse for many 

possible post-Apollo missions. Whatever direction the future space 

program may take-whether toward extensive manned lunar exploration, unmanned solar-system exploration. or manned planetary exploration-the performance advantages of nuclear rockets will be available, valuable, and, certainly for the latter mission, necessary. 

Through this program the country will have the options it must have 

in selecting future missions. For the manned planetary missions, 

which they can perform for all planetary opportunities, nuclear rockets offer such substantial spacecraft weight reductions, and associated 

savings in cost, that no less-efficient form of spacecraft propulsion could 

be seriously considered. . . .” 

“The term basic is employed for two reasons. 

1..11-. 1uuy upGlaLIvlla! ---..-*:--- LL,aL,,”bL ^L,,L,.. (2 \ .,”U“9,. Ir. the third phase, 

(AM, 6/65, 34-35) 
306 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

During June: A decade of nuclear-rocket research at Los Alamos Scientific 

Laboratory was described in Astronautics & Aeronautics by Roderick 

W. Spence and Franklin P. Durham, both of LASL. The 10-yr. effort 

reached new levels of attainment in 1964-65, with successful tests of 

the K~w~-B-& and NRX-A2 reactors, and initial strides in the more 

advanced Phoebus reactor program. “The entire operations of both 

Kiwi-B-4.E and NRX-~2 gave very close to the desired results and met 

or exceeded all of the test objectives. 

“. . . the past decade of experience has given us confidence that 

nuclear-rocket engines can be built and that they will prove to give 

good performance with high reliability.” 

W. Y. Jordan, Jr., R. J. Harris, and D. R. Saxon, all of MSFC, said in 

Astronautics & Aeronautics article that clustering of nuclear rocket 

systems up to 10,000 mw. of power had been studied. These studies 

indicated the concept showed sufficient promise to warrant more detailed design studies, and these studies had been initiated. They 

stated that a “modular nuclear vehicle system concept, which offers a 

flexible multipurpose space-transportation capability, now appears 

possible through development of only one basic propulsion system and 

vehicle stage. . . .” (A&A, 6/65, 48-52) 

A. 0. Tischler, Director of Chemical Propulsion, Office of Advanced Research and Technology, NASA Hq.. said in Astronautics & Aeronautics 

article that the time was rapidly approaching “when space will no 

longer be something we throw darts into, but rather an environment 

in which working propulsion systems maneuver and transport spacecraft payloads, eventually bringing them back to Earth for reuse. . . . “Present space systems lag the launch vehicles in both development 

status and sophistication. But we can expect considerable performance 

improvement by the use of more-sophisticated space propulsion systems. Moreover, ground facilities that simulate the space environment are becoming available. With these to examine new concepts in 

depth, we can anticipate greater and more certain progress in spacecraft propulsion technology in the future. . . .” (A&A, 6/65, 60-62) 

( A&A, 6/65, 42-46) 
July 1965 

July 1: NASA and the Brazilian Space Commission (CNAE) signed an agreement in SGo JosC dos Campos, Brazil, providing for a cooperative 

project for studying hemispheric weather patterns by launching meteorological sounding rockets from Brazil. Project would be part of the 

Inter-American Experimental Meteorological Sounding Rocket Network (EXAMETNET). 

Under the terms of the agreement, Brazil would transport the rockets and equipment from the US. to Brazil, assemble and launch the 

rockets from Brazilian launch facilities, and provide meteorological 

data to other participants in the network. NASA would lend ground 

support equipment such as radar to CNAE; train Brazilian personnel in 

the handling of sounding rockets and in reducing meteorological data; 

and provide data obtained at NASA's Wallops Station, Va., to other 

participants in the network. 

Agreement was similar to one signed by the US. and Argentina on 

May 18, 1965. The project entailed no exchange of funds between the 

two countries. (NASA Release 65-258) 

NASA and India's Dept. of Atomic Energy (DAE) signed a memorandum 

of understanding for a joint space research program to be conducted 

in India by NASA and the Indian National Commission for Space 

Research. Program would include two sounding rocket launchings to 

investigate upper atmosphere wind shears, turbulence, and diffusion by 

chemical release payloads; six launchings to investigate relationship 

between wind shears and sporadic E; two launchings to investigate the 

equatorial electrojet; and two launchings to measure electron and ion 

densities and other phenomena in the D reb' mion. 

DAE would make available the scientific payloads; range and range 

support facilities ; and personnel for conducting the scientific experiments, for range support, and launching operations. NASA would furnish the sounding rockets, two test payloads, cameras, and nose cones 

as well as necessary training for DAE personnel at NASA centers. No 

exchange of funds was provided for. All scientific results of experiments would be made freely available to the world scientific community. (NASA Release 65-259) 

USN F-111~ variable-sweep-wing fighter flew supersonically for the first 

time, reaching speed of mach 1.2 and 30,000-ft. altitude. During the 

54-min. flight, the F-111~ for the first time changed the angle of its 

wings from a virtually straight 16" takeoff configuration to a maximum sweep supersonic configuration of 72.5'. The flight took place 

at Calverton, N.Y. (Gen. Dynamics Corp. Release; NYT, 7/26/65, 

38M) 

307 
308 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

July I: XB-7oA research bomber reached a speed of 1,870 mph and 

68,000-ft. altitude during a one-hour, 44-min. flight from Edwards 

AFB. The l85-ft., 500,000-lb. aircraft, expected to reach its design 

maximums of 2,000 mph and 70,000 ft.-altitude on its next flight, flew 

over Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and California. (AP, 

Balt. Sun, 7/2/65) 

*Astronauts Frank Borman (Maj., USAF) and James A. Lowell, Jr. (Lcdr., 

USN), had been assigned as the prime flight crew for the Gemini 7 

mission scheduled for the first quarter of 1966, NASA announced. 

Backup crew for the flight, which would last up to 14 days, would be 

Astronauts Edward H. White, 11 (Lt. Col., USAF) and Michael Collins 

(Maj., USAF). Borman and Lovell had been the backup crew and 

White the pilot for GEMINI IV. 

General Electric Co. told a news conference in New York that it had 

successfully converted a space age COmpOnent-SCR-tO a device for 

home use that could dial speed or heat like tuning in a radio. A 

silicon-controlled rectifier, SCR had one of the highest power-amplification capacities of any semiconductor, no moving parts, and could control kilowatts in thousandths of a second. The unit would cost 35 to 

50 cents for GE customers. GE did not comment on what GE appliances would initially incorporate SCR. 

NASA announced changes in the names of NASA organizations: from Mississippi Test Operations to Mississippi Test Facility ; from Michoud 

Operations to Michoud Assembly Facility; from MSC White Sands 

Operations to White Sands Test Facility. ( MSFC Release 65-107; 

NASA Hq. Bull. 1-65, NO. 13) 

NASA selected Federal Electric Corp.. a subsidiary of ITT, for negotiation 

of an award-fee contract to provide logistical and technical information support services to NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. Contract 

would be for one year with renewal provisions for two additional 

years. Estimated cost for the first year was $1.5 million. (NASA Release 65-217) 

Over 50 security guards at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center-members 

of the International Union of United Plant Guard Workers of America 

-went on strike over wage and contract issues with their employer 

Wackenhut Services, Inc. Wackenhut, operating at GSFC under contract, provided additional guards; there was no breakdown in security. 

Some 250 guards at NASA test sites near Las Vegas, Nev., also went 

on strike against Wackenhut. They were members of a separate local 

union. (Wash. Post, 7/2/65, A3; DJNS, Balt. Sun, 7/2/65; Wash. 

Eve. Star, 7/2/65) 

Continuation of Weather Bureau-Navy Project Stormfury during 

the 1965 hurricane season was announced. Hurricanes and cumulus 

clouds would be seeded to investigate the feasibility of modifying 

clouds and tropical storms. The hurricane research program began in 

1961, included experiments on hurricanes Esther (1961) and Beulah 

(1963) and on tropical clouds (1963). Objectives for 1965 were to 

intensify the hurricane-seeding experiments and to begin new experiments on hurricane rainbands. (Commerce Dept. Release WB 

65-100) 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center announced selection of six firms for 

contract negotiations to provide nonpersonal scientific and engineering 

(NASA Release 65-218) 

(Smith, NYT, 7/2/65,37) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 309 

support services for GSFC. Final negotiations were expected to result 

in cost-plus-award-fee contracts for two years at a total cost of about 

$16 million. Contracts would cover requirements for ten divisions at 

GSFC; although requirements of a single division would be fulfilled 

through a single contract, one contractor might service more than one 

division in several cases. Firms selected: Fairchild Hiller Corp.; Vitro Corp. of America ; Electro-Mechanical Research, Inc. ; Consultants 

and Designers, Inc.; Lockheed Electronics Co.; and Melpar, 

Inc. 

July 1: Gen. William F. McKee (USAF, Ret.) was sworn in as Federal 

Aviation Agency Administrator-less than 24 hrs. after confirmation 

by the Senate-in a White House ceremony. President Johnson, presiding, announced that General McKee’s primary task would be development of a supersonic transport (Sst). Mr. Johnson had approved 

five recommendations of the President’s Advisory Committee on Supersonic Transport: “Those five recommendations . . . are: first, the 

next phase of design covering an 18-month period beginning about 

August 1, 1965; second, the four manufacturers-Boeing Company, 

Lockheed Aircraft Company, General Electric Company, Pratt & Whitney Division of United Aircraft-be invited to continue this phase of 

the program; third, the FAA Administrator be authorized to enter into 

contracts with the airframe manufacturers to undertake detailed airframe design work and test them over the next 18 months; fourth, the 

FAA Administrator be authorized to enter into contracts with the engine manufacturers to construct and test over the next 18 months demonstrator engines to prove the basic features of the engines; and five, 

and finally-and very importantly-that the Congress be requested to 

appropriate-Senator Magnuson-the necessary funds to initiate the 

next phasc of the prograx. And fcr this purpese I sh!! rm11Pst ---I---- zn 

appropriation of $140 million.” 

Ira C. Eaker commented in the Sun Antonio Express: “When McKee 

succeeds in his SST mission, as I believe he will, any citizen will be 

able to buy a $50 ticket for a flight from Washington to Los Angeles 

in 55 minutes, or purchase for $55 air passage from New York to 

Paris in one hour. Of course, there will be cynics who will ask: ‘Who 

wants to fly to Paris in an hour?’ The answer is: Most of the people 

who want to go to Paris. 

People will always go for the 

fastest transport. Not long after man got on a train, he took his 

freight out of the covered wagons and off the oxcarts forever. When 

people took up with automobiles, they soon put their produce, their 

pigs and their poultry on trucks. 

“There is also some algebraic or arithmetic relation between the 

speed of travel and the number of people who travel. About 10 times 

as many people fly the Atlantic now in five hours as crossed when the 

trip took five days. No doubt 10 times more people will cross the 

ocean when they can do it in an hour.” (White House Release; 

Eaker, Sun Antonio Express, 7/8/65,14) 

Sen. A. Willis Robertson (D-Va.) issued a statement opposing President Johnson’s plan for a supersonic commercial airliner: 

“I attended the conference at the White House at which the secre- 

(NASA Release 65-216; GSFC Release 1545) 

“There is one predictable human trait. 
310 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

tary of defense explained his plans for the development of a supersonic 

airplane that would be the fastest of any in the world, making mach 

2.5 to 2.7, or about 1,800 miles per hour. The cost of developing this 

plane will be between 2 and 2.5 billion dollars, and when developed, 

the planes will probably cost 20 to 25 million each. “. . . if we succeed in the development of this plane any airline that 

agrees to use them will have to be largely subsidized both for the 

purchase of the plane, which will have a limited life, and likewise for 

its operation. Consequently, I feel towards this project like I do 

about the shot to the moon-a fine advertising scheme, but not worth 

what it is going to cost the taxpayers.” (Text) 

July 1 : USAF launched an Atlas D ICBM from Vandenberg AFB in test of the 

Army’s Nike-Zeus antimissile missile. ( UPI, NYT, 7/2/65) 

Harvey Brooks, Dean of the Division of Engineering and Applied Physics, Harvard Univ., succeeded George B. Kistiakowsky as Chairman of 

the National Academy of Sciences’ Committee on Science and Public 

Policy. 

American Institute of Physics established a Center for History and Philosophy of Physics, which was the merging of AIP’S Niels Bohr Library of the History of Physics, History of Physics Archives, and 

Project on the History of Recent Physics in the United States. (AIP 

Release) 

July 2: TIROS x meteorological satellite was launched from Eastern Test 

range by a Thrust-Augmented Delta booster into a near-perfect 

sun-synchronous orbit from which it would photograph tropical storm 

breeding areas. Orbital parameters: apogee, 517 mi. (832 km.) ; 

perigee, 458 mi. (737 km.) ; period, 100.6 min.; inclination to the 

equator, 81.4”. The spacecraft at first was spinning too fast for picture-taking because of inability to command activation of an automatic 

slowdown device. A more intense ground signal sent during the second orbit activated the device, slowing the satellite’s spin rate from 

138 rpm to about 13 rpm. 

TIROS x would photograph the hurricane-breeding area between 70” 

north and 30” south latitude, about 60 to 80 percent of the earth. Its 

two vidicon cameras would take more than 400 pictures daily. TIROS 

IX in its “cartwheel” movement in orbit had been able to provide 

about 100 percent coverage of the earth daily. 

The weather observation spacecraft was the 10th successful Tiros 

(Television Infrared Observation Satellite) to be launched by NASA in 

as many attempts. TIROS x was funded by the Weather Bureau, while 

the previous nine were NASA research and development spacecraft. It 

was one of three satellites purchased by Weather Bureau in 1963 “to 

be used to assure continuity of satellite observations for operational 

purposes.” (NASA Release 65-229; NASA Release 65-197; AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 7/2/65, A3; KSC Spaceport News, 7/8/65,4) 

PEGASUS 11 meteoroid detection satellite, orbited May 25 from Kennedy Space Center, had reported “hits” on panels of all three thicknesses of aluminum target material, NASA reported. 14 penetrations 

had been recorded on the .016-in.-thick detection panels; five on the 

.008-in. panels; and 34 on the .0015-in. panels. 

In the first month report on PEGASUS 11, Milton B. Ames, Jr., Director of NASA Space Vehicle Research and Technology, said that al- 

( NAS-NRC News Report, 7/8/65, 1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 311 

though the number of penetrations varied slightly from earlier predictions, “the figures follow closely our statistical computations based on 

results from PEGASUS I and EXPLORERS XVI and XXIII. Continued 

successful operation of PEGASUS 11 will give us a good base for use by 

spacecraft designers in predicting the frequency and size of meteoroids 

which constitute a hazard to space flight.” Ames referred to a new 

capacitor fusing arrangement which would enable project engineers to 

disconnect a single malfunctioning capacitor while leaving other capacitors in the same group of panels working. If a malfunction serious 

enough to warrant disconnection of the entire panel group occurred, 

this could be done by ground command. 36 capacitors on PEGASUS 11 

were working improperly during the first four weeks and had been 

disconnected by ground command to prevent a drain on the spacecraft’s power supply. (NASA Release 65-219; MSFC Release 65-168) 

July 2: NASA’s MARINER IV spacecraft was in its 216th day of flight and had 

only 12 more days before it would pass within 5,700 mi. of the planet 

Mars. MARINER IV would take and record up to 21 pictures of Mars 

on July 14 for playback to earth. 

U.S.S.R.’s COSMOS LXX artificial earth satellite was successfully 

launched containing scientific equipment “for continuing the outer 

space research in conformity with the program announced by Tass on 

March 16th, 1962,” a radio system for precise measurement of the 

orbital elements, and a radio telemetry system for sending data to 

earth. Orbital parameters: apogee, 1,154 km. (716.7 mi.) ; perigee, 

229 km. (142 mi.); period, 98.3 min.; inclination to the equator, 

48.8’. Equipment was functioning normally. 

Bochum Observatory (W. Germany) had reported picking up signals different from those of the Cosmos series. Heinz Kaminski, head 

of the Institute for Satellite and Space Research at Bochum, West 

Germany, said he tracked .two Soviet space satellites in orbit although 

the U.S.S.R. announced the launching of only one: “Apparently *the 

Russians are preparing for a space rendezvous-perhaps between these 

two satellites or between a manned space ship and a satellite in parking orbit.” No confirmation of the Bochum report was available from 

other sources. (Tass, Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/3/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.; 

AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 7/2/65, 1 ; UPI, Cocoa Trib., 7/2/65) 

NASA and the Univ. of Hawaii had signed a cost-sharing contract for 

design and installation of an Win. telescope at a site to be selected in 

Hawaii, NASA announced. An initial sum of $475,000 had been 

awarded to the University to initiate development and construction of 

the intermediate-size planetary telescope with fused-quartz optical system and coudk spectrograph. The University would assume costs for 

buildings, utilities, and supporting services. (NASA Release 65-220; 

Marshall Star, 7/14/65, 9) 

A $3,200,000 contract had been let to the E. A. Hathaway Co. for 

construction of the new 93,000-sq.-ft. Advanced Flight Simulation Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center, ARC announced. It would contain the most advanced aircraft simulator known (for supersonic transport studies) ; the most powerful centrifuge yet built (up to 50 times 

the force of gravity) ; a mid-course navigation facility where stars and 

planets could be projected just as they would be seen by astronauts in 

(NASA Release 65-215) 
312 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

spaceflight ; and a “virtually frictionless” satellite attitude control 

facility. Total values of these facilities would be $10,068,000. (ARC 

Release 65-16) 

July 2: FAA announced that in accordance with President Johnson’s decision to move ahead with development of the US. supersonic transport, 

work under Sst design contracts would be accelerated during the month 

of July. Contracts were with the Boeing Co. and Lockheed Aircraft 

Corp. for the airframe and with General Electric Co. and the Pratt & 

Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp. for the engine. Dollar total of 

the contracts in July, including a Government cost-share of 75% and a 

contractor cost-share of 25%, would be $5,670,000-an increase of $2 

million above the monthly level of funding for the four design contractors during the period June 1, 1964, through June 30, 1965. (FAA 

Release 65-56) 

NASA had awarded an $8,150,833 contract modification to General Electric Co. for supporting the Computation Laboratory at NASA Marshall 

Space Flight Center. ( MSFC Release 65-169) 

Blount Brothers Corp. had been awarded a $6,745,000 fixed-price contract for modification of Saturn IB Launch Complex 37 at NASA Kennedy Space Center, DOD announced. 

Five Japanese-made research rockets had been shipped to Indonesia, 

Reuters reported. The Japanese Trade Ministry reportedly said it authorized export of the rockets for “purely cosmic observation 

use.” The rockets were said to have the capability for use as armed 

missiles. (Reuters, Wash. Post, 7/2/65) 

Statistics on intercontinental ballistic missiles were given by Robert 

R. Brunn in an article in the Christian Science Monitor: “In the Soviet 

Union 270 to 300 intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMS) are *in 

place. Underground and overseas the United States has more than 

1,300. 

“Within five years the Soviets may have emplaced 500 to 600 of 

these great birds with nuclear warheads. But by then the American 

missile arsenal may have the destructive power of 3,000 1965-type 

ICBMS.” 

A multiple warhead for the Minuteman had been developed, Brunn 

said, which could triple the effectiveness of this missile : “Approaching 

enemy territory, it could separate into three warheads, each with its 

own guidance system. It would be steered to the target and report if 

it was going to miss or hit.” 

July 3: US. Bureau oi Mines said its scientists and engineers had begun 

research on how to tap the mineral resources of the solar 

system. This attempt to develop “extraterrestrial mining techniques” 

was being made at the Bureau’s research center in Minneapolis for 

NASA. The idea was not to mine the moon and planets for materials 

usable on earth but rather to develop means of exploiting celestial 

bodies for resources explorers could use to build bases or travel 

farther into space. The Bureau said that, because of its nearness, the 

moon “is likely to be the site of the first extraterrestrial mine.” (Bur. 

Mines Release, 7/4/65; UPI, NYT, 7/4/65,27) 

Gen. Charles P. Cabell (USAF, Ret.) was sworn in as consultant on organization and management development activities to NASA Administrator James E. Webb. Military assignments during his career included 

(DOD Release 444-65) 

(Brunn, CSM, 7/2/65, 9) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 313 

that of directing the Joint Staff, Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was deputy 

director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1953 to 1962. (NASA 

Release 65-226) 

July 3: Dr. N. M. Sissakian of the Soviet Academy of Sciences said in an 

article in Krasnaya Zvezda that the attention of Soviet biomedical researchers had been increasingly drawn to the complex effects of combinations of spaceflight factors. They were interested in the stability 

of cells and organisms to very low temperatures, and the effect of 

artificial cooling of animals on their ability to withstand oxygen deprivation, acceleration, radiation, and other factors. The ability of 

algae and lower animals to survive a vacuum was of interest to 

exobiologists, as was the ability of certain chemical compounds to 

screen out harmful effects of ultraviolet irradiation. As part of the 

continuing effort to simulate conditions existing on other planets and 

study their effects, soil infusoria were found able to adapt to the wide 

temperature range in a chamber simulating Martian atmosphere. 

(Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/3/65, 6) 

Leonid I. Brezhnev, First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, 

warned that Soviet nuclear missile strength was greater than Western 

intelligence estimates suggested. Speaking to graduates of the Soviet 

military academies during a Kremlin ceremony, Mr. Brezhnev said 

that the quantity of intercontinental and orbital missiles at Soviet disposal was “quite sufficient to finish off once and for all any aggressor 

or group of aggressors.” 

Recent American intelligence reports had indicated U.S.S.R. had 

about 270 ICBM’s, most of them slow-firing, liquid-fuel weapons that 

were unwieldy compared with Minuteman. Reference to orbital rockets had been made on at least two occasions in recent months: Moscow 

ielevisiori made ihe claim in Mdy , d ju11e issue uf the magazine Ogozek referred to them. Neither gave details. (Grose, NYT, 7/4/65, 1, 

2; UPI, Shapiro, Wash. Post, 7/4/65) 

July 4: Six out of ten Minnesotans said in a recent survey conducted by 

the Minneapolis Tribune’s Minnesota Poll that the US. should at least 

maintain its $5 billion a year budget for space exploration. 59% felt 

the US. had outdistanced the U.S.S.R. 10% considered the “space 

race” about even. (Minn. Trib., 7/4/65) 

Status report on MOLNIYA I comsat, launched by the Soviet Union April 

23, was given to Tass by I. P. Petrushkin of the U.S.S.R. Ministry of 

Communication : “Tests have demonstrated that the combinations of 

the terrestrial and onboard communication equipment of the ‘Molniya-l’ satellite assure the possibility of the reliable transmission of 

black and white TV. 

‘‘On Sundays, via the ‘Molniya-1,’ a regular exchange of TV programs is being conducted between Moscow and the Pacific 

coast. During May and June, tests were also run on the quality of the 

multichannel telephone system. The systems were simultaneously 

loaded with phone conversations, tonal telegraphy, phototelegraphy. 

and radio broadcasting programs. Even under such an ‘optimal’ re. 

gime, the communication channels function fairly reliably. 

“In June, there was put into operation the commercial long-distance 

phone link between Moscow and Vladivostok, functioning via the 

‘Molniya-1.’ ” 

Color TV sessions yielded encouraging results. 

(Tass, Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/4/65, 4, ATSS-T Trans.) 
314 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

July 4: Robert F. Thompson. named mission director for NASA’s Gemini 

program on June 25, had decided not to accept the job, UPI reported. 

Thompson, who had decided “for personal reasons” to turn down the 

assignment, would stay on instead as head of the landing and recovery 

division at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. Christopher C. Kraft 

would temporarily serve as mission director and flight director for the 

Gemini program. ( UPI, Houston Chon., 7/4/65) 

In a newspaper interview, Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin expressed surprise that the U.S. had shown primarily military aviation 

equipment at the Paris International Air Show. He said he regretted 

he could not meet longer with American astronauts McDivitt and 

White. 

The Soviet Union’s apparent effort to penetrate the world commercial 

aircraft market was reported by Evert Clark in the New York 

Times. He said the U.S.S.R. had formed a new organization called 

Aviaexport to direct commercial sales. It was expected to pick satellite countries as its first target, then so-called “dependent” nations, and 

eventually the Western countries. Showing of the Antonov 22 700- 

passenger aircraft and a model of a supersonic airliner scheduled to 

begin test flights in 1968 had enabled the Soviet Union to dominate 

the Paris International Air Show (June 11-20) until the arrival of 

Vice President Humphrey and Astronauts White and McDivitt. 

(Clark, NYT, 7/5/65, 30) 

During week of July 4: Ambassador Tran Thien Khiem, South Viet Ram, 

visited NASA Langley Research Center. (Langley Researcher, 

7/16/65,8) 

July 5: British Minister of Aviation Roy Jenkins said at a London conference on European cooperation in advanced technology that Britain 

might seek collaboration with France in developing the vc-10 aircraft 

into an “air bus” capable of carrying 265 passengers. This move was 

thought to be precipitated by activities of two American companies, 

Boeing and Douglas, both of which had approached BOAC with their 

versions of an air bus. 

Seven French girls ended a 15-day isolation experiment in a cave 360 ft. 

below the surface. They were apparently in good condition but said 

they had lost their sense of time within the first 24 hrs. The experiment ended nearly a day before it should have according to their 

reckoning. (Reuters, NYT, 7/6/65, 24; UPI, N.Y. Her. Trib., 

7/6/65) 

July 6: ComSatCorp, rejecting petitions by seven communications carriers 

to reduce its authority, strongly supported FCC’S decision giving ComSatCorp “sole responsibility for the design, construction, and operation” of three ground stations to support the Corporation’s global satellite system for commercial communications. 

Answering the charge that station ownership and operation should 

be assumed by the carriers on a competitive basis, ComSatCorp said 

the operational date of the global system would be needlessly delayed 

if ownership of stations were decided on a case-by-case basis. 

To the complaint that the FCC decision gave ComSatCorp control of 

terrestrial facilities” for traffic-processing between interface points 

and the stations themselves, ComSatCorp replied that it would “look 

(Tass, Zarya Vostoka, 7/4/65, 3) 

(Farnsworth, NYT, 7/6/65,54M) 

CL 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 315 

first to the carriers to provide” the facilities. Further, “should ComSatCorp determine, in any particular situation, to propose construction 

of its own communications links, the soundness of any such proposal 

would, of course, be subject to scrutiny by the Commission with full 

consideration of the views of all interested parties.” 

Against the allegation that ComSatCorp-constructed terrestrial facilities would introduce costly “backhauls,” ComSatCorp said backhauling 

was “routine and unavoidable” throughout the communications 

industry. (ComSatCorp Release) 

July 6: Existing contracts with the Boeing Co. and the Bendix Corp. had 

been extended to incorporate modification of the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module (Lem) as a shelter for use with a Local Scientific 

Survey Module (Lssm) for astronaut surface mobility, MSFC announced. Boeing would receive $565,000 and Bendix $570,000 for 

the new work. Both contracts would run for about nine months. 

The two firms had completed individual studies of a possible 

lunar mobile laboratory (Molab) under the original terms of the 

contracts. The Molab would be much larger than the Lssm now being 

studied. ( MSFC Release 65-173) 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp. pronounced successful the first flight of its new 

helicopter, the 286. The Corp. said the five-place aircraft, designed to 

travel at 174 mph, was two weeks ahead of schedule, with FAA 

certification expected later in 1965. 

Lockheed hoped the utility helicopter would find a wide range of use 

in transport, rescue work, and various military missions, including 

antisubmarine warfare. (WSJ, 7/6/65,2) 

Thiokol Chemical Corp.’s Reaction Motors Div. was awarded a 

$10,600,000 Navy contract to continue production of packaged liquid 

rncGet engines for the Navy and Air Forre Rill1 Pup missile. (Thiokol Release; WSJ, 7/6/65) 

Rep. Burt L. Talcott (R-Calif.) inserted in the Congressional Record a 

letter from E. J. Stecker, president of Holex, Inc., and an exhibitor at 

the Paris International Air Show (June 11-20) : “At Paris the Russians made us look like idiots and we cooperated so beautifully that it 

almost looked as though our public relations program was being directed by the Kremlin. . . . “I walked through the aircraft park where the Russian and American exhibits were practically side by side. The Russian aircraft were 

exclusively commercial, the American almost 100 percent military. 

Think of the irony of the situation. . . . There was a long line waiting to enter the . . . space exhibit of 

the U.S.S.R. . . . inside was a full scale model of the Vostok space 

capsule and its rocket motor suspended from the ceiling, what appeared to be an operational Vostok in a glass case and Mr. Gagarin, 

Russia’s first man in space, who shook my hand . . . and gave me a 

Vostok lapel pin. This was easily the most popular exhibit at the 

show and I would estimate that 70 percent of the attendees had Vostok 

pins and were wearing them. . . . “The Russians then flew in their great misshapen 750-passenger 

transport aircraft which really impressed the public. I examined it 

and as a pilot and engineer of many years standing, I feel it economically and militarily foolish, but the publicity value was tremendous. 

6‘ 
316 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“Then there Mas the announcement of the proposed U.S.S.R. SST 

transport which looks like a retouched Concorde. This also hit all of 

the front pages. 

“In short, the Russians stole the show with an obsolete space capsule 

much inferior to our Mercury, an artist’s sketch of a supersonic transport and an overgrown, awkward monstrosity of an airplane. But 

they could do it because everything they did was aimed at and shown 

to the general public. . . . “When White, McDivitt, and the Vice President finally arrived, it 

was a triumphant tour surrounded by Secret Service, press, public 

relations and photographers and the great mass of the unwashed public including the exhibitors were generally ignored and forgotten. . . . James Webb, Administrator of the 

NASA, visited the US. exhibitors. He came unheralded and alone and 

had time to stop and talk for a few minutes without the aid of 50 

photographers. In this, Jim was unique among the US. officials and 

should be commended. The USAF Thunderbirds and the US. Navy 

Blue Angels put on fantastic flying exhibitions on Thursday 

evening. But it occurred around 7:30 p.m. when most of the public 

had departed. 

“The point is this: The Russians appealed to the people; we ignored 

the people and appealed to the press. As a result, the Russians only 

lost the front pages once and that was when we made them through the 

unfortunate crash of our 2-58.’, (CR, 7/6/65, A3555-6) 

Jdy 6: President Johnson’s ordering 16 mo. of additional research on the 

supersonic airliner ISst) program was assessed as a calculated risk by 

Robert J. Serling in Washington Post. The President was betting that 

the extra year and a half of development work would produce a plane 

so far superior to the British-French Concorde that the Concorde’s far 

earlier introduction Mould mean little in terms of sales, he said. 

Serling pointed out that while advance orders for a purely paper 

Sst had outnumbered those of the under-construction Concorde by 

more than 2 to 1. the US. lead Mas built on the airlines’ belief that 

(1) U.S.’s plane Mould be far superior and (2) it would not come 

along too far behind the Concorde. However, present plans were for 

flight-testing the Concorde in 1966; the Soviet Union had announced 

it would have a supersonic airliner operational even before the Concorde. An inservice US. Sst was not likely before 1974 or 1975. 

(Serling. Wash. Post, 7/6/65, AS) 

July 7: Some Presidential advisers who had once recoiled at the idea of a 

supersonic race Mere now wondering how long this country could delay without losing the bulk of the world market, wrote Evert Clark in 

the New York Times: “For a variety of reasons, most of the controversy over timetables has been kept out of the public forum, mainly 

because of Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, the chief Presidential advisor on the plane . . . Mr. McNamara swore the Government officials and private citizens on the advisory committee to secrecy 

at their first meeting, and that secrecy has been maintained.” (Clark, 

NYT, 7/7/65,21) 

NASA’s MARINER IV began feeling the gravitational pull of Mars a week 

before it was scheduled to take the first close-up pictures of the 

“There were a few good points. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 317 

planet. The tug Mas noticed at 5 p.m. EDT in a slight change in speed 

as the 575-lb. spacecraft, 128.054.720 mi. from earth and 1,721,770 mi. 

from Mars. neared the end of its 228-day trip. 

Tracking engineers said the speed, which had been dropping two mph every six 

hours, would lessen because of Mars' gravity at a rate of one mph 

every six hours through July 10 Mhen the speed would begin to 

increase. No further sensing of the planet's presence in space was 

expected until July 11 when instruments aboard MARIRER IV might 

detect an increase in radiation. (AP, NYT, 7/3/65, 13; AP, Orl. Sent., 

7/7/65 1 

Ju2y 7: Paul Haney, Public Affairs Officer at NASA Manned Spacecraft 

Center, said no extravehicular activity (Eva) was planned for the 

eight-day Gemini v mission scheduled for August 17 or for October's 

two-day Gemini VI flight. 

Astronauts Frank Borinan (Maj., USAF) and James Love11 (Lcdr., 

uSN), primary crew for Gemini VII, said they would attempt to communicate with a ground station via laser beam during their 14-day 

mission planned for early 1966. The laser-a beam of intense lightcan transmit voices or other messages. Ground station at White 

Sands, N. Mex., aiming by radar, would fire the first laser signal at 

Gemini 7 as it passed overhead. The Gemini 7 crew aould attempt to 

answer by pointing their capsule downward, aiming, and shooting a 

10-lb., hand-held transmitter toward the ground. (Transcript; AP, 

Balt. Sun, 7/7/65; UPI, Wash. Post, 7/7/65; UPI, NYT, 7/7/65,20) 

The radar set that would guide Gemini astronauts on rendezvous missions in space, beginning with the August 19 Gemini v flight, was 

demonstrated by Westinghouse Corp.-working under an $18 million 

contrart with NASA--at Friendship International Airport, 

Baltimore. Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper (Maj., USAF) and Charles 

Conrad (Lcdr., USN) would carry a self-contained Rendezvous Evaluation Pod (Rep) into orbit on the back end of their spacecraft. An 

Agena rendezvous radar transponder and flashing beacons would be 

packaged in the Rep along with batteries and antenna. Midway 

through the second revolution, at 2 hrs. 25 min. after liftoff, command 

pilot Cooper would yaw the Gemini 5 spacecraft 90" to the right. Explosive charges would eject the Rep from its canister northward at 5 

fps. Gemini 5 would then maneuver away from the Rep to attain a 

position six miles below and 14 mi. behind the Rep. Subsequent 

phase adjustment would place Gemini 5 in a co-elliptical orbit-that is, 

the spacecraft would be at constant altitude below the Rep but reducing the trailing distance. since the spacecraft in its lowest orbit would 

be traveling faster than the Rep. 

Range and range-rate data would be displayed to the Gemini 5 crew 

by the rendezvous radar system. The radar system would continuously compute distance and angles from the spacecraft to the Pod, and 

calculate the maneuvers necessary to effect rendezvous. 

At five hours and 36 min. after liftoff, if the mission went as 

planned, Gemini 5 should be closing in on the Rep just north of the 

Carnarvon, Australia, tracking station. Gemini 5 would not physically dock with Rep; the experiment would simply provide training for 

At noon, the speed relative to Mars was 9.879 mph. 
318 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Gemini VI and other rendezvous missions and evaluate the rendezvous 

radar hardware to be used on the Agena target vehicle in later 

missions. (Clark, NYT, 7/8/65, 12; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 7/8/65; 

MSC Roundup, 7/23/65, 1, 2) 

July 7: The new Magnetic Field Components Test Facility at NASA Goddard 

Space Flight Center-which would create the precisely -controlled magnetic environment necessary for testing and calibrating spacecraft instruments intended to measure the low magnetic fields in outer spacebecame operational. The facility was also equipped to demagnetize 

the spacecraft carrying the magnetic measuring instruments. ( GSFC 

Release 6-16-65) 

Leo D. Welch, the first Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of ComSatCorp, announced his intention to retire from active direction of the 

Corporation. Mr. Welch said he had privately informed the ComSatCorp Board of Directors on May 21 that he wished to slow down the 

pace of his activity. (ComSatCorp Release) 

Tass released a picture of what was described as a working model of an 

orbiting space station. Six hermetically sealed compartments 

branched out from a central stem. The compartments included a control desk, a laboratory, a garden, an orientation system, radar section, 

and a heliostation with a system for carrying on conversation with 

incoming spaceships. 

M. I. Kiselev and E. B. Galitskaya had worked out a method of controlling spaceships by means of solar pressure. They proposed a system 

of reflecting black and white blades which would work like a propeller 

or a “solar rotary mill.” By regulating the inclination of the blades, 

one could obtain a torsional moment and change its direction and 

deceleration. Under conditions of weightlessness, the large size of the 

blades needed to provide the required torsional moment did not 

present any difficulties, and the blades would eliminate the need for 

additional energy sources for maneuvering in space. (Kazdkhstanskaya Pravda, 7/7/65, 3 

Photos of the rim of the terrestrial globe and of the twilight aureole taken by VOSTOK VI revealed two turbid layers in the stratosphere, 

Prof. Georgiy Rozenberg was reported in National Zeitung as saying at 

a space physics conference. The two layers contained relatively dense 

water-and-ice-covered particles at heights of 11,500 and 19,500 m. 

(37,950 and 64,350 ft.). Prof. Rozenberg assumed that sulphuric oxide emitted by volcanoes played an important role in the formation of 

the layers. He concluded that the colored luminescense following major volcanic outbreaks was related to this phenomenon. (National 

Zeitung, 7/7/65, 6) 

Consensus of W. German observers at the International Air Show (June 

11-20), as reported in Der Spiegel, was that the Soviet aircraft were 

obvious copies of Western models, but with inferior workmanship (often hand-made details) and instrumentation : the Ilyushin-62 was a 

poor copy of the British vc-lo; the Tupolev-134 was a hybird of the 

French Caravelle and British BAC 111 ; the Antonov-24B was obviously 

copied from the Dutch “Friendship” and the British “Handley Page 

Herald”; the navigational instrument used on the Tu-134 was the 

American World War II Eyeball Mark One; the design model of the 

(Tass, AP, Wash. Post, 7/8/65, D5) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 319 

Tu-144. so resembled the Concorde that it was humorously referred to 

as the Concordovich. 

July 8: Transfer of control of SYNCOM 11 and SYNCOM 111 communications satellites from NASA to DOD was completed. Under direction of 

the Defense Communications Agency, the three telemetry and command stations for maintaining precise control and positioning of the 

satellites would be operated by USAF at locations in the Seychelles 

Islands, Hawaii, and Guam. 

Army would be responsible for earth communications facilities used 

with the Syncom satellites except for two shipboard terminals owned 

and operated by USN. Army's Strategic Communications Command 

would continue to man and operate all ground terminals. 

SYNCOM 11-launched by NASA July 26, 1963-would be maintained 

at a position between 60' and 80" east longitude; SYNCOM IIIlaunched by NASA Aug. 19, 1964-would be positioned between 170' 

and 174" east longitude. Both satellites were in orbit at 22,300-mi. 

altitude. NASA would continue to receive reports on the telemetry 

from the two satellites from DOD and would continuously evaluate their 

performance in space. (DOD Release 451-65) 

A new F-1 engine test stand was used for the first time at NASA 

Marshall Space Flight Center's West Test Area. The 10-sec. initial 

firing of the 1.5 million-1b.-thrust engine was primarily for checking 

out the new facility. 

On another test stand at MSFC, Chrysler Corp. fired the second Saturn IB booster, manufactured by Chrysler at MSFC's Michoud Assembly Facility. The test, scheduled to run for 30 sec., was terminated 

automatically after three seconds because of a faulty signal from an 

engine pressure switch. ( MSFC Release 65-178; Marshall Star, 

7/14/65,1) 

X-15 No. 2 piloted by NASA research pilot John B. XcKay atiairied a 

speed up to 3,659 mph (mach 5.19) and an altitude of 212,600 ft., 

photographed Gamma Cassiopeia with four 35-mm. cameras. Purpose 

was to verify theoretical data on the physical composition of the 

stars. 

NASA announced Pegasus C meteoroid detection satellite was equipped 

with small aluminum sub-panels that at some future date an astronaut 

could, if desired, detach and bring back to earth. The panels would 

provide the first actual samples of meteoroid impact and would have 

tested some 43 types of thermal coatings. 

Pegasus C would be launched July 30, 1965, into 332 mi.-altitude 

circular orbit at 28.9" inclination-lose to a nominal manned flight 

path-rather than into an elliptical orbit like that of PEGASUS I and 

11. 

NASA had awarded Brown Engineering Co. a $3,630,000 contract for 

building nine discrete control equipment sy-stems for use with Saturn 

V launch vehicle. Two of the systems would be installed in a Saturn 

V systems development facility at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center 

in Huntsville. The other seven would be delivered to Kennedy Space 

Center, NASA, Launch Complex 39: three systems would be placed in 

launch control centers; four would be installed on Saturn V mobile 

launchers. ( MSFC Release 65-176) 

(Heumann, Der Spiegel, 7/7/65,8&87) 

(NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

(NASA Release 65-228; MSFC Release 65-175) 
320 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

July 8: Referring to a French rocket launching site, comparable to Kennedy 

Space Center, that would be operating in French Guiana by 1968, 

Pierre J. Huss said in the Netu York Journal American: “French experts claim the Guiana location makes it possible to fire toward the 

east at an angle that makes use of the earth’s rotation speed. They 

say it also offers optimal conditions for launching vehicles to the moon 

or Mars.” 

MSFC Director Dr. Wernher von Eraun, speaking before the International Christian Leadership World Conference in Seattle, said the 

two dominant forces shaping the course of human events in our revolutionary age were science and religion. And, Dr. von Braun said, “it 

is depressing to witness a growing misconception that these two powerful forces are not compatible.” On the contrary: science was trying 

to harness the forces of nature around man, while through religion 

man sought to control the forces of nature within. 

Dr. von Braun said science and scientists had been blamed for the 

desperate dilemma today, because science had utterly failed to provide 

a practical answer on how to handle the powerful forces it had 

unleashed. He said the blame for the wrongful use of force could not 

be pinned on science: “Science, all by itself, has no moral 

dimension. The same drug that heals when taken in moderation will 

kill when taken in excess. Only when a society accepts and applies a 

scientific advance do we add a moral dimension to it.” (Marshall 

Star, 7/14/65, 2) 

Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander, predicted in a luncheon 

address to participants in the National Youth Science Camp “a revolution in aeronautics within the next 15 years” as a result of advances 

being made now. 

Breakthroughs being made in development of more powerful rockets, 

heat resistant metals, and more sophisticated engines would soon lead 

to vertical takeoff craft capable of undergoing sustained flight at 

speeds up to 12 times the speed of sound, General Schriever 

postulated. 

ComSatCorp requested 26 design-engineering companies to submit proposals by July 20 for architectural and engineering services for construction of a ground station site at Brewster Flat, Wash. The proposed station would provide communications services to Hawaii and 

nations of the Pacific as part of a global commercial satellite 

system. The RFP‘S asked for plans sufficiently detailed to enable interested contractors to bid on construction and to enable the station to 

be operational by September 1, 1966. 

Sen. Strom Thurmond (R--S.C.) expressed concern on the floor of the 

Senate about advances in Soviet strategic weaponry and inserted in the 

Congressional Record an article which compared Soviet and American 

development of large solid rocket motors: 

First, the development of rockets has received a high priority continuously in the Soviet Union for 20 years, since the end of World 

War II. 

“Second, the Soviet effort has been broadly based and produced 

several generations of vehicles with increasing performance capability. 

(Huss, N. Y. J/Amer., 7/8/65,9) 

t Text; Wash. Eve. Star, 7/9/65) 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

(6 
ASTKONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 321 

“Third, solid-piopellant iocketry is playing a major role in current 

Soviet operations and in their future plans. 

“Fourth. US. intelliFence has suffered a major failure if the Soviet 

missiles in the May 9 parade itere not fake. 

“An early review of US. intelligence and military planning operations by both the Congress and the administration definitely is in 

older if the Soviets are operating large solid rockets.” ICR, 7/8/65, 

July 8: Soviet astrophysicist Rolan Kiladze had introduced a new theory 

that every planet’s rotation vas caused initially by pokerful bombardments by clusters of particles in its path. (Sovetskaya Latviya, 

7/8/65,14) 

Paul Mantz. veteran pilot \+ho oi\ned and flew a large collection of 

rebuilt vintage airplanes. I\ as killed when a home-built aircraft he was 

flying for a film sequence ciashed near Yuma, Arizona. (Arizona 

Republic, 7/9/65) 

Prof. Wolfgang Pilz. leader of a team of West German scientists helping 

the United Arab Republic build rockets, had quit the project and returned to West German\. it i+ as reported. 

July 9: Extraterrestrial dust particles iiould be collected by U.S. and foreign scientists using five rockets launched into the extreme upper atmosphere from Churchill Research Range, Canada, by the Air Force 

Cambridge Research Laboratories ( AFCRL) , ~ASA and USAF announced jointly. Each of the five Aerobee 1.50 rockets would carry a 

recoverable device called a “Venus Flytrap” designed to capture micrometeoroids and noctilucent cloud particles at various altitudes for 

laboratory inspection. 

NASA had provided partial funding for the project and had arranged 

for participation of organizations from abroad: the Commonwealth 

Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Radio Pinysics Laboratory, Sydney. Australia; the National Center for Radioactivity Research 1 CNRS ), France: the Meteorological Institute, Stockholm 

Univ., Sweden; Max Planck Institute, Heidelberg, Germany; and the 

Univ. of Tel Aviv, Israel. (NASA Release 65-223; AFOAR Release 

Eleven of America’s 34 astronauts left RASA Manned Spacecraft Center 

for a 10-day field trip into the volcanic regions of Iceland. Making 

the expedition were Edwin Aldrin, William Anders, Charles Bassett, 

Alan Bean, Eugene Cernan. Roger Chaffee, R. Walter Cunningham, 

Donn Eisele, Russell Schweickart, David Scott, and C. c. 

Williams. The trip would be part of the astronauts’ training in the 

type of geological formations they might find on the moon. (UPI, 

Oil. Sent., 7/7/65 I 

Freeman J. Dyson, professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N. J., charged official Washington with the 

political “murder” of Project Orion, a nuclear-pulse-powered rocket, 

which he said hould have been far better than any other kind of 

propulsion for rapid exploration of the solar system. The project was 

ended early this year after seven years of scientific and engineering 

studies that had cost $10.3 million and proved, Dyson said, the feasibility of nuclear-driven spacecraft. Its “killers,” Dyson said, were 

15359-61 ) 

(Smith, NYT, 7/9/65,7) 

7-65-1 1 
322 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

DOD, NASA, the promoters of the nuclear test-ban treaty, and US. scientists generally. Writing in Science, Dyson continued: “The story of 

Orion is significant because this is the first time in modern history 

that a major expansion of human technology had been suppressed for 

political reasons.” (Science, 7/9/65) 

July 9: A 5-2 rocket engine had been retired from service after being testfired a total of 10,686 sec. in 60 separate tests, MSFC announced. 

5-2, developed for NASA by Rocketdyne Div. of North American 

Aviation, would burn liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen and develop 

200,000 lbs. thrust at altitude. Five clustered J-2’s would provide a 

million lbs. thrust for the S-11 (second) stage of the Saturn V 

booster. A single 5-2 would power the S-IVB, top stage for both the 

Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles. (MSFC Release 65-177) 

Robert V. Reynolds was named Assistant FAA Administrator for General 

Aviation Affairs by FAA Administrator William F. McKee. Reynolds 

would serve the growing needs of general aviation which had more 

than 88,700 out of a total of 90$35 active civil aircraft. FAA had 

forecast that the general aviation fleet would grow to 105,000 by 

1969. (FAA Release 65-58) 

Yemen and Pakistan had signed agreements increasing to 46 the number 

of countries which had joined in the international joint venture for 

development of a global commercial communications satellite system, 

ComSatCorp announced. They would share with other nations in the 

financing and ownership of the space segment of the global system, 

consisting of the satellites themselves, tracking, control, and related 

functions, but not earth stations. 

July 10: Probable reasons for the GEMINI IV crew’s failure to achieve 

rendezvous with the booster during the June 3-7 spaceflight-based on 

runs in a rendezvous simulator-were listed by Ron Simpson, Guidance and Control Branch, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center: (1) visual 

rendezvous requires extended ground practice; (2) maneuver is nearly 

impossible without radar if the spacecraft and target are more than 

4,500 ft. apart; (3) more fuel than originally expected was 

required. (Houston Chron., 7/10/65) 

XC-142A aircraft, designed to take off vertically and fly horizontally to 

a top speed of 430 mph, began 18 mo. of extensive testing at Edwards 

AFB, Calif. The four-engine, propeller-driven aircraft, first of five to 

undergo evaluation and performance tests, had been turned over to USA 

July 8 at Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., Dallas. (N.Y. Her. Trib., 

7/11/65) 

Resignation of Eugene M. Zuckert as Secretary of the Air Force, effective Sept. 30, was announced by President Johnson. To succeed Zuckert, who had served since Jan. 23, 1961-longer than any previous Air 

Force secretary-the President named Dr. Harold Brown, DOD Director 

of Defense Research and Engineering since May 3, 1961. No replacement was named for Dr. Brown. 

President Johnson also accepted the resignation of Dr. Brockway 

McMillan as Undersecretary of the Air Force, also effective Sept. 

30. (White House Release; Horner, Wash. Eve. Star, 7/11/65, 12) 

July 11 : Reports by US. astronauts of seeing details on the earth’s surface 

while orbiting the earth at altitudes of over 100 mi. did not surprise 

physicists at the US. Bureau of Standards’ Central Radio Propagation 

(ComSatCorp Release) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 323 

Laboratory in Indianapolis, reported the Indianapolis Star. Wind 

tunnel experiments there had proven that the closer a viewer is to 

turbulent air, the more it distorts an image: the image wavers in 

brightness, changes position, and shifts in and out of focus. All these 

effects diminish contrast-an essential factor in identifying objects in 

aerial reconnaissance. The effects are reduced and seeing improves as 

the viewer moves away from the turbulence. (Lewis, Sci. Serv., In&- 

anapolis Star, 7/11/65) 

July 11 : New York Times editorial on July 14 MARINER IV flyby of Mars 

said: “On Wednesday, if all goes well, one of the epoch-making experiments in the history of science will take place as MARINER IV comes 

within 6,000 miles of Mars and takes pictures for transmission back to 

earth. Not since Galileo first trained his telescope on the moon has 

there been such a prospect for a quantum leap in man’s knowledge of 

a nearby world. 

“Whatever the results of the picture-taking experiment, the accomplishments of MARINER IV are already historic. Launched last Nov. 

28, it has traversed a preassigned course for more than seven 

months. During this time it has flown roughly 350,000,000 mi. while 

communicating back to earth new scientific data as well as a steady 

flow of information on its flight and its internal condition. This performance far exceeds all similar earlier feats. 

“For comparison we may note that MARINER II-iustly famed for 

its flight past Venus in 1962-needed to fly only three and a half 

months and 180 million miles to reach its objective. And while 

MARINER II sets a record signalling to earth from a distance of 53.9 

million miles away, MARINER IV has recently been transmitting from the 

neighborhood of Mars, now over 130,000,000 miles distant from this 

planet.” (NYT, 7/11/65, E10) 

July 12: Soviet cosmonaut Col. Pave1 BeIyayev disciosed in an ariick iii 

the newspaper Sovietsky Patriot that the heat was so intense when he 

was forced to land VOSKHOD 11 by manual controls that drops of molten metal ran down the portholes. He said when he discovered that 

something was wrong with the automatic landing system of the twoman spacecraft, he asked ground control for permission to use the 

manual system-something that had never been done before during a 

Soviet manned spaceflight. 

Soviet astronomer A. Markov stated that a lunar crater would be the 

most suitable landing site inasmuch as the floor of the crater would be 

composed of solid material. Because of the steep inclines in certain 

lunar formations, it would be impossible for deep layer of dust to 

accumulate, he noted. 

Dr. Cyril Ponnamperuma of NASA Ames Research Center’s Exobiology 

Div. and ARC research assistant Ruth Mack had synthesized the five 

chemical building blocks of DNA and RNA in a simple laboratory model 

which duplicated conditions believed to exist on earth from three to 

four and a half billion years ago, NASA announced. 

DNA and RNA, nucleic acids, form the core of and are the “prime 

movers” of all living cells in plants, animals, and man. The five 

DNA-RNA building blocks, known as nucleotides, are made up of a 

nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate. Their synthesis under 

(UPI, Houston Chron., 7/12/65) 

(Berliner Zeitung, 7/11/65,4-6) 
324 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

laboratory conditions could be a major advance toward explaining the 

origin of life on earth; it could have retraced a critical phase in the 

chemical evolution of organic material which had to occur before the 

appearance of life itself. 

Synthesis of nucleotides had been done before, but always by long, 

complex laboratory procedures. (NASA Release 65-221 ; ARC Release 

65-17; Marshall Star, 7/14/65,9) 

July 12: Strange objects moving through space were reported sighted in 

two widely-separated areas of Portugal. The Azores Weather Bureau 

claimed interference from one which stopped its electromagnetic 

clocks. Descriptions of the objects were similar to official Argentine 

and Chilean military reports of sighting in the Antarctic 

recently. (Orl. Sent., 7/12/65) 

Senate defeated by 6140-16 the proposed Proxmire amendment to 

make an across-the-board reduction of 5% in the NASA appropriations 

bill. This left the Senate bill, still to receive its final vote, at $5.19 

billion. The House had passed a $5.16 billion appropriation. 

Sen. William Proxmire ( D-Wis.) had contended that the manned 

lunar landing program constituted an “excessive waste.” Sen. Joseph 

S. Clark (D-Pa.) had felt the problem was not one of waste or 

inefficiency but felt that more of the nation’s resources should be put 

into education. housing. pollution abatement. and other urban 

problems. Sen. Wayne Morse ( D-Ore.) had supported the reduction 

but had proposed that the cut be 25% or 50%. “The American people have been thoroughly taken in by a TV spectacular,” he said and 

charged that the space program “is all for the purpose of gratifying 

our national ego.’’ Senator Morse had indicated that no other single 

agency conducted programs “Mith such vague objectives with such 

little return to the national Government.” 

Proxmire had charged that KASA M-as the prime example of an 

agency whose expenditures Congress had difficulty in controlling, that 

certain project costs within the N4S.4 program could be reduced, and 

that NASA used too great a proportion of our monetary, material. and 

manpower resources. 

The 16 Senators voting for the Proxmire amendment were Boggs, 

Clark, Cooper, Douglas, Fullbright, Gruening, Kennedy (N.Y. ) , McGovern Miller, Morse, Morton, Mundt, Nelson, Proxmire, Williams 

(N.J.) , and Williams (Del.). 

Brig. Gen. Julian H. Bowman (US4F, Ret.) was appointed Special Assistant to the NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight. General Bowman would handle special management problems 

in areas such as program manpower and organization, career management, and industry relationships. 

USAF scientist Dr. Hubertus Strughold told the Aviation and Space 

Writers Meeting in Washington, D.C., that the possibility that frozen 

oceans beneath the surface of Mars may support life cannot be 

ignored. Men may even find enough moisture there to provide them 

water and oxygen for an expedition, “and thus a critical problem of 

extraterrestrial resources would no longer exist,” he said. The idea 

that an underground water table exists on the otherwise arid planet 

was only a hypothesis with no evidence at present; but a combination 

(CR, 7/12/65,1592740) 

( NASA Hq. Bull., 7/20/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 325 

of older theories by other scientists plus “common horse sense” led 

him to speculate the water was there, Dr. Strughold said. 

July 12: AEC Administrator Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, in an interview with 

U.S. News and World Report reviewing the 20th anniversary of the 

exploding of the first atomic device in New Mexico on July 16, 1945, 

said a dozen countries had the potential to “join the present fivemember nuclear club.” Japan, India, West Germany, Sweden, Italy, 

Canada, and Israel were capable of producing an atomic bomb soon; 

Spain, Brazil, Yugloslavia, Egypt, and Switzerland had the scientific 

talent and available resources to produce a bomb in a little longer 

time, he said. 

Reviewing developments in the TFX aircraft program-now designated 

F-111, Richard Elliott wrote in Barron’s: “Since it was launched in 

1963, the TFX program has cost roughly $900 million. Another $700 

million has been earmarked for it in fiscal 1966. If the Pentagon 

buys as many F-111’s as it now plans, the price tag through the early 

1970’s will run to at least $8 billion. . . . (Elliott, Barron’s, 

7/ 12/65 ) 

July 13: NASA invited scientists to propose, by August 15, the various 

experiments to be included in a continuing Voyager program of exploration of the planets. The Mars Voyager program would begin 

with a test flight in 1969 followed by an orbiter-lander flight in 1971 

with other flights following in 1973, 1975, and beyond. The program 

would also include missions now under consideration for flights to 

Venus and other planets. The experiments to be included in the 1971 

mission of the landing capsule would be subject to strict sterilization 

requirements. In following programs, there would be considerable 

latitude in the choice of experiments. 

Senate passed the Independent Offices appropriation bill 8412, 

with the NASA portion at $5.19 billion as reported out by the Appropriations Committee. Negative votes were cast by Senators Dirksen 

(R-Ill.) and Young (D-Ohio) . (CR, 7/13/65, 16008-27) 

President Johnson, asked during a White House news conference if he 

could give a status report on USAF’S Manned Orbiting Laboratory, 

said: “No, I am not in a position to make a statement on that at this 

time. The Space Council has had some briefings in connection with 

the matter. There is a study going on every day in that connection, 

but I would not want to go further than that now.” (Transcript, 

Wash. Post, 7/14/65) 

Vice President Hubert Humphrey and his party, which included Rep. 

Carl Albert (D-Okla.) and Sen. Fred Harris ( D-Okla.) , visited NASA 

Manned Spacecraft Center and were briefed on the Gemini program by 

Charles W. Mathews; on the Apollo program by Dr. Joseph F. Shea; 

and on the life support systems by Richard Johnston of Crew Systems. 

Mr. Humphrey-it was his first visit to Msc-took a “ride” in the 

Gemini docking trainer with Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr. (Cdr., 

USN) and then he and his party observed a simulated Gemini liftoff at 

the Mission Control Center and a portion of a mission. (MSC Roundup, 7/23/65,1; Houston Post, 7/14/65) 

JPL Director Dr. William Pickering held up some fuzzy photographs of 

patches of the moon during a JPL press conference and said this was 

the best quality to be expected from the MARINER IV television 

(Text) 

(US. News, 7/19/65, 13) 

(NASA Release 65-230) 
326 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

system. The pictures should be better than any ever obtained from 

earth if the system operated as planned, he said. Each of the 

MARINER IV pictures would consist of 200 rows of 200 dots. Each dot 

would be sent as a number ranging from 0 to 63, designating the 

darkness of the dot. Reconstruction of the picture would be done by 

a computer at JPL. Because the first views would scan the planet 

obliquely, it might not be until the third image that one was received 

showing any obvious surface features. This, according to Dr. Pickering, might mean that no pictures would be displayed publicly until 

July 16. (Sullivan, NYT, 7/15/65, 1) 

July 13: Rains forced Princeton Univ. scientists to postpone launching from 

Palestine, Tex., of a Stratoscope 11 balloon and its telescope designed 

to photograph Saturn and its rings. NO new launch date had been 

set. (Houston Chron., 7/14/65) 

A ground firing of the Saturn s-11 battleship stage was conducted for 25 

sec. at the Santa Susana test site of North American Aviation, NASA 

Marshall Space Flight Center announced. The firing-longest to date 

in the SII program-was one of a series leading to full flight duration runs of nearly 400 sec. Next test, expected within a week, was 

planned for about two minutes. 

US. Weather Bureau, Coast and Geodetic Survey, and Central Radio 

Propagation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards were 

merged to form Environmental Science Services Administration 

(ESSA). Creation of ESSA came two months after President Johnson 

transmitted the reorganization plan to Congress. (30 FR 8819 

ComSatCorp had filed applications with FCC for construction of two new 

earth stations and related facilities, and expansion of a third existing 

station. One new station would be located at Brewster Flat, Wash., 

and a second on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Overall costs of 

these facilities, including land acquisition, construction, and establishment of related electronic equipment, was estimated at $6 million 

each. ComSatCorp said it was negotiating to purchase from AT&T the 

existing earth station at Andover, Me., and asked authority to modify 

and expand the facility, pending a purchase agreement. (ComSatCorp Release) 

Two Presidential citations were among 12 awards presented to NASA Marshall Space Flight Center employees recently, MSFC announced. Ralph 

Butler of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory had suggested an improved method of measuring local atmospheric conditions by using 

radio-controlled model airplanes. Franklin Williams of the Saturn V 

Program Office had made two cost-reduction proposals, one concerning 

x-ray radiation protection and the other recommending an inexpensive 

covering for clean room insulation. Butler and Williams saved the 

Government an estimated $306,000. 

The rash of reports on strange visitations to earth received comment 

from Walter Sullivan in the New York Times: “Whether or not [flying 

saucer enthusiasts] are aware of it, this is the time when space probes 

would be arriving from Mars, if inhabitants of.that planet were engaged in a similar effort [to the MARINER IV Mars flyby]. The earth 

overtakes Mars every two years and two months, coming within a few 

dozen million miles of it. There was such an approach this 

(MSFC Release 65-183) 

( 1965) ) 

( MSFC Release 65-182) 
miles. 
328 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

counter equipment. Obeling the command 12 min. later-the time it 

took the signal to reach the spacecraft across 134,000,000 mi.- 

MARINER IV’S scan platform with TV cameras and two Mars sensors 

began searching for the planet; the tape recorder began a 10-hr. warmUP. 

By 1:lO p.m., the spacecraft’s sensors had found the proper angle 

from nhich to photograph Mars. On orders from JPL, the Johannesburg tracking station ordered the camera and its light sensor to stop 

the scan at 7/10 of a degree of the optimum aiming point. 

Throughout the day, the spacecraft continued transmitting scientific 

and engineering information via the telemetry system. 

At 7:50 p.m., the Mars probe made its first “sighting” contact with 

the planet. The telemetry system then shifted and began sending only 

information from the scientific experiments. 

At 8:20 p.m. EDT, the first light from Mars struck the light sensor 

aligned with the camera and the 25-min. picture-taking sequence began. 21 frames were exposed and recorded on magnetic tape to be 

telemetered to earth over a 10-day period. Transmission of each picture would require 8 hrs. 25 min. 

Near the end of the fly-by. signals received at Goldstone tracking 

station had indicated a malfunction in the tape system. Telemetry 

received after the pass, ho\z ever, showed no indication that trouble had 

occurred. 

At 10:12, MARINER IV flew behind Mars, remained obscured for 53 

min., and re-emerged beyond the planet, its transmitter beaming radio 

signals thrcugh the Martian atmosphere. From this occultation experiment, scientists might be able to gauge the depth, thickness, and 

component gases of Mars’ atmosphere by measuring how much these 

signals w’ere bent and their speeds changed. 

Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director, told a news conference that 

signals indicated all instruments on the spacecraft had performed properly during the flyby. (NAS4 Release 65-227; Sullivan, NYT, 

7/15/65; Hoffman, N.Y. Her. Trib., 7/15/65; AP, Balt. Sun, 7/15/65) 

fdy 14: A 44-day test of NAS4 Goddard Space Flight Center’s Space Environment Simulator (Ses) had just ended, GSFC announced. In this 

project, the early performance of a scientific spacecraft in orbit around 

the earth was compared to the performance of a sister craft “orbited” 

inside the Ses : the UK-D scientific spacecraft-backup model for ARIEL 

11 (UK-11) launched successfully into earth orbit by U.K. March 27, 

1964-was “flown” inside the Ses; flight plan for UK-D followed general flight plan of initial flight days of ARIEL 11. 

Preliminary data indicated operation of the Ses was good throughout the test period. The spacecraft inside the simulator even experienced the same minor malfunction its sister spacecraft had experienced 

in orbit. (GSFC Release G17-65) 

Speaking before the Senate Commerce Committee in support of his bill 

calling for a three-year feasibility study of this country’s adopting the 

metric system, Sen. Claiborne Pel1 (D-R.I.) said: “Should Canada 

follow Great Britain’s example and convert, the United States would be 

virtually the only remaining country that uses a system of weights and 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 329 

measures based on other than the metric system. Actually, 90 percent 

of the people in the world use metric measures right now.” 

The proposed three-year Dept. of Commerce study, Senator Pel1 

said, would include not only a detailed estimate of the cost of conversion, but also a statement of the possible side benefits in foreign 

trade. (AP, NYT, 7/15/65,35) 

July 14: U.S.S.R.’s ZOND 11-launched Nov. 30, 196Gwas believed still 

racing toward Mars, but with its radio power dead. Although ZOND 

11’s specific mission was not disclosed, Tass had announced it was 

intended to “test the systems of the spacecraft in practical conditions 

of a prolonged space flight and to accumulate experience.” Tass had 

also said “unprecedented” plasma-jet engines were powering the Mars 

probe. (UPI, Houston Chron., 7/14/65) 

A full-scale model of NASA’s MARINER IV Mars probe went on display at 

the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air Museum. Panels explaining the Mariner program would also be displayed; photographs of the 

Martian surface would be added to the exhibit as they were 

received. (NASA Release 65-231 1 

12 delta-winged Mirage IV jet bombers flew across the Paris sky for the 

first time to open France’s annual Bastille Day parade. Two days 

earlier, the French Atomic Energy Commission had announced production of a smaller, more powerful replacement for the bulky 60-kt. 

atomic bomb now carried by the Mirage IV. (Breastrup, Balt. Sun, 

7/15/65) 

Commenting on the US. need for a Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol), 

Lt. Gen. Ira C. Eaker (USAF, Ret.) said in the Sun Antonio Express: 

“The nearly simultaneous launch of NASA’s Gemini and Air Force’s 

Titan III-c caused some commentators to suggest that there is competition and rivairy in the space effort. investigation convinces me that 

there is complete collaboration and accord between NASA and the military in the space program. 

“There is now little reason to doubt that NASA will succeed with 

Apollo, the Moon mission. Our continued leadership in the exploration of the peaceful uses of space seems assured. 

“It is now time to survey where we stand in the military implications and dangers from space. . . . “The first step in a needed military space program, which the Air 

Force earnestly and urgently proposes. is a manned orbiting laboratory (MOL). It is visualized as an experimental space station in low 

orbit to determine what man can profitably do in space. 

“The anti-MOL advocates have suggested that the fall-out from the 

NASA space program will provide all the building blocks to produce 

military space vehicles quickly when the need is more clearly 

evident. Fall-out from the automobile industry did not provide the 

Patton tank. It was necessary to cut and try, build and test many 

experimental tanks over a period of 25 years. 

“Building blocks from civil air transports did not produce the B-52 

bomber. We had to build and test 51 earlier bomber models. Effective space weapons will never come solely from the fall-out from the 

NASA program. 
330 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“MOL is said to be held up until the Air Force can precisely define 

and defend a military mission which MOL can be certain to 

accomplish. To require anyone to visualize and indicate definitely 

and in detail now, all that man may ultimately do in space, would be 

like having asked the Wright brothers in 1910 to lay down the 

specifications for a supersonic transport.” (Eaker, Sun Antonio Express, 7/14/65, 18) 

July 15: The first close-up picture of Mars transmitted by NASA’s MARINER 

IV in an eight-hour broadcast over a distance of 134 million mi. clearly showed the edge of the planet. Transmitted to earth as a series of 

5 million radio signals representing zeroes and ones, the picture was 

received at the Madrid and Johannesburg tracking stations and relayed 

to JPL. A JPL computer reconstructed the digits to produce images 

consisting of a series of dots of varying darkness. With transmission 

at 8.3 dots a second, 8% hrs. were required to receive the photograph. 

The photo sequence began when the bright edge, or limb, of Mars 

was seen by a light sensor which triggered MARINER 19s magnetic 

tape recorder. Initial information came from an experimental device 

called a “cluge” which built up a rough pattern of the photo on a 

monitor screen as it was relayed from the tracking stations to 

JPL. Taken at a low angle with an oblique view, the first photograph 

did not show the detail expected in later photographs. 

At a news conference at JPL, Dr. J. A. Van Allen, Univ. of Iowa, 

said that during its Mars flyby, MARINER IV had discovered with a 

variety of detectors that Mars had little or no magnetic field and, 

therefore, no radiation belts. This would indicate that the planet 

lacks a liquid core and thus differs basically from earth. Lack of a 

metallic core, liquid or solid, would be evidence that the planet never 

went through the churning internal processes that gave the earth its 

layered structure. Mars would not have continents formed of lightweight rocks and ocean basins underlain with basaltic rock as found 

on earth. 

W. M. Alexander, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, expIained that 

there was no evidence of a belt or unusual concentration of cosmic 

dust around the planet, nor, pointed out Dr. H. S. Bridge, MIT, was 

there any evidence of a shock wave caused by solar wind flowing 

across the planet. The solar wind was the steady outflow of thin, hot, 

high-velocity gas from the sun. 

Dr. William H. Pickering, Director of JPL, when questioned by 

newsmen on the possibility of higher life existing on Mars, pointed out 

that the absence of a magnetic field indicated the planet’s atmosphere 

was hit with all types of radiation and the existence of life would depend on how deep the atmosphere was and the extent of radiation that 

reached the surface. Asked if he were discouraged about the possibility of finding life on the planet, Dr. Pickering replied: “NO, I have 

always felt we will find some sort of life on Mars.” 

Dr. Pickering pointed out that one explanation for the reddish hue 

of Mars might be the presence of limonite, an iron oxide. This would 

suggest that iron was uniformly spread through the planet rather than 

being largely concentrated in the core, as on earth. (Transcript; Sullivan, NYT, 1/16/65, 1, 10; Miles, Wash. Post, 7/16/65, A1,A3; 

Sullivan, NYT, 7/17/65,1, 6) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 331 

July 15: Astronauts James A. McDivitt (Maj., USAF) and Edward H. White, 

11 (Maj., USAF) of the June 3-7 GEMINI IV flight received USAF astronaut wings from Gen. John P. McConnell, USAF Chief of Staff, in an Air 

Force ceremony at the Pentagon. X-15 test pilot Joseph H. Engle 

(Capt., USAF) also received USAF astronaut wings, thus becoming the 

12th American to receive the award and the fifth to wear the insignia 

for suborbital flight. 

Meanwhile the Senate Armed Services Committee approved President Johnson’s promotion of Astronauts Walter M. Schirra from 

commander to captain and John W. Young from It. commander to commander. 

Dr. Kurt H. Debus, Director of Kennedy Space Center, NASA, said 

in an address at the First World Exhibition of Transport and Communications in Munich: “It is my personal opinion, shared by some 

colleagues, that space flight will logically follow the pattern of historical development which has characterized the transportation industry. 

That is, the exploitation of the system is an outgrowth of its invention. 

“This pattern is vividly demonstrated by the popular American legend that Henry Ford invented the automobile, when in fact the automobile is not really an American invention at all. For one thing, it 

was not invented by any one man, but by a host of inventors-most of 

them Europeans. 

“However, Henry Ford did initiate the exploitation of this invention 

as a means of transportation for almost every family in America. 

Ford was a man of great inventive genius who strove to mass produce 

a highly reliable automobile at low unit cost. So Ford took advantage 

of this once-novel invention, the automobile, by developing to a high 

degree the arts of mass production with interchangeable parts, line 

assembiy, and finaiiy conveyor assembiy; and thus he ushered in a 

new age of public transportation, 

“The automobile also serves as an excellent example that even the 

farsighted and visionary inventor often cannot visualize the ultimate 

utilization of his invention by the public, For the modern automobile 

is a combination of many inventions-the wheel, the pneumatic tire 

which in turn depended upon the discovery of vulcanized rubber, the 

internal combustion engine and gasoline--to name a few. To illustrate an extreme case, I seriously doubt if the inventor of the wheel 

could visualize its use in such a supernatural machine as the 

automobile! In the more recent past, Benjamin Silliman, Jr., a brilliant American petrochemist of the late-nineteenth century, considered 

gasoline a useless and dangerous byproduct of his process for refining 

lamp kerosene. 

“The thing to remember is that the automotive industry did not 

spring from public demand. It came about because there were inventors who braved ridicule and worse and because others were quick to 

seize upon their creations. There was no expressed requirement for 

the airplane, nor for the trans-Atlantic air travel opened up by Charles 

Lindbergh. The novel products of inventive minds become the everyday products of our society. The full impact of these products is 

unpredictable at the time of their invention. 

( DOD Release 458-65, 7/14/65) 
332 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“The American scientist, Robert Goddard, who created the first liquid-fueled rockets in the United States, remarked that ‘Every vision is 

a joke until the first man accomplishes it.’ 

“The men who dreamed up and worked out methods of efficient 

transportation unwittingly opened up broad new vistas, and touched 

off the growth of tremendous production and service industries. They 

showed the way to expedite the movement of people and goods, and 

they also accelerated the exchange of ideas and customs and thus promoted understanding and cooperation. 

“Robert Goddard in America, like Hermann Oberth in Europe, were 

scorned and laughed at in their time. But while we are meeting here, 

men are preparing more journeys into the limitless areas beyond 

Earth‘s atmosphere, working with much the same theories and techniques proposed by Oberth and Goddard.” 

Jdy 15: “One absolute certainty is that if the atomic bomb had not gone 

off at Alamogordo 20 years ago tomorrow, the spacecraft Mariner 4 

would not have flown past Mars yesterday,” wrote William Hines in 

the Washington Evening Star. He continued: “Space and the atom 

are more closely interrelated than most people realize. We are in a 

space race today because-and only because-big rockets were developed by the East and West starting about 15 years ago. . . . Solely 

to carry atomic (and later hydrogen) warheads. There would have 

been no space race without big rockets because the staggering development costs for space applications alone could never have been justified. 

“The ‘aerospace business’ of the non-atomic ’~O’S, then, would have 

been ‘airplane business’ pure and simple-and airplanes would be 

much different than they are today. There would be no ‘atomic energy industry,’ of course-and these two differences would have a 

measurable economic impact. Probably a million jobs nationwide depend either directly or indirectly on space and the atom. 

“Equally obviously, two vast bureaucracies dedicated to ‘running’ 

space and the atom would not exist. The Atomic Energy Commission 

has about 7,300 employes and the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration about 33,000. Together they ‘own’ something like $18 

billion worth of property.” 

A contract for about $60 million would be signed by NASA Goddard 

Space Flight Center with Republic Aviation Corp. for Phase 11 development of the Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory (Aoso) , NASA 

announced. Republic would furnish two flight spacecraft and a prototype; work would also include final development and design, checkout, 

experiment integration, and launch support services. The Phase I 

portion of the project was completed in July 1965. 

Launching of the 1,250-lb. AOSO, planned for the late 1960’s’ would 

be from Vandenberg AFB by a thrust-augmented Thor-Agena rocket; 

the observatory would provide a constant search for isolated or unusual solar activity. 

Northwind, a US. Coast Guard icebreaker, left Copenhagen for a threemonth scientific voyage of the Soviet Arctic providing a “floating platform” for civilian scientists aboard to conduct oceanographic and meteorological studies in the Barents and Kara Seas-areas for which the 

US. had little scientific data. 

(Text) 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 7/15/65) 

(NASA Release 65-234) 

(NYT, 7/16/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 333 

July 15: Dr. Kurt H. Diebus, Director, Kennedy Space Center, NASA, received the Pioneer of the Wind-Rose Award, Order of the Diamond, 

in Munich, Germany. Dr. Debus, first recipient of the award, was 

cited for his historical contribution to rocket launch technology and 

for his contributions to science through his work in rocketry. Award 

was made at the First International Transport Exhibit. (Breuurd 

Sent., 8/1/65) 

USAF would begin retiring more than 300 of its B-52 strategic bombers 

next year, predicted Howard Margolis in the Vmhington Post. Margolis theorized that USAF would then seek more money for its follow-on 

bomber, the Amsa (Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft), and money 

for several wings of F-lll’s for the Strategic Air Command (SAC) 

bomber force as the B-52’s were mothballed. (Margolis, Wush. Post, 

7/15/65) 

July 16: PROTON I, a scientific space station, was orbited by the U.S.S.R. 

with a “powerful new booster,” Tass announced. The 26,880-1b. payload-claimed to be heaviest ever launched-was placed into an orbit 

with the following initial parameters: apogee, 627 km. (389.4 mi) ; 

perigee, 190 km. (118 mi.) ; period 92 min.; and inclination, 

63.5’. In addition to scientific and measuring instruments, the space 

station was equipped with special equipment for the study of cosmic 

particles of super-high energies and a radio transmitter. Tass said: 

“In order to insure realization of the planned space research program, 

a powerful new booster rocket has been developed in the Soviet 

Union.” 

Commenting on the Soviet launching, Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, said he 

was “impressed but not astonished” by the Russian accomplishment. 

woiild deve!op 

into the space station field,” he said. “We have anticipated that they 

would practice rendezvous and docking before they developed what 

they said was a space station, but they haven’t followed that particular 

line.” 

U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXXI, LXXII, LXXIII, LXXIV, and LXXV into 

orbit with a single booster. Initial orbital data: COSMOS LXXI, apogee, 542 km. (337 mi.), perigee, 521 km. (324 mi.); COSMOS LXXII, 

apogee, 588 km. (365 mi.), perigee, 538 km. (334 mi.) ; COSMOS 

LXXIII, apogee, 564 km. (350 mi.), perigee, 531 km. (330 mi.) ; COSMOS LXXIV, apogee, 619 km. (384 mi.), perigee, 537 km. (334 mi.) ; 

COSMOS LXXV, apogee. 644 km. (400 mi.), perigee, 539 km. (335 

mi.). Period for all five satellites was 95 min.; inclination, 

56”. Satellites contained scientific equipment for outer space research 

as well as “Mayak” radio transmitters. All instruments were said to 

be functioning normally. 

“Mariner-4’s performance . . . constitutes one of man’s greatest 

triumphs to date in the field of science and technology,” said a Washington Evening Star editorial: “It has blazed the way for the landing 

of instruments on the Martian terrain within the next decade, and after 

that, on some day between 1980 and the end of the century the landing 

of Americans there. 

<<-, we have been predicting for some iirrie iht 

(Tass, 7/16/65; NYT, 7/17/65,6; Wush. Post, 7/17/65, Al) 

(Zzvestiu, 7/17/65, ATSS-T Trans.) 
334 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“The wonder and wizardry of it all are nothing less than 

awesome. Everybody involved with MARINER’S success merits the 

praise of the entire nation.” 

July 16: A 707 jet transport, owned and fitted by the Boeing Co. with extensive instrumentation, including an analog computer and a 15-ft. 

needle-like nose extension to make it an in-flight dynamic simulator, 

had arrived at NASA Langley Research Center for a four-month program 

of supersonic transport experiments. The research program would 

assess simulated landing approaches with both the fixed-wing and 

variable-sweep concepts, including conditions such as emergency use 

of cruise sweep-back during a landing. 

Gemini v backup crew members, civilians Neil Armstrong and Elliot M. 

See, Jr., began a training exercise in Gulf of Mexico waters designed 

to teach the astronauts the proper methods to leave the spacecraft after 

touchdown. Primary crew members Maj. L. Gordon Cooper (USAF) 

and Cdr. Charles Conrad (USX) would take the same training July 21. 

(AP, Houston Chron., 7/16/65) 

FCC rescinded an earlier order and granted a group of communications 

companies temporary authority to provide television service from 

EARLY BIRD I comsat. The order authorized AT&T, ITT, RCA Communications, Inc., and Western Union International, Inc., to pool their 

efforts and resources in a consortium which would buy the television 

service from ComSatCorp and then sell the service to American television networks. In its earlier order, FCC had granted temporary authority to ComSatCorp to provide the television service directly to the 

television networks. 

The successful use in modern surgery of plasma probes developed for the 

U.S. program by High Temperature Instruments Corp. under contract 

to NASA Lewis Research Center was reported by Dr. Walter T. Olson, 

Assistant Director for Public Affairs at LRC. The temperature-sensing 

elements of these tiny probes were used in a cryogenic cannula for 

treating Parkinson’s Disease, a malady involving control centers in the 

brain. The surgical probe, through which low-temperature liquid nitrogen flows, is used to destroy parts of the brain by freezing without 

affecting adjacent tissue. It also permits the neurosurgeon to probe at 

an intermediate temperature ; once located, the selected brain tissues 

can be frozen by using the thermocouple to monitor the temperature. 

(LRC Release 65-50) 

NASA awarded $75,000 cost-plus-fixed fee contract to Control Data Corp. 

for a breadboard model of Scads (Scanning Celestial Attitude Determination System), a simple star-mapping system for use onboard 

spacecraft to determine the pitch, roll, and yaw attitude errors. Initial tests of the system would be conducted at GSFC. (GSFC Release 

Gl8-65) 

NASA entered competitive negotiations with Documentation, Inc., and 

Tech/Courier Corp. for a contract valued at approximately $4.5 million to operate NASA’s Scientific and Information Facility-containing 

the world’s largest collection of aerospace literature-in a new government-furnished building in College Park, Md. The contract would 

run through June 1966 and would be monitored by NASA Hq. Scientific 

and Technical Information Div. 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 7/16/65) 

(NASA Release 65-233) 

( Weekley, Wash. Post, 7/16/65) 

(NASA Release 65-236) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 335 

July 16: Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the il’ational Aeronautics and Space Council, remarked in an interview with Missile Space 

Daily: “I do not doubt that with good fortune, the trip [to the moon] 

will be made during this decade, which to me means during the 

1960’s. Replying to a question about the future use of solid fuel 

rockets, Dr. Welsh said: “I certainly see no reason to doubt that the 

use of solids will continue to increase. Without attempting to predict 

specific dates or missions, I believe large solid motor technology will 

be a very valuable element in our growing national space 

competence. . . .” On post-Apollo missions: “. . . Under present 

circumstances, it would seem that our program will include extended 

exploration of the moon after the first trip, provided conditions are 

found to be favorable to such exploration. Also, we should be expected to develop a growing capability in earth-orbiting space stations and 

make an increasing effort in planetary exploration. I do not rate 

these major objectives one against the other because I believe the 

national space program will in time include all three of the broad 

missions I have mentioned.” Dr. Welsh said that he hoped the US. 

would be able to “maintain space expenditures at a figure above 1 

percent of our Gross National Product.” 

“We saw it and we were amazed,” wrote Pope Paul VI in Latin on a 

copy of the first photograph returned by MARINER IV. He signed his 

name underneath with the date. 

20th anniversary of the first atomic device, at Los Alamos, N. Mex., the 

beginning of the so-called “atomic age.” Since then, atomic devices 

had been exploded by the U.S.S.R. beginning in 1949, Britain in 1952, 

France in 1960, and Red China in 1964. Thermonuclear devices had 

been demonstrated by the US. in 1952, U.S.S.R. in 1953, and Britain 

in 1957. Now Federal spending for the peaceful uses of atomic energy had drawn abreast of spending for nuclear weapons for the first 

time since the first atomic bomb. Commenting on this fact, Evert 

Clark wrote in the New York Times: “Even in the Atomic Energy 

Commission there is little tendency to view this as a triumph for peace 

over preparations for the possibility of war. 

“It is rather that military needs have been largely taken care of, SO 

that they demand less money.” 

A commercial model of the military C--5~ subsonic jet was being considered by Pan American World Airways to provide cheap air transportation, reported the Wall Street Journal. The aircraft would measure 

230 ft. or more from nose to tail, weigh over 700,000 Ibs., and carry a 

payload of over 250,000 lbs.; four jet engines would propel it at 550 

mph. The passenger version would hold between 700 and 1,000 

people. The jet bus could cut cargo rates 50% or more and cut fares 

20 to 25%. Problems would arise, however, in that present airport 

runways might not be able to sustain the great weight and new procedures would have to be developed to handle the increased 

traffic. (Cooke, VSJ, 7/16/65,1,8) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb was one of four persons named 

honorary chairmen of the Robert Hutchings Goddard Library Program at Clark Univ. The other three were Mrs. Robert H. Goddard; 

Dr. Charles G. Abbot, former fifth Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- 

(M/S Daily, 7/26/65) 

(UPI, NYT, 7/17/65) 

(EPH; Clark, NYT, 7/17/65,6) 
336 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

tution; and Mr. John Jeppson, executive vice president of the Norton 

Co. and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Clark Univ. Mr. J. L. 

Atwood, president of North American Aviation, was named general 

chairman of the Library program. 

July 16: Physicist Serafim Nikolayevich Zhurkov, corresponding member 

of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was awarded the Order of the Red 

Banner of labor on his 60th birthday for work in his field. (Pravda, 

7/16/65 ) 

NASA. The first three photographs showed an almost unbroken strip 

of terrain more than 600 mi. long. They revealed features down to 

two miles in length, including several crater-like objects, a kidneyshaped depression 20-30 mi. in width, and ridges and depressions 

similar to those on the moon. None of them showed straight-line 

features that might have been taken by earth-based observers to be 

canals. Except for the suggestion of an arid, wind-swept, desert-like 

terrain, the pictures did not bear directly on the question of life on the 

planet. 

During a press conference held at JPL, Dr. William H. Pickering, 

Director of JPL, said that MARINER IV had been a “magnificent 

success.” The computer which had reconstructed the numbers transmitted by MARINER IV into photographs had proved capable of cleaning up and intensifying the image to a remarkable degree. The pic 

tures were of a high quality, and, in addition, the lighting conditions 

were expected to improve the detail in later photographs. Comparisor. 

of overlapping areas-one picture in a pair exposed through a green 

filter and one through a red filter-might reveal some things about 

color on Mars that would not otherwise be obtainable. (Transcript; 

Sullivan, NYT, 7/12/65, 1, 50; Hines, Wash. Sun. Star, 7/18/65, Al, 

A6; WSJ, 7/19/65,1) 

USAF launched Thor-Agena D launch vehicle with unidentified satellite 

payload from Western Test Range. (US. Aeron & Space Act., 1965, 

146) 

The Bochum Observatory in West Germany reported it had received 

signals from Soviet satellite PROTON I which indicated it would “not 

remain for a long period in a stable orbit.” (AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 

7/12/65, A2) 

First flight of North American Aviation’s XB-70A No. 2 from Palmdale 

to Edwards AFB was almost 100 per cent successful; the drogue chute 

failed to deploy on landing, but the aircraft braked to a stop in the 

normal distance. The No. 2 XB-70 reached a speed of mach 1.4 and 

an altitude of 40,000 ft. Wing tips were folded to the full 65” during 

the flight, the movable windshield ramp was operated, and some stability and control tests were carried out. Aircraft was piloted by A1 

White, chief NAA test pilot, and Col. Joseph Cotton, USAF XB-70A test 

director. (Av. Daily, 7/20/65) 

“The President has taken the moderate and, in this case, wise course in 

deciding to speed up the development of an American supersonic commercial airliner with an additional $140 million in research over the 

next 1% years,” said a Washington Post editorial. It continued: “He 

could have called a halt to the program and abdicated America’s avia- 

(Goddard, 7/65) 

July 17: Two more MARINER IV close-up shots of Mars were released by 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 337 

tion industry leadership to France and Britain, who already are developing their Concorde, or to the Soviets with their TU-144. Or he 

could have followed the recommendation of some of his advisers and 

spent even greater sums of money to build two competing types of 

planes which both might end up as impractical white elephants. “. . . the President’s moderate speed-up decision certainly is 

justified on scientific grounds, for research invariably turns up new 

ideas for progress. And it is justified on political grounds as well, for 

this country must maintain its pioneering leadership in all forms of 

transportation.” ( Wash. Post, 7/17/65) 

July 17: Transmissions from MARINER IV were received by the nine-monthold Tidbinbilla tracking station at Canberra, Australia-one of three 

primary stations in the worldwide network of space tracking stations 

built for the Mars probe. Since February, a movable reflector antenna had maintained daily contact with MARINER IV, picking up signals 

from Goldstone, Calif., station in the morning and relaying them to the 

Johannesburg station nine hours later. As the signals were received 

from MARINER IV, they were retransmitted over the Pacific cable teletype to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

After completion of MARINER IV mission, Tidbinbilla would be used 

to track Surveyor vehicles. (NYT, 7/18/65) 

Dr. Philip Abelson suggested in Science that effects on man of a new 

revolution in genetics would be more profound than the Atomic 

Age. He said that although controlled laboratory change of human 

genetic constitution seemed some distance off, he believed it would be 

done or attempted: “Geneticists will create new knowledge and will 

have high ideals for its proper application. In practice, power to 

apply that knowledge, as was the case in atomic energy, will come to 

rest in ether bards ” 

West German intelligence had reported that Russia’s Antonov An22 

transport plane was designed to carry large missiles undetected, said 

Omar Anderson in the Philadelphia Bulletin. The plane, exhibited 

June 15 at the International Air Show in Le Bourget, France, could 

carry up to 720 passengers or 80 tons of cargo. (NASA, Phil. Sun. 

Bull., 7/18/65, 19) 

July 18: ZOND 111 automatic space station was launched into a heliocentric 

orbit by U.S.S.R. from a heavy artificial satellite placed in a parking 

orbit around the earth by a multistage carrier rocket, Tass 

announced. Tass said that the “trajectory of the automatic station is 

close to the expected one,” that communications were stable, and that 

all systems were functioning normally. The purpose of the launch 

was to “check the station’s systems in conditions of prolonged space 

flight and the holding of scientific studies in interplanetary space,” 

Tass said. Pictures of the farside of the moon taken by zOND 111 

were later released on Aug. 20. (Tass, 7/18/65; Grose, NYT, 

7/19/65,1,31; Loory, Wash. Post, 7/19/65) 

A new computer technique had been designed by NASA Goddard Space 

Flight Center to make repeated rapid checks of effects of a man-made 

radiation belt of high-energy “Starfish” electrons formed from a U.S. 

hydrogen bomb test over the Pacific Ocean in 1962, and subsequent 

tests conducted for Project Fish Bowl, a high-altitude weapon test. 

Starfish electrons were estimated to have a possible life of up to 20 

(Abelson. Science, 7/12/65) 
338 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

yrs., during which time electrons in the belt would slowly decay to the 

energy level of ordinary electrons. E. G. Stassinopoulos, designer of 

the program, warned that increased solar activity in years ahead would 

greatly affect the lifetimes of the Starfish electrons, making the 

computer relatively useless after 1966. (Sci. Serv., NYT, 7/18/ 

65, 27) 

July 18: MARINER IV’S experimental solar-vane aiming system was expected 

to operate successfully for three and one half years in space, wrote 

Walter Sullivan in the New York Times. The vanes should keep the 

spacecraft aimed at the sun whose light shining on the vehicle’s fourwing solar panels would generate electric power. Acting on pressure 

of sunlight and the high-velocity solar wind, the vanes would correct 

tendencies to drift off course. 

The basic attitude control system of MARINER IV consisted of 12 

jets, at the tips of the solar panels, which squirted cold compressed 

nitrogen. The purpose of the solar vanes was to conserve the nitrogen 

and thereby prolong the vehicle’s serviceable lifetime. (Sullivan, 

NYT, 7/19/65,31) 

Editorial comment on the successful transmission to earth of pictures of 

Mars taken by MARINER IV: “There is something absolutely staggering 

about the idea of a piece of machinery from this country’s workshops 

finding its way to Mars and then pausing on schedule to make picture 

signals which bounce back here 12 minutes later. 

After all, if 

man has the genius to reach back and forth into the universe, surely 

he will discover a way for peoples, nations and ideologies to live and 

survive together back here on this insignificant little planet.” ( Wush. 

Post, 7/18/65) 

“Though all its findings are not yet in, it is already clear that Mariner 4’s historic journey to Mars is the most successful and most important experiment man has yet conducted in space, as well as one of 

the most brilliant engineering and scientific achievements of all time. 

“The triumph scored by MARINER 4 in this first successful attempt at 

the exploration of Mars emphasizes a point suggested by the earlier 

achievements of instrumented probes, notably the Ranger photographic 

voyages to the moon. That point is that a great deal of scientific 

information about earth’s nearest neighbors in the solar system can be 

obtained relatively cheaply and without risk to human life by utilizing 

fully the potentialities of existing instruments. Cameras and other 

research devices can undoubtedly be placed in orbit about or landed 

softly on the surfaces of the moon and nearby planets. And intensive 

exploitation of the capabilities of unmanned rockets can make far safer 

the ultimate dispatch of man into far distant space.” (NYT, 

7/16/65 ) 

“Soviet propaganda needs in the wake of Mariner 4’s flight to Mars 

appear to have been influential in determining the timing of the 

latest Soviet space shots,” wrote Harry Schwartz in the New York 

Times. He continued: “MOSCOW’S decision to send up last Friday two 

rockets-one putting five small satellites into orbit and the second 

orbiting the heaviest man-made object yet put into space-seems to 

Western observers to be a transparent Soviet effort to counteract the 

“Such a feat cheers up the most confirmed pessimist. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 339 

propaganda defeat Moscow suffered as a result of Mariner 4’s historic 

voyage. That defeat was all the greater because of the failure of the 

Soviet Mars probe, Zond, sent on the same journey at roughly the 

same time Mariner 4 was launched.” 

Jdy 18: Observers in Moscow believed that the Soviet Union would shortly 

launch a gigantic spacecraft with as many as four to six people 

aboard, said an article in Poland’s Trybura Ludu. The spacecraft 

would most likely be commanded by one of the experienced cosmonauts and would have a weight of over 12 tons. It would be placed in 

orbit by the booster which launched PROTON I. The latter, according 

to the correspondent, probably used solid fuel. The correspondent 

speculated that the spacecraft would remain in orbit one week and that 

several cosmonauts would take a “walk in space” simultaneously. (Tryburu Ludu, 7/18/65) 

lu2y 19: W. Averell Harriman, U.S. Ambassador at Large, pressed for 

more Soviet-American exchanges in scientific and technical fields during a two and a half hour talk with Soviet Deputy Premier Konstantin 

N. Rudnev. Mr. Harriman reported that the Russians had agreed that 

such exchanges “had been useful in the past and should be 

expanded.” (Grose, NYT, 7/20/65) 

NASA and the Federal German Ministry for Scientific Research (BMwF) 

signed a Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation in a program 

of space research on the earth‘s radiation belts. First phase of the 

program would consist of sounding rocket launchings and balloon 

flights to test instrumentation for German experiments. Following 

successful completion, the second phase would attempt to place a German scientific satellite in polar orbit by 1968. The satellite, to be 

designed and constructed in Germany, wouid be iauncheci irom &e 

Western Test Range on a Scout vehicle provided by NASA. No exchange of funds between the two organizations was contemplated. Re: 

sults 6f the experiments would be made available to the world 

scientific community. (NASA Release 65-238) 

An unidentified satellite with a Thor-Agena D booster was launched by 

USAF from Vandenberg AFB. 

U.S.S.R. reported that ZOND 111 interplanetary spacecraft, launched July 

18, had passed the 226,000-km. (140,120-mi.) mark in its flight towards unspecified destination. ZOND 111 was said to be functioning 

normally and radioing scientific data back to earth. (Pruvda, 

7/20/65,1) 

Gemini 5 Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper (Lt. Col., USAF) and Charles 

Conrad (Lcdr., USN) and their backup pilots Neil Armstrong and Elliot See met a news briefing at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center on the 

Gemini v mission, scheduled for August 19. Cooper explained 

that during the flight the astronauts would try to sight a USN Polaris 

missile to be launched from the East Coast and an unidentified missile 

to be launched from the West Coast. It was not disclosed at what 

point during the mission either of the launches would occur. In addition, Cooper said he and Conrad would attempt to sight rocket engines 

ignited on a rocket sled at Holloman AFB, N. Mex. 

(Schwartz, NYT, 7/18/65) 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 7/20/65) 
340 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Also on the program would be an attempt to rendezvous with a 

Rendezvous Evaluation Pod (Rep) which would be ejected from the 

spacecraft and would drift to a distance of about 60 mi. from the 

spacecraft. The radar equipment onboard would then assist in performing maneuvers to achieve rendezvous with the Pod, although actual contact was not planned. Cooper said that backup system for 

reentry would not be used again because the thrust fuel would be used 

in the rendezvous experiment. No extravehicular activity would be 

performed during this mission. 

The astronauts announced they would attempt to communicate with 

fellow astronaut Scott Carpenter (Cdr., USN) participating in the USN 

Sealab 11 experiment beneath the Pacific. Flight plans called for a 

landing in the West Atlantic. 

Both astronauts felt that personal hygiene would be one of the main 

problems of the flight. (Transcript) 

July 19: ITT World Communications, Inc., asked FCC for permission to use 

EARLY BIRD I satellite for live television coverage of part of the Gemini 

v mission scheduled for Aug. 19. ITT would like to set up a 

portable ground station in the Atlantic aboard carrier U.S.S. Lake 

Champlain, expected to be the primary recovery ship. (AP, NYT, 

7/20/65) 

NASA announced it would negotiate an approximate $12-million contract 

with Douglas -4ircraft Corp. for Delta launch support services that 

would cover an anticipated 15 launchings from Kennedy Space Center, 

NASA, and the Eastern Test Range for a 12-month period beginning 

Jan. 1, 1966. The contract would provide for inspection and checkout 

in addition to actual launching operation. 

NASA was acquiring eight KC-135 jet transports and three ships to help 

maintain communications during Apollo moon flights. In addition, 

two ships of the existing DOD instrumentation fleet were being remodeled for support of the Apollo lunar mission’s reentry phase. The 

KC-135’s would be used during reentry to combat the effects of the 

plasma sheath blackout which had drowned out communications on 

previous manned launchings. In addition, three primary ground stations were being prepared at Goldstone, Calif.; Canberra; and Madrid. 

(NASA Apollo Pro]. Off.; AP, CSM, 7/19/65) 

Weapons and Ammunition Div. of the Italian Air Force had formed a 

Missiles and Space Research Center at an airport outside Rome, Missiles and Rockets reported. Its establishment marked the separation of 

Air Force missiles and space R&D from that of the Italian National 

Committee on Space Research, headed by Prof. Luigi Broglio. (M&R, 

7/19/65,9) 

Tactical Air Command’s 464th Troop Carrier Wing, Pope AFB, N.C., had 

been named recipient of the 1964 MacKay Trophy for the most meritorious flight of the year, being cited for its participation in the air lift 

of 1,500 hostages and refugees from rebel-held territory in the Congo 

November 1964. (Av. Wk., 7/19/65,96) 

A newly-created Manpower Utilization and Administration Office, headed 

by Keith Wible, became operational at NASA Marshall Space Flight 

Center. Wible had been assistant manager of the Michoud Assembly 

Facility from November 1961 to February 1965. (MSFC Release 

(NASA Release 65-237) 

65-181) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 341 

July 19: New York Gov. Nelson Rockefeller announced that the New York 

State Atomic and Space Development Authority had selected American 

Machine and Foundry Co. for a $2.75-million fixed-price contract to design and build a nuclear-powered plant which would produce a million 

gallons of fresh water daily from seawater. Named Surfside (Small 

Unified Reactor Facility with Systems for Isotopes, Desalting and Electricity), the plant would be constructed on Long Island and would also 

be able to generate 2,500 kw. of electricity and produce high-energy 

radioactive isotopes. 

100 university, research laboratory, and government scientists met 

in Falmouth, Mass., to recommend modifications or additions to NASA's 

Apollo Program and Apollo Extension Systems lunar science 

program. Participants included three astronauts-R. Walter Cunningham and two of the six scientist-astronauts selected on June 28, 

1965: Dr. Harrison H. Schmitt of the U.S. Geological Survey and Dr. 

Frank C. Michel of Rice Univ. This meeting resulted in recommendation of a 10-year post-Apollo lunar exploration program of mainly 

manned missions, with wide variety of scientific experiments in geology, geochemistry, geophysics, and bioscience. Top priority recommended for early Apollo landing missions was collection of greatest 

possible number and variety of lunar material samples. 

Conference was sponsored by the Manned Space Science Program of 

NASA's office of Space Science and Applications. Report of the conference (NASA SP-88) was later published in January 1966. (NASA Release 664; NASA sP-88; NASA Release 65-239) 

July 20: Saturn IB booster stage (s-XB) was successfully static-fired for 

145 sec. at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center-its second captive 

firing. In early August, the 1.6-million-lb.-thrust, 80-ft.-long stage 

wouia De taken by hge io Xei+ Orleans and trazsprted from there to 

Kennedy Space Center, NASA, for launching. ( MSFC Release 65-187; 

Marshall Star, 7/28/65, 1) 

Pilot Maj. Robert Rushworth (USAF) flew X-15 No. 3 to maximum altitude of 105,400 ft. at maximum speed of 3,750 mph (mach 5.5) to 

obtain data with the infrared scanner. 

In a triple launch, USAF launched two 524-1b. Vela Hotel (Sentry) satellites and ORS 1x1-1 (Octahedron research satellite) with an AtlasAgena D booster from Eastern Test Range. Orbital data: VELA 

6577-11: apogee, 72,014 mi. (115,942.5 km.) ; perigee, 66,583 mi. 

(107,198.6 km.) ; period, 6,713 min.; inclination, 34.6"; VELA 

6564-10: apogee, 75,761 mi. (121,975.2 km.) ; perigee, 63,224 mi. 

( 101,790.6 km.) ; period, 6,716 min.; inclination, 34.8" ; ORs 111-1 : 

apogee, 69,640 mi. (112,120.4 km.); perigee, 123 mi. (198 km.); 

period, 6,715 min.; inclination, 34.3". 

Expected to operate six months, the Vela Hotel satellites were part 

of DOD'S Vela program to monitor space for violations of the nuclear 

test-ban treaty. ORS 1x1-1 was monitoring natural radiation above 

the earth and relaying information to ground stations. (USAF Proj. 

Off.; UPI, NYT, 7/21/65,43) 

Management of the Voyager landing capsule system had been assigned to 

the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA announced. Harris M. Schurmeier, former Ranger Project Manager at JPL, had been named 

Voyager System Manager. Currently in a design study phase, 

(Sibley, NYT, 7/20/65, 1, 14) 

111 

(NASA Proj. Off.) 
342 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Voyager was planned for unmanned planetary explorations beginning 

with a Mars mission in 1971. (NASA Release 65-242; JPL Release 

346) 

July 20: “A manned expedition to Mars within 15 years seems entirely 

feasible,” North American Aviation, Inc., Space and Information Systems Div. President Harrison Storms told William Hines of the Washington Evening Star. In charge of building the spacecraft for the 

Apollo moon landings, Storms offered an approximate timetable for a 

Mars expedition: “Start planning for it in 1970, start cutting metal in 

1975 and go in 1980.” A recent report from the National Academy of 

Sciences had suggested 1985 as a feasible target date. (Hines, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 7/20/65) 

Soviet astronomer Alexander Mikhailov said in Moscow that the MARINER 

IV photographic mission was a “magnificent feat . . . a staggering 

achievement.” 

Soviet astronomer Sofia Kozlovskaya reported at the All-Union Conference on Planetary Cosmogony in Moscow that the density of 

matter on Mars and Venus was greater than that on earth: matter of 

Venus had approximately two per cent more iron; Mars had approximately six to eight per cent more iron than earth. In making these 

calculations, Sofia Kozlovskaya used a new “more exact model of the 

earth” which she had built with the data from recent seismic 

observations. (Tass, 7/20/65) 

Prof. S. N. Vernov, corresponding member of U.S.S.R. Academy of 

Sciences, noted in Tass interview the unusual weight of PROTON I and 

its special equipment for studying cosmic particles of super-high 

energy. He said the method for counting the particles, worked out 

eight years ago by Prof. N. L. Grigorov, had made it possible to 

determine the total energy of each particle separately. Scientists had 

hesitated to use the method in space because of the weight of the 

equipment. This problem had been solved with the creation of a more 

powerful booster, he said. (Bakinskoy Rabochiy, 7/20/65,2) 

July 21: A small roving vehicle as a payload for the Surveyor soft-landing 

lunar spacecraft would not be developed, NASA announced. Bendix 

Systems Div. and General Motors Defense Research Laboratories had 

studied the feasibility and possible scientific value of a rover. NASA’s 

decision was based on a desire to concentrate on the development of 

the spacecraft itself and on scientific instruments to conduct experiments near the landing area. 

“Hopper,” a versatile rocket-propelled Lunar Flying Vehicle (Lfv) to 

transport Apollo astronauts on exploration flights of the moon’s surface, had been designed by Bell Aerosystems Co. as a result of a 

12-month study conducted for NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Bell 

announced. The 400-lb., four-legged, rectangular Lfv would be desk 

size and propelled by a cluster of five 100-lb-thrust rocket engines; it 

could fly 50 mi. nonstop. 

Bell also disclosed receipt of a $489,898 follow-on NASA contract to 

design a Manned Flying System (Mfs) capable of carrying one astronaut-scientist and 300 Ibs. of equipment or two astronauts. Intended 

primarily as an exploratory device, the Mfs would be able to fly 15 mi. 

round trip without fueling. 

( Wush. Post, 7/25/65, A7) 

(NASA Release 65-245) 

(Bell Aerosystems (20. Release) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 343 

July 21: Tariff amendments for use of EARLY BIRD I satellite for television 

transmission were filed by ComSatCorp with the FCC. Under the new 

regulations, which would supersede the May 28 tariff and become 

effective July 26, circuits between the Andover, Me., ground station 

and EARLY BIRD I could be leased for a minimum period of 10 min. 

rather than 30 min. as previously proposed. The European communications agencies were expected to offer comparable 10-min. services 

from the satellite to their respective ground stations. The rate for 

one-way TV service during non-peak period would be $1,800 for the 

first 10 min. and $32 for each additional minute. During peak period, it would be $3,000 for the first 10 min. and $48 for each additional minute. For two-way transmission and reception of black-and-white 

television signals or one-way color TV, the change would be 150 per 

cent of the charge for a one-way TV channel. Weekday peak period 

would be between 7 a.m. and 4 p.m., New York City time; non-peak 

period would be between 5 a.m. and 7 a.m.; between 4 p.m. and 9 

p.m.; and all day Saturday and Sunday. (ComSatCorp Release; 

WSJ, 7/22/65, 2) 

Dr. Albert C. Hall, Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering, told the National Space Club meeting in Washington, D.C., 

that a significant announcement on the Mol program would be made in 

the “near future,” according to Missile/Space Daily. When asked if 

Mol would match the capability demonstrated by the U.S.S.R. in July 16 

launch of PROTON I, Dr. Hall replied: “We feel a capability in the 

order of placing 25,000 lbs. in orbit would enable us to meet DOD 

needs.” Dr. Hall said that DOD was interested in the development of 

recoverable, reusable boosters and he felt that the reduction of problems in mating payloads to boosters had been a “significant event 

during the past yezr.” 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center had issued 11 new contracts and 

modified one other to provide for further studies and component development on the Apollo Extension Systems (Aes). (MSFC Release 

65-186) 

Astronomers of the Pulkovo Observatory, Leningrad, had completed installation of a more powerful telescope, Tass announced. Diameter of 

the instrument’s main mirror was 440 mm. (17.3 in.) ; its focal length, 

17.5 m. (57.33 ft.). The new telescope would be able to produce spectrograms from any sector of the sun and simultaneously measure the 

magnetic field. (Tass, 7/21/65) 

July 22: Results of a recent Gallup Poll indicated that 4770 of the American public believed that the United States was ahead of Russia in the 

A 1961 poll had shown that most Americans viewed the 

space race as an even contest. Asked if they, themselves, would like 

to go to the moon, 87% of the people approached said no. (Wash. 

Post, 7/23/65, A2) 

NASA announced four major personnel changes: Willis H. Shapley, Deputy Chief of the Military Div. of the Bureau of the Budget, would 

become Associate Deputy Administrator effective September 1, 1965 ; 

Dr. Harry J. Goett, Director of Goddard Space Flight Center, would 

become Special Assistant to Administrator James E. Webb, effective 

immediately; Dr. John F. Clark, Director of Sciences in the NASA 

O5ce of Space Science and Applications, would become Acting Direc- 

(M/S Daily. 7/21/65; NSC Release) 

space race.” L< 
344 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

tor, Goddard Space Flight Center; and Dr. John W. Townsend, Assistant Director, Goddard Office of Space Science and Applications, would 

become Deputy Director of GSFC -a new post. 

When Shapley’s appointment became effective, the present Policy 

Planning Board would be discontinued; the office of Policy Planning 

would aid him in preparing policy matters for the Administrator, Deputy Administrator, and Associate Administrator. (NASA Release 65- 

243) 

July 22: President Johnson told a group of young foreign journalists at 

the White House that he envisioned a day when communications satellites would be able to relay telecasts of United Nations’ sessions to the 

homes of “men everywhere.’’ He added that “from better communications must surely come better understanding.” (IJPI, Houston 

Chron., 7/23/65) 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science 

and Applications, spoke at the dedication ceremonies for Martin Co.’s 

new Research Institute for Advanced Studies in Relay, Md., about 

some of the progress that had been made in space science: “Because of 

the space program, geophysics is experiencing a tremendous broadening of its horizons. . . . Moreover, geophysics is being carried forward to new domains, as instruments reach the moon and the planets, 

giving to the discipline a perspective it could never achieve as long as 

geophysics was confined to a single body of the solar system. 

“Similarly, the space program is giving a new dimension to 

astronomy. The ability to observe above the filtering distorting atmosphere in wavelengths not hitherto observable promises exciting 

new discoveries. . . . “The field of physics finds in the regions of outer space a laboratory 

of challenging opportunity. In interplanetary space, matter and fields 

exist under conditions unobtainable in the laboratory on the 

ground. . . . It is, indeed, interesting to observe that one of the impacts of space 

efforts on physics, geophysics, and astronomy has been to draw the 

three disciplines together more closely than they have been drawn together in the past. In the investigation of sun-earth relationships, a 

most complex and challenging area of investigation, all three of these 

disciplines find themselves in partnership on problems of common interest. . . . “The impact of the space program on bioscience is still develop- 

. of particular importance is the area of exobiology. , . . lnnThe satellite, space probe, and manned spacecraft give the scientist 

a new approach to the solution of many important problems. They 

serve to strengthen his hand-if used effectively. . . .” 

ComSatCorp, in a letter to the FCC, outlined its position regarding 

ITT World Communications, Inc.’s request to use EARLY BIRD I satellite for live television coverage of the recovery of the Gemini 5 

astronauts. George P. Sampson, ComSatCorp’s Vice President of 

Operations, said that although ITT and ComSatCorp had agreed that 

technical and operational aspects of the shipboard station would be 

subject to ComSatCorp’s control, ComSatCorp took “firm exception” 

to ITT’S insistence that the FCC designate ITT as the responsible operating entity. Sampson noted the FCC’S May 12 decision giving ComSat- 

(6 

(Text) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 345 

Corp sole responsibility for operation of the initial terminal stations 

for the proposed global satellite system and said: “Despite our fundamental concern Ijith the proposal, ComSat Corp is willing to give 

consideration to a joint application for the operation of the 

station.” 

July 22: Roy William Johnson, first director of DOD’S Advanced Research 

Project Agency (ARPA) in 1958 died at the age of 59. Johnson said 

at the time of his appointment: “Space will tax the imagination of the 

whole world for the next 100 years.” (Rash. 

Post, 7/23/65, BS) 

Former astronaut Col. John Glenn (USMC, Ret.) was suffering no effects 

from last year’s ear injury. reported the Wilford Hall Air Force Hospital in Houston. 

Soviet professor V. V. Fedynskiy, in an interview with Uchitel’skaya 

Gazeta, said that PROTON I had demonstrated the possibility of getting 

more powerful spaceships into orbit, which, if necessary, could lift into 

space a crew and a large quantity of research equipment. He said use 

of the new rocket booster would permit more intensive studies of 

space, including those that would allow a more thorough research of 

the physical fields and internal structure of the earth directly from 

space. Such studies would be of primary interest for geophysics and 

geology, he said. (Uchitel’skaya Gazeta, 7/22/65, 4) 

July 23: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXXVI with scientific instruments 

aboard for investigation of outer space, Tass announced. Orbital data: apogee, 530 km. (261 mi.) ; perigee, 261 km. (161.8 mi.) ; period, 

92.2 min.; inclination, 49”. All systems were reported to be functioning normally. 

Picketing over a contract dispute by Las Cruces, N. Mex., Carpenters 

Uni~ Leci! 1962 nf White Sands Missile Range construction project 

resulted in a partial temporary shutdown of the $133,900 project to 

build an addition to NASA Warehouse No. 1. Activities on the site 

included testing Apollo service module engines and preparation of test 

equipment for the Lunar Excursion Module. (Las Cruces Sun-News, 

7/23/65) 

July 24: FAA awarded $268,635 contract to the Flight Safety Foundation, 

Inc., to launch Project Gape (General Aviation Pilot Education), a 

safety campaign to reduce general aviation aircraft accidents. Directed primarily at combating the lack of pilot proficiency and knowledge 

of safety flight procedures involved in most general aviation accidents, 

Gape would employ a vigorous publicity campaign, displays, meetings, 

seminars, special conferences, personal contacts, and similar educational activities. 

The four largest closed die forgings ever produced from maraging steel 

were delivered by the Wyman-Gordon Co. to Launch Complex 34 at 

Kennedy Space Center, NASA. Weighing 15,500 lbs. each and measuring 105 in. by 36 in., they would be used to anchor the mobile service 

tower for the Saturn IB rocket. 

How to achieve the best possible profit from air transportation had been 

determined at the U.S.S.R.’s Kiev Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers 

by the computing technology laboratory, Pravda Ukrainy reported. Thb laboratory’s chief engineer, v. v. Buryy, said an elec- 

(AP, Wash. Post. 7 ’23/65) 

He retired in 1959. 

(Houston Chron., 7/23/65) 

(Krasnaya Zvezda, 7/24/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

( FAA Release 65-60) 

(NYT, 7/4/65, 25) 
346 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

tronic computer would suggest the best use of the Ukrainian air 

fleet. (Pravda Ukrainy, 7/24/65,4) 

July 25: “Should the MOL blueprint as envisioned by the Air Force’s Systems Command be approved by Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara, the Navy conceivably could be the first to use this earth-orbiting 

station as a new technique for charting ship movements on all the 

oceans of the world,” wrote Frank Macomber in the Sun Diego 

Union. Macomber envisioned “two Navy astronauts . . . spinning 

around the earth as early as 1968 in a 10-foot diameter, %-foot long 

orbital laboratory-about the size of a small house trailer filled with 

electronic detection gear . , .” (Macomber, CNS, Sun Diego Union, 

7/25/65,13) 

The Mohole project to drill deep in the ocean floor was described during 

a seminar at the Institute on Man and Science, Rensselaerville, N.Y., 

by Dr. Columbus Iselin, former director of the Oceanographic Institute 

at Woods Hole, Mass. In reply to a question about future humans 

possibly living in the ocean, he said: “I don’t see what you’d accomplish down there. It’s cold, dark, and nasty. It’s a popular idea but 

an impractical one.” (NYT, 7/26/65, 13) 

MARINER IV finished transmitting its 21 photographs of Mars and sent 

about 10 percent of a 22nd picture before its tape ran out. The later 

pictures were eagerly awaited by JPL scientists because they should 

show the dark regions of Mars that some people believed harbor 

life. The photos were scheduled to be released later this 

week. (Wash. Post, 7/25/65, A7) 

Pan American World Airways had ordered four Boeing 727-QC 

(quick change) jet aircraft that could be converted in less than half an 

hour from an all-cargo plane to a complete passenger aircraft or a 

passenger-cargo plane. Aircraft would have a psssenger capacity of 

119; in an all-cargo operation the plane could carry a payload of 

41,000 lbs. more than 1,400 mi. Delivery was scheduled for summer 

1966. (NYT, 7/26/65,39M) 

During a test of the first of two crawler-transporter vehicles at the Apollo-Saturn V Launch Complex 39 at Cape Kennedy, some failures occurred in the roller bearings which support the tracks. At the time of 

failure, the crawler was carrying a mobile launch stand. (Miami Herald, 9/30/65) 

Caption under a photograph in East German newspaper Berliner Zeitung 

read: “A model of a future Soviet space station envisages six hermetically grouped sections around a central core. These are: the control 

station, a laboratory and a garden, an orientation system, the radar 

equipment, and a heliostation. In addition, the station has facilities 

for voice communications with space ships.” (Berliner Zeitung, 

7/25/65,4) 

July 26: Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator, said during a 

recent interview that the next immediate step beyond the initial Apollo 

lunar landings was to extend the usefulness of both spacecraft and 

launch vehicle to permit longer stays in earth orbit and on the 

moon. “This fall we will have to make a definite recommendation to 

fund one or both,” he said. (M/S Daily, 7/26/65) 

A Gemini circumlunar flight had not been approved but the idea was 

receiving serious study, Kenneth S. Kleinknecht, Deputy Manager of 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 347 

the Gemini Project Office at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, told 

reporters. The Gemini capsule could circle the far side of the moon240,000 mi. from earth-and then return to its home planet, a round 

trip of about six days. 

Kleinknecht said if the proposal were accepted, a Titan 111-c rocket 

equipped with two upper stages called “transtages” would place one of 

the transtages in orbit. A Titan 11 would send the Gemini craft after 

the transtage and the two would be docked in orbit. Gemini then 

would use the transtage propulsion system and its maneuverability for 

the lunar voyage. 

The feasibility was being studied by NASA; the Martin Co., systems 

manager for Titan 111-c; and Aerojet-General, which builds the 

transtage. “We are always studying possible future missions for Gemini,” Kleinknecht added. (Benedict, N.O. Times-Picayune, 7/26/65) 

July 26: NASA announced the addition of two new pilots to the joint NASAUSAF X-15 research program: Capt. William J. Knight (USAF) and 

William H. Dana, civilian. They were expected to make their first 

flights this fall. 

The Agena target vehicle for Gemini 6 was delivered to Cape Kennedy 

by the Pregnant Guppy aircraft. 

July 26-29: Second annual meeting of the AIM was held in San 

Francisco. Dr. William H. Pickering, Director of the Jet Propulsion 

Laboratory, opened the meeting with a signal from MARINER IV soaring through space 144 million mi. from earth. Received at the Joe 

hannesburg tracking station, the signal was relayed to San Francisco 

from JPL in Pasadena. 

President of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Daniel J. Haughton, speaking 

on “Your Role in the New Environment,” said: “American aircraft 

products have dominated world markets for decades. Today iit !east 

90 percent of the airline jets flown in the free world are built in the 

United States. Aircraft exports, both military and civilian, are $1.2 

billion a year. Imports, on the other hand, are almost negligible- 

$90 million last year. 

“But now something new has been added-and that is more thrust 

toward cooperative programs. . . . “Cooperative programs are increasing. Only last May Secretary of 

Defense McNamara proposed a common market for military 

hardware. If successful, it will help integrate the total NATO market, 

including the U.S., even more closely, and will also permit foreign 

firms to sell selectively in the American defense market. 

“The total effect of these developments means, for US. manufacturers, more competition, more cooperative programs, and a more 

flexible approach . . . but I do not believe this means we must abdicate our technological leadership. I think, on the contrary, that we 

must strengthen it. One of my colleagues suggests we should add a 

new item to our national goals-the goal of overwhelming technical 

strength. . . .” (Text) 

Brig. Gen. Edmund F. O’Connor ( USAF) , Director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center’s Industrial Operations, told the AIM meeting: “The progress of the Saturn IB has been excellent. We are on 

(NASA Release 65-244; FRC Release 16-65) 

(Orl. Sent., 7/27/65) 

Speeches at AIAA: 
348 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

schedule tG begin flight tests next year, to be followed by manned 

flights in 1967. 

“In the Saturn V/Apollo program we are also on schedule. . . .” 

(Text) 

July 26: WAF’S Titan 111-c rocket could match the Soviet Union’s most 

powerful booster pound for pound in launching heavy-weight satellites 

into orbit, according to William G. Purdy, General Manager, Launch 

Vehicles, Martin Co. “Engineering analysis of Titan 111-C’S performance on its maiden flight of June [18] shows that a payload of nearly 

27,000 pounds could have been orbited. In the past, Titan III-C’S 

maximum payload has been computed at 25,000 Ibs.” Mr. Purdy said 

that the Soviet Union’s best was the 26,840-Ib. PROTON I satellite 

launched July 16 by powerful new rocket. 

NASA Science Advisory Committee was considering a proposal by 

radio astronomers to create a 10-mi.-dia. antenna array to permit a 

“look” into the past with radio energy, disclosed Bernard M. Oliver, 

Vice President of a Palo Alto electronics firm. He estimated that 

1,000 antennas, each perhaps 10-ft.-dia., spread out over the area of a 

10-mi. circle, would provide the resolution of signal intake necessary 

for the kind of radio observation he was suggesting. Intake of all the 

antennas would be focused at a single laboratory. There the radio 

energy would be converted to sound energy and then into light to 

provide photographic images equivalent to optical images now taken of 

the moon. Oliver said: “We quite strongly believe that such an exploration tool can provide the maximum amount of information relating to the origins of the universe, to the life cycle, and to the destiny of 

the universe, and, in a sense, to the destiny of the human race as a 

whole.” (Chic. Trib., 7/28/65) 

Missions to Jupiter could be conducted by 1969, suggested Eugene 

Lally, Space-General Corp. engineer, in a paper presented to the AIAA 

outlining a program of six missions to the planet Jupiter, beginning 

with a fly-by in 1969 and culminating with a Jovian orbit in the 

mid-1980’s. A Jupiter mission would take about two years. Lally 

postulated that payload weights ranging from a 650-lb. payload to a 

12,400-lb. orbiter payload could be easily handled by boosters ranging 

from Atlas-Centaur with an added kick stage, through the Saturn V 

which would be used to place a man on the moon. Lally speculated 

that an instrumented probe would be able to obtain information on the 

constitution of the core and surface layers, the atmosphere, nature of 

the largest of the planet’s spots, topography, constitution of meteoroids 

in its vicinity and the presence of small satellites not yet discovered 

with telescopes. Lally’s probe would contain experiments to measure 

the atmosphere, magnetic fields, and gravitational fields; to conduct 

infrared and microwave examinations of the surface; and to provide 

pictures similar to those taken of Mars by MARINER IV. (Space-Genera1 Corp. Release) 

An Electro-Optical Systems ( EOS) bombardment ion engine had successfully operated for more than 2,610 hrs. in vacuum chamber conditions and, as a result of that extended run, “lifetimes in excess of 

10,000 hours can now be calculated for the tiny engine under conditions of space flight,” Gordon Sohl, Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., told 

the AIAA meeting in San Francisco. Fueled with cesium, the EOS en- 

(Martin Co. Release) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 349 

gine was less than two feet long and weighed 10 lbs. fully loaded with 

a five-pound fuel supply. It provided a power-to-thrust ratio of 182 

kw. per pound. Financed by NASA Lewis Research Center, the EOS 

research program recently received a follow-on funding from LRC to 

determine “if the ion engine with 100 pounds of cesium fuel is equivalent in thrust to a conventional chemical rocket carrying a ton of 

propellant.” ( EOS Release) 

Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, presented the third annual Theodore 

von KIrmin lecture. Dr. Bisplinghoff discussed advances in air transport, such as V/Stol aircraft and the hypersonic transport. He pointed out that within 20 yrs. an estimated 130 million persons (about 

50% of the US. population) would be living in three main metropolitan areas and that there would be an increasing demand for “air 

buses.” Dr, Bisplinghoff suggested that the hydrogen-fueled hypersonic transport could be used as a cheap transport, or as an earth-to-orbit 

aircraft. He said that the hypersonic transport would carry passengers halfway around the earth nonstop at speeds up to 8,000 mph, 

but there was one problem area: . . . “Where the airplane threatens to 

overpower the pilot with characteristics which make the airplane 

unflyable by human systems.” Dr. Bisplinghoff called for increased 

research for operational experience with the scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) engine as a prelude to developing the hypersonic 

transports. 

In a press conference preceding his lecture, Dr. Bisplinghoff predicted “another revolution” for personal aircraft in the form of highly 

simplified controls similar to those in automobiles. He also urged 

quick Government action to begin the acquisition of a followon hypersonic rcsenrch aircraft to siicceed the X-15 and run the flight profile 

out to mach 10 to 12. (NASA Release 65-247; Text, M/S Daiiy, 

7/28/65; EPH ) 

NASA Electronics Research Center Director Dr. Winston E. Kock discussed ERC in address. During FY 1965, he said, ERC “awarded 33 

contracts totaling almost $2 million. The organizations to whom these 

contracts were awarded are spread widely throughout the country. . . . “The average value of the 33 contracts was $59,000, the largest 

being $285,000. These contracts were almost all in fairly basic research fields, ranging from integrated circuits and thin film spacecharge limited triodes, through research in millimeter and submillimeter waves, optical wave-guides and optical components, to 

space-borne memory organizations, laser gyros and fluid storage and 

control devices. . . . He discussed ERC personnel: “We have grown from a group of 65 at 

our inception last year [Sept. 11 to a total of 244. As we are still in 

the formative stages, our scientific and engineering personnel now total 

only 92 out of the 244, but when we have reached our full strength of 

2100, we expect that our staff will be about equally divided between 

scientific and engineering, technical support and administrative. . . .” 

(Text) 

Thomas Bilhorn, Manager, Mechanics Section, Scientific Balloon Facility at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), re7, 
350 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

vealed that facilities for launching balloons capable of carrying 

16,000-lb. payloads were expected to be completed by next summer at 

NCAR’S Scientific Balloon Flight Facility in Texas. The device under 

construction, called an inflation shelter, would have a ceiling height of 

14.0 ft. and interior diameter of 120 ft. It would reduce handling 

problems during inflation and would give the capability of periods of 

hold, recall, and post-inflation inspection and repair. 

“There is nothing hostile or aggressive in the military space program we foresee. It is entirely within the context of a national program expressly devoted to peaceful purposes,’’ said Dr. Albert C. Hall, 

Deputy Director (Space) of Defense Research and Engineering. He 

continued: “It is likely that military interest will remain focused primarily on near-earth missions, out to synchronous orbit, certainly 

through 1975. We expect to continue our very large and vigorous 

unmanned military space program which is performing very important 

functions. The need for these programs will not diminish since they 

are by far the most efficient and cheapest way of performing specified 

tasks. With a steadily increasing experience and know-how in 

manned space flight, we may expect that spacecraft will acquire characteristics permitting rendezvous, station-keeping, docking, and 

transfer of man and material. We will likely acquire the means of 

sustaining military men in space for the periods of time we 

require. Booster capacities are not likely to limit the applications, but 

the booster and payload costs will continue to do so.” 

In AIAA session on the “History of Rocket Research Airplanes,” 

John Stack, former NACA-NASA designer, pointed out how little was 

known about transonic and supersonic flight in 1943, when X-1 was 

conceived. Walter C. Williams, Dr. Raymond Bisplinghoff, and 

Walter T. Bonney, among other speakers, also stressed the key role of 

engineer test pilots in the success of the X-1, b558, X-2, and X-15 

programs. Session was chaired by Robert Perry of RAND Corporation, 

who traced the history of rocket-powered aircraft. (EPH; RAND 

DeMarquis D. Wyatt, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Programing, told the meeting: “Any discussion of the NASA space program 

for the next 10 years must be given and received with a grain of 

salt. Reconstruct in your minds the situation 10 years ago and evaluate the validity of any discussion at that time of the NACA program for 

the period 1955-1965. Such a discussion would not have even mentioned space in any serious fashion. A paper delivered in 1960 that 

attempted to outline the NASA program for 1960-1970 would have 

widely missed the mark in the prediction of today’s realities. One 

can, therefore, conclude that one of the major management problems 

of the national space program is the lack of an adequate crystal ball 

for forecasting the future. 

“In the 6% years of its existence NASA has carried out a vigorous 

program of space activities designed to yield: 

(a) a description and scientific understanding of the space environment; (b) the development of a broadly based national capability and 

capacity for manned and unmanned operations in space, and (c) the 

development of practical uses of space. 

(Text) 

(Text) 

P-3154) 

66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 351 

“Decisions will have to be made with an appreciation of, and indeed 

the shaping of, our whole national attitude toward space in relation to 

our other national requirements and interests. Far too many future 

studies within and without the government are predicated on the assumption that the national investment in space research and technology will at least grow at the rate of the Gross National Product. This 

has not been true for the past several years and does not afford a 

necessarily sound planning assumption for the future. Our total federal budget has leveled off in spite of the great increase in the national 

product in recent years. If this trend holds, then marked increases in 

space expenditures can only come about through decreases in other 

federal spending. Such an assumption would indeed be a slender reed 

upon which to prognosticate the future.” (Text) 

Dr. Vincent P. Rock, Director of George Washington Univ.’s Program of Policy Studies in Science and Technology, said: “People are 

shaped by their environment. Technology is creating a new 

environment. In these circumstances power flows to those with access 

to technology-all technology, not simply military weapons. The exercise of power brings with it responsibility. The ultimate responsibility of those who exercise technological power is the achievement of 

a hospitable environment for mankind.” 

July 27: USAF XB-7oA research bomber reached a speed of 1,850 mph at 

66,000 ft. in a test flight at Edwards AFB. 

The Civilian-Military Liaison Committee created by Section 204 of the 

National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 was abolished by Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1965, effective this date, which President 

Johnson had submitted to Congress May 27, 1965. CMLC functions 

were transferred to the President of the United States. (F.R., 

7/28/65: 9353: NASA Hq. Memorandum) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator ior Maiiiied 

Space Flight, speaking at the Annual Convention of the American Trial Lawyers Association in Miami Beach, said: “I would 

like first to comment on what appears to be a general misconception 

about the overall purposes of the Apollo program. Many people seem 

to believe that a landing on the moon, ahead of the Soviets, is the 

paramount objective. The principal goal is to make 

the United States first in space by the end of this decade, and to make 

this pre-eminence unmistakably clear to the world. 

“Why . . . is it so vital that the United States be pre-eminent in 

space? There are many reasons that can be cited, and they fall generally into two major categories-the imperative reasons and the ancillary, or spin-off benefits. It is imperative, in the Cold War arena, 

that the United States be first for reasons of national security, national 

pride of achievement, and the international prestige. The ancillary . . . reasons include the benefits of scientific discovery; the 

stimulation of economic and social progress; technological advancement, including the civilian application and utilization of the products 

of space-oriented research; and the compelling urge of man to explore 

and to discover.” (Text) 

Edward Z. Gray, Director of NASA’s Advanced Manned Missions Program, in an interview with Missile Space Daily, said that the logical step toward manned flights to Mars “would be a nine-man space 

“Text) 

( AFFTC Release 65-7-18) 

This is not so. 
352 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

station, about the same size as a crew module on a planetary flight 

which would be continuously deployed and periodically 

supplied.” He added, however, that such a station was “beyond the FY 

’68 budget.” 

Gray said that meanwhile NASA would continue its study program on 

planetary flight. Propulsion was the limiting factor, he explained; 

other problems such as power, life support, and communications were 

expected to evolve satisfactorily by the late 1970’s. He foresaw the 

possibility of a manned flyby mission around Mars by the mid-1970’s. 

“Development of a new launch vehicle is probable in another four 

or five years,” he said, “and a reusable system is a ‘good bet.’ Large 

solids will also be a candidate and could be competitive with the best 

of the others until the reusable vehicle comes along.” Even then, 

Gray saw a division of labor in which solids would handle payloads in 

the 1-to-5-million-lb. class and reusable vehicles would concentrate on 

20,000-to-50,000-lb. payloads. Reusable solids were also under 

consideration. (M/S Daily, 7/27/65) 

July 27: NASA Ames Research Center was spending over $20 million in an 

expansion program designed to provide the necessary research tools to 

stay ahead of the industry’s hardware designers, reported Robert Lindsey in Missile Space Daily. Major facets included a new advanced 

space flight guidance simulator costing more than $12 million, a $4.2 

million life sciences building, and a $1.4 million supersonic transport 

flight simulator. 

Space-related research would account for about 75% of the center’s 

projects, but ARC was continuing a broad-based program in atmospheric flight, ranging from V/Stol research to a current major study of 

hypersonic transports. 

From July 28 to October 15, 1965, U.S.S.R. would conduct launchings in the Pacific Ocean basin of new types of rockets carrying 

space objects, Tass announced. Test area would be SO-n.mi.-dia. circle centering on 37’39’ N and 173’25 ’E. Governments were requested to warn their nationals not to be in the ocean and air space from 12 

noon to 12 midnight local time daily. (Tass, Komsomolskayu Pruvda, 

7/27/65,3, ATSS-T Trans.) 

Gen. Omar N. Bradley (USA, Ret.), Chairman of the Board of the Bulova 

Watch Co., disclosed at the annual stockholders meeting that Accutrontype electronic clocks were being designed for use on the control panel 

of NASA’s Project Apollo Lunar Excursion Module. Star-tracking devices incorporating Accutron would be in the moon vehicle’s navigation system. A special “moon van” containing components and examples of hardware for use in Project Apollo was on display at the 

meeting. (NYT, 7/28/65,43C) 

Construction of ESRO’S first launch site, located 100 mi. north of the 

Arctic Circle at Kiruna, Sweden, was nearing completion, reported 

John Herbert in MissiZe Space Daily. A $10 million investment, the 

range was scheduled to open in May 1966 with the launch of a Frenchmade Centaure sounding rocket to probe the ionosphere. At least 50 

launchings of high-altitude probes were programed annually for the 

next seven years with English Skylarks slated for use after the Centaure 

series. 

(Lindsey, M/S Daily, 7/27/65, 1,2) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 353 

The rocket experiments would aid European researchers in their 

studies of magnetic storms, the Northern lights, temperatures, air currents, and communications-disturbing phenomena in an area ranging 

between 20 and 150 mi. above the earth. (Herbert, M/S Daily, 

7/27/65) 

July 27: Describing the growing space role of Woomera, Australia’s equivalent to Kennedy Space Center, NASA, R. N. Hughes-Jones said is Missile Space Daily: “Cooperation between Australia and the United States 

in the field of space research began [in 19571 when installations were 

set up at Woomera for the International Geophysical Year. They occupied a couple of caravans. 

“In 1960, in a formal exchange of notes, the governments of the two 

countries affirmed their intention to extend the cooperative program to 

space flight operations. 

“Under it, the Australian Department of Supply establishes and 

operates stations on behalf of NASA, for tracking, communicating with 

and obtaining telemetered information from US. space vehicles. 

“Establishment of the station at Carnarvon . . . consolidated at one 

site NASA’s ground support facilities for the Gemini project. 

“Tidbinbilla was officially opened on March 19 of this year, and is 

the first of three NASA facilities programed for the Australian Capital 

Territory. 

“The second of the three is at Orroral Valley and is currently under 

construction. It will track the larger and the more complex of the 

U.S. scientific satellites, while the third, at Honeysuckle Creek, will 

support the U.S. Lunar Manned Space-flight Project.” (HughesJones, M/S Daily, 7/27/65) 

American Airlines would directly support San Francisco Oakland 

Helicopter Airlines under the. terms of an agieexeiit icce=t!y submitted to the CAB for approval. 

FAA awarded IBM $1,762,470 contract for two semi-automatic air traffic 

control systems. Scheduled for operation in 1967, one system would 

be located at FAA’s National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center in 

Atlantic City, N.J., and the other at FAA’s field site in Jacksonville, 

Fla. (FAA Release T65-37) 

July 28: A 28-day-old wage strike by 60 guards at NASA Goddard Space 

Flight Center ended with agreement on a two-year contract by the 

United Plant Guard Workers of America and Wackenhut Services, 

Inc., which employed the GSFC guards. 

NASA awarded $1,190,000 facilities grant to the Univ. of Florida for the 

construction of a Space Science Building on campus. James E. Webb, 

NASA Administrator, said the new grant “will permit the expansion of 

theoretical and experimental research in aeronautical and space 

sciences and will enable the university to train an increased number of 

highly qualified young researchers.” 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb, speaking on statistical standards at the National Governors’ Conference in Minneapolis, said: 

. . . the timely availability of accurate, comprehensive data-based on 

valid and accepted concepts and definitions-will become increasingly 

important to the effective conduct of state government. The need for 

(NYT, 7/28/65,54M) 

(rash. Post, 7/29/65, A181 

(NASA Release 65-248) 

66 
354 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

compatibility between federal and state data systems is recognized at 

the top levels of government. . . . “It is clear that the goals of complete uniformity, perfect comparability and total integration of statistical and management information 

systems will not soon be accomplished. But it is equally clear that 

urgent efforts toward these goals are being made and are necessary if 

state and local governments are to keep pace with the needs of modern 

society.” Webb recommended that each state: “1. Estublish a state 

statistical standards unit . . . 2. Sponsor a National Conference on the 

Comparability of Statistics Among the States . . . and 3. Examine 

applicability of modern information technology at the state and local 

levels. . . .” (Text) 

July 28: Brig. Gen. Joseph S. Bleymaier (USAF), Deputy Commander for 

Manned Systems, AFSC Space Systems Div., was cited by President 

Johnson for cost reduction efforts on the Titan 111 program. The citation said his efforts had enabled the Air Force to achieve on time all 

major program objectives with fewer test flights than programed, “thus 

reducing defense costs $33 million in fiscal year 1965.” (DOD Release 

Rules for assigning specific emergency evacuation duties to crew 

members of helicopters operating in scheduled air carrier operations, 

controls to cover drinking aboard helicopters, and measures to prevent 

intoxicated persons from boarding helicopters were proposed by FAA in 

an effort to bring operations governing scheduled helicopter operations 

in line with rules governing air-carrier fixed-wing operations. (FAA 

Release T65-38) 

Almost every major aspect of European space programs, both international and national, would be intensively reviewed within the next four 

months, wrote Missile Space Daily. ESRO would meet in Paris to review early progress of its eight-year $310 million program to place 17 

satellites of varying size and complexity into orbit. ELDO planned to 

meet in early fall to discuss continuation of the Eldo-A booster program and possible speed-up in the Eldo-B follow-on vehicle. In Great 

Britain and Germany, key government reviews and position papers 

about roles in future space activities were expected to occur within the 

next several weeks. (Getler, M/S Daily, 7/28/65) 

Iuly 29: Dr. Robert B. Leighton, Cal Tech professor, summarized the results of the MARINER IV mission to President Johnson in a White 

House ceremony during which the remaining photos transmitted by 

the spacecraft were presented to the President and the Nation. Dr. 

Leighton said: “Man’s first close-up look at Mars has revealed the 

scientifically startling fact that at least part of its surface is covered 

with largecraters. . . . “The existence of Martian craters is demonstrated beyond question ; 

their meaning and significance is, of course, a matter of 

interpretation. The seventy craters clearly distinguishable on Mariner 

photos Nos. 5 through 15, range in diameter from three to 75 

miles. It seems likely that smaller craters exist, and there also may be 

still larger ones than those photographed, since the Mariner photographs, in total, sampled only about one percent of the Martian surface. 

487-65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 355 

“The observed craters have rims rising a few hundred feet above the 

surrounding surface and depths of a few thousand feet below the 

rims. Crater walls so far measured seem to slope at angles up to 

about 10 degrees. 

“The number of large craters per unit area on the Martian surface is 

closely comparable to the densely cratered upland areas of the Moon.” 

Dr. Leighton said that no earth-like features were recognized and 

that clouds “were not identified and the flight path did not cross either 

polar cap.” 

Some of the fundamental inferences drawn from the MARINER IV 

photos were: 

“1. In terms of its evolutionary history, Mars is more Moon-like 

than Earth-like. Nonetheless, because it has an atmosphere, Mars may 

shed much light on early phases of Earth‘s history. 

“2. Reasoning by analogy with the Moon, much of the heavily cratered surface of Mars must be very ancient--perhaps two to five billion years old. 

“3. The remarkable state of preservation of such an ancient surface 

leads us to the inference that no atmosphere significantly denser than 

the present very thin one has characterized the planet since that surface was formed. Similarly, it is difficult to believe that free water in 

quantities sufficient to form streams or to fill oceans could have existed 

anywhere on Mars since that time. The presence of such amounts of 

water (and consequent atmosphere) would have caused severe erosion 

over the entire surface. 

“4. The principal topographic features of Mars photographed by 

Mariner have not been produced by stress and deformation originating 

within the planet, in distinction to the case of the Earth. Earth is 

internally dynamic giving rise to mountains, continents, and other 

such features, while evidently Mars has iong been inactive. The !a& 

of internal activity is also consistent with the absence of a significant 

magnetic field on Mars as was determined by the Mariner magnetometer experiment. 

“5. As we had anticipated, Mariner photos neither demonstrate nor 

preclude the possible existence of life on Mars. The search for a 

fossil record does appear less promising if Martian oceans never 

existed. On the other hand, if the Martian surface is truly in its 

primitive form, the surface may prove to be the best-perhaps the only 

-place in the solar system still preserving clues to original organic 

development, traces of which have long since disappeared from Earth.” 

Dr. Leighton noted that “one of the most difficult problems associated with the Mariner photographic mission to Mars was the wide illumination range” that was encountered. Assisting Dr. Leighton in his 

presentation were: Prof. Bruce C. Murray, Cal Tech; Prof. Robert P. 

Sharp, Cal Tech; Richard K. Sloan, JPL; and J. Denton Allen, 

JPL. President Johnson said he was a bit relieved that MARINER’S 

photographs “didn’t show more signs of life out there.” He described 

the Mars pictures as “awe-inspiring” and said that “the flight of Mariner 4 will stand as one of the great advances of man’s quest to extend 

the horizons of human knowledge.’’ 

President Johnson presented the following awards: to Dr. William 

H. Pickering, Director of JPL, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal; 
356 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

to Jack N. James, Assistant Director of JPL for Lunar and Planetary 

Projects, the NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement; and 

to Oran W. Nicks, Director of Lunar and Planetary Programs, the 

NASA Medal of Outstanding Leadership. (Transcript; Sullivan, NYT, 

7/30/65; Simons, Wash. Post, 7/30/65, Al, A3) 

July 29: During MARINER IV press conference at NASA Hq., NASA Administrator James E. Webb, in response to a question about the possibility 

of “another Mariner mission in the relatively near future,” replied: 

“We had decided some time ago not to fly another one of these missions with the equipment we used on MARINER IV but to concentrate 

on much more important work that we can do with advanced equipment. 

‘‘So I should say that it’s highly unlikely that we would revive consideration of another flight.” 

Mr. Webb said that the MARINER IV flight, including the MARINER 

111 attempt that failed, “cost over $100 million.” He continued: “Dr. 

Pickering and his group with the American industrial companies 

proved that we could move out from the earth and get to the planet 

and do what we intended to do. . . . “Second, the scientific experimenters worked in close harmony, and 

the relationship between the experimenters and the people responsible 

for making the flight get to its destination and bring the data back was 

I think a very outstanding achievement and also is a part of the learning process in the space program. 

“Lastly, it certainly is very important, as we have emphasized in the 

manned spaceflight program, to gain some knowledge, even though it 

is not full and complete, at as early a stage as possible, because we 

have planned a broad-based program over a ten-year period. But we 

also have the capability of change and modification in the 

program. And this gives us a good deal of information that in my 

view will have a strong bearing on the decisions to be made in the 

1967 budget.” 

Mr. Webb said that he did not see “very much difference between 

our Capability and their [Soviet] capability at this time but that we 

are both moving into a period when we will be able to select certain 

options for further emphasis and development.” 

It was revealed that the results of the MARINER IV mission would be 

published in Science. 

Participating in the press conference with Mr. Webb were: Dr. William H. Pickering, Director, JPL; Edgar M. Cortright, Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, NASA; Prof. 

Robert B. Leighton, Cal Tech, Principal Investigator; Dan Schneiderman, Mariner Project Manager, JPL; Prof. Bruce C. Murray, Cal 

Tech; Julian Scheer, Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA. 

(Transcript) 

PROTON I, unmanned space station launched by U.S.S.R. July 16 with 

instrumentation for studying high-speed cosmic particles, was functioning normally, Tass reported. 

At the Honors Convocation of the AIAA meeting in San Francisco 

the following presentations were made: Rodney C. Wingrove, Research 

Scientist at NASA Ames Research Center, received the Lawrence Sperry 

(Tass, 7/29/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 357 

Award for his contribution to controlled reentry and precise landings 

of U.S. manned spacecraft; Dinsmore Alter, Director Emeritus of 

Griffith Observatory, received the G. Edward Pendray Award for an 

“outstanding contribution to aeronautical and astronautical literature”; Lloyd L. Kelly, President, Link Group, General Precision, Inc., 

received the DeFlorez Training Award for “an outstanding improvement in aerospace training”; and Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director of 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, received the premier Louis W. Hill 

Space Transportation Award “for significant contributions indicative 

of American enterprise and ingenuity in the art and science of space 

flight.” This award included a $5,000 honorarium. (ARC Release 

65-15; MSFC Release 65-151 ; AIAA Honors Convocation Program) 

luly 29: Ball and roller bearings assembled according to the Lewis Hardness 

Differential Guide could be expected to have four to five times greater 

fatigue life, NASA announced. The Guide was developed by a NASA 

Lewis Research Center team of engineers whose tests showed that bearing load capacity and fatigue life were greatest when the rolling elements of the bearing were between one and two points harder (measured on the Rockwell C Scale) than the races. Manufacturers usually 

made bearings with balls and races of the same hardness. (NASA Release 65-296; LRC Release 65-51) 

Rep. Charles McC. Mathias (R-Md.) , advocating increased research 

in weather modification, introduced in the House a bill (H.R. 

10173) requiring a study of current public and private efforts and a 

Presidential report thereon: “The science of weather modification is 

still in its infancy, but it is a very active youth. Public and private 

efforts in this field have expanded greatly in the past decade. Several 

Federal agencies, primarily the Department of Commerce, the National 

Science Foundation, NASA, and the Departments of Interior and Defense, have incieased their suppsrt e! atmaspheric research to a total 

Federal investment of $3,529,683 in fiscal 1964. . . . Before committing this country to such a massive and sustained 

effort, we should know where we stand now. A comprehensive Presidential report such as the one required by my bill would give the 

Congress and the Nation the fundamental information which we need 

before attempting to evaluate expert recommendations on methods and 

goals. For, like nuclear physics, the science of weather modification 

has an infinite capacity for mischief or for good. We must be sure 

that man’s efforts to tame the elements proceed along paths beneficial 

to mankind.” (CR, 7/29/65,18071) 

BOAC announced in its annual report that it had asked British and 

American aircraft manufacturers to submit plans for a subsonic airliner accommodating up to 250 passengers. Sud Aviation of France 

and Hawker-Siddeley of Great Britain told the Corporation they were 

not interested in the project. 

July 30: PEGASUS 111 meteoroid detection satellite was launched into orbit 

from Eastern Test Range, with a Saturn I booster-last(SA-10) in a 

series of ten launch vehicle test flights. Initial orbital data: 

apogee, 336 mi. (541.9 km.); perigee, 324, mi. (522.6 b.); 

period, 95.5 min.; inclination, 28.9’. Main assignment of the 3,200- 

lb. spacecraft with wing-like panels was to add information on the 

bb 

(Reuters, NYT, 7/29/65,48) 
358 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

frequency of meteoroids in near-earth environment, for use in the design of future manned and unmanned spacecraft. Eight of its detachable panels carried 352 thermal surface samples collected from the 

aerospace industry. If NASA should program an astronaut-PEGASUS 

111 rendezvous, the astronaut would detach as many panels as possible 

and return them to earth for study. Also orbited was Apollo command and service module boilerplate (BP-9), which served as shroud 

for PEGASUS III. Apollo launch escape system was jettisoned during 

launch vehicle’s ascent. 

PEGASUS III-expected to return meteoroid data to ground stations 

for at least one year-was identical to PEGASUS 11, in orbit since May 

25, 1965. PEGASUS I was sent into orbit Feb. 16, 1965. (NASA Release 65-232; MSFC Release 65-185; MSFC Release 65-190) 

July 30: NASA’s seven-year Saturn I program was concluded with the successful launch of PEGASUS III. It marked the tenth success in as many 

attempts for the Saturn I booster. A significant development of the program was the clustering of several large rocket engines: the power 

plant in the first stage of the Saturn I was a cluster of eight H-1 

engines each with 188,000 lbs. of thrust to give this stage 1,504,000 

lbs. of thrust. The first four flight tests (SA-1 through SA^) were 

with dummy upper stages; beginning with SA-5, both stages (+I and 

S-IV) were “live”; and the last three Saturn 1’s each orbited a 

Pegasus. Other significant developments growing out of the Saturn I 

program included : 

“1. First extensive use of multi-engines (six RL-l@-AQ’s) and liquid hydrogen in the upper stages. 

“2. Advancement of guidance and instrumentation technology. 

3. Facility expansion, and development of new transportation 

modes for large rockets. 

“4. Orbiting meteoroid technology satellites, the largest instrumented satellites launched to date. 

“5. Developing the capability of placing into earth orbit payloads of 

more than 37,000 pounds. 

“6. Developing guidance and instrumentation technology which 

could be used in other programs.’’ 

Third earth landing (twelfth test drop) of steerable parachute-retrorocket landing system for Gemini-type spacecraft was termed “100% successful” by engineers at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. Dropped 

from a C-119 aircraft at 10,000-ft. altitude, the vehicle was turned into 

the wind, downwind, and fully around several times by remote control 

before it was brought to a landing 44) ft. from the target. (Houston 

Post, 7/31/65 ; Maloney, Houston Post, 8/2/65) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center awarded two parallel one-year 

contracts to two firms to study feasibility of developing a drill for 

probing some 100 ft. below the moon’s surface: Northrop Space Laboratories received $509,992 ; Westinghouse Electric Corp. Defense and 

Space Center, $570,624. Astronauts on post-Apollo lunar missions 

would use the drill as a geological research tool to bore holes for 

geophysical measurements. 

ComSatCorp announced it would request proposals from several US. 

manufacturers for a new space exploration communications system 

that would be associated with “certain space exploration activities, 

‘6 

(NASA Release 65-253) 

( MSFC Release 65-194) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 359 

particularly the Apollo program.” Proposals wodd be for five syn. 

chronous-orbit satellites each capable of being launched with a thrustaugmented Delta booster, with options for additional satellites. First 

delivery would be within eight months. ConiSatCorp also established 

requirements for four transportable satellite earth stations with options 

for additional stations-first two stations to be delivered in eight 

months. (ComSatCorp Release) 

July 30: Technical Systems Office had been newly established by MSFC to 

handle launch vehicle technical systems problems, MSFC announced. 

Dr. J. C. McCall, deputy director of Research and Development Operations, would serve as acting director of the office until Oct. 1, when L. G. 

Richard, assistant director of the Astrionics Laboratory, would become director. 

9 A prototype experimental life-support system enclosed in a simulated 

space cabin was placed on a ship in San Diego for delivery to NASA 

Langley Research Center. Designed and constructed by the Convair 

Div. of General Dynamics Corp., the system was intended for use in a 

research program to enlarge the scope of life-support technology. 

Within the device were subsystems to: (1) extract oxygen from 

the carbon dioxide exhaled by the occupants; (2) convert waste liquids and humidity condensates to drinking water; (3) provide control 

of internal temperature and humidity; (4) allow storage and handling 

of a freeze-dried food supply for four test subjects for 90 days at a 

time; (5) remove from the cabin atmosphere all contaminating vapors 

which might be generated; and (6) provide personal hygiene facilities. 

(LaRC Release) 

Commenting on the success of MARINER IV, a New York Times editorial 

said: “A whole host of new sciences is being born-extraterrestrial geology most obviously among them. By learning more about 

Mars-even a lifeless Mars-men will undersiand betier the o:igis a! 

the solar system. And, by being able to compare the red planet in 

greater detail with this earth, new understanding will evolve of why 

there is life here and, apparently, none there. The exploration of the 

planets has begun and more than one generation will be required to 

finish that task. But, so long as men stand on this puny globe and 

gaze wonderingly at the lights in the sky, they will remember that the 

first successful pioneer was named Mariner 4.” (NYT, 7/30/65, 

24c) 

Robert N. Allnutt was appointed Assistant General Counsel for patent 

matters in the NASA General Counsel’s office, effective Sept. 13. Mr. 

Allnutt, who had been with the NASA office of General Counsel since 

1961, would succeed Gerald D. O’Brien who had been appointed an 

assistant commissioner of patents by President Johnson. (NASA Release 65-251 ) 

US. Justice Dept. opposed “at this time” the enactment of measures 

involving the Government’s rights to inventions discovered by private 

research and development contractors working with Government 

funds. The Department set forth its view in a letter from Deputy 

Attorney General Ramsey Clark to Sen. John L. McClellan (D-Ark.) , Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Patents Subcommittee. (Mintz, 

Wash. Post, 7/30/65, A12) 

( MSFC Release 65-193) 
360 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

July 31: DOD refused request by television networks to present live coverage of the recovery portion of the Gemini v flight scheduled for Aug. 

19. Equipment necessary to set up a portable ground station on the 

aircraft carrier U.S.S. Lake Champlain “might interfere with operational requirements and shipboard communications,” DOD said. The 

networks had intended to send pictures to EARLY BIRD I satellite for 

relay to the Andover, Me., ground station. 

First anniversary of historic mission of taking and relaying to earth the 

first closeup pictures of the lunar surface, by NASA’s RANGER 

VII. (EPH) 

Pictures of Mars taken by MARINER IV during the July 14 flyby received 

editorial comment in the Washington Post: “. . . If some people are disappointed because Mariner 4 did not 

produce any conclusive documentation on the existence of the long-suspected life on Mars, it should be remembered that this was not one of 

Mariner Cs objectives. Even the Tiros, circling earth at far less distance from its surface than Mariner 4 was from Mars, has indicated 

only once in the thousands of pictures taken that the life we know 

exists here actually can be spotted from far out in space.” (Wash. 

Post, 7/31/65) 

During July: The support of science in the US. was discussed by Dael 

Wolfle in the Scientific American: 

“From 1953 until 1960 about 8 percent of the Nation’s research and 

development budget was devoted to basic research. The percentage 

has been rising since 1960, reaching almost 12 percent in 1965. As 

for the Federal Government’s funds, in 1953, less than 7 percent went 

for basic research. The figure has been rising since 1960, to about 11 

percent in 1965. The universities are relatively much more prominent 

in basic research than in the total research and development effort, 

being responsible for almost half of all basic research. In contrast the 

industrial laboratories, which dominate in development activity, conduct only about a fourth of the basic research.” (CR, 7/14/65, 

A3760-61) 

Inventors of Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, lunar landing simulator 

referred to as “the belching spider,” in use at NASA Flight Research 

Center, were granted a patent. Built by Bell Aerosystems Co. under 

contract to NASA, the research craft had a jet engine that supported 

five-sixths of its weight; the pilot would manipulate lift rockets that 

would support the remaining one-sixth. The craft’s attitude would be 

controlled with jets of hydrogen peroxide. Inventors were Kenneth L. 

Levin and John G. Allen, Jr., of the Bell staff. (Jones, NYT, 7/3/65, 

23 1 

U.S.S.R. satellites ELECTRON I and ELECTRON II were among the new 

exhibits in the “Kosmos” (Space) Pavillion at the Soviet exposition on 

achievements of the U.S.S.R. national economy, reported Kryl’ya 

rodiny. These satellites, launched to study the near-earth radiation 

belts, were said to have made it possible for Soviet scientists to safeguard the cosmonauts during their flights in this region. (Kryl‘ya 

rodiny, 7/65, 1) 

In answer to the query, “What is an orbital analyst?” an article 

in The Airman said: “The complex tasks of the analyst involve 

(NYT, 7/31/65, 35) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 361 

the use of a high order of mathematics, laws of celestial mechanics, 

and adaptation of orbital analysis problems to high-speed scientific 

computer solutions. These highly specialized activities are absolutely 

essential to carrying out the vast mission of the Air Force SPACETRACK 

system : detection, tracking, and identification of all man-made objects 

orbiting the earth.” 

During July: Fortune magazine recounted the story of the development of 

the Lear jet-a small jet aircraft for the corporate market. William 

Lear, said the article, became the first man in history to design, build, 

and win certification for a jet airplane-all with his own money. 

(Fortune, 7/65, 137-140, 185) 

Prospects for US.-European industrial cooperation in space were discussed in Air Force and Space Digest by Elmer P. Wheaton, Vice 

President of Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. Wheaton offered four 

“guiding principles” for any program of US.-European industrial 

effort: 

“The program to be jointly undertaken should avoid unnecessary 

duplication of an existing program. . . . “The project or program should contribute to a better understanding of the space environment. . . . “The program must provide a logical extension of our current space 

technology. . . . “The program must not require such a substantial increase of 

knowledge in either the space environment or the space technology 

that it involves a high risk of failure. . . .” 

Wheaton suggested : scientific areas that could be usefully investigated by Europe; advanced programs for “more distant European exploration”; and satelIites that could be profitably developed by Europe 

-notably, applications satellites. In such company-to-company cooperation, contribution of the US. companies should be chiefly in space 

systems management. (AF Mag., 7/65, 53-57) 

European contributions to international space communications were 

recommended by Dalimil Kybal, Senior Consulting Scientist, Lockheed 

Missiles & Space Co. Summary of his article in Air Force and Space 

Digest : 

“Contrary to the views of those Europeans who tend to think of 

European and American space communications systems as separate 

entities, existing international agreements clearly call for a global 

system. Europe, as it develops space technology skills, ought to concentrate on developing next-generation satellites as replacements for existing hardware, in keeping with the competitive approaches contemplated in the international agreement. . . .” 

Soviet aircraft designer Oleg K. Antonov provided technical and performance specifications of the large An-22 aircraft during an interview conducted by J. Marmain for Wehr und Wirtschaft (W. Germany): first flight was made in February 1965; aircraft shown at 

International Air Show, Paris, was transport model; considerable rebuilding, including 15-m. extension of the tail, would be required for 

the craft to accommodate 720 passengers. Antonov said his design 

office was not concerned with development of a passenger version of 

the An-22, a new version of the An-24 for 64 passengers, and a 

(Airman, 7/65, 24) 

(AF Mag., 7/65,60-61) 
362 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

smaller special purpose aircraft. (Marmain, Wehr und Wirtschaft, 

7/65,390-91) 

During July: Paul Tillich, Protestant theologian, commenting upon the 

“Pacem in Terris” of Pope John XXIII, wrote: “A . . . genuine hope 

for peace is the technical union of mankind by the conquest of space. 

Of course, nearness can intensify hostility; and the fact that the first 

manifestations of the technical oneness of the world were two world 

wars proves this possibility. But nearness can also have the opposite 

effect. It can change the image of the other as strange and dangerous; 

it can reduce self-affirmation and effect openness for other possibilities 

of human existence and-particularly as in the encounter of religionsof other possibilities of genuine faith.” (Tillich, “The Limits of 

Peace,” Chicago Today, Summary 1965, 2-5) 

More than 10,OOO natural scientists, social scientists, and engineers were 

admitted to the US. as immigrants during fiscal years 1962 and 1963, 

according to National Science Foundation. (NSF Reviews . . ., 7/65) 
August 1965 

August 1: S-IB-2, the first stage of the second Saturn IB booster, left 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center aboard NASA’s barge Palaemon for 

Michoud Assembly Facility, where it would undergo post-static-firing 

checkout. The SO-ft.-long launch vehicle had been fired for 30 sec. 

at MSFC on July 8, and for 2?4 min. on July 21. (MSFC Release 65- 

195) 

August 2: MARINER IV’S tape recorder was turned off at the end of its 

second playback of the 21 pictures it took of Mars on July 14. A 

spokesman for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory said the second run of 

pictures would be compared with the first as a check against possible 

errors in transmission and reception. No significant differences had 

been reported yet by scientists studying the photographs. ( UPI, Chic. 

Trib., 8/3/65; NASA Yroj. Off.) 

NASA announced plans to install Unified S-Band System equipment at 

Corpus Christi communications station for use with Apollo spaceflights. 

With the system, the station would be able to combine in a single 

two-way transmission all types of communications with the three 

Apollo astronauts. 

Seven kinds of communications would be conducted simultaneously, 

i~!uding tracking the spacecraft ; commanding its operations and 

confirming execution of commands; two-way voice conversation; continuous checks on the astronauts’ health; continuous check on the spacecraft and its functions ; continuous information from onboard experiments; and television pictures of the astronauts and their exploration 

of the moon. All communications would be conducted with one 30- 

ft.-dia. parabolic ground antenna to be constructed at Corpus Christi. 

(NASA Release 65-250) 

Astronaut Edward H. White 11 (L/Col., USAF) and David S. Lewis, 

president of McDonnell Aircraft Corp., launched Operation Zero 

Defect at the McDonnell plant in St. Louis, Mo., county. They 

addressed an outdoor gathering of 3,400 employees, asking them to 

continue doing a good job of producing spacecraft and Phantom 

~4 jet fighters for USAF, USN, and the Marines. (St. Louis PostDispatch, 8/2/65) 

Hamilton Standard delivered to NASA Manned Spacecraft Center a 

prototype portable life support system (Plss) to be used by Project 

Apollo astronauts. Weighing about 60 lbs., unit was designed for use 

with water-cooled undergarment astronauts would wear beneath 

a spacesuit during lunar surface exploration. Water-cooled undergarment would cool the astronaut by conducting the metabolic heat 

generated by his motions into water which would circulate through 

a web of plastic tubing in contact with the skin. Water would carry 

363 
36fl ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

the heat into the portable life support system which would recool and 

recirculate it. Contract called for delivery of 52 packs. 

Testing of the undergarment and the Plss would be conducted at 

MSC. (Houston Post, 8/3/65) 

August 2: ComSatCorp received a check from AT&T for use of 60 channels 

on EARLY BIRD I comsat during its first month of operation. It was 

the first operating revenue ComSatCorp had had; previous income 

had been interest on the $200 million received from sale of stock to the 

public. The AT&T check was only half as much as had been expected 

originally; ComSatCorp's initial estimates had been based on expectation that AT&T would use 100 channels on EARLY BIRD I. (Wash. Post, 

8/3/65) 

Alternate methods for re-establishing communications with MARINER IV 

on its next closest approach to earth around Sept. 4, 1967, were being 

considered by Mariner project planners at Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 

Aviation Week and Space Technology reported: (1) attempted reacquisition beginning in early February 1967, making use of the 

spacecraft's high-gain directional antenna to obtain data from the 

spacecraft for up to 10 mo.; (2) reliance solely on MARINER IV'S lowgain antenna for transmission, permitting two-way communications 

for four to six weeks around September 1967. In the 10-mo. plan, 

reacquisition would be initiated when the spacecraft was about 135 

million mi. from earth. Due to relative sun-earth positions in February 

1967, the angle at which the high-gain directional antenna would be 

permanently fixed would enable it to be aimed at the earth by having 

MARINER IV roll about its longitudinal axis, which would be pointed at 

the sun. The 100-kw. transmitter at Goldstone tracking station would 

send the necessary commands to MARINER IV. In the latter plan, use of 

the 210-ft. antenna, expected to become operational at Goldstone in 

January 1966, could extend reception of intelligible telemetry signals 

to as long as six weeks, compared with four using the standard 85-ft. 

dishes of the Deep Space Network. 

W. A. Collier, assistant Mariner project manager at JPL, told 

Aviation Week that MARINER IV would be of particular scientific interest 

in 1967. First, there were no other interplanetary probes being sent 

away from the sun at that period. Second, when MARINER IV passed 

within 6,000 mi. of Mars July 14, the gravitational pull of the planet 

had tilted the plane of the spacecraft out of the plane of the ecliptic. 

MARINER IV, 5.3 million mi. above the ecliptic in September 1967, 

would give scientists their first chance to compare interplanetary findings outside this plane with those obtained in it. 

Preliminary estimates were that the 10-mo. plan would cost between 

$5 million and $15 million, while the four-to-six-week project would 

cost less than $1 million. 

MARINER IV, launched Nov. 28,1964, was in solar orbit with a period 

of 567.11 days, perihelion of 103.1 million mi., and aphelion of 146.2 

million mi. 

August 3: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXXVII, 13th Soviet spacecraft orbited 

in the last two months. Initial orbital data: apogee, 300 km. (187 mi.) ; 

perigee, 184 km. (114 mi.) ; period, 89.3 min.; inclination to the 

equator, 51.8'. Tass said the unmanned satellite would gather data 

(Watkins, Av. Wk., 8/2/65, 32) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 365 

to prepare equipment for manned flights ; instruments were functioning 

normally. (Pravda, 8/4/65, 1; UPI, NYT, 8/4/65, 4) 

August 3: USAF launched two unnamed satellites from the Western Test 

Range with an Atlas-Agena D booster. (UPI, Wash. Post, 8/4/65; 

U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 149) 

X-15 No. 2, piloted by Maj. Robert Rushworth (USAF) , attained a maximum altitude of 208,700 ft. and a maximum speed of 3,602 mph (mach 

5.14) in a flight to obtain data for the reaction augmentation system and to check out ultraviolet photographic experiment, advanced 

landing dynamics, and to continue pilot altitude build-up. (NASA 

X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

Brazilian Space Commission (CNAE) would cooperate with US. and 

Argentine scientists in a study of hemispheric weather patterns, NASA 

announced. NASA and CNAE had signed an agreement July 1 providing 

for the cooperative project, which would be part of the inter-American 

Experimental Meteorological Sounding Rocket Network ( EXAMETNET) . First launchings were scheduled before the end of 1965 from Natal, 

Brazil, and Wallops Station. 

First static test firing of European Launcher Development Organization’s 

(ELDO) Europa I booster was conducted at Spadeadam Rocket Establishment in Cumberland, England. The launch vehicle was composed 

of Blue Streak first stage, French Coralie second stage, West German 

third stage, and Italian satellite and nose casing. For this test, all 

but Blue Streak were dummy stages. 

NASA still planned to launch an eight-day, 121-orbit, two-man Gemini 

v flight August 19, but fuel cells were causing some problems. The 

cells’ oxygen and hydrogen tended to evaporate too quickly to keep the 

Gemini spacecraft electrically “alive” for such a long trip, NASA spokesmen said. (UPI, NYT, 8/3/65, 15; WSJ, 8/3/65, 1) 

Reviewing the results of fhe successfuiiy cornpleizi: Sakrii I rccket 

program, Bob Ward listed in an article in the Huntsville Times eight 

major contributions which the work had made to launch-vehicle and 

other aerospace technology : (1 ) clustering of large rocket enginesa cluster of eight H-1 engines forming the power plant of the booster’s 

1,504,000-lb.-thrust first stage; (2) first extensive use of multi-engine 

power plants and liquid hydrogen fuel for upper stages; (3) advances 

in the fields of rocket guidance and instrumentation; (4) expansion 

of facilities and development of new methods of transporting large 

rocket stages, including special-purpose barges and aircraft; (5) development of fabrication techniques needed for large rockets ; (6) orbiting meteoroid technology satellites-the three Pegasus orbiters were the 

largest instrumented satellites yet launched ; (7) proving the aerodynamics of the Apollo spacecraft by orbiting five boilerplate versions 

of the command and service modules; and (8) developing sufficient 

launching power to place payloads of almost 20 tons into orbit around 

the earth-the seventh Saturn launch September 18, 1964, orbiting a 

39,200-1b. payload. 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics began hearings on H.R. 

2626, a bill to provide that the National Bureau of Standards conduct 

investigations to determine the practicability of U.S. adoption of the 

metric system of weights and measures. 

(NASA Release 65-258) 

(Av. Wk., 8/2/65, 35) 

(Ward, Huntsville Times, 8/3/65) 
366 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 196.5 

J. Herbert Hollomon, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Science 

and Technology, told the Committee that if the U.S. did not adopt the 

metric system it would stand alone in this regard in 10 to 15 yrs. 

(CR, 8/3/65, D740; Transcript) 

August 3: GEMINI IV spacecraft arrived at the New York World’s Fair 

where it would formally be placed on view in the U.S. Space Park 

starting August 4. (Dougherty, NYT, 8/4/65, 41) 

A bolt of lightning struck and killed Albert J. Treib, a construction superintendent at Kennedy Space Center, NASA, as he and his crew poured 

concrete during a misty rain. The bolt slightly injured five other 

workmen. (Schreiber, Miami Her., 8/4/65) 

North American Air Defense Command said reported Ufo sightings 

from six states were probably the planet Jupiter or one of the stars 

Rigel, Capella, Betelgeuse, or Aldebaran. 

A WAF weather observer in Norman, Okla., taking issue with the 

Air Force’s stand, said: “What we saw was not an aircraft . . . nor was 

it a planet or star . . . It was about 22.000 feet high and pitched at 

about a 45 degree angle.” He said he and a friend had observed the 

object, which was “moving quite rapidly,” for a little less than five 

minutes through a 40-power telescope. 

August 4: The Senate-House conference committee reported the Independent 

Offices Appropriation to the House and Senate. The report (#727) 

provided for NASA $4,531.000,000 for research and development instead 

of $4,521,000,000 proposed by the House and $4,536,971,000 proposed 

by the Senate; $60,000,000 for construction of facilities as proposed by 

the House instead of $62,376,350 proposed by the Senate; $584,000,000 

for administrative operations instead of $579,000,000 proposed by the 

House and $590:957,850 proposed by the Senate. Senate language 

authorizing appropriation reimbursement was retained. House provision on payment of indirect costs of research grants was retained. 

(CR, 8/4/65, D746; Conf. Rpt. 727) 

TIROS x meteorological satellite photographed an area of unusual 

cloudiness in the Atlantic about 2,400 mi. east-southeast of Miami, 

the Miami Weather Bureau said. A hurricane-hunter aircraft would 

be sent to check. 

There exists a serious misunderstanding about the U.S. space program, 

Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National Aeronautics 

and Space Council, told the Tenth Symposium on Space and Ballistic 

Missile Technology in San Diego: “All too many people seem to have 

the impression that part of our program is peaceful in intent while 

the other part is something different, presumably non-peaceful. This 

misconception goes further by attempting to identify the non-peaceful 

and the non-scientific with the military and to credit the peaceful and 

scientific to the civilian. . . . The fact is-in both policy and practice 

-that all of our space activities are peaceful. . . . Just in case it may 

have been forgotten, let me quote from our highest policy level. In 

1962, President Johnson, then Vice President and the Chairman of the 

National Aeronautics and Space Council, stated: ‘The United States 

does not have a division between peaceful and non-peaceful objectives 

for space but rather has space missions to help keep the peace and space 

missions to improve our ability to live well in peace. . . .’ 

(Push. Post, 8/3/65) 

(Miami Her., 8/5/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 367 

“In 1964, as President, he said: ‘Our space program, in both its 

civil and military aspects, is peaceful in purpose and practice. . . .’ 

“I . . . am not saying that space cannot be used for purposes of 

aggression . . . no nation should bury itself in sands of complacency 

and thereby neglect to develop the technological and military strength 

so necessary for deterring potential aggressors. The maintenance of 

such strength in no respect conflicts with the policy of peace. In fact, 

the more competent we are to prevent surprise, to discover aggressive 

maneuvers, and to intercept hostile weapons in any medium, the better 

chance we have of living in peace. . . . “When I state, therefore, that our entire national space program 

is peaceful, I mean that we have no aggressive intent, that we seek 

no domination over other peoples, and that we are eager to share the 

benefits of space exploration with all mankind.” 

August 4: NASA selected three firms to design the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Packages ( Alsep) under separate and concurrent $500,000, 

six-month, fixed-price contracts. The firms were Bendix Systems Div., 

Bendix Corp. ; Space-General Corp. ; and TRW Systems Group, Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge, Inc. Packages would contain scientific instruments to measure the moon’s structure and surface characteristics, 

atmosphere, heat flow, solar wind, radiation, and micrometeorite impacts. They would be carried to the moon on the initial Apollo spaceflights and placed on the surface by astronauts. Instruments would 

transmit data back to earth for six months to one year. (NASA Release 65-260) 

Persennel of NASA Manned Spacecraft Center would be augmented to 

meet the increasing tempo of Gemini and Apollo manned space flight 

operations, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center announced. Over the 

next ten months, approximately 200 persons would be transferred from 

MSFC to MSC. ‘lotai number oi Fi-soiiiiel to be previded from other 

NASA activities had not been ’.determined. 

In an article in the Orlando Evening Star, Barry Goldwater said: “Defense Secretary Robert McNamara has indicated that space weapons are 

too costly, as though any dollar cost is too high for the security of 190 

million Americans and a billion allies and friends. The only major 

space-military program McNamara has permitted to stay alive is the 

Manned Orbital Laboratory, and he has so slowed and limited this 

that its orbit is apparently toward nothing but bureaucratic extinction. 

“We have deployed one or. two so-called ‘satellite killers,’ but they are 

a pitiful particle of what really is needed. 

“Pictures of Mars are fine. But the first 

job of any administration is to secure the nation against its enemies. 

We will not remain the most powerful nation on earth for long if 

we do not reverse the suicidal Johnson-McNamara refusal to let US arm 

ourselves in space.” (Orl. Eve. Star, 8/4/65) 

“Absence of proper space laws may lead to dangerous conflicts and complications not only in this sphere of man’s activities but also in purely 

terrestrial affairs,’’ said Genadii Zhukov, scientific secretary of the 

Soviet Space Law Commission in an interview with Krmnaya Zvezda. 

The resolution adopted by the U.N. General Assembly on Dec. 13, 

1963, had confirmed that outer space was open to all states. However, 

he stressed, the resolution made special reservations about the imper- 

(Text) 

- 

( MSFC Release 65-199) 

So is a trip to the moon. 

66 
368 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

missibility of using sputniks for war propaganda and for inciting 

enmity between peoples : “All states must refrain from potentially 

harmful experiments in outer space or any other steps liable to interfere 

with the peaceful use of such space by other countries.” 

Zhukov noted that in connection with the prospects of creating 

permanent orbital stations, the need would arise to determine their legal 

status, as well as conditions of their use by other countries. As human 

beings made further inroads into outer space, the problem of determining the legal status of stations and settlements on the moon and on 

other celestial bodies, the conditions for tapping their natural resources, would become important. He added: “Space law must also 

guarantee protection of other living worlds if such are discovered on 

distant planets.” (Tass, 8/4/65) 

August 4-5: Some 300 representatives of industry, NASA, and other agencies 

attended a conference on design of leak-tight fluid connectors at NASA 

Marshall Space Flight Center. Sponsored by MSFC and the Society 

of Automotive Engineers, the conference was planned to promote direct 

exchange of technical information on separable, semipermanent, and 

permanent fluid connectors. ( MSFC Release 65-196) 

August 5: SIC-T, 138-ft.-tall test version of Saturn V’s first stage, was 

static-fired for 2?(2 min. at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in first 

full-duration test-firing. The five F-1 engines, each consuming liquid 

oxygen and kerosene at the rate of three tons a second, generated 

7.5 million Ibs. thrust. Ability of the engines to steer the rocket was 

also successfully demonstrated. The five-engine cluster was mounted 

so that only the one in the middle of the cross-shaped array was stationary. (MSFC Release 65- 

197; Marshall Star, 8/11/65, 1) 

NASA announced selection of Documentation, Inc., Bethesda, Md., to 

operate its Scientific and Technical Information Ficility, the world’s 

largest collection of aerospace literature, in a Government-provided 

building in College Park, Md. Contract negotiations were expected to 

result in a cost.plus-award fee contract for approximately $3.6 million. 

In Fiscal Year 1965, the contract figure was $4.9 million. 

Mission of the facility was to acquire and organize worldwide 

technical reports in the aerospace sciences, indexes, abstracts, and 

items on space exploration ; prepare announcement journals; process 

selected items on microfilm; and provide a central reference service 

to NASA and its contractors. 

James C. Elms and L/Gen. Frank A. Bogart (USAF-Ret.) had been appointed NASA Deputy Associate Administrators for Manned Space 

Flight effective Sept. 1, Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, announced. Elms had served 

as Deputy Director of NASA Manned Spacecraft Center before assuming 

his present position as vice president of Raytheon Co. General Bogart, 

former USAF comptroller, had served as Director for Management Operations, OMSF, since February. 

Paul E. Cotton, who had been assistant to Dr. Mueller since November 1963, would become Director of Manned Space Flight Management 

Operations, succeeding General Bogart. B/Gen. Julian H. Bowman 

(USAF, Ret.) would succeed Cotton. General Bowman had been a 

special assistant to Dr. Mueller. 

The others could gimbal slightly in pairs. 

(NASA Release 65-263) 

(NASA Release 65-264) 
369 
370 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

of research and development designed to insure it against the danger 

of becoming second best in the military uses of space.” (Wash. Eve. 

Star, 8/5/65) 

August 5: Saline water would be distilled and made potable under a $185- 

million study program adopted by both the House and Senate. Shortly 

before the measure passed, President Johnson had told his science advisers to push desalinization “as if you knew you were going to run 

out of drinking water in the next six months.” (CR, 8/5/65), 

18756-57) 

August 5-6: NASA held an international meeting at Wallops Station to discuss overall objectives and conduct of the Inter-American Experimental 

Meteorological Rocket Network ( EXAMETNET) . Representatives from 

Argentina, Brazil, Canada, ’Mexico, Peru, the Weather Bureau, and 

NASA took part in the meeting. Preliminary plans called for network 

stations to be located at Wallops Station; Natal, Brazil; and Chamical, 

Argentina, with others to be added in both hemispheres later. Personnel from all participating countries would receive training at 

Wallops Station with NASA providing the training and the launch vehicles for sounding rocket launches from stations throughout the northern and southern hemispheres. 

General purpose of the network was to contribute to studies of 

atmospheric structure and behavior in the southern hemisphere and to 

help explain atmospheric differences and similarities between the northern and southern hemispheres. (NASA Release 6-5; SBD, 8/5/65, 

172) 

August 6: Milton 0. Thompson (NASA) flew X-15 No. 1 to maximum altitude of 103,200 ft. and maximum speed of 3,534 mph (mach 5.15) 

to obtain data for the infrared scanner program and the stability and 

control system. 

NASA had awarded a contract to Rice Univ. for a new type of Explorer 

satellite designed to extend studies of near-earth atmosphere phenomena, especially auroral phenomena. Under a cost-reimbursement contract, the university would provide two Owl Explorer spacecraft and 

a flyable prototype at a total estimated cost of $3,676,100. Earliest 

launch would be in 1967 from the Western Test Range. Launch vehicle would be a four-stage Scout. (NASA Release 65-266; Wallops Release 65-46) 

A Saturn/Apollo Applications Directorate had been established in the 

Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA announced. The new directorate 

would plan and direct programs utilizing technology developed in 

Project Apollo. 

M//Gen. David M. Jones (USAF) would be Acting Director of Saturn/ 

Apollo Applications in addition to his duties as Deputy Assistant Administrator for Manned Space Flight (Programs). Deputy Director 

would be John H. Disher, formerly Test Director in the Apollo Program Office. Melvyn Savage, who had served under Disher as Chief 

of Test Planning, would become Apollo Test Director. (NASA Release 

65-265) 

Venus’ surface was dry, radio astronomers at Cal Tech reported, probably 

consisted of sand or porous rock, and was much too hot for any 

known form of life-up to 675” F. The planet’s cloudy atmosphere 

was at least &-mi. thick consisting mostly of carbon dioxide with some 

(NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 371 

nitrogen and a trace of water vapor. Observations were made at 

Cal Tech’s Owens Valley Radio Observatory by Dr. Barry Clark of the 

National Radio Astronomy Observatory at Green Bank, W. Va., and 

Dr. Arkady Kuzmin of the Lebedev Institute of Physics in Moscow. 

(AP, NYT, 8/7/65, 10) 

August 6: Tass announced that U.S.S.R.’s 12.2-ton PROTON I satellite was 

orbited by a booster whose main engines were rated at thrust of more 

than 60-million horsepower. PROTON I was orbited July 16. PROTON 

I marked “the beginning of a new phase in the exploration and domestication of space.” It would study solar cosmic rays, spectrum 

and composition of cosmic ray particles, nuclear interactions of galactic 

origin, and galactic gamma rays. 

A new helicopter world record was set by Soviet aviatrixes T. Russiyan 

and L. Isayeva, who flew 1,040 km. (645 mi.) in six hrs. 58 min. in 

an Mi-4 at an altitude of 1,000 m. (3,280 ft.) . (Pravda, 8/6/65, 4) 

Hiroshima was devastated by world’s first operational atomic bomb 20 

years ago. (TSJ, 8/6/65, 1) 

August 7: Operation Firefly ended as some 3,000 fireflies snared by Rockville, Md., children were turned over to NASA Goddard Space Flight 

Center. An extract of the firefly’s lamp would be used in a life detection instrument under development at GSFC. Goddard’s “Firefly” instrument would contain a mixture of all the contents of the insect’s 

glow system except ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a high-energy compound essential to all life as it is known on earth. Thus, when the 

instrument encountered a live microorganism in space, the ATP contained therein would complete the circuit and a glow would be produced. 

M/Gen. Samuel C. Phillips (USAF) , director of the Apollo program in 

the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight, addressed the American Bar 

Association’s Seminar of the Committee oii the Law of !Mer Space in 

Miami Beach: “In many respects, the Gemini IV flight of Jim McDivitt and Ed White could well be viewed as a turning point in the 

American manned space program. The success of this mission has 

given us greatly increased confidence that we will be able to carry out 

our national goal of a manned landing on the moon in this decade. 

“It is a pleasure to report that the Apollo Program is also moving 

ahead very rapidly, and we are meeting our key milestones on schedule. 

The progress on Apollo is especially rewarding since it is the largest 

and most complex single research and development project ever undertaken. This is a crucial year for Apollo, but our prospects look good 

and we are becoming increasingly confident that the lunar landings 

will take place before the end of 1969.” 

Paul Haney, Chief of Public Affairs for NASA Manned Spacecraft 

Center, addressed Oklahoma members of the American Legion to open 

their state convention: “Although we are not pursuing any military 

objectives as such, every once in a while somebody turns over a rock 

and finds something which could be of immense military value. 

“As Detroit learned to produce millions of cars in a hurry by production line development and thus was able to convert without a 

bobble to tank Droduction in World War 11, so could our entire 

(Tass, 8/6/65) 

(GSFC Release 61945; Tush. Post, 8/7/65) 

(Text) 

manned space flight program be converted.” ( AP, Houston Post, 

8/8/65 ) 
372 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

August 7: Soviet aircraft designer Andrei N. Tupolev wrote in the magazine 

Auiatsiya i Kosmonautika that one of his assistants, Aleksey Cheryomukhin, had built and flown “the world‘s first helicopter capable of 

flying and not just jumping into the air for several seconds.” 

Cheryomukhin’s first flight took place in November 1930, Tupolev said, 

and by 1932 he was flying his aircraft, designated Ea-1, to 2,000-ft. 

altitude. “I am very sorry that we did not publish Cheryomukhin’s 

records at the time,” Tupolev added. 

It had been generally believed that Russian-born Igor Sikorsky had 

developed the first successful helicopter in the U.S. during the midnineteen-thirties. (UPI, NYT, 8/7/65, 34) 

Gleb Chebotarev, head of Leningrad’s Theoretical Astronomy Institute, 

said the solar system extended far more than 21 trillion miles from the 

sun-nearly 6,000 times the distance from the sun to Pluto, the most 

distant planet now known, UPI reported. Estimate of the solar system’s 

size was based on mathematical calculations of the gravitational interaction of the sun and various stars. (UPI, Wash. Post, 8/7/65, A2) 

August 7-9: 13 Nike-Cajun sounding rockets were launched from Wallops 

Station, Va.; Point Barrow, Alaska; and Churchill Range, Canada, to 

implement studies of atmospheric phenomena and conditions at about 

100-mi. altitude. Onboard each was a grenade experiment (an ejected 

explosive that detonated as the rocket climbed) and/or a sphere experiment (an ejected mylar ball that inflated and drifted for tracking 

by radar). 

The 26-in.-dia. metalized mylar spheres were developed by the Univ. 

of Michigan. 

August 8: Photographs of Mars by MARINER IV did not contradict his theory 

that life may exist on that planet, according to Dr. Joshua Lederberg, 

prof. of genetics at Stanford Univ. School of Medicine. His views 

were supported by Dr. Carl Sagan of Harvard Univ. and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Dr. Lederberg said important 

point was that “we still do not know the abundance and distribution 

of water on Mars. However much there is, almost all of it must be 

frozen.” Presence of water on Mars could be confined to frost covering the polar regions or could even be locked within the Martian 

crust. Pockets of water could be warmed by volcanic activity, forming pools where life could exist. 

Nikolay P. Dubinin, biologist and corresponding member of the U.S.S.R. 

Academy of Sciences, wrote in Bakinskiy rabochiy that not only cosmic 

radiation but also weightlessness and vibration would have harmful 

effects on the human organism during space travel. He said exposure 

of fruit flies to weightlessness and vibration produced genetic changes 

which became apparent in the F, generation. Genetic effects were 

most apparent in the offspring of flies exposed to actual spaceflight 

conditions. (Dubinin, Bakinskiy rabochiy, 8/8/65, 4) 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Director Dr. Robert Gilruth received the 

China-Burma-India World War 11 service group’s annual Americanism 

award at the national convention in Houston as “the man who has 

contributed the most during the past year to the American way of 

life.” (Houston Chron., 8/8/65) 

Indonesia test-fired a research rocket from a site “somewhere in 

(Wallops Release 6548; SBD, 8/11/65, 199) 

(Sullivan, NYT, 8/8/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 373 

Indonesia,” Djakarta radio reported. The rocket reached 210-mi. 

(338-km.) altitude. 

August 9: The first flight-model SIVB second stage for the Saturn IU 

booster was test-fired at Douglas Aircraft Co.’s Sacramento Test Center to demonstrate its flight readiness before formal acquisition by 

NASA. The stage’s 200,000-lb.-thrust 5-2 engine was fired for 452 sec. 

(7Yz min.) without mishap. Test was computer-controlled throughout, 

marking “the first time a fully automatic system has been used to 

perform a complete checkout, propellant loading, and static firing test 

on a space vehicle.” (NASA Release 65-267; MSFC Release 6S202; 

Marshall Star, 8/11/65, 1, 10) 

A six-and-one-half-minute captive test firing of Saturn V booster’s second 

(s--11) stage was conducted at the Santa Susana, Calif., static test 

laboratory of North American Aviation, Inc., NASA announced. The 

test-first full-duration firing-continued until the stage’s propellants 

were depleted, slightly longer than normal flight duration. ( MSFC 

Release 65-203; Marshall Star, 8/11/65, 1, 7) 

A small number of Redstone missiles formerly deployed with the U.S. 

Seventh Army in Europe would be recalled to duty in connection with 

an Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA) classified program, 

Missiles and Rockets reported. DOD officials had reportedly indicated 

that the total number of Redstones that could be refurbished and made 

ready for firing was less than 30. 

In an address to employees at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Dr. 

Wernher von Braun expressed his appreciation for their efforts in the 

highly successful Saturn I program: “What you have done reflects the 

ability of our nation to move forward quickly. The Saturn I proved 

that we were correct in our heavy duty launch vehicle theories. One 

of the most important products of our Saturn I program is that we 

have built up confidence-both self confidence and the trust oi die 

American people who are depending upon us for American progress 

in space exploration.” (Text) 

An explosion triggered a flash fire in a 170-ft.-deep Titan II missile silo, 

killing 53 men. The silo was part of Complex 4 near Searcy, Ark., 

about 50 mi. from Little Rock AFB. Two construction workers survived the explosion. 

August 9-30: NASA Wallops Station was host for the joint NASA-UniV. of 

Virginia Bio-Space Technology Training Program to provide on-site 

experience for 32 professional biologists in the operational and engineering aspects of the national space program. The biologists attended seminars, training, and laboratory exercises emphasizing biotechnical aspects of spaceflight and spacecraft design. Four sounding 

rockets were launched with white rat biological payloads to provide biospace experiments. (NASA Release 6544) 

August 10: A Scout Evaluation Vehicle (Sev) was successfully launched 

by NASA from Wallops Station. Primary purpose of the mission was 

to demonstrate in flight the operation of improved vehicle features : 

(1) use of new second- and fourth-stage rocket motors with improved 

thrust characteristics; (2) test of Scout’s capability to fly a “dogleg” 

course from Wallops Station by yaw torquing, performed during the 

third-stage coasting period; (3) test of in-flight performance of improved spin motors to stabilize the fourth stage of the vehicle; (4) 

( UPI, Houston Chron., 8/8/65) 

(M&R, 8/9/65, 11) 

(Wash. Post, 8/10/65, Al) 
374 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%; 

demonstration of the Scout air transportability concept by launching 

a vehicle which, after complete assembly at Wallops, had been airlifted from and returned to the launch site in simulation of a transcontinental trip. 

All flight objectives were met, including injection of Army Corps of 

Engineers SECOR v (Sequential Collation of Range) geodetic satellite 

into an orbit with apogee, 1,504 mi. (2,421 km.); perigee, 702 mi. 

(1,130 km.) ; period, 122 min.; inclination, 69.23”. Elliptical orbit 

should enable SECOR v to transmit measurements of distances up to 

2,000 mi.-twice the distance possible with earlier Secor versions which 

had been launched into 600-mi. circular orbits. The satellite would 

map the surface of the earth, pinpointing the location of land bodies 

separated by large expanses of ocean. 

August 10: X-15 No. 3, piloted by Capt. Joseph Engle (USAF), reached 

maximum speed of 3,550 mph (mach 5.20) and a maximum altitude 

of 271,000 ft. The purpose of the flight was to obtain data on the 

boundary layer noise, and reentry maneuvering techniques. (NASA 

X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center had selected the Apparatus Div. of 

Texas Instruments, Inc., for contract negotiations expected to exceed $1 

million for development of a weather-measuring device to be carried 

on the Nimbus B weather satellite: an experimental sensor, Iris (Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer) , would be designed to collect information on the atmosphere’s vertical temperature, ozone, and water vapor 

distribution on a worldwide basis. 

Nimbus B was scheduled for launching by a Thorad Agena D booster 

in 1967. (GFSC Release G21-65) 

Explanation of rash of Ufo sighting was given by Howard Margolis in 

the Washington Post: “The latest flurry of saucer reports, according 

to the Air Force, seems to be based on such things as a conjunction.of 

the planet Jupiter and some bright stars, compounded by atmospheric 

conditions that produce an enhanced twinkling effect, further compounded by the annual summer meteorite showers; still further compounded by some other atmospheric effects that tend to produce bogus 

radar reflection, and finally compounded by the well-marked tendency 

of any good Ufo sighting reported in the newspapers to lead many 

more in the same area-in this case the Midwest-for a time thereafter.” (Margolis, Wash.. Post, 8/10/65) 

First regularly scheduled air cushion service in the US. was initiated between Oakland and San Francisco over San Francisco Bay in a yearlong test, authorized by the Civil Aeronautics Board, to determine 

feasibility of using Hovercraft in ferrying passengers in metropolitan 

areas. Eight round trips a day would be provided by a seven-ton, 

$300,000 craft by Bell Aerosystems. 

August 11: NASA Atlas-Centaur 6 launched a dummy Surveyor spacecraft 

along a simulated lunar trajectory in the fourth successful vehicle 

flight of six made to date. The Atlas booster operated as planned; 

Centaur ignited, burning for 7 min. 12 sec., and injected the dummy 

Surveyor spacecraft into a highly elliptical simulated lunar transfer 

orbit with apogee, 509,829 mi. (820,824 km.); perigee, 105 mi. 

(169.15 km.); period, 31 days; inclination, 28.55”. Speed of injection into orbit was 23,700 mph. The 2,084-133. metal payload con- 

(Wallops Release 65-49) 

(NYT, 8/8/65, 74) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 375 

tinued on a path toward a point 240,000 mi. from earth which woilld 

simulate a lunar transfer orbit. The target zone was on the path the 

moon follows as it orbits the earth. 

The 113-ft., 303,000-lb. launch vehicle produced 389,000 lbs. thrust 

at liftoff. The Centaur 2nd stage was powered by two RL-10 liquid 

hydrogen-liquid oxygen engines with a thrust of 15,000 lbs. each. 

The AC-~ mission, sixth in a series of eight scheduled Centaur 

development flights, was a rehearsal for the AC-7 flight scheduled for 

later 1965 in which an engineering model of Surveyor was to make a 

soft landing on the lunar surface. Flight was designed to obtain data 

on several new Atlas-Centaur features and to continue evaluation of 

other components and systems tested during previous missions. 

Atlas-Centaur vehicle development for direct ascent missions was 

complete, and the vehicle was now capable of supporting fully operational Surveyor missions. ( NASA Release 65-235 ; KSC Spaceport News, 

8/12/65, 1; AP, NYT, 8/12/65, 11; NASA Proj. Off.) 

August 11: A sounding rocket for study of ultraviolet radiation was fired 

from Salto di Quirra AFB in Sardinia, the Italian Defense Ministry 

announced. The rocket was one of 400 to be fired by the Italian Air 

Force in collaboration with the European Space Research Organization 

(ESRO). 

Indonesia successfully launched the second (of ten) Japanese Kappa 8L 

two-stage meteorological sounding rocket from a site near Bandung, 

West Java. The 62-kg. (136-lb.) rocket reached an altitude of 90 

km. (56 mi.). (Interavia Air Letter, 

8/16/65, 5) 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center announced it had selected four companies for feasibility studies for experiments in applications satellite 

technology. Contracts awarded were: Control Data Corp., $45,000 

to examine a technique for determining a sateliite’s orbit by =sing 

only spacecraft observation; Philco Corp., $50,000 to study a device 

capable of determining attitude of a spin-stabilized spacecraft from 

star measurements; Bell Aerospace Corp., $47,000 to study an electrostatic accelerometer which could provide information about the relative motion of a gravity gradient stabilized spacecraft; and Electro 

Optical Systems, Inc., $37,000 to study measuring of degradation of 

optical characteristics of materials in space. Studies should be completed in eight weeks. (GSFC Release 62045) 

A blotting material to absorb excess moisture, which might have caused 

the eye and nose irritation of Astronauts Edward White (L/Col., USAF) 

and James McDivitt (L/CoI., USAF) during the June 3 GEMINI Iv flight 

had been eliminated from the GEMINI v spacecraft, MSC spokesmen said. 

(Houston Chron., 8/11/65) 

GSFC announced management changes “designed to meet the increasing 

demands of advanced space programs by strengthening lines of authority and responsibility at the Center.” Dr. John F. Clark was Acting 

Director and John W. Townsend, Deputy Director: 

Three additional Assistant Directorships and a Chief of Advanced 

Plans Staff were created. GSFC personnel were appointed to fill these 

posts: Herman E. LaGow, Assistant Director for Systems Reliability; 

Daniel G. Mazur, Assistant Director for Technology; George F. Pieper, 

Jr., Assistant Director for Space Sciences; Robert E. Bourdeau, Acting 

(AP, Wash. Post, 8/11/65, 15) 

First firing had been Aug. 7. 
376 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Assistant Director for Projects; and William G. Stroud, Chief, 

Advanced Plans Staff. 

Dr. Michael J. Vaccaro and John T. Mengel continued as Assistant 

Directors. Dr. Vaccaro’s responsibilities were expanded to include 

Technical Services as well as Administration. Mengel’s position as 

Assistant Director for Tracking and Data Systems was unchanged. 

( GSFC Release G-22-65 ) 

August 12: ECHO I, launched by YASA five years ago, had traveled more 

than 659 million miles and circled the earth more than 22,600 times. 

Orbital data: apogee, 1,165 mi. (1,875.7 km.); perigee, 560 mi. 

(901.6 km.) ; period, 113 min. The satellite had demonstrated that 

large inflatable spheres could be used as passive communications reflectors in space. 

Meteoroids probably would not be unduly hazardous to spacecraft flying 

for short periods in the near-earth environment, a NASA report indicated. Based on data from EXPLORER’S XVI and XXIII and PEGASUS I 

and 11, report was presented by Charles T. WAuitolo, NASA Hq. 

Office of Advanced Research and Technology ; William H. Kinard, 

Langley Research Center; and Robert J. Naumann, Marshall Space 

Flight Center, at the Symposium on Meteor Orbits and Dust conducted 

in Cambridge, Mass., by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. 

EXPLORER XVI, launched Dec. 16, 1962, had registered 62 meteoroid 

penerations during its lifetime. EXPLORER XXIII, launched Nov. 6, 

1964,. had reported 103 penetrations. PEGASUS I, launched Feb. 16, 

1965, carried three thicknesses of panels but mechanical malfunctions 

had destroyed the usefulness of data on the .008- and .016-in.-thick 

panels ; 104 penetrations had been reported from the .OOlS-in.-thick 

panels. PEGASUS 11, launched May 25, 1965, was returning useful data 

from all three thicknesses of panels and had registered 61 penetrations. 

The higher frequency of penetrations recorded by PEGASUS 11 was 

thought to have been caused by a meteoroid shower. PEGASUS III, 

launched July 30, had not had time to return significant data. (NASA 

Release 65-205) 

First S-IB flight model stage for the Saturn IB booster which left NASA 

Marshall Space Flight Center’s Michoud Assembly Facility for Kennedy 

Space Center, NASA, aboard the barge Promise, was scheduled to arrive 

at KSC August 14. The 80-ft.-long S-IB stage would be joined with 

S-IVB second stage to make up the first Saturn IB launch vehicle. 

NASA planned to launch the 225-ft.-long booster in 1966. (MSFC Release 65-206) 

Facility grants in the amount of $2,226,000 to the Case Institute of 

Technology and $1 million to the Univ. of Rochester, had been approved 

by NASA. The grant to Case, together with funds from Institute 

sources, would permit construction, on land owned by Case, of the 

Case Laboratory for Space Engineering Research. The Univ. of 

Rochester grant would be used to build a five-story addition to be used 

for space-related research in optics, geology, exobiology, physiology, 

and cosmic ray physics. 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb said: “The new facilities will 

permit expansion of NASA-supported research directly related to the 

national space effort and will enable both institutions to train greater 

numbers of highly qualified young researchers.” (NASA Release 65-270) 

(GSFC Release G-19-65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 377 

August 12: In a report to President Johnson on the Titan 11 missile silo 

disaster of Aug. 9 which had claimed 53 lives, Air Force Secretary 

Eugene Zuckert said: “The cause of death was almost exclusively 

asphyxiation. A number of men had attempted to escape by the emergency ladder which apparently was blocked by two men who became 

jammed together in trying to pass simultaneously through a restricted 

area on the ladder. thus denying access to those on the ladder below 

them.” (Text) 

Aerospace Corp. was accused of practices that were “uneconomical, unnecessary, unreasonable. or unjustified” by the Special Investigations 

Subcommittee of the House Armed Forces Committee, in a report on 

an examination of business management and fiscal controls at Aerospace 

that had culminated in hearings in May 1965. The report recommended a reappraisal of the USAF concept that had led to the creation 

of Aerospace, the abolishment of the fee-funding system, a review and 

reform of Aerospace’s security procedures, and a study of personnel 

policies and salaries. It also said USAF exercised improper and inadequate control of its contracts with Aerospace, often resulting in fees 

being provided “for purposes for which they were never used,” and 

Aerospace using “fees for purposes never intended by the Air 

Force . . .” (Committee on Armed Services Report) 

August 13: Five SURCAL satellites and one unidentified satellite were orbited 

by single USAF Thor-Able-Star launch vehicle from Western Test Range. 

The satellites all were in similar orbits of about 735-mi. (1,183-km.) 

apogee, 677-mi. ( 1.090-km.) perigee, 108-min. period, 90’ inclination. 

(US. Aeron & Space Act., 1965, 150) 

Gemini v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper (L/Col., USAF) and Charles 

Conrad, Jr. (LCdr., USN) would undergo intensive debriefing and 

iiiedica! tests for 11 days following their spaceflight, N.4SA announced. 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, said : “Producing scientific and technical information is 

the purpose of the flight. This information is vital in determining 

the effects of long-duration flight on the human system and in proving 

out flight systems for future flights.” 

August 14: COSMOS LXXVIII was launched by the Soviet Union, Tass 

announced. Initial orbital parameters: apogee, 329 km. (204.3 mi.) ; 

perigee, 209 km. (129.8 mi.); period, 89.8 min.; inclination, 60”. 

Equipment “for continuing the exploration of outer space” was 

functioning normally. (Tass, 8/14/65) 

NASA Lewis Research Center project officials said tracking data from 

JPL’S Deep Space Network on Aug. 11’s successful Atlas-Centaur 

launch from Kennedy Space Center, NASA, had indicated precise guidance system accuracy for lunar and planetary trajectories. Less 

than one-tenth of the midcourse correction capability in the Surveyor 

model payload would have been needed to put the spacecraft on the 

final trajectory for a soft landing at a preselected site on the moon. 

With the success of this mission, Centaur was first US. launch vehicle 

to qualify operationally an all-inertial guidance system for deep space 

application. (NASA Release 65-271) 

Potential of the Saturn IB was noted in the New Orleans Times-Picayune: 

“The payload potential of the Saturn I-B boosters now under produc- 

(NASA Release 65-273) 
378 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

tion at Michoud seems to have escaped general attention in discussions 

about space missions and the rocket assemblies assigned or assignable 

to carry them out. These and other factors are significant in connection with efforts under way, just coming to light, to intrude on, supplant 

or degrade the SI-B in the Apollo or other programs for which it is 

fitted. 

“The first of the ‘new Saturns,’ or intermediate Saturns, of the 

Chrysler Corporation’s Space Division has reached Cape Kennedy for 

the initial lift-off in tests and flights that will lead to human exploration 

of the moon. 

“Payload requirements vary of course for different objectives of this 

12-shot series. Regardless of what is first put aloft, the I-B assembly 

is designed to send into desired orbit 36,000 pounds of functional 

vehicle-not to mention the 30,000 pounds of a burned-out secondstage, should that lagniappe be added. 

“This rating compares with the 26,000-pound payload Soviet spacemen boosted into orbit last July 16; with 21,000 pounds sent into orbit 

by the Titan 3-C June 18; with the rated 25,000-pound payload capacity 

of the Titan 3-C; with the 22,000-pound payload rating of the ‘old 

Saturn’; with the 18,000-pound payload dispatched by an ‘old Saturn’ 

a year or two ago; and with 4,000 pounds orbited by the Atlas.” 

(CR, 8/19/65, A4674) 

August 14: The first stage of the first Saturn IB launch vehicle to be flown 

arrived at Kennedy Space Center, NASA, aboard the barge Promise. 

This was the first transit of the new Port Canaveral locks, due for 

formal dedication Aug. 21. 

Photographs of Mars returned by NASA MARINER IV showed surface 

features which could be interpreted as possible Martian canals, wrote 

Eric Burgess, a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in London in 

a letter to the Society. Burgess interpreted a dark, 30-mi.-wide streak 

shown on photograph No. 11 as a rift valley. This surface feature 

occurred at the same location on Mars where some astronomers claimed 

to have seen canals. Burgess said the photograph revealed that the 

escarpments passed through the rim of a large lOO-mi.-wide Martian 

crater, indicating that this particular rift valley appeared after the 

formation of the crater. 

August 15: ZOND 111’s lunar photography mission was announced by Tass: 

Automatic station Zond 3 is continuing its flight along a heliocentric 

orbit. . . . Photography of the moon began on July 20, 36 hrs. after 

launch, at M24 hrs., Moscow time, when the automatic station was at 

a distance of 11,600 km. from the lunar surface, and was concluded at 

0532 hrs. at a distance of about 10,000 km. After the lunar flyby 

the station is continuing its motion in a heliocentric orbit, becoming 

increasingly more distant from the earth and the sun. Image transmission began in accordance with the program of July 29 at a distance 

of 2.2 million km., when the angular size of the earth was small 

enough for the precise tuning of the on-board parabolic antenna towards the earth. Zond 3 for the first time photographed a part of the 

moon that cannot be seen from the earth and which was not included 

in the photos made by the Soviet interplanetary station in October 1959. 

At the moment photography began the phase of the moon visible from 

&ad 3 was close to full moon, while when the photography ended almost 

(Brevard SentineE, 8/15/65) 

(LA. Times, 8/16/65) 

bb 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 379 

half of the lunar disc was in shadow. The first frames show a considerable part of the moon visible from the earth. Later frames show the 

surface of the moon when there was considerable solar side illumination, when the relief formations cast distinct shadows. The images 

from Zond 3 are sent with a clarity of 1,100 lines. When photographing from a distance of the order of 10,000 km., images of a lunar surface area of about 5 million square km. are possible. The quality of the 

photographs obtained make it possible to see numerous details of the 

lunar relief, which are of considerable interest. The photo obtained 

from Zond 3 will be published in leading newspapers and scientific 

journals. To analyze the result obtained and to name the craters, 

ranges, and other formations on the newly photographed sections of the 

moon, the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. has set up a special 

commission. Scientific investigations are continuing on Zond 3. For 

further testing of the radio line the transmission of photographs of the 

far side of the moon from the station will continue during subsequent 

communications sessions, right up to the greatest distance from the 

earth. Thirty-eight communications sessions have been conducted 

from Zond 3. All on-board systems are functioning normally.” 

(Izvestia, 8/15/65, 1) 

August 15: ZOND 111’s photographs of the hidden side of the moon received 

editorial comment in the New York Times : “Scientists and laymen from 

all nations will look forward to the pictures of the dark side of 

the moon that Moscow reports its Zond 3 satellite took last month. 

Unit1 then the only photographic intelligence on the area had come 

from the pictures an earlier Soviet satellite took in 1959, a time when 

the available equipment-and consequently the quality of the resultwas primitive by present standards. Six years ago the marvel was 

that this feat could be accomplished at all. Now, in the wake of the 

photographic knowledge of :he zgm and of Mars obtained by this 

country’s Ranger and Mariner vehicles, world judgment of the 

importance of the Soviet accomplishment will depend upon the quality 

and the quantity of the new knowledge it provides.” (NYT, 8/16/65, 

E9) 

Comparing LUNA 111 [LUNIK 1111 and ZOND 111, H. Pfaffe said in an article 

in East Germany’s Berliner Zeitung: “Owing to its trajectory, Zond 3 

was able to photograph the moon under favorable illumination conditions for one hour and eight minutes. Luna 3 was able to photograph 

only 40 minutes. Zond 3’s trajectory was so chosen that the probe 

assumed a planetary orbit around the sun. Luna 3, on the other hand, 

assumed an elliptical orbit with the earth as one focal point. While 

Luna 3 transmitted its photos of the moon from distances of 400,000 

km. and 40,000 km., Zond 3 began to transmit from a distance of 2,200,- 

OOO km. This and the fact that the new photos were on a 1,100-line 

basis indicated the advances made in the Soviet radio and photographic 

systems.” 

Sonic boom damage claims during three months of supersonic training 

jet flights over Chicago had totaled $52,434 paid to 707 claimants, 

UPI reported. Some 1,434 claims had been filed. (AP, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 8/15/65, 17) 

August 16: Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff would not terminate his service 

with NASA September 1, 1965, to assume the presidency of Case Institute 

(Pfaffe, Berliner Zeitung, 8/15/65, 3) 
380 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

of Technology as NASA had previously announced, but would continue 

as Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology 

until a successor was selected and had assumed these duties. Dr. 

Bisplinghoff would then become Special Assistant to NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb in the advanced research and technology field. 

(NASA Release 65-274) 

August 16: Robert Hotz commented in an Aviation Week and Space Technology editorial: “The summer of 1965 seems destined to appear in 

space history as a period of formidable success in extending the 

horizons of man’s efforts to explore his universe. The two spectacular 

achievements of Mariner 4 and Gemini 4 have been interspersed with 

several other milestones in space technology as the summer unfolded. 

“Even after all the millions of words that have been poured out in 

describing the amazing feats of the Mariner 4 spacecraft, it is difficult 

to comprehend the full magnitude of its achievements. The 228-day 

voyage of Mariner 4 across 135 million mi. to the vicinity of Mars, 

and its transmission of the first relatively close-up pictures of that 

planet back across the void to earth, probably will rank as the most 

spectacular feat of space exploration in the first decade since Sputnik 1. 

“More than any other space flight since the first manned space 

mission by Vostok 1, this successful reconnaissance of Mars has 

demonstrated the infinite possibilities that lie ahead in obtaining 

a truly scientific grasp of the universe around us. The evidence that 

was provided by the Mariner 4 photographs was a scientific discovery 

of the first magnitude and certainly showed the limitations of earthbased astronomy. But perhaps its real significance lies in the 

demonstration that a complex spacecraft can voyage, communicate, 

and function over the vast reaches of space under human control 

and command from earth. . . . “There is little doubt that the US. space program would not be 

operating at its present pace or scope without the early, humiliating 

prod of the Soviet Union’s pioneering in this field. However, the 

results now being produced from the US. program are proving so 

useful in such a variety of applications that there should be little 

doubt that it is worth pursuing for its own goals, even without the 

stimulus of international competition. It may well be that when 

historians write of the space age they will point to the summer of 1965 

as the time when the US. effort finally reached maturity and began 

breaking its own new ground, in contrast to the earlier era of sternchasing the Soviets.” 

NASA was seeking buyers for rocket launches, and the improved Delta, 

incorporated into the launch package, might prove most economical, 

William S. Beller reported in Missiles and Rockets. Cost of launching 

the Delta, either to low-earth orbit or into interplanetary space, would 

be the same. Cost to send a package to the moon would be $16,000/ 

lb.; on a Mars flyby, $21,000/lb. 

Beller’s article continued: “It is ironic that the fabulously successful 

series of Delta rockets is based on much of the hardware and concepts 

used in the presumed failure called Vanguard. In 1959, the Air 

Force took the upper two Vanguard stages, mounted them on Thor, 

and called the combination Thor-Able. NASA then made minor 

modifications in the vehicle’s coast attitude-control system and put 

(Hotz, An. Wk., 8/16/65, 21) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 381 

in a new auto-pilot control system; but the basic Thor-Able shell was 

used. This was the Delta that failed in its first firing in 1960 with an 

Echo satellite payload. The subsequent Deltas orbited their payloads in 

22 successive launchings. 

“The Vanguard program, too, besides giving birth to Delta was 

probably one of the most economical buys of the US. space program. 

Originally budgeted for a total cost of $20 million, Vanguard ended 

up costing $105 million, which was paid not only for development of 

the Vanguard hardware and several launchings but also for setting 

up the worldwide Minitrack network used in Project Mercury. 

“Improvements in Delta from 1960 to the present involved using 

more energetic propellants, lengthening the second-stage tanks, replacing the third-stage motor for a more active one, adding solid strap-ons 

to the first stage, and again enlarging the second stage. 

“The result is an inexpensive and reliable bus whose launch can be 

bought for less than $3.5 million.” 

August 16: Ten US.-made Skyraider bombers were turned over to Cambodia 

by France. 

AFSC announced development of an ultrasonic corrosion detector which 

could inspect aircraft fuel tanks quickly and accurately. The corrosion 

detector, mounted on a trailer, would be guided under the wing of a 

parked aircraft and raised until it touched the underside of the wing; 

ultrasonic sound waves would be bounced against the skin of the aircraft. Facsimile recordings of corrosion with good definition and 

sensitivity had been obtained through metal surfaces one and one half 

inches thick. (AFSC Release 89.65) 

August 17: The large “crawler-transporter,’ scheduled to move the 500,000- 

lb. Saturn V booster and an 11-million-lb. launching tower from the 

assembly area at Kennedy Space Center, NASA, to the launching 

site three arid a hail miles away, had beeii crippled by repezted fii!we 

of roller bearings. Eight tractor trucks equipped with treads and 

rollers like those of a bulldozer would propel the crawler. It was the 

bearings in 88 rollers that had caused the problem. Tests of the 

$6-million vehicle, manufactured by Marion Power Shovel Co., had 

been suspended until a solution could be found. 

A NASA spokesman stated that neither tests nor launchings of the 

Saturn V boosters should be delayed. (Clark, NYT, 8/18/65, C13) 

ComSatCorp requested industry proposals for an advanced satellite for a 

worldwide commercial communications system. The Corporation requested a satellite for use in a phased system at altitudes between 6,000 

and 12,000 mi., or in a synchronous system at an altitude of 22,300 mi. ; 

that had 1,000 two-way voice channels; that weighed approximately 

240 lbs. ; that could be launched alone or in groups of up to six satellites; that measured not more than 56-in.-dia. and 40-in. high; and 

that had a five-year lifetime. ComSatCorp stipulated the proposal 

should cover construction of six to 24 satellites, the number depending 

on the type of system, with the first six to be delivered within 24 

months after the contract award. Proposals would be opened on 

October 25. (ComSatCorp Release) 

The Gold Hodgkins Medal for pioneer work in space age science, plus a 

cash award, was presented to three scientists during the second week 

of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s 75th anniversary ob- 

(Beller, M&R, 8/16/65, 24) 

(UPI, Wash. Daily News, 8/16/65, 17) 
382 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

servance in Cambridge, Mass. : Prof. Marcel Nicolet, National Center 

for Space Research, Brussels; Dr. Joseph Kaplan, UCLA; and Dr. Sydney 

Chapman, Geophysical Institute, Univ. of Alaska, ( AP, Houston, 

Chron., 8/18/65) 

August 17: Dr. Winston E. Kock, Director of NASA Electronics Research 

Center, announced that NASA had authorized architects to proceed with 

detailed designs for a 26-story tower building, a three-story microwave 

laboratory, and an auditorium-cafeteria building at ERC. Construction would begin next spring, provided approval were given for urban 

renewal proceedings in the Kendall Square-Cambridge site. The 

buildings would be built with $15 million already approved by 

Congress. (ERC Release 65-31) 

Final approval for the Aug. 19 launch of Gemini V on an eight-day orbital 

mission was given by Mission Director E. E. Christensen. Astronauts 

L. Gordon Cooper (L/Col., USAF) and Charles Conrad (Lcdr., USN) 

passed a final physical examination, weather conditions were favorable, 

and the tracking network was in good operating condition. The 

astronauts and their backup pilots, Neil Armstrong and Elliot See, Jr., 

went through a complete review of the mission. (AP, NYT, 8/18/65, 

12C) 

JPL Director Dr. William H. Pickering, speaking to the National Space 

Club in Washington, D.C., on “Exploring the Planets,” ‘ -.d : “Scientists 

interested in the solar system point out that all of the planets of the solar 

system present interesting challenges to the explorers. A study group 

at Woods Hole in Massachusetts this summer has set priorities on the 

exploration of the planets in the order of Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter. 

We hope to make exploratory flights to all of these planets.” (Text) 

The New York Times commented on the success of the U.S.S.R. ZOND JII 

mission: “Like the Ranger and Mariner feats before it, Zond 3 has 

again shown what enormous gains in man’s knowledge can be obtained by using instruments alone, a technique much cheaper and 

less hazardous than sending men to the moon or the planets. There 

is every reason to suppose that a United States satellite could have 

gotten similar photographs of the other side of the moon even earlier 

than Zond 3 had a sustained effort to this end been made. 

“The restraining element has been the limititions imposed on this 

country’s exploration of space with instrument-carrying rockets by the 

overriding priority given to the enormously expensive Apollo project 

for landing a man on the moon by 1970. The Soviet propaganda and 

prestige gains that will result from the current accomplishment represent one of the costs of the decision to put so much emphasis upon 

a manned voyage to the moon.” 

Aviaexport Chairman B. I. Kharchenko said in an interview with 

Sovetskuya Rossiya that Soviet aircraft were greatly valued in the 

world market. At present, more than 1,500 Soviet airplanes and helicopters were being exported to about 40 countries. This year, Soviet 

aviation equipment was being sent to 16 countries. Last year, 400 

pilots and technicians from variow countries were trained. (Sovetskayu Rossiya, 8/17/65, 4) 

August 18: USAF launched unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB, with 

Thor-Agena D launch vehicle. (UPI, Wash. Daily News, 8/18/65, 19) 

(NYT, 8/17/65, 30) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 383 

August 18: The launch of Oso-C was postponed from Aug. 24 to Aug. 25 because NASA’s Fort Myers tracking station might be acquiring data from 

EXPLORER XXVI satellite about the same time it was scheduled to conduct 

Oso-C’s critical first-orbit interrogation. Recent calculations at NASA 

Goddard Space Flight Center indicated the conflict was expected to 

last for only two minutes, but project officials decided to avoid 

jeopardizing Oso-C’s first orbital data. 

The Aug. 19 launch of Gemini v and most of the day’s coverage would 

be televised in color by all three major networks-the American Broadcasting Co., the Columbia Broadcasting System, and the National 

Broadcasting Co. The only previous color broadcast of a space flight 

had been NBC’S telecast of the GEMINI IV launch. (Adams, NYT, 

8/18/65, 55M) 

On U.S.S.R.’s Aviation Day, Soviet Defense Minister, Commander-inChief of Antiaircraft Units, Air Marshal V. A. Studets said in an interview with Nedelya that Soviet antiaircraft units could destroy any 

flying object with the first rocket: “. . . we have means that can in 

good time detect and destroy any flying apparatus of any size, at all 

altitudes, even the lowest. If the country is threatened by a ballistic 

missile, it will be met far away by an antimissile.” 

Soviet TV showed a film of a new aircraft reported to fly to nearly 

95 km. (59 mi.) altitude at a speed of 6,500 km/h (4,500 mph)- 

mach 6. This aircraft would be used for cosmonaut training (as with 

the u.s.’s X-15~ or NF-104A). No further details were available. 

(Nedelya, no. 33, 1965, 65; Loory, N.Y. Her. Trib., 8/18/65; Interavia Air Letter, 8/20/65, 5) 

Dr. Duane Graveline resigned as one of the nation’s six new 

scientist-astronauts “for personal reasons,” NASA Manned Spacecraft 

Center announced. Dr. Graveliue woil!d remai2 with MSC as a flight 

surgeon. (AP, NYT, 8/19/65, 3; AP, Chic. Trib., 8/18/65) 

General Dynamics/Convair received from USAF a $1,000,000 increment 

to a $7,385,383 cost-plus-incentive-fee contract for the production of 

Atlas-Agena boosters. (DOD Release 53665) 

USAF awarded General Electric Co. a $1,494,000 increment to a $33,552,- 

224 cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for flight testing of the Maneuvering 

Ballistic Re-entry Vehicle. 

August 18-20: Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey gave the keynote address at the opening of the AAS meeting on “The Impact of Space EXploration on Society” in San Francisco: “Although the accomplishments of the last seven years are impressive, they will be dwarfed by 

the events of the coming 20 years: 

“Before the end of this decade, man will have set foot on the Moon’s 

surface. 

“By 1970, manned satellite stations will be circling the Earth for a 

month or more. A crew of three or four will be on board, performing 

many kinds of scientific experiments, ranging from astronomy to 

zoology. Much larger manned space stations could become a reality 

in future years. 

“Before the end of the next 5 years, world-wide communication by 

means of satellites will be a routine accomplished fact, as will detailed 

(NASA Release 65-227) 

( DOD Release 536-65) 

This will be an event of historical magnitude. 
384 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

observation of weather patterns and collection of meteorological data 

around the globe. 

“Radio and TV broadcasting to large areas of the Earth from satellites could become a reality in the next 10 years. 

“Before 1975 unmanned vehicles from Earth will be circling Mars 

and Venus and sending exploratory probes to the planets’ surfaces. 

“To look into the future beyond 1975 is much more uncertain, but 

experts judge that if Man has the desire and will, he can have gone, 

by 1985, a long way toward the goal of sending a manned expedition 

to Mars, perhaps ~ith the aid of some kind of nuclear propulsion. . . .” (Text) 

Leonard Jaffe. Director of NASA Communication and Navigation Programs, told the Conference that recent announcement that DOD’S navigation satellite system was operational demonstrated the great potential 

of artificial earth satellites for providing position determinations to the 

maritime industry. He said NASA had under study a number of techniques, different from those employed in the DOD system, by which 

satellites located in medium or synchronous orbits could provide position fixes to ships and aircraft. Techniques whereby the craft’s position would be determined at ground computer stations might make 

the satellite system attractive to US. industry, he said. 

For the future Jaffe foresaw the combination of a position determination method and a communications system integrated into a 

single satellite to provide capability of aiding in air traffic control. He 

said : “Accurate position data and reliable communications readily 

available to air traffic controllers by use of satellites may provide the 

answer to the acute problem of safely reducing the present separation 

standard of aircraft flying across the crowded Atlantic Ocean region. 

Similar data supplied to a maritime regulatory agency may provide 

a means for preventing marine collisions.” 

August 18-20: Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander, participating 

in a panel discussion on the “Social Implications of Space Exploration,” said: “. . . there are two ways of looking at space. The first 

way is simply as a place-as the vast expanse which is an extension of 

the earth‘s atmosphere in every direction, and which can serve as an 

operational environment. There is much we need to discover about 

this region, but it is already clear that space adds a new dimension 

to our thinking about naticnal security. 

“Space has at least four unique characteristics which offer advantages for military operations. These are : first, extremely high 

altitudes which offer line of sight to large areas of the earth’s surface; 

second, very high speeds; third, almost infinite flight duration; and 

fourth, highly predictable flight paths. 

“These recognized advantages have led to the development of a number of space systems which provide support to military land, sea, and 

air operations. These include satellite systems for communications, 

weather, and navigation. The capabilities they provide are either 

unique or represent a distinct improvement over other means of 

accomplishing the same task . . . “On the other hand, the advantages of space are frequently offset 

by several disadvantages. The first of these is the cost of launching 

payloads into space. Presently this amounts to about $1000 a pound 

(Text) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 385 

in low earth orbit, although it is estimated that the Titan 111 will reduce 

this figure to about $500 a pound, and we foresee methods of reducing 

the cost to the neighborhood of $100 a pound. The second is the 

requirement for extremely high reliability-the need to build satellites 

that will operate for long periods without maintenance and repair. 

Third is the absence of a demonstrated method of returning from space 

to a controlled landing at a specified point. And fourth is the environment of space itself-the problems associated with hard vacuum, 

temperature extremes, and intense radiation. 

“The need to overcome these disadvantages leads to consideration of 

the second way in which space may be regarded-not merely as a place, 

but as a primary focus for man’s scientific and technological efforts 

in the years ahead. The success of these efforts will determine the 

practical use that can be made of space for a variety of purposes, 

including military purposes.’’ (Text) 

August 19: Gemini v launch counted down to T-10 min. before it was 

canceled and reset for Aug. 21. Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper (L/Col., 

USAF) and Charles Conrad, Jr., (Lcdr., USN) were disappointed, but 

took the delay in stride. Cooper commented: “. . . you promised a 

launch today and not a wet mock.” 

Five hours before the scheduled launch, computer studies suggested 

that the liquid hydrogen in the spacecraft’s fuel cells was boiling off 

too quickly. Engineers’ attempts to force additional liquid hydrogen 

into the fuel cells succeeded only in hastening the escape of hydrogen 

g:s. Finally, a colder liquid hydrogen was used with success. Ten 

minutes before lift-off, apparent troubles with a telemetry programer 

caused another hold in the countdown. During a thunderstorm, a 

lightning-induced power surge affected the electrical instruments. 

At S:OO pm., EDT, as NASA officials were opening a press conference, 

they were informed that a fire had broken out in a communications 

cable linking the Gemini v launch complex with mission control center. The officials said that there was a “very good possibility” that 

Gemini 5 could be launched on Aug. 21, but that no definite date could 

be set until a partial countdown was held the next day to determine the 

damage caused by the power surge and the cable fire. (Clark, NYT, 

8/20/65, 1; Simons, Wash. Post, 8/20/65; Al; WSJ, 8/20/65, 1) 

Hughes Aircraft Co. was the only concern to respond to ComSatCorp’s 

request for proposals to build four advanced Early Bird-type satellites 

with options for additional satellites, ComSatCorp announced. Five 

companies had bid for construction of four transportable ground 

stations with options for additional stations: Hughes Aircraft Co.; International Telephone and Telegraph Corp. ; Page Communications 

Engineers; and Radio Corp. of America. Delivery of the first satellite 

and the first two stations would be within eight months. (ComSatCorp Release) 

Two groups of youths were apprehended by a security patrol at Kennedy 

Space Center, NASA, for trespassing near Gemini 5 on Launch Complex 

37. (Wash. Post, 

8/20/65) 

ComSatCorp asked 24 firms to propose earth station construction plans 

for antenna systems in Brewster, Wash., and Paumalu, Hawaii, by 

Sept. 17. The RFP specified four 85-ft. parabolic antennas capable of 

Unauthorized entry to the site is a Federal offense. 
386 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

working with satellites at altitudes from 6,000 mi. to 22,300 mi. Requirements were for one operational antenna system at each of the 

earth stations within a year after the contract award, and the second 

antenna system at each station two months later. The stations would 

provide high quality two-way commercial communications, track spacecraft, and send commands and receive data from satellite both during 

launch and while satellites were in orbit. (ComSatCorp Release; UPI, 

NYT, 8/20/65,41) 

August 19: Environmental Science Services Administration ( ESSA) asked 

that NASA temporarily assign Dr. Joachim P. Kuettner, deputy director 

of the Technical Staff (Saturn/Apollo Systems Office) of the Research 

and Development Operations, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, as 

Chief Space Scientist of the National Weather Satellite Center. Dr. 

Kuettner, expected to leave for Washington, D.C., about Sept. 1, would 

administer ESSA’S space program, specifically, manned and unmanned 

advanced systems. 

August 20: MARINER IV spacecraft, which relayed to earth the first closeup 

pictures of Mars July 14, was still transmitting engineering and scientific data. On its 265th day of travel, the spacecraft was 163,162,460 

mi. from earth, 8,622,011 mi. from Mars, and had traveled 365,000,000 

mi. since its November 28 launch from Kennedy Space Center, NASA. 

(NASA Release 65-278) 

NASA announced that Gemini v would be launched from Kennedy Space 

Center, NASA, Aug. 21, at 1O:OO a.m., EDT. Problems which had 

collectively postponed the launch on August 19, had been resolved: 

(1) the malfunctioning telemetry programer had been replaced; (2) 

the underground communications cable had been repaired; (3) the 

technique for loading the fuel cells with liquid hydrogen had been 

perfected; (4) security police would take extra precautions to prevent 

trespassing onto the launch area; and (5) the Gemini 5 computer, 

which officials feared had been damaged by the lightning-induced 

power surge, was functioning normally. (Clark, NYT, 8/21/65; 

Wash. Post., 8/21/65, Al; WSJ, 8/16/65, 1) 

S-IVB stage for the Saturn V booster was successfully test-fired for full 

duration at Douglas Aircraft Co.’s Sacramento Test Center. In a test 

simulating a lunar flight, the stage ran for three minutes, was cut off 

for 30-min. orbital coast period, and then re-ignited for 355-sec. run. 

(Marshall Star, 8/25/65, 1) 

Two USAF Athena missiles were fired from Green River, Utah, to White 

Sands Missile Range, N. Mex. Although one of the flights was terminated because of a malfunctioning computer, both missiles landed 

within WSMR. 

Dr. Mac C. Adams, vice president and assistant general manager for 

space systems at Avco Corp., would succeed Dr. Raymond L. Bisplinghoff as NASA’s Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and 

Technology. Dr. Adams, a consultant to NASA and NACA, was expected 

to assume his new duties in October. Dr. Bisplinghoff would become 

Special Assistant to NASA Administrator James E. Webb. (NASA Release 65-276) 

FAA announced that Gordon Bain, Deputy Administrator for Supersonic 

Transport Development, had resigned for personal reasons effective 

( MFSC Release 65-207) 

(AP, NYT, 8/22/65, 72) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 387 

Sept. 15, and that M/Gen. M.S. White, Federal Air Surgeon, was returning to the Air Force. B/Gen. Jewel1 C. Maxwell, commander of 

the USAF Western Test Range, had been assigned to FAA on active duty 

to replace Bain and Dr. Peter Siegel, Chief, Aeromedical Certification 

Div., Office of Aviation Medicine, would replace Dr. White. (FAA Release 65-65) 

August 20: Several U.S. and foreign scientists would be guests on the 11th 

Antarctic expedition of the Soviet Union, Tass announced. Leonid 

Balakshin of the Arctic and Antarctic Institute in Leningrad said that 

50 foreign scientists had already spent winters at the Mirny Observatory 

and other Russian stations near the South Pole. “The exchange of 

polar scientists is striking evidence of the constructive cooperation between Soviet and foreign explorers on the sixth continent,” Balakshin 

said. (Reuters, NYT, 8/21/65,21) 

Fred W. Friendly, president of the CBS news div., criticized the three 

national television networks for devoting seven consecutive hours 

Aug. 19 to the scheduled Gemini v launch which was finally postponed. 

Friendly told reporters : “We abdicated journalistic responsibility and 

participated in competitive inanities that are the very opposite of the 

service that the public expects and demands of us.” In the future, 

Friendly said, CBS would abridge its coverage of space missions. 

(Adams, NYT, 8/21/65) 

A system for the docking and sealing together of two orbiting spacecraft, 

designed to allow men and tools to be moved back and forth between 

the two vehicles while they were joined, was granted a patent. Invented by John P. Dunn, Martin Co. engineer, the equipment was being 

built in full scale for tests in Martin’s rendezvous and docking simulator 

(Jones, NYT, 8/21/65, 25) 

USAF named four contractors to participate in a six-month design study 

effort on an advanced vertical short take-ofi and ianding (V/%O!) 

tactical fighter program. The firms, which would be funded at approximately $1 million each, were: Lockheed Aircraft Corp. ; McDonne11 Aircraft Corp.; Republic Aviation Corp.; and the Boeing Co. 

Studies would cover aircraft configurations for tactical missions. 

(DOD Release 541-65) 

United Airlines announced that fog-dispersal plans involving aerial seeding of clouds were being discussed in nine cities in addition to those 

where the technique had already been successful. United had conducted successful seeding operations last winter using light planes 

to drop ice pellets into the top layers of super-cooled fog. The airline 

estimated that the fog-abatement program had permitted 135 of its 

flights, carrying 3,200 passengers, to operate at airports that otherwise 

would have been closed. 

August 21-29: NASA’s GEMINI v spacecraft, piloted by Astronauts L. Gordon 

Cooper (L/Col., USAF) and Charles Conrad, Jr., (Lcdr., USN), was 

successfully launched with two-stage Titan 11 booster from Eastern 

Test Range on an eight-day mission (190 hr. 55 min.) comprising 

120 revolutions of the earth. Flight objectives were: (1) demonstrate and evaluate performance of the Gemini spacecraft; (2) 

evaluate performance of the rendezvous guidance and navigation system using the Radar Evaluation Pod (Rep) ; and (3) evaluate effects 

of prolonged exposure to the space environment of the two-man crew. 

(AP, NYT, 8/21/65, 48) 
ASTRONA AER 5 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 389 

On Aug. 24, Astronauts Cooper and Conrad twice spotted objects 

on the ground; they observed a Minuteman ICBM launch from Vandenberg AFB, and tracked and photographed it; they sighted a huge 

checkerboard design laid out on the ground near Laredo, Tex., and 

reported direction in the which arrows in the center of the blocks were 

pointed. 

August 21-29: On Aug. 25, the astronauts saw, tracked, and photographed 

another Minuteman ICBM fired from Vandenberg AFB and identified a 

rocket sled test on Holloman AFB. At request of U.S. Weather Bureau, 

they attempted to photograph the eye of tropical storm Doreen about 

200 mi. south of Hawaii. 

Sixteen of the planned seventeen experiments were conducted. Despite 

the heavy work schedule, Cooper and Conrad each slept about five hours 

a day. The astronauts ate about 2,000 calories of food a day, less 

than the 2,900 calories prescribed for the mission, and each drank 

six pounds of water daily. 

Aug. 27 saw problems with the steady accumulation of water in the 

fuel cell, which threatened to exceed water-storage capacity; faulty 

attitude and maneuvering thrusters; and the boiling off of hydrogen 

gas which caused the spacecraft to roll. 

On Aug. 28, the fuel cell and the left thruster were functioning well. 

Conrad reported seeing “a carrier and a destroyer steaming right into 

Jacksonville”; it was actually a tug pulling a large barge. 

On Aug. 29 Cooper and Conrad talked via radio with Astronaut M. 

Scott Carpenter (Cdr., USN), in Sealab 11 on the floor of the Pacific 

off La Jolla, Calif. Approach of Hurri-cane Betsy from the coast .of 

South America forced NASA officials to order GEMINI v to land one 

revc!ution edy. Two mnre of GEMINI v’s thrusters froze, but there 

was still sufficient steering power to correct minor variations. 

To begin reentry, the astronauts fired four braking rockets as the 

spacecraft passed 700 mi. north of Hawaii. Reentry was normal. 

GEMINI v splashed down into the Atlantic at 8:56 a.m. EDT, 600 mi. 

east of Jacksonville-90 mi. off target. A human error in computing 

the elapsed time of flight caused the target error. Assisted from the 

capsule by Navy frogmen 45 min. after splashdown, the astronauts 

were taken by helicopter to U.S.S. Lake Champlain for medical debriefing. (NASA Release 65-262; NASA Proj. Off.; NYT, 8/22/65, l, 

72, 73, El; 8/23/65, 1, 16; 8/24/65, 1, 16; 8/25/65,1, 24; 8/26/65, 

1, 15; 8/27/65, 1, 12; 8/29/65, 1, 68, 69; 8/30/65,1, 16, 17; Wash. 

Post, 8/22/65, 1, 34; 8/23/65, 1, 3; 8/24/65, 1, 6; 8/25/65, 1, 10, 

24; 8/26/65, 11; 8/27/65, 1, 6, 7; 8/28/65, 1, 7; 8/29/65, 1, 8, 10; 

8/30/65, 1, 9, 11; WSJ, 8/23/65, 1; 8/24/65, 1; 8/27/65, 1; 

8/30/65, 1 ; Av. Wk., 8/30/65, 24-28) 

August 21: NASA Administrator James E. Webb told newsmen at Manned 

Spacecraft Center that the U.S. might land a man on the moon as early 

as late 1968. He expressed great confidence.in the space program, 

but cautioned: “I’m not going to say we’re ahead of schedule. We’ve 

had a remarkable set of flights, and we’re now entering a period of 

intensive testing.” 

During the flight, the astronauts both remained in good spirits. 

(Freelander, Houston Post, 8/22/65) 
390 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

August 21: The first stage of the Titan 11 booster which orbited GEMINI v 

was recovered intact in the Atlantic about 450 mi. northeast of Cape 

Kennedy. An Air Rescue Service plane reported that the 71-ft. stage 

was in the water 25% submerged. (AP, Wash. Post, 8/22/65, A34; 

UPI, NYT, 8/22/65, 13) 

President Johnson watched the GEMINI v launching on color television 

for seven minutes at the White House in a direct broadcast from 

Kennedy Space Center, NASA. 

PROTON I space station, launched July 16 by the USSR., had, for the 

first time, trapped particles with energy of 100 trillion electron volts 

and a measured energy spectrum of cosmic rays containing such 

particles, Nikolai I. Grigorov, head of Cosmic Ray Laboratory at 

Moscow Univ. Institute of Nuclear Physics, told Pravda. He said that 

precise measurements of high-energy particles required the use of a 

heavy ionizing calorimeter which could not have been orbited without 

the lifting capacity of Russia’s new large rockets. Prof. Grigorov explained that high-energy particles never reached earthbound registering devices because they were absorbed and transformed as they collided with atoms of earth’s atmosphere. (Pravda, 8/20/65, ATSS-T 

Trans.; Shabad, NYT, 8/22/65, 72) 

The Guggenheim International Astronautics Award for 1965 had been 

conferred upon Professor Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of the Soviet 

Academy of Sciences, announced Dr. C. Stark Draper, President of the 

International Academy of Astronautics. The award, which carried 

with it a $l,OOO honorarium, would be presented during the XVI~~ 

International Astronautical Congress to be held in Athens September 

12-18, 1965. (IAA Release 26) 

An article in Human Events expressed fear that Russian military space 

capability surpassed that of the US.: “. . . Four times in the past 

2 months, Red Star (a newspaper published by the Defense Ministry) 

has trumpeted the claim that Russia now has orbital space rockets with 

the capacity of wiping any aggressor off the face of the earth. 

“There is no doubt at all about the intended identity of the aggressor 

and among American scientists back home there is little doubt about 

the weapon. 

“There is little doubt because the United States spent 7 years and 

$10 million between 1958-65 to plan the nuclear-powered space orbiting system called Project Orion. We have high-ranking scientists who 

believe the Russians have copied or adapted Orion, which has been 

declassified since October, 1964. The Russians might easily have 

cracked the secrecy before that. 

“It is a first generation vehicular system that is capable of carrying 

8 men and 100 tons of payload to Mars and back. It is a jet-propelled 

engine or engines powered by a nuclear reactor which, in effect, bombs 

a shield at the rear of the vehicle and drives it forward. The usual 

limitations of temperature do not affect this vehicle because the hot 

debris of the explosions makes only a momentary contact with the 

shield. The limitations of using full nuclear power are also absent 

because the reactor is outside the vehicle. 

Guidance, mobility, range, the exchange of crew-members, and the 

restocking of the payload are all within this space cruiser’s capability. 

Its potentials as a raider of earth targets, and as an interceptor of 

(AP, NYT, 8/22/65, 72) 

LC 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 391 

our space satellites, are almost limitless. It may not be the nevernever ultimate weapon, but it will do until another comes along.” 

(CR, 8/25/65, A4807-08) 

August 22: New York Times commented on the malfunction of the fuel 

cell in the GEMINI v spacecraft launched August 21 : “Past manned space 

flights have gone so well in most respects that yesterday’s tension-filled 

hours were a shock and a surprise. It has all seemed too easy to the 

millions of television viewers who have observed previous man-in-space 

experiments. It was natural to assume that once Gemini 5 was so 

successfully launched, all would once again go more or less as planned. 

But those intimately involved with these efforts have known all along 

of the numerous possibilities of trouble. They were not greatly surprised that one of those possibilities for major difficulty-in this case 

a malfunction of the fuel cell on Gemini 5-turned into reality. 

“There will undoubtedly be future emergencies in space. Yesterday’s events are a sobering reminder that the effort to reach the moon 

during this decade is straining the limits of available technology, and 

that serious risks are being taken. These hazards are also faced, of 

course, by the Soviet manned space program. The brave men both 

countries are sending into space would be the prime beneficiaries of 

full Soviet-American cooperation that would pool both countries’ 

knowledge and experience to minimize the dangers inherent in these 

pioneering efforts.” (NYT, 8/22/65, 10E) 

Officials at the Milwaukee Public Museum complained that sonic booms 

from Strategic Air Command supersonic jets had dismembered a 3,000- 

yr.-old Egyptian mummy. 

Dispatch to Moscow from Tass’ New York correspondent, Leonid 

Ponomarev: “The flight of the US. spaceship Gemini-5 . . . proceeded normally for only two hours, although the flight program was 

calculated for eight days. 

“The main reason [was] that a new system for providing electric 

power. . . was being used in the Gemini-5 spacecraft for the first 

time. . . . “It is a noteworthy fact that the new system for providing electrical 

power has never once been tested in spaceflight conditions. From the 

test stands on earth, the installation was put directly into working 

conditions in space. 

There are several reasons that explain this haste and a certain 

degree of risk. The program chiefs were given the task of ‘catching 

up with the Soviet Union’ at any price regarding the length of flight 

in space. However, the present power of U.S. rockets and the size of 

the astronauts’ capsule are utterly inadequate for lifting and storing 

reliably tested battery-powered electrical power installations, which 

would weigh more than the new system. US. scientists were compelled 

to rapidly create a system, new in principle, in order to provide power 

for the Gemini-5 spacecraft for eight days so that it could fulfill its 

tasks.” (Tass, 8/22/65 

August 23: Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper (L/Col., USAF) and Charles Conrad, Jr. (Lcdr., USN), carried two one-dollar bills during the GEMINI 

v mission to prove on landing that they were the same spacemen who 

were launched, UPI reported. A representative of the FBdiration 

ACronautique Internationale recorded the serial numbers on the bills 

(UPI, NYT, 8/22/65, 9) 

66 
392 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

before the launch and would check them after the landing. The Fkdkration Akronautique Internationale, with 54 member nations, is the 

agency that certifies world aviation and space records. (UPI, NYT, 

8/25/65, 1) 

August 23: It was too early to set a realistic date for man’s landing on the 

moon, Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, said during a Moscow press conference devoted to the ZOND 111 

mission. He explained: “. . . we have . . . learned quite a lot about 

the surface of the moon. Yet this does not seem to be a great deal . . . where the choice of a landing spot is concerned. . . . Our knowledge 

of the soil of the moon is still somewhat contradictory, and I think it 

is much too early to start looking for a future landing site . . .” 

Yuri Khodarev, engineer in the Soviet space program, revealed that 

ZOND 111 had used photographic film instead of magnetic film to record 

pictures for later playback on earth command. The mission had been 

essentially a test in which the spacecraft would continue to play back 

the moon pictures repeatedly at increasingly greater distances up to 

“hundreds of millions of kilometers,” Khodarev said, adding, “we 

have created a new, compact photo television system intended for 

photographing and transmission of images of planets under conditions 

of prolonged space flight.” The wide-angle camera lens had a 106.4- 

mm. focal length at a relative aperture of 1:s. A 25-mm. film was used 

with exposures of 1/100th and 1/300th of a second. Describing the 

ZOND 111 television system, Khodarev said ZOND 111 had taken 25 photos 

of the far side of the moon in little more than an hour. Only one command had been given from earth-to start taking the photographs. 

All remaining operations occurred automatically. 

The ZOND 111 photographs confirmed earlier conclusions concerning 

the scarcity of dark depressions on the moon’s reverse side, but also 

revealed sea-like formations up to 500 km. (310.5 mi.) across and 

about as long as the maria. These formations differed structurally 

from the maria and lacked their characteristic dark color. The northern part of the side of the moon was occupied by a bright elevation 

pitted with craters. Concentration of craters throughout the reverse 

side of the moon was high. 

Soviet astronomer Alla Masevich said the moon photographs were 

as good as those taken of the visible side from earth-based observatories: “They show beautiful half-tone transitions, reflecting the character of detailed surface relief.” 

Alexander A. Mikhailov, director of the Pulkovo Observatory, attributed the observed difference between the moon’s visible side and its 

reverse side to geological rather than astronomical factors. He noted 

the appearance on Zond photographs of chains of craters along elongated fracture lines which he attributed to volcanic activity. 

Prof. Keldysh noted that the trajectory of ZOND 111 had passed far 

from the planets but said that “the experience we gained in launching 

this probe into remote space will be used in subsequent launchings to 

photograph the planets.” He said the U.S.S.R. had already begun 

preparations to achieve a soft lunar landing. Experiments aboard the 

spacecraft were for study of magnetic fields, solar wind, low-frequency 

radio emission of the galaxy, micrometeors, cosmic rays, and the in- 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 393 

frared and ultravioiet spectra of the lunar surface. (Tass, 8/23/65; 

Shabad, NYT, 8/24/65, 1) 

August 23 .- ComSatCorp had selected Holmes and Narver, Inc., Los Angeles 

architectural and engineering firm, for design work on two new earth 

station sites in Hawaii and Washington-the US. ground links in a 

worldwide commercial communications satellite system. The contract 

provided for $186,000, plus additional costs for optional on-the-site 

construction supervision and related services. Detailed drawings and 

specifications would be supplied to ComSatCorp no later than December l. (ComSatCorp Release) 

West Germany and the US. would jointly develop a “jump-jet” fighter 

and reconnaissance aircraft to be battle-ready in the 1970’~~ West 

German Defense Military announced. Two West German and five 

US. aircraft companies had each been awarded $1-million contracts to 

produce the studies for the Vtol aircraft. A joint American-German 

group of companies would build the prototypes. 

Boeing Co., Lockheed Aircraft Corp., McDonnell Aircraft Corp., 

Republic Aviation Corp., and United Aircraft were the US. firms involved. (Reuters, NYT, 8/24/54, 3) 

Seven Soviet An-24B airliners had been sold to the United Arab Republic, the New York Times reported. Details of the sale had not 

been officially disclosed, but European sources said that the cost of 

each plane was about $375,000-less than half the true value. (NYT, 

8/24/65, 50M) 

Dr. John Strong of Johns Hopkins Univ. told the Fifth Annual Space 

Conference at VPI that Venus was almost as hot on the side facing away 

from the sun as on the side facing the sun because the entire planet was 

kept warm by snowfalls. An instrumented balloon launched in 1964 

had identified ice crystals in the Venusian atmosphere. Strong speculated tnat a i2G-rnpli wiiid m the s-rfice of the planet dragged the ice 

crystals around to the back side where they presumably became a 

“warming snowfall.” Dr. Strong, who intended to launch another 

instrumented balloon during 1965, said that an automated, unmanned 

balloon was preferable to a manned vehicle. (AP, Wash. Post, 

8/24/65) 

August 24: First sounding rocket launching undertaken jointly by the US. 

and Brazil under a memorandum of understanding signed April 21, 

1965, was conducted successfully at NASA Wallops Station. The NikeApache rocket carried a 60-lb. payload to peak altitude of about 101 

mi. (162.6 km.) during the seven-minute flight. 

Instrumentation for payload and telemetry ground support equipment were constructed jointly by Brazilian Space Commission ( CNAE) 

and NASA engineers at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA furnished the rocket and use of Wallops Station facilities. The Brazilian 

launch team, presently in training at Wallops Station, directed the 

launch operations and acquired telemetry data during the flight. 

(Wallops Release 65-51) 

House Committee on Science and Astronautics favorably reported out 

H.R. 10329, which would authorize the Secretary of Commerce to conduct a feasibility study on adoption of the metric system. (CR, 8/24,’ 

65, 19007) 

- 1. 
394 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

August 24: Dr. Donald F. Hornig, science adviser to President Johnson, 

told the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences that a 

manned Mars expedition would take from four hundred to six hundred 

days. He continued: “The longest manned mission we are currently 

planning is some 14 days. Whether such a long mission is physiologically or psychologically feasible is almost impossible to judge before 

we have more experience with Apollo, AES, and other manned systems. 

In any case, we would have to build systems of greater complexity and 

reliability than we have yet dreamed of. 

“. . . if we compare the probable scale and technical difficulties of 

a manned Mars expedition with Apollo it is hard to conclude that 

its probable cost could be much less than perhaps five times that of 

Apollo-that is, of the order of one hundred billion dollars.” (Text) 

Rusted metal remains of a boilerplate Mercury spacecraft with parachute 

attached was found in Galveston Bay, Tex., by the shrimp boat 

“Nancy” and returned to NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. The spacecraft was lost May 31, 1962, when MSC conducted a drop test from a 

C-119 aircraft at 1,500 ft. altitude; a lanyard broke and the parachute 

failed to open. (MSC Roundup, 9/17/65, 1, 3) 

Eighty per cent of the $4 million needed to construct new bridges, modernizing the access road complex to Cape Kennedy, would be contributed by the Federal Government. The announcement was made jointly 

by Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Florida Governor Haydon Burns, 

and Florida Senators George Smathers and Spessard Holland. NASA 

and USAF would divide the $3.2 million Federal share and the state of 

Florida would provide $3 million. (Cocoa Tribune, 8/24/65; KSC 

Spaceport News, 8/26/65, 1 ) 

Soviet claim that the GEMINI v spaceflight was undertaken with “haste 

and definite risk” received editorial comment in the Washington 

Evening Star: “Tass, the official Soviet news agency, should feel a little 

bit embarrassed at the moment. It has given a big play to a story 

by Leonid Ponomariov [sic], its New York correspondent. The story 

has charged that American space officials have been ordered by the 

Johnson administration to ’beat the Soviet Union at any price with 

regard to the duration of orbital flight.’ 

But nothing 

could be more ridiculous than Ponomariov’s [sic] studied suggestion 

that Gemini 5 has been put into orbit in a slapdash manner, with 

callous disregard for the safety of the astronauts aboard, just to steal 

a space scene from the Soviets. The fuel system and everything else 

aboard the Cooper-Conrad vehicle are not whimsical improvisations. 

That has been made dramatically clear by the way in which Gemini’s 

initial power failure has been eliminated with help from ground 

control, by the craft’s built-in means of self-correction. 

As a result, it seems fairly certain right now that Astronauts Cooper 

and Conrad will be able to complete their eight-day mission. . . . “God willing, the Gemini flight will succeed to a degree that may 

persuade the men of the Kremlin to pay serious attention to our 

country’s standing proposal for a joint Soviet-American effort to 

promote a manned landing on the moon.” (Wash. Eve. Star, 8/24/65) 

”. . . our country may indeed be forging ahead. 

66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 395 

August 24: Gen. Nikolai Kamanin, commander of Soviet cosmonauts, said 

the premiere showing in Moscow of “A Man Walks in Space”-film 

describing the March 18 VOSKH~D 11 flight-that Soviet data had helped 

advance the date of L/Col. Edward White 11’s “walk” in space June 4. 

Kamanin said: “The Americans had not planned to let a man out until 

the end of this year. A small 

group of American specialists, with the permission of our government, came to the Soviet Union and talked with cosmonauts [Col. Pave1 

I.] Belyayev and [L/Col. Aleksey] Jionov about their flight and we 

didn’t hide anything.” 

Questioned by newsman about the visit by “American specialists,” 

Kamanin said either three or five persons had interviewed the Russian 

cosmonauts for several days, but he could not recall their names. 

Kamanin was asked if the visitors were officials of the U.S. National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration. “I don’t know,” he replied. 

“Officially they were here with a television company-allegedly .” 

NASA categorically denied General Kamanin’s allegation, UPI reported. 

A spokesman said: “We have been unable to uncover any United 

States delegation of scientists addressed by the Soviet cosmonauts.” 

Reuters, NYT, 8/26/65, 40; UPI, NYT, 8/26/65, 40; Loory, N.Y. Her. 

Trib., 8/25/65, 1) 

The New York Times editorialized: “. . . The care that has marked 

every phase of the [Gemini V] flight thus far provides assurance 

that the decision on whether to call the capsule back to earth before 

that time will be based solely on the best judgment of the scientific 

team as to whether any element of needless risk would be involved in 

keeping the astronauts aloft. Their safety must, of course, take 

precedence over the fact that the eight-day goal is the most important 

single -. objective of the flight. 

”lhis is no maiiei of oneupmanship ever the Russians, whose Valery 

Bykovsky stayed up for five days in 1963. The eight days it is hoped 

to keep Gemini 5 in space are roughly the time that woud be required 

for a round trip to the moon. If Colonel Cooper and Commander 

Conrad can function effectively in a state of weightlessness for that 

long and then return without injury, they will have given strong support 

to the hypothesis on which the whole program for a manned moonshot 

is based. 

“Whenever that shot is madrand remain convinced that it is 

foolhardy to chain it to any fixed deadline-it will have to be based 

on the fullest possible advance knowledge of man’s ability to cope in 

another environment with challenges his evolution on earth never 

required him to encounter.” 

The Washington Post editorialized : “Decision of the Gemini-5 space 

flight commanders to try for the scheduled eight-day voyage, despite 

the power shortages that threatened the exploit during the first 

two days is one that the whole country will greet with delight. The 

astronauts have accomplished no mean feat already, but the execution 

of the intended plan will prove the sophistication of the American space 

engineers. . . . “The power difficulties on Gemini-5 have, in a curious way, reminded 

us that these incredible penetrations of space are not yet so commonplace as to be devoid of risk and misadvanture. A succession of 

But after our flight they became bolder. 

(NYT, 8/26/65, 29N) 
396 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

triumphant experiments by Americans and Russians have made it 

look easy. The powerpack troubles, like the dips and bobs and pauses 

of gifted high-wire performers, have succeeded in reminding the 

‘audience’ that the whole act is indeed very difficult and dangerous. 

We may have forgotten it for a moment, but now we are convinced.” 

( Wash. Post, 8/24/65, A12) 

August 25: President Johnson announced he had approved DOD development of a Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) at a cost of $1.5 billion. 

At a White House news conference, the President said: “This program 

will bring us new knowledge about what man is able to do in space. 

It will enable us to relate that ability to the defense of America. It 

will develop technology and equipment which will help advance manned 

and unmanned space flight and it will make it possible to perform very 

new and rewarding experiments with that technology and equipment. . . . “Unmanned flights to test launching, recovery and other basic parts 

of the system will begin late next year or early 1967. The initial 

unmanned launch of a fully equipped laboratory is scheduled for 

1968. This will be followed later that year by the first of five flights 

with two-man crews. 

“The Air Force has selected the Douglas Aircraft Company to design 

and to build the spacecraft in which the crew of the laboratory will 

live and operate. The General Electric Company will plan and develop 

the space experiments. 

modified version of the NAS4 Gemini capsule will be the vehicle in 

which the astronauts return to earth.” 

President Johnson emphasized that the US. would “live up to our 

agreement not to orbit weapons of mass destruction and we will continue 

to hold to all nations, including the Soviet Union, the hand of 

cooperation in the exciting vears of space exploration which lie ahead 

for all of us. . . .” He directed NASA Administrator James E. Webb 

“to invite the Soviet Academy of Sciences to send a very high level 

representative next month here to observe the launching of Gemini 6.” 

(Transcript, Pres. Doc., 81301’65, 142; DOD Release 551-65) 

OSC-c was launched from Eastern Test Range, with a Delta booster, 

fell into the south Atlantic Ocean after failing to achieve orbit. 

First two stages of the launch vehicle performed perfectly: following second stage cutoff and an approximate 7-min. coast period, 

small rockets mounted on a table between the second and third stage 

ignited and spun the table up to 120 rpm; second stage separated, but 

the third stage ignited about 514 sec. prematurely, was not properly 

aimed, and did not attain orbital speed. 

OSO-c was third in a series of eight orbiting solar observatories 

planned by NASA. First two satellites were launched from Kennedy 

Space Center, NASA, March 7, 1962, and February 3, 1965. OSO-c 

I had provided more than 2,000 hrs. of scientific information during its 

lifetime; oso 11 was still operating. The Orbiting Solar Observatory 

program was designed to advance understanding of the sun’s structure 

and behavior and to determine the physical processes by which the sun 

influences the earth. Next Os0 launch would occur in mid-1966. 

“The Titan 3C booster will launch the laboratory into space and a‘ 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 397 

(NASA Release 65-261; Wash. Post, 8/26/65, A 4; N.Y. Her. Trib., 

8/26/’65) 

August 25: COSMOS LXXIX was orbited by U.S.S.R., Tass announced. The 

- satellite contained instrumentation “to continue space research under 

the program announced by Tass on March 16, 1962.” Orbital data: 

apogee, 359 km. (223 mi.) ; perigee, 211 km. (131 mi.) ; period, 

89.7 min. ; inclination, 64.9”. (AP, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8/26/65; 

GSFC SSR, 9/1/65; U.N. Registry/INF. 117) 

X-15 No. 1, piloted by Milton 0. Thompson (NASA), attained maximum 

velocity of 3,511 mph (mach 5.11) and maximum altitude of 214,100 ft. 

The purpose of the Bight was to obtain data for the MIT horizon scanner 

program, basic stability and control, and the Pace transducer. (NASA 

x-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

Argo ~4 Javelin sounding rocket was successfully launched with 80-lb. 

instrumented payload from NASA Wallops Station to peak altitude of 

549 mi. (883.9 km.). Furnished by the Univ. of Pittsburg under contract to NASA, the experiment measured the quantity of helium and 

hydrogen gases and the ionization of helium in the exosphere. Impact 

occurred 653 mi. (1,051.3 km.) downrange in the Atlantic. (Wallops 

Release 65-52; NASA Rpt, SRL) 

Rep. Roman C. Pucinski (D-Ill.), speaking on the floor of the House, 

commented on President Johnson’s decision to develop a manned orbital 

laboratory: “I believe . . . the most significant and important aspect 

of this latest development is the peaceful aspect of this program. This 

indeed, can provide mankind with the open sky policies that we have 

been working for in order to let people know that we have no intentions 

for any agressive moves and to let them know that we certainly know 

what is going on in the rest of the world. . . .” (CR, 8/25/65, 21024) 

GEMINI v mission director Christopher Kraft, asked at a press conference 

at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center il lie woiild we!cam a Sovkt ohserver at the Gemini 6 launching, said “yes.” Kraft said he felt he 

might learn something about the way the Russians handled their Bights. 

“If you’re going to ask if I’d like to go over there [to observe a Russian 

flight], you bet your sweet life I would.” (Sehlstedt, Jr., Balt. Sun., 

8/26/65, 2; NYT, 8/27/65, 2) 

Three members of the NAS-NRC Space Science Board, Dr. Lloyd V. 

Berkner, Dr. Harry H. Hess, and Dr. Gordon J. F. MacDonald, 

appeared before the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences in its hearings on post-Apollo goals of the U.S. space program. 

They repeated the recornmendation of NAS in its 1964 National Goals 

in Space 1971-1985 that emphasis be placed on unmanned exploration 

of the planets, especially Mars, and added that supplementary data 

would be forthcoming with the release of reports on the Space Research 

Summer Study-1965 (June 21-July 16). Dr. Hess noted that the 

1964 study recommended highest priority be given to search for 

life on a neighboring planet. He said the only difference in the 1965 

recommendation was to “give a somewhat higher priority to Venus 

but leaving Mars the number one objective.” (NAS-NRC News Report, 

9/65, 5) 

NASA had awarded Douglas Aircraft Co. $16,200.000 fixed-price, incentive-fee contract foF1.5 Improved Delta launch vehicle upper stages 

and associated equipment. The Improved Deltas would have larger 
398 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

fuel tanks which would extend the burning time to 400 sec. from 160 sec. 

for the standard 2nd stage of the Delta. 

August 25: Preparation for landing a man on the moon by 1970 was not the 

main purpose of the Gemini program as the U.S. contended, according 

to Krasnnyn Zvezda, official newspaper of the Soviet Defense Ministry: 

The main purpose is testing the capability of intercepting artificial 

satellites and conducting reconnaissance from space.” The newspaper 

said long-range cameras aboard could provide detailed photographs of 

cities, railroads, posts, and $hips. and that the astronauts were also 

equipped to “carry out visual intelligence.” It noted that GEMINI v 

was scheduled to pass above Cuba 11 times. North Vietnam 16 times, 

and China 40 times. 

DOD would initiate a demonstration program of a high-performance 

cryogenic engine in FY 1966, which could provide up to 50% payload 

increase in the future, Dr. Harold Brown, Director of DOD Research 

and Engineering, told a closed session of the Senate Aeronautical and 

Space Sciences Committee. Brown said that the program, which would 

be closely coordinated with NASA, would provide the design data 

necessary to initiate n high-performance engine development program 

in the future. 

Dr. Brown suggested that the 1975-1985 time period might include 

operational reusable spacecraft, possibly growing out of an Mol program requirement for data return or logistic resupply. He foresaw an 

evolution of “reentry spacecraft shapes which will provide greater 

flexibility of operations, enjoy higher reusability, and possess close to 

the same volumetric efficiency of current reentry spacecraft. These 

high performance maneuverable reentry spacecraft should be capable 

of performing missions calling for fast tactical response and greater 

option in the selection of landing sites. . . .” 

Distinction between “orbit” and “revolution7’ was discussed by John 

A. Osmundsen in a New York Times article: “An orbit is simply the 

completion of a circuit in space. 

“A revolution, on the other hand, is two consecutive passages of 

a satellite over a particular meridian on earth. . . . “The switch in terminology from orbits to revolutions was desirable 

for practical reasons involving ground tracking, ground-to-satellite 

communications and the execution of satellite experiments geared 

to terrestrial features, such as volcanoes and clouds. 

“It is important to make the distinction between orbits and revolutions . . . because a satellite moving east completes an orbit in less 

time than it takes to complete a revolution. Hence, it will make fewer 

revolutions than orbits.” 

Plans for the exploration of Mars called for an engineering test shot 

in 1969 and an unmanned landing in 1971, Robert F. Fellows, 

NASA program chief for planetary atmospheres, said at Fifth Annual 

Space Conference at VPI. Additional unmanned Mars landings were 

scheduled for 1973 and 1975; larger capsules-up to three tonswere expected to land in the early 1980’s. Fellows said that the 1971 

mission would require two pieces of hardware: an orbiter that would 

circle Mars for up to 50 yrs. and a capsule that would be lowered to the 

surface of the planet. The orbiter would have a scientific payload up 

(NASA Release 65-280) 

LC 

(Shabad, NYT, 8/26/65, 15) 

(Text) 

(Osmundsen, NYT, 8/26/65, C17) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 399 

to 300 lbs. to relay information to earth for about a year. The capsule 

would penetrate the thin Martian atmosphere protected by a heat shield 

and, after landing, deploy its instruments, take soil samples, and relay 

the data to earth. Fellows confirmed that the interplanetary mission 

after Mars would be to Venus, with Jupiter next. (AP, Wash. Post, 

8/26/65, A10) 

August 25: Representatives of 27 firms interested in providing computer 

services to support NASA Michoud Assembly Facility and NASA Marshall 

Space Flight Center’s Mississippi Test Facility attended a pre-proposal 

conference at the New Orleans installation. The computer services contract, which would cover a one-year period with three one-year renewal 

options, would include operation or maintenance of about 20 digital and 

analog computers, a data transmission system, a data reduction system, 

and related electronic equipment. 

X-19 experimental V/Stol aircraft crashed and burned during its initial 

ff ight test at National Aviation Experimental Facilities Center, Pomona, 

N.J. Both pilots parachuted safely from the aircraft, which had been 

designed by Curtiss-Wright Corp. for DOD. (NYT, 8/26/65, 24; WSJ, 

8/26/65, 1) 

Wendell F. Moore of Textron’s Bell Aerosystems Co. was recipient of The 

Franklin Institute’s John Price Wetherill Medal for his invention of 

small rocket lift device, Franklin Institute announced. (Av. Wk., 

9/13/65, 23; Franklin Institute) 

A speech by Rep. John Brademas (D-Ind.) that had been made 

at Purdue Univ. on the role science and technology would play in 

economic development of the Midwest was inserted in the Congressional 

Record: “Based on . . . studies one might put forth the following 

hypothesis: The Midwest is exceedingly successful in obtaining nonmission-oriented basic research funds ; holds its own in general university research, basic and appiied; does ve~y pGcil!jr ir: ind~strirr! development related to Federal research and development problems; and 

does very well as a supplier of production items in support of Federal 

research and development projects. . . . “A recent study by the National Academy of Sciences . . . shows 

that the great universities of the Midwest-I still refer to the five states 

of the east northcentral region-were the source of well over one-fourth 

of all the doctorates produced in the United States during the 19207s, 

a figure above that of any other statistical region of the country. In 

the 1960-1961 period, our region is still producing over one-fourth of 

the Nation’s doctorates and continues to surpass any other region.” 

(CR, 8/25/65,2083%34) 

August 26: Maj. Robert Rushworth (USAF) piloted X-15 No. 3 to maximum 

speed of 3,409 mph (mach 4.79) and maximum altitude of 239,600 ft. 

to obtain data on the NSL scanner and to measure boundary layer noise. 

(NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 FZight Log) 

USAF would train about 15 astronauts to operate manned orbiting laboratories, the Washington Post reported. Trainees would be chosen from 

graduates of the Aerospace Flight School, Edwards AFB. Gen. Joseph 

Bleymaier (USAF) , Commander of Western Test Range, suggested that 

in later Gemini flights the two-man crew might include one USAF 

astronaut. 

( MSFC Release 65-211) 

(AP, Wash. Post, 8/27/65, A7) 
400 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

August 26: Washington Evening Star editorial: “. . . there is no point in 

trying to argue that the projected ‘manned orbiting laboratory’ is purely scientific in character. It has military potentials of considerable significance, and our country should not apologize to anybody for that fact. The Russians are busy in this field. 

Why should we ignore it? The simple reality is, as Secretary of 

State Rusk has warned, that the ocean of space might become a fearsome theater of war in the not distant future. In the circumstances, 

our country would be guilty of a kind of suicidal passiveness if it 

failed to develop the ‘manned orbiting laboratory.’ ” (Wash. Eve. 

Star, 8/26/65) 

Approval by President Johnson of USAF’S Manned Orbiting Laboratory received editorial comment in the New York Times: “The 

United States Air Force has been demanding orbiting laboratories for 

years. The reason is essentially defensive. Such space laboratories 

could have the capacity to intercept and destroy enemy satellites. 

Their value for surveillance is obvious. As President Johnson said, 

they will provide ‘new knowledge about what man is able to do in space’ 

and ‘will enable us to relate that ability to the defense of the nation.’ 

“The MOL’S however, will naturally be capable of offense as well as 

defense. It was therefore significant that President Johnson should 

have taken the opportunity to couple his announcement with a new 

peaceful gesture toward Moscow for cooperation in the space program. . . .,’ 

The Wall Street Journal, commenting on President Johnson’s decision to 

develop Manned Orbital Laboratory, wrote : “The President didn’t 

enumerate the MOL experiments, but there is little doubt they would 

involve such possible missions as : 

-High-altitude reconnaissance over the Soviet Union and China; 

-Inspection and possible destruction of non-US. space satellites; 

-Antisubmarine surveillance of the oceans . . .” (Beecher, WSJ, 

8/26/65, 2) 

President Johnson’s order for the Air Force to proceed with development 

of a Manned Orbital Laboratory produced a quick reaction in Wall 

Street: stock of the companies involved registered rapid and sometimes 

sizable gains. (NYT, 8/26/65, 46) 

In a New York Times letter to the editor, Daniel Murphy commented on 

President Johnson’s decision to develop Manned Orbital Laboratory : 

“Once again we are asked to silently acquiesce to a questionable military dictum-‘if we don’t, they will.’ Because Russia has the capacity 

to send up such armaments, why does it so logically follow that they 

will do so? It is we, not they, who have a three or four to one 

superiority in ICBM’s. . . . “By our action will we allow the Soviet Union any alternative but 

to respond in kind? Would not President Johnson’s invitation to the 

Soviet scientists stand a much greater likelihood of acceptance if 

coupled with an offer of diplomatically exploring the possibility of 

not constructing such armaments? 

“The Administration‘s proposal can only increase the tensions of a 

world troubled enough.” (NYT, 9/1/65, 32) 

It is not purely scientific. 

(NYT, 8/26/65, 30M) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 401 

August 26: United Press International (UPI) reported that NASA had postponed until next week an attempt to have MARINER IV photographic 

probe take pictures of the blackness of space. The pictures would pro. 

vide scientists with a means of editing MARINER IV’S photos of Mars. 

Communication problems forced the delay. (UPI, NYT, 8/27/65, 19) 

Policy shift reflected in Administration approval of the Manned Orbiting 

Laboratory was discussed by Howard Simons in the Washington Post: 

“Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy virtually ignored Air Forcc 

arguments that it had a manned role in space. “. . . President [Johnson] has not committed the Nation to a longterm Air Force manned space flight effort. But what he has done is 

to protect himself politically against potential political repercussions 

should the Russians send a six- to eight-man orbiting space station 

aloft, as they now appear to have the wherewithal to do. . . . “Meanwhile the Administration is very wary about destroying the 

image of a peaceful American manned space flight program, which it 

has so carefully and lovingly constructed.” (Simons, Wash. Post, 

8/26/65) 

August 27: At the Seventh International Conference on Phenomena in 

Ionized Gases in Belgrade, NASA Lewis Research Center scientist Charles 

M. Goldstein outlined the effect of collisions on a monoenergetic electronbeam current in the presence of a low-density neutral scattering 

gas. Research had been conducted in connection with electromagnetic 

propulsion studies. ( LRC Release 65-56) 

Washington Post editorial comment on President Johnson’s assignment 

of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory project to the Air Force: “. . . Anxiety arises out of the Air Force commitment to total 

secrecy in its space operations. . . . [NASA] has pursued a brilliantly 

successful open public information policy. It has made every American a participant in its exciting conquest of space, aroused the naiiurd 

interest in the whole world of science, stirred the youth of the country 

to enthusiasm and stimulated national pride. The Vandenberg Air 

Force Base which will become a major site for MOL launching has operated under a veil of secrecy. . . . “The Pentagon has not yet devised a policy for informing the public 

on the man-in-space MOL project. If it continues the Vandenberg 

policies of the past, the country is going to know very little about MOL. 

Such secrecy is bound to arouse international suspicions and alarms, 

particularly since the flights will be over Soviet territory. Either this 

is primarily a project in the peaceful penetration of space that requires 

little secrecy; or it is a secret military project that cannot be reconciled with our previous professions.” 

Geologist G. J. H. McCall of Univ. of Western Australia said he believed 

the lunar surface to resemble plastic, and he recommended another 

Ranger spacecraft be sent to the moon to test his theory. McCall was 

in Bend, Ore., attending the International Lunar Geological Conference. 

(AP, San Diego Eve. Trib., 8/27/65) 

August 28: Prof. Robert H. Dicke of Princeton Univ. suggested in the 

Astronomical Journal that a way to map the sun’s shape as a test of 

Einstein’s theory of relativity would be to use measurements of the 

orbit of the asteroid Icarus as it passed within 4 million mi. of earth 

on June 15, 1968. Two peculiarities would make Icarus, discovered 

( Wash. Post, 8/27/65, A23) 
402 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

in 1949, valuable for such an experiment: (1) Icarus was the only 

body in the solar system known to pass inside the orbit of Mercury; 

and (2) Icarus’ orbit was highly inclined to that of the other planets. 

Dr. Dicke proposed that measurements be taken when the planet cut 

across the plane of the earth’s orbit. If the two measured points 

changed with each close passage to the sun, then the sun would be 

known to be less than a perfect sphere. And, the amount by which 

it was not truly spherical would be known precisely. 

If the sun’s radius at the equator exceeded its polar radius by as 

little as 0.005%, the distortion of the sun’s gravitational field that this 

would cause would be enough to account for 10% of the predicted 

effect on Mercury’s orbit. But the general theory of relativity had 

already accounted for the peculiarities in Mercury’s orbit. Therefore, 

if the distortion were found, the theory must be incorrect. In other 

words, said Dr. Dicke, gravitational attraction of one body for another 

must be accounted foi, not by relativity, but by some other mechanism. 

(AIP News, 8/28/65) 

August 28: Three gold religious symbols which Astronaut Edward H. White, 

II (L/Col., USAF) carried with him on his walk in space on June 4 during the GEMINI IV mission were displayed at the New York World’s 

Fair: a cross, a Star of David, and a St. Christopher medal. (Wash. 

Post, 8/28/65, C6) 

Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter (Cdr., USN) and four aquanauts began a 

45-day, UsN-sponsored experiment in 12 x 58-ft. Sealab I1 to test how 

well man can function at 205-ft. depth in the Pacific under pressure 

six times that at the surface. Carpenter would try to stay down 30 

days to set a record; the other aquanauts would remain below for 

varying periods. The group would collect and study marine specimens, map the ocean floor, and explore a deep marine canyon. 

August 29: President Johnson commented on the success of the GEMIN; v 

flight during a news conference at his Texas ranch: “This is a moment of great achievement, not only for astronauts Gordon Cooper 

and Charles Conrad, but for those whose hopes have ridden with 

Gemini 5. 

“I am so happy that Mr. Webb and Mr. Seamans, who had so much 

to do directing this very successful venture, are here to share with us 

the pride we all feel today, And I deeply regret that our late, beloved 

President Kennedy, under whose leadership all of this work was so 

carefully planned and thought out, can’t be here to enjoy the fruits 

and success of his planning and his forethought. 

“The successful completion of the eight-day, 3-million mile flight of 

the Gemini 5 proves, I think, not only man’s capacity for endurance in 

space, but it proves that man is in space to stay. 

We can be, and we are enormously proud of every member of our 

space team. That means all the scientists, and the technicians, and 

the controllers, and the trackers-to everyone who contributed in any 

way. As President of this country, I want, this afternoon, to extend 

the thanks of the entire nation for a job well done. To Gordon Cooper 

and Charles Conrad, and to their wonderful families, I want to simply 

repeat again: we are all very deeply proud of you. 

(Wash. Post, 8/29/65) . 

(6 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 4.03 

“The difficulties and disappointments of this flight have served to 

increase our appreciation, respect and trust for the skill and ability of 

all the men involved-at all their posts of duty. We can face the 

challenges and opportunities with far greater confidence and certainty 

-and this is an unmistakable gain. 

“Only seven years ago we were neither first nor second in space 

we were not in space at all. Today the capacity of this country for 

leadership in this realm is no longer in valid question or dispute. 

Openly, proudly, we are proceeding on our course willing always to 

share our knowledge, our gains with all mankind. I would repeat and 

renew this country’s invitation to all nations to join together to make 

this adventure a joint adventure. 

“This globe seems smaller today than ever before. 

“Somehow the problems which yesterday seemed large and ominous 

and insoluble today appear less foreboding. As man increases his 

knowledge of the heavens, why should he fear the unknown on earth? 

As man draws nearer to the stars, why should he not also draw nearer 

to his neighbor? 

“As we push ever more deeply into the universe-probing its secrets 

and discovering its way-we must also learn to cooperate across the 

frontiers that divide earth’s surface. 

Those who venture 

there go as envoys of the human race. Their quest must be for all 

mankind-and what they find belongs to all mankind. That is the 

basis of the program of which astronauts Cooper and Conrad are a 

part. . . . “This flight of Gemini 5 was a journey of peace by men of peace. 

Its successful conclusion is a noble moment for mankind-and a fitting 

opportunity for us to renew our pledge to continue our search for a 

world in which peace reigns and justice prevails. 

“TO demonstrate the earnestness of that pledge, and to express our 

commitment to the peaceful uses of space exploration, I intend to ask 

as many of our astronauts as possible-when their schedule and program permit-to visit various capitals of the world. Some, I hope, 

will be able to journey abroad soon. 

We resolve to have many more such 

journeys-in space and on earth-until man at last is at peace with 

himself.” 

August 29: Within an hour after landing on the Lake Champlain, Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper (L/Col., USAF) and Charles Conrad, Jr. 

(Lcdr., USN) received a telephone call from President Johnson congratulating them on their courage in the face of disappointments and 

discouragement: “You have certainly proved once and for all that man 

has a place in the exploration of the great frontier of space.” (Clark, 

NYT, 8/30/65, 1) 

The US. GEMINI v mission established eight new world records: (1) 

longest manned space flight-190 hrs., 55 min.; former record, 119 

hrs., six min. held by U.S.S.R.; (2) national man hours in spacee-441 

hrs., 24 min.; former record, 507 hrs., 16 min. held by U.S.S.R.; (3) 

longest multi-manned space flight-190 hrs., 56 rnin.; former record, 

97 hrs., 48 min. set by U.S.; (4) most revolutions for a manned space 

flight-120; former record, 81, set by U.S.S.R.; (5) most manned 

“No national sovereignty rules in outer space. 

“Gemini is but the beginning. 

(Transcript, Pres. Doc., 9/6/65, 170-72) 
404 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

flights-9; former record held by U.S.S.R., 8; (6) first man to make a 

second orbital flight-L. Gordon Cooper (L/Col., USAF) ; (7) individual with most space flight time-Col. Cooper; (8) individuals making 

the longest single space flight-Cooper and Conrad (Lcdr., USN) ; 

former record held by U.S.S.R. 

August 29: Rep. Olin E. Teague (D-Tex.) , chairman of Subcommittee on 

Manned Space Flight of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, said at MSC that NASA’s FY 1967 budget would be limited to 

about the same level as the FY 1966 budget ($5.3 billion) because of 

military expenses in Viet Nam. He said NASA would like “$200 million 

or $300 million more” for FY 1967. “With the war in Viet Nam, I 

doubt there’ll be more money for NASA. And NASA needs more money 

than it is getting now to use its team with top efficiency.” (Houston 

Post, 8/30/65) 

August 30: GEMINI v astronauts Cooper and Conrad flew to Kennedy Space 

Center, NASA, following a night onboard the aircraft carrier Lake 

Champlain. Upon their arrival, Florida Governor Haydon Burns presented them with plaques in recognition of the record-setting, eight-day 

mission. Intensive medical examinations begun on the carrier were 

continued on Merritt Island. (Toth, Wash. Post, 8/31/65; Clark, 

NYT, 8/31/65) 

The appropriateness of President Johnson’s comments on the achievements of Astronauts Cooper and Conrad during the GEMINI v spaceflight was discussed editorially in the New York Times: “He did not 

gloat over the evident Soviet discomfiture at the United States forging 

ahead in the space race. Nor did he follow the repeated Soviet practice 

of claiming that a particular achievement in the cosmos somehow 

‘proved’ the superiority of one political system over another. Instead, 

he appealed to all nations to join together for the conquest of space, 

an arena in which cooperation could help ease world tensions. “. . . the President’s statement . . . should help to dispel . . . fears. He has made clearer than ever that this country sincerely wants 

full cooperation in space. If Gemini 5’s flight helps to bring that 

objective closer, its immediate political contribution will rival its 

enormous gains for science and for technology.” (NYT, 8/30/65, 

24C) 

hotographs of black 

space on command from the Goldstone {racking Station in 

Galifornia. Playback of five of the black-space pictures began on 

command. MARINER IV now was more than 171 million miles from 

earth, 11 million miles from Mars. 

NASA Manned Spacecraft Center had developed a 175-lb. scoop attachment for helicopters’ rescue and recovery operations. The device 

consisted of a retractable rigid boom of tubular aluminum and a 

plastic-covered wire net, both attached to the forward section of the 

helicopter. Use of the boom would enable the pilot to keep the subject in view at all times and would eliminate the need for a crew member to leave the helicopter to help secure the object being recoveredthe net would scoop it up. 

NASA had already received 170 suggested experiments for Voyager-the 

largest response to any scientific satellite program NASA had conducted, 

(AP, NYT, 8/30/65, 17) 

MARINER IV spacecraft took and recorded lOY1 

(JPL Release) 

(NASA Release 65-283) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 405 

reported Aviation Week and Space Technology. NASA would refine the 

experiments in consultation with the originators by November 19; preliminary selection would be made by March, and final one by July. 

(Av. Wk., 8/30/65, 21) 

August 30: NASA would negotiate with Ball Brothers Research Corp. an approximate $12-million contract for procurement of three additional 

Orbiting Solar Observatory (Oso) spacecraft, bringing to eight the 

number of satellites contracted for in the Os0 series. (NASA Release 

Aerospace engineers hired by California to study the state’s crime problem recommended a five-year effort to make crime fighting more efficient. Report was prepared by Space-General Corp. under a $100,000 

contract. California had ordered four such reports on the assumption that analytical methods used in setting up aerospace and defense 

systems could be applied to social problems. (WSJ, 8/30/65, 1; 

Davies, NYT, 8/30/65, 35) 

August 31 : “I certainly have seen nothing in the eight-day data that would 

lead me to be worried about a 14-day flight,” Dr. Charles A. Berry, 

chief physician for the astronauts, told reporters at a news briefing 

in Cocoa Beach. He said that the GEMINI v astronauts were in good 

physical condition and were returning to normal as quickly as had 

the pilots of the four-day Gemini GT-4 flight in June. Changes in 

such indicators as the heart rate and blood pressure characteristics 

seemed to reflect adaptation to the weightless space environment and, 

later, to the stress of returning to normal gravity of earth, Dr. Berry 

explained. Heart rates became lower in space and rose above normal 

on returning to earth. At first, on return to earth, blood pressure did 

not respond as promptly as normal to tilt-table tests designed to show 

how well the circulatory system copes with sudden changes from horizontal to neariy-verticai posture. 

Cooper and Conrad lost about 7% and 8Vl lbs. respectively, but had 

gained most of it back. This loss might have been a response to the 

space environment but was believed to be partly water loss after reentry while waiting in the sun to be rescued, Berry said. Both 

seemed to be less tired than their predecessors. (Schmeck, NYT, 

9/1/65, 1, 15) 

The world applauded the success of the GEMINI v mission: many leaders 

in Western Europe sent congratulatory cables to President Johnson, and newspapers in Great Britain, Malaysia, India, and 

Japan were among those giving the flight front-page coverage. The 

Soviet Union televised pictures of the astronauts and broadcast news 

reports of their landing. Only a few dissenting voices were heardamong them the Cuban newspaper Revolucion which described the 

flight as “cosmic espionage.” Communist China remained silent. 

(Wash. Post, 8/31/65, A3) 

Soviet President Anastas Mikoyan cabled President Johnson : “Please 

accept, Mr. President, our congratulations to the American astronauts 

Cooper and Conrad on the safe conclusion of their Gemini 5 space 

flight.” At the same time, Mstislav Keldysh, President of the Soviet 

Academy of Sciences, told Johnson that the Academy would reply 

promptly to a U.S. invitation to send a Russian scientist to observe 

the next Gemini launching. 

65-282) 

(Push. Post, 9/1/65, A28) 
406 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Augllst 31: First flight model of the S-IVB, Saturn IB second stage and 

Saturn V third stage, was formally presented to NASA by California 

Governor Edmund Brown in ceremonies at Douglas Aircraft Co.’s 

Sacramento Test Center. A hydrogen-fueled vehicle powered by a 

200,000-lb.-thrust Rocketdyne engine, the 58-ft.-long 21%-ft.-dia. 

S-IVB would be shipped to Kennedy Space Center, NASA, aboard the 

Steel Executive. The stage had successfully undergone a 234 min., 

full-power, preflight test-firing August 8. 

A Centaur rocket similar to the vehicle launched successfully into a 

simulated lunar-transfer kraj ectory Aug. 11 from Kennedy Space Center, NASA, and a model of MARINER IV photographic Mars probe were 

being exhibited in the NASA display at Cleveland’s Natural Science 

Museum. NASA had contributed displays to the museum for about 10 

yrs. (LRC Release 65-60) 

Secretary of the Air Force Eugene M. Zuckert named Gen. Bernard A. 

Schriever ( USAF) as Director of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory 

Program. This assignment was in addition to his duties as Commander, Air Force Systems Command. B/Gen. Harry L. Evans was 

named Vice Director of the Mol Program and B/Gen. Russell A. Berg 

was named Deputy Director. 

Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander, named B/Gen. Joseph S. 

Bleymaier as commander of the USAF Western Test Range with headquarters at Vandenberg AFB. Presently deputy commander for manned 

systems at AFSC Space Systems Div., General Bleymaier replaced B/Gen. 

Jewel1 C. Maxwell, recently named head of the FAA Supersonic Transport Program. In his new command, General Bleymaier would be 

responsible for maintaining, operating, and modifying as needed, the 

western portion of the national range in support of DOD, NASA, and 

other agency programs. 

First flight of Super Guppy, developed by Aero Spacelines, Inc., 

for NASA and the world’s largest aircraft in terms of cubic capacity. The aircraft was made up of sections from four Boeing 377 

Stratocruisers as well as extensive new manufacture. Specifically designed to airlift outsized cargoes such as the S-IVB stage of the 

Saturn V launch vehicle and the Lunar Excursion Module Adapter for 

the Apollo program, the aircraft made its first flight from Van Nuys 

Airport to Mojave, Calif. 

President Johnson approved the following policy on the promotion and 

decoration of astronauts: 

“1. Each military astronaut will receive a one grade promotion as a 

direct result of the first successful space flight, but not beyond the 

grade of colonel in the Air Force and Marine Corps or captain in the 

Navy. Promotions to general officer rank will be accomplished through 

usual military selection board process. 

“2. Each Gemini astronaut will be awarded the NASA Medal for EXceptional Service (or Cluster) after completion of a successful space 

flight. The NASA Medal for Distinguished Service, the highest award 

which can be given by that agency, will be awarded for exceptional 

accomplishments in the Gemini program, including but not limited to 

accomplishments in actual flight. 

“3. Military decorations associated with space flights, such as 

awards for exceptional heroism or other distinguished service, will be 

( MSFC Release 65-215) 

(DOD Release 560-65) 

( AFSC Release 130.65) 

(Huntsville Times, 9/9/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 407 

determined on an individual basis consistent with general policy governing the award of traditional military decorations.” (Text, Pres. 

During August: Karl G. Harr, Jr., president of Aerospace Industries Assn., 

wrote in Aerospace: “Almost every aspect of our national life has begun 

to show a positive and beneficial impact of this nation’s decision to 

be a major participant in man’s greatest adventure. 

“There has been the direct economic impact on the communities and 

regions where the major parts of this large national event are centered. 

There has been introduced into our national economy a wide variety 

of radically new industrial techniques. There have evolved new standards of excellence in engineering, testing, design, reliability, environment, control, and the skill and dedication of personnel . . . “In space research, development and exploration, the identity be. 

comes . . . more imperative. Aerospace companies go many routes 

attempting to achieve that goal. Leading aerospace companies, for 

example, developed a ‘Zero Defects’ program aimed at reminding, rewinding, and emphasizing to the worker that rejects are expensive and, 

if undetected, would contribute to tragedy. Other companies have 

instituted variations of the zero defects promotional program. 

“A second motivation campaign called ‘The Critical Parts Program,’ 

to insure that all 98 subsystem assemblies that go into a major space 

booster system will work, precisely in sequence, has been sold as an 

industry wide concept. 

“Another company reports that employes were amused and, more 

importantly, impressed, when a sign was tacked above the door of its 

main assembly room that reads: ‘In NASA we trust. Everything else 

we check . . .’ .’ (Aerospace, Summer 1965, 25) 

Experts had observed that some plants had an unusual ability to 

adapt to the most severe physical conditions, repnrted Aoiatsiya i 

Kosmonavtika. Plants had been deprived of oxygen or supplied 

with very small amounts of it, had been exposed to argon or 

nitrogen atmospheres, and had been exposed to extreme cold in experiments which tested the effects of a simulated Martian climate on 

plant growth. It had been found that the cucumber, a heat-sensitive 

variety of plant, could withstand an argon atmosphere and frost; 

lettuce, tomatoes, beans, turnips, and other plants had been grown in 

compartments supplied with extremely small amounts of oxygen. This 

led to the speculation that not only lichens but small shrubs might be 

indigenous to Mars and that there may in fact be a rich and varied 

Martian flora. (Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika, 8/65, 96) 

A pressurized suit identical to that worn by Astronaut Edward H. White 

II (L/Col., USAF) during his walk in space June 4, was donned by 

George C. Wiswell, Jr., founder and head of Marine Contracting, Inc., 

for a repair job 200 ft. below water at the American Electric Power 

Co.’s Smith Mountain Dam near Roanoke, Va. Wiswell headed a 

team of divers who lived in a pressurized tank for a week at the bottom of the dam, using a pressurized diving bell while making the necessary repairs. “The job could have been done by conventional 

methods,” Wiswell asserted, “but the divers would each have been 

limited at that depth to 20 min. of work a day.” With the David 

DOC., 9/6/65, 183-84) 
408 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Clark Co.’s “aquanaut” suit, four hours work each day for each man 

was possible, he said. 

During August: Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander, announced 

the assignment of B/Gen. Daniel E. Riley as commander of the USAF 

Contract Management Div. ( AFCMD) at Inglewood, Calif. General 

Riley replaced Col. Fred L. Rennels, who had been commander of 

AFCMD since its activation in January 1965 and who was named vice 

commander to General Riley. 

Report to industrial and defense management on the technical and 

economic status of magnesium-lithium alloys had been published by NASA’s Technology Utilization Div. The report was prepared for NASA by the Battelle Memorial Institute. A NASA technology 

utilization report based on cryogenic research directed toward evaluation of the stress distribution near abrupt changes in wall thickness of 

pressure vessels also became available. (NASA Releases T-65-12 and 

T-65-10 ) 

Data were summarized from NIMBUS I meteorological satellite, which had 

provided first high-resolution. nighttime, cloud-cover pictures and 

cloud-top temperatures taken from a satellite. Circular 575-mi.-altitude orbit had been planned for the 830-lb. spacecraft; but short burn 

of the Agena stage-resulting when about 100 Ibs. of fuel which 

should have been loaded on board the Agena had escaped through a 

faulty valve prior to launch-had injected NIMBUS I into an elliptical 

orbit. 

Results from Hrir (High Resolution Infrared Radiometer) data had 

demonstrated : ( 1) feasibility of complete nighttime surveillance of 

surface and land features on a global scale; (2) detailed vertical 

structure of intertropical convergence zone and formation of tropical 

storms and of frontal zones; (3) capability to detect temperature 

gradients over earth’s surface under clear skies; (4) applicability of 

high-resolution radiometry for glaciology, geology, and oceanography. 

Apt (Automatic Picture Transmission) system experiments provided almost instantaneous data on clouds for thousands of square 

miles around Apt ground stations, demonstrating that the system could 

provide cloud-cover data for almost all local forecast requirements ; 

thus, it would be a basic element in the Tiros Operational Satellite 

program. 

Avcs (Advanced Vidicon Camera System) experiment provided first 

near-global, relatively high-resolution cloud pictures ever assembled. 

Proved capabilities of camera assembly and confirmed decision to use 

it as basis for first operational meteorological satellite system. 

On Sept. 3, 1964, during 381st orbit, NIMBUS I stopped operating. 

Deterioration of the bearing grease at high temperatures had caused 

the paddles in the solar array drive system to lock. 

Data revealed 

that (1) all batteries were in trickle charge; (2) voltage regulation 

had failed; (3) both Pcm and command clock subsystems were ciperable; (4) spacecraft tape recorders were not operating; and (5) controls power supply had failed. 

Lowell Thomas, news commentator, explorer, and author, was named the 

fifth Honorary Chairman of the Robert Hutchings Goddard Library 

Program (Clark Univ.) . The four other honorary chairmen were pre- 

(Smith, NYT, 8/9/65, 35) 

(AFSC Release 132.65) 

Launch was made Aug. 28, 1964. 

Final contact with NIMBUS I occurred Nov. 20, 1964. 

(NASA Proj. Off.) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 409 

viously announced [see July 161. Appointments to the Goddard 

Library’s International Sponsors Committee were announced : Dr. 

Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator; Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, 

MSC Director; and Dr. William H. Pickering, JPL Director. (Goddard, 

8/65 ) 
September 1965 

September 1 : Nike-Apache launched from NASA Wallops Station carried 

80-lb. instrumented payload to 94-mi. peak altitude and impacted 74 

mi. downrange in the Atlantic. Conducted for the Southwest Center 

for Advanced Studies and the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, 

the experiment telemetered measurements of electron and ion densities 

and temperatures, to test and compare the operation and performance 

of five different types of ionospheric plasma probes. (Wallops Release 65-53) 

GEMINI v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper (L/Col., USAF) and Charles 

Conrad, Jr. (Lcdr., USN) finished the last day of their general 

debriefing at Kennedy Space Center, NASA. (UPI, NYT, 9/2/65, 15; 

Wash. Post, 9/2/65, A14) 

Fuel cells used in the GEMINI v mission August 21-29 were being 

developed by General Electric Co. for commercial use, Dr. Arthur M. 

Bueche, GE vice president for research and development, told a news 

conference in New York City. The first models, expected to be ready 

next year, would provide only 12 watts [GEMINI v cells provided 2,000 

watts] but could power remote television cameras and other communications equipment. Larger units might soon provide emergency 

power to homes, Dr. Bueche said. 

Man can withstand spaceflights as long as 30 days without suffering 

serious biological damage, L/Col. Edward C. Knoblock, director of the 

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and member of the medical 

debriefing team for Project Mercury flights, told the annual convention 

of the American Association of Clinical Chemists in 

Chicago. Although GEMINI v relayed signals on the rate of breathing, 

body temperature, heart heat, and perspiration, the more sophisticated 

equipment needed to reflect the astronauts’ body chemistry would be 

available on the proposed 14-day flight of a larger manned orbital 

laboratory. (Powers, Chic. Trib., 9/2/65) 

“The Pentagon has surprised almost everyone with its promptness 

in applying the first squeeze of censorship and news management to its new manned orbiting laboratory (MOL) program,” 

wrote William Hines in the Washington Evening Star. “Most people 

assumed that soon after the military got a manned role in space, it 

would start classifying it, but few could have foreseen the rapidity 

with which restrictions came. The elapsed time from President Johnson’s announcement of the start of MOL at his press conference last 

week to the Pentagon’s first fumbling bit on news management was 

exactly 2 hours. . . . “Reporters trooping to an MOL briefing at the Pentagon were instructed that they would not be allowed to make tape recordings or to 

(NYT, 9/2/65,38C) 

410 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 411 

mention the name of the official (Dr. Aibert C. Hall, Deputy Director 

of Research and Engineering) , who was briefing them. . . . “The Defense Department is not the only traducer of a free news 

flow. The space agency gives news management the old college try 

every time a manned spacecraft goes up. 

“Of all the significant news locations in a Gemini flight, the only 

one not covered by the combined news media . . . is the most important one of all, the mission control center at Houston. 

“It is not a secret place, not one in which unnecessary traffic is 

discouraged. . . . But neither camera nor tape recorder nor pen-and-paper reporter 

is allowed in the nonsecret room at any time during a 

flight. . . . This is not to suggest that there has been any coverup to 

date. In the course of missions, [Christopher] Kraft gives regular, 

full, and apparently frank accounts of flight activities and opens himself to detailed questioning. So do his associates. A mission commentary of less consistent accuracy and authenticity is broadcast. 

“But whether or not there has been suppression to date is not the 

point. All flights so far have ended happily, and nothing succeeds 

like success. 

“The point is that the opportunity for news management definitely 

exists in mission control-and it is an axiom of political science that 

where opportunity exists, there are always people waiting to seize 

it.” 

September 1: Backup Interceptor Control (Buic), first site of USAF 13-site 

computer controlled radar system for detection of enemy aircraft, became operational at North Truro, Mass. The 13-site system, which 

would eventually cost $100 million, was designed by AFSC to assume 

air defense of the US. should the Semi-Automated Ground Environment (>age) system iai: 01 be destroyed by exmy atterk. (UPI, NYT, 

9/2/65, 18) 

September 2: X-15 No. 2, piloted by John B. McKay (NASA), reached 

239,000-ft. altitude and 3,511-mph speed (mach 5.16) in a flight to 

obtain information on the reaction augmentation system, to check out 

star-tracking ultra-violet stellar photography experiment, and to gain 

information on advanced X-15 landing dynamics and pilot altitude 

buildup. 

GEMINI v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper (L/Col., USAF) and Charles 

Conrad, Jr. (Lcdr., USN) were briefly united with their families at Ellington AFB near Houston. The astronauts had flown to Ellington from Kennedy Space Center, NASA, where they had been undergoing medical debriefing. After a short visit at Manned Spacecraft 

Center, the astronauts left their families for more debriefing sessions 

and tests. 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Director, Dr. Wernher von Braun, in 

Munich for the International Transport Fair, said at a press conference: “The fact is that never to date has a manned American satellite 

flown over even one square centimeter of Soviet soil.” Von Braun 

denied rumors that he might accept a position with a European aeronautics and space organization. He was presented with the international aviation decoration, Pioneer Chain of the Compass Card with Diamonds, while at the Fair. 

bb 

There has been no reason for a coverup. 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/1/65) 

,- < 

(NASA x-15 Proj . Off. ; X-15 Flight Log) 

(UPI, NYT, 9/3/65, 10) 

(Reuters, Balt. Sun, 9/3/65) 
412 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

September 2: Commenting on American contributions to space science, 

N. M. Sissakian, Soviet biochemist, wrote in Prauda: “Soviet scientists 

note with satisfaction the considerable contribution of American science to the study and opening up of cosmic space, which specifically 

manifested itself in a series of flights of cosmonauts in one-seater and 

two-seater ships. Most essential results were obtained by the American scientists from the flights of the ships Gemini 4 and Gemini 5. . . . “. . . The flight of G. Cooper and C. Conrad was additional proof 

that the state of weightlessness during the minimum time required for 

a flight to the moon and back does not cause essential physiological 

changes in the human organisms and has no noticeable influence on 

his ability to work. 

“Of great interest in the cosmic flight of man from the biological 

viewpoint is the study of such problems as the functional state of the 

cardiovascular system, the water-salt exchange, and the vestibular apparatus. 

“Aboard the ship Gemini 5 a number of physiological 

experiments . . . were performed. The method tested on the Cosmonaut C. Conrad of inflated cuffs around the extremities, which were 

intended to maintain the necessary functional vigor of the cardiovascular system, merits attention. . . . The 

Soviet scientists sincerely congratulate Cosmonauts G. Cooper and C. 

Conrad on the successful conclusion of their flight, giving due credit to 

their courage and endurance. They transmit to the scientists and the 

entire personnel which prepared and carried out the flight their congratulations and wishes for further successes in the peaceful opening 

up of the cosmos.” 

Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., had demonstrated during their August 21-29 GEMINI v flight that a manned 

weather satellite could become a valuable part of Weather Bureau forecasting, Howard Simons reported in the Washington Post. 

US. weather forecasters needed information on tropical storm 

Doreen moving through the Pacific. Cooper and Conrad observed the 

storm and fixed its position, acquiring the information earlier than 

TIROS x meteorological satellite and more precisely than a ship 150 mi. 

from the storm. The San Francisco Weather Bureau Office had been 

able to combine GEMINI v data with that from TIROS x to prepare an 

advisory on Doreen. 

ComSatCorp invited 29 manufacturers to submit by September 30 proposals for communications and control equipment to be installed at 

two ground stations in Hawaii and Washington state-US. links in the 

proposed worldwide communications satellite system. Two sets of 

ground communications equipment with one control unit would be 

integrated with two antenna systems in both earth stations. Each station was expected to cost about $6 million. Work was to begin in the 

fall and to be completed in about a year. 

Washington Post concluded that it might be embarrassing for the Russians to refuse President Johnson’s invitation to send a representative 

from the Soviet Academy to view the next Gemini launching. An 

editorial elaborated: “It just so happens that a high-level Russian 

“The flight of Gemini 5 is a great success for US. scientists. 

(Prauda, 9/2/65) 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 9/2/65, A3) 

(ComSatCorp Release) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 413 

space delegation will be in lUew York City in mid-October to attend a 

meeting of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of 

Outer Space. 

“It just so happens, too, that the Gemini 6 launching is scheduled 

for late October. 

“And, it just so happens that Mr. Johnson knew the dates of both 

scheduled happenings. . . . “There is no guarantee that the Russians will accept the President’s 

invitation-the first formal invitation of its kind extended to 

them. Hitherto, the Russians have not accepted informal invitations 

to witness an American space launching. . . . “Experts have suggested that one reason for this Soviet shyness was 

the tacit implication that if the Russians accept an American invitation 

to Cape Kennedy, Russia would have to respond with a like 

invitation. . . .” (Wush. Post, 9/2/65, A3) 

September 2: U.K. should build small supersonic aircraft capable of operating on short runways and huge submarine merchant ships capable of 

operating beneath polar ice, Dr. Barnes Wallis, head of British Aircraft Corp.’s research dept., told annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Cambridge. He said the supersonic design would be Britain’s solution to possible US. dominance 

in the construction of supersonic aircraft. 

September 3: Nike-Apache launched from Wallops Station to peak altitude 

of 95.3 mi. (153.1 km.) . Purpose of flight, second of a series of two, 

was to compare five ionospheric plasma probes, using stable ionosphere as a laboratory, to evaluate the probes and check relevant 

theories of probe operation. Little scientific data were obtained; the 

nosecone did not eject and only one antenna deployed. (NASA Rpt. 

SRL) 

U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXXX, LXXXI, LXXXII, LXXXIII, and LXXXIV 

into orbit with a single booster. Initial orbital data: COSMOS LXXX, 

apogee, 1,552 km. (963.3 mi.) ; perigee, 1,356 km. (842 mi.) ; period, 

115 min.; COSMOS LXXXI, apogee, 1,556 km. (967 mi.) ; perigee, 1,385 

km. (860.2 mi.) ; period, 115 min.; COSMOS LXXXII, apogee, 1,563 km. 

(971 mi.) ; perigee, 1,410 km. (876 mi.) ; period, 115 min.; COSMOS 

LXXXIII, apogee, 1,569 km. (975 mi.) ; perigee, 1,438 km. (893.1 

mi.) ; period, 116 min.; COSMOS LXXXIV, apogee, 1,574 km. (978 mi.) ; 

perigee, 1,467 km. (911.1 mi.) ; period, 116 min. Inclination for all 

five satellites was 56”. One of the satellites was powered by a radioactive isotope, but Tass announced that full measures had been taken 

“to preclude the possibility of the radioactive isotope contaminating 

the atmosphere or the surface of the earth.” All onboard equipment 

was functioning normally. (Tass, 9/3/65) 

Second two-stage Dragon sounding rocket launched by France from Skogasandur, Iceland, to 248-mi. peak altitude. Payload was instrumented to study protons and electrons in the Van Allen radiation 

belt. (AP, NYT, 9/5/65,48) 

In a congratulatory wire to President Johnson, Yugoslavia’s President 

Tito called the GEMINI v spacefiight a “major achievement of American 

science” and expressed hope that it would “serve peace in the world.” 

(UPI, NYT, 9/5/65, 28) 

(NYT, 9/3/65,44+M) 
414 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

September 3: U.S. and Soviet astronauts had accumulated 19,610,000 accident-free miles-greatest total in the history of transportation-reported the National Geographic Society. A compilation released by 

the society showed that US. astronauts had traveled 10,692,000 mi. 

and Soviet astronauts, 8,918,000 mi. ( UPI, Houston Chron., 9/3/65) 

Refined data on Martian atmosphere's density, ionization, and composition, based on analysis of radio signals from MARINER IV during its occultation experiment, were reported by scientists at American Geophysical Union meeting held at Southern Methodist Univ., Dallas, Tex. Martian atmosphere was now thought to be much thinner 

than previously believed: it now seemed that air pressure at Martian 

surface was only about one-5,OOOth that of earth. Theory that Martian atmosphere was more dense at heights of 25 mi. or more above 

the surface than earth's at comparable elevations was not upheld; observations reported today indicated Martian atmosphere was thinner 

than earth's at all elevations. Temperature was about -250' at location of maximum ionization in Martian atmosphere (78-mi. altitude, 

about one-fourth the expected height). In earth's ionosphere, temperature is higher than 2,200' F. Atmospheric composition that 

would account for the MARINER IV observations, the scientists said, 

would be largely carbon dioxide. (Earth-based observations of Mars 

had shown the presence of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.) Only 

scant amount of carbon dioxide is present in earth's nitrogen-oxygen 

atmosphere. The scientists making this report were Dr. A. J. Kliore 

of JPL and Dr. Von R. Eshleman of Stanford Univ. (Sullivan, NYT, 

9/4/65,1,12) 

Paraglider, in its first successful manned free flight, demonstrated it 

could guide a spacecraft to preselected landing site. Test pilot Donald 

F. McCusker landed a Gemini-type test craft at Edwards AFB, following 

a four-and-one-half-minute flight suspended beneath the wing. He put 

the previously-inflated paraglider and simulated spacecraft through a 

series of turn and pitch maneuvers enroute to his landing, after being 

towed aloft by helicopter and dropped at approximate 8,000-ft. altitude. 

In actual spacecraft recovery, the paraglider would be stored in a 

ten-cubic-foot canister onboard the spacecraft. After reentry when the 

vehicle would be slowed by the earth's atmosphere and parachute drogue, the paraglider would be deployed to its full size-31 ft. long with 

a 31-ft. span-using an onboard nitrogen supply. The astronaut 

would control his glide through an onboard flight-control system. 

North American Aviation, Inc., was conducting the paraglider program for NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, studying the feasibility of a 

controlled earth landing system. 

Patent granted to Barnes Engineering Co. on an instrument that could 

distinguish a rocket flash from a sunset-an important distinction in 

the automatic tracking of missiles. The invention was already in 

use at a Government launch site for research in missile development, 

reported the New York Times. 

Lockheed Aircraft Co. received a patent for a reentry vehicle designed for more accurate landings than had been made with the Mercury and Gemini spacecraft. Invented by Charles H. Christenson, the 

(NAA S&ID Skywriter, 9/3/65, 1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 415 

craft had wings that couid be extended for flight in the atmosphere or 

folded for launching and space travel. The vehicle’s tail section 

would exert considerable drag after reentry ; ring-shaped control surfaces could reduce the drag when extended rearward. (Jones, NYT, 

9/4/65,27) 

September 3: Speculation that the earth might briefly have had another 

moon, one of pure iron which disintegrated and fell to earth in a series 

of fireball showers, was reported in Science. Discovery of a 47-mi.. 

long string of craters and meteorites extending northeast to southwest 

in northcentral Argentina led scientists to propose that the rare meteorites, consisting of almost pure iron, might be remnants of a single 

object which had orbited inside the Roche Limit, been torn apart by the 

gravity of the earth, and fallen from orbit. Perigee of the hypothetical orbit would have been over the latitude of Argentina and inclination would have been about 4.0’ to account for the alignment of the 

nine craters. (Science, 9/3/65, 1055-1064) 

Soviet scientists, writing in the bulletin of the Soviet Academy of 

Sciences, asserted that a flight to the moon can now be regarded as fully 

reliable from the medical and biological viewpoint. This conclusion 

was reached in summing up the results of the medical-biological 

research carried on in the two Voskhod spaceflights. Careful training 

and selection of visual reference points in advance helped to offset the 

anticipated disorientation of spaceflight. 

FAA announced allocation of $84.5 million in Federal matching 

funds for the construction and improvement of 4.45 civil airports 

under the Federal-aid Airport Program for FY 1966. The program 

provided for the improvement of 371 existing airports ($74.7 million) 

and the ccfistrcctior? of 74 new airports ($9.8 million). Major emphasis was placed on airports used by the airlines, airports used by 

general aviation which would relieve congestion at crowded metropolitan airports, and airports used by commercial air taxis. (FAA Release 

65-67) 

All bids submitted July 21 for surplus Titan/Atlas missile silos were 

rejected by General Services Administration because they were too 

low. The silos had cost the Government between $12 million and $25 

million each; the highest offer was $26,110 each. GSA said disposal 

plans were now being reviewed. 

September 4: NASA astronauts gathered at NASA’s Manned Spacecraft Center 

for a debriefing by GEMINI v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and 

Charles Conrad, Jr. The meeting was held primarily for the Gemini VI 

and VII crews, but other astronauts attended as observers. (AP, NYT, 

9/6/65,6; Wash. Post, 9/5/65, A8) 

Aerospace industry would probably increase its employment of scientists 

and engineers by more than seven percent this year, announced Karl 

G. Harr, Jr., president of Aerospace Industries Association. He made 

public a study which indicated that employment of scientists and engineers in aircraft, missile, and space fields would increase by about 

13,000 from March to December, reaching a total of 190,000 by the 

end of the year. He said total aerospace employment would increase 

(Tass, 9/3/65) 

(AP, NYT, 9/4/65, 7) 
416 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

by 9,000 from 1,123,000 in March to 1,132,000 in December. This 

forecast contradicted other recent surveys which had predicted a 

decline. 

September 5: The first photographs taken at the Yale-Columbia Observatory in the Andes in western Argentina had fulfilled the “best optimistic 

expectations,” reported Professor Dirk Brouwer, director of the Yale 

Observatory. Brouwer said three test photographs of Orion, nebulae, 

and Omega Centauri had indicated the lenses apparently were the best 

of their kind. Principal mission of the Ford Foundation-financed observatory was to make two-hour exposures of the Southern Hemisphere 

sky to obtain positions of the stars in our galaxy against a background 

of distant galaxies. ( UPI, NYT, 9/6/65, 31C) 

Immanuel Velikovsky, author of the controversial Worlds in Collision 

( 1950) , submitted that many of his rejected cosmological hypotheses 

had been confirmed by space science events: surface temperature of 

Venus, moon-like surface of Mars, the earth’s magnetosphere, the interplanetary magnetic field, the radio noises of Jupiter, and other 

predictions. “A Tempest in the Cosmos,” (Book Week, Wash. Post, 

9/5/65, 2, 8, 9) 

Washington Post discussed the role of a manned orbiting laboratory 

(MOL) in arms control: “The primary mission of MOL, a canvass 

of Washington officials makes clear, is without a doubt to have 

man supplement the machine as a shutterbug spy in the sky. Hence 

man will advance the sensationally successful camera work of the unmanned Samos series of photo reconnaissance satellites now producing 

thousands of pictures of the Soviet Union and Communist China. 

“Human judgment is the critical new factor being added by use of 

 the^^^ . . . “Here is what the Air Force believes . . . men will be able to do:. 

“They can use their judgment on what to photograph. They can be 

selective on when and where to aim not only one camera but a series 

of cameras including new and experimental photographic equipment. 

They can shoot accurately through a hole in clouds. And they can 

maintain and repair equipment that may have become inoperative. . . . “How . . . will MOL contribute to arms control? 

“The thesis is that the two major nuclear powers are deterred not 

only by the nuclear weapons they possess but by what each knowsand how fast it knows-about what goes on, in a military sense, in the 

other’s country. It is hoped that MOL will immensely add to that 

American capability in relation not only to the Soviet Union, but to 

China and, indeed, the whole world. 

“Indeed, it is not inconceivable that these developments could lead 

to manned synchronous satellites, able to hover over Russia and the 

United States ready to flash instant word on missile firings, rocket 

tests, nuclear explosions, mass troop movements or other important 

military activities. 

“The logic of this, from the arms controllers’ viewpoint, is that all 

this could lead to a formal worldwide inspection agreement-peacekeeping from space. But short of such agreement, such space surveil- 

(Text; AP, NYT, 9/5/65, 5) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 417 

lance would vastly add to the deterrence on which today’s nuciear 

peace is founded.” (Simons and Roberts, Wash. Post, 9/5/65, AI, A5) 

September 5: Significance of supersonic transport development was discussed in Nashville Tennessean: “Unless the United States goes ahead 

with the SST, domestic airlines will probably be forced to buy the 

supersonic Concorde being developed by Britain and France. 

“The 1,450-mile-per-hour Concorde is due to be ready for service in 

1971 while the present schedule would have a US. SST flying by 1974. 

“Because the US. plane will be faster and carry 220 to 250 passengers as opposed to 118 to 132 for the Concorde, informed sources 

believe the 3-year lag will not be too damaging. 

“Some visionaries say the SST will be out-dated before it ever realizes the potential forecast by its proponents. 

“This school of thought suggests that 20 years from now, rocketboosted passenger vehicles will hurl travelers across the seas at near 

orbital velocities, making cities on opposite sides of the earth less than 

an hour apart. 

“But each new generation of commercial air transports has descended from military parentage. And today the military has no active 

program which would logically produce this speedy type of civilian 

travel.” (CR, 9/21/65, A5530-31) 

New York Times editorialized: “. . . Until recently the idea of men 

returning to the seas to live and work seemed fantasy. But increasing 

population and the strain it has put on the resources of the land are 

forcing close attention to the enormous food reserves in the oceans and 

the incalculable mineral wealth under them. 

“It is these practical considerations that inspire the Sealab 2 project 

iiow begm 2% feet be!ew sez !eye! off the Celifnmia shore. . . . “The work of the aquanauts may not be as spectacular as the exploits of astronauts in outer space. But the chances are good that the 

experience they gain in what many now call inner space will help 

bring humanity rich material returns in the decades immediately 

ahead.” (NYT, 9/5/65,8E) 

September 6: NASA awarded $100,000 in initial funds to General Dynamics 

Corp.’s Convair Div. to determine vehicle design modifications and 

ground support requirements for combining the Centaur as a third 

stage with the two-stage Saturn IB launch vehicle. The combination 

was being proposed to launch unmanned Voyager spacecraft to Mars 

in 1971. (NASA Centaur 

Proj. Off.; Gen. Dyn. Corp. Release) 

Capt. Joseph Engle (USAF), youngest holder of Air Force astronaut 

wings, was honored by his hometown of Chapman, Kansas, with a 

parade. Engle flew the x-15 to peak altitude of 282,000 ft. on June 

29, qualifying for the astronaut wings. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/7/65, 

German Space Research Commission (DKFW) recommended $460- 

million West German space program between 1966 and 1970: 

$250-$280 million would be spent on broad-based “vital-point” program; the balance would be used for West German participation in the 

Study would be under direction of LRC. 

A-2 ) 
418 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

European Space Research Organization ( ESRO) and the European 

Launcher Development Organization ( ELDO). The Commission’s report emphasized three programs from its list of “vital points”: development of satellites, development of a recoverable sounding rocket, 

and construction of research installations. The report deplored the 

previous neglect of space research in Germany, emphasized that the 

funds recommended were minimal and that Germany’s late start in the 

space field would entail a high rate of annual increases in cost. 

At the end of the building stage, costs could “be adjusted to fairly fixed 

share of the gross national product.” (Wetmore, Av. Vk., 9/6/65, 51) 

September 6: “The world’s first international school for training specialists 

in satellite tracking,” would be opened in Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan in Soviet Central Asia, Tass announced. Fifteen young scientists 

from Soviet satellite countries and 20 Soviet scientists would pursue 

each nine-day course. The school was set up within the framework of 

the U.N. International Commission for Space Research. (AP, NYT, 

9/8/65, 5) “. . . The last two Gemini missions have shown clearly that the US. 

manned space flight program has come of age technically. They also 

demonstrated the operational flexibility that can be achieved in longduration manned missions,” wrote Robert Hotz in Aviation Week. 

“With each new manned mission, the Gemini program is forging a 

record that insures its place in space history as the great leap forward 

in space flight that transformed the role of man himself from that of a 

surviving passenger to a useful performer of vital functions in the 

space environment. . . . “It was really the conclusive demonstration that adding a long-term 

manned capability would improve satellite reconnaissance by orders of 

magnitude that finally forced the decision to proceed with MOL after 

nearly two years of delay under the guise of ‘further study.”’ (Hotz, 

Av. WBk., 9/6/65,17) 

. “Adaptation of Apollo technology to sustain the pace of the U.S. 

space program between initial manned lunar landings and stillundefined exploration of the future is accelerating toward selection 

of contractors to integrate a wide variety of potential applications,” 

wrote William Normyle in Aviation Week and Space Technology. 

“Creation of an Apollo applications directorate in the Office of 

Manned Space Flight is the culmination of plans first generated 

months ago . . . and formed the basis of pledges to Congress that the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration intends to exploit 

every available use of Apollo hardware and techniques. . . . “Apollo applications is considered by NASA to be the logical stepping-stone linking Gemini and Apollo to advanced earth-orbital stations, 

lunar-orbital surveying vehicles and extended lunar surface exploration. 

“It is also intended to define advanced logistics for larger orbiting 

space stations-based on Apollo and using several lunar excursion modules-and these more specific missions which NASA planners now consider of particular importance : 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 419 

“Orbiting launch complex involving several Apollo spacecraft joined 

into a multi-module space station that would be launching platform for 

an unmanned fly-by of Mars and possibly other planets. . . . ”Recovery and repair of unmanned satellites. . . . “Extensive extra-vehicular activity permitting such innovations as 

remote manipulative procedures for maintenance and repair. . . .” 

Normyle felt that the “largest single decision this fall will be to 

select two contractors to integrate the experiments which have been 

proposed.” 

September 6: Two Soviet scientists retained their full capacity to work 

after spending 30 days in a closed test chamber-said to be the period 

necessary on a spaceflight to circle the moon. Psychologists did not 

favor a two-man crew for long space flights, however, since the experiment showed that “even trifles psychologically are blown out of all 

proportion.” Results and data of the experiments were published in 

Problems of Space Biology. (Tass, 9/6/65) 

Karl G. Harr, president of Aerospace Industries Assn., made public a 

study indicating that employment of scientists and engineers in aircraft, missile, and space fields would increase by about 13,000 from 

March to December 1965, reaching a total of 190,000 by the end of 

1965. He said total aerospace employment would increase by 9,OG 

from 1,123,000 in March to 1,132,000 in December 1965. (AP, LA. 

Times, 9/6/65) 

September 7: Soviet Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov was quoted by Zolnierz 

Wolnosci on the future Soviet space program: spacecraft would remain 

in orbit much longer and their crews would be larger; highly trained 

teams would assemble permanent orbital space stations, orbital laboratories, and interplanetary spacecraft while the remainder of the crews 

would work inside the craft. Spacecraft participating in these flights 

would rendezvous and dock, using a iiexibie corlceihia-!ike 

passageway. Leonov said problems still to be solved included transfer 

of crews for interplanetary flights, accomplishment of engineering 

work in space, and return of spacecraft to earth. (Badowski, Zolnkrz 

Wolnosci, 9/7/65, 1) 

Members of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, meeting 

to consider H.J. Res. 597 providing for a monument to Dr. Robert H. 

Goddard at Clark Univ., agreed to limit cost of the memorial to 

$150,000. (CR, 9/7/65,23315) 

New York Times editorialized: “The Aerospace Corporation, a multimillion-dollar nonprofit organization sponsored and financed by 

the Air Force, has been subject to a searching scrutiny by a House 

Armed Services subcommittee. Its report is a devastating indictment 

of Aerospace’s financial management. . . . “The abuses at Aerospace are mainly the fault of the Air Force, 

which indulged its prodigal offspring by failing to exercise any real 

control. Aerospace is only one of a growing number of Government-owned non-profit companies working on important defense assignments; there is no evidence that all are as expensive in their 

spending practices, but we agree with the subcommittee that it would 

be a good idea to examine the function and the costs of the rest and 

bring their fees under strict regulation. There is no reason for main- 

(Normyle, An. Wk., 9/6/65, 25) 
420 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

taining such operations if their work can be done cheaply and effectively either by the Government itself or by private enterprise.” (NYT, 

9/7/65, 34M) 

September 8: Four NASA Tiros meteorological satellites observing Hurricane Betsy were providing the most extensive picture coverage of a 

storm ever obtained in space. TIROS x had photographed Betsy Aug. 

27 before she reached hurricane strength; since then TIROS VII, VIII, 

and IX had been photographing her about eight times daily. (GSFC 

Release G26-65) 

Stanford Univ. received a $2,080,000 facilities grant from NASA to assist 

in the construction of a space-engineering research building. After 

signing the NASA/Stanford agreement, NASA Administrator James E. 

Webb said: “Construction of these facilities will help Stanford provide 

the laboratory areas so urgently needed by scientists engaged in NASAsupported research and training activities. The national space effort 

will further benefit by thus increasing the capability of Stanford to 

train greater numbers of highly qualified young scientists, engineers 

and researchers.” (NASA Release 65-285) 

250 photos taken by GEMINI v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles 

Conrad, Jr., during the GEMINI v spaceflight were released by NASA 

Manned Spacecraft Center. 

U.S.S.R. declined President Johnson’s invitation to send an observer to 

the launching of Gemini VI in October. M. V. Keldysh, president of 

the Soviet Academy of Sciences, in a letter to NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb, said that the Academy was “grateful” for the invitation, but that “at the present time, our representative cannot avail 

himself of your invitation. 

“Availing myself of the opportunity, I would like on behalf of the 

Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. to congratulate you, the cosmonauts Charles Conrad and Gordon Cooper and also the scientists and 

engineers who took part in the preparation and execution of the flight 

of the space ship Gemini 5.” 

Presidential press secretary Bill Moyers said that President Johnson 

regretted the refusal, but hoped that the Soviet Union would send 

observers in the future. 

9 The appointments of Dr. George P. Cressman as director of the 

Weather Bureau and R/Adm. James C. Tison (USN) as director of 

the Coast and Geodetic Survey were announced by Dr. Robert M. 

White, head of the Environmental Science Services Administration 

(ESSA) . The men had been serving as acting directors since the formation of ESSA July 13. ( ESSA Release 65-1) 

FAA’s failure to inform the airlines that navigational radar at O’Hare 

International Airport, Chicago, would be closed for repairs Sept. 8, 

reportedly caused a delay of more than 300 flights and cost the airlines 

more than $1 million. An FAA spokesman said steps were being taken 

to prevent future delays during radar repairs including installation of 

standby units at airports with heavy traffic. (UPI, NYT, 9/15/65, 

77M) 

September 8-10: Fifteen Arcas and Hasp meteorological rockets were 

launched from NASA Wallops Station in the first series of firings for the 

Experimental Inter-American Meteorological Rocket Network 

(AP, NYT, 9/10/65, 17) 

(NYT, 9/9/65,11; Wash. Post, 9/9/65, A9) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 421 

( EXAMETNET) . Instrumented rockets achieve altitudes of about 

180,000 ft.; wind and temperature measurements were obtained as 

payloads, descended by parachute. Primary purpose was to determine daily variations of winds and temperatures and estimate solar 

radiation correction for meteorological payloads planned for use by 

EXAMETNET. Participants included Argentine and Brazilian trainees, 

US. Weather Bureau, and Naval Ordnance Laboratory. (Wallops Release 65-57) 

September 9: Two-stage Nike-Apache launched from NASA Wallops Station 

carried 55-lb. payload to peak altitude of 106 mi. (170.9 km.) and 

impacted 82 mi. downrange in the Atlantic. Conducted by GSFC, the 

flight measured antenna impedance characteristics in the ionosphere. 

(Wallops Release 65-56) 

U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXXXV containing scientific equipment for 

investigation of outer space. Orbital parameters: apogee, 319 km. 

(198.1 mi.) ; perigee, 212 km. (131.6 mi.) ; period, 89.6 min.; inclination, 65”. All onboard equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, 

Krusnuya Zwezdu, 9/10/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

GEMINI v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., 

together with Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., NASA Associate Administrator, and Paul P. Haney, mc Public Affairs Officer, held a news conference at MSC. Both astronauts recommended that in future flights both 

pilots sleep at the same time; more rehydratable foods be included in 

the diet; daily inflight exercises to compensate for muscular inactivity 

of the legs be included; the crew travel without spacesuits for greater 

comfort and flexibility; and that the training period be less 

compressed. Cooper and Conrad agreed that stowage had been the 

main problem throughout the flight. “Any small little item that was 

misplaced or wasn’t placed in the proper location seemed to muhiply,” 

Cooper said. They had seen “a great many micrometeorites, and one 

meteorite when it was reentering the atmosphere down below us. And 

on any night side, during a very short interval of time, you could see 

micrometeorites reentering.” 

Dr. Gilruth said he considered both astronauts “very potential candidates” for the first trip to the moon. 

NASA would contract a total of about $50 million with Convair Div. of 

General Dynamics Corp. and Honeywell, Inc., for five Centaur stages 

and guidance systems for use in Surveyor lunar-landing missions. 

Convair would manufacture, test, erect, and launch Atlas-Centaur 

boosters; Honeywell was developing the all-inertial guidance system 

under separate contract with LRC. 

Pilot Robert A. Rushworth (L/Col., USAF) flew x-15 No. 1 to maximum 

altitude of 97,200 ft. at maximum speed of 3,545 mph (mach 5.22) to 

obtain data on the infrared scanner program and information on ablative coatings under consideration for use on future mach-8 

flights. 

Nine of the ten aquanauts in USN Sealab II had developed ear infections, 

but the ailments would not curtail the aquanauts’ activities, a spokesman said. Physicians attributed the infections to microorganisms in 

the sea. 

(Transcript) 

(NASA Release 65-286) 

(NASA x-15 Proj . Off. ; X-15 Flight Log) 

(Wash. Post, 9/9/65, A4) 
422 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

September 9: House Rules Committee deferred bill to study conversion to 

the metric system, proposed by Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.), 

Chairman of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics. (AP, 

NYT, 9/10/65,41) 

Rep. Joseph Karth (D-Minn.) told the House that the flight of GEMINI 

v had successfully tested not only the high qualities of Astronauts 

Gordon Cooper, Jr., and Charles Conrad, but the reliability and suitability of many items involved in America’s space program, including 

food. 

“The Pillsbury items scheduled by NASA for the Cooper-Conrad mission-each ready to eat and requiring no reconstitution-were brownies, gingerbread, pineapple fruitcake, date fruitcake, apricot cereal 

bars, strawberry cereal bars, toasted bread cubes and cinnamon toast. 

“Cooper and Conrad were programed to eat 4 meals each day, providing a daily average of approximately 2,500 calories. The selected 

menu . . . was designed to maintain body weight at zero gravity 

under light physical activity. The 8 Pillsbury items were designed to 

provide a high energy source that supplemented the rehydratable foods 

in the menu for each meal. They required no preparation time and 

provided solid food consistency. . . .” (CR, 9/9/65, A5095) 

William Hines commented on the economy of low bidding in an article 

in the Washington Evening Star: “The lowest bidder still produces 

hardware for Uncle Sam’s space effort, and this arrangement does not 

always prove the most economical in either time or money. A glaring 

example has developed at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, where 

America’s moonport is rapidly nearing completion. 

“The lowest bidder has built two huge tank-like vehicles called 

‘crawler-transporters’ there, at a saving of almost $3 million below a 

competitive bidder’s price. The only trouble is that the crawlers will 

not do the job they were designed for, which is to carry a Saturn V 

moon rocket on a mobile launching tower some three miles from an 

assembly building to where the rocket will actually blast. 

He inserted into the Congressional Record: 

“Trouble has been traced to some tapered roller bearings. . . . “There seems to be nothing wrong with the bearings, which are 

produced by the biggest and best known manufacturer of such 

items. The fault apparently lies in incorrect design assumptions 

which result in overloads sometimes being imposed on the bearings, 

causing them to fail. 

“Since the design-offered by the contractor, Marion Power Shovel 

Co.-was approved by NASA technical experts, the government will 

probably have to pay for the redesign necessary to make the crawler 

work. These redesign costs could well wipe out the difference between 

Marion’s bid and the higher proposal of Bucyrus-Erie, another large 

builder of heavy mobile equipment. . . . “As it turns out, the false economy of low bidding in this instance 

may cause the United States to miss its stated goal in space: men on 

the moon in the ’60s. Entirely aside from whether this is a worthwhile goal, it is a national objective and the national prestige is riding 

on it. . . .” 

Wall Street Journal space reporter wrote a “Memo on Space Semantics’, to his editor: “I think you should be aware of some prob- 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/9/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 423 

lems in semantics and etymology that are becoming acute as a result of 

the activities at Cape Kennedy. Unless we resolve some of these problems in the near future, I fear that a new space age neurosis may 

appear among our reporters and copy editors. 

“If you recall, since late 1957 there have been a number of hints 

that the advent of space exploration would create some new difficulties 

with our editorial style. First, there was the problem of deciding 

whether to italicize the Russian word ‘sputnik.’ Then we had to decide on the spelling and capitalization of ‘a-okay’ (or is it ‘A-OK?). 

“Unfortunately, we are now encountering some difficulties which 

would tax the abilities of Clifton Fadiman, himself. . . . “Perhaps the most serious problem . . . stems apparently from an 

oversight on the part of our ancestors. In writing out the names of 

the nine planets of our solar system it became evident that we have 

neglected to formally name our own planet. At least this is the only 

conclusion one can come to when it’s noted that we capitalize the 

names of all the planets except our own. Webster, himself, insists on 

using a lower case ‘e’ for earth while dignifying tiny Mercury with a 

capital. Even the minor planets such as Eros carry formal names. 

“The neglect is even more conspicuous in the instance of our own 

natural satellite. While the moons of other planets have exotic names 

such as Phobos we refer to ours in the generic and, consequently, with 

a lower case ‘m’. 

“I suggest we either start capitalizing Earth and Moon or else ask 

the American Society of Newspaper Editors to convene an international conference to pick a name for our planet. While they’re at it, they 

might decide whether ‘marsography’ is a word and straighten out the 

planetary adjectives.” 

September :Or XASA began recruiting to select additional pilot/astronauts 

for manned space flight missions. There were presently 28 piiotjastronauts and five scientist/astronauts participating in the NASA manned 

space flight program. To be eligible for selection, applicants had to: 

(1) be a US. citizen, no taller than six feet, born on or after Dec. 1, 

1929; (2) have a bachelor’s degree in engineering, physical or biological science; and (3) have acquired 1,000 hrs. jet pilot time or have 

been graduated from an armed forces test pilot school. (NASA Release 

65-288) 

USAF launched unidentified satellite payload from WTR using a Thor 

FW4S booster. (US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 151) 

The U.S. manned orbiting laboratory was aimed at “the practical testing 

of orbital nuclear weapons, not scientific space laboratories” in violation of a U.N. agreement not to orbit weapons of mass destruction, 

wrote Col. Gen. Vladimir Tolubko, deputy commander of Soviet rocket 

troops in Za Rubezhom. His remarks were Russia’s first comment on 

President Johnson’s Aug. 25 announcement that US. would develop a 

manned orbiting laboratory. (Wash. Post, 9/10/65, A25; Reuters, 

NYT, 9/10/65,12C) 

President Johnson ordered two-year extension of active duty for V/Adm. 

Hyman G. Rickover ( USN) , developer of the atomic submarine. Without Presidential intervention, Rickover, who would be 66 yrs. old in 

January, would have been forced to retire from active duty early next 

(Bishop, VSI, 9/9/65, 12) 
4224 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

year. Rickover attributed the success and relatively low cost of his 

expanding atomic submarine program to the fact that he had directed 

the program for 18 consecutive years. 

September 11: The White House announced that Astronauts L. Gordon 

Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., would leave Sept. 15 on a six-nation 

goodwill tour to Greece, Turkey, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Kenya, and 

Nigeria. The astronauts would be accompanied by their wives, 

Cooper’s daughters, Dr. Charles A. Berry, chief surgeon for the astronauts, and President Johnson’s Army aide, Maj. Hugh Robinson. 

(Pomfret, NYT, 9/12/65, 1, 33) 

NASA awarded $900,000 facilities grant to Univ. of Denver for construction of Space Sciences Laboratories building. (NASA Release 65-289) 

The possible implications of President Johnson’s decision to develop a manned orbiting laboratory were discussed by Raymond 

Senter in The New Republic: 

“President Johnson’s decision to allow the Air Force to build and 

launch five manned orbital laboratories (MOL), at a cost of $1.5 billion or more, is likely to increase tensions between the US and the USSR 

and to spark a similar military space program by the Russians. If so, 

the Air Force will certainly urge further escalation of its own military 

space program, raising the specter that space will become a fantastically expensive battlefield of the future. . . . “It is, however, possible that MOL will demonstrate the feasibility of 

a few American and Soviet spacemen in their respective spacecraft 

operating a continuous space watch. If it does, and if both nations 

exercise restraint, it could have a stabilizing effect, as have our mutual 

unmanned reconnaissance satellites. If man can be an efficient ob; 

server in orbit for extended periods, the time may come when the US. 

should invite the United Nations to maintain a continuous space patrol, with a multi-national crew, to warn of any impending or surprise 

attack.” 

September 12: Weathermen detected Hurricane Betsy early, tracked her 

accurately, and warned islands and coastal areas of her approach well 

in advance, reported Evert Clark in the New York Times. He explained: “TWO major advances have made this possible in recent 

years. One is in technology-the satellites, reconnaissance planes, radars, computers and communication networks that have become the 

forecaster’s new set of tools. 

“The other is in the use of the new knowledge provided by these 

tools to help the public deal more readily with the violent natural 

forces unleased by a hurricane. . . . “A great improvement in advisories, warnings, community planning 

and evacuation-sponsored by the Weather Bureau--has dramatically 

cut deaths and destruction from hurricanes in recent years. . . .” 

Hurricane Betsy was first detected by NASA’s TIROS x meteorological 

satellite Aug. 27, and was followed by TIROS VII, VIII, IX, and 

X. (Clark, NYT, 9/12/65, E7) 

President Johnson nominated John S. Foster as Director of Defense Research and Engineering. Dr. Foster, formerly director of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, would replace Dr. Harold Brown, who 

would become Secretary of the Air Force on Oct. 1. (White House 

Release) 

(Finney, NYT, 9/11/65,54C) 

(Senter, The New Republic, 9/11/65,9) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 425 

September 12: Dr. Cyril Porinamperilma, chief of the chemical evolution 

branch at NASA Ames Research Center, reported to the American 

Chemical Society meeting in Atlantic City that he had joined together 

in a laboratory two subunits (nucleotide molecules) of RNA (ribonucleic acid) under conditions simulating earth as it might have been 3 

billion yrs. ago. His successful experiments offered further scientific 

support that life on earth might have evolved chemically. (Haseltine, 

Wash. Post, 9/13/65, A6) 

Activities of the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, operated by the Commerce Dept. at N. Springfield, Va., to 

distribute reports on non-classified Government projects to industry, 

scientists, and engineers, were summarized by Charles Covell in the 

Washington Sunday Star. Reports acquired,. principally the result of 

research performed in Government laboratories or by contractors for 

the various defense agencies, NASA, and AEC, were expected to number 

about 65,000 this fiscal year. 

A scorpion fish stung aquanaut M. Scott Carpenter as nine of his fellowaquanauts were preparing to leave USN Sealab 11 on the bottom of the 

Pacific. Their departure was delayed until a Navy physician had determined that Carpenter could remain in the Sealab 15 additional days 

as planned. Nine new crewmen descended to join him. (AP, NYT, 

9/14/65,61M; AP, Balt. Sun., 9/13/65) 

High winds from Hurricane Betsy inflicted extensive damage to glass 

windows, roofing, and metal sheeting on almost all major structures at 

NASA Michoud Assembly Facility. Winds and rising tides forced the 

Saturn barge Promise onto the west levy of the Michoud slip. Damage was not expected to delay the production schedules of the Saturn 

IB and Saturn V boosters, however. At Mississippi Test Facility, only 

minor damage was incurred and area residents took shelter in MTF’S 

main administration buiiding. jl”.”., shall Stiii, 3/?5/65, 1, 4; Mwshall Star, 9/22/65, 7; AP, Wash. Post, 9/7/65, Al) 

Kansas City Star editorial: “In the long book of history, the 20th century is likely to have a place alongside the 15th and 16th centuries that 

saw historic explorations of the surface of the earth. Today, man is 

on the edge of the conquest of another world-the world of space. He 

now possesses the capability of leaving this planet and setting foot on 

the moon or another body of the solar system. 

“In fact, it now begins to appear that American astronauts will settle 

gently onto the surface of the moon in 1969. It will be an exploit that 

knows no counterpart in more than 4 billion years of earths 

history. . . .” 

Washington Post contended in an editorial that long-range achievements of oceanographic research might have a greater impact 

than the space program on the lives of Americans: The reactions of 

the aquanauts “to prolonged periods in Sealab’s artificial environment 

and in the ocean depths will provide vital information on man’s ability 

to explore and work on the world’s continental shelves. Difficulties 

that have already occurred indicate that undersea exploration, heretofore granted only limited funds for research and development, is not 

likely to advance as spectacularly as the space program . . .” (Wash. 

Post, 9/12/65) 

(Covell, Wash. Sun. Star, 9/12/65) 

(Kansas City Star, 9/12/65) 
426 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

September 12: U.S.S.R. made public a statement issued by Soviet Foreign 

Ministry accusing Britain of using its territory to train West German 

troops in “handling rocket weapons that can bear nuclear warheads.” 

The British Embassy in Moscow, recipient of the statement, made no 

comment. (AP, NYT, 9/13/65) 

September 13: In a Cabinet report for President Johnson, NASA Deputy 

Administrator Hugh L. Dryden said: “The primary objective of the 

Gemini V mission to demonstrate man’s ability to function in the 

space environment for 8 days and to qualify the spacecraft systems 

under these conditions was met. This milestone duplicated the period 

required for the manned lunar exploration mission. 

“Gemini V also demonstrated the capability of man to withstand 

prolonged periods of weightlessness. The adaptability of the human 

body was indicated by the performance of the astronauts. For example, their heartbeat rates gradually dropped to a level significantly 

lower than their preflight normal rates, but by the fourth day, adapted 

to the weightless condition and leveled off. Upon return to Earth, the 

heartbeat rates were slightly higher than normal, as expected, but returned to normal rates during the second day. This has assured us of 

man’s capability to travel to the Moon and return.” (Pres. Doc., 

9/20/65,258) 

President Johnson, in a statement to the Cabinet on strengthening academic capability for science, said: “Almost all of the Federal research 

money is provided to produce results that are needed now and in the 

future to achieve our many national goals in health, in defense, in 

space, in agriculture, and so on. Of the total provided to universities, 

34 percent comes from the National Institutes of Health, 23 percent 

from the Department of Defense, 9 percent from NASA, 6 percent from 

the AEC, and 4 percent from Agriculture. Only 13 percent is provided 

by the National Science Foundation-the only agency which supports 

science and science education as such.” 

First flight model of S-IVR, second stage of NASA’s Saturn IB booster, 

was en route via water from Douglas Aircraft Co., Sacramento, to 

Kennedy Space Center, NASA, where it might be flown as early as 

December in the first launch of an Apollo flight-type spacecraft. 

(Marshall Star, 9/22/65, 10) 

Two USAF Athena missiles were fired within hours of each other from 

Green River, Utah, into the White Sands Missile Range. Vehicle performance was said to have been good. (DOD Press Office; M&R, 

9/27/65,15) 

Philip E. Culbertson became Director of Lunar Mission Studies, Advanced Manned Missions Program Office, Office of Manned Space 

Flight, NASA Hq. Culbertson would direct studies concerning manned 

exploration of the moon in the time period following Project 

Apollo. Before joining NASA, he had been associated with General 

Dynamics/Astronautics since 1958, where he was Chief Project Engineer for Atlas launch vehicle systems, manager of the Atlas launch 

vehicle systems engineering and reliability program, manager and director of manned space studies, and director of advanced development. 

(NASA Release 65-308) 

(Pres. Doc., 9/20/65,268) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 427 

September 13: Dr. Charles C. Price, president of the American Chemical 

Society, told the annual meeting of the Society in Atlantic City that the 

synthesis of life should be made a national goal: “We have been making fantastic strides in uncovering the basic chemistry of the life process and the structure of many of the key components of living systems. “. . . The political, social, biological and economic consequences of 

such a breakthrough would dwarf those of either atomic energy or the 

space program. Success could lead to modified plants and algae for 

synthesis of foods, fibers, and antibiotics, to improved growth or properties of plants and animals, or even to improved characteristics for 

man himself. . . .” 

Robert Hotz wrote in Aviation Week and Space Technology: “A strong 

smell of sour grapes is beginning to emanate from the Soviet propaganda machine with its waspish comments on recent US. space 

achievements. . . . “This . . . was evident in the Soviet propaganda barrage aimed at 

the Gemini 5 flight when it became apparent that Astronauts Cooper 

and Conrad would surpass the world space flight endurance record set 

by Soviet Cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky in June 1963. Tass . . . charged that US. space officials were endangering the lives of the two 

Gemini Astronauts by keeping them in flight after the initial fuel cell 

problems in a supposedly rash effort to surpass the Soviet mark. Red 

Star, the official Defense Ministry newspaper, joined in by ‘exposing’ 

the Gemini 5 flight as a Pentagon plot to develop better space reconnaissance techniques and charged the peaceful scientific aims of space 

exploration were being subverted in Gemini by its military experiments. . . . “What is really significant about these Soviet sour grapes is that 

they reflect a realization that the USSR has been overtaken and is being 

passed in ihe spzx racc by the U.S. prngram. The US. superiority in 

unmanned space probes has become clearly recognized by the world 

with the Ranger lunar pictures and the Mars data from Mariner 

4. Gemini 4 and 5 finally erased the Soviet lead in the manned space 

flight. The solid operational foundation of the Gemini program has 

made possible the swift and sure pace which promises to eclipse 

significantly the Voskhod flights in the immediate future. . . .” (Hotz, 

Av. Wk., 9/13/65,21) 

Harry Schwartz discussed the “New Arms Race in Space” in the 

New York Times: “The President’s M.O.L. announcement came 

at a time when the Soviet Union was publicly attacking Gemini 5 as 

primarily a venture in military espionage. Just why the President 

chose precisely that time to supply the Russian propagandists with 

supporting ammunition is still a puzzle. 

“Moreover, by underlining the potential military significance of 

space, the President may have finally ended any last lingering hope 

that there might be a joint Soviet-American program for sending a 

man to the moon or to some more distant objective in the solar system. 

“Most serious is the indication that the Soviet Union and its allies 

have interpreted the M.O.L. decision as the American signal for an 

arms race in space. 

“. . . Would it not have been better for the National Aeronautics 

and Space Administration to have been given the M.O.L. assignment 

(Text) 
428 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

and thus avoid the provocation and propaganda setback represented by 

the decision the President actually took? And once a NASA M.O.L. 

were developed, it could be used by the military if the need 

arose. That need would presumably be evidence that the Russians or 

others were actively exploiting space for military purposes other than 

intelligence collection.” (Schwartz, NYT, 9/13/65) 

September 13: ComSatCorp was seeking establishment of a world-wide satellite communications network to be leased jointly by NASA and commercial telecommunications carriers, reported Katherine Johnsen in 

Aviation Week and Space Technology. Miss Johnsen reported that 

last week the National Communications System (the U.S. Government’s centralized communications agency) and ComSatCorp appeared 

to be approaching “agreement on an arrangement under which it 

would pay about $SO million over a 10-year period for use by NASA of 

the global network, primarily for the Apollo manned lunar landing 

program.” Several variations of the proposal were also presented and 

ComSatCorp executives were optimistic that one would be 

approved. (Johnsen, Av. Wk., 9/13/65,35) 

NASA Michoud Assembly Facility resumed partial operations after suffering extensive damage from Hurricane Betsy. The Tri-State Roofing 

Co. and J. A. Jones Construction Co. were selected to begin emergency 

repairs. (MSFC Release 65-237) 

U.S. News and World Report commented on President Johnson’s decision to develop a manned orbiting laboratory: “President Johnson has 

now committed this country to a vital and far-reaching race against 

Russia for military supremacy in space. 

“It is a strategic decision regarded as important as any since World 

War 11. 

“The race actually has started. At this point it is largely silent and 

secret. But both powers are known to be conducting military missions with unmanned satellites, and results are described as striking 

and enormous. 

“Next, both countries will make major strategic moves by putting up 

space stations with military crews. Beyond that, plans are being readied for armadas of orbiting platforms and fleets of space planesand, in case of hostilities, possible confrontation in space. 

“The US. goal: to make certain Russia is denied control of space 

that might enable it to tip the balance of power here on 

earth. . . .” 

In a Washington Evening Star article, “Costs Soar in Lagging TFX 

Project,” Richard Wilson wrote: “Here’s the latest word on that $8 

billion miracle airplane program, the TFX. It is costing about $5 million per plane instead of the estimated $2.2 million. It is too heavy 

for the Navy to use. It could have been ready now but it isn’t because the Kennedy administration lagged a year while evaluating and 

reevaluating the aircraft so that General Dynamics Corp. could get the 

contract. . . . “Nobody knows for sure that the Boeing plane would have worked 

out any better but the top military men all thought so. . . . So far as 

realizing any billion dollars savings as was at first advertised, this 

doesn’t appear very likely if the Navy has to have a lighter 

(U.S. News, 9/13/65, 10) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 429 

version. In view of the nearly doubling of cost per plane, it does not 

seem likely in any case. . . .” 

September 13-18: International Astronautical Federation’s 16th Congress 

was held in Athens. Participants were greeted by King Constantine 

of Greece. 

IAF, Dr. William H. Pickering; chairman of the International Academy of Astronautics, Dr. Charles S. Draper; and president of the International Institute of Space Law, Dr. I. Pepin. (Hines, Wash. Sun. 

Star, 9/12/65; Izvestia, 9/14/65, 5, ATSS-T Trans.) 

Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director of NASA Marshall Space Flight 

Center, reported at a plenary meeting of the congress that the Apollo 

program had now passed the half-way point and was moving forward 

at full momentum. 

“-the first Saturn V carrying an unmanned Apollo spacecraft is 

scheduled to be launched in 1967. 

“-the first Saturn V carrying a manned Apollo spacecraft is scheduled to be launched in 1968. 

“-the manned lunar landing is scheduled to be accomplished 

prior to 1970.” 

Following his presentation, von Braun told a news conference that 

“many Soviet and American scientists will participate to lay the foundation for extensive cooperation on the moon.” He said there were 

indications that the moon’s surface was solid enough to bear the 

weight of the spacecraft. Soft spots had been identified and wdd be 

avoided. He estimated that a landing on Mars would occur 15 yrs. 

after a successful lunar landing. 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned 

Space Flight, outlined broad objectives of the Saturn-Apollo applications missions, earth-orbital and lunar: 

‘‘(1) Evaluate and extend man’s capabilities to operate in space 

effectively as an astronaut and as a scientist. 

“( 2) Conduct observations of the Earth, extra-terrestrial phenomena, and experiments dependent on the space environment. 

“( 3) Qualify systems and crews for subsequent long-duration space 

missions. 

“(4) To explore, map and survey the Moon. 

Throughout these extended Apollo missions, the primary emphasis will 

be on science and applications experiments. 

“The foundation for any long-range and broad national space program is a strong manned Earth-orbital program. For example, the 

approach to future manned planetary missions will depend not only on 

what is learned from unmanned missions such as Mariner and 

Voyager, but also what we can learn in Earth orbit about the effects on 

crew members of long-term confinement and reduced and/or intermittent artificial-gravity fields, as well as on the Earth-orbital qualification 

of extended-duration life support and power systems. 

“Man’s greatest contributions in space will come when he can bring 

his intelligence to bear on the spot. . . .” 

Michael Stoiko, technical director of Martin CO.’S Gemini advance 

design section, suggested to the IAF congress that an international 

space rescue service to aid astronauts stranded in orbit be 

devised. The US. and Russia would organize the service with availa- 

(Wilson, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/13/65) 

Introductory speeches were made by the president of the 

He listed three primary commitments: 

(Text; NYT, 9/15/65,24) 

(Text) 
430 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

ble equipment, and eventually rescue would be conducted on an international basis. Stoiko said the Martin Co. estimated 280 manned 

spaceflights would be flown by various nations in the next 20 yrs., with 

crews totaling 800 men. There was a “reasonable probability” that 

one or more U.S. crews would be stranded in orbit and a 62% probability that at least seven space ships with crews totaling 22 astronauts 

and cosmonauts would have to be rescued. (AP, N.Y. Her. Trib. 

9/15/65) 

Paper on “Research and Systems Requirements for a Lunar 

Scientific Laboratory” was presented at the IAF congress by C. William Henderson, NASA Office of Manned Space Flight, and Grady L. 

Mitcham of the Boeing Co.: “It is our obligation to define a meaningful lunar laboratory program which will extract the maximum 

scientific return for the investment of resources. Our scientific methods may have to change radically in order to achieve this goal of 

efficiency; perhaps by using the mantime on the moon only for the 

extraction of data, leaving the analysis of this information to the far 

less costly man power on earth. Most probably, leading scientists will 

not be, themselves, on the lunar surface, but rather will be at earthbased television consoles directing and guiding their counter-parts on 

the moon. . . .” 

Soviet Cosmonaut Pave1 Belyayev reported at the IAF congress that 

the exit of cosmonauts into space from orbital stations to relieve the 

crews and perform work in space would be made only through air 

locks, making it possible to avoid dehermetization of the 

spacecraft. Belyayev said visual acuity of astronauts was lessened by 

from 2630% during spaceflight. Sensitivity of the eye to color was 

also affected. Drop of 50% occurred in the case of green and purple. 

Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov described in his report the functioning 

of the self-contained life-support system he wore in open space. He 

was able to regulate the atmosphere in his spacesuit, maintaining within it an excess pressure of $3.4 atmospheres or 0.27 atmospheres. When he stepped out of VOSKHOD 11, Leonov said, the 

excess pressure in the spacesuit was g.4 atmospheres and before 

reentry into the spacecraft, he said: “I once more set the pressure back 

to $3.27 atmospheres.” Data obtained, he summed up, permitted the 

conclusion that stepping out into open space does not cause serious 

specific changes in psychophysiological functions. 

Of the future of the Soviet space program, he said: “In time there 

will be many space laboratories, with crews being periodically 

exchanged. Then there will be a spaceship for the moon, and a landing on the moon, followed by shots to other planets.” (AP, rush. 

Post 9/17/65; AP, Bd. Sun, 9/17/65; National Zeitung, 9/16/65, 3) 

A voyage in a seven-man spacecraft, past Venus to land on Mars, 

was proposed by Robert L. Sohn of the Space Technology Laboratories 

in a paper at the 16th Congress of the International Astronautical 

Federation in Athens. Sohn said the flight could be conducted in the 

1980’s using launching equipment and spacecraft already in development, including Saturn launch vehicles and modified Apollo 

spacecraft. He further claimed that the billion-mile, 400-day trip 

would cost about $20 billion. A 400,000-lb. craft would be assembled 

(Text) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 431 

in earth orbit after component parts were placed into orbit by four or 

five separate launches. (NYT, 9/14/65) 

Soviet Professor Savenko reported to the congress about the study 

of primary cosmic rays by PROTON I, launched July 16, 1965. Volume of information radioed back to earth was 60 million units 

daily. Equipment was sensitive to particles of energy of “billions and 

more of electron volts which makes it possible for the station to explore the depth of matter.” Design of the ionization calorimeter in 

PROTON I permitted improved methods of research, Professor Savenko 

said. Information relayed from PROTON I processed so far showed 

that distribution of cosmic ray particles of very high energies differed 

from picture obtained by indirect measurements. 

Mstislav Keldysh, president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, received the International Academy of Astronautics’ 1965 Daniel and 

Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award. The congress elected the leadership of IAF and reelected Dr. William H. Pickering as president. (Hines, Wash. Sunday Star, 9/12/65; Tass, 

9/18/65 ) 

September 13: Reporting on the Lunar International Laboratory, under 

consideration by the International Astronautical Federation meeting in 

Athens, William Hines, in the Washington Evening Star, said the case 

for Lil had been outlined this way: 

“1. A spaceship is horribly expensive; it costs $l5,ooc! =ow to bnost 

one pound of instruments to the moon, and will cost $180,000 a man 

hour to sustain scientists in space in the 1970s. 

“2. The precedent exists for international scientific efforts: nuclear 

physicists already are discussing a trillion-volt atom smasher of which 

the world needs only one. 

“3. The concept of international science has been accepted by the 

United Nations since 1946. . . . “4. While the Russians have not taken an official stand, Sedov and 

others last year openly discussed Soviet studies on moon construction. 

“[C. Stark] Draper [Director of MIT Instrumentation Laboratory] . . . has called for a computer center on the moon to collect data 

there and pass it on to earthly campuses and laboratories with information literally unavailable here. The Lil program has not yet 

reached the cost effectiveness and design stages yet, but at the rate the 

Apollo program to land men on the moon by 1970 is going, backers 

say only 10 to 20 years is needed. A curbstone opinion is that $20 

billion to $30 billion . . . comparable to the Apollo costs-would handle the construction and start of Lil operations.” (Hines, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 9/13/65, AB) 

September 14: In a White House ceremony, President Johnson conferred 

Exceptional Service Medals on GEMINI v Astronauts L. Gordon 

Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., and Dr. Charles Berry, chief surgeon 

for the astronauts. The President announced that military promotions 

for the astronauts would be submitted to the Senate 

immediately. 

Following the ceremony, Vice President Hubert Humphrey accompanied the astronauts, their families, and Dr. Berry to the National 

Academy of Sciences. Humphrey told the Academy: “The achieve- 

(Tass, 9/17/65) 

(Richard, Push. Post, 9/15/65, A3) 
432 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

ments of our astronauts are not just the achievements of two 

men. They are the achievements of family, country and of a society. . . . “This is the best example of cooperation between Government and 

industry, between public and private, that I know in this nation, and 

might I add, that it is an example that should be emulated by many 

others in many other endeavors in this country. 

It would be 

well enough if it were only national, but it is more than that. It is 

truly international. And I want . . . to stress our space program’s 

potential as an arm of our foreign policy, of our international relations, and particularly of our peace policy, because this Government 

has but one objective in the world: a just, honorable and enduring 

peace. . . .” 

Astronaut Cooper summarized some of the things that man could do 

in space: 

“. . . we again showed that man can do a great deal of geological 

observations while in space. . . . I think it is very significant that 

although you pass across some [geological formations] rather rapidly 

you still are able to . . . observe them and you are very capable of 

photographing them in great detail. 

“. . . man is very capable of doing oceanographic observations. We have noted that you can detect a great deal of detail as to the depths of water, as to the currents of running water, and 

even to wind patterns that run on the waters, the wave patterns caused 

by the wind. 

“. . . man could do a great deal of weather observations, both in 

real time and photographically. And we . . . were able to pinpoint 

one tropical storm in between some of the planned observations, and 

apparently that was very accurate pinpointing of its position. 

“We determined in our discussions later with the Weather Bureau 

people, that for future use . . . we could get much greater accuracy 

even on pinpointing these by the use of our platform combination and 

taking angles to a great deal more accuracy, rather than just estimations of the angular distance and locations. 

“We found that you could do a great deal of visual observations of 

the phenomena around the earth . . . we picked up ship wakes, several hundred miles away of . . . the contrast of the white wake against 

the blue background in very clear weather areas. . . .” 

Conrad revealed that photographs taken during the GEMINI v mission 

at the request of the Mexican government, had located volcanoes in 

Mexico that “the Mexicans didn‘t know they had. . . .” He also said: 

“I think a system that has been left out and nobody has talked about is 

our environmental control system, which performed in a most outstanding manner for eight days. We had probably the nicest, freshest 

air that anybody could want to breathe, and we had an unusual first in 

the space business: most environmental control systems had been loaded down and pilot after pilot came back and said they were too warm, 

and we fought and fought it, and at McDonnell, to have a little change 

made because of some of the problems of heat exchange between the 

inlet and outlet pipes. 

“But our space program . . . is more than national. 

It turned out that we were too cold. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 433 

“With two tubes running, we were probably the first ones to shut 

the cabin heat exchanger down and run everything as hot as we could 

get it in there. And the thing that most surprised us on opening the hatch on landing, we couldn‘t tell the 

difference between inside and out, and that is a monumental job for 

that small system.” 

Dr. Berry concluded the program by presenting a review of the 

medical data received from the GEMINI v mission. 

The astronauts’ party then proceeded to the Capitol where Vice 

President Humphrey presented them to the Senate and then to the 

House. Cooper told the House: “We set out with our prime objective 

on Gemini 5 to fly 8 days. We were to fly this 8 days primarily to 

show that man, with all the various equipment on board, and the 

machines, could safely and very functionally do this 8-day mission 

with no adverse effects. We were entirely successful in this. . . .” 

Conrad explained: “Gemini 5 was a significant advance in the 

whole program in that we flew the first all-out spacecraft. We 

would not have been able to go without the fuel cells for 8 days. This 

was the first time they were flown. We had the first radars from 

which we got some very excellent data to enable the GT-~ to continue 

with their present rendezvous plans. It was the first time that the 

cryogenic storage of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen had been run 

that long in space. . . .” 

Dr. Berry told the Senate: “We are conducting a program such as 

this [Gemini program] . . . to make man a vital part of such a research effort and to show the facility that man has to gain scientific 

information using vehicles such as we are able to build in this 

country. . . . “I think I can report, so far as information has been obtained in 

this country to date and at the moment, that we are the only ones who 

have that sort of information for the duration of which we are 

speaking. We can confidently say that man has been able to perform 

very well up to 4 days in a weightless state earlier, and on this mission 

8 days in a weightless state. He has then been able to re-adapt back 

to a 1-G environment. (Texts; CR, 

9/14/65, 22924-22927; NAS-NRC News Report, 9/65, 1-2) 

September 14: Commencing on the visit to Washington, D.C., by GEMINI 

v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., the Wushington Post wrote: “Colonel Cooper has been through all this before following his 22-orbit flight in May, 1963. The reception this time will be 

less spectacular. But this does not mean that the astronauts have become pass6 or that the American people are indifferent to their 

achievements. Rather it is a reflection of the public’s trust in the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s space program. For 

if the people no longer gawk and shout, they still applaud vigorously, 

with their hearts as well as their hands, each monumental step in the 

great venture into space.” 

Pilot John B. McKay (NASA) flew x-15 No. 3 to maximum altitude of 

239,000 ft. at maximum speed of 3,545 mph (mach 5.03) to obtain 

data on pilot altitude buildup. (NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight 

We were just right. 

We have living proof of that.” 

(Wash. Post, 9/14/65) 
434 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

September 14: Nine aquanauts who emerged from a decompression chamber after spending 15 days in USN Sealab 11 reported it took longer than 

expected to accomplish tasks; the helium atmosphere in the lab made 

their voices sound squeaky; the men’s efficiency began to fall off after 

two weeks. 

The House Ways and Means Committee considered H.R. 8210 to exempt 

the European Space Research Organization from US. taxation. ESRO 

would operate a tracking station in Alaska. 

.Soviet scientist Dr. V. S. Troitsky, of the Scientific Research 

Radiophysics Institute in Gorky, said that radio emissions from 

the moon indicated that its interior was so hot that it must be four 

times as radioactive as the inside of the earth. He also said that radio 

observations indicated a surface layer of light material about 20-ft. 

thick, overlying denser rock. Dr. Troitsky made these statements at 

an international conference on the solar system, being held at Cal 

Tech. (NYT, 9/15/65) 

Participants in the World Peace through Law Conference in Washington, D.C., agreed that advances in international communications, including EARLY BIRD I communications satellite, were important milestones on the road to world peace. John A. Johnson, vice 

president of ComSatCorp, told the international communications panel 

that EARLY BIRD I had provided a case study of progress in “the 

development of legal principles and institutions which further international cooperation.” He said global coverage in the satellite communications system was planned for 1967. Prof. Ivan A. Vlasic, 

McGill Univ., warned we may be facing “a proliferation of competing, 

possibly even antagonistic communications systems. Given the 

present state of international relations the chances of conflict are 

considerable.” Jean Evensen, Norway’s government broadcasting system adviser, felt “a pressing need for ways of enforcing international 

communications rules. One rebel, one nonconformist . . . can create 

havoc . . . to the damage of the rest of the world,” he said. (Bullen, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 9/15/65) 

NASA had selected Perkin-Elmer Corp. and Chrysler Corp. for contracts 

to study feasibility of including optical-technology experimentsparticularly lasers and large telescopes-in future extended Apollo 

flights. NASA was also interested in optical communication in deep 

space, the effects of space environment on optical systems, and related 

secondary experiments. The program would be directed by MSFC. 

( MSFC Release 65-223) 

Secretary of Commerce John T. Connor told a White House Cabinet 

meeting that Government scientists wanted to undertake a national 

weather-control program to determine whether fog could be dispelled, 

hail suppressed, hurricanes diverted, and rain made, reported Howard 

Simons in the Washington Post. Connor’s report represented a 

change of view in the scientific community, heretofore reticent about 

weather modification. 

Former FAA Administrator Najeeb E. Halaby was appointed senior vice 

president of Pan American World Airways and elected to its board of 

directors. Halaby’s initial responsibilities would embrace the airline’s 

defense activities, its services for USAF at the Eastern Test Range, and 

(UPI, NYT, 9/15/65, C20; Wash. Post, 9/15/65, A9) 

(NASA LAR 1~/167-68) 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 9/14/65, A9) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 435 

its business-jets division. (NYT, 9/15/65, 77M ; Wash. Post, 

9/15/65, B9) 

September 14: Dr. William W. Hagerty, president of Drexel Institute of 

Technology, was sworn in as consultant to NASA Administrator James 

E. Webb, in university/industry relations. 

At a meeting of the American Chemical Society in Atlantic City, Dr. 

Emmanuel Roth of the Lovelace Foundation proposed neon as a gas 

that astronauts might breathe during spaceflights : “Its permeation 

coefficient is lowest. That is, neon does not go into solution or diffuse 

through tissue as readily as other gases do. As a result, the deadly 

bubbles form at a much slower rate.” No tests of neon with human 

subjects had been run. (Newsweek, 9/27/65) 

September 15: GEMINI v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., left with their wives on a six-nation goodwill tour arranged by 

President Johnson to demonstrate the US.’ peaceful intentions in 

space. They would visit Greece, Turkey, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Kenya, Nigeria, and the Canary Islands. At a State Department luncheon 

prior to departure, Cooper told the audience, which included ambassadors from the six countries he and Conrad would visit, that from the 

GEMINI v cockpit “you don’t see any of the combat, you don’t see any 

of the fighting and bickering, the world looks like a very peaceful 

place.” (UPI, NYT, 9/16/65, 27) 

MARINER IV, after 291 days in space, had exceeded its design-mission 

lifetime by nearly 500 hrs. Having traveled 400 million mi., MARINER 

IV had been reporting on cosmic dust, magnetic fields, and interplanetary levels of cosmic rays and radiation for ten months-about 7,000 

hrs. In addition to scientific information, the spacecraft was reporting engineering data on its own condition as it orbited the sun. Data 

from MARINER IV were being transmitted to earth by radio over a 

straight-line distance of nearly 182 million mi. (NASA Release 

65-293) 

NASA launched Nike-Apache sounding rocket, with 51-lb. payload instrumepted to measure electron and ion density and solar radiation in the 

D and E regions of the ionosphere to peak altitude of 110 mi. Experiment, conducted for the Univ. of Illinois and the GCA Corp. from 

Wallops Station, was part of International Quiet Sun Year 

1964-65. 

USAF awarded t6.5-million contract to Boeing Co. to build one groundtest and three flight-test models of a highly-reliable, low-cost upper 

stage for orbiting small and medium unmanned satellites. Called 

“Burner 11,” the stage would be used with Thor standard launch vehicles and be adaptable for use with Atlas and Titan boosters. Burner 

11, which include a spherical solid-propellant rocket motor, inertial guidance system, and attitude-stabilization system, would bridge 

the payload gap between the DOD/NASA Scout launch vehicle and the 

more expensive USAF Agena and Able-Star upper stages. (AFSC Release 95.65) 

Spokesmen for some 43,000 United Aerospace Workers Union 

members employed by North American Aviation, Inc., announced 

plans for possible strike action Oct. 10 unless negotiators 

reached agreement on a new wages and hours contract. UAW 

(NASA Release 65-291) 

(Wallops Release 65-58; NASA Rpt. SRL) 
436 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

members involved worked in plants in Los Angeles, Calif.; Tulsa, 

Okla.; Columbus, Ohio; and Neosho, Mo. (UPI, Houston Chron., 

9/16/65) 

September 15: Soviet Cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov said at a press conference at the International Transport Exhibition in Munich that the 

Soviet Union planned to land a man on the moon in 1970. Komarov, 

in charge of the first spacecraft with a three-men crew, was awarded 

the Pioneer Chain of the Compass Card-a top international aviation 

decoration. (Reuters, Houston Post, O/16/65) 

Western Union International, Inc., asked FCC for authority to conduct a 

series of satellite communications tests should NASA and DOD permit 

live coverage of the Gemini 6 recovery in October. The proposal 

included testing a portable ground station at Taylor’s Island, Md., and 

then on a ship at sea. Trials would include live television transmission from the portable ground station to EARLY BIRD I communications satellite, which would relay the transmission to U.S. and 

Europe. ComSatCorp approval would also be necessary before tests 

could begin. (Wash. Post, 9/15/65) 

France hoped to orbit its first earth satellite in November-nearly two 

months ahead of schedule, reported the Houston Post. An Armed 

Forces Ministry satellite would be fitted to the first Diamant booster 

and test-fired from Hammaguir, Algerian Sahara. (Reuters, Houston 

Post, 9/15/65) 

Suggestion that synthesis of life should be a national goal by Dr. Charles 

C. Price, president of the American Chemical Society, received comment from the New York Times: “Could such an effort be added to the 

total national scientific enterprise or could it be fitted in only by cutting back on other sectors, particularly the very expensive programs in 

space or particle physics? Would mankind benefit more if the funds 

needed for this project were devoted instead to less exotic but perhaps 

more vital needs of ending the pollution of the air we breathe and the 

water we hope to drink? The verdict on Dr. Price’s proposal is by no 

means immediately obvious. 

“The most unfortunate result that could come from Dr. Price’s 

suggestion would be the mounting of a new international competition, 

a ‘life race’ that would produce the same tension and needless duplication that the space race has produced. Men of many nations have 

contributed to the progress that makes it possible now to consider the 

goal Dr. Price has put upon the public agenda. If any such effort is 

undertaken it should be as international as the common humanity that 

makes all men brothers.” 

On the occasion of the Smithsonian Institution Bicentennial Celebration, 

President Johnson said: “. . . the Institution financed by Smithson breathed life in the idea 

that the growth and the spread of learning must be the first work of a 

nation that seeks to be free. 

‘LThese ideas have not always gained easy acceptance among those 

employed in my line of work. The government official must cope with 

the daily disorder that he finds in the world around him. 

“But today, the official, the scholar, and the scientist cannot settle 

for limited objectives. We must pursue knowledge no matter what the 

consequences. We must value the tried less than the true. 

(NYT, 9/15/65,43) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 437 

“To split the atom, to launch the rocket, to explore the innermost 

mysteries and the outermost reaches of the universe-these are your 

god-given chores. And even when you risk bringing fresh disorder to 

the politics of men and nations, these explorations still must go 

on.” (Pres. Doc., 9/20/65, 276) 

September 15: GEMINI v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., arrived in Athens with their wives and children at the start of 

a six-nation goodwill tour and were greeted with cheers from the crowd. 

The astronauts would attend the International Astronautical Federation 

Congress which opened Sept. 13. 

September 16: NASA announced selection of Aero Spacelines, Inc., for negotiation of a $1.5-million one-year contract, with provision for three 

one-year renewal options, to provide air transportation service on the 

Super Guppy for boosters and spacecraft from factories to test sites 

and launch centers. The Super Guppy was the only aircraft in existence that could fulfill size and weight requirements for cargoes such as 

the S-IVB stage of the Saturn IB and V launch vehicles, the Saturn IB 

and Saturn V instrument units, and the Lunar Excursion Module 

adapter. (NASA Release 65-296; MSFC Release 65-229) 

France’s first satellite, FR-1, arrived from Paris at Dulles International 

Airport and was taken to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for 

testing. The satellite, to be launched for France by NASA in a joint 

project to study very low frequency radio waves and the distribution 

of ionization in the earth‘s magnetosphere, would be sent to LingTemco-Vought, Texas, where it would be modified to fit a Scout-type 

rocket. 

Memorandum of understanding for the FR-I program was signed 

Feb. 18, 1963, between NASA and the French Space Agency, Centre 

iiationai d‘Eiudes Spiitides (CHES) . (NASA Rc!crasc 65-59: Wyh. 

Post, 9/16/65) 

Third Saturn S-IB stage (S-IB-3) arrived at MSFC aboard the NASA 

barge Palaemon. First stage for the third Saturn IB launch vehicle, it 

would be captive-fired at least twice before being returned to Michoud 

Assembly Facility for post-static-test checkout. ( MSFC Release 

65-228; Marshall Star, 9/22/65,1) 

Modest turnout of spectators at the Sept. 14 motorcade in Washington, 

D.C., for Astronauts Cooper and Conrad received editorial comment in 

the Washington Evening Star: LL. . . We think it is an encouraging 

trend. Just possibly the lack of hoopla and gapers suggests that 

America has accepted the space program as serious business instead of 

a circus of stunt men.” 

Picket lines were established at all entrances to Kennedy Space Center, 

NASA as the International Assn. of Machinists and Aerospace Workers 

began a nationwide strike against the Boeing Co. Key issue was 

union demand that Boeing abandon performance analysis system of 

rating employees for promotion, demotion, and discharge. Union 

contended that seniority should be the sole factor in job security; 

Boeing claimed its system was necessary to keep the company competitive in the aerospace industry. (AP, Balt. Sun, 9/16/65; UPI, Houston Chron., 9/16/65) 

( UPI, Phil. Eve. Bull., 9/16/65) 

Launching was scheduled for late 1965. 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 9/16/65) 
438 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

September 16: Senate Commerce Committee reported favorably S.774, 

which would authorize a study of the practicality of adoption of the 

metric system. (CR, 9/16/65,15856) 

A turbocompressor, first flight-weight hardware for an eight-kilowatt 

space power generating system, arrived at NASA Lewis Research Center 

for testing. It would use a 30-ft. solar mirror to gather the sun’s rays 

and operate on a Brayton cycle with an unreactive gas as its working 

fuel. In space, heat source could be a reactor, a radio-isotope, or a 

solar heat receiver supplied by concentrated sunlight reflected from a 

mirror. Turbocompressor was built for NASA by Air Research Manufacturing Co. as part of NASA’s Advanced Technology Program. (LRC 

Release 65-64,) 

South African police and scientists investigated report that a flaming 

“saucer” about 30 ft. in diameter had landed on a main highway near 

Pretoria. Scientists who examined the alleged landing site were reported to have found a six-ft.-wide section of the tarred road badly 

burned. (AP, Balt. Sun, 9/17/65) 

Deploring the “belated decision” to finance the space defense of the US., 

syndicated columnist David Lawrence wrote: ‘‘It is interesting to note 

that on October 7, 1963, Louis C. Wyman, Republican, who was then a 

member of Congress and formerly was attorney general of New Hampshire, submitted alone a minority report to the House appropriations 

committee, in which he criticized at length the administration’s 

indifference to the military significance of space developments. He 

said: ‘As a first priority, rather than racing to the moon, the United 

Staies should establish and maintain an integrated weapons system in 

inner space within manned space capsules that have a capability to 

observe, intercept and, if necessary, destroy other objects in space.’ 

“Mr. Wyman’s extensive report will go down in history as a remarkable prophecy as well as an interesting example of how often minority 

reports become majority opinion.” (Lawrence, Kansas City Times, 

9/ 16/65 ) 

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara announced that USAF would 

send 12 F-5A jet fighter aircraft to Vietnam this fall to evaluate the 

performance of this new multipurpose aircraft under combat 

conditions. Built by Northrop Corp., the F-5A was a lightweight SUpersonic aircraft that could carry 6,200 lbs. of bombs, rockets, air-toair missiles, or other ordnance. With two 2Cmm. cannons mounted 

in its nose, it could take off fully loaded from unpaved runways. 

(DOD Release 614-65) 

September 16-1 7: Rendezvous of four spacemen-Soviet Cosmonauts Belyayev and Leonov and American Astronauts Cooper and Conrad-at 

the IAF Congress was described in Life by Jim Hicks: “First man to 

try his hand at arranging a rendezvous . . . was Jules Bergman, 

ABC’S space reporter. The Russians agreed. Bergman thought the 

Americans had agreed . . . and OR the afternoon of the day Cooper 

and Conrad arrived in Athens . . . [they] waited for Cooper and 

Conrad to appear . . . Finally Bergman phoned Julian Scheer, the 

NASA publicity man who was traveling with the astronauts. When 

would the Americans show? 

He said no one 

had cleared such a meeting with him . . . The Russians were angry 

“Why they would not appear at all, said Scheer. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 439 

and left the scene in a huff, and at a news conference !ater, Sedov 

made no sectet of the fact that they considered the incident a snub and 

an affront. 

“An air of mistrust now prevailed. There was, as Pete Conrad 

observed later, ‘some real bad feeling around this place.’ 

“Scheer, trying to right things, sent a letter to Dr. William Pickering, president of the International Astronautical Federation, urging 

that the astronauts be brought together. . . . “Friday afternoon Cooper and Conrad spoke before a Congress session. . . . “As soon as that meeting was over, the two Americans jumped from 

the conference stage and headed for the white-uniformed Belyayev . . . Conrad [said] through the Russian’s interpreter ‘Tell him we would 

like to show them all our pictures. . . . Tell him we’ve got 250 slides 

and they can see them all. 

Hicks said Belyayev exchanged his lapel pin with Cooper and Conrad gave his to Belyayev to be delivered to Leonov. Hicks continued: 

“That night, considerably more progress was made at the Congress’s 

large banquet. Cooper and Belyayev, strategically seated within talking distance, even went so far as to exchange watches. . . . Finally 

the astronauts warmed up the cosmonauts from the earlier chill. They 

ail posed for a fair-way hazdshzke photopaph. No more fooling 

around through official channels, drawled Cooper. Why don’t you fellows come up to our place for breakfast tomorrow morning? 

The talk, through an interpreter, was 

almost entirely personal and non-technical. . . . Conrad and Leonov exchanged writing pens. All traded autographs and Leonov . . . drew a picture of himself walking in space. . . . “As they departed, the spacemen locked in Russian-styie bearhugs. . . . Said one of the Soviet pilots, ‘We are colleagues and 

we have a full understanding. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad 

are good boys.’” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/17/65, A10; Hicks, 

Life, 10/1/65,113-116) 

September 16-20: Four NASA Nike-Apache sounding rockets with Univ. of 

California (Berkeley) experiments to measure fluxes and spectra of 

precipitating electrons responsible for auroral x-ray activity were 

launched from Ft. Churchill, Canada. The first rocket reached only 

17-mi. altitude because Apache motor did not ignite; so, although 

instrumentation functioned properly, no data were obtained. Second 

Nike-Apache reached 100-mi. altitude, all instruments functioned as 

planned, and good data were expected. The third also performed 

well, although peak altitude (91 mi.) was somewhat below predicted, 

and good data were expected. No data were obtained from the fourth 

flight, although instrumentation functioned well: peak altitude was only 14.8 mi. because of a burnthrough at the Apache headcap and 

separation of the payload from the rocket. 

September 17: NASA launched an Aerobee 150A sounding rocket from Wallops Station, Va., with 150-lb. payload containing French-built radio 

propagation experiments designed for later flight on the FR-1 

When would they like to see them?’” 

“The Russians agreed. . . . 

(NASA Rpts. SRL) 
440 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

satellite. It reached 114-mi. ( 183-km.) peak altitude during an eightminute flight. (Wallops Release 65-59) 

September 17: OGO I (Orbiting Geophysical Observatory) spacecraft had 

completed its first year of operation in space Officially classified as a 

failure when a major objective-three axis stabilization-was not 

achieved, the 1,200-lb. satellite launched Sept. 4, 1964, had exceeded its 

one-year design lifetime and was still transmitting valuable data from 

16 experiments. OGO I’S scientific objectives were to conduct timecorrelated measurements of space phenomena to help in the understanding of earth-sun relationships. Although its scientific usefulness 

was lessened when the earth-run stabilized orientation was not achieved, 

16 scientific papers had been presented by experimenters on findings of 

their instruments aboard OGO I. 

NASA requested that final proposals for scientific experiments for the 

1971 Voyager missions to Mars be submitted by Nov. 19. Selection 

would be made by July 1, 1966. All 1971 Voyager experiments on 

the landing craft would be subject to strict sterilization requirements. 

(NASA Release 65-297) 

King Constantine of Greece invited Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper 

(L/Col., USAF) and Charles Conrad, Jr. (Lcdr., USN), their wives, and 

other US. officials in Athens for the 16th International Astronautical 

Congress, to a royal palace banquet. NASA Marshall Space Flight 

Center Director Dr. Wernher von Braun and JPL Director Dr. William 

H. Pickering were among the guests. 

The task of effecting a soft landing on the moon had been placed on the 

agenda of space projects in the USSR., Academician Leonid Sedov, 

leader of the Soviet delegation to the 16th IAF Congress, said at a press 

conference. He added: “Such a landing has already been worked out 

on the ground.” (Tass, 9/17/65) 

A simple, two-door pneumatic tube device for garbage disposal during 

the two-week Gemini VI manned space flight scheduled for December 

was being considered by NASA Manned Spacecraft Center officials, the 

Houston Post reported. The astronauts would open the first door, 

stuff in the material to be disposed of, close the first door, and open 

the second door. Space being a nearly perfect vacuum, the material 

would be forced out of the tube. 

USAF Chief of Staff Gen. J. P. McConnell told a meeting of the Air Force 

Association in Washington, D.C., that “any reports of the impending 

demise” of the flying Air Force were “slightly exaggerated.” In fact, 

he added, a wide variety of new and better aircraft was needed to meet 

“the ever-changing nature and scope of the threat to our national 

interests.” (Text) 

David Sarnoff, Chairman of the Board of RCA, warned the Conference on 

World Peace Through Law that communications progress would beget 

serious problems: “By the end of the decade there will be not only one 

communications satellite but many; not a single global satellite system 

but possibly several in competition with one another; not a sole operating agency dealing with many nations, but many nations with their 

own operating agencies pursuing different satellite communications 

plans and objectives. 

(NASA Release 65-294) 

(AP, Phil. Eve. Bull., 9/17/65) 

(Houston Post, 9/17/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 441 

“AS the numbcr of satellites multiplies in space, a corresponding 

number of problems will multiply on earth. . . . When we can communicate instantly to everybody, everywhere, we will set in motion a 

force whose ultimate political. social and economic impact upon mankind cannot be calculated today.” 

September 17: Col. John H. Glenn, Jr. (USMC, Ret.) , would make a threeweek goodwill trip to Western Europe in October, the White House 

announced. 

Commenting on how swiftly man had moved into the space age, an article 

in the Baltimore Sun said: “Travel in space . . . remains and will 

remain dangerous-a work for none but the brave, the skilled and the 

dedicated. There will be moments of breathless drama, many of them, 

as when the first man arrives on the moon, and of tragedy. But short 

of those moments, travel in space near the earth is beginning to be 

routine.” (Balt. Sun, 9/17/65) 

Decision to proceed with the Mol received comment in Science: “Some 

proponents of I\.IoL believe that, as insurance against ‘technological 

surprise’ and as a test of improved methods of intelligence gathering, 

the project will lead to greater stability in relations between the United 

States and the Communist world. But skeptics fear that MOL will 

carry the arms race into space. Despite a long hunger, the Air Force 

has never before been permitted a role in manned space flight, a function heretofore reserved exclusively for the National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration.” (Science, 9/17/65, 1357) 

September 18: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS LXXXVI, LXXXVII, LXXXVIII, 

LXXXIX, and xc artificial earth satellites with a single booster. Orbital parameters: apogee, 1,609 km. (999.3 mi.); perigee, 1,380 km. 

(857 mi.) ; period, 116.7 min.; inclination, 57”. An electrical pack 

operating on energy released by a radioactive isotope was onboard 

pnwm gystern nn one of the satellites. Instruments were functioning 

normally. 

First cooperative sounding rocket experiment sponsored by NASA and the 

Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research 

( ZWO) was successfully conducted by Dutch scientists at Coronie, Surinam. Object of the experiment was to measure winds in the equatorial 

upper atmosphere by releasing a cloud of sodium vapor to be illuminated by the sun and tracked. Launching, using a Nike-Apache rocket, 

was first of four to be conducted under a memorandum of understanding signed in June 1964. The three subsequent launches were successfully conducted Sept. 21, Sept. 24, and Sept. 27. Dutch launch team 

had trained at Wallops Station, Va., earlier this year. (NASA Release 

65-299; NASA Rpts. SRL) 

Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., arrived in Izmir, 

Turkey. Only about 5,000 of the city’s 750,000 residents turned out 

to watch their motorcade drive the 15 mi. into Izmir from the NATO 

air base at Cigli. Spokesman for the Turkish Foreign Office said the 

visit was an “unofficial culture visit,” and the governors of three cities 

on the astronauts’ itinerary were instructed not to welcome the 

party. Coolness was attributed to US. stand on Cyprus in 

1964. (Wash. Post, 9/19/65) 

Defense Communications Agency and the U.S. Army had announced that 

site preparation had begun at Helemano, 20 mi. north of Honolulu on 

(Text) 

( UPI, Wash. Post, 9/18,/65) 

(Krasnaya Zvezda, 9/21/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 
442 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

Oahu Island, for installation of the first earth terminal of a planned 

worldwide military experimental satellite communication system. 

Southwest Constructors had been awarded the contract for construction 

expected to begin in mid-October. (J/Armed Forces, 9/18/65, 16) 

September 18: In a farewell speech at a dinner meeting of the Air Force 

Association in Washington, D.C., Secretary of the Air Force Eugene 

M. Zuckert said that in contrast to five years ago, the Air Force today 

was better. He predicted it would continue to improve: “We have not 

reached a plateau in technology, strategy, concepts, or doctrine. All 

kinds of changes will continue-in both hardware and ideas.” (AP, 

Balt. Sun, 9/18/65, 5) 

September 19: Progress report in Pravda on ZOND 111: “Soviet automatic 

space station Zond 3 launched July 18, 1965, continued its orbital 

flight gradually moving farther away from the sun. On September 15, 

the space station was 12.5 million kilometers away from the 

earth. During this period 75 radio-communication sessions were held 

with the station. During these sessions, photos of the far side of the 

moon, comprehensive telemetric data on the physical processes in interplanetary space, and data on the station’s instruments and systems 

were transmitted to earth. To check the systems that make it possible 

to change flight direction, the flight trajectory of Zond 3 was successfully corrected on September 16 for experimental purposes. The astroorientation system, which automatically orients on the sun and the 

star Canopus, turned the station into the specific position commanded 

from the earth and has maintained this orientation with great 

accuracy. Then the correcting engine was switched on and changed 

the flight speed of the station 50 meters per second at an angle of 45” 

with respect to the direction to the earth. Radio control sessions with 

the station confirmed that the correction maneuver had been executed 

correctly. They also showed that the station’s systems continue to 

function normally. 

“The space station relayed to the earth comprehensive data on the 

interplanetary magnetic field, cosmic radio emission, interplanetary 

ionized plasma, longwave cosmic radio emission, and micrometeorite 

particles. . . . During the flight around the moon, data were also 

obtained on the spectrum of its infrared and ultraviolet radiation.” 

(Tass, 9/18/65; Pravda, 9/19/65, 2) 

Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., received a warm 

welcome in Ankara, Turkey, in contrast to cool receptions in Izmir and 

Istanbul. President Cemal Gursel told the astronauts their flight of 

nearly eight days had demonstrated “great courage . . . to your nation and to the whole world.” 

Announcement by Soviet Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov at the 16th International Astronautical Congress in Athens that the U.S.S.R. planned to 

orbit a permanent manned space station as the next major project in its 

space program received editorial comment in the Philadelphia Inquirer: 

“To be sure, Cosmonaut Leonov adds that after ‘many space laboratories’ have been established, ‘with crews being periodically changed,’ 

his country expects to give attention to ’a spaceship for the moon, and a 

landing on the moon.’ It has been understood all along, of course, that 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 9/20/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 443 

this was the method Russia would use in sending men to the moon. 

The emphasis on many permanent manned space stations orbiting close 

to earth, however, shows all too plainly that the real concern of the 

generals running the Communist space program is in the military advantages that lie in control of the space immediately beyond the atmosphere and over the heads of free nations around the world.” (Phil. 

Inq., 9/19/65) 

September 19: According to Dr. Colin Pittendrigh, Dean of the Graduate 

School and biology professor at Princeton Univ., MARINER IV photographs of Mars did not provide any new evidence that life could not 

exist on that planet. Even though Mars appeared virtually waterless in 

the photographs, he pointed out, the area photographed was only a 

small fraction of the planet’s total area. “A scan across our Atlantic 

Ocean might lead some to say there is no land on earth.” (AP, Miami 

Her., 9/19/65) 

S-IVB second stage for the first Saturn IB launch vehicle to be launched 

arrived at Kennedy Space Center, NASA, aboard the cargo vessel Steel 

Executive. (Orl. Sent., 9/20/65) 

Parallel problems facing astronauts and aquanauts were noted by Assistant Manager of Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. Bioastronautics Div., 

Dr. J. A. Kraft. “These problems are both biomedical and 

mechanical. Because of their similarity, we have in the ocean a readily available laboratory environment. In it we can investigate the 

more significant problems common to both. . . .” One parallel is the 

changed pressure of the environment: for the aquanaut, pressure problems involve return from extremely heavy pressure to normal pressure 

at earth‘s surface; for the astronaut, pressure problems involve functioning in lower pressure of spacecraft and vacuum of space 

itse!f. Other shared biomedical problems : dysbarism, oxygen toxicity, 

trace contamination, and anoxia. (Macomber, CNS, Sun Diego Union, 

9/19/65) 

During week of September 19: Medical checkup indicated that Astronaut 

Alan B. Shepard (Capt., USN) still suffered from labyrinthitis-an inner ear infection. Because of the illness, Shepard had not been selected for any of six Gemini flight crews. He also could not fly aircraft 

alone. 

September 20: Dr. Smith J. DeFrance, Director of NASA Ames Research 

Center, would retire Oct. 15 after 45 yrs. of service, announced NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb. “Dr. DeFrance’s leadership at Ames 

has brought about many engineering and scientific achievements in 

our country’s aviation and space programs,” Webb said, “and we all 

owe him a great debt of gratitude.” Following distinguished service 

as a combat pilot in France during World War I, DeFrance served for 

18 yrs. at Langley Research Center. He became director of ARC, 

when it was created in 1940. In 1947 he received the Presidential 

Medal of Merit for designing and building the Center. 

H. Julian Allen, present Assistant Director at ARC, would succeed 

Dr. DeFrance. Allen was recognized as an international authority on 

reentry physics, having conceived a solution to the reentry heating 

problem. In 1957, he received NACA’S Distinguished Service Medal 

for this work. Allen received the Sylvanus Albert Reed Award in 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/28/65, A10) 
444l ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

1955 from the Institute of Aerospace Sciences “for contributions and 

leadership in solving problems in the design of supersonic airplanes 

and missiles, especially thermal problems at hypersonic speeds.” 

John F. Parsons, Associate Director of Ames, would remain in this 

post. (NASA Release 65-298) 

September 20: Paul Haney, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Public Affairs 

Officer, announced at a news conference the crew selected for the Gemini VIII spaceflight: Neil A. Armstrong, a civilian, would be command 

pilot; David R. Scott (Maj., WAF) would be copilot. Backup crewmen named were Charles Conrad, Jr. (Lcdr., USN), and Richard F. 

Gordon, Jr. (Lcdr., USN) . Gemini VIII was scheduled to include practice on rendezvous and docking maneuvers and a space walk that could 

last as long as one orbit of the earth-about 95 min. (AP, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 9/21/65; AP, Balt. Sun, 9/21/65,6) 

CBS interviewed Dr. Edward Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council, on Cosmonaut Leonov’s affirmation at 

the IAF Congress in Athens that the Soviet Union would first rendezvous, dock, and assemble systems in orbit before proceeding to a lunar 

flight. “They have a lot of things they have to do before they can 

really put a so-called permanent platform up there. They have to 

rendezvous. They have to engage in docking. They haven’t had 

enough time experience yet of men in space to really say what they can 

do on a permanent platform . . .” 

US. policy decision to conduct space operations in an atmosphere of 

maximum public exposure received editorial comment from Robert 

Hotz in Aviation Week and Space Technology: “The course of space 

technology has proved the US. policy to be far more effective than 

that of the Soviets. It has projected an international aura of leadership and achievement that has permitted the whole world to share in 

US. space projects, both scientifically and emotionally. It has also 

applied a steady and increasing pressure on the Soviets to abandon 

their super-secrecy. . . . “There is little doubt that the leadership in space technology passed 

to the US. during the course of last summer. But who, outside a 

small internal bloc of techno-politicians, would have realized this 

under a blanket of supersecrecy?” 

Three basic capsule designs for the Project Voyager Mars lander vehicle 

were being studied by a special planetary missions technology steering 

committee at NASA Langley Research Center, reported Aviation Week 

und Space Technology. Low atmosphere density values for Mars determined by the MARINER IV occultation experiment would have to be 

taken into consideration before final capsule design specifications could 

be prepared. 

Move begun within USAF to offer all scientific experiments previously 

proposed for Mol to NASA was reported by Donald E. Fink in Avidtion 

Week and Space Technology. Proposal was that NASA fly these experiments in its Apollo Extension System (Aes) program. (Fink, Av. 

Wk. 9/20/65, 26) 

Hundreds of construction workers returned to their jobs, following removal of Boeing pickets from four of the five entrances at Kennedy 

Space Center, NASA, ending the eighth major construction work stop- 

(SBD, 9/20/65,88) 

(Hotz, Av. Wk., 9/20/65,21) 

(Av. Wk., 9/20/65, 28) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, I965 445 

page at KSC within 20 mo. Confinement of the striking IAM members 

to the one gate used by Boeing personnel had been ordered September 

18 by NASA and USAF. 

September 21: In advance excerpts of his book, Waging Peace, 1956-1961, 

President Dwight D. Eisenhower related his “reactions to Sputnik and 

the Gaither Report” in October and November 1957. President Eisenhower reviewed a meeting on October 8, 1957, with his principal military and scientific advisers. The late Deputy Secretary of Defense 

Donald A. Quarles reported: “There is no doubt that the Army Redstone could have orbited a satellite a year or more earlier. . . .” 

Quarles reviewed the reasons for the separation of the IGY Vanguard 

satellite from the ballistic missile programs, saying: “The Russians have 

done us a good turn, unintentionally, in establishing the concept of 

international space,” a principle confirmed by the orbiting of Sputnik 

over the air space of country after country. “Late that same morning,” 

President Eisenhower wrote, “I directed Secretary of Defense Charles 

Wilson to have the Army prepare its Redstone at once as a backup for 

the Navy Vanguard.” 

Of SPUTNIK 11, which orbited “Laika” on November 3, 1957, President Eisenhower said it did not arouse American public opinion because people “seemed to resent the sending a dog to certain death-a 

resentment that the Soviet propagandists tried to assuage a few days 

later by announcing that they had put poison in the last of Laika’s 

rations. . . . “The public, however, became bewildered and upset when word got 

out that a far from optimistic secret report had been made to me in 

the National Security Council . . . called ‘the Gaither Report. 

“This was a period of anxiety. Sputnik had revealed the psydioiogicii! w!nerabi!itj. =f CUT peop!e. The Cnmmunists were steadily 

fomenting trouble and rattling sabers; our economy was sputtering 

somewhat, and the ceaseless and usually healthy self-criticism in which 

we of the United States indulge had brought a measure of 

self-doubt. Added to this was the failure of our first satellite launching attempt [Vanguard] in the full glare of publicity and the alleged 

missile ‘gaps’ which political observers claimed they had detected ... 

“The Soviet satellites,” President Eisenhower said, “were a genuine 

technological triumph, and this was exceeded by their propaganda 

value. To uninformed persons in the world, Soviet success in one 

area led to the belief that Soviet communism was surging ahead in all 

types of activity.” (Wash. Post, 9/21/65, Al, A19) 

Computer guidance system, Mod 1, that had piloted the Nation’s first 

Atlas ICBM, was presented to the Smithsonian Institution by USAF at a 

ceremony in the Institution’s Museum of History and Technology. 

(Phil. Inq., 9/20/65, 23) 

NASA announced it would not extend the contract for supply of liquid 

hydrogen with Union Carbide Corp. Needs for liquid hydrogen on 

the West Coast would be met by continuing the contracts with Linde 

and with Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. 

American Broadcasting Co. requested permission from FCC to own and 

operate a communications satellite system linking an estimated 200 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 9/21/65, 10) 

(NASA Release 65-300) 
4d6 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

affiliated television stations. The proposed $21.5-million system would 

use a synchronous orbit satellite similar to EARLY BIRD I. 

ABC’S request challenged the right of ComSatCorp to be sole operator 

of U.S.-launched commercial communications satellites. ( ABC Release) 

September 21: Rep. William S. Moorhead (D-Pa.) spoke on the floor of 

the House on the problem of collecting and using information for 

decision-making in government and industry : “Experts say that the 

human mind has difficulty in considering more than 10 or 20 factors at 

the same time in making decisions. Yet, the unsolved problems of our 

society may require thousands or hundreds of thousands of factors or 

subfactors to be considered. Industry has learned to simulate mathematically a given environment. By varying the input assumptions or 

by varying subdecisions the decision maker can be given rational basis 

on which to make alternative decisions.” 

Statement by President Johnson at a meeting with representatives of 

larger research universities : “Creative research through free inquiry is 

the working way to new greatness in our society. It can open roads 

(CR, 9/21/65, 23755) 

to 

“-man’s mastery of his environment, 

-sufficient food, water, and energy to sustain the massed population 66 

that is making ours a crowded planet, 

“-the building of corridors linking the earth to the stars, 

“-ultimate victory over the tragedy of mental and physical afflictions, and 

“-progress in helping man live in peace with his neighbor.” (Pres. 

Doc., 9/27/65,294) 

Charles R. Able, group vice president, Missile and Space Systems, Douglas Aircraft Co., defined for the National Space Club in Washington, 

D.C., the reasons the U.S. must have an on-going space program. He 

concluded: “The most important single factor in deciding what space 

programs we will implement in the future . . . is going to be, simply, 

how well we perform in the programs now going and those just getting 

started. 

“The extent to which this Nation will be willing to commit itself to 

new ventures in space in the years ahead depends entirely on how well 

we stay on schedule and within the budget set for us. 

“The most important task we have in preparing for the future is to 

do a good job now.” 

Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., visited Ethiopian 

Emperor Haile Selassie in the royal palace in Addis Ababa, then made 

the fourth stop of their goodwill tour-after Greece, Turkey, and 

Ethiopia-the Malagasy Republic. They were received cordially. 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/21/65; UPI, Miami Her., 9/22/65) 

Technical Systems Office, Technical Staff Office, Operations Management 

Office, and Missions Operation Office had been established at MSFC “to 

centralize future projects and advanced systems operations and to 

streamline MSFC’S effort . . . with manned and unmanned launch 

vehicles.” The move abolished as entities the Saturn/Apollo Systems 

Office and Advanced Systems Concepts Office. (MSFC Release 

65-232) 

(Text, CR, 9/22/65, A5370-71) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 447 

September 21 : International Association of Machinists had accused NASA 

and USAF of using pressure to help Boeing as the IAM strike went into 

its sixth day, according to Aviation Daily. IAM said NASA and USAF 

had demanded that Boeing employees at Cape Kennedy use only one 

gate and then followed this with an order restricting IAM pickets to that 

gate. The union complied and removed picket lines at other gates. 

Hundreds of building trades workers who had been respecting the 

picket lines had returned to work. W. J. Usery, IAM representative at 

the Cape, called the Government move illegal support of Boeing and 

said that “if pressure is to be applied it should be equal pressure,” referring to the absente of Government pressure to end the strike. (Av. 

Daily, 9/21/65) 

September 22: Pilot Robert A. Rushworth (Lt. Col., USAF) flew x-15 No. 1 

to maximum altitude of 100,300 ft., at maximum speed of 3,545 mph 

(mach 5.18). (x-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

USAF launched Thor-Agena D launch vehicle with unidentified satellite 

from Western Test Range. 

NASA selected Ling-Temco-Vought for negotiation of a one-year costplus-award-fee contract to provide engineering support services at 

White Sands Missile Range. It would contain provisions for two additional one-year renewals. Estimated cost for the three year period 

was more than $5 million. 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center had awarded a $4,514,295 modification to its existing contract with Boeing Co. to provide services in 

Saturn V ground support. Tasks included analysis of ground support 

equipment, monitoring equjpment qualification testing, acceptance testing, conducting design verification, and interface and installation control documentation. ( MSFC Release 65-234) 

Cc~iet Ur?ior? had rrslred the FidZration ACronautique Internationale to 

officially confirm two spacecraft world records established by the crew 

of VOSKHOD 11 on March 18, 1965, reported Interavia Air Letter. Applications were for first extravehicular activity of a man from a spacecraft in orbit and a new altitude record of 497.7 km. (309 mi.). 

(Interaviu Air Letter, 9/22/65, 6) 

NASA had awarded a six-month, $117,175 cost-plus-fixed-fee study contract to Ball Brothers Research Corp. to define and determine engineering requirements for a solar telescope mount to be used on proposed 

Apollo applications manned missions. System would provide a capability of observing the sun with relatively large astronomical-type telescopes and in having an astronaut available to correct errors in alignment and make other adjustments. 

US. Army’s Nike-X Project Office had signed two contracts with Western Electric for FY 1966 work on the antimissile missile 

program. First, at $221,216,696, was for “continued development and 

testing.” Second, at $7,283,304, was for “production engineering and 

planning.” ( DOD Release 646-65) 

Officials at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory confirmed discovery by two Japanese astronomers of a new comet, Ikeya-Seki, named 

after its discoverers. 

September 23: Four-stage Javelin (Argo ~4.) sounding rocket with an 

‘ionosphere experiment was launched by NASA from Wallops Station, 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965,152) 

(NASA Release 65-301) 

(NASA Release 65-302) 

( UPI, Wash. Daily News, 9/22/65) 
448 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Va. The 138-lb. payload reached 495-mi. (797-km.) altitude and impacted 625 mi. downrange in the Atlantic Ocean. Primary objectives 

of the flight were to measure ion and electron densities and temperatures in the upper atmosphere. Launch was timed to coincide with a 

pass of the Canadian ALOUETTE satellite; measurements would be compared with those of the satellite and with ground-based ionosonde 

measurements. (Wallops Release 65-60) 

September 23: Soviet Union launched COSMOS XCI unmanned earth satellite, 

carrying instrumentation designed to continue the space exploration 

program begun March 16, 1962. Orbital parameters: apogee, 341 km. 

(212 mi.) ; perigee, 211 km. (131 mi.) ; period, 89.8 min.; inclination, 

65”. Apparatus was functioning normally. (Komsomolskaya Pravda, 9/24/65,1) 

NASA would negotiate a contract with the Bendix Field Engineering Corp. 

to provide operations and maintenance support for portions of the 

Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network ( STADAN) facilities over 

a two-year period from Oct. 1, 1965, through Sept. 30, 1967. Total 

cost was estimated at $25 million. 

Contrasting the “image” of US. and U.S.S.R. at Sept. 13-18 IAF Congress, William Hines said: “Whether through the Russians’ skill at 

brainwashing or our own ineptitude, we emerged . . . as the rocket 

rattlers and they as the peace lovers. . . .” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

9/23/65) 

GEMINI v Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., and Charles Conrad, Jr., 

were lost briefly over Kenya while flying a small aircraft to Keekerok 

Game Lodge to visit President Jomo Kenyatta. With Cooper at the 

controls, they landed at Keekerok only 20 min. late. (AP, Balt. Sun, 

9/24/65) 

September 24: Dan Schneiderman, Mariner project manager at JPL, had 

invented “Conrad,” a self-contained radio navigation aid for amateur 

sailors. The device would sell for less than $100 and function as an 

entertainment radio when not in use. (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

9/24/65 ) 

Water could have been present on Mars during the first 3.5 billion years 

of the planet’s history and then disappeared before its craters were 

created by meteorites, said researchers Edward Anders of the Univ. of 

Chicago and James R. Arnold of the Univ. of California at San Diego 

in a report in Science. The scientists said they believed the Martian 

craters were only 300 to 800 million years old, compared with up to 

4.5 billion years for those on the moon. They added: “. . . The 

crater density of Mars no longer precludes the possibility that liquid 

water and a denser atmosphere were present on Mars during the first 

3.5 billion years of its history.” 

Ecumenical Council delegates studied theological problems involved in 

space travel and the possibility of life on other planets. Some bishops 

believed the question should have a place in the Council document 

entitled “On the Church in the Modern World” now under debate by 

the 2,500 prelates assembled in St. Peter’s Basilica. (UPI, rash. Daily News, 9/24/65) 

Columbus Association of Genoa, Italy, announced that Astronauts Charles 

(NASA Release 65-305) 

(Science, 9/24/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 449 

Conrad, Jr., and L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., had been selected to receive the 

1965 Columbus Prize. 

September 25: A half-length 260-in.-dia. solid rocket motor generated 3.5 

million pounds thrust during a successful two-minute test firing at 

Aerojet General’s Dade County, Fla., facilities. Firing tested strength 

of the maraging steel motor case, structural integrity of the cast propellant, the insulation, and the ablative nozzle; it demonstrated that 

massive quantities of solid fuel could be controlled under firing 

conditions. Test was part of the national large solid motor technology 

program initiated by USAF in 1963 and transferred to NASA in 

1965. (NASA Release 65-295,65-311; LRC Release 65-65) 

NASA launched a second Aerobee 150A sounding rocket from Wallops 

Station containing French-built radio propagation experiments designed for later flight on France’s FR-l satellite. The 197-lb. payload 

reached peak altitude of 120 mi. (192 km.) during the eight-minute 

flight. First launch had carried an identical payload Sept. 17. (Wallops Release 65-61) 

Super Guppy, a five-story-high aircraft designed to carry large rocket 

sections, made a safe emergency landing at Edwards AFB after part of 

its aluminum skin peeled off during a high-speed dive. No one was 

injured. Aircraft was undergoing flight tests for certification by 

FAA. (AP, Wash. Post, 9/26/65) 

Launch of Gemini VI from Eastern Test Range on a two-day mission no later than Oct. 25 was announced by NASA. It would be 

man’s first attempt to rendezvous and dock with an orbiting 

spacecraft. Pilots for Gemini VI were Astronauts Walter M. Schirra 

(Capt., USN) and Thomas P. Stafford (Maj., USAF). Backup pilots 

were Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom (Maj., WAF) and John W. Young 

(Cdr., USN). His first 

was Oct. 3, 1962, a six-orbit flight in Mercury spacecraft SIGMA 

VI (NASA Release 65-307) 

Dr. Donald Young and Dr. Ralph Pelligra of NASA Ames Research 

Center had been studying “the use of high caloric diets for prolonged 

space flights on the theory that it may be possible for astronauts to use 

their own fatty deposits as a source of energy.” It might be possible 

that future astronauts would prepare for spaceflight by eating “certain 

types of fats that would build up in their bodies,” thus providing them 

with “storage depots of their own fat” that could serve “as a backup if 

food supplies were limited.” ( UPI, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9/26/65) 

Apollo Extension Systems (Aes) schedule was summarized by James J. 

Haggerty, Jr., in the Journal of the Armed Forces: “NASA has worked 

up a tentative Aes schedule. It calls, first, for perhaps three or four 

14-day earth-orbital missions, using a basic Apollo spacecraft only 

slightly modified, starting in 1968. This phase would be followed by 

extended earth-orbital (45-day) missions at the rate of five or six a 

year in 1970-71 and 14-day lunar exploration missions at the rate of 

one or two a year in 1970-71.” (Haggerty, .//Armed Forces, 9/25,/65, 

23 1 

September 26: NASA ceased operation of RELAY 11 communications satellite 

after a final demonstration broadcast during which Sen. B. Everett 

Jordon (D-N.C.) spoke via the satellite from Exposition Hall in Atlan- 

(AP, Wash. Post, 9/25/65) 

This would be Schirra’s second space flight. 
450 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

tic City in opening the week-long International Exposition of the 

American Textile Machinery Assn. there. After the demonstration, 

the Mojave Desert Ground Station, the only one in the world equipped 

to communicate with RELAY 11, was closed to begin modifications for 

use in the Ats (Applications Technology Satellite) program. Since its 

launch Jan. 21, 1964, RELAY 11 had performed experiments demonstrating the feasibility of a worldwide system of communications by 

spacecraft and the technology for such a system. (NASA Release 

65-306) 

September 26: Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter and nine fellow aquanauts rose 

205 ft. from Sealab 11 in a pressurized personnel transfer capsule. They 

would decompress on the support ship Berkone for about 30 hrs. before being exposed to atmospheric pressure. Carpenter had completed 

a record 29 days and 14 hrs. in the ocean-bottom laboratory; his 

associates had been below 15 days as had another team before 

them. A third team of ten men would complete the Navy’s 45-day 

experiment in underwater living and working. President Johnson 

phoned congratulations to Carpenter. 

September 27: Six rhesus monkeys exposed to a total radiation of 500 rads 

during a 10-day simulated space flight experienced no performance 

decrement, reported Heather M. Davis in Missiles and Rockets. Radiation was administered at rate of 2 rads per hour from an 80-curie 

gamma radiation source at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Thirty-day physical examinations just conducted showed the animals were still in good health. 

US. Army’s Nixe-X Project Office at Redstone Arsenal announced appointment of Dr. Oswald H. Lange as Chief Scientist and Charles E. 

Richardson as Chief Engineer. Lange was returning to the Army after 

more than five years with NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, where 

he directed the Saturn vehicle project and for the past two years was 

assistant MSFC director for scientific and technical analysis. Richardson was formerly chief of the Nike-X Project’s Test and Range Operations Div. (Marshall Star, 9/29/65, 1) 

GSFC was pushing Aerobee 350 sounding rocket toward operational status 

to get second- and third-generation upper altitude data, wrote William 

S. Beller in Missiles and Rockets: “With much of the first-generation 

work already performed in the altitudes from about 50 mi. to 100 mi., 

a more sophisticated rocket is needed. . . . “The Aerobee 350 shows more than twice the performance of the 

150: for heavy payloads, the factor tends toward 2.5, showing the most 

significant advantage ; for lighter payloads, the factor approaches 2.0. 

“The Aerobee 350 launched from Wallops Island will carry a payload of 150 lbs. to 290 mi. altitude; or 500 lbs. to 210 mi. If the 

launching takes place at White Sands, N.M., which is at 4,000 ft., the 

rocket will put out 15-20 mi. more altitude performance for the same 

payload weight. An Aerobee 350 launch tower is to be built at White 

Sands.” (Beller, M&R, 9/27/65, 26) 

Philco Corp. had been awarded a $3 million increment to a contract with 

USAF for work on a satellite tracking network. 

S-IC-1, first stage of the Saturn V booster, rolled out of the Manufacturing Engineering Lab at MSFC exactly on schedule. The stage was 

( Wash. Post, 9/27/65) 

(David, M&R, 9/27/65, 38) 

(DOD Release 651-65) 
Septern John 3. McKay, pilot of 1 fron . 3. 
452 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

live forever-any length of time they wish-beneath the surface of the 

ocean.” He told a news conference of the beauty, pain, and hard 

manual labor and added: “The ocean is a much more hostile environment than space. I worked much harder in Sealab 2 than in the 

Mercury capsule. More energy is required just to stay warm, because 

of the 50-degree cold. I think men 

can live as long in underwater habitats as they can in dewline stations 

or any place else where they are isolated.” 

September 28: Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr., (Lcdr., USN) discussed the 

GEMINI v spaceflight with the Oba (King) of Benin in his palace in 

Nigeria. In his luncheon speech, the Oba said: “In this age, astronauts are physically making visits to some sphere in the universe our 

ancient people thought was possible to visit only in spirit form. . . . Such journeys may prove or disprove such theories that the space is 

limitless, according to scientists, or that over and above the outer space 

there is a canopy, according to the saying of our ancient people.” 

(Louchheim, Wash. Post, 9/29/65, Al) 

U.S. Army had awarded a contract for $21,580,464 to Western Electric 

Co. for development of an advanced version of the Zeus antimissile 

missile. The long-range Zeus was one of the two interceptor missiles 

in the Nike-X system; it would employ two solid propellant motors 

and carry a nuclear warhead. 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory announced the discovery in England of a new comet. Discovered Sept. 26 by astronomer G. E. D. 

Alcock (and named after him), the 10th-magnitude comet appeared as 

part of the constellation Hercules. 

Gen. Bernard A. Schriever outlined examples of the current USAF effort 

to upgrade its data management activities in both Government and 

industry: (1) new manuals would be forthcoming on contract definition, systems engineering, and cost estimating; (2) the USAF Seed 

(Supply of Essential Engineering Data) concept was being considered 

for application to new types of data besides engineering items; and 

(3) a cadre of Data Management Officers and supporting personnel 

would work with their counterparts in industry to iron out data 

problems. General Schriever delivered the keynote address to the Air 

Force/Industry Data Management Symposium in Los Angeles. (Text) 

Dr. Donald Hornig, President Johnson’s science adviser, told the Associated Press in Washington, D.C., that the Government planned to 

proceed with Project Mohole despite mounting costs. The project 

called for sinking a metal drill six miles through Pacific Ocean and 

floor about 100 mi. northeast of Maui in the Hawaiian 

Islands. (Wash. Post, 9/28/65, A5) 

Former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., and his wife left for Europe on a 

goodwill tour ordered by President Johnson. Cities on the schedule 

included London, Berlin, Bremen, Hamburg, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, 

Genoa, Rome, Naples, Florence or Venice, Madrid, and Lisbon. 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 9/29/65) 

September 29: ALOUETTE I, Canadian scientific satellite launched by NASA 

on September 29, 1962, had completed its third year in space and was 

still operating normally. Satellite was using the swept-frequency topside sounding technique to gather information about ionospheric elecBut the real key is the isolation. 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 9/29/65) 

(DOD Release 653-65) 

(AP, Wush. Post, 9/28/65, Al) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 453 

tron density and distribution during the four-to-six hours daily it was 

activated by command from the ground. 

September 29: Bureau of Naval Weapons announced it had placed two more 

navigation satellites in orbit. The two 135-lb. spacecraft, launched 

June 24 and Aug 13, were intended “to augment the now operational 

all-weather satellite navigation system and to allow for more frequent 

position fixes by ships at sea.” 

XB-7oA research aircraft No. 2 made its sixth flight, reaching a speed of 

mach 2.23 (about 1,460 mph) and altitude of 54,000 ft. During the 

one-hour-and &minute flight (32 min. of which were at supersonic 

speeds), several studies were conducted : runway noise-levels were 

studied, sonic-boom tests conducted, experiments related to supersonic 

transport program made, and aircraft’s air-inlet control system was 

operated. Pilots were A1 White, chief test pilot, and Van Shepard, 

co-pilot. 

Thiokol Chemical Corp. would receive from USAF a $1,562,000 

cost-plus-fixed-fee contract for work on a solid-fuel rocket program. 

(DOD Release 659-65) 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had awarded Baxter Construction Co. a 

$1,224,271 firm fixed-price contract for construction of the Atmospheric Reentry Materials and Structures Evaluation Facility at MSC. (DOD 

Release 659-65) 

A rocket-driven sled that would reach a speed of about 2,300 mph was 

being built for USN, Thomas Henry reported in the Washington Evening Star. Designed to carry a simulated nose cone, the sled would run 

into a high-energy blast about halfway along its course. Measurements of the shockwaves would help determine hardening required to 

protect a missile nose cone. 

Aviatrix Jerrie Mock broke the speed record for sin&-eiigiiie aiiziaf: 

over a 500-km. (304mi.) course. She established an average speed of 

203.858 mph on her flight, which lasted one hour, 31 min., and 27 

sec. Former world record of 178 mph was set in 1956 by Czech pilot 

Lubos Stastny. ( UPI, rash. Post, 9/30/65, D6) 

Tribute to Secretary of the Air Force Eugene M. Zuckert by Sen. Howard 

W. Cannon (D-Nev.) was read on the floor of the Senate: “It is no 

surprise that Eugene Zuckert served in the office of the Secretary for 

longer than any other man. His leadership spans nearly 20 years, 

dating almost from the time that the Air Force became an independent 

service while Mr. Zuckert served as special assistant to the Assistant 

Secretary of War for Air. He served for a time on the Atomic Energy 

Commission and brought a high degree of competence and ability to 

this important operation. 

“After more than 41/2 years as Secretary, Eugene Zuckert has established an enviable record, and I suggest that his devotion to the service 

and his unique skills will make his absence from Government of very 

short duration. No man who has done what he has for the Air Force 

in the critical years when that service entered the space age can be 

forgotten or easily replaced.” 

H. Z. Hopkins, Jr., chief of North American Aviation, Inc., flight test 

operations at Edwards AFB, Calif., was named president of the Society 

(NASA Release 65-312) 

(AP, Balt. Sun. 9/29/65) 

(NAA S&ID Skywriter, 10/1/65, 1) 

(Henry, Wash. Eve. Star, 9/29/65,30) 

(CR, 9/29/65,24571) 
454 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP) . Also honored by SETP during its 

annual meeting in Los Angeles was A1 White, NAA’S chief test pilot, 

who was recipient of the Ivan C. Kincheloe Award. White was cited 

for his role in development and testing of XE70A research aircraft. 

(NAA Release NL-19; NAA S&ID Skywriter, 10/1/65,2) 

September 30: X-15 No. 1 was flown by Capt. William J. Knight (USAF) 

to an altitude of 76,000 ft., at a speed of 2,761 mph (mach 4.06). 

(NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

USAF launched Atlas-Agena D launch vehicle from Western Test Range 

with unidentified satellite payload. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 

152) 

President Johnson signed into law the High-speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 (PL 89-220) in White House ceremony. He said: 

‘b. . . In recent decades, we have achieved technological miracles in 

our transportation. But there is one great exception. 

“We have airplanes which fly three times faster than sound. We 

have television cameras that are orbiting Mars. But we have the same 

tired and inadequate mass transportation between our towns and cities 

that we had 30 years ago. 

“Today . . . an astronaut can orbit the earth faster than a man on 

the ground can get from New York to Washington. Yet, the same 

science and technology which gave us our airplanes and our space 

probes, I believe, could also give us better and faster and more economical transportation on the ground. And a lot of us need it more 

on the ground than we need it orbiting the earth. . . . “The High-speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 really gives 

us, for the first time in history, a coordinated program for improving 

the transportation system that we have today, and making it a better 

servant to our people. . . .” 

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed USAF to proceed 

immediately to develop and produce the C-5A transport plane. Gross 

weight of aircraft would be nearly 350 tons-twice that of present 

largest military cargo plane. It would be able to carry loads of a 

quarter million pounds 3,200 mi., and loads of 100,000 lbs. nonstop 

across the Pacific Ocean. It would be more than 230 ft. long, 63 ft. 

high at the tail, have a 220-ft. wing span, and be able to land on 

unprepared airfields of 4,000 ft. Development cost and initial production order for 58 planes, including engines, would be about $2 

billion. Aircraft would be bought under new contracting concept 

under which both the airframe and engine manufacturers would receive contracts covering not only development but also production. 

USAF had selected Lockheed Aircraft Corp. to develop and produce the 

C-SA. Four new fan-jet engines for the aircraft, each capable of 

40,000 lbs, thrust, were being developed and would be produced by 

General Electric Co. (DOD Release 663-65) 

General Dynamics/Convair was being awarded a $2,198,000 firm fixedprice contract by U.S. Army for designing, furnishing, and installing 

an operational TV system for Launch Complex 39 at Kennedy Space 

Center, NASA. (DOD Release 664-65) 

(Text, Pres. Doc., 10/4/65,329-30) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 455 

September 30: ComSatCorp asked FCC for authority to buiid four new satellites to provide communication services for the Apollo project as well 

as for other commercial uses. 

Highlights of report by Civil Service Commission Chairman John W. 

Macy, Jr., to President Johnson on Government savings during FY 

1965 resulting from employee suggestions showed that one of the top 

suggestion awards went to NASA personnel. The $1,400. award to 

MSFC aerospace technologists Emmett L. Martz, John L. Burch, and 

William L. Kimmons was for their design which reduced by $133,438 

the cost of certain bearings in Saturn launch vehicle’s guidance 

system. NASA was among the five nondefense Government agencies 

that exceeded the million-dollar mark in savings from adopted 

suggestions. (Pres. Doc., 10/4/65,335) 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology Alfred Eggers, speaking to the Aviation Space Writers Association in Washington, D.C., said one of the basic programs now underway in OART was to establish a mission capability flexible enough to 

satisfy most mission requirements for the balance of the century. Describing the capability as a “platform” that could support whatever 

mission the Nation wanted, he cited the present indecision over the 

mission that should be undertaken after the lunar landing. Given the 

dihculty of obtaining a consensus from the American public and government in the matter, the only useful aiternative was to develop such 

a platform. He said the present OART program would enable this 

country to go to Mars, Venus, the asteroids, or the moons of Jupiter 

before the end of the 20th century. 

Jet airline pilots would no longer be required to wear oxygen masks 

when flying above 35,000 ft. according to a FAA rule effective as of this 

date. Under the new rule, the requirement for one pilot at the controls to use oxygen would apply now only above 41,000 ft., where the 

time element would be much more critical in case of sudden decompression. ( FAA Release 65-84) 

Durinq September: First useful photograph of the nightglow was recorded 

aboard a NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from White 

Sands Missile Range. Rocket was at 173-km. (106.8-mi.) altitude; 

distance from the earth‘s horizon to the center of the nightglow was 90 

km. (55.9 mi.). Tri-X film was used. (M&R, 9/27/65,15) 

M of the 107 pages of “Opportunities for Participation in Space Flight 

Investigations”-NAsA’s semi-annual publication inviting scientists to 

propose spaceflight experiments-were devoted to Apollo manned missions, some of which were under study. Detailed descriptions and 

timetables covering a wide range of NASA flight projects, manned and 

unmanned, were provided in the publication. Flight dates generally 

covered the period from 1966 through 1972. Proposals would be reviewed and evaluated for scientific merit and technological feasibility, 

the competence and experience of the investigator, assurance of institutional support, and the scientific adequacy of proposed apparatus. 

(NASA Release 65-284) 

A “caloric water and protein balance study” was in progress at WrightPatterson AFB, Ohio, under guidance of NASA Manned Spacecraft Center’s Dr. Paul LaChance, to verify hardware and procedures for waste 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

(Text) 
456 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

management proposed for the 14-day Gemini VII mission in late December. According to Missiles and Rockets, four volunteers would be sustained on a controlled diet of bite-sized rehydratable food over a sixweek period. Midway through the study, they would enter an altitude 

chamber for two weeks. This would be followed by two weeks of 

“post-flight” checks. Careful measurement of calcium intake and loss 

through body fluids-one of the Gemini VII medical experimentswould be made on each subject. 

During September: A light metal sphere found in a remote part of Australia 

was described in a paper by Peter M. Twiss in Journal of Spacecraft 

and Rockets. The paper analyzed the likely reentry history of the 

sphere during decay from circular orbit, and concluded the sphere 

came from a U.S. spacecraft in orbit. (Twiss, .//Spacecraft & Rockets, 

9/10/65, 660-663) 

WAF had developed and proved a new method enabling recovery and 

consequent reuse of expensive research balloons. Developed by James 

Payne of AFCRL, the recovery system employed two parachutes in tandem-the lower one to return the scientific payload and the upper one 

to return the balloon. Following controlled deflation of the balloon, 

the upper parachute-with an opening in its center through which the 

neck of the balloon would be fitted-would ride up the balloon’s neck 

as it was deflated. The center hole would have a nylon sleeve attached 

to it. The sleeve would envelop the balloon material as it would 

deflate and literally wrap it in a protective nylon package for its return 

to earth and later reuse. 

Paris newspaper Le Monde reported that first launch of a satellite by the 

Diamant booster might come at the end of November, before the December 5 presidential election, and might include an attempt to put the 

A-1 satellite-an 80-lb. experimental spacecraft with an orbital life of 

several weeks-in orbit. In case of an A-1 failure, Le Monde added, 

a second launch might take place before Dec. 5. Mid-January was 

quoted as the deadline for orbiting the ~1 satellite, and D-1~ might 

be launched at an earlier date. (Av. Wk., 9/20/65, 29; M&R, 

9/27/65,9) 

According to a report in a West German publication, Luftfahrttechnik 

Raumfahrttechnik, Soviet communications satellite MOLNIYA I transmitted color television programs for nine hours in May 1965. 

Quality of the transmissions was good. (Luftfahrttechnik Raumfahrttechnik, 9/65, 237) 

Evaluating the controversy on manned versus unmanned exploration of 

space, Robert Colburn said in International Science and Technology: 

“I see no meaningful issue between (unmanned) space science and 

(manned) space exploration. The real question is what sort of space 

science contributes best to the success of space exploration. More concretely, the question is not whether to investigate the moon with an 

unmanned Surveyor shot or a manned Apollo; it’s whether an extra 

Surveyor mission now would significantly reduce the cost or danger of 

the eventual Apollo mission and, if not, whether it may be wasteful to 

send a Surveyor now when the same information can be had more easily 

later, once there is a man on the moon to help.” Rep. Olin Teague 

(D-Tex.) , member of the House Committee on Science and Astronau- 

(M&R, 9/27/65, 9) 

(AOAR Release 9-65-1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 457 

tics, inserted Colburn’s editorial in the Congressiond Record. (CR, 

9/14/65) 

During September: NASA’s Technology Utilization Div. published a 66-page 

illustrated book outlining potential uses of space telemetry techniques 

in the biological and medical fields. 

US. Army Engineer Geodesy, Intelligence and Mapping Research and 

Development Agency (CIMRADA) awarded $557,000 contract to Cubic 

Corp. for four additional Secor (Sequential Collation of Range) satellites for use in gathering information on the exact location of land 

bodies. Although similar to the Secor satellites presently in orbit, the 

four new satellites would have a transponder capable of operating at 

higher altitudes. Delivery of the first of the four was scheduled for 

next February. ( GIMRADA Release) 

Commenting on “race” between the US. and the U.S.S.R. to be first on 

the moon, Soviet Cosmonaut Pave1 Belyayev said: “I simply don’t 

understand such appeals. As far as I know, we have no intention of 

competing in this area.” Lt. Gen. Nikolai Kamanin said: “In a space 

research program, haste is out of place. Each space flight, especially 

with a cosmonaut aboard, must be the product of a sustained effort 

that may take months. Improvisation is impermissable in space research; we don’t believe in crash programming.” Cosmonaut Aleksey 

Lenov said: “I also think that all this talk of getting to the moon first 

is nonsense. What we must do is work toward that goal calmly and 

thoroughly and without any rush. I think that those who work that 

way will be first on the moon.” 

North American Aviation, Inc., transportation study which warned that 

within 50 yrs. the demand in California for transportation of people 

and commodities might increase 500% and 700% respectively, received comment from California Governor Edmund (Pat) Brown: 

“North American Aviation’s report on transportation makes the 

answer unanimous: systems engineering is not only a sound approach 

to social problems, it may well be the only approach. “. . . The idea of transferring talented systems engineers from the 

field of space hardware to the broader field of human need is, in itself, 

a breakthrough of significant proportion. The talent has been there 

for some time. It just took us awhile to see its tremendous proportion. . . .” (NAA MID Skywriter, 10/1/65, 1, 2) 

Dr. Robert G. Loewy, Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace 

Sciences, Univ. of Rochester, was named Chief Scientist of 

USAF. (Av. Wk., 10/11/65) 

(NASA Release 65-309) 

(Soviet Life, 9/65, 28-29) 
October 1965 

October I I NASA’s MARINER IV Mars probe stopped transmitting continuous data reports when a JPL command switched its transmitter from 

a high-gain directional antenna to a low-gain all-direction antenna to 

permit periodic tracking by NASA’s Deep Space Network as spacecraft 

orbited the sun. MARINER IV, 19,359,086 mi. from Mars, traveling 

90,499 mph relative to earth, had completed a total of 418,749,386 mi. 

in its solar orbit. Although it had achieved its mission objectives, 

additional scientific and engineering data might be obtained if the 

spacecraft were still operating in 1967 when the earth-spacecraft distance would narrow to about 30 million mi. (NASA Release 65-316; 

NASA Proj. Off.) 

NASA consolidated its unmanned launch activities at both the Eastern and 

Western Test Ranges under Kennedy Space Center, NASA. At Cape 

Kennedy, the Launch Operations Div., GSFC, would become an integral 

element of KSC; at Western Test Range, Goddard personnel permanently assigned there and NASA Pacific ,Launch Operations Office which 

logistically supported them would also be placed under KSC. Robert 

Gray would be Assistant Director for Unmanned Launch Operations. Checkout and launch of all NASA launch vehicles, except 

the solid propellant Scout rockets developed and launched by iaRC at 

Wallops Station and Western Test Range, would be supervised by 

KSC. (NASA Release 65-313) 

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara administered the oath of 

office to four new defense officials in a Pentagon ceremony: Dr. Harold 

Brown, Secretary of the Air Force; Dr. John S. Foster, Jr., Director of 

Defense Research and Engineering; Norman S. Paul, Undersecretary 

of the Air Force; and Thomas D. Morris, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower. (DOD Release 666-65) 

First complete test model of the S-11 stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle left North American Aviation’s Space and Information Systems 

Div., Seal Beach, aboard the U.S.S. Point Barrow for NASA Marshall 

Space Flight Center. The 4,000-mi. trip via the Panama Canal would 

take about two weeks. ( MSFC Release 65-246) 

October 1-2: Contributions of NASA’s space program to the future of the 

Nation were outlined by NASA Deputy Administrator Dr. Hugh L. Dryden at the Governor’s Conference on Oceanography and Astronautics 

in Hawaii: 

“We are building toward pre-eminence in every phase of space activity. . . . “We are building a network of large-scale engineering facilities, 

spaceyards, proving grounds, and spaceports to assemble, test, and 

launch the space vehicles we need now and in the future. 

458 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 459 

“We are creating new national resourcelof lasting value in these 

facilities; in the industrial and managerial capabilities we are developing; and in the growing number of scientists and engineers who are 

learning about space and space technology. 

“We are filling the pipelines of hardware and knowledge, and, as 

measured by the financial resources required, we’re about halfway toward our first manned lunar mission in mid-1965. 

“We are accumulating, in space, the basic scientific knowledge about 

the earth, the solar system, the universe, and about man himself. 

“We are bringing benefits not only to the United States but to all 

the world through the use of space and space technology. . . . “We are providing a much-needed stimulus to the energies and creativity of people everywhere. . . . “We are bringing about increased economic activity. , . . “And we are making certain . . . that the realm of space now opening up to us shall be a domain of freedom. 

“It is for these reasons that we have mounted the greatest peacetime 

undertaking in the history of mankind. . . .” 

“The Military Implications of Space” were discussed for the Governor’s Conference by Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander: 

“Our military efforts in space can be placed into three broad categories: first, the development of space systems to support military missions on earth; second, the development of defensive measures against 

possible enemy actions in space; and third, the conduct of experimentation and of programs aimed at pushing technology forward. . . .” 

Schriever noted two examples of unmanned satellite systems: (1) 

the Nuclear Detection Program consisting of six Vela satellites gathering information on radiation backgrounds in far space and defining an 

operational nuclear detection system; and (2) communications satel- 

!ita. He reven!ed that ~n i~itiz! I(%D system to satisfy military communications’ requirements had been authorized by DOD for launch early next year and would include up to 23 satellites orbiting earth at 

random spacing at about 21,000-mi. altitude. The satellites would be 

launched in clusters of eight from three Titan IIIC boosters and then 

would be positioned along an orbital path. An advanced system was 

also planned in which expected life of each satellite would be increased 

from one and a half years to between three and five years. 

In the advancement of space technology he listed several major programs : manned orbiting laboratory, space cabin experiments, development of cryogenic rocket engines, development of the scramjet, development of a spacecraft capable of maneuvering during reentry, and the 

Spacecraft Technology and Advanced Reentry Program (Start). 

(Text) 

October 2: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center shipped the instrument unit 

for the first Saturn IB launch vehicle to Kennedy Space Center, NASA 

aboard the barge Palaemon. First Saturn IB was scheduled for 

launch from KSC early next year. 

USN recommissioned two rocket launching ships, the Curronude and the 

White River, and assigned them to the Pacific Fleet to support amphibious landings. On Sept. 18 the rocket launching ships Clarion River 

and St. Francis River had been recommissioned. (DOD Release 652- 

(Text) 

( MSFC Release) 

65 1 
460 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

October 2: Soviet Cosmonhs Pave1 Belyayev and Aleksey Leonov arrived in 

East Berlin to begin a ten-day visit to East Germany. (Reuters, Wash. 

Post, 10/3/65, A31) 

October 3: Former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr. (Col., USMC, Ret.), in 

Western Europe on a three-week goodwill tour at the request of President Johnson, saw the Berlin wall during a helicopter sightseeing 

trip. (Reuters, Chic. Trib., 10/4/65) 

The extent of the economic impact of the space program on a sevencounty Central Florida area around Cape Kennedy was disclosed in a 

report by the Univ. of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business 

Research. Total personal incomes in the seven counties had increased 

from $372,779,000 in 1950 to $572,375,000 in 1954, then more than 

tripled to $1,738,566,000 in 1963. (Houston Post, 10/6/65; KSC Historian) 

October 4: LUNA VII 3,313413. instrumented moon probe was successfully 

launched by U.S.S.R. Tass said the last stage of the multistage 

launching rocket was put into parking orbit and then LUNA VII was 

fired on a trajectory toward the moon. All onboard equipment was 

said to be functioning normally. Launching occurred on the eighth 

anniversary of the orbiting by the Soviet Union of the first earth 

satellite, SPUTNIK I. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 10/4/65, 1; AP, Wash. 

Post, 10/5/65, All; Nordlinger, Balt. Sun, 10/5/65, 5) 

Dr. Mac C. Adams was sworn in at NASA Hq. as Associate Administrator 

for Advanced Research and Technology by Dr. Robert C. Seamans, 

Jr., NASA Associate Administrator. Dr. Adams came to NASA from 

Avco Corp., Wilmington, Mass., where he was vice president and 

assistant general manager for space systems. In 1949-51 he was an 

aeronautical research engineer with NASA Langley Research Center 

(then NACA Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory). (NASA Release 65-317; NASA Ann.) 

Dr. George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space 

Flight, discussed the national space program in address before the 

Hartford Rotary Club, Hartford, Conn. Looking toward the future, 

he said: 

“The Gemini and Apollo-Saturn programs are providing this 

country with a broad base of technological, managerial, and resources 

capability which makes feasible a wide spectrum of space missions 

beyond the first lunar landings. This capability can be exploited in a 

wide range of earth orbital, lunar orbital, and lunar surface missions. . . . “Over 90 percent of the Apollo program is directly applicable to our 

earth orbital capability. Many interesting ideas are under consideration on how to use this extended earth orbit capability to yield great 

benefits to mankind in his daily life on earth, and to conduct much 

significant scientific research. 

“We are also studying the use of modified Apollo vehicles for missions both in orbit about the moon and for exploration of the moon’s 

surface. In lunar orbit, we can do mapping, surveying, and exploration of the moon. On the moon, we can conduct detailed exploration 

of the surface environment and the moon’s overall properties. We are 

also looking at the moon as a base for astronomical and for biological 

studies. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 461 

“All of these applications will capitalize on the presence of men in 

space. There is no substitute for having man’s abilities available 

right on the spot during a mission, with his human intellect to cope 

with the unexpected and operate in an unplanned or unprogramed 

manner. . . .” (Text, CR, 4/7/65, A5656-58) 

October 4: NASA was negotiating estimated 9b25-million follow-on contract 

with Bendix Field Engineering Corp. for operations and maintenance 

support of the Space Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN), 

reported Missiles and Rockets. 

Dr. Willard Libby, UCLA, recommended development of a nuclear spaceship in his address before the Aerospace Instrumentation Symposium 

in Los Angeles: “The only possible way of reaching into the deep 

reaches of space is by accelerating to incredible speeds, speeds that go 

far beyond those which we have obtained so far in the space program, 

and it is completely clear that the only way of reaching these speeds is 

by using atomic energy.” Libby specifically recommended consideration of a reactor complex capable of supplying 10,000 megawatts of 

power to an engine with a designed thrust of 15,000-20,000 lbs. Such 

a spaceship would cost billions of dollars and be a decade in the 

building, but “with it we could expect literally to explore the Solar 

System,” Libby said. He noted that Project Orion-the use of atomic 

explosions to propel massive space platforms-might be useful for delivering freight tc the moon, hut the shock of the explosions would 

pose difficulties for manned spaceflight. He was pleased with the success of the Rover-Phoebus thermally-heated atomic engines and felt 

they might be used to propel ships and run a ferry service to a moon 

base. (Text) 

In a press conference, Dr. Libby urged a program to put more 

science into space exploration because “the dominant factor so far in 

the manned space program has Seen :hc drive $0 establish good engineering technology.” He suggested: (1) NASA establish a six-man 

scientific task force to live and work for a year with training astronauts ; (2) close cooperation between scientific research at outstanding 

universities, engineering efforts at aerospace industries, and NASA facilities; and (3) a mutually-happy “marriage” between space and education to attract and inspire students. 

JPL Director Dr. William H. Pickering told the Symposium that 

adaptive instrumentation was an important requirement for future unmanned interplanetary missions. In view of the increasing number of 

instruments on interplanetary spacecraft, more effort should be concentrated on the onboard data handling and command system, he 

suggested. This might transmit data only when meaningful changes 

were recorded by sensors. Also, the data system should monitor the 

performance of instruments and take corrective action should a failure 

occur. (Pay, M&R, 10/11/65,36) 

FREEDOM 7 Mercury spacecraft, flown by Astronaut Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (Cdr., USN), on May 5, 1961, was put on exhibit at the 

Science Museum in London. (Reuters, Boston Globe, 9/17/65) 

October 5: Aerospace Research Satellite was placed in orbit as a pick-aback satellite on USAF Atlas D missile test from Western Test Range, 

the satellite entering the first highly retrograde orbit. Orbital data: 

(M&R, 10/4/65, 10) 

(M&R, 10/11/65,23) 
462 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

apogee, 2,141 mi. (3,447 km.) ; perigee, 255 mi. (410.6 km.) ; period, 

125.7 min. ; inclination, 1M.3”. Carrying onboard instruments to 

map and monitor energetic particles, mass spectrometers, detectors imbedded in radiation shield, and instruments measuring dose rates in 

tissue-equivalent medium, the satellite successfully returned 

data. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 152; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

10/6/65) 

October 5: USAF launched Thor-Agena D launch vehicle from Western Test 

Range with unidentified satellite. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 

152) 

At NASA Hq. Annual Honors Ceremony, Dr. T. Keith Glennan, first 

NASA Administrator, said: “Mine was the relatively easy task of 

putting together an organization. Yours has been the much more 

difficult task of making good the promises we held out, at times so 

naively, to the Congress and the people of this Nation and the 

world. But handling these heavy responsibilities cannot be the duty 

of just one man, or a small group of men at the top. 

“This Agency’s success attests to the skill with which NASA employees have been and are carrying out their jobs. . . . To all of you 

and to the thousands of NASA people working at their tasks at whatever 

location throughout this nation and the world, I am proud to saywell done! And I am confident that the hard won leadership position 

you have attained will be maintained throughout the years 

ahead.” (Text) 

NASA Administrator Webb presented Exceptional Scientific Achievement Awards to H. Julian Allen, Ames Research Center; Leslie H. 

Meredith and William Nordberg, GSFC; Dan Schneiderman and Eberhardt Rechtin, JPL. Smith J. DeFrance, Ames Research Center, and 

Bruce T. Lundin, LRC, received Outstanding Leadership Medals. Associate Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., presented Exceptional Service Medals to John R. Cassani, JPL; Seymour C. Himmel, LRC; 

and William Lilly, Hq. He presented Group Achievement Awards to 

the Agena Project, LRC; Florida Operations Team, KSC; Launch Support Equipment Engineering Div., KSC; and Scout Project Office, LARC. 

Seventeen thirty-year service awards were presented by Earl D. Hilburn, Deputy Associate Administrator. 

Tass reported that Crimean Astrophysical Observatory of the Soviet 

Academy of Sciences had photographed LUNA VII moon probe with 

2.6-meter telescope, largest in U.S.S.R. and Europe. Photographic 

method used made it possible to obtain an image of the object in 

motion in the form of a chain of three dots. This made it easier to 

distinguish the object from weak stars. Photographs would help to 

determine LUNA VII’S orbit with greater precision. 

ComSatCorp invited 20 construction companies to bid on site preparation for the Brewster Flat, Wash., earth station. Expected to cost 

approximately $6 million, the station would be a US. link in a worldwide commercial communications satellite system. (ComSatCorp Release) 

Machinist union members at Boeing Co. installations throughout the 

country voted to accept a new contract and end their 19-day-old strike 

against Boeing Co., announced Charles F. West, the union’s general 

vice president. Under the contract, IAM would be free to strike again 

(NASA Release 65-315) 

(Tass, 10/5/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 463 

after six months if agreement were not reached on performance analysis-system by which the company graded employees for promotion, 

demotion, or discharge. (AP, Phil. Eve. Bull., 10/5/65; Wash. Post, 

10/5/65) 

October 5: USAF officials closely associated with the manned orbital laboratory (Mol) program denied a published report that the Central Intelligence Agency had requested control of the program, reported Missile 

Space Daily. They said the report that a USAF-CIA disagreement over 

control of Mol had delayed President Johnson’s August 25 announcement of the program was “without foundation.” (M/S Daily, 

10/5/65) 

October 7: Soviet probe LUNA VII was proceeding on course and all onboard systems were functioning normally, Tass announced. Lunar 

landing was scheduled for October 8 at 6:08 p.m. EDT. (Tass, 

10/7/65; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 10/7/65,1) 

Wright Brothers Medal for 1964 was presented to three NASA LaRC scientists-Marion 0. McKinney, Jr., Richard E. Kuhn, and John P. Reeder 

-at the meeting of the Society of Automotive Engineers in Los 

Angeles. Cited “for meritorious contribution to aeronautic engineering,” the scientists were selected for their paper “Aerodynamics and 

Flying Qualities of Jet/Vertical Takeoff -Landing and Short Takeoff - Landing Airplanes,” presented in 1964 at the SAE-American Society of 

Mechanical Engineers meeting in New York. 

4t the kited Nations, Astronauts James A. McDivitt (L/Coi., USAFj 

and Edward H. White 11 (L/Col., USAF) presented Secretary General 

U Thant a small U.N. flag carried by White on his June 4 walk in 

space. 

FCC approved ComSatCorp’s proposal to build a ground station at Brewster Flat, Wash.-a U.S. link in their proposed worldwide communications system. The approval applied only to transmission and receiving iaciiities; other portions of the application such as ownership of 

the station and establishment of its links with San Francisco were still 

under consideration. (Wash. Eve. Star, 10/8/65, A17; WSJ, 

10/14/65) 

U.S. suspended practice firing of Little John missiles in the foothills of 

Mt. Fuji at the request of the Japanese government to avoid clashes 

with about 2,000 farmers demonstrating near the target area. The 

farmers claimed that practice firing of the Little John, capable of carrying nuclear warheads, would lead to nuclear armament of Japan and 

would involve Japan in the Vietnam war. Little John was a short 

range, Army battlefield support missile. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

10/6/65, A21; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 10/7/65, A13) 

A projection of the U.S. space program was outlined by Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National Aeronautics and 

Space Council, at the Building Products Executives Conference in 

Washington, D.C. : 

“1. After we have made initial landings on the moon, we will, if 

conditions warrant, make many other trips to explore the various parts 

of the lunar surface and possibly to establish one or more bases there. 

“2. Not only will unmanned probes be sent throughout the solar 

system, but manned expeditions will visit the planets whenever that 

becomes scientifically promising and practicable. 

( URC Release) 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 10/5/65) 
4a ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

“3. We will develop a family of useful manned earth-orbiting stations, growing from relatively small orbiting laboratories to large multi-manned permanent stations. Regular ferry service will transfer personnel and supplies to and from such spacecraft. 

“4. Global communications via satellites will become a fact in the 

very near future and, will be followed by direct broadcast of both voice 

and TV by satellite to home receivers throughout large sections of the 

world. 

“5. Orbiting spacecraft will increase annually in numbers, in size, 

and in sophistication. Through such activity we will greatly increase 

our knowledge about the earth as well as about the heavens. 

“6. We can expect a marriage of the major features of both aeronautics and astronautics . . . lifting bodies and winged spacecraft 

with maneuverable reentry ability will be launched into near and distant space by means of recoverable and re-usable launch 

vehicles. Drastic reduction in the mileage cost of space travel will 

result. 

“7. Spaceports for the coming and going of spacecraft will be built 

in a number of parts of this country as well as elsewhere. 

“8. Improved propulsion-faster, more powerful rockets using nuclear as well as chemical energy-will characterize space transportation. Planetary trips which today would take many months will be 

done in perhaps a week‘s time or less, while carrying substantial payloads of passengers. equipment, and supplies. 

9. As competence in space increases . . . we can expect to see 

greater economic progress and international cooperation. Then we 

can truly say that our space efforts have made major contributions to 

world peace. . . .” 

October 74: About 700 engineers and scientists attended the Fourth X-15 

Technical Conference at NASA Flight Research Center for a technical 

review of the NASA-USAF x-15 flight research program. Paul F. Bikle, director of FRC, and John S. McCollum, director of New Programs 

and Research Projects, USAF Aeronautical Systems Div., said future 

plans for the X-15, not yet approved, included modification to carry 

experimental hypersonic ramjet engines and study of a new delta-wing 

configuration. Such changes would provide vital information for future hypersonic aircraft design. The X-15, which had completed 

more than 150 successful flights since June 1959, had more than doubled the limits of manned flight in winged vehicles. Speed had been 

increased from about 2,000 mph to more than 4,100 mph. Built for 

altitudes up to 250,000 ft., the plane had surpassed 300,000-ft. altitudes four times and had reached a maximum of 354,200 ft. (NASA 

Release 65-318; FRC Release 20-65) 

October 8: LUNA VII moon probe probably was destroyed in impact on the 

moon because the firing of the retrorockets was “only partially successful,” speculated Sir Bernard Lovell, director of Jodrell Bank Observatory. Sir Bernard said variations in the signals heard at Jodrell Bank 

showed LUNA VII’S retrorockets were fired at 4:58 p.m. EDT for six 

minutes. He estimated that LUNA VII, traveling about 2 mps., was 

slowed down by five-eighths of a mile a second during this firing. Signals began again at 5:20 p.m. and then stopped at 6:08 p.m.-the 

And, 66 

(Text) 
ing Research Vehicle fl 
466 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

by Rep. Joseph E. Karth’s (D-Minn.) Space Science and Applications 

Subcommittee. Karth committee summarized the most serious reasons for Surveyor’s delay: l) the failure to do adequate preliminary 

work; 2) a series of major modifications; 3) inadequate staffing by 

JPL in the first three years; 4) too rapid expansion of personnel at a 

later date; 5) poor management on the part of Hughes; 6) a resistance on the part of Hughes to making management changes; 7) an 

improperly conducted testing program by Hughes; 8) management 

weaknesses in NASA; and 9) a lack of vigorous centralized control by 

NASA. 

To describe the magnitude of the Surveyor problems, the Congressional investigators highlighted a NASA press release of January 1961, 

which outlined Project Surveyor as costing about $50 million, consisting of seven spacecraft, each weighing 2,500 lbs., capable of placing 

over 200 Ibs. of scientific payload on the lunar surface, with launches 

scheduled during the 1963-66 time period. The Subcommittee then 

noted that the first launch had been delayed about two and a half 

years, payload capability had been reduced to only a TV camera on the 

first four spacecraft and only 114 lbs. on the next three operational 

models, with total costs so far of nearly $350 million for the spacecraft 

R&D alone. The investigation concluded that the responsibility for 

the Surveyor situation could be found in the inadequate preparation 

for the project, the performance of JPL, the performance of Hughes 

Aircraft, and the performance of NASA Headquarters. “A serious mistake” was made at the very beginning of the Surveyor project when 

insufficient preliminary work was done to identify serious technical 

problems, judge feasibility, consider alternatives, and more accurately 

estimate costs. The investigation concludvd further that this was “the 

inevitable result of a poorly defined project.” 

October 8: Sweden, Norway, and Denmark were planning to establish a 

Nordic chain of detector stations to register underground atomic blasts. 

Sweden and Norway would each construct at least one detector station 

and join their stations; Denmark would build a large station in 

Greenland. Swedish experts believed that the new U.S. detector station in Montana together with the Nordic chain would make detections 

100 per cent certain. 

Until man can duplicate responsibility-society’s basic ingredient-in 

test tubes and mathematical equations, he should not attempt to duplicate himself in a laboratory, asserted Dr. Johannes M. Burgers. 

Speaking at the Symposium on Fluid Dynamics and Plasma, Burgers recommended a 50-yr. moratorium of artificial-life experiments 

because “our society is not ready for it. . . . Too many groups 

would take it out of the hands of science and make unholy use of 

it. . . . Wait until you know more about life.” 

U.S. would make the first lunar landing because the “Saturn 5 

booster . . . is the only one anywhere powerful enough to do that,” 

predicted NASA Administrator James E. Webb, speaking to the International Radio and Television Society in New York. He believed the 

U.S. was ahead of Russia in cumulative knowledge of manned 

spaceflight, but conceded that Russia was probably 18 mo. ahead in 

(House Rpt.) 

(Fleisher, Wash. Post, 10/9/65, A18) 

Wait until the educational level of man is higher. 

(Homan, Wash. Post, 10/8/65, B10) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 467 

other areas-specifically, multimanned spacecraft and the building and 

use of big boosters. Webb refused to classify Russia’s LUNA VII mission as unsuccessful, explaining: “They’re practicing how to do these 

things. They must have gained a good deal of information from 

it.” (Sun Diego Union, 10/10/65) 

October 8: $12 million, 210-ft.-dia. antenna at JPL’S Goldstone Tracking 

Station, Calif., was being readied to permit the tracking of very distant 

space vehicles sending faint signals to earth, including MARINER IV, 

now in solar orbit. Called the Mars station, the antenna would be 

able to track a signal with a strength of only one-thousandth of onebillionth of one watt. 

October 9: Two-stage Saphir rocket successfully fired by France from 

Hammaguir Range, Algeria, reached 720-mi. altitude, French Armed 

Forces Minister announced. Saphir, combined with a third stage already tested successfully, would be used to orbit the first French satellite toward the end of November 1965. (Reuters, Wush. Post, 

10/12/65, A3) 

Gemini 7 spacecraft, destined for the long-duration 14-day mission, arrived at KSC from the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. factory in St. 

Louis. The spacecraft was moved to the Pyrotechnic Installation 

Building for receiving inspection and fuel cell installation. ( KSC Historical Office) 

Crown Prince Harald of Norway toured NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. (MSC Roundup, 10/15/65, 8) 

Pruwdu announced completion of flight of LUNA VII: “The automatic 

station Luna 7 reached the lunar surface on October 8 at 1:08 p.m. 

Moscow time in the region of the Sea of Storms west of the crater 

of Kepler. After the correction made on October 5, during the lusary for accomplishing a soft landing. Certain operations were not 

conducted in conformity with the program and require further development. . . . During the flight of the Luna 7 spacecraft, much practical material was collected for further studies.” (Prawdu, 10/9/65, 

ATSS-T Trans.) 

Soviet Professor V. Ivanchenko, writing in Zzvestia, implied that LUNA 

VII spacecraft had crashed against the moon’s surface because its 

braking rockets had failed to fire in time. He described the difficulties of activating the rockets at “precisely7’ the right moment to cut the 

spacecraft’s speed of almost two mps to zero. Ivanchenko said only 

the trial-and-error system would give a successful result and predicted 

many more Soviet launchings. 

British Astronomer Professor Fred Hoyle, longtime adherent to the 

steady-state universe theory, wrote in Nature that he now believed that 

the universe or parts of the universe is in a state of flux, expanding for 

billions of years, then contracting to a dense ball of matter, and expanding again. In view of recent observations, especially those of a 

quasi-stellar radio source which indicated that the universe had been 

much denser, “the steady-state theory is out,” he said. (Malkin, SunNews, 10/11/65) 

October 10: Final team of aquanauts surfaced from Sealab 11, ending the 

US. Navy’s successful 45-day7 $1.8-million project. The Sealab cap- 

(Push. Post, 10/8/65, A3) 

.,“. “,....,“,L -.-..* ,I *L^ ^_^_^ *:--” -..--- ---J..-*-J rL-r -..--- _^^^^ ASQL cnryiualrii, iiiuu~ UI LUG uyGIauuiia WGLG LUIIUULLGU uac WG~G AIGLGW 

(Wash. Post, 10/10/65, A25) 
468 ASTRONAUTICS AND AEKONAUTICS, 1965 

sule, sealed by the aquanauts before they surfaced, would be raised 

Oct. 13 and towed to the Long Beach, Calif., Naval Shipyard. (UPI, 

NYT, 10/11/65,48L; AP, Wash. Post, 10/11/65, A21) 

October 10: Urban Renewal Div. of Massachusetts Department of Commerce and Development approved Cambridge’s Kendall Square urban 

renewal project, thereby opening the way for construction of NASA 

Electronics Research Center there. 

North American Aviation, Inc., and United Aerospace Workers Union 

announced approval of a new three-year contract covering 35,000 

workers in four states. (AP, NYT, 10/11/65, 28; AP, Wash. Post, 

10/11/65, A19) 

October 11 : Formation of a Voyager Landing-Capsule Task Team at Ames 

and Langley Research Centers to assist JPL during early phases of the 

design was announced by NASA. This would include research and analytical support. ( ARC Release) 

NASA’s attempt to launch 99-lb. “mother-daughter” payload from Wallops 

Station for Pennsylvania State Univ. was unsuccessful because of a 

launch vehicle malfunction. Launched with four-stage Javelin (Argo 

~4), the two-part payload, which only reached 20-mi. altitude, had 

been programed to separate at a 170-mi. altitude to obtain a profile of 

electron density in the upper atmosphere as the two parts 

ascended. In a similar launch Oct. 5, the mother-daughter sections 

of the payload had failed to separate. 

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator, addressed symposium on universities and Federal science policies held during 

meeting of National Academy of Sciences, in Seattle. He discussed 

the role of universities in space exploration and specified NASA-university relationships: (1) direct project support by means of research 

contracts to universities; (2) provision of new facilities, including 

those to encourage interdisciplinary groups for research in the interest 

of both the university and NASA; and (3) training support, including 

program to turn out 1,000 Ph.D.’s annually. He then turned to evolution of the university’s future role: 

“It is not expected that the university will become the primary action agency for solving the economic and social problems of our society or for setting basic social objectives, but it must have a promi. 

nent voice and influence. The university should, I think, aspire to 

intellectual leadership, to observe and analyze, to apply the power of 

the human mindTthat faculty which distinguishes man from animal, 

to establish a rational basis for policy and action. The direct attack 

must be undertaken by other institutions, mainly, by political 

agencies. We are now witnessing the evolution of government agencies, particularly those of the Federal government,, to meet social needs 

by direct action in all fields from economics and public health to 

science and technology. A beginning is being made in the mobilization and integratiop of the total available resources to attack the most 

complex social problems. “. . I. I believe that . . . the traditional 

values of pursuit of excellence, freedom of inquiry, preservation of creativity, and the support of the unconventional new ideas, particularly 

those of young scientists, . . . may not only be preserved but may even 

be strengthened within the larger framework of increased scope which 

(Boston Sun. Globe, 10/10,/65) 

(Wallops Release 65-64) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 469 

can provide a sounder human motivation, bring allocation of increased 

resources, provide a satisfaction of great accomplishment in terms of 

human goals, and a sense of a community of interest with all 

mankind. If you will take the time to discover what is now going on 

in the exploration of space, you will find a free association of individuals, each with complete freedom of individual choice, in the largest 

and most challenging venture of man, the search for knowledge of his 

environment, and the application of this knowledge to his benefit. In 

this group of several hundred thousand people you will find innumerable examples of the pursuit of excellence from the renewed pride of the 

workman in his handicraft, to the intellectual effort of the scientist to 

analyze and observe. You will find mainly ,young men, unafraid of 

large problems or rapid change. You will find the unconventional 

idea being given attention. The university and the university scientist 

must and will adapt to the age of space exploration. . . .” (Text; 

Science, 11/26/65,1129-33) 

October 11: This has been the best year in history for airline-equipment 

orders, Stuart G. Tipton, president of the Air Transport Association, 

told a news conference in a summary marking the tenth anniversary of 

the first order for jet airplanes. Tipton said that US. airlines would 

make delivery this year on 161 jet and propjet airplanes costing 

$880.6 million; 239 jets and propjets costing $1,201,600,000 would be 

deiivered to the U.S. airlines next year, on the basis of orders already 

placed; and 187, costing $1,033,900,000, in 1967. (AP, NYT, 

10/12/65,69) 

October 11-13: The AIAA’S Fourth Manned Space Flight Meeting was held 

in St. Louis. 

William B. Taylor, Director of NASA Apollo Applications Office, outlined some long-range goals of Saturn/Apollo: “By 1980, it seems 

likely there will be a vigorous program for manned exploration of the 

near planets, probably based on a new generation of space vehicles 

capable of flights for durations of 2 to 3 years with crews consisting of 

6 to 8 men. Although by 1980 it is not likely that men will have 

landed on Mars, it is possible that a Mars flyby or manned orbiting 

mission will be imminent if not already accomplished. 

On the moon by 1980, there may be in operation one or more 

multi-manned research observatories, conducting astronomical and 

geophysical operations on a year-round basis. These observatories 

may also be home base for mobile lunar explorations, using 

self-sufficient surface vehicles. 

“In earth orbit by 1980 there may be one or more multi-manned, 

orbiting space stations, functioning as research laboratories for the 

advancement of human knowledge and increase of living standards. In addition to these permanent space stations, there could 

be a variety of smaller earth orbiting spacecraft, operated by private 

industry or government agencies in much the way aircraft operate 

today, to carry out such applications as long term weather forecasting 

and control; surveys of water resources, crops, forests and ocean currents; continuous, wide-band worldwide communications; air, sea and 

space navigation, and traffic control. 

“These, then are some of the longer range objectives of the 1970’s 

and 1980’s which we feel can be achieved with the wide base of space 

CC 
470 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

technology which can be developed in alternate missions using the 

Saturn/Apollo systems. . . .” (Text) 

Undiscovered biological rhythms in man could prevent his visiting 

other planets, reported biologist Eugene Spangler, TRW Systems. “The 

consequences of the removal [of man from earth] are in many respects 

unknown. The solution may not come except by means of gradual accretions in the total time that man spends in space together with careful 

monitoring of his reactions as that time is increased. But it seems necessary to come to further grips with the problem insofar as possible before prolonged space flight is attempted. The goals must be first to 

define the problem in two steps: (1) what specific correlations exist between the life processes of man and the variations in his geophysical 

environment? and (2) what are the results of substantial alteration of 

that environment on these correlations?” 

Spangler noted that all of the known human rhythmic cycles could 

be interrupted without apparent harm, yet even the adjustment to a 

rapid change of several time zones after a jet flight could involve 

unpleasant recycling of the body’s “biological clock.” 

Suits of armor might be worn by astronauts on long lunar explorations, reported Richard S. Johnston, James V. Correale, and Matthew 

I. Radnofsky, NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. The suits must be reliable, mobile, leak-resistant, and have lightweight construction and 

high durability for repeated wear. Two models of a metal spacesuit 

had met these requirements and been delivered to MSC for further 

testing, they said. 

Spacesuits for the Apollo mission, which would involve relatively 

brief lunar walks, would be of fabric and consist of several layers, 

starting with water-cooled underwear, followed by pressure layers to 

hold the suit’s atmosphere, and finally an “overcoat” of fabric. (Text) 

Greater space cooperation between the US. and U.S.S.R. was predicted by Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper (L/Col., USAF) in a news 

conference. Cooper based his prediction on discussions he and fellow 

GEMINI v Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr. (Lcdr., USN), had had with 

Cosmonauts Col. Pave1 I. Belyayev and L/Col. Aleksey A. Leonov at 

the International Astronautical Congress in Athens. Cooper said the 

cosmonauts were “mighty nice fellows” who “appeared to be very 

happy that we could get together and talk.” (Clark, NYT, 10/12/65, 

9) 

Dr. Alfred J. Eggers, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, told the meeting that the nation as a 

whole should be ready to decide whether to send men to other 

planets. He expressed faith that the public would want to continue 

space exploration: “It is all part of man’s wanting to know what the 

hell he’s doing in his environment. 

“The American people are just about what they claim they are-a 

people very fascinated with their environment, and when they can find 

another way to explore their environment they are very willing within 

reason to put their resources where their interest is. 

“They will do that so long as they are getting return on their 

investment. The “payoff” 

would not necessarily come before the mid-nineteen seventies’ plane- 

(Text) 

But there has to be a payoff here. . . .” 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 471 

tary decision, so the public would have to continue to have faith that 

the space program had such potential, Eggers said. (Clark, NYT, 

10/14/65,8) 

October 12: X-15 No. 3 was flown by Capt. William J. Knight (USAF) 

3,136 mph (mach 4.62) to 94,400-ft. altitude for pilot checkout. (NASA 

X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

Four were honored with AIAA awards for achievements in manned flight 

at the AIAA 4th Manned Space Flight Meeting in St. Louis: the 1965 

Astronautics Award to E/G Joseph S. Bleymaier ( USAF) , Commander 

of the Western Test Range, for “exceptional direction to Titan 111 

space booster R&D program”; the Octave Chanute Award to Alvin S. 

White, Chief Engineering Test Pilot/x~-70 Project Pilot, North 

American Aviation, for “continued significant contributions to the 

aerospace sciences in the development of flying skills and techniques 

necessary to flight of an advanced aircraft at unprecedented speeds, 

altitudes, and weights”; the John Jeffries Award to Col. William K. 

Douglas ( USAF) , Director of Bioastronautics, USAF National Range 

Div., for “outstanding contributions to the advancement of aeronautics 

and astronautics, his writings, lectures, and research, and his continued dedication to the study of medical problems relating to the 

aeronaut and astronaut”; and the Robert M. Losey Award to George 

P. Cressman, Director of the Office of National Meteorological Services, Weather Bureau, for “his rapid and effective appiication of numerical weather analysis and forecasting techniques to aeronautical 

operations.” (A&A, 11/65) 

“The United States . . . has gone into space for many compelling 

reasons,” NASA Administrator James E. Webb told the National 

Association of Retail Druggists meeting in Washington, D.C. “It 

is . . . imperative that the US. be first in space for reasons of national achievement, for the pride that goes with such achievement, and for 

the international prestige that accompanies both. 

“We must go into space to reap the benefits of scientific discovery, 

to stimulate our economic and social progress, to advance our technological advancement, including the civilian application and use of 

the products of space-oriented research, and to fulfill what has been 

called the compelling urge to explore and discover. . . .” 

Within five years aquanauts could conduct systematic explorations of the 

ocean’s floor at depths up to 1,700 ft., Capt. George Bond ( USN) , chief 

scientific investigator for the Sealab 11 project, predicted at a news 

briefing in La Jolla, Calif. Bond said that the Sealab 11 aquanauts 

had performed their tasks so satisfactorily that he could envisage a 

time when men could live indefinitely in underwater capsules while 

performing extended work on the ocean floor. Bond said that within 

a year, another capsule would be placed at a depth of between 400 ft. 

and 450 ft. for further experimentation. 

Discussing the problems of organizing and consolidating the vast 

amounts of technical and scientific data at the Congress of the International Federation for Documentation in Washington, D.C., Dr. Eugene 

B. Konecci, National Aeronautics and Space Council, said: “It is felt 

by many that the most highly advanced information system in the 

Federal Government has been and remains the program of the Nation- 

(Text) 

(Bart, NYT, 10/13/65, 16) 
472 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

a1 Aeronautics and Space Administration. This program has been a 

pace-setter for information advances, both on the part of the Government and private sectors of our economy. The NASA contractors and 

grantees get the benefit of the most widely-diversified and promptest 

information service rendered by any government agency. The NASA 

attempts to cover world space literature. STAR [Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports] is reproduced semi-monthly and through arrangement with the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, the world’s open literature is covered in the international 

aerospace abstracts. A total of more than 50,000 items a year are 

indexed in depth on magnetic tape for use in the NASA computer base 

literature research system. Tapes are updated monthly and distributed to the NASA Research Centers, a dozen major NASA contractors, 

and three university research centers that use them in dissemination of 

technological information to industry. . . .” 

October 12: At a background briefing at NASA Hq. on Advanced Chemical 

Propulsion, Adelbert 0. Tischler, Director, Chemical Propulsion Div., 

NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology, revealed that NASA 

would probably be “confined to the Saturn IB and V for the next 

decade.” A maneuvering vehicle would be developed sometime 

around 1970 but would not be available for manned use until 

1975. Tischler said that an ion propulsion system would never be 

applicable for deep manned space flight because of “its abhorrent 

thrust-to-weight ratio . . . it is going to take a long time to accelerate 

the vehicle out of Earth orbit to arrive then later at the planetary 

orbit, and to decelerate in the planetary orbit, and vice versa. . . .” 

Ion propulsion systems would be suitable for unmanned missions, 

however, because unmanned systems generally were small and ion systems were small; also, time was not a factor. In addition, they might 

be practicable as auxiliary devices for midcourse corrections ‘on 

manned interplanetary trips. 

After agreeing that present planning limited the application of nuclear systems to interplanetary trips, Tischler said: “There has been, 

during the last two years, a real marked decline of interest . . . about 

exploring Venus. I 

think there is a great deal . . . to learn about Venus. 

We 

could easily . . . visit the asteroid belt. There are some good-sized 

asteroids. We could ultimately . . . land on 

the Moon of Jupiter with such a system. I doubt if we will undertake 

a landing on Jupiter until we know how to fight gravity. . . . In fact, I would even mention Mars 

has a couple of moons that we might use to land on in preference to 

Mars itself.” (Transcript) 

Philadelphia’s Mayor James H. J. Tate, presenting a bronze medal to 

Astronaut Charles Conrad, Jr. (Cdr., USN), said: “I cannot imagine a 

more appropriate time to honor a space explorer than on the anniversary of the day back in 1492 when an Italian explorer named Christopher Columbus first set eyes on the New World and made a similar 

enormous contribution to history.” 

(Text) 

I don’t think that is a correct viewpoint at all. 

“We shouldn’t eliminate the possibility of some other planets. 

Ceres is one of them. 

“All of these possibilities exist. 

(NYT, 10/13/65,47) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 .473 

October 12: USA-USAF project to test plastic covering for assault airlift airstrips had been completed at Ft. Campbell, Ky. Armed Forces News 

Service spokesman said the plastic covering, held in place by special 

anchoring pins, might prove a practical, all-weather landing-zone 

surfacing. (NYT, 10/12/65) 

USAF Athena missile fired from Green River, Utah, impacted on target at 

White Sands Missile Range, N. Mex. It was the 25th successful firing 

in 30 attempts of a 78-shot series to study how warheads behaved 

during reentry. (AP, Wash. Post, 10/13/65, A19) 

Tass announced conclusion of U.S.S.R. launchings in the Pacific Ocean 

basin of new types of rockets carrying space objects. “The flights 

of the rockets and the functioning of all their stages proceeded normally. The mockups of the last but one stage of the carrier rockets 

reached the water surface in the present area with high precision,” the 

announcement said. The test areaqO-n.mi.-dia. circle centering on 

37’39‘ N and 173’25’ E-was now free for navigation and aircraft 

flights. (Tass, 10/12 165) 

$10-million seismometer post was dedicated in Billings, Mont., at ceremonies attended by more than 60 scientists from 30 nations who would 

tour the 525 seismometer sites in Montana. President Johnson, in 

Washington, D.C., said: “This new Department of Defense installation, 

the first of its kind, will help detect and identify earthquakes. It 

brings us closer to the day when science can distinguish with certainty 

between underground nuclear explosions and other forms of seismic 

disturbances.” Scientific data would be made available to the world, 

Johnson added. (AP, NYT, 10/14/65,3) 

Soviet Cosmonauts Pave1 I. Belyayev and Aleksey Leonov fled West Berlin to East Berlin under police escort after demonstrators splattered 

their limni14ne with red paint. The cosmonauts had visited West Berlin to attend a rally at the invitation of the West Berlin German-Soviet 

Friendship Society. (AP, NYT, 10/13/65, 1, 3; Wash. Post, 10/13/ 

65, A27) 

October 13: NASA Administrator James E. Webb, speaking at the dedication of the Space Science Laboratory at Univ. of Chicago, said: “The 

space effort is really a research and development competition-a 

competition for technological pre-eminence, which demands and 

creates the quest for excellence. . . . Should we fall behind in the 

area of space technology, we would jeopardize our ability to progress, 

on earth as well as in space. At stake is the technological balance of 

power in the world. . . . “The influence of our technological progress and prowess is and has 

been the deciding factor in keeping the peace; technological and 

scientific capabilities constitute a basic source of national power. Preeminence in the field is an instrument in international relations, and 

influences our dealings with other nations involving peace and freedom 

in the world. . . . By mastering the restrained but decisive use of the power that 

modern science and technology give us, we are providing the Nation 

with the capability to achieve greater cooperation toward a world consistent with the ideals we seek for others as well as ourselves. . . .” 

(Text) 

66 
474 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

NASA still assumed that life on Mars was possible, Dr. Norman H. 

Horowitz, JPL, said at the dedication. Although photographs relayed 

by MARINER IV had indicated Mars was extremely cold and lacked 

oxygen and water vapor, some terrestrial organisms might live comfortably in this environment, he said. Horowitz felt that the unexplained seasonal color changes in the dark regions of Mars might 

indicate plant growth. 

October 13: Aerobee 150 sounding rocket, launched by NASA from White 

Sands Missile Range to study the ultraviolet radiation of Orion and a 

group of stars, reached 114mi. (183.5-km.) altitude and performed 

successfully. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

NASA had awarded Thiokol Chemical Corp. approximate $l6-million, 

multiple-incentive-development contract to develop a lOO-lb.-thrust 

rocket engine for use in spacecraft attitude control and maneuvering 

systems and for launch vehicle ullage and attitude control 

systems. Designated C-1, the engine would be powered by storable 

hypergolic liquid propellants. (NASA Release 65-322 ; MSFC Release 

65-262) 

NASA selected Lockheed Electronics Co. to negotiate cost-plus-award contract to provide computer, programing, and operational support services to Manned Spacecraft Center. The approximate $3,000,000 contract would be for one year with provisions for two one-year 

renewals. (NASA Release 65-323) 

Telecomputing Services, Inc., was selected by NASA for negotiations lead- 

(Kotulak, Chic. Trib., 10/14/65) 

ing to two-year, cost-plus-award-fee contiact for compker operations 

and data processing services at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The 

contract, expected to exceed $4 million, would include an option for an 

additional year increasing the value by $2 million. (NASA Release 

65-324) 

Former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr. (Col., USMC, Ret.), visited Pope 

Paul VI at Vatican City and accepted a medal commemorating the 

Pontiffs October 4 visit to the United Nations. (Reuters, NYT, 

10/14/65,32; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 10/14/65, A-2) 

The problem of the moon’s origin should be solved when Surveyor spacecraft had sent samples of the lunar surface to earth, predicted Dr. 

Harold C. Urey, Nobel prize-winning chemist, at a news conference 

during the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences in 

Seattle. Absence of terrestrial matter in lunar soil would indicate that 

the moon originated elsewhere in the solar system, Urey said. (AP, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 10/13/65) 

Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, addressing 4,000 employees 

and officials of Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., warned Grumman to reduce contract proposals sharply if it expected to gain a share 

of future defense contracts. McNamara said Grumman’s proposals for 

construction of a portion of the F-111 fighter’s tail assembly were 

“higher than other competitive sources. 

“There is no question in my mind that you can reduce costs on this 

$1 billion contract. The contract he was referring to had not yet been awarded. McNamara, accompanied by Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-N.Y.) and Asst. Secretary of Defense Arthur Sylvester, was making a brief tour of defense 

plants on Long Island. 

They’ve got to come down,’’ he said. 

(Maiorana, NYT, 10/14/65,41) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 475 

October 13: Pre-Continent 111, 30-ton sphere in which six men lived and 

worked 330 ft. beneath the sea off the French Riviera for three weeks, 

surfaced after its inhabitants had erected and maintained a mock seabottom petroleum drilling rig without ever surfacing for air. The 

men would remain in the sphere until Oct. 16 when the atmospheric 

pressure in the capsule was expected to be low enough to permit emergence without danger. Object of this experiment, conceived by 

Jacques-Yves Cousteau, was to avoid need for frequent decompressions 

by placing workers’ dormitories on the ocean’s floor to allow more 

working time and less transition time per diver. Such a technique 

would permit man to mine minerals and cultivate underwater plants to 

ease the world’s food shortage problem, Cousteau said. Sealab 11, a 

similar experiment by US. Navy, was completed Oct. 10. (Reuters, 

NYT, 10/15/65, 12; UPI, Wash. Post, 10/14/65, A27) 

$13-million, 140-ft.-wide radiotelescope, one of the largest in the world, 

was dedicated at Green Bank, W. Va., by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. It would be able to amplify radio emissions from 

deep space. 

Increase in private flying was reported by FAA, with prediction that pilot 

certificates issued during 1965 would exceed the previous high of 

117,902 certificates issued in 1957. During the first six months of 

1965, FAA issued 61,744 pilot certificates, an increase of 22% over the 

same period in 19m. (FAA Release 65-32) 

In answer to the query “Is a permanent role waiting in space for military astronauts,” Robert Brunn in the Christian Science Monitor quoted an Air Force official as saying: “No strategy is known for space as 

yet. We can’t use space the way the cowboys and Indians used high 

ground for advantage, nor the way the Air Force in World War II 

climbed to altitude and dove out of the sun. 

“Something with military importance may turn up in the next five 

years. The Air Force doesn’t know what the usefulness of space will 

be. . . .” 

October 14: OGO II Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (Ogo-C) was 

launched by NASA from Vandenberg AFB with Thrust-Augmented ThorAgena D booster. Because of a slight malfunction in the launch vehicle’s primary guidance system, orbit achieved had the following parameters: apogee, 939 mi. (1,511 km.) ; perigee, 250 mi. (403.1 km.) ; 

period, one hour 45 min.; inclination, 87’. Planned orbit had been 

somewhat lower: 575-mi. (925-b.) apogee, 207-mi. (333.3-h.) perigee, one-hour 37-min. period, and 86” inclination. Most of the 20 

onboard experiments were not expected to be affected by the malfunction; OGO 11’s solar panels and instrumented booms deployed as 

planned and the spacecraft achieved three-axis stabilization. 

Second of the seven spacecraft programed for NASA’s Ogo program, 

OGO II weighed 1,150 Ib. and contained more than 100,OOO parts, including a communications system capable of transmitting 64,OOO bits 

per second in real time and 128,000 bits of information per second 

from tape playback. Its mission was to concentrate on near-earth space 

phenomena with emphasis on global mapping of the geomagnetic field, 

measurements of the neutral, ionic, and electronic composition of the 

earth’s atmosphere. Data would be correlated with solar ultraviolet and 

(Wash. Post, 10/14/65, A15) 

(Brunn, CSM, 10/13/65,14) 
476 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

x-ray emissions, and such events as particle dumping in the auroral 

zones and airglow. Although it returned good experiment data, OGO 

II was to be considered a failure (see Oct. 24). (NASA Proj. Off.; 

NASA Releases 65-314, 65-368; AP; NYT, 10/15/65, 14; AP, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 10/15/65, AS; AP, Wash. Post, 10/15/65, A4) 

October 14: Capt. Joseph Engle (USAF) flew X-15 No. 1 to 266,500-ft. altitude at 3,580 mph (mach 5.08). The flight carried a slightly modified 

horizon scanner and device for measuring microscopic atmospheric 

pressure. (NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight Log) 

A second MOLNIYA I communications satellite was launched by U.S.S.R. 

into a high elliptical orbit with the following parameters: apogee, 

40,000 km. (24,800 mi.) ; perigee, 500 km. (310 mi.) ; p.eriod, 11 hrs., 

59 min.; inclination, 65”. Tass said: “With the launching of the second MOLNIYA I satellite, verification will begin of the possibility of 

organizing a communications system with the simultaneous use of several Sputniks. . . . “The main purpose of the launching . . . is to further develop the 

system of two-way long-distance television and telephone-telegraph radio communication, and its experimental operation. The entire 

equipment . . . is functioning normally. 

“The second MOLNIYA-I . . . has already been used for telephone 

calls and an exchange of television programs between Moscow and 

Vladivostok.” 

Italy’s Order of Merit was awarded former Astronaut John H. 

Glenn, Jr. (Col., USMC, Ret.), during his visit to Rome. He and his 

wife were also received by Prime Minister Aldo Moro. (Reuters, 

NYT, 10/16/65,54) 

Saturn V launch vehicle was under consideration by NASA for its 

Voyager program of unmanned planetary exploration, beginning with 

a 1971 Mars mission. NASA had considered developing a Saturn 

IB/Centaur launch vehicle, but the greater thrust of the three-stage 

7.5-million-lb. thrust Saturn V would give more flexibility to planning 

early Voyager missions and would also provide the launch vehicle 

capability at the beginning of the Voyager program necessary for future missions. Saturn V, being developed by MSFC, would undergo its 

first flight test in 1967. (NASA Release 65-328) 

NASA would negotiate $60,000 contracts with Consolidated Systems Corp. 

and Perkin-Elmer Corp. for design studies of an instrument to analyze 

and control a two-gas atmosphere system for use on manned spacecraft 

conducting missions of 45 days or more. Manned spacecraft flown to 

date had used a single gas system-oxygen. After a comparative evaluation of concepts derived from the two four-month studies, NASA 

might award a second-phase contract leading to construction of one or 

more prototype atmosphere sensor systems. 

NASA was negotiating with General Electric Co. to provide 50-w. isotopic 

power generator for Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Packages (Alsep) program. The thermoelectric nuclear power unit, designated 

Snap-27, would use plutonium-238 as the heat source. The packages 

would transmit selected measurements back to earth. AEC would manage detailed design and development of the unit based on studies of 

prototypes by NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. ( AEC-NASA Release 

H-226) 

(Tass, 10/14/65; Wash. Post, 10,/15/65, A4) 

(NASA Release 65-326) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 477 

October 14: NASA Wallops Station conducted flagraising ceremony to dedicate its new international court which would fly the flags of foreign 

countries with personnel visiting Wallops on any given day. The court 

was constructed in recognition of the important role that Wallops Station plays in NASA’s international program for cooperation in space 

research. (NASA Release 65-329) 

Soviet astronomers at the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy predicted 

that the Ikeya-Seki comet, discovered Sept. 18 by two Japanese astronomers, would collide with the sun Oct. 21. U.S. astronomers predicted 

that the comet would pass about 300,000 mi. from the sun on Oct. 

20. (Bishop, WSJ, 10/14/65,11 

Writing about Surveyor lunar probe in the Washington Evening 

Star, William Hines said: “Surveyor will give science a view of the 

moon that will be different not just in degree but in kind. A ‘soft’ 

landing, with the spacecraft braked by automatic rockets, should enable 

scientists to learn-rather than infer-much about the lunar surface. 

“Even the first Surveyor . . . should tell a lot and this one will lack 

most of the cleverly designed scientific instruments of later 

probes. Equipped with television, the initial Surveyor may settle 

many points of contention over surface conditions . , . “Assuming success with Surveyor 1, scientists are hoping that its 

findings won’t evoke a repetition of the short-sighted clamor for ‘economy’ that followed the successful flight of Ranger 7 in July 

1964 . . . owing to the mistaken impression that when you’ve seen 

one moon picture you’ve seen them all. 

LLT~ suggest that photographic and physical evidence obtained by 

one Surveyor in one isolated spot could yield results characteristic of 

the whole moon is senseless. . . . bince the safety oi asiroiraiiis reaching the mem rr few years from 

now may well depend on the wise selection of their landing site, it 

would be advisable to get as much first-hand Surveyor-type data as 

possible and let the nation’s best qualified scientists study this information as thoroughly as they know how.” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

10/14/65, A12) 

The Duke of Windsor toured NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. (NASA 

Off. Int. Aff.) 

October 15: USAF launched Titan III-c from ETR with triple-satellite payload: LCS II radar calibration sphere, 0v2-1 radiation sensor satellite, 

and a metal-ballasted dummy. About the time of the second burn of 

the transtage engines, the total assemblage exploded into hundreds of 

fragments and therefore the satellites were not useful beyond the earlier steps of launch vehicle testing. The Titan III-c transtage was to 

have ignited its engines 10 times, changed course 4 times, and ejected 

the satellites. Primary mission of the flight was launch vehicle testing, and USAF officials noted most major objectives were met. (U.S. 

Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 153; AP, Newport News Daily Press, 

10/17/65) 

Gen. Mark E. Bradley (USAF, Ret.), former commanding general of USAF 

Logistics Command, was appointed consultant to NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb on management matters and evaluation of NASA’s con- 

.. - 
478 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

tributions to supersonic transport development and aeronautical research programs. 

October 15: NASA awarded Tri-State Roofing Co. $534,817 contract and J. 

A. Jones Construction co. $1,130,531 contract for repair of buildings 

at Michoud Assembly Facility damaged by Hurricane Betsy. Both 

contractors had begun emergency repairs September 13. ( MSFC Release 65-263) 

North American Aviation’s x~t-70~ supersonic bomber reached 2,000 

mph and 60,000-ft. in a one-hr. 47-min. experimental flight from Edwards AFB across Calif., Ida., Nev., Utah, and Ariz. The aircraft was 

powered by six 1,500-lb. turbojet engines, each with more than 30,000- 

Ib. thrust. XB-70A flights were being used to obtain data valuable 

for design of the supersonic transport (Sst) now in the design study 

phase. (NYT, 10/15/65,45) 

Vesta, a new French meteorological sounding rocket, was successfully 

fired for the first time from the Hammaguir Range, Algeria. The 

single-stage rocket, propelled by liquid fuel, carried an instrumented 

payload to 118-mi. (190-km.) altitude. (NYT, 10/28/65, 74M) 

The quality of radio communications and telecasts between Moscow and 

Vladivostok via the second MOLNIYA I communications satellite was 

better than via the first MOLNIYA I, Soviet Deputy Minister of Communications Ivan Klokov wrote in Zzvestia: “Due to its elongated orbit, during the greater part of the 11 hours 59 minutes while the 

satellite makes one orbit, it is over the northern hemisphere and insures a reliable link between the most remote points of the U.S.S.R. 

“The orbiting . . . will offer a chance to check the possibility of 

establishing a communications system based on several satellites. This opens the prospect of a sharp increase of communications 

time, to the point of making it round the clock. . . .” (Tass, 

10/15/65 ) 

M/Gen. Don R. Ostrander, Commander of USAF’S Office of Aerospace 

Research, retired after 28 yrs. of service. He received the Distinguished Service Medal. 

Senate passed joint resolution (H.J. Res. 597) authorizing $150,000 appropriation for a memorial to Dr. Robert H. Goddard at Clark 

Univ. (CR, 10/15/65,26107) 

In a report on the pacing systems of the Apollo Program, the Subcommittee on NASA Oversight of the House Committee on Science and 

Astronautics concluded that the “general progress of the Apollo program is good at this time with a reasonable expectation of a lunar 

landing in this decade. . . .” It noted two major pacing items requiring maximum effort: lunar excursion module and command and 

service module. The report pointed out that NASA had been maintaining the Apollo program schedule within funds authorized and appropriated; “however, additional funds of the order of $200 million over 

and above the funds requested by NASA for fiscal year 1966 would have 

provided : 

“1. Increased assurance of meeting the Apollo goal of a lunar landing in this decade; 

“2. Broader latitude in providing system alternatives when engineering difficulties are identified; and 

( NASA Release 65-330) 

(OAR Release 10-1-65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 479 

“3. Additional management latitude in utilizing all of NASA resources of personnel, facilities, and equipment in the Apollo 

effort. . . .” (Text) 

October 15: James McCormack (M/Gen., USAF, Ret.), vice-president of MIT 

and chairman of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, was 

elected Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the 

Board of ComSatCorp by the Corporation’s Board of 

Directors. McCormack would take ofice December 1, succeeding the 

retiring Leo D. Welch. (ComSatCorp Release) 

A shift in emphasis in the US. missile program “from production 

to testing, updating, and improving firing, guidance and targeting 

systems’’ was reported by Richard Rutter in the New York Times. 

Speculating on the future of the missile program, Rutter quoted 

B/Gen. H. J. Sands, USAF Space Systems Div.: “‘Now we are in a 

period of apparent tapering off of missile program activity deploying 

the final units of the last of our presently operational ballistic 

systems. On the surface it would appear that having put our instant 

defenses in place we are coasting to a gradual stop on a plateau of 

preparedness where we can relax and take a breather. 

Actually, we are in a critically important germination period of research and development of future missile systems.”’ Rutter noted that the shift in the missile program 

“does not mean . . . that its wings have permanently been clipped or 

that the scores of companies with a stake in the missile field face a 

bleak future. (Rutter, 

NYT, 10/15/65,65,69) 

In an interview with Tass, Soviet rocket designer Prof. Petrovich said 

that Soviet scientists intended one day to put scientific expeditions on 

the planets of the solar systaiii io domcsticste the=. Designers were 

concentrating their efforts on developing highly efficient new engines 

which could lift extremely heavy payloads to the prescribed orbits, he 

added. (Tass, 11/15/65) 

Concorde, British-French supersonic passenger aircraft, would be 

test-flown in 1968 and ready for service by 1970, reported a spokesman for France’s Sud Aviation Co. in Genoa. (AP, Wash. Post, 

10/16/65, A51 

NASA Hq. announced appointment of William C. Schneider as Deputy Director, Mission Operations and Gemini Mission Director, 

effective immediately. Schneider, formerly Deputy Director of the 

Gemini Program, was replaced by LeRoy E. Day, who became acting 

Deputy Director of the Gemini Program. (NASA Release 65-331) 

October 16: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS XCII unmanned satellite, equipped 

to continue studies of the infrared and ultraviolet radiation of the 

earth‘s atmosphere. Orbital parameters: apogee, 329 km. (2M mi.) ; 

perigee, 199 km. (123 mi.); period, 89.8 min.; inclination, 

65.02’. 

Soviet Prof. Aleksandr Lebedinskiy told Tass that two spectrophotometers would point vertically part of the time and at the horizon part 

of the time. One instrument would cover the spectrum from seven to 

20 microns and the other from 14 to 38 microns; it would take 20 S~C. 

to obtain one spectrogram. 

“‘The appearance is deceptive. 

The missile era, in fact is still aborning.” 

All systems were functioning normally. 

(Tass, 10/16/65) 
480 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

October 16: A secret weapon, about which former Soviet Premier Nikita 

S. Khrushchev had boasted, blew up in 1960 killing the commander-inchief of the Soviet missile forces, Marshal Mitrofan I. Nedelin, and 300 

others, the Manchester Guardian reported. The weapon was a missile 

with a nuclear propellant. The Guardian quoted secret reports of Oleg 

V. Penkovsky, a Russian executed in 1963 for spying for the West, 

which would be published in November 1965. (NYT, 10/17/65, 25; 

Wash. Post, 10/17/65, 1) 

October 17: In an original report on communications satellites, Soviet 

Prof. M. Kaplanov said: “The transmitter on the Molniya 1 Comsat 

had a power of 40 watts, i.e. 10 times that of the Early Bird. In this 

regard, the Soviet scientists and engineers have solved the most complex technical problems in the development of a sputnik equipped with 

onboard antennas oriented on the Earth with a strong power system 

assuring a supply to the transmitter throughout the entire communication session. 

“The development of a wideband space transmitter of 40 watts 

power operating continuously is an innovation in world technology. This distinguishing feature of the Molniya-1 Comsat permits a 

considerable simplification of the onground equipment and a great 

reduction in the cost of its construction and operation. Evidently the 

great complexity of servicing and the inadequate reliability of the 

[ ComSatCorp] equipment compelled France, England and West Germany to organize the alternate operating of their ground receiving 

points of space communication. Each of these points operates only 

one week out of three, the second week it is in reserve, and the third is 

spent in repair work. We note that the Soviet onground facilities for 

space communication in Moscow and Vladivostok have been operating 

daily since the launching of the Molniya-1. This is quite important 

for a satellite communication system, since upon the operating cost 

there depends greatly its ability to compete with other means of communication.” 

Boris Yegorov, Soviet physician-cosmonaut, said in interview in Izvestia’s 

Sunday supplement Nedelya that it was quite possible that in prolonged spaceflight the human organism would develop a new complex 

of protective-adaptive mechanisms which would safely protect it under 

conditions of weightlessness. At the same time, Yegorov voiced the 

fear that these new changes might persist and not be easily removed 

after return to earth. To aid in re-adaptation to earth’s gravity, he 

said future Soviet cosmonauts would use exercises and drugs. (Tass, 

10/23/65; Shabad, NYT, 10/24/65, 59) 

October 17-18: “Galileo,” a Convair 990 jet equipped with $3 million of 

sensitive equipment, took off from Hickam AFB, Hawaii, and raced 

with the sun to keep comet Ikeya-Seki in view for the longest possible 

period. A team of 30 scientists aboard the aircraft, under NASA sponsorship, would (1) make spectral observations of Ikeya-Seki’s coma 

and tail in ultraviolet and infrared, and (2) photograph comet’s tail in 

the vicinity of the sun. The former observations would pertain to the 

composition and structure of the comet; the latter would permit studying the solar corona and solar wind at high inclination angles and 

would assist research on comet disintegration. (NASA Release 65-332; 

NYT, 10/18/65,10) 

(Zzvestia, 10,/17/16, 5, ATSS-T Trans.) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 4.81 

October 18: U.S. should build a supersonic transport regardless of the fate 

of the Concorde or any other country’s effort because “this is the next 

technological step in air transportation.” FAA Administrator William F. 

McKee told the House Appropriations’ Subcommittee on Independent 

Offices requesting $140 million for the project for FY 1966, according 

to Aviatwn Week and Space Technology. The House subcommittee 

responded by approving the money request. Acting Chairman Joe L. 

Evins (D-Tenn.) said: “Once we have made a basic decision to go 

forward with this program, I think we ought to go forward with 

it. This continual question of reservations as to whether we are going 

to build a supersonic transport is disruptive to continued 

progress.” (Av. Wk., 10/18/65, 28) 

Ikeya-Seki comet might produce a brighter-than-expected spectacle when 

it swept close to the sun Oct. 20. Cal Tech astronomers said observation through infrared telescopes showed the comet was hot; previously, 

comets had been believed to be made of space dust and frozen gases 

that became luminous only when they neared the sun. Spokesman for 

the scientists said “an explosion of some sort is a possibility.” (WSJ, 

10/18/65,1) 

Test results were received by NASA which promised a solution to the 

crawler-transporter bearing failure without jeopardizing the key milestones in the Apollo program. Roller bearings in a crawler-transporter had failed during a July 25 test at KSC and subsequent investigation had defined a new bearing system. (Cocoa Tribune, 

10/18/65) 

Evidence that the bright areas of the Martian surface contained iron 

oxides in a loose combination with water was reported by Dr. Carl 

Sagan of Harvard Univ. to the Biophysical Society’s annual meeting 

in San Francisco. He said reflected light of hydrated iron oxides in 

an earth-bound laboratory matched the sunlight reflected from the 

Martian surface when viewed in the ultraviolet and infrared. Dr. 

Sagan believed that confirmation of the iron-water compounds on 

Martian deserts, which showed up as bright areas to earth astronomers, 

suggested conditions were once right for life to originate on Mars. 

He said he was convinced that when life of a primitive form had started, 

the chances were it had survived. 

USAF had assured the House Armed Services Committee Military Airlift 

Subcommittee that the Lockheed C-SA transport would be developed 

with commercial as well as military requirements in mind. Subcommittee Chairman Melvin Price (D-Ill.) told Aviation Week and Space 

Technology that military airlift had improved dramatically over the last 

few years but that requirements kept rising with no immediate leveling 

off in prospect. One area which still needed improvement, he said, 

was modernizing commercial cargo fleets. He said the subcommittee 

was hopeful the C-5~ would be a big step in this direction. (Av. 

Wk., 10/18/65,28) 

NASA’s budget for FY 1967 received comment in Aviatwn Week and 

Space Technology: “NASA is nervously asking the White House for 

$5.76 billion for Fiscal 1967 and contends it must have at least $5.25 

(Balt. Sun, 10/18/65) 
482 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

billion compared with the $5.176 billion Congress appropriated for this 

fiscal year. 

“The Apollo program to land a man on the moon appears-thanks 

to Russian competition-pretty safe from the budget cutters. But 

every other program is a potential target, including the $1.2 billion 

Voyager program to explore Mars and all kinds of proposals to exploit 

the Apollo hardware. . . . “The Johnson Administration has prepared a pat answer to complaints that its tight Fiscal 1967 budget will thwart new 

initiatives. With so much accomplished in this session of the 89th 

Coneress, the argument goes, next year must be ‘a management 

yea:’ ” (Av. Wk., 10/18/65,15) 

October 18: British scientist Dr. J. E. Lovelock told the Third International 

Symposium on Advances in Gas Chromatography in Houston that although pictures taken from space probes indicated no sign of life on 

Mars as we know it, life may be there. Dr. Lovelock said it was urgent 

that the unmanned spacecraft that would land on Mars be designed 

“SO they would not rule out the possibility that life may take different 

forms and be of some entirely different nature on planets beyond our 

own.” (Houston Post, 10/19/65) 

DOD’S Project Hindsight, intended to isolate improvements in military 

hardware resulting from DOD’S fundamental research programs, was 

discussed in Aviation Week and Space Technology. Hindsight would 

also identify which in-house laboratories, profit or non-profit firms, or 

individuals made the most useful technological contributions to military systems. End object was improved management of the research 

and exploratory development programs. (Johnsen, Av. Wk., 10/18/ 

65, 47) 

Incorporation of a severely swept delta wing on X-15 No. 3 had been 

proposed by NASA Flight Research Center for hypersonic (mach 5+) 

flight tests beginning in late 1968, Aviation Week and Space Technology reported. Decision on the proposal, under study at NASA Hq., 

was not expected for six months. x-15 program is a joint USAF-NASA 

venture, with the three aircraft belonging to the Air Force and NASA 

operating the research flights program. 

During May 7 flight of USAF-NAA XB-~OA No. 1, Michael L. Yaffee 

reported in Aviation Week and Space Technology, five of the experimental bomber’s six General Electric YJ93 engines were damaged 

when the wing apex, a steel honeycomb structure, tore apart and scattered pieces of steel into both sides of the aircraft’s divided, rectangular air intake beneath the wing. The No. 5 engine was most heavily 

damaged, a post-flight examination had shown, but it was the only 

engine on the right side of the aircraft operating during the half-hour 

flight back to Edwards AFB. When the apex broke, the XB-70A was 

flying at mach 2.56. About 30 min. later, NAA test pilot Alvin S. 

White landed the aircraft with all left-hand engines (1, 2, and 3) 

operating at full power and engine No. 5 at 90% power. (Yaffee, Av. 

Wk., 10/18/65,64-65,67) 

A gas turbine-powered tugboat, the first ever built, was delivered to 

NASA’s Mississippi Test Facility for use in the canal system there. The 

(Av. Wk., 10/18/65, 22) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 4383 

69-ft.-long Clermont would perform a variety of chores in connection 

with future space rocket static firings at the Hancock County, Miss., 

facility, an element of Marshall Space Flight Center. Main duties 

would be to berth and tow space vehicle and cryogenic tanker barges 

in the inland canal system. (MSFC Release 65-264; Marshall Star, 

10/20/65,1) 

October 18: ComSatCorp had filed a contract with FCC for Durchase of four 

satellites from Hugies Aircraft Co. to supply cornmukcation services 

for NASA’s Project Apollo and for other commercial services. Two 

spacecraft would be placed in synchronous orbits at about 22,300 mi.: 

one would be located over the Pacific between Hawaii and Midway 

Island; the other over the Atlantic near the west coast of Africa. Of 

the other two, one would be used as a reserve for replacement and one 

as a backup in case of a launch failure. Contract also provided an 

option for purchase of up to 15 of the satellites. Delivery date of the 

first satellite would be eight months after ComSatCorp would give 

Hughes notice to proceed, with one additional spacecraft of the four 

to be delivered every 21 days thereafter. 

October 18-19: Scientific results of 15 scientific and technological experiments carried on GEMINI 111 and IV were presengd by the principal 

investigators during a symposium at the Museum of Natural History in 

Washington, D.C. Experiments were in weather and terrain photography, bone deminerdization, astroiiomy, communicatiozs, and radiation in the spacecraft. 

Dr. George E. Mueller, Associate Administrator of NASA for Manned 

Space Flight, introducing the symposium, noted three important general conclusions to be drawn from the results. First, data on man himself indicates that astronauts can adapt to the space environment, giving great confidence that manned space flight effort can move 

according to pian without the necessity oi introducing spacia: ieqiiiiements such as artificial gravity. Second, further substantiation of the 

Mercury program evidences that man can see things from space which 

are not programmed on instruments to see. Third, the outstanding 

quality of photographs of earth from space demonstrates the feasibility 

of a number of significant applications of manned space flight for 

improvement of life here on earth. (NASA Release 65-321; NASA Rpt. 

of Symposium) 

October 19: NASA launched an Aerobee 150A sounding rocket from Wallops Station, Va., to investigate characteristics of the Ikeya-Seki 

comet. Reaching peak altitude of 111 mi., the 245-113. payload, designed by scientists at the Univ. of Colorado and JPL, contained a 

scanning spectrometer, a filter wheel photometer, and related equipment to obtain spectra of the head and tail of the comet and to measure radiation. Data would assist in analyzing the materials in the 

comet and would be coordinated with observations conducted by other 

scientists. (Wallops Release 65-67) 

Onboard 

was scientific apparatus for continuing studies of outer space in accordance with the program announced by Tass on March 16, 

1962. Orbital data: apogee, 522 km. (324.2 mi.) ;.perigee, 220 km. 

(136.6 mi.) ; inclination, 48’24’. All instrumentatlon was functioning normally. (Tass, 10/19/65) 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

COSMOS XCIII unmanned satellite was launched by U.S.S.R. 
484 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

October 19: Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, AFSC Commander, told a National 

Space Club luncheon that he had met with NASA Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Dr. George E. Mueller and had reached a 

formal agreement on cooperation in R&D, including Mol experiments. 

Discussions were also underway, he said, for joint use of NASA and 

DOD global range facilities-tracking station, communications, and 

other supporting units-in the Apollo and Mol programs. 

“NOW we are in the beginning stages of two new ventures, the 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) and the C-SA large transport 

aircraft. . . . “Both the MOL and the C-5A have great potential significance for 

our continuing national security. They also promise to yield a 

numb’er of ‘fallout benefits’ of a scientific or economic nature. The 

knowledge gained from the MOL program, in addition to its possible 

defense applications, should also prove very useful for future manned 

scientific ventures into space. The C-5A transport not only will greatly increase our ability to respond to military crisis situations and other 

emergencies such as earthqhakes or floods in remote areas, but also 

may prove quite attractive to the commercial airlines. . . .’, 

General Sch%iever said he felt a follow-on to the B-52 was needed; 

that an Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft (Amsa) would have considerably longer range than a contemplated B-111 and would be superior; and that a maneuverable ferry vehicle for supplying Mol could 

very well come out of the Start program. (Text; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

10/20/65, E8; M/S Daily, 10/20/65) 

Dr. P. H. Fang, a researcher at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, had 

discovered that silicon solar cells damaged by electron radiation could 

be completely recovered any number of times when exposed to high 

temperatures. Report was given at a Photovoltaic Specialists Conference at GSFC Oct. 18-20. 

October 20: NASA Aerobee 150 sounding rocket with four NRL solar-study 

experiments was launched from WSMR to 115-mi. altitude. Rocket 

performed well and three experiments functioned as planned, providing good data: ultraviolet spectroheliograms were obtained, spatial detail in Lyman-Alpha light on the solar disk was photoelectrically recorded, and solar Lyman-Alpha flux measurements were made by the 

ion chamber. The fourth experiment was to have recorded the comet 

Ikeya-Seki against the corona, but because of a mechanical failure in 

the white-light coronagraph experiment these data were not 

obtained. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Federal Communications Commission approved live television coverage 

from the aircraft carrier Wasp of Gemini VI recovery in the Altantic 

Ocean. This would be the first live transmission from a recovery area 

since the US. man-in-space program began. Television signal from 

the Wasp would be sent to EARLY BIRD I which would relay it to the 

satellite ground station in Andover, Me., for transmission to the three 

television networks. (NYT, 10/22/65, 3) 

NASA announced it would negotiate a contract with the Bunker-Ram0 

Corp. for installation and operation of a small-scale prototype document information retrieval system. Negotiations would be based on a 

cost-plus-fixed-fee proposal of $86,000. 

(GSFC Release G28-65) 

(NASA Release 65-334) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 485 

October 20: USAF awarded Philco Corp., Aeronutronic Div., a $1,200,000 

increment to a previously awarded contract for fuzing and arming tests 

and evaluation of reentry vehicles. 

Apollo Spacecraft 009, first Apollo flight spacecraft of the type that 

would carry three US. astronauts to the moon and back, was accepted 

by NASA Manned Spacecraft Center during informal ceremonies at 

North American Aviation, Inc.’s, Downey, Calif., Facility. Largest 

US. manned spacecraft built to date, Spacecraft 009 included a command module, service module, launch escape system, and adapter. 

(Marshdl Star, 10/27/65, 1, 10; NAA S&ID Skywriter, 10/22/65, 1) 

,Ikeya-Seki comet reached periheljon (closest approach to the sun) with 

the comet only about 300,000 mi. from the visible solar disk and 

within a sola? radius of the sun’s surface. Traveling along an elliptical path that would carry it around the sun and deep into the solar 

corona, Ikeya-Seki had a visual magnitude of -10, nearly as bright as 

the moon. It was the brightest comet since the one in 1882 which 

reached an intensity of -7. (NASA Release 65-332; Osmundsen, 

NYT, 10/20/65,39; Sullivan, NYT, 10/21/65, C23) 

Third annual Albert A. Michelson Award of Case Institute of Technology 

was presented to Prof. Luis Alvarez, physicist at the Berkeley campus 

of the Univ. of California. Dr. Alvarez was honored “for the discovery of significant properties of cosmic rays, neutrons, isotopes and 

nuclear transformations; for ieading in the development of quantitative tools for nuclear physics and for pioneering in radar and aircraft 

landing systems.’’ (NYT, 10/21/65, 53) 

Patent for a flying belt capable of propelling its passenger to 350-ft. 

altitude was granted Robert F. Courter, Jr., flight test engineer for Bell 

Aerosystems Co. The 155-lb. machine would have three tanks 

stiiipped to the passenger’s back: two for fuel and one for nitrogen to 

push the fuel into the fuel tanks. Two handles-one in each handwould control the steering. Courter envisaged the flying belt of the 

future as a solution to the commuting problem. (Lardner, Wash. 

Post, 10/20/65, A24) 

October 21: Second Aerobee 150 sounding rocket with experiment to obtain measurements of comet Ikeya-Seki was launched by NASA from 

Wallops Station, Va. The 205-lb. payload, consisting primarily of an 

Ebert-Fastie scanning spectrometer and an attitude control system for 

pointing the instrumentation at the comet, was boosted to peak altitude 

of 117 mi. 

NASA announced it would negotiate a contract extension withVBM for 

continued support of the Real-Time Computer Complex at MSC. The 

extension was expected to cost about $80 million and would contain 

provisions for converting to incentive arrangements. (NASA Release 

65-336) 

NASA had awarded a contract to the Univ. of Iowa for preparation of an 

Injun spacecraft to be used in a dual satellite launch in 1967. The 

Injun Explorer would be teamed with a 12-foot inflatable Air Density 

Explorer and flown on a single Scout launch vehicle in the same way 

EXPLORERS XXIV and xxv were orbited Nov. 21, 1964. The contract, 

valued at $1,070,488, covered construction of the Injun spacecraft, 

(DOD Release 730-65) 

(Wallops Release 65-69) 
44% ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

preparation and integration of the onboard experiments, and integration with the Air Density Explorer spacecraft as a single Scout 

payload. Dr. James A. Van Allen of the Univ. of Iowa would be the 

principal scientific investigator. (NASA Release 65-338; L~RC Release) 

October 21: U.K. Minister of Aviation Roy Jenkins and US. Secretary of 

Defense Robert S. McNamara had signed a memorandum of understanding approving a joint project for development of an advanced lift 

jet engine, DOD announced. Development work would be performed 

by Rolls Royce, Ltd., and a US. contractor yet to be chosen. Engines 

of this kind would be used for takeoff and landing of V/Stol aircraft. 

(DOD Release 732-65) 

French and Soviet scientists ended a one-week conference on possible 

cooperation in space programs, but did not issue a communique. Howard Simons in the Washington Post quoted “informed sources” as 

saying the subject of a French-Russian communications satellite had 

been raised by the Soviet Union and that the French were lukewarm to 

the idea but had not rejected it. (Wash. Daily News, 10/21/65, 22; 

Simons, Wash. Post, 10/29/65, A6) 

Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, former Air Force Chief of Staff, was awarded the 

1965 Collier Trophy, U.S. aviation’s highest honor, in a ceremony at 

the Executive Office Building, Washington, D.C. General LeMay was 

cited for “development of high performance aircraft, missiles, and 

space systems which in 1964 significantly expanded the frontiers of 

American aeronautics and astronautics.” ( NAA News, 10/18/65; Raymond, NYT, 10/22/65,1) 

Distinguished Lecture Series sponsored by the Metropolitan Washington 

Board of Trade was opened by Dr. James A. Van Allen, head of the 

Univ. of Iowa’s physics and astronomy department. Dr. Van Allen 

discussed “Space Science.: Past, Present, and Future” at the Univ. of 

Maryland. Series of seven lectures was designed “to foster better understanding between industry and local universities in an effort to 

create a research community in the Washington [D.C.] area equivalent 

to the Harvard-MIT complex in the Boston area.” (wash. Post, 

10/3/65, B2) 

Evaluation of the Soviet space effort should be done in terms of Russian 

rather than US. requirements and considerations, suggested William 

Hines in the Washington Evening Star: “To look at things from the 

Russian angle for a change may provide a new view of the whole space 

race.” Hines suggested that the orbits of the Molniya satellites were 

egg-shaped because with 12-hr. periodicity “the Molniya-type satellite 

stays over the homeland about two-thirds of the time and comes back 

at exactly the same time each day.” He said that the U.S.S.R. probably had no weather satellites “because it does not need this branch of 

the weatherman’s art.” A possible reason that there were no polar-orbiting Soviet photographic reconnaissance satellites like the US’S Samos was that they were not needed. No Saturn V-type launch vehicle 

development was evident, Hines concluded, possibly because “Russia’s 

approach to [lunar landing] is not necessarily . . . the same as 

America’s. . . . A revealing hint along this line is contained in a 

recent issue of Moscow News. . . . The author puts forward the 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 487 

suggestion that a lunar landing and return mission might be organized 

using two spacecraft rather than one, each of which could be launched 

by a rocket smaller than Saturn V.” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 

10/21/65, A14) 

October 21: 1965 Nobel Prize for physics was awarded jointly to Julian 

Schwinger of Harvard Univ., Richard Feynman of Cal Tech, and Shinichero Tomonaga of Japan. The three scientists were cited for “their 

fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing 

consequence for the physics of elementary particles.” The Nobel 

chemistry prize went to Prof. Robert Burns Woodward of Harvard for 

“his meritorious contribution to the art of organic synthesis.” (Wash. 

Eve. Star, 10/21/65, A4) 

Technical program of the first autumn meeting of the National Academy 

of Engineering, held in New York, was a Symposium on Ocean 

Engineering. ( NAE Release) 

October 22: Ten areas on the moon had been selected by NASA for planning 

photography by the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft next year. Areas included examples of all major types of moon surface to permit assessment of their suitability for spacecraft landings. Nine of the sites 

were within the area proposed for Apollo manned landings; eight were 

potential sites for Surveyor softlanding spacecraft. The 10 areas were 

located along the moon’s equator beginning at about 43’ east longitude arid stretching to 65” west longitude. 

In a letter transmitting to Congress NASA’s 12th Semiannd Report, covering the period July 1-Dec. 31, 1964, President Johnson said: “In 

1958, it was my privilege to introduce the legislation to create the 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. I stated then: ‘I 

confidently believe that the developments of the Space Age will bring 

the beginning of the longest and greatest boom of abundance and 

prosperity in the history of man.’ 

(NASA Release 65-335) 

“Time is bearing out that belief.” (Pres. Doc., 11/1/65,430) 

Sen. Karl E. Mundt (R-S.D.) inserted in the Congressional Record the 

letter of transmittal accompanying a report on trends in appropriations 

for Federal departments and agencies for Fiscal Years 1967-70, prepared by the Library of Congress. The table accompanying the letter 

indicated the NASA appropriation for 1967 would be $5.4 billion; for 

1968, $5.7 billion; for 1969, $6.1 billion; for 1970, $6.4 

billion. (CR, 10/22/65, 27360-61) 

Sen. Philip A. Hart (D-Mich.) introduced S. 2715, a bill to establish 

a Government patent policy. He said: “The evidence vividly demonstrates that the Government’s research undertakings yield a great many 

inventions. Between 1945 and 1962 Government-financed R&D produced more than M,OOO patentable inventions. Nearly one-third were 

patented in the 4-year period ending in 1962. The great bulk of these 

inventions were made by private contractors whose research efforts 

were supported by the Federal Government. 

Each day the problem-judged in quantitative terms-is becoming 

more serious. Let me give an illustration. In January 1963 . . . NASA . . . reported that its work, conducted both in Government 

laboratories and private facilities, had led to 786 inventions. By 

August 1964 that number had increased to 2,500. And by May 1965 

66 
488 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

-in less than 9 months-the number had doubled to nearly 5,000.” 

(CR, 10/22/65, 27127) 

October 22: Jack G. Webb was named director of the Federal Aviation 

Agency’s National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center near Atlantic City, N.J., headquarters for FAA’s research and development activities. (FAA Release 65-97) 

Concern regarding the secrecy shrouding the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) program received editorial comment in the Washington Post: 

“The President has given assurances that although information 

gained through MOL will relate to America’s defense capability, the 

thrust of the project is peaceful. On the other hand MOL’S director 

seems quite willing to provoke a military race in space. There is one 

easy, proven method by which the doubts and misgivings about MOL 

can be allayed. The Air Force should adopt NASA’s open public information policies at once and apply them to every stage of MOL.” 

(Wash. Post, 10,/22/65, 24) 

Address by James G. Allen of the Univ. of Colorado before the American 

Astronautical Society on the impact of space exploration was inserted 

in the Congressional Record by Sen. Peter H. Dominick (R-Colo.) : 

“The space revolution of the mid-20th century must be regarded as the 

most significant of all those great revolutions of history which have 

affected the fate of man. By definition, a revolution does produce a 

series of pyramiding effects, one building up on another. But, in the 

last analysis, these effects focus upon, and culminate in, truly 

significant changes in the social and economic relationships which 

shape one society. 

The space revolution of the mid-twentieth century thus is unique, 

as its course and direction will affect every individual on each of the 

five continents. Moreover, its effects will lie in an entirely new dimension-beyond the physical realm of man’s earthly existence and into 

the boundless areas of space itself. The space revolution of our day 

has resulted from the theories, hypotheses and observations of the 

scientists as their conclusions were tested and applied by the ein,’ uineers 

and technicians.” (CR, 10/22/65,27386-88) 

Editorial by Henry Eyring, Univ. of Utah, in Science: “. . . The crash 

program on the atomic bomb grew out of groundless fears that our 

antagonists would get the atomic bomb first. The vast sums being 

spent at present on a crash program for an early landing on the moon 

have their own somewhat obscure, psychological basis. If the moon 

program is really the most effective means of staving off all-out war, 

expensive as it is, it is still a bargain. On the other hand, the attempts 

which are sometimes made to sell the moon program on its scientific 

merits alone, in competition with other scientific uses of the money, are 

less convincing. The charitable conclusion is that in public affairs it is 

deemed necessary to oversimplify actual objectives so that the general 

public will best serve its own interests for the wrong reasons. This 

oversolicitude is probably neither necessary nor desirable. . . .” 

(Science, 10/22/65, 439) 

October 23: Dr. Charles A. Berry, chief physician for the astronauts, said 

in an interview with the New York Times that spaceflights had caused 

subtle, temporary changes in the human body that must be watched 

<< 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 489 

with care for possible importance to longer futttre flights. Measurements of the apparent density of heel and finger bones of the GEMINI 

IV astronauts, who flew for four days, and the GEMINI v astronauts, 

after an eight-day flight, had indicated that calcium was being lost, or 

at least shifted to some other part of the body. “We have really 

found no gross changes,” he said. “In my opinion, we are going to 

see the body adapt to space flight. You are never going to have the 

guy’s bones turn to jelly so that when he stands on his leg it just goes 

‘pfft.’ ’’ (Clark, NYT, 10/23/65,58) 

October 24: OGO 11, NASA geophysical observatory satellite launched Oct. 

14 at Western Test Range, ceased normal operation about 24 hrs. after 

its attitude control system gas supply was depleted. Gas depletion was 

associated with automatic maneuvers to restabilize OGO XI because one 

or more of its horizon scanners tracked temperature gradients (possibly cold clouds) near the earth’s surface rather than the horizon 

itself. Although NASA considered the mission a failure, OGO 11 had 

provided valuable data from 19 of its 20 onboard experiments. (NASA 

Release 65-368; NASA Proj. Off.) 

Lt. Gen. Nikolai Kamanin, commander of Soviet cosmonauts, said during a meeting with Moscow writers: “After the flight of GEMINI V, 

Johnson said officially that the United States was inviting representatives of the Soviet Union to the next flight so that they could see 

US. rockets and rccket devices. We to!d him: Thank you but we do 

not intend to visit your launching site. We do not intend to go because we know all too well that all space devices are as a rule launched 

into space with the aid of military rockets. You do it this way and 

we do it that way. While military rockets are used for these purposes 

we are unable to show you our Soviet rockets because we know all too 

well that our rockets were, are, and we are convinced, will be the most 

poweriui, with the greaier distance aiid !oad capacity. This is of decisive importance for the defense of the country.” 

In an article in the New York Times discussing the “marriage” of medicine 

and electronics, William D. Smith said the monitoring of the astronauts’ health while in flight had produced several electronic medical 

systems. He added that NASA was expected to spend about $50 million 

during 1965 on electronic medical equipment. (Smith, NYT, 

10/24/65, F1) 

October 25: Gemini VI, scheduled to be launched from Eastern Test 

Range, with Astronauts Walter M. Schirra (Capt., USN) and 

Thomas P. Stafford (Maj., USAF), was canceled by failure of the 

Agena rocket, vehicle with which Gemini spacecraft was to rendezvous 

and dock. The mission was to have been the fourth manned 

flight and the first rendezvous and docking mission in the Gemini 

program. Simultaneous countdown of both the Titan 11-Gemini 6 and 

the Atlas-Agena had been developed to maximize launch reliability for 

a “same day” launch. 

The Agena Target Vehicle 

separated from the Atlas at 10:05:12 with all sequences and parameters 

nominal at separation. Following a nominal Agena coast period, loss 

of Agena telemetry and radar beacon track occurred at 10:06:20 after 

initiation of primary propulsion system burn. Attempt to establish 

(Tass, 10/24/65) 

Atlas-Agena liftoff was at 10:00:04 EST. 
490 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

radar or telemetry track by the Canary Islands tracking station and 

subsequently by the Carnarvon station was unsuccessful. A hold was 

called at T-42 in the Gemini 6 countdown to determine the status of 

the Agena Target Vehicle. Mission was terminated at 10:54 a.m. because the Agena Target Vehicle had failed to achieve orbit. Formal 

Gemini VI mission failure investigation was immediately 

initiated. (NASA Release 65-237; Marshall Star, 11/3/65, 1; Hines, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 10/25/65,1; Clark, NYT, 10/26/65,1) 

October 25: Dr. Michel Bader, NASA Ames Research Center scientist, reported that comet Ikeya-Seki had apparently suffered no structural deformation as a result of its close passage to the sun October 20. The 

tail of the comet now appeared to be about 12” (25 million miles) in 

length. (ARC Astrogrum, 10/28/65, 1) 

ComSatCorp announced agreement on a 84,512,772 contract with Page 

Communications Engineers, Inc., for three transportable earth stations 

to be used as links in providing communication services for Project 

Apollo. Contract was filed with the Federal Communications Commission in conformity with FCC rules requiring 10 days notice for such 

awards. ComSatCorp also had filed with the Commission a related 

application seeking authority to construct the stations and asking FCC 

approval of their technical characteristics. 

Command Module of Apollo spacecraft 009 was delivered to KSC from 

North American Aviation’s Downey, Calif., plant aboard a C-133~ 

aircraft. ( KSC Historical Office) 

Sir William Hildred, Director General of the International Air Transport 

Association, said in an address at the Association’s 21st annual meeting that proposed supersonic jet airliners would face stiff competition 

from giant subsonic jets expected on international airways by 

1967. Sir William said the airlines favored supersonic airliners, such 

as the planned British-French Concorde, if they could provide faster 

transportation “without insuperable financial, technical or operational 

problems.” He said the Concorde was likely to be available in 

1971-72, and its American counterpart in 1973-74. But before that, 

Sir William continued, giant air buses, “stretched” subsonic jets seating up to 250 passengers, would be available. 

During week of October 25: First two H-1 rocket engines uprated to 

205,000 lbs. thrust were delivered from Rocketdyne’s Neosho, Mo., 

plant to Chrysler Corp.’s Space Division in New Orleans. Later, at 

the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, H-1 engines would be 

installed in Saturn IB vehicles to be used in the early stages of the 

Apollo program. The uprated engines would add a total of about 

40,000 lbs. thrust to NASA’s Saturn IB booster, increasing the total 

thrust of the eight-engine cluster to 1,640,000 lbs. (MSFC Release 

October 26: A “catastrophic failure” had occurred some 10 min. after 

launch of the Atlas-Agena for the Oct. 25 Gemini VI mission, M/Gen. 

Ben I. Funk, commander of the Air Force Space Systems Div., 

revealed. M/Gen. Vincent Huston, commander of the Eastern Test 

Range, said radar at Patrick AFB had “picked up five pieces” of debris 

at the point in space where the Agena was supposed to be. G. Merritt 

Preston, NASA, remarked that just before ground stations lost contact 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

(NYT, 10/25/65, 66) 

65-269) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 491 

with the Agena, telemetry records from the spacecraft showed a 

marked rise in pressure in both propellant tanks. Despite the inferred 

explosion of Agena, no fragments were recovered from the Atlantic 

Ocean where tracking radar screens had indicated the rocket should 

have fallen. None was seen by planes alerted to watch for their 

reentry. 

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., manufacturer of the Agena, had 

scheduled a news conference to try to explain the problem, the Washington Evening Star reported. Conference was canceled, reportedly 

on instructions from the Air Force, and a secrecy lid imposed. (Wash. 

Eve. Star, 10/26/65, A6) 

October 26: S-IB-3, Saturn IB launch vehicle’s first stage, was successfully 

captive fired for 2% min., its full flight duration, at MSFC. The stage was 

powered by eight Rocketdyne H-1 engines, developing a total of 1.6- 

million pounds thrust. ( MSFC Release 65-267) 

NASA reported that efforts to regain control of OGO 11-the nation’s 

second orbiting geophysical observatory-had failed: “OGO 11 is assumed to be tumbling in orbit. The prospect of ever achieving useful 

operation of spacecraft under present conditions is slim.” The electrical power supply of the 1,150-lb. spacecraft had been practically 

depleted. (AP, NYT, 10/27/65, 19) 

U.S.S.R. believed it was possible to land men on the moon and bring 

them back to earth with the same rocket, Soviet cosmonaut Et. Coi. 

Andrian G. Nikolayev said in Tokyo. Colonel Nikolayev and his wife, 

Valentina Tereshkova, also a cosmonaut, were on a two-week visit to 

Japan. (Reuters, NYT, 10/27/65, 19) 

Commenting on cancellation of the Gemini VI mission, an editorial in 

the New York Times said: “The Atlas-Agena rocket has performed so 

well on so many different missions in the past that its failure to 

achieve orbit-and the consequent impossibility of the planned rendezvous and docking experiment-comes as a sharp disappointment. But 

it will be worth while if it destroys the tendency toward complacency 

that has been increasingly visible recently. The difficulties that still 

lie ahead of the effort to land a man on the moon are far greater than 

those that have been surmounted to date.” 

US. would put a supersonic airliner into the skies no later than 1974, 

William F. McKee, Federal Aviation Administrator, told the Aero Club 

of Washington. He said FAA had a target date of no later than 1974 

for finishing all tests before regular passenger flights. (UPI, NYT, 

10/27/65,95) 

Describing the size, capacity, and productivity of the C-5A aircraft, recently approved and funded by DOD and ordered by the Air Force from 

Lockheed Aircraft Co., Ira C. Eaker said in the Sun Diego Express: 

“A fleet of 130 C-54 aircraft, the best then available, were required for 

the Berlin airlift. Five C-SAS could have done that job more eficiently 

and with a saving of 5,000 crew and support personnel.” (Eaker, San 

Diego Express, 10/26/65, 29) 

October 27: NASA named an Agena Review Board to try to identify the 

causes of the failure which prevented the Agena stage from fulfilling 

its mission in the Gemini VI flight Oct. 25. Board would be headed by 

co-chairmen Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director of NASA Manned Space- 

(NYT, 10/26/65,42M) 
492 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

craft Center; and Maj. Gen. 0. J. Ritland (USAF), Deputy Commander 

for Space. Air Force Systems Command. 

October 27: X-15 NO. 3 was flown to 236,900-ft. altitude and top speed of 

3,477 mph (mach 5.06) by NASA research pilot John B. McKay to obtain 

data on the NSL scanner, boundary layer noise, and horizontal stabilizer 

loads. 

Service module of Apollo spacecraft 009 was delivered to KSC from 

North American Aviation’s Downey, Calif., plant aboard the Pregnant 

Guppy aircraft. (KSC Historical Office) 

U.S.S.R.’s photographic moon probe, ZOND 111, was 33.4 million miles 

(52.8 million km.) from earth. Transmission of photos of the moon’s 

hidden side had been resumed according to the flight program. Pictures were of good quality. 

Two workmen were killed and three were injured in an explosion and 

fire in the propellant preparation building at Thiokol Chemical Corp.’s 

Minuteman missile facility. The accident occurred at Minuteman 

Plant 78, an Air Force facility operated by Thiokol. An investigation 

was underway to determine the cause. 

USAF had awarded Radiation Inc. a $1,044,120 increment to an existing 

contract for modification of automatic tracking telemetry antennas used 

is space tracking at ETR. 

Soviet deputy minister of communications I. V. Klokov, commenting for 

Ztvestiu on orbiting of the second MOLNIYA I comsat, said: “The 

orbiting of the second Soviet Comsat ‘Molniya-1’ will permit us to 

verify the feasibility of organizing a communication system envisaging 

the combined use of several sputniks. This will offer the possibility of 

a marked increase in the duration of contact to the point of becoming 

a round-the-clock system. . . . “With the aid of the new sputnik, the first telephone communication 

sessions have already been conducted; Moscow and Vladivostok have 

exchanged the first TV programs. These tests have shown that the 

quality of the radio communications and telecommunications is superior to that found in the experiments with the first Soviet Comsat, 

Molniya-1.’’ (Zzvestiu, 10/16/65, 3; ATSS-T Trans.) 

Aerospace and defense planning concepts could be applied to many of 

the Nation’s major social problems, Dr. Ruben F. Mettler, executive 

vice president of TRW, Inc., told a luncheon meeting of AIAA in New 

York. Dr. Mettler listed transportation, medical services, and housing 

as areas where the systems approach to problems would prove 

beneficial. He said that he thought the application of aerospace systems concepts had a bright and profitable future in civilian endeavors. 

(NYT, 10/27/65, 74M) 

Vice Adm. Hyman G. Rickover (USN) , in a London lecture sponsored 

by the British Association for the Advancement of Science, warned 

against uncontrolled exploitation of science that “may become a 

Frankenstein monster, destroying its creator,” man. He listed misuses of new technology, including one that may be irreparable: “We 

may be damaging the atmosphere permanently by changing its chemical 

composition.” 

October 28: Soviet Union launched COSMOS XCIV artificial earth satellite 

(NASA Release 65-342) 

(NASA X-15 Proj . Off. ; X-15 Flight Log) 

(Tass, 10/28/65) 

(AP, NYT, 10/28/65, 43M) 

(DOD Release 759-65) 

( UPI, NYT, 10/28/65, 39) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 493 

carrying scientific instrumentation to continue the space exploration 

program. Orbital parameters: apogee, 293 km. (181.9 mi.) ; perigee, 

211 km. (131 mi.) ; period, 89.3 min.; inclination, 65’. Equipment 

was operating normally. (Tass, 10/28/65) 

October 28: USAF launched Thor-Agena D launch vehicle from WTR with an 

unidentified satellite. 

In a memorandum report to President Johnson on Gemini VI NASA 

Administrator James E. Webb said: “This is to report to you that the 

Titan II booster which we expected to use on October 25 to launch 

Gemini 6, carrying astronauts Schirra and Stafford, is now being removed from the launching pad. We have examined carefully the 

question of whether this booster could be used for the launching of 

Gemini 7 into a 14-day orbit, and our studies show that the Titan 

booster which we have especially prepared for Gemini 7 is more 

suitable. This is the reason for the change from the booster now on 

the pad to the one especially designed for the Gemini 7 launch. 

“Also, we have examined a number of ways to speed up the accumulation of the information which the Gemini 6 rendezvous flight was 

designed to give us. We find that it may be possible to take advantage of the work we have already done in mating the Gemini 6 to its 

booster and to the launching facility and thus save considerable time 

in its re-erection. If we can launch Gemini 7 without serious damage 

to the iaunching pad, there is some possibility that we could immediately re-erect the Gemini 6 spacecraft and booster and launch it in 

time to rendezvous with Gemini 7 before the 14-day flight comes to an 

end.” (Text; Pres. Doc., 11/1/65,734) 

Presidential Press Secretary William D. Moyers announced from the 

Texas White House that the US. would launch Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 

about 10 days apart and have them rendezvous in space. The double 

launching would probably take place in January with tile two spacecraft scheduled to maneuver within a few feet of each other but without touching. Astronauts Walter M. Schirra (Capt., USN) and Thomas P. Stafford (Maj., USAF) would be in Gemini 6, whose Oct. 25 

mission was canceled after an Agena vehicle with which they were to 

dock exploded in space. In Gemini 7, set for a 14-day orbital journey, would be Astronauts Frank Borman (Maj., USAF) and James Lovel1 (Lcdr., USN). (Pomfret, NYT, 10/29/65, 1; Chapman, Wush. 

Post, 10/29/65, Al) 

Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director of NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, said 

in a telephone interview with the New York Times that the proposal to 

fly the Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 spacecraft on a dual flight originally 

had been made by Walter F. Burka and John F. Yardley of McDonnell 

Aircraft Corp., the spacecraft’s manufacturer. This might permit rendezvous, but no docking, earlier than if NASA waited for the Agena 

malfunction to be found and corrected. If the launching pad, the 

Titan booster, and Gemini 6 could not be made ready in time to catch 

the Gemini 7 in orbit, “we would not have lost anything but the trying,’, Dr. Gilruth said. As for the risk of having two manned spacecraft flying a few feet apart, “That’s no more dangerous than two 

fighters up there flying with each other,” he added. (Clark, NYT, 

10/29/65,13) 

(US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965, 153) 
494 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

October 28: Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Council, said in an address to the American 

Ordnance Association: “. . . In the case of the most recently announced space project, the Manned Orbiting Laboratory, we again 

have an example of a highly valuable exchange of technology and 

experience by two operating agencies of the Government. In this instance, NASA’s considerable success in manned space flight and in the 

development of spacecraft will assist the Air Force substantially in 

carrying out the Manned Orbiting Laboratory project. Such interagency cooperation will tend to improve rather than impair the peaceful 

image which this country has established. 

“Since I have mentioned the Manned Orbiting Laboratory, it is 

worth pausing right now to challenge forthrightly those who have asserted or intimated that it has something to do with a weapons 

race. We expect misinterpretations of that sort to come from unfriendly countries and sometimes from ignorant domestic critics. However, I was disappointed to find that a few otherwise well informed 

publications and invididuals have asserted that the MOL is a weapons 

carrier and a project contrary to our peaceful progress in space. 

“I assert as positively as I can that the MOL is not a weapons 

system, is not a means by which aggressive actions can be perpetrated, 

and is in rw way in conflict with the established peaceful policies, 

objectives, or methods of the United States. Rather, it is a program 

that will increase our knowledge of man’s usefulness in space and will 

relate that ability to our national defense.” 

Months-long breathing of pure oxygen at the pressure used in Gemini 

spacecraft might damage the lungs and interfere with blood cell maqufacture in the body, reported Col. Harold V. Ellingson (USAF) at a 

meeting of the American College of Preventive Medicine in 

Chicago. For that reason, he said, pure oxygen would not be used in 

Air Force manned orbiting laboratories in which astronauts would 

remain in space 3&90 days. Instead a mixture of oxygen and helium 

was being considered. Colonel Ellingson, Commander of the Air 

Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, emphasized he was 

not referring to brief orbital trips such as the Gemini flights, but to 

missions of one to three months duration. (Lewis, Wash. Post, 

10/28/65, G3) 

A Group Achievement Award was presented at NASA Langley Research 

Center’s annual awards ceremony to Eugene Schult, Head of the Scout 

Project Office, in recognition of “the outstanding Scout vehicle success 

record during the past eighteen months.” 

*Recording of powerful radio waves by U.S.S.R.’s instrumented space 

probe ZOND 11 had been reported to a conference of Soviet astronomers by Vyacheslev Slish, according to Tass, which said the astronomer had no “plausible theory” to account for the radio beam, which 

was said to have been 100 times stronger than anything expected from 

man’s present knowledge of space. 

October 29: NASA had selected Philco Corp. for negotiation of an estimated 

$1 million contract to build magnetometers to fly on interplantetary 

Pioneer spacecraft. The instruments would survey the interplanetary 

magnetic field during 1967 and 1968. 

A new telescope on Mt. Wilson, after surveying more than half the sky 

(Text) 

(LaRC Release) 

(NYT, 10/29/65,13) 

(ARC Release 65-24) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 495 

visible from that site, had detected from 400-1,000 celestial objects 

cooler than 1,500’ F, reported Dr. Bruce T. Ulrich of Cal Tech at a 

meeting of the American Physical Society in Chicago. Since between 

70% and 80% of them lay along the Milky Way, it was theorized that 

they were “very large-probably thousands of times larger than the 

sun, very distant, and quite rare.” 

The new telescope was novel in several ways: its concave mirror was 

of an epoxy plastic coated with aluminum; the mirror rocked back and 

forth at 20 cps, so that light from an infrared source in the sky would 

sweep across detectors of lead sulphide and silicon; the detectors, kept 

at -320’ F, were sensitive enough to detect the slight increase in the 

infrared as the arm of the telescope swept past one of these objects. 

(Sullivan, NYT, 10/30/65, 28C) 

October 29: American Newspaper Publishers Association asked the FCC to 

permit wide use of communications satellites by newspapers and wire 

services. In a brief filed with the Commission the publishers’ group 

said: “Specifically, we propose that a basic policy determination be 

made at this time, assuring access by the press to Comsat facilities for 

news media determination.” (NYT, 10/31/65,22) 

Soviet Union announced new rocket tests in the Pacific Ocean west of 

Hawaii and asked all countries to leave the area during the testing 

period. An official announcement by Tass, the Soviet press agency, 

said “3 new modification nf a space vehicle booster” would be 

launched. Tass said the test area covered “a circle with a radius of 

40 n. mi., with a center of 19’8’ north and 1’78’46’ west.” The test 

firings would take place between October 31 and December 

30. (Pruvdu, 10/30/65,1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

US. exploded an 80-kiloton hydrogen bomb 2,300 ft. below the surface 

of Amchitka Island. The experiment was expected to produce imporiani daia 101 die iiioiihiiiig of fii~iire bans against ncc!ezr testing. 

The experiment, called Project Longshot, had required two years of 

preparation at a cost of $10 million. The readings of shock waves 

at 211 stations throughout the world were expected to enable scientists 

to distinguish between manmade explosions and natural seismic disturbances. (UPI, NYT, 10/30/65, 1) 

William F. R. Ballard, chairman of the New York City Planning Commission, had proposed in a letter to Robert C. Weaver, administrator 

of the Federal Housing and Home Financing Agency, that a major 

study be made of land use problems around New York metropolitan 

airports. Ballard sought Federal aid for the proposed study, which 

called for an inquiry into methods for reducing disturbances to home 

owners rising from the noise of aircraft, under the Housing and Urban 

Redevelopment Act. (NYT, 10/30/65,14) 

Lt. Frank K. Ellis (USN), who had lost his lower legs in an aircraft 

crash, was advised that the Navy was considering his application 

to become an astronaut. “The only difference between me and any normal man,” he said, “is running and jumping ability. There is no 

change in my flying ability . . . I’ve wanted to be an astronaut ever 

since I first heard the word. That field is moving more and more into 

actual controlled flying. I’m a fly boy. Count me in.” (AP, NYT, 

10/30/65,28C) 

First full-scale testing of a Coralie engine took place at Vernon, France, 
496 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

15 days ahead of schedule. Firing of the engine, second stage of the 

European Launcher Development Organization’s ELDO Europa booster, 

lasted 96 sec. Compatibility of the four-nozzle liquid engine with the 

flight-type structure was checked out, and the low level of vibration 

was called highly encouraging. (M&R, 12/6/65) 

October 29: Dr. Philip H. Abelson, editor of Science, editorialized: 

“To date the purely scientific results from our manned space program have not been impressive. With good reason, the engineering 

and medical aspects have been given overriding priority. In effect, 

our manned space program has consisted of a series of great technological stunts. . . . “Will the Space Agency be able to devise a continuing series of 

spectaculars of ascending dramatic quality? I think not. The first 

successful landing on the moon will be a climax. Just as succeeding 

climbs of Mt. Everest, after the first ascent, have drawn diminishing 

attention, later lunar travel will lose its novelty. 

“As for Mars, how many popular songs have been written about 

it? . . . More fundamental is the question, ‘How many people know 

where Mars is. or even care?’ Perhaps man will one day go to the 

planet, but the psychological and emotional impact of the trip will be 

pale in comparison with that of the first successful landing on the 

moon.” (Science, 10/29/65,557) 

October 30: US. Geological Survey, on behalf of NASA, had prepared geologic interpretative maps of approximately 3,000,000 sq. mi. of the 

moon’s surface. These maps, prepared by astrogeologists at Flagstaff, 

Ariz., were part of a program to aid manned exploration of the lunar 

surface. Dr. Eugene Shoemaker, chief of the Astrogeology Branch, 

had been designated by NASA as the principal scientist for Project 

Surveyor spacecraft. He would make a geologic analysis of photographs of the lunar surface which would be made during a “soft” 

landing of instruments. (NYT, 10/30/65,14) 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb, in dedicating Boeing’s new Space 

Simulation Facility at Kent, Wash., said NASA planned to increase its 

aeronautical research. Webb pointed out that while the industry-Government relationship sometimes appeared to be that of vender and 

buyer. it was actually a partnership with all of its 

problems. Significant influences on this partnership in recent years 

had included: the demand on industry for faster rates of technical 

advance ; the increased complexity and technical difficulty of major 

programs with consequent delays and cost overruns; the decreasing 

volume of production woik and increasing volume of research and 

development contracts ; the steady increase in the requirements for 

technical and program management personnel; the requirement for 

Government to better define its objectives and requirements; the emphasis in the procuring agencies on increasing competition at all 

stages, including research and development; changes in contracting 

methods which offered more incentives but imposed more risk on contractors ; and necessary increases in Government controls on configuration, quality, and on financial data in multiple contract, large and 

long-lead-time projects. (Text) 

Application to “Spudnik I” - a potato in orbit - of his theory of biological rhythms was explained by Prof. Frank A. Brown, Jr., 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 497 

biologist at Northwestern Univ., in an interview with the New York 

Times. About two thirds of the way to the moon, the earth’s magnetic 

field and other earth-related forces that might help run the biological 

clock, including gravity, electrostatic fields, and barometric pressure, 

would be absent, he said. Suggesting that NASA orbit a potato, he 

added, “If the potato dies, it [the space program] better be checked 

before a man is sent out there.” 

October 30: U.S. would install new equipment costing an estimated $5 

million at one of its three satellite tracking stations in the Pretoria area 

of South Africa. Arrival of the expensive new equipment was taken by 

observers as a sign that NASA officials were determined to hold on to the 

stations. Possibility that they might be closed had been raised last 

summer when Prime Minister Hendrik F. Verwoerd had said American 

Negroes could not be assigned to the stations. American officials 

insisted they had accepted no racial restriction on their personnel in 

South Africa. (NYT, 10/31/65, 12) 

Telephone calls between two Moscow city exchanges would be routed 

soon over a three-mile-long laser beam, the newspaper Trud 

reported. The laser link, developed by the Soviet Central Scientific 

Research Institute of Communications, was already in experimental 

use. (NYT, 10/31/65,26) 

October 31: A new theory stating that molecules adsorb on the surfaces of 

ionic (electrically-charged) surfaces by unbalanced eiectricai iieids of 

force had been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory under sponsorship of the NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology, NASA 

announced. Knowledge of the exact mechanics of gas adsorption 

would be vitally important in innumerable scientific, industrial, and 

medical fields. (NASA Release 65-340) 

During October: JPL Director William H. Pickering, describing MARINER 

IV’S Mars mission in Astronautics and Aeronautics, wrote : “This mission has proven to be of immense scientific and engineering 

importance. New scientific information is now available on regions of 

the solar system never before penetrated with instruments. Observations from the vicinity of Mars suggest entirely new concepts about the 

nature of that planet. Spacecraft performance has shown our ability 

to design and construct a remotely operated device of astonishing 

complexity. Its continued operation establishes a standard of reliability seldom, if ever, attained. Even maintaining two-way communications over distances exceeding 100-million mi. remarkably demonstrates advances in communication technology which were not thought 

possible a decade ago. 

“The design concepts underlying Mariner date back to 1959 when 

the Jet Propulsion Laboratory began the Vega program. In 1960, 

Vega was modified to become Ranger. The Mariner series took its 

present form in 1961, when a mission to Venus was planned for the 

planetary opportunity in August 1962. . . .” (Pickering, A&A, 

10/1965,20-21) 

Dr. Charles S. Sheldon, National Aeronautics and Space Council Staff, 

in NASC compilation of international space programs, predicted that 

future Soviet activities in space would include : manned circumlunar 

flight; development of a Soviet version of Mol; large manned stations 

maintained for indefinite periods by supply ferries; manned lunar land- 

(Wehrein, NYT, 10/31/65, 73) 
498 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

ing; major new version of an interplanetary probe, notably on using 

Venus as a target this fall. 

During October: USAF had formed a seven-member, top-level policy committee to function as chief advisory group of manned orbital laboratory 

(Mol) objectives and problems, reported Aviation Week and Space 

Technology. 

Chaired by Air Force Secretary Harold Brown, the committee would 

establish program objectives, plans, schedules, milestones, and development and test goals; make program and system changes; define major 

technical developments ; and identify management and fiscal problems, 

as well as problems that affect other military departments and Government agencies. 

“It seems clear that preeminence in aeronautics and space in the future 

will certainly demand a continuous evolvement of new technology,” Dr. 

Raymond L. Bisplinghoff, Special Assistant to the NASA Administrator, 

said in Air Force and Space Digest. 

“The consequences of not having done our homework prior to undertaking a system development to meet an explicit requirement are 

overruns in cost and time. These costs in resources are often so high 

that the means must be found to evolve new technology in advance of 

requirements. One would conclude from this that the formulation of 

a responsible requirement demands an underlying body of technology. 

“One of the most important purposes served by the creation of technologies is to provide options in the selection of new requirements or 

missions. The existence of several technical options is fundamental to 

sound planning. Because of the many important implications of space 

activities, policy planners will require that they be given options. It 

therefore seems desirable that the development of a new branch of 

technology be directed toward a related class of requirements or missions rather than a single requirement. . . .” (AF Mag., 10/65, 

61-64) 

NASA Office of Technology Utilization issued a report on metal-forming 

techniques currently in use in the aerospace industry including those 

in the experimental stage ; a survey, “Handling Hazardous Materials,” 

dealing with such oxidizers as liquid fluorine, chlorine trifluoride, 

nitrogen tetroxide, and ozone; a book containing 71 ideas for shop 

techniques and applications used successfully in space-related research 

at NASA centers; and a technical survey tracing significant recent progress in plasma jet technology. 

USAF had ordered an additional six Titan IIIC launch vehicles for unmanned payload applications, bringing to 19 the number of firm 

orders, reported Aviation Week and Space Technology. (Av. Wk., 

10/11/65,23) 

Dr. Kraft A. Ehricke, Director of Advanced Studies of General Dynamics 

Corp., in a series of talks at Evanston College, predicted several 

“realistic possibilities” for the 1980’s and 1990’s: (1) a manned space 

station to handle the world’s communications needs, including global 

telephone calls complete with televised views of the speakers; (2) 

space vehicles to keep man informed of all weather developments, 

detect forest fires, and inform firefighters; (3) orbiting manned information centers to supply doctors and other scientists with data an any 

subject regardless of how distant they were from the source of material 

(Normyle, Av. Wk., 10/11/65, 32) 

(Av. Wk., 10/4/65, 25) 

(NASA Releases) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 499 

on earth; (4) orbiting hospitals or lunar hospitals to relieve persons 

suffering from certain ailments by providing gravityless or very low 

gravity conditions. (Chic. Trib., 10/10/65 

During October: Dr. Walter Dornberger, Vice President for Research of 

Bell Aerosystems Co., former chief of German V-2 missile program, and 

father of the Dyna-Soar concept, was interviewed on the eve of his 

retirement from Bell by Claude Witze in Air Force and Space Digest. 

Witze said:“. . . [Although Dornberger is] the outstanding pioneer in 

the development of ballistic rockets, he feels strongly that we have erred 

in relying on this single vehicle, with its inherent limitations.” He 

quoted Dr. Dornberger : 

. . . our whole approach to space is no good, if we really want to 

think of space as an operational area. 

We must get away 

from this launching from pads, which costs millions and billions of 

dollars, to the more conventional way of taking off from a runway.’ ” 

Witze continued: “He predicts that after we have gone to the moon 

we will start over again. Project Apollo cannot be turned back, he 

says, but the next time ‘we must create an environment in space that 

can be used by men, not only for research but for commercial and 

military purposes.’ 

“This environment he is talking about is a permanent space station, 

one that will never come back into the atmosphere. This will require 

a logistics system-a recoverable, reusable space transporter to carry 

people and supplies back and forth to space. The Dyna-Soar was a 

crude but necessary step in this direction, replaced today by the concept of the aerospace plane. . . . “The Dornberger thesis is that a manned station in near space is as 

practical as a military base on Okinawa, a laboratory at the South 

Pole, or an aircraft parts and maintenance depot in 

Chateauroux. Once established, all that is needed is a logistics system 

to keep it going. From such a space station, expeditions can be sent 

to the moon, or many other places in space, with engines that give a 

thrust of only 20,000 pounds, instead of the millions of pounds required on one-way booster trips. . . .,’ 

Quoting Dr. Dornberger: “ ‘It took mankind hundreds of years to 

learn to use the sea, but only fifty years to use the air. Space can be 

used in twenty-five years, if we get started. I doubt that the use of 

space vehicles will be more hazardous than the use of submarines.’” 

(AF Mag., 10/65, SMS) 

<‘ c 

“ ‘We must use a completely different approach. 
November 1965 

November 1 : The rendezvous of Geminis 6 and 7 had been scheduled tentatively for the eighth day of Gemini 7’s 14-day endurance flight, revealed Command Pilot Frank Borman (L/Col., USAF) at a new~ conference held by Gemini VII’S prime and backup astronaut crews at 

MSC. Gemini 7 would act as a passive target vehicle, but would expend fuel to circularize its 108-mi.-perigee orbit to 161-mi.-perigee 

orbit and to maneuver into range of Gemini 6’s radar, if necessary. 

Borman said there would be no Eva on Gemini VII because the crew 

would be wearing new lightweight spacesuits unsuitable for work in 

the vacuum of space; he was unaware of any plans for Eva on 

Gemini VI. During ten days of the mission, the Gemini VII crew would 

fly in USAF-issue longjohn underwear. Pilot James Love11 (Cdr., USN) 

said that training for Gemini VII had emphasized stowage reviews because of the serious stowage problems encountered by Astronauts 

Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad, Jr., on their eight-day GEMINI v 

flight August 19. (Transcript; Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/2/65, A3) 

FAA became the first civilian Government agency to recover the entire 

cost of developing a device produced on Government contract by a 

private manufacturer and sold to the public. Wilcox Electric Co. 

paid FAA $142,540-total cost of developing a general aviation transponder that would identify airplanes for air traffic control purposesin conformance with FAA policy that “where the national interest requires government action in the form of Federal expenditures, those 

expenditures which do not accrue to the benefit of the public at large 

should be recovered to the maximum extent possible.” (FAA Release 

DOD had warned that contracts for the USN version of the F-111 aircraft 

would be canceled if contractors and involved parties did not resolve 

arguments and furnish sufficient reliable performance data to warrant 

production, reported ,George C. Wilson in Aviation Week and Space 

Technology. General Dynamics was the prime contractor; Grumman 

Aircraft Engineering Corp. was building and refining most of the USN 

version; and Hughes Aircraft Co. was developing the Phoenix air-toair missile for the F-111~. (Wilson, Av. Wk., 11/1/65, 16) 

In a brief filed with the FCC, ComSatCorp commented on the problem of 

direct purchase of communications services: “. . . Comsat believes 

that as a general rule it should afford the other carriers the first opportunity to provide satellite services desired by users other than the 

US. Government and foreign communications entities. However, in 

the event that the other carriers, owning and operating non-satellite 

facilities in which they have substantial investments, do not provide a 

65-104) 

500 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 501 

satellite service to any customer who desires such service, Comsat 

should be able to provide such service directly to that customer. . . .” 

(Text) 

November 1: By a 45704042% margin, the American people believed the 

space program was worth an annual $4-billion expenditure, according 

to a Harris poll. By a SO%-to-38% margin, the public would oppose 

continuing the program at the present rate of expenditure if it were not 

for Russian exploits in space. 

US. aviation’s trunkline scheduled passenger mileage was expected to 

increase two to three times during the next ten years whether fares 

increased, decreased, or remained at 1964 levels, according to the 

Civil Aeronautics Board’s traffic forecast for the 1965-1975 

period. (Text) 

US. experts believed that Russia might attempt to launch a multimanned 

spacecraft on a 15-day mission as her next manned space effort, reported William J. Normyle in Aviation Week and Space TechnoZogy. 

Based on recent conversation with Soviet scientists, US. specialists 

felt that there was complete confidence in the Voskhod environmentalcontrol system which had been qualified for 30-day missions, Normyle 

explained. They also believed that the Soviets were prepared to attempt a rendezvous mission more ambitious than Gemini 6. (Normyle, 

Av. Wk., 11/1/65) 

President Johnson issued the annual proclamation inviting Americans to 

observe “Wright Brothers Day, December 17, 196.5, with appropriate 

ceremonies and activities, both to recall the accomplishments of the 

Wright brothers and to provide a stimulus to aviation in this country 

and throughout the world.” 

Commenting on the Project Surveyor report of Rep. Joseph E. Karth‘s 

(D-pulir?~.) Suhrnmmittee on NASA Oversight [see Oct. 81, William J. 

Coughlin said: “. . . the really amazing thing is that what the Karth 

report calls the ‘stormy 4%-year history’ of the project has not been 

stormier. Given a limited budget to accomplish the impossible, anyone will have difficulties. . . . “The Karth report, in fact, acknowledges this when it states: ‘In 

essence, insufficient preliminary work was done prior to the decision to 

go ahead with the project, and the award of a contract for development of the Surveyor spacecraft.’ ” (Coughlin, M&R, 11/1/65, 46) 

Reaction to the cancellation of the NASA Gemini VI mission October 25 indicated that the space program and its public acceptance had matured 

during the first eight years of the space age, wrote Robert Hotz in 

Aviation Week and Space Technology. He recalled the “abuse heaped 

on the Vanguard program, the demands for Ranger’s Cancellation, and 

the timorous whimpering that tried to suppress the Mercury program 

and bury the Apollo plans,” and suggested that “the lesson we should 

learn as a nation from our space program is that no task is too difficult to achieve and no challenge too great . . . to surmount if its toplevel leadership points out the goals and sounds the charge.” (Hotz, 

Av. Wk., 11/1/65, 11) 

During week of November 1: Two 16-in. guns welded. together end to end 

would serve as first stage of a three-stage launch device believed capable 

by its developers-usa Ballistic Research Laboratories and McGill 

Univ. Space Research Institute, Montreal-of orbiting a 50-lb. satellite. 

(Harris. Push. Post, 11/1/6S, A2) 

(Pres. Doc., 11/8/65, 448) 
502 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

The gun had launched 185-lb. payloads to approximate 84-mi. altitudes 

last year. Components of the rocket assembly had been successfully 

tested separately, but not as a unit; test firing of the first stage would 

take place in Barbados within four months. Dr. Charles H. Murphy, 

Ballistic Research Laboratories, and Dr. Gerald V. Bull, McGill Univ., 

reported on the project at a meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences. (Sullivan, NYT, 11/9/65, 3) 

November 2: PROTON 11 26,900-1b. unmanned scientific space station was 

launched by U.S.S.R. into orbit: apogee, 638.7 km. (396 mi.) ; perigee, 

191.9 km. (119 mi.); period, 92.6 min.; inclination, 63.5’. Tass 

said that instrumentation on PROTON 11 would study cosmic particles 

of superhigh energies, cosmic rays and their radiation danger, and the 

nuclear interaction of cosmic particles with super-high energies up to 

1,000 billion electron volts. All onboard equipment was said to be 

functioning normally. (NYT, 11/3/65, 5; AP, Balt. Sun, 11/3/65, 4; 

UPI, Wash. Post, 11/3/65, A21) 

The Interim Communications Satellite Committee (ICSC), on behalf of 

the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (Intelsat) , approved a communications satellite system to provide services for 

NASA’s Project Apollo and for other commercial users. The system, 

which would provide the first commercial comsat service to the Pacific 

area and supplement services across the Atlantic as part of the Intelsat 

system, would include four satellites: two in synchronous orbit at 

about 22,300-mi. altitudes, one over the Pacific, the other over the 

Atlantic; and two in reserve. Larger and more versatile than EARLY 

BIRD I comsat providing commercial service over the Atlantic, these 

satellites would weigh 150 lbs. compared to EARLY BIRD 1’s 85 lbs. 

ICSC also approved ComSatCorp’s contract with Hughes Aircraft Co. 

to buy four satellites for the system. 

NASA would negotiate with Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., for 12 Scout launch 

vehicles under a 27-month, firm-fixed-price contract, valued at more 

than $8 million exclusive of option provisions for several additional 

vehicles. (NASA Release 65-343) 

Rep. John W. Wydler (R-N.Y.) urged the Subcommittee on NASA 

Oversight of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics to 

consider priorities in the US. space program. He noted that the 

Agena Target Vehicle failure which postponed the Oct. 25 Gemini VI 

mission might have been avoided if the modified Agena had undergone flight-testing before the Gemini mission attempt. Reiterating his 

view that “the last two Pegasus [satellites] shots were not clearly 

necessary,” he suggested: “. . . this modified Agena rocket could have 

been test fired by means of utilizing the last two Saturn I rockets, 

which carried the additional Pegasus satellites instead. Such a test 

might have avoided the failure. . . .” 

Soviet-French communique was issued after six days of talks between Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and French Foreign 

Minister Maurice Couve de Murville in Moscow expressing the desire 

to sign “an appropriate agreement” on space cooperation. This apparently referred to a Soviet invitation that France join in a communications satellite system which would compete with the U.S.-led 

ComSatCorp, to which France already belonged. (Rosenfeld, rash. 

Post, 11/3/65, A9) 

(ComSatCorp Release) 

(CR, 11/2/65, A6259) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 503 

November 3: X-15 No. 2, piloted by L/Col. Robert Rushworth (USAF), 

attained 70,600-ft. altitude at 1,432 mph (mach 2.31) in the first of 

two flights to test the inflight tank ejection procedure and tank-recovery systems of two external propellant tanks. The external tanks 

would carry added propellant on future flights that could increase the 

x-15’s speed to more than 5,000 mph. (NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 

Flight Log) 

Launch of Geos A Geodetic Explorer satellite, originally scheduled for 

Nov. 2 and later postponed to Nov. 5 because if an‘electric circuit 

break, had been rescheduled for Nov. 6. Geos A would contain five 

geodetic instrumentation systems to more accurately map the earth 

and to serve as a precise space reference point for ground surveyors. 

(AP, NYT, 11/4/65, 24; Wash. Post, 11/5/65, A16) 

Development of three-dimensional television which could be viewed in 

color or black and white without wearing special glasses might be possible utilizing a technique developed by Spaco, Inc., while performing 

research for NASA MSFC, Marshall’s Office of Technology Utilization 

announced. ( MSFC Release 65-276) 

ComSatCorp requested bids from 12 companies by Nov. 22 for site prep 

aration and construction of buildings and facilities for a fixed earth 

station at Paumalu, Oahu, Hawaii-a U.S. link for worldwide commercial satellite communications. The Hawaiian station and one at 

Brewster Flat, Wash., were the only fixed stations planned by ComSatCorp. (ComSatCorp Release) 

The 1965 International Space Electronics Symposium was held in Miami 

Beach. Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary, National Aeronautics and Space Council, told the Symposium that electronics would 

continue to play a prime role in the US. space program. Emphasizing 

the difficulty and complexity of the electronic problems which would be 

encountered in manned planetary exploration, Dr. Welsh noted that 

for manned Mars travel “we’ll need reliability for at least 400 days 

contrasted with more immediate goals of 14 to 30 days; we’ll need 

electrical ‘on board’ power measured in kilowatts instead of today’s 

tens of watts; we’ll need the data rates of 5 million bits per second 

instead of the current capability of 8 bits per second; and there is a 

still debatable possibility that we will need laser beam pointing accuracy several magnitudes better than what we now have. In components, we shall require new or improved concepts such as self-healing, self-checking, and accurate failure prediction to give the greatly 

increased reliability required. . . .” 

Dr. Homer E. Newell, NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications, told the Future Space Programs panel that the 

use of satellites for scientific research and the development of practical 

applications in meteorology, communications, navigation, and geodesy 

were important components of the total progress of the space program. 

He said science had been the prime beneficiary of skills developed for 

using satellites and space probes as scientific tools: “The vitality of 

space science has been its close association with various disciplines of 

science, and its ability to offer those disciplines new ways of solving 

old problems, while at the same time opening up new horizons.” 

(Text) 

(Text) 
504 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

The military space program had established the feasibility of using 

space as a medium for military support missions and now had the 

initial techniques to exploit the military usefulness of space, M,/G Jerry 

D. Page, AFSC, told the panel on Future Space Programs. Application 

of these capabilities involved: (1) programs to provide near-term applications such as the Nuclear Detection Satellite program, a researchoriented effort which, at the same time, provided a global nuclear 

detection capability ; and (2) consideration of multi-mission satellites 

for the future. (AFSC Release) 

November 3: Evidence of the impact on education of achievements in space 

technology was cited by James V. Bernardo, Director of NASA Educational Programs Div., at the Michigan Education Association Meeting 

in Detroit: (1) greater demand for scientists, engineers, and technicians; (2) examination and revision of the science and mathematics 

courses in high schools and colleges to include new concepts and to 

provide enrichment of basic principles through space-related materials; 

(3) recognition of the need for better teacher training to meet the increasing needs of science and technology in our society; (4) recognition that science should be a basic part of general education for all 

students and that we must develop a science-literate public; (5) effort 

to develop a well-balanced national effort in science, technology, the 

social sciences, and the humanities; (6) need for advancing scientific 

research activities related to space exploration problems, including the 

development of training programs for scientists, engineers, and technicians. (Text) 

US. Army announced selection of Lockheed Aircraft Co. to develop “on 

an expedited basis” ten prototype high-speed helicopters, the first conceived and designed exclusively as weapon platforms. Called the Advanced Aerial Fire Support System (Aafss) , the new compound helicopter would be capable of firing a variety of weapons and flying 50% 

faster than any other operational Army helicopter. (DOD Release 781- 

65 ) 

Air-to-surface Hound Dog missile was successfully fired from USAF B-52 

aircraft over Green River, Utah, to White Sands Missile Range. (AP, 

NYT, 11/4/65, 35) 

Wrecks of ten U.S. U-2 photoreconnaissance planes downed over Communist China during the last three years were on exhibit at the 

Museum of the Revolution in Peking. (Reuters, Balt. Sun, 11/4/65, 

7) 

November 4: U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS xcv artificial earth satellite carrying scientific instrumentation to continue the space exploration program. Orbital parameters: apogee, 521 km. (323 mi.) ; perigee, 207 

km. (128.3 mi.) ; period, 91.7 min.; inclination, 48”. Equipment was 

functioning normally. (Pruwda, 11/5/65, 2) 

NASA issued a phased-planning policy directive, effective immediately, 

prescribing sequential steps for each major project: Phase A-Advanced studies; Phase B-Project Definition ; Phase C-Design ; 

Phase D-Development/operations. Each phase would be a specifically approved activity undertaken after management review of the preceding phase. (NASA Release 65-345) 

NASA pilot William Dana flew x-15 No. 1 to 80,200-ft. altitude at 2,795 

mph (mach 4.22) in a pilot-checkout flight which also carried a 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 505 

slightly modified horizon scanner and device for measuring microscopic atmospheric pressure. (NASA X-15 Proj. Off.; X-15 Flight 

November 4: Data obtained by the Pegasus meteoroid-detection satellite 

program and estimates by Dr. Fred L. Whipple, Smithsonian Astrophysical and Harvard College Observatories, prompted Dr. Ernst 

Stuhlinger, Director of MSFC Research Projects Iaboratory and one cf 

the scientists who had conceived the Pegasus program, to estimate that 

a Pegasus-sized sensor with a 1-mm. (40-mil) aluminum sheet would 

be perforated in earth orbit about 40 times annually and a sensor with 

a 2-mm. aluminum sheet only one to three times an-iually. 

Dr. Stuhlinger told the Northeast Electronics Research and Engineering Meeting in Boston of initial evaluation of the Pegasus data: 

in the smallest size meteoric particles, fewer particles were encountered 

than expected; in the largest, more were encountered than planned; 

and in the mid-range, actual results agreed closely with theoretical 

predictions. Dr. Stuhlinger reported on the Pegasus project from inception in 1962 through reduction of data as late as October 8, 1965. 

( MSFC Release 65-275; Marshall Star, 11/17/65) 

Six key appointments at NASA’s Mississippi Test Facility were announced 

by MTF Manager Jackson M. Balch: Henry F. Auter, Deputy Manager 

2nd Chief of Projects Cmtro! OSce; L,/Cal. Frederic C. French (USA), 

Assistant Manager for Construction and Installation; Waldo H. Dearing, Chief of Management Support Office; Myron L. Myers and Robert 

A. Bush, project managers for S-IC and S--11 operations, respectively: 

and Myrl E. Sanders, project manager for support activities. (MSFC 

Release 65-278) 

U.S. had no knowledge that any Soviet cosmonaut had ever died in 

spaceflight, Dr. Charies S. Sheldon 11, of the National Aeronautics 

and Space Council, told an AIAA luncheon meeting in Washington, 

D.C. Posthumously published notes of convicted Soviet spy Col. 

Oleg V. Penkovsky had contended that “several cosmonauts had lost 

their lives in spaceflight.” Sheldon said that statistically the US. was 

leading the U.S.S.R. in the number of successful satellite launches by a 

2.340-1 ratio, but that the Russians were leading in total weight of 

payloads launched and their lead had been increasing each year for 

the past five years. He noted, however, that “the true value of scientific findings made by each country is harder to measure statistically, 

and neither country has been wholly capable of objective judgment 

in this regard.” (Text) 

NASA’s increased use of real-time planning in the Gemini program, in contrast to the “cast-in-concrete” planning of the Mercury program and 

the first Gemini flight, was praised by William Hines in the Washington Evening Star. He said this new elasticity had made possible the 

“revolutionary reprogramming” of the Gemini VI and Gemini VII missions where “quick and drastic re-thinking of almost every aspect of 

space flight operations was required. Also required was the junking of a 

great many shibboleths, not the least important being the fixed opinion 

long weeks of launching-pad checkout must precede liftoff of a mancarrying rocket. . . .” (Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, ll/4/65, A12) 

Log) 
506 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

November 4: The impact of a meteorite might have begun life on earth, 

Dr. Brian Mason, US. National Museum, told the annual meeting of 

the Geochemical Society of America in Kansas City. Scientists had 

speculated that the presence of organic compounds-substances containing carbon and nitrogen-in meteorites indicated that life exists, 

or had once existed, elsewhere in the universe. Mason noted that such 

compounds could be made without life, but added: “I believe . . . they 

may be a forerunner of life. A falling meteorite may be the way life 

got started.” Mason said that most meteorites appeared to come from 

the asteroid belt which orbits the sun between Mars and Jupiter. 

This belt might be a planet that never collected to become a single 

body, he suggested. Dr. Mason was conducting research on the 

chemical differences a man-earth environment had imposed on meteorites. (Houston Chron., 12/5/65) 

November 5: NASA would negotiate with International Latex Corp. and 

Hamilton Standard Div. of United Aircraft Corp. for development and 

production of Project Apollo flight suits and a portable life support 

system for extravehicular activities during earth-orbital flights and 

on the lunar surface. International Latex would receive about $10 

million to produce the flight suits, consisting of a liquid-cooled undergarment, constant-wear garment, pressure garment assembly, and 

thermal-micrometeoroid protective over-garment. Hamilton Standard, 

under separate contract, would receive about $20 million to produce 

the life-support system: a backpack weighing about 65 lbs. containing 

an oxygen system, thermal control system, and communications equipment. Present plans called for the pressure suit to be worn during 

the latter phase of the Apollo/Saturn IB earth orbital mission series 

and during Apollo/Saturn V missions. Gemini pressure suits would 

be used on initial Saturn IB missions. (NASA Release 65-346) 

Final test in North American Aviation Space and Information Systems 

Div.’s seven-month paraglider operational test program was successfully completed at Edwards AFB, when Gemini boilerplate suspended 

beneath an inflated paraglider was towed to 9,000- to 10,000-ft. altitudes 

and released for free flights that averaged four and one half to five 

minutes. The test program, in which 12 consecutive successful flights 

and landings in tow-test vehicles were executed by company pilots, 

was not related directly to the NASA Gemini program but was an investigation in general operational aspects of manned landing using 

deployable maneuverable landing systems and emphasizing pilot problems. No further NASA funding was expected but NAA was performing 

some company-funded work on adapting the paraglider for controlled 

delivery of air-dropped cargo and had submitted a proposal to the 

US. Army for further work on this technique. (NAA S&ZD Skywriter, 

11/12/65, 1) 

Thirty-six MSFC employees received a variety of awards, including a 

Presidental Citation and six inventions awards, in a local ceremony 

observing NASA’S seventh anniversary. Dr. Wernher von Braun, Director of MSFC, addressed the gathering and William Rieke, NASA 

Deputy Associate Administrator for Industry Affairs, presented the 

invention awards. 

Dr. William R. Lucas, chief of the Materials Div. of the Propulsion and 

Vehicle Engineering Laboratory, MSFC, received the Hermann Oberth 

( MSFC Release 65-273) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 507 

Award from the Alabama Section of the AIM for his “outstanding individual scientific achievements in the field of astronautics and for the 

promotion and advancement of the aeronautical sciences.” ( MSFC Release 65-279) 

November 5: Man might be able to change the orbit of asteroid Icarus and 

make it an orbiting earth station, suggested Soviet scientist K. Stanyukovich in an interview published by Economichesky Gazetta. Icarus 

has almost a one-mile diameter and weighs over six billion tons; every 

19 yrs. it gasses within 4 million mi. of earth. “There is a great demand for a natural moon of Icarus’ size,” Stanyukovich said, where 

man could build scientific observatories and warehouses to store fuel 

for spaceships departing on interplanetary trips. He doubted that it 

could be captured on its next approach in 1968, but foresaw a possibility for 1987. 

Five lunar and Martian experts applied geological methods to interpreting Mars and the moon at the Geological Society of America 

Symposium in Kansas City. They found similarities between Mars 

and the moon: both bodies were subjected to slow erosion from 

showers of micrometeoroids from space; there was no evidence of surface water on either. Dr. Robert P. Sharp, Caltech, said that Martian 

craters were three-and-one-half times more numerous than on the lunar 

maria, but not as numerous as on the moon’s uplands. He believed 

the p!anet hac! an extremely thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide, temperatures ranging from 35” C to -100” C and no liquid water. Dr. 

Eugene Shoemaker, US. Geological Survey, related experiments on 

earth with features on the moon in effort to explain why the moon was 

being eroded. A nuclear explosion in Nevada, for example, created 

a meteorcrater-like hole, resulting in hundreds of secondary impact 

craters. “I think the surface is a fluffy material, about one meter 

LIIICK, resting on the iioor of smaii craters,” he said. “The bulk ef 

matter is moved by the impact of small micrometeoroids. Probably 

a good deal of the material is melted and the melt may fly off into 

space.” Bruce C. Murray, Caltech, said that physical observations by 

studying emissions and radiation showed the moon emits light and other 

wave lengths in the same way that “fine, loose powder does.” He believed the outer one-half millimeter is covered with dust. Infrared 

heat samplings showed variations indicating a heterogenous type of 

rock near the surface. Dr. E. C. T. Chao, US. Geological Survey, 

discussed tektites-small, dark, glass, button-shaped objects, which he 

believed had been formed by meteoric impact, presumably on the moon, 

and had splashed off to fall on earth. Harold Masursky, US. Geological Survey, showed a geological map of the moon with the ages of 

various areas in different colors. He said the Survey had mapped 

three million square miles in the potential landing areas on the 

equatorial belt. He found five different “episodes of movement” on 

the surface. (McCoy, Kansas City Times, 11/6/65) 

November 6: EXPLORER XXIX Geodetic Explorer satellite (Geos A) was successfully launched by NASA from ETR by a Improved Thrust-Augmented 

Delta with a new enlarged second-stage fuel tank to provide longer 

engine burn. Because the guidance system did not shut down the 

second stage at the desired time, the achieved orbit had the following 

parameters: apogee, 1,412.4 mi. (2,274 km.) ; perigee, 695.6 mi. 

(Burke, L. A. Times, 11/6/65) 

Ll. : -1 
508 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Wooember 6: EXPLORER XXIX launch with first NASA Improved Thrust-Augmented Delta 

from Cape Kennedy. 

(1,118.1 km.) ; period, 120 min.; inclination, 59". Planned orbit had 

called for apogee of 920 mi. 

The 385-1b. satellite, designed acd built by Johns Hopkins Univ. 

Applied Physics Laboratory, contained five geodetic instrumentation 

systems to provide simultapeous measurements necessary for a more 

precise model of the earth's gravitational field and to map a world 

coordinate system relating points on or near the surface to the common center of the mass: ( 1 ) four flabhing light beacons to be photographed against the background of stars to define the arc of orbit 

and angular data; (2) corner cube quartz reflectors to pinpoint the 

satellite's position by reflecting laser beams; (3) three radio transmitters for Doppler-shift determination of the precise orbit; (4) radio 

range transponder to fix the positions of the satellite and interrogating 

ground stations; and (5) range and range-rate transponder to determine the changing range and radial velocity of the satellite. Simultaneous operation of the five independent and diverse geodetic-tracking 

systems would permit cross-checking and evaluation of the different 

techniques and was expected to enhance the accuracy of each system. 

Other objectives of the Geos program were: (1) to map with a high 

degree of mathematical exactness the structure of the earth's irregular 

gravitational field; and (2) to compare and 'corfelate results from 

different instrumented techniques employed simultaneously so as to 

assure greater accuracy and reliability. 

Critical to optimum use of the radio and optical beacons on EXPLORER XXIX was the gravity-gradient attitude stabilization system to 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 509 

keep the satellite antennas, laser reflectors, and optical beacons pointing earthward at all times. In two to three days the attitude control 

would be initiated. (NASA Release 65-333; NASA Proj. Off.; AP, NYT, 

11/7/65, 10; UPI, Wash. Post, 11/7/65, A16) 

November 6: Comet Ikeya-Seki was leaving beaded trails of nuclear condensation as if it were breaking up, reported Howard Pohn, lunar 

geologist for US. Geological Survey’s astronomy branch in Flagstaff, 

Ariz. Pohn had discovered one trail Nov. 4 and photographed what 

appeared to be another Nov. 6. He noted that this was similar to what 

had happened to the great comet of 1882, adding: “That one was visible 

for some five months after its perihelion passage-closest to the sunand the way the Ikeya-Seki comet is acting indicates it may also be 

visible for that long a time.” Ikeya-Seki’s perihelion passage had occurred Oct. 21. (AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 11/7/65, A25) 

The suggestion that the Gemini VII/VI endurance-rendezvous mission 

scheduled by NASA for Dec. &13 might be a “space spectacular for 

spectators sake,” was firmly rejected by Rep. George P. Miller (DCalif.), Chairman of the House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 

at an MSC press conference. Miller said he believed the US. would 

land a man on the moon by 1970 and emphasized that information 

from the Gemini VII/VI mission would further the orderly exploration 

of outer space “for this country and the world.” (Maloney, Houston 

Post, 11/17/65) 

November 7: Brandeis Univ. awarded honorary degrees to 12 persons, including five Nobel laureates, at the dedication of the university’s new 

science center. James E. Webb, recipient of one of the degrees and 

main speaker at the convocation, described the events leading to his 

appointment as NASA Administrator: “Near the end of January 1961, 

my good friendj Jerry Wiesner. [Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner, MIT] whom 

you are honoring here today, telephoned to me in Oklahoma to say 

that Vice President Johnson and President Kennedy wanted me to 

come to Washington immediately to talk about serving as Administrator 

of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . . . the following Monday I found myself in President Kennedy’s office between 

him and the Vice President and saying that I thought they needed a 

scientist or any engineer. ‘No,’ President Kennedy said, ‘the issues 

involved in the development of space are policy issues-of great national and international significance. You . . . have some familiarity 

with how policies are established and how they are carried out.’ At 

the time, that seemed reasonable. . . .” (Text; AP, NYT, 11/8/65, 

52 ) 

* Three new rockets described by Tass as “elusive to the enemy’s air and 

space reconnaissance and . . . constantly ready to strike a crushing 

nuclear blow at an aggressor” were displayed by the Soviet Union in a 

parade in Moscow commemorating the 48th anniversary of the 

Bolshevik Revolution. Tass said one of the missiles had warheads 

that could “deliver their surprise blow on the first or any other orbit 

around the earth.” (Grose, NYT, 11/8/65, 1, 6; Nordlinger, Balt. 

SUR, 11/8/65, 1) 

November 8: Failure of the Gemini Agena Target Vehicle (Gatv) which 

aborted the Gemini VI mission October 25 was probably caused by a 

hard start of the primary propulsion system which either shook the 
510 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

rocket apart or caused an explosion that destroyed it, reported a USAF 

Flight Safety Review Board which had met with the NASA Design 

Certification Review Board. Series of continuing tests was being 

scheduled to assure reliability of future Gatv flights. (Text; Clark, 

NYT, 11/9/65, 3) 

November 8: USAF launched two unidentified satellites with Atlas-Agena D 

booster from Vandenberg AFB. (UPI, Chic. Trib., 11/9/65; U.S. 

Aeron. & Space Act, 1965, 154) 

The Gemini IX crew was announced by MSC Public Affairs Officer Paul 

Haney at a press conference in Houston: Elliot M. See, Jr. (civilian), 

command pilot; Charles A. Bassett 11 (Capt., USAF), pilot; Thomas P. 

Stafford (Maj., USAF) and Eugene M. Cernan (Lcdr., USN), backup 

crew. Scheduled for the third quarter of 1966, the mission would 

probably last two or three days, and would include rendezvous and 

docking and extravehicular activity. Bassett, who would remain outside the spacecraft for at least one revolution, would wear the USAFdesigned manned maneuvering unit (Mmu) backpack, a self-propelled 

hydrogen peroxide system with gyro stabilization. 

Production of Gemini spacecraft and FA Phantom jet fighter aircraft 

was halted when 16,000 machinists struck McDonnell Aircraft Corp. 

in a wage dispute after rejecting the company’s contract proposals and 

the ten-day contract extension recommended by IAM leaders. The 

unauthorized strike was not expected to interfere with the scheduled 

December flights of Geminis VI and VII from KSC. (AP, Balt. Sun., 

11/9/65) 

An 11-ton, 60-ft.-dia. radio antenna was erected on a mountain near 

San Diego, Calif., by USN Electronics Laboratory to bounce signals off 

the moon and certain artificial satellites. R. U. F. Hopkins, director 

of the Microwave Space Relay Project, said the antenna could improve 

the tracking and monitoring of active satellites such as the NASA Tiros 

weather-forecasting series, aid in studying refraction of radio waves 

caused by atmosphere, and beam powerful signals into space. (AP, 

NYT, 11,/17/65, 33) 

November 8-9 : The NASA-WeStern University Conference at JPL presented 

to over 200 educators from 13 western states a comprehensive view 

of NASA’s current programs of interest to universities and described 

ways for faculty members to participate in these programs. JPL Director Dr. William H. Pickering was the conference chairman. (JPL 

Release) 

November 9: Four flashing light beacons on NASA EXPLORER XXIX satellite 

had been turned on and were functioning normally, NASA officials announced. The beacons, each emitting a light of 1,580 candleseconds 

per flash, would permit the satellite to be photographed against the 

stellar background. ( AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/10/65, A6) 

NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket with Univ. of Michigan Pitot-static 

probe experiment to measure pressure, temperature, and density from 

15-km. to 115-km. altitude was launched from Ft. Churchill, Canada. 

Rocket and experiments functioned properly and good data were obtained. (NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Snap 10-A, first nuclear reactor to operate in space, was probably shut 

down prematurely May 16, 1965, because of a spurious command from 

a decoding device triggered by a voltage regulator failure, AEC re- 

(Transcript) 

, 

, 

i 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 511 

ported. Launched April 3 from Vandenberg AFB, with an Atlas-Agena 

booster, Snap 10-A achieved an 806-mi. circular orbit and produced 

over 500,000 watt-hrs. of electricity before it shut down May 16. It 

would orbit for more than 4,000 yrs. 

November 9: USAF fired Minuteman ICBM from Vandenberg mB, to target 

area in the Eniwetok Lagoon, about 4,500 mi. across the Pacific. 

(AP, NYT, 11/10/65,6) 

USAF launched an Honest John-Nike Hydac high-altitude research rocket 

with 250-lb. payload from Eglin AFB, Fla. (Eglin AFB Release 65- 

449) Gemini VII would be launched Dec. 4 and Gemini VI Dec. 13 in a combination long-duration, rendezvous mission, NASA announced. Astronaut 

Frank Borman (L/c, USAF) would be command pilot and Astronaut 

James A. Lovell, Jr. (Cdr., USN), pilot, on a 14-day mission to determine the effects of long-duration spaceflight on man; 20 scientific, medical, and technological experiments would be performed. 

Astronauts Edward H. White 11 (L/c, USAF), and Michael Collins 

(Maj., USAF) would be Gemini VII’S backup crew. Gemini VI mission 

would be nearly identical to the original rendezvous flight postponed 

October 25 when the Agena Target Vehicle failed to achieve orbit, 

and would demonstrate rendezvous of two vehicles in space. Cornmand Pilot Walter M. Schirra (Capt., USN) and Pilot Thomas P. 

Stafford (Maj., USAF) would maneuver the Gemini 6 spacecraft within 

close proximity of Gemini 7 during the fourth revolution and stationkeep for a period of time, but would not dock. Astronauts Virgil I. 

Grissorn (L/c, USAF) and John W. Young (Cdr., USN) would be 

Gemini VI’S backup crew. (NASA Release 65-347; UPI, NYT, ll/lO/ 

65 ) 

Rritgin’s Princess Margaret and the Earl of Snowdon tourned JPL. (NASA 

Off. Int. Aff., 11/8/65) 

November 10: NASA EXPLORER XXIII meteoroid-detection satellite had successfully completed its one-year expected lifetime, NASA announced. 

The 295-133. satellite, launched November 6, 1964, from Wallops Station to measure the rate of meteoroid punctures at 300-mi. to 600-mi. 

altitude, had recorded 122 punctures as of September 30. These results indicated that an exposed area of 10 sq. ft. made of metal onethousandth of an inch thick would experience penetration by a 

meteoroid about once a week. 

NASA Nike- Apache sounding rocket launched from Ft. Churchill, Canada, 

with Univ. of Michigan Pitot-static probe to measure pressure, temperature, and density from 15-km. to 115-km. altitudes. Experiment 

was not successful because of undetermined malfunction in the rocket 

during Apache-stage propulsion. 

TWO simultaneous IQSY launches for high-altitude research were made by 

USAF from Eglin AFB, Fla., in support of each other, one with a NikeCajun rocket and the other with a Sparrow-Arcas. (Eglin AFB Release 

6W9) 

Four Nike-Apache sounding rockets would be launched from Chamical, 

Argentina, for the study of an ionospheric phenomenon called 

Sporadic E” under an extension to a cooperative US.-Argentine 

agreement. The Argentine Comision Nacional de Investigaciones 

(AEC Release H-247) 

(NASA Release 65-351) 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 

bL 
512 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Espaciales (CNIE) would provide the personnel for payload fabrication at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, procure the rockets, operate 

the range at Chamical, and be responsible for the reduction and analysis 

of data obtained. NASA would provide the equipment and facilities for 

construction of the payloads and a Nike-Apache launcher on loan. 

No exchange of funds between CNIE and NASA was contemplated. 

(NASA Release 65-350 1 

November 10: Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator, delivering 

the annual Robert Thurston Lecture of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in Chicago, said that man woud probably never 

explore the stars since a round trip to the nearest would take 160,000 

yrs; Dr. Dryden spoke on the impact of man-in-space on engineering. This was to be his last public appearance. (Manly, Chic. Trib., 11,’ 

11/65) 

NASA selected Telecomputing Services, Inc., and Ling-Temco-Vought’s 

Range System Div. for competitive negotiations of a cost-plus-awardfee contract to provide computer support services for the Michoud Assembly Facility and the Mississippi Test Facility. The $1.5-million 

contract would be negotiated for a one-year period wirh provisions for 

three consecutive one-year renewals. (NASA Release 65-349) 

Laboratory research prompted by weight losses of American and Russian 

spacement on orbital flights had indicated a relationship between 

a person’s water-drinking habits, working ability. and real or imagined 

stresses and strains, reported William J. Perkinson in the Washington 

Evening Star. American astronauts had lost between three and five 

percent of their body weight in orbital flights; Russian cosmonauts 

had lost less-between one and three percent-partly because they 

perspired less in the shirt-sleeve environments of Soviet spacecraft than 

Americans did in spacesuits. One NASA report on hypohydrationcondition when a person drinks too little water-noted a 5% weight 

loss due to water imbalance was tolerable, but a 10% loss could cause 

gross mental and physical deterioration. (Perkinson, Wash. Eve. Star, 

11/10/65, B10) 

Christopher Kraft’s hometown of Hampton, Va., honored him with a full 

day of ceremonies on Christopher Kraft Day. (Langley Researcher, 

11/5/65) 

U.S. authorities had considered and rejected the idea of building orbiting nuclear missiles because it would be a clumsy, inaccurate method 

of waging atomic war, reported the Associated Press. US. experts 

had calculated that a warhead launched from orbit would not come 

within 50 mi. of its target on earth whereas U.S. ICBMS and submarinelaunched Polaris missiles were accurate within one mile. In addition, 

US. had developed antisatellite rockets that could intercept enemy 

satellites in orbit. Disclosure was made because of a November 7 

Tass announcment that one of the missiles paraded through Moscow 

for the Anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution had warheads that 

could “deliver their surprise blow on the first or any orbit around 

the earth.” (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/10/65, H2) 

November 11: Production of Gemini spacecraft and ~-4 Phantom jet 

fighter aircraft resumed when 16,000 machinists ended their four-day 

wildcat strike at McDonnell Aircraft Corp. IAM, which had refused to 

sanction the strike, announced it would authorize a strike beginning 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 513 

NOV. 18 if a new contract were not accepted by midnight Nov. 17. 

Strikers were seeking a 20-cent-an-hour wage increase each of the next 

three years. 

November 11 I A guidance control system for the Little Joe 11 booster was 

released from a Las Cruces, N. Mex., hospital in satisfactory condition 

following emergency x-ray treatment. White Sands Missile Range 

technicians preparing for a Dec. 1 Apollo escape system test took the 

unit to the hospital after they failed to determine the cause of a malfunction. Industrial x-ray facilities at White Sands were closed for 

Veterans Day. (AP, Wash. Sun. Star, 11/15/65, A15) 

Tass reported that astronomers at the Vladivostok Observatory had taken 

clear photographs of the Ikeya-Seki comet. (UPI, Wush. Post, 11,’ 

12/65, C4) 

Thirty years ago a helium-filled balloon, Explorer II, carried Capt. 

Orvil A. Anderson (USA) and Capt. Albert W. Stevens (USA) to a 

14-mi. altitude-highest ever attained by man at that time-in a 230- 

mi., eight-hour 13-min. flight which proved that man could survive at 

great heights. Sen. Stuart Symington (D-Mo.) paid tribute to the late 

Anderson and Stevens at an anniversary ceremony near Rapid City, 

S. Dak., attended by officials of the National Geographic Society and 

the Army Air Corps, cosponsors of the flight. (Schaden, Wash. 

Eve. Star, 11/11/65, AS) 

Christopher Kraft, Assistant Director for Flight Operations, MSC, received 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute’s distinguished alumnus citation, the 

university’s highest award, in a ceremony in Blacksburg. (VPI 

Release) 

9 Former German missile experts who helped foster American rocketry after 

World War I1 met at NASA MSFC to celebrate their 20th year in the U.S. 

Dr. Wernher von Braun. Director of MSFC, attended. (UPI, Cocoa 

Trib., 11/4/65; Marshall Star, 11/10/65) 

November 12: VENUS 11 2,123-1b. unmanned space probe was successfully 

launched by U.S.S.R. into a heliocentric orbit on a three-and-one-half 

month journey toward Venus. Tass announced that the trajectory 

was “close to the prescribed one” and that all onboard equipment was 

functioning normally. During its flight, VENUS 11 “would carry out 

an extensive space research program using onboard scientific instruments.” (Tass, 11/12/65; NYT, 11/13/65, 10) 

FAA awarded $2.6-million contract to Texas Instruments, Inc., for 20 

airport surveillance radar ( Asr) systems. Seventeen of the systems 

would replace obsolete equipment at USN and Marine air stations and 

would be paid for by USN; two systems would be installed in and 

paid for by Brazil; and one system would be used and paid for by 

USA. (FAA Release 65-107) 

Fourth and final flight of the Stellar Acquisition Feasibility Flight (Staff) 

program from Eastern Test Range aboard a uslu-supplied Polaris 

A-1 was termed an unqualified success by USAF and General Precision, Inc. GPI made the Staff guidance system, intended as forerunner of a Stellar Inertial Guidance System (Stings). During the 

flight, guidance equipment sequentially acquired both the star Polaris 

and second star of less magnitude. Ability to move through a twostar sequence would be necessary for guidance systems used in con- 

(AP, Balt. Sun, 11/12/65) 
514 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

junction with any future mobile missile system to accurately determine 

coordinates of the initial launch position, predict trajectories, measure 

deviation, and make corrections. 

November 12: The vast accumulation of knowledge generated by the space 

program required a “new wave” of science reporters to challenge and 

stimulate “a new wave of readers and viewers who are seeking answers,” 

Julian Scheer, NASA Aesistant Administrator for Public Affairs, told the 

Sigma Delta Chi National Convention in Los Angeles. He referred 

to a need to look “beyond the obvious and the glamorous to what is 

happening in space and science and what impact this will have socially, 

diplomatically, politically and economically.” (Text) 

DOD selected the first eight of a planned 20 astronauts for USAF’s Manned 

Orbiting Laboratory program: Maj. Michael J. Adams (USAF) ; Maj. 

Albert H. Crews (USAF) ; Lt. John L. Finley (USN) ; Capt. Richard E. 

Lawyer (USAF) ; Capt. Lachlan Macleay (USAF) ; Capt. F. Gregory 

Neubeck (USAF) ; Capt. James M. Taylor (USAF) ; and Lt. Richard H. 

Truly (USN). Formal training would begin at Edwards AFB, early 

next year. (USAF Release) 

A new kind of scientist--an interdisciplinarian to transcend specialization- was needed to solve many of the problems created by specialists, 

said Dr. John H. Heller, director of the New England Institute for 

Medical Research, in a lecture at American Univ., sponsored by the 

Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade. He said the interdisciplinarian would receive as much training in depth as a scientific 

specialist but would be instructed “far more broadly in depth.” 

(Wash. Sun. Star, 11/14/65, A3) 

USAF Hound Dog missile‘fired from B-52 bomber crashed near Ft. 

Wingate, N. Mex., and ignited several fires in Cibola National Forest. 

Missiles were programed to land at White Sands Missile Range, 175 mi. 

southeast of impact point. 

Soviet Cosmonaut Aleksey .Leonov, first man to walk in space, displayed 

seven paintings at Moscow’s Palace of Pioneers, headquarters of the 

National Children’s Organization. Explaining one painting of the 

cosmos, Leonov told reporters : “Previous cosmonauts tried to 

photograph three vivid belts of light-red, orange and blue-that ring 

the earth, but they never showed up in photographs. When I got back 

I painted the belts of light, each fading into the next, just as I had 

seen them. The sun glowed through the colors looking like a strange 

object with little wings coming directly at me.” (Grose, NYT, 

11/13/65, 10) 

North American Aviation President J. L. Atwood discussed “dramatic 

strides” made in civil aviation, at the dedication of the Albuquerque 

Sunport, N. Mex.: “In just 35 yearefrom 1929 to l-the number of passenger-miles traveled annually on the world’s civil airlines 

increased from 105 million to 105 billion-almost a thousandfold. . . . In only 15 years, between 1949 and 1964, the annual number of passengers on world civil airlines increased from 27 million to 154 million 

-nearly sixfold . . . A Stanford Research Institute study predicts 

that passenger-miles on the free world’s scheduled airlines-which were 

105 billion in 1964-will reach approximately 229 billion in 

1975. . . .” (Text) 

(USAF Staff Proj. Off.) 

(UPI, NYT, 11/13/65, 12) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 515 

November 13 : Russia was developing long-range intercontinental missiles 

that could maneuver in flight, Col. Gen. Vladimir Tolubko, First 

Deputy Commander of the Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces, told Tass. 

(UPI, NYT, 11/14/65, 74) 

November 15: EXPLORER XXIX, first NASA satellite to use a gravity-gradient 

system for stabilization, had pointed its instrumentation toward earth 

and was expected to be programed for operation within several days. 

Achievement of the desired attitude was confirmed by magnetic and 

solar sensors and by marked increase in the strength of radio signals. 

Project o6ciaIs at NASA GSFC and Johns Hopkins Univ. Applied Physics 

Laboratory reported four EXPLORER XXIX geodetic measurements systems had been checked out and were performing as expected; the fifth, 

using laser beam reflectors, would be tested when the spacecraft had 

completed its stabilization phase. 

Tass reported all equipment onboard Soviet probe VENUS 11, Iaunched 

November 12 on a three-and-one-half month journey toward Venus, 

was functioning normally. Radio communications were excellent 

and commands were being followed. VENUS II was 1,149,000 km. 

(712,380 mi.) from earth. 

Agreement was signed for a cooperative Brazilian-US. sounding rocket 

project to ohtain meteorological information, NASA announced. Project provided for cooperation in obtaining wind, temperature, and 

other meteoroIogicai information between 40 km. aid 100 km. by 

racket soundings using the acoustic grenade technique. Experiments 

would be conducted from the Brazilian launch range at Natal. The 

agreement, in form of a memorandum of understanding, was signed 

by representative of the Momissa’o Nacional de Atividades Espaciais 

(CNAE) of Brazil and NASA. It was the third to be concluded between 

CNAE and NASA during 1965. 

A group of amateur astronomers working on a iunar research prdject 

for NASA reported observations of unusual color glows on the moon 

and photographed this phenomenon. The group told NASA it saw the 

color in the crater Aristarchus during a four-hour period before daylight through a 16-in. telescope at Port Tobacco, Md. Although such 

events had been observed several times since the Russian astronomer 

N. Kozyrev first recorded observations or red glows on spectrograms, 

this was the first time photographic equipment was used successfully to 

record the sightings in the crater Aristarchus. Observation was 

culmination of a l6-mo. vigil by members of a “Moon-Blink” team 

from Annapolis, Md. The team had made two previous confirmed 

sightings, including one in the crater Alphonsus last year, but they 

were much shorter and were not photographed. (NASA Release 65-370) 

A five-week technical assessment of supersonic transport air-frame designs proposed by the Boeing Co. and Lockheed Aircraft Corp. was 

begun by an 82-member Government technical team with representatives from NASA, FAA, USAF, and USN. Formed under the FAA Director 

of Supersonic Transport Development B/G J. G. Maxwell (USAF), the 

group would emphasize operational performance of the proposed configurations in terms of program objectives for a safe, economical aircraft compatible with present airports, airline operating requirements, 

and engine noise and sonic boom criteria. Performance characteristics 

of each design would be examined in detail, both analytically and 

(NASA Release 65-354) 

(Tass, 11/15/65) 

(NASA Release 65-372) 
516 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

through wind tunnel tests at NASA Langley Research Center and NASA 

Ames Research Center. Results of the assessment would provide guidance for further contractor programing in the present detailed design 

and hardware test phase of the Sst development program which called 

for prototype construction to begin by the end of 1966. (FAA Release 

65-110) 

November 15: Nucleus of comet Ikeya-Seki had split into three pieces, all 

of which were traveling together in parallel courses into deep space. 

The three-piece break, observed Nov. 4 and 5 by Howard Pohn at US. 

Geological Survey Observatory in Flagstaff, had been confirmed by Mt. 

Palomar Observatory and Boyden Station, South Africa. (Sci. Serv., 

NYT, 11/15/65,74) 

Modified Boeing 707-349C jet carrying 40 scientists left Honolulu to 

begin a 26,263-mi. around-the-world flight over the North and South 

Poles. The jet would cruise at between 30,000 ft. and 40,000 ft. to 

allow study of high-altitude meteorology, clear-air turbulence, the jet 

stream, and cosmic radiation ; time-lapse cameras would photograph 

the weather at five-minute intervals. Environmental fatigue problem of 

flight’s participants resulting from the cramped quarters and long duration of the 52-hr. to 56-hr. flight would also be studied. Dr. Serge A. 

Korff, New York Univ., headed the scientific team; Rockwell Standard 

Corp. was sponsor; NASA and U. S. Weather Bureau were two particiiating agencies.’ 

15/65. Al) 

(NYT, 11/14/65, 23; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, ‘11/ 

I 7-- I 

Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey said in address before American 

Nuclear Society-Atomic Industrial Forum in Washington, D.C. : 

“If anyone doubts the impact that science and technology have had 

on society, in just the past 20 years, he need look only at the new 

industries employing many thousands of people which have come into 

existence during that time-industries based solely on the evolution of 

new products and services. These includeand I mention only a few 

-television, the computer, the jet engine and nuclear energy. 

“Some of these industries have sprung from the application of a 

single invention or chain of scientific thoughts. 

“During these past 20 years, too, we have seen in the United States 

the creation of a constructive partnership unknown in our previous 

history-a partnership of government, university, management, labor, 

science and citizen-a partnership devoted to maximum development of 

science and technology not for the narrow interest of any single group, 

but for the common good. 

To witness the space launchings at Cape Kennedy, as I have, is to see 

this partnership in action. . . .” 

6< 

Turning to the peaceful uses of atomic energy, he said: 

“As chairman of the National. Aeronautics and Space Council, I am 

particularly concerned with the atom’s work in space. 

In 1961 our first operating space radioisotopic power source was 

orbited. 

The atom will soon become a major power source for our space 

program-an auxiliary source for spacecraft and life support systems 

and a necessary source of propulsion for extended space exploration. 

I can, in fact, foresee the time when our space efforts will be able to 

66 

And in 1965 our first space reactor was operated in orbit. (6 

<I 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 517 

continue only through use of rocket and nuclear power units transported and assembled in space. . . .” 

November 15: Reports on the Saturn V/Apollo crawler-transporter bearings 

had just begun and might not be completed until next year, Don 

Buchanan, project engineer for prime contractor Marion Power Shovel 

Co. told Missiles and Rockets. 

Death-ray use of the laser was impractical, the 72nd annual meeting of 

the Association of Military Surgeons of the US. was told by Dr. 

Donald H. Glew, Jr., George Washington Univ. surgeon who had conducted laser research for the Armed Forces. Dr. Glew said that, 

with present sources of laser beams at least, such rays would be 

impractical as weapons because the necessary equipment would be “far 

too massive for field use.” 

In a special report on Project Apollo, Edward Kolcum wrote in Aviation 

Week and Space Technology that NASA was now driving to simplify 

Apollo spacecraft systems, subsystems, and components, and had embarked on an educational program with one goal: to stop the mushrooming tendency to build elements that were more complex and did 

more than was necessary. 

US. wouId withdraw in six months from the Warsaw Convention limiting 

the liability of international airlines to $8,300 for each passenger 

killed or injured in air accidents, unless a new agreement was reached 

substantiaily increasing carrier liability, the State Department reported. 

US. had refused to ratify a 1955 amendment to the Convention raising 

the limit to $16,000, was arguing for a $100,000-limit liability. (US. 

State Dept. Release 268) 

November 15-17: Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, told a panel at the American 

Nuclear Society-Atomic Industrial Forum in Washington, D.C. : 

. . . advancing our competence in nuciear technoiogy is of critical 

importance to the future of the national space program. Nuclear power 

and nuclear propulsion are musts for the more complex and long 

duration missions of the future. . . . “We all know that the nuclear going in space won’t be easy. . . . Yet 

I am confident that the technical problems are resolvable and the investments warranted. . . .” Dr. Welsh delivered a warning to “space 

planners” to stop sitting on nuclear propulsion concepts and to expedite 

development programs. “We must not wait for clear-cut space requirements for these nuclear systems before moving forthrightly with their 

development. If we wait for precise mission definitions the technology 

will not be available when it’s needed. Moreover, we can be sure that 

our Soviet competitors will take positive actions, whether we do or not. 

For this country to sit back on its technological haunches and let someone else, bolder and more imaginative, show us the way is unthinkable to me.” (Text) 

November 15-18: The International Congress on Air Technology was held 

in Hot Springs, Ark. Dr. Robert M. White, Administrator, Environmental Science Services Administration ( ESSA) , US. Dept. of Commerce, referred to the developing World Weather Watch in his address: 

“The work . . . comprises two broad, continuous, and paralleI streams 

of action. The first will be a process of introducing into the present 

international weather system already proten equipment, techniques, 

(Text) 

(M&R, 11/15/65) 

(AP, Wash. Post, 11/16/65, C5) 

(Kolcum, Av. Wk., 11/15/65, 55) 

66 
518 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

and procedures. We hope that by 1971 . . . we will have made 

three significant improvements in the international system. First, 

we hope to improve the ability of the system to observe the global 

atmosphere and to provide fuller data for weather forecasting. In 

part this improvement will rest on the Tiros Operational Satellite System . . . which the United States will launch into orbit next year. 

Second, we hope to extend the benefits of modern computer technology 

throughout the world-by utilizing the computer to prepare weather 

analyses and forecasts routinely for the entire globe. And third, we 

hope to develop an international communications network for the timely 

exchange of raw data and for the rapid dissemination of analyses and 

forecasts.” (Text) 

Dr. Floyd L. Thompson, Director of NASA LaRC, delivered a keynote 

address on “Advances in Aircraft Technology.” He discussed the 

importance of scientific research to the continued leadership of the 

U.S. in the field of air transportation with particular reference to the 

next decade. 

Representing NASA Flight Research Center at the technical sessions 

was Joseph Walker, Chief of Research Pilots, who spoke on the X-15 

research airplane as a tool for progress in hypersonic flight. (LaRC 

Release) 

November 16: Project Luster, managed by NASA Ames Research Center, 

successfully recovered samples of matter from interplanetary space 

with an Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched from White Sands 

Missile Range, N. Mex., during the annual Leonid meteor shower. The 

sampling instrument comprising the payload consisted of three deployable arms, each containing four flat pans holding special collection 

surfaces. The arms deployed as programed at 47-mi. altitude on the 

way up, closing again at that altitude on the way down. Payload 

reached 89-mi. altitude, traveled 44 mi. downrange, and landed by 

parachute in soft sand. Vacuum seal of the 12 collection pans was 

found to be perfect on recovery. Unopened collectors would be 

distributed by ARC to 12 guest experimenters in the U.S. and Europe 

for study of the nature of comets and of extraterrestrial material in 

U8.S.R. launched VENUS 111 unmanned space probe towards the planet 

Venus. Tass said the technique for placing the 2,112-lb. spacecraft into 

heliocentric orbit was similar to that used in orbiting VENUS 11 on 

Nov. 12. Purpose of 

both launches was “to augment the volume of scientific information 

and to obtain additional scientific data regarding Venus and outer 

space,” but VENUS 111 contained equipment to carry out different scientific investigations from VENUS 11. All systems were functioning normally. VENUS 11 and VENUS 111 were expected to reach the vicinity of 

Venus about March 1. (Tass, 11/17/65; Krasmya Zvezda, Pravda, 

and Komsomokkaya Pravda, 11/17/65, ATSS-T Trans.) 

Astronaut M. Scott Carpenter (Cdr., USN) told the National Press Club 

in Washington, D.C., that while both space and underseas programs 

were potentially important from the standpoint of material benefits, 

“I feel that whatever material gains come from the two programs, the 

ones we might get from the assault of the ocean are much more immediate than those we might get from an assault on the moon, for exeneral. (ARC Release 65-26; NASA Rpt. SRL) 

Trajectory was close to the one calculated. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 519 

ample.” Later Carpenter received the Legion of Merit in a Pentagon 

ceremony for his work as one of the two team captains in Project 

Sealab II Aug. 28-Sept. 26. (AP, Balt. Sun, 11/17/65; UPI, NYT, 

11/17/65, 21) 

November 16: G. Mervin Ault, NASA LRC engineer, discussed the status of 

development of high-temperature materials for advanced turbojet engines at the International Conference on Aircraft Design and Technology in Los Angeles. Meeting was jointly sponsored by the AIM, 

the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, and the Royal 

Aeronautical Society. He said although the past decade had seen 

dramatic progress in such high-temperature or refractory materials, 

research had indicated that further improvements would be possible, 

especially in the structural properties of these materials. (LRC Release 

65-81 ) 

NASA disclosed plans for the new Applications Technology Satellites (Ats) 

that would appear to hover over a given spot on earth to check out 

communications, weather, scientific and engineering ideas. There 

would be five in all, with four in synchronous orbit at 22,300-mi. 

altitude. First Ats was scheduled for launch in 1966; two more would 

be launched in 1967; the last two in 1968. Primary aim of the Ats 

program would be to find out (1) what happens to satellites in 

synchronous orbit, and (2) what can be done by a satellite continuously 

above one area of the earth. Among experiments planned were color 

television transmission, the first attempt to “talk” among unmanned 

satellites and aircraft, and photographing cloud formation changes 

in one place over a long period of time. 

“We’ll be lucky if we have nuclear propulsion around 1980,” and electric 

propulsion is still further down the line for sometime after 1985, according to Dr. John C. Evvard, Deputy Associaie Director fGi iceearc!: 

at NASA Lewis Research Center. Evvard gave his views on advanced 

propulsion systems at the sixth annual Space Technology Series 

sponsored by the Canaveral Section, Institute of Electrical and 

Electronics Engineers, at Brevard Engineering College, Patrick AFB, 

ma. A pioneer in electric propulsion and advanced nuclear rocket 

studies, Evvard believed such concepts should not be considered for 

Mars missions of under 100 flights per year. Only frequent flights 

would increase the need for higher specific impulse and would justify 

the expense, he said. 

Meanwhile, he predicted, chemical rockets of less than 500 sec. specific impulse would lift men to Mars, not by direct ascent but through a 

succession of parking orbits and assembly of hardware in space. 

Eward told the meeting that since May 13, 1964, at least nine tests 

on Kiwi, Nerva, and Phoebus nuclear reactors had proved out a 

thrust greater than 50,000 Ibs., at a specific impulse in excess of 

750 sec. (Text) 

U.S.S.R. had offered to launch a French satellite with a Soviet rocket 

during space cooperation talks in October, a Centre National d’Etudes 

Spatiales (CNES) official told Spuce Business Daily. CNES had proposed launching an Imp-type payload into a 125,000-mi.-apogee orbit, 

but the Soviets preferred a 25,000-mi.-apogee orbit. (SBD, 11/16/65, 1) 

(NASA Release) 
520 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

November 16-18: The First Annual National Conference on S acecraft 

Sterilization Technology, sponsored by NASA and hosted by (!a1 Tech, 

was held at Cal Tech to brief the space industry and the academic world 

on NASA’S needs for spacecraft sterilization. 

November 17: International Association of Machinists union rejected 

McDonnell Aircraft Corp.’s latest contract proposal and prepared for 

a strike at midnight tomorrow that would halt the production of 

Gemini space capsules and ~4 Phantom jet fighter planes. McDonnell 

had offered a nine-cent-an-hour wage increase in each of the next 

three years and various improvements in fringe benefits and working 

conditions. Union members said, however, that the improvements still 

would not put them on a par with other workers in the aerospace and 

aircraft industries. (AP, NYT, 11/18/65, 27; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

11/18/65, A3) 

Tracking and telemetry station to support Applications Technology Satellites (Ats) would be established by NASA at Toowoomba in eastern 

Australia near Brisbane at an approximate cost of $6 million. Plans 

for the new station were jointly announced by NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb and Australian Minister for Supply Allen Fairhall. 

(NASA Release 65-357) 

Balloon experiment with a collection system to study the Leonid meteor 

shower was flown from Palestine, Tex., the National Center for 

Atmospheric Control announced. It cruised at about 95,000-ft. altitude 

for about 10 hrs. and ended its flight near Concord, N.C. (AP, NYT, 

11/20/65, 11) 

NASA Associate Administrator Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., told the 

National Space Club in Washington, D.C., that the time had come for 

the Administration to decide on what goals it wanted to set for the 

period after landing astronauts on the moon. The U.S. must use the 

tremendous space capability it had carefully built up since SPUTNIK I, 

he said, “or see its value erode. If we do not use what we have 

created, continued expansion of the Soviet program will likely lead 

to future Soviet missions that will have the impact of Sputnik I.” 

Discussing long-term plans of the nuclear rocket program, Dr. Harold B. 

Finger, Manager, AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, said he 

foresaw development of a nuclear rocket engine having a thrust of 

200,000 lbs. to 250,000 lbs., using reactors designed for 4,000 to 5,000 

megawatts, and capable of direct-flight lunar landing missions ; deep 

space unmanned space missions; and manned planetary missions. He 

said development of such an engine would utilize the technology already 

available and being developed through the Kiwi, Nerva, and Phoebus 

reactor programs. (AEC Release, 11/17/65) 

Christopher Kraft, flight director for the Gemini program, escaped death 

or serious injury when the gun pointed at him by a teenage boy wanting 

to go to Cuba to aid anti-Castro prisoners misfired. Incident 

occurred aboard a jet airliner enroute to Miami from New Orleans. 

The young gunman, identified as Thomas Robinson, 16, of Brownsville, 

Tex., was disarmed by one of the passengers and subdued by Kraft 

and Paul Haney, chief of public information at MSC. (AP, Balt. Sun, 

11/18/65) 

(NASA Release 65-290) 

(Text) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 521 

November 78: EXPLORER xxx (IQSY Solar Explorer) was successfully 

launched by NASA from Wallops Station, Va., by a four-stage Scout 

booster. Orbital data: apogee, 548 mi. (883 km.) ; perigee, 440 mi. 

(709 km.) ; period, 100.8 min.; inclination, 59.7". Ninth Solrad Satellite developed by Naval Research Laboratory, EXPLORER xxx would 

monitor and measure x-ray emissions from the sun as part of the U.S. 

contribution to the International Quiet Sun Year project. (NASA Release 65-352; GSFC) 

All five geodesy experiment systems on the new NASA EXPLORER XXIX 

satellite had been tested successfully and operational programing of the 

spacecraft was expected within a few days, NASA announced. 

EXPLORER XXIX, popularly referred to as GEOS I, was launched from 

Eastern Test Range Nov. 6. 

NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket was launched in the second apparently 

successful attempt this week of Project Luster to capture particles of 

interplanetary matter during the Leonid meteor (shooting star) shower. 

The 105-lb. payload, containing special collection surfaces, was launched 

from White Sands Missile Range to peak altitude of about 100 mi. 

Instrument package separated from the rocket and descended into 

the range recovery area. Initial radar and telemetry data indicated 

that inflight performance of the rocket and its payload was as 

planned. Similar flight conducted Nov. 16 with an Aerobee 150 

sounding rocket from White Sands also performed flaw!essly. (NASA 

Release 65-358) 

Trouble with power-producing fuel cells threatened to delay the December 

4 launching date of Gemini VII. During a test, pressure apparently 

built up and forced liquid hydrogen into the two fuel cells which combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electrical power. Although the 

cells might not have been harmed, the decision was made to replace 

them. 

NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications Dr. 

Homer E. Newell said at the Univ. of Pittsburgh dedication pf its 

Space Research Coordination Center: ". . . one basic principle has 

governed our policy regarding relationships with educational institutions. That is: NASA intends to work within the structure of the 

colleges and universities in a manner that will strengthen them and 

at the same time make possible the accomplishment of our mission." 

(Text) 

Hughes Tool Co. announced it had obtained $297,000 Army contract to 

provide a helicopter that could convert in flight to a 400-mph airplane. 

It would lift by means of a single helicopter rotor with a large triangular hub. After reaching a horizontal speed of about 150 mph, the 

rotor would be stopped in such a position that the hub could then 

serve as the wing of a craft that would assume a delta-wing shape. 

The rotor would also be used in landing. When operating as a helicopter, the turbine engine would drive hot gases through the rotor hub 

to the rotor tips, and the rotor would be powered like a fireworks 

pinwheel. This would eliminate gearboxes and shafting. Hughes 

had tested the principle in flight with the experimental XV-9A research aircraft. 

Display of what the Soviets called an orbital missile at the military 

parade in Moscow Nov. 7 and "related Russian statements do seem to 

(NASA Release 65-359) 

(AP, rash. Eve. Star, ilj18j65, A3j 

(UPI, NYT, 11/18/65, 95) 
522 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

place upon the Russian government an obligation to make clear its 

future intentions with respect to the [U.N.] resolution” against weapons 

in space, State Department press officer Robert J. McCloskey told a 

news conference. Noting that the US. could easily put such a weapon 

into orbit, McCloskey said that the military value of this would be 

negligible. 

November 18: Bernard J. Vierling, Director of FAA’S Systems Maintenance 

Service since mid-1962, was named Deputy Director of FAA’s Office of 

Supersonic Transport Development. 

November 19: NASA successfully conducted the first tethered test firing of 

the Apollo 009 Service Module propulsion system at Kennedy Space 

Center. Test was marred by failure in the master countdown clock, 

which-a split second after ignition-recycled to T minus 99 sec., 

throwing the count out of real time. The ground computer, which 

operated in plus time only, was thus unable to send the signal to shut 

off the engine. Instead of the two planned 15-sec. firings, the system 

was fired only once for a total of 20 sec. and shut off with a signal 

from the blockhouse. For the same reason, the ground computer was 

unable to send the signal to gimbal the engine and this apparatus was 

not tested. 

First successful firing of the Sprint anti-missile missile in guided 

flight from an underground cell of the type conceived for operational use was conducted by U.S. Army at White Sands Missile 

Range. The first Army missile to use “pop-up” launch technique, 

Sprint was under development as a companion to the Zeus missile for 

the Nike-X missile defense project: Zeus was designed to intercept attacking warheads outside the earth’s atmosphere and Sprint, targets 

that had penetrated the atmosphere. 

Extravehicular equipment for Gemini VIII .underwent two qualificatiqn 

tests in the 20-ft. vacuum chamber at NASA Manned Spacecraft Center. 

The Extravehicular Life Support System was combined with the Extravehicular Support Pack (ESP), a 92-lb. backpack in which the astronaut would carry his oxygen and maneuvering gas supply. First test 

evaluated capability of the oxygen bottle in the pack to supply the 

extravehicular astronaut with air at a high rate of flow. Second test 

was a propellant blowdown qualification in which the space gun was 

fired in 30-sec. bursts to exhaust the freon supply. A vacuum equal 

to 150,000-ft. altitudes existed in the chamber, and the walls of the 

thermal box had been cooled to -300” F to simulate the conditions of orbital night for both tests. 

Institute of Strategic Studies, a private organization in Britain, reported 

that the US. margin over the Soviet Union in numbers of missiles had 

dropped from 4-1 in early 1965 to 3-1 now. The Institute said the 

margin had been cut when the U.S. scrapped such obsolete missiles as 

the Atlas, while the Soviets boosted by 40% the number of their operational intercontinental ballistic missiles. ( AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/ 

19/65, A3; Myer, Wash. Post, 11/19/65) 

State Dept. official said at a press conference that radioactivity released 

by a Soviet underground atomic test in January 1965 was the result 

of a technical “miscalculation” and not a violation of the 1963 nuclear 

test ban treaty. 

(AP, Wash. Post, 11/19/65, A10) 

(FAA Release 65-111) 

(UPI, NYT, 11/20/65,21; M&R, 11/29/65, 28) 

(DOD Release 832-65) 

(MSC Release 65-105) 

(Wash. Post, 11/20/65, A4) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 523 

November 20: Plans for the side-by-side orbiting of Canadian Alouette 

and US. Explorer satellites to study the ionosphere were announced. 

Previously scheduled for Nov. 23 from Western Test Range, the launch 

had been postponed until at least Nov. 26 because of telemetry problems with the US. satellite. Double-launch project was called Isis-X 

(International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies). (AP, NYT, 11/21/ 

65, 11; Wash. Post, 11/21/65, A14) 

William E. Simkin, director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation 

Service, reported that “some progress” had been made in efforts to 

settle the IAM strike against McDonnell Aircraft Corp. which began 

Nov. 18. Union had demanded changes in job specifications and was 

dissatisfied with machinery for filing grievances against management. 

McDonnell was prime contractor for the Gemini spacecraft at Cape 

Kennedy. (Jones, NYT, 11/21/65, 43) 

Gemini 7 fuel cell system that would power the spacecraft during its 

14-day mission was successfully turned on and was reportedly “working very well.” Original fuel cell system had suffered possible damage 

because of a testing error Nov. 15 and had been replaced Nov. 17. 

Checks of the new unit were delayed by the strike against McDonnell 

Aircraft Corp. by IAM machinists at Kennedy Space Center. (NYT, 

11/22/65, 40) 

For more than six years, US. nuclear warheads had been mounted 

secretly on planes and missiles of West Germany and other North 

Atlantic Treaty Organization allies, the New York Times reported. 

Through a combination of physical and electronic controls, the warheads had remained under American custody, and the allies could not 

use the weapons without specific approval of the US. (Finney, NYT, 

11/21/65, 1) 

Japanese Navy icebreaker Fuji, a floating laboratory with a battering 

ram for a bow, ieit Tokyo on a voyage of scientific exploiaiion in 

frozen Antarctic seas. Observations planned by the 18 scientists 

aboard were linked to worldwide scientific activity during the International Quiet Sun Year. 

November 21: Creation of an Institute for Earth Sciences to conduct advanced and applied research in seismology, geomagnetism, and geodesy, 

was announced by Dr. Robert M. White, Administrator of the Environmental Science Services Administration ( ESSA) . Under the direction of Dr. Leroy R. Alldredge, the Institute would actively seek 

new knowledge of the properties of the earth’s interior and develop 

methods of using this knowledge to predict earthquakes. (ESSA Release 65-7) 

Week of November 21: MSC remote site flight controller teams for the 

Gemini VII/VI mission began deploying to the seven locations around 

the world where they would exercise detailed real-time mission control 

during the upcoming flights of the two Gemini spacecraft. (MSC Release 65-109) 

November 22: Gemini 7 spacecraft was mechanically mated with its launch 

vehicle following activation of two replaced fuel cell sections. The 

cells originally installed in the spacecraft were thought to have been 

damaged when one of hte cryogenic reactant tanks was inadvertently 

overpressurized. Preparations at Launch Complex 19 and flight con- 

(Trumbull, NYT, 11/21/65, 30) 
524 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

troller simulations in Mission Control Center, Houston, were proceeding smoothly towaid supporting the scheduled December 4 launch 

date. (MSC Roundup, 11/26/65, 1) 

November 22: NASA Flight Research Center had received a flying laboratory 

that would be used to provide airborne simulation of advanced aircraft 

with particular emphasis on the proposed supersonic transport. Called 

the General Purpose Airborne Simulator (Gpas) , the new system was a 

Lockheed JetStar capable of speeds greater than 550 mph and altitudes 

up to 40,000 ft. that had been modified by the Cornel1 Aeronautical 

Lab. under $1.3-million contract with NASA. It would enable NASA 

engineers and pilots to evaluate specific future aircraft designs in a 

wide variety of actual flight conditions. 

At the request of Labor Secretary W. Willard Wirtz and chief Federal 

mediator William Simkin, the International Association of Machinists 

authorized 200 strikers to resume work on the Gemini spacecraft at 

Kennedy Space Center. The machinists struck McDonnell Aircraft 

Corp., Gemini’s builder, on Nov. 18 in a dispute over wages and working conditions. Not only had the strike threatened to ground Gemini 

VII, scheduled for launch December 4, it had also halted, and continued 

to halt, work on the F-4 Phantom jet fighter at the McDonnell St. 

Louis plant. (AP, Wush. Post, 11/29/65, A8; Hoffman, N.Y. Her. 

Trib., 11/23/65) 

NASA selected four companies to perform four-month design studies on an 

experiments pallet to fly aboard Project Apollo missions: Lockheed 

Missiles and Space Co.; McDonnell Aircraft Corp.; Martin Co.; and 

Northrop Space Labs. The firms, under separate and concurrent fixedprice contracts valued at approximately $375,000, would design, develop detailed specifications, and produce mock-ups of a pallet to house 

scientific, technological, and engineering experiments to be carried on 

Apollo missions of up to two-weeks duration beginning in 1968. After 

review and evaluation of the design studies, NASA planned to select one 

of the firms to develop the experiments pallet flight hardware under a 

cost-plus-incentive-fee contract. (NASA Release 65-361) 

AFSC Space Systems Div. would like to run a four-month series of windtunnel tests to requalify the Gemini Agena Target Vehicle, reported 

Missiles and Rockets. Test series would be part of USAF’S and NASA’s 

continuing effort to determine what caused the Agena failure on Oct. 

25 and what modifications would be needed to prevent a recurrence. 

(M&R, 11/22/65, 13) 

In an editorial in Missiles and Rockets, William J. Coughlin said: “A 

start on a correct MOL public information program should be made 

immediately by taking SAMOS off the dirty-word list and bringing it 

back out in the open. To do otherwise is to keep the US. in the position of accepting reconnaissance as something offensive, in the most 

literal sense. The US. conducts reconnaissance over the 

Soviet Union for its own protection against a closed society. It should 

not be afraid to acknowledge that fact.” 

Surveyor mission to softland a television camera on the moon had been 

postponed until May 1966, JPL announced. Unspecified technical 

problems in the spacecraft and testing gear were blamed. (AP, NYT, 

11/23/65, 11) 

(FRC Release 24-65) 

It is not. 

(M&R, 11/22/65, 46) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 525 

November 22: France postponed her first attempt to orbit a satellite. No 

reason was given. 

November 23: COSMOS XCVI was launched by the Soviet Union carrying 

scientific instruments for continued space research under the program 

announced by Tass Mar. 16, 1962. Orbital data: apogee, 310 km. 

(192.5 mi.) ; perigee, 227 km. (140.9 mi.) ; period, 89.6 min.; inclination, 51’54’. Equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, 11/ 

23/65) 

Last in series of three NASA Nike-Apache sounding rockets with Univ. of 

Alaska instrumented payload was launched from Ft. Churchill, Canada, 

to obtain data on the visible aurora. First in the series of nighttime 

experiments was launched Nov. 16 and the second, Nov. 20. All three 

rockets performed satisfactorily. On first two flights experiment instrumentation performed normally, but on the third flight portions of 

the instrumentation did not function normally because nose cone failed 

to eject. The complete series resulted in an excellent collection of 

scientific data. (NASA Rpts. SRL) 

A team of scientists from USAF Office of Aerospace Research (OAR) and 

the Lockheed-California Co., under OAR sponsorship, recorded the 

annular eclipse at an observing station established in the BurmaThailand area. Purpose of the expedition was to verify deviations in 

the moon’s shape which appeared in photographs taken by the Lockheed-Caiifornia Co. during two similar eclipses-one iii West dfrica 

in 1962, and the other in South Africa in 1963. 

Sea bottom between New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, which was 

affecting the orbits of artificial satellites, had become subject of a survey by British and American geophysicists on the British survey vessel, 

Dumpier. Gravitational pull of exceptionally dense rock about 24,000 

ft. below the surface was so strong it tended to drag the satellites out 

of their intended orbits. 

Preliminary results of ARPA-sponsored Project Longshot-detonation 

October 29 of an 80 kiloton nuclear device buried 2,300-ft. deep on 

Amchitka Island, the Aleutians-indicated that seismic wave arrival 

times from the region were earlier than predicted at all locations 

monitoring the event. This indicated a pronounced seismic velocity 

anomaly in the crust and mantle of the Amchitka region. If 

further analysis confirmed this result, it could lead to revisions in curves 

of energy loss for seismic wave propagation to long range. Results of 

Longshot also provided data of use in research on distinguishing earthquakes from nuclear events. 

November 24: Ground test version of the Saturn V launch vehicle’s first 

stage (s-IC-T stage) was static fired for its full flight duration of 

about 21/2 min. at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. SIC-T, designed by MSFC and the Boeing Co., generated its full thrust of 7.5- 

million Ibs., equivalent, at maximum flight velocity, to about 160 million hp. Firing was the second conducted by the Boeing CO., MSFC’S 

prime contractor for the SIC. All early firings were conducted by 

the MSFC Test Laboratory, which directed today’s test. (MSFC Release 

65-287) 

In a 6,087-to-2,841 vote, machinists at the McDonneIl Aircraft Corp. 

approved a new three-year contract with McDonnell Aircraft which 

had been worked out by McDonnell, IAM, and the Federal Mediation 

(UPI, NYT, 11/23/65, 52) 

(OAR Release) 

(NYT, 11/23/65, 23j 

(DOD Release 846-65) 
526 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Board to end the six-day walkout of 17,000 workers. The strike had 

only lasted four days for the 200 IAM members at Kennedy Space Center who had been allowed to return to work Nov. 22 on preparations 

for the Gemini 7-6 launch. 

November 24: NASA had requested industry to submit proposals for a study 

of the feasibility of a satellite capable of broadcasting directly to conventional home FM radios and/or shortwave radios. Potential contractors were expected to have their proposals back to NASA in 45 days. 

Following a NASA evaluation, one or more contracts would be awarded 

for a detailed six-month mission study. 

Tass announced that “in connection with extension of the program of 

scientific research aimed at further studying outer space, the Soviet 

Union will fire rocket boosters from November 25 to December 25, 

1965, into a circular target area in the central Pacific having a radius 

of 40 n.m. and a center of 0’5 min. south and 163”45 min. west.” 

Governments of countries using sea and air routes in the Pacific were 

requested not to enter this area from noon to midnight local time each 

day. (Tass, 11/24/65) 

November 26: France successfully launched A-I, her first satellite, with the 

Diamant booster from Hammaguir Range, Algeria. Countdown had 

been interrupted for seven hours when a faulty diode was discovered in 

the boosters’ third stage. Initial orbital data: apogee, 1,768 km. 

(1,098 mi.) ; perigee, 525 km. (326 mi.) ; period, 108 min.; inclination, 34.65’ (compared with planned 2,154-km. [ 1,562-mi.] apogee, 

553-km. [331-mi.] perigee, 53’ inclination) . The 88-lb. satellite, 

comparable to the US. Vanguard, carried a radio and radar transmitters but no scientific equipment; it was designed for a two-week 

lifetime. Radio was functioning feebly. 

Primary purpose of launch was to test the Diamant booster, whose 

three stages had been tested individually but not as a three-stage launch 

vehicle. Second and third stages used solid fuel; the first used liquid. 

(Root, Wash. Post, 11/27/65, Al; AP, NYT, 11/27/65, 1, 4; SBD, 

12/11/65, 172) 

U.S.S.R. launched COSMOS XCVII artificial earth satellite “containing scientific equipment for continuing outer space research,” Tass reported. 

Orbital parameters were close to the calculated ones: apogee, 2,100 km. 

(1,304 mi.) ; perigee, 220 km. (136.6 mi.) ; period, 108.3 min.; inclination to equator, 49’. Onboard equipment was operating normally. 

(Pravdu, 11/27/65, 1, ATSS-T Trans.) 

British Black Knight research rocket reentered earth’s atmosphere at 

10,800 mph after a successful firing at the Woomera range, Australia. 

Rocket had reached 390-mi. altitude. (AP, Wash. Post, 11/27/65, A2) 

National Aeronautic Assn. named Jerome Lederer, director of the Flight 

Safety Foundation of New York, as winner of the Wright Brothers 

Memorial Trophy for 1965. Trophy is awarded annually for significant public service of enduring value to aviation. (AP, NYT, 11/27,’ 

65,65) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center announced that 48 additional 5-2 

liquid-hydrogen rocket engines would be purchased from Rocketdyne 

Div. of North American Aviation, Inc., under an amendment which 

converted the engine production contract to a cost-plus-incentive-awardfee agreement. The initial contract was a cost-plus-fixed-fee agree- 

(AP, NYT, 11/25/65, 56) 

(NASA Release 65-363) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 527 

ment. Cost of amendment was $75.8 million which brought the total 

value of the contract to approximately $206 million. A total of 103 

5-2 engines was now on order for the Saturn IB and Saturn V launch 

vehicle program. 

November 26: ComSatCorp announced the selection of Vern W. Johnson & 

Sons, Inc., Spokane, Wash., for site preparation and construction of 

buildings and other facilities for ComSatCorp’s fixed earth station at 

Brewster Flat, Wash. The construction contract, totaling $909,382, 

was filed with FCC. The Brewster Flat station, when completed, would 

serve as a U.S. link in a worldwide commercial satellite communications system. (ComSatCorp Release) 

US. officials said this country lacked enough intelligence information to know with certainty if the Russians were developing a 

solid-fuel intercontinental ballistic missile, reported the Baltimore Sun. 

Weapons described by the Soviets as solid-fuel were displayed in a Nov. 

7 Moscow parade observing the 48th anniversary of the Bolshevik 

Revolution. 

Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, chairman of India’s Atomic Energy Commission, 

denied reports that India was secretly preparing to explode a nuclear 

device. In an interview, he said: “We are still eighteen months away 

from exploding either a bomb or a device for peaceful purposes and we 

are doing nothing to reduce that period.” 

November 27: Soviet Union iaunched COSMOS XCVIII unmanned satellite 

with “scientific apparatus to continue space investigations,” Tass announced. Orbital data: apogee, 570 km. (354 mi.) ; perigee, 216 km. 

(134 mi.) ; period, 92 min.; inclination, 65”. Equipment was functioning normally. (Pravda, 11/28/65, 4) 

A-I, France’s 88-lb. first satellite, continued orbiting, but its radio signals 

had become weaker. Telemetry analysis indicated part of the difficulty was damage to the antennas at launch Nov. 26 from Hammaguir 

Range, Algeria. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 11/27/65, A2; Reuters, Balt. 

Sun, 12/28/65, 6) 

With a direct $40,000 grant from NASA, the Staten Island Public Health 

Hospital was using convicts for a research program entitled “The 

Effects of Acute Heat Stress and Simulated Weightlessness.” According to Warden Frank Kenton of the Federal Correctional Institution, 

Danbury, Conn., which supplied the men, those who had volunteered 

for the project were minimum risks and were carefully screened before selection was made. They 

get a $25 honorarium, three days off their sentences, an opportunity 

to get out of prison for a while, and a change in routine and surroundings.” (NYT, 11/27/65, 32) 

Figures compiled by NASA indicated that since Jan. 1, 1964, 75 work 

stoppages had cost more than 92,000 man days of work, mostly at 

Kennedy Space Center, Associated Press reported. ( AP, NYT, 11/28/ 

65941 

November 28: Canadian ALOUETTE 11 and American EXPLORER XXXI (Direct Measurement Explorer) were launched in a pick-a-back configuration by NASA from the Western Test Range with a single Thor-Agena B 

booster. Their orbital parameters were nearly identical: apogee, 1,837 

mi. (2,958 km.); perigee, 329 mi. (516.8 km.); period, 121 min.; 

inclinations, 80”. The two satellites would make related studies of 

( MSFC Release 65-289) 

(Sehlstedt, Balt. Sun, 11/27/65, 5) 

(NYT, 11/29/65, 8) 

“It’s a good break for these fellows. 
528 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

the earth‘s ionosphere as they orbited in close proximity. Both the 

323-113. ALOUETTE 11 and the 218-lb. EXPLORER XXXI were performing 

well. Called Isis-X, the double-launch project was first in a new NASADRE (Canadian Defense Research Board) program for International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies (Isis). 

November 28: Lights flashing earthward from 1,000 mi. in space were giving scientists their first operational workout with geodetic satellite 

EXPLORER XXIX launched by NASA Nov. 6 from Eastern Test Range. 

From a site about 100 mi. south of Cape Kennedy, five different types 

of camera systems were set to record on each clear night the one 

millisecond bursts of light from EXPLORER XXIX’S four lamps. In this 

first programed exercise, the Jupiter Calibration Experiment, the 

cameras were positioned side-by-side at the Jupiter, Fla., Baker-Nunn 

Camera Station of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Simultaneous use of the different camera systems would permit validation of 

data and procedures required for later phases of the NASA EXPLORER 

XXIX project that called for mutal visibility by ground stations equipped 

with optical and electronic tracking equipment. Calibration of the 

camera systems would be an important step in realizing maximum utilization of the NASA satellite and participating ground stations in the National Geodetic Satellite Program. 

Jane’s ,411 the World‘s Aircraft carried a description of how Soviet cosmonauts were ejected from their space capsules at 23,000 ft. after reentry into earth’s atmosphere. The yearbook also published detailed 

descriptions of the Soviet spaceship VOSTOK I, the world’s first manned 

earth satellite. It showed a picture of the 120-ft. ballistic missile that 

was displayed last Miy in a Moscow parade and reported that the 

missile was a sister vehicle to the “mighty booster” that launched the 

Vostok in 1961. Jane’s also obtained information on a large Soviet 

hovercraft still under construction and published a photograph taken at 

the shipyard. (AP, NYT, 11/29/65) 

The growing debate about what the next step in manned spaceflight 

should be was roughly divided into three schools, according to Howard 

Simons in the Washington Post: (1) a negative “Let’s do nothing at 

all after landing men on the moon” school; (2) a “wild-space-yonder” 

school wanting to try everything; and (3) a “school of thought that 

would make do with what we are now developing through modification 

and imagination before taking expensive new steps into the heavens.” 

He said the latter view would mean using Saturn IBS and Vs to launch 

modified Apollo spacecraft on largely scientific space ventures, possibly as early as 1968. 

November 28-December 1: The Committee on Space of the National Citizens’ Commission on International Cooperation recommended nine 

possible areas of international space cooperation at the White House 

Conference on International Cooperation: (1) new launching sites for 

satellites; (2) multipurpose navigation satellite systems; (3) experimental data-gathering satellite system; (4) synoptic sounding rocket 

investigations ; (5) applications of communications satellites ; (6) mutual assistance between national and international tracking and data 

acquisition networks; (7) exploration of the distant planets; (8) remote sensing; and (9) international convention to govern human activity on the moon. (Text) 

( NASA Release 65355 ; GSFC) 

(NASA Release 65-365) 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 11/28/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 529 

Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, in opening remarks at the 

session on international space cooperation, said: “I want to support 

what I understand to be the central argument of the report. 

“We have done well so far in pursuing our objective of international 

cooperation. 

“Our cooperative projects have borne witness to our peaceful aims 

in space . . . involved foreign intellectual and material resources in 

our programs . . . and established patterns of cooperation that 

further our goal of a stable world. 

“But the future demands a new level of effort.” 

The Honorable Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme 

Court, speaking at the White House Conference, said: “We live at a 

time when the whole world is being made over socially, economically, 

scientifically and even intellectually. Our era has witnessed such 

dramatic achievements as flight faster than sound, the splitting of the 

atom, miracle drugs, and manned satellites hurling through space. 

Rapid and turbulent changes in the scientific, economic, and social 

fields, almost too numerous to name, daily defy evaluation on the basis 

of prior standards and experience. Vistas of endless space have opened 

as man’s horizons have widened to encompass the universe. At a pace 

beyond dreaming the whole pattern of our existence is being reshaped. 

To ensure that these changes work for the benefit of mankind, law 

must be developed rapidiy enough in the world community to cope 

with the problems they raise and to harness their potential for peaceful 

and productive ends.” (Text) 

The Committee on Science and Technology of the National Citizens’ 

Commission on International Cooperation said at the Conference that 

cooperation in science already “is an extensive and integral part of 

life” but that the same thing was not true in the development and application of technology. The Committee urged an international earthquake prediction program, a world oceanography organization, and a 

greatly accelerated” program to disseminate technology “for improving the basic needs of man-such as nutrition, sanitation, health, 

shelter, and communications.” (Text) 

An Inter-American Skyway, linking cities in Latin America with 

each other and to North American centers, was suggested by the Committee on Aviation. The Skyway was needed, the Committee said, 

because airports, controlled airways, navigation aids, safety rules, and 

other services “lag behind the speed, number and variety” of aircraft 

on Latin American routes, as they do throughout the world. (Text) 

November 29: Second Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO 11) , after exceeding its operational life expectancy by 50 per cent, had been placed in 

coasting mode by NASA. Gas supply for the pitch-control in the stabilization system had been depleted, allowing the spacecraft to exceed 

acceptable tolerances in pointing at the sun. Data would be collected 

from time to time when the spacecraft did properly observe the sun. 

oso 11, launched Feb. 3, 1965, had completed more than 4,100 orbits 

and returned some 2,200,000 bits of scientific data each orbit. The 

nine advanced oso 11 experiments were designed to further the work 

of oso I as well as to extend measurements .of the study of solar x-rays, 

gamma rays, and ultraviolet radiation. (NASA Release 65-367; GSFC 

Historian) 

(Text) 

<< 
530 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

November 29: Gemini VII astronauts Frank Borman and James A. Lovell, 

Jr., reviewed for several hours where they would put food wrappings 

and other waste materials during their 14-day spaceflight scheduled 

to begin Dec. 4. Study of the problem was part of the final phase of 

training for the mission. 

M/G 0. J. Ritland (USAF), retiring Nov. 30, was awarded the NASA 

Exceptional Service Medal by NASA Administrator James E. Webb. 

General Ritland who, as Deputy Commander for Space of the Air Force 

Systems Command, had been closely associated since 1962 with NASA’s 

Office of Manned Space Flight, was cited for his contributions to the 

(AP, NYT, 11/29/65, 55) 

Mercury and Gemik manned .space flight programs. (NASA Release 

65-369) 

U.S.S.R. transmitted a color television program by satellite to France 

for the first time. Tass said the transmission, using the French Secam 

color system, followed a series of technical tryouts through MOLNIYA 

I, first of the Soviet Union’s two communications satellites now in orbit. 

(Reuters, NYT, 11/30/65, 49) 

A moving model of a proposed lunar exploration vehicle under development by the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. was demonstrated 

on two acres of simulated moonscape. The two-section wheeled craft, 

known as a mobile base simulator, lumbered at five mph around moonlike craters made of cinders and coal dust at the Grumman test field, 

Calverton, L. I. The Grumman engineer in charge of the project, 

Edward G. Markow, explained that the aluminum working model, 

valued at $250,000, was being developed in the hope that NASA officials 

would buy the project for use possibly by 1975. The exploration 

craft would have a lunar range of 250 mi. and accommodate two 

astronauts with 50 Ibs. of equipment for perhaps two weeks. It was 

designed for use with the Saturn V booster. 

Dr. Warren Weaver, former president of the AAAS, said in an interview 

with US. News & World Report that it was wrong to spend $30 billion 

on getting an American to the moon by 1970 when so much else to 

benefit the human race could be done with the money. He suggested: 

“We could give every teacher in the US. a ten percent raise a year 

for ten years; endow 200 small colleges with $10 million each; finance 

the education through graduate school of 50,000 scientists at $4,000- 

a-year; build ten new medical schools at $200 million each; build and 

endow complete universities for more than 50 developing countries; 

create three new Rockefeller Foundations worth $50 million each.” 

(U.S. News, 11/29/65) 

Rep. Adam Clayton Powell (D-N.Y.) , Chairman of the House Committee 

on Education and Labor, personally wrote the presidents of the Nation’s 116 predominantly Negro colleges and universities urging them 

to apply for NASA grants and research contracts. In his letter he 

noted that of 187 colleges and universities receiving NASA grants, only 

one-Howard Univ.-was predominantly Negro and that 20 universities (10%) received $61,451,000 (50%) of the $121,115,000 total 

expenditure. 

November 30: A suggestion made at the White House Conference on International Cooperation that the US. seek international agreement on a 

legal code for human activity on the moon received editorial comment 

in the New York Times: “An important precedent for a code of lunar 

(NYT, 11/30/65, 22) 

(House Comm. on Education and Labor Release) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 531 

law exists in the Antarctic Treaty of Dec. 1, 1959. That pact, to 

which both the United States and the Soviet Union adhere, provides 

that Antarctica shall be used only for peaceful purposes and shall contain no military bases. It suspends all territorial claims to the Antarctic and establishes the principle that all settlements and activities in 

the area are open to inspection by observers designated by the nations 

ratifying the treaty. 

“The contracting nations agree to make available to each other all 

scientific information gathered there, and to exchange personnel among 

their expeditions and stations. 

“Adoption of an analogous code for the moon would be a major 

triumph of international cooperation . . .” 

November 30: Science interest among U.S. high school students was declining, Dr. Robert Jastrow, director of the New York branch, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, told the New York City Youth Board, 

meeting to inaugurate Youth Week. Citing figures from a study covering 1958 to 1963, Jastrow reported a 30% decline in the number of 

semi-finalists competing for National Merit Scholarship Awards who 

whose physics as a career preference. He suggested that the image of 

science as “a dehumanized field of work open only to a gifted few” 

could be counteracted only if scientists “are willing to step down from 

this pedestal and interact with young people.” (Whitehouse, NYT, 

12/5/65, 71) 

US. Army modified Redstone missile was successfully test-fired from 

WTR as part of Advanced Research Projects Agency’s Project Defender. 

Some 24 Army-stockpiled Redstones had been ordered by ARPA for 

use in reentry measurements. This seven-year-old Redstone, among the 

first Redstones reactivated last June for Project Defender, was the first 

I?eds:one to bc !aznched since Nnve~ber 1063. (SBn, 1/13/66; 72; 

M&R, 12/13/65, 17) 

During November: Wendover Air Force Auxiliary Field, Utah, an empty 

facility in “caretaker” status, was reported to be leading candidate for 

site of the first American inland landing station for spacecraft. A 

study made by a DOD committee had described Wendover as “the only 

site known to satisfy the recovery requirements of polar orbiting 

vehicles.” (NYT, 11/28/65, 50) 

The Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Foundation would award nine or 

more graduate fellowships to train men for engineering and scientific 

leadership in spaceflight, rocket-propulsion, and flight-structures research in 1966-67. The fellowships were for residents of the US. and 

Canada. (NYT, 11/29/65, 41) 

General Electric researchers at the Philadelphia Aquarama studying 

weightlessness problems of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) in 

underwater tests substituting neutral buoyancy for weightlessness concluded that in weightlessness the time required to perform a task would 

be substantially increased in some instances by as much as 50%. The 

company-funded program had also succeeded in developing: (1) 

a tether line that could be made rigid in any position or left slack for 

use as a restraining device, a ladder, or means of moving; (2) a better 

understanding of procedures for movement between the Gemini spacecraft and Mol and out of the Gemini spacecraft for extravehicular experiments in the weightless state; (3) a conceptual design of restraining 

(NYT, 11/30/65, 40) 
532 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

devices for use inside the cabins of both vehicles to aid in performance. 

It had been verified that neutral buoyancy appeared to simulate reasonably the parameters of weightlessness that have a significant effect on 

human motor performance, but could not simulate effects of weightlessness on any activity in an important role. (David, M&R, 11/8/65, 

34) 

During November: Compact, remote transmitters similar to those designed 

for NASA by USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Tex., were 

being worn by cardiac patients as part of the Central Cardiac Monitoring System (Ccms) at the hospital at Andrews AFB, Md., reported The 

Airman. Use of Ccms, a centrally-located computer capable of receiving telemetered data from several ambulatory patients simultaneously, 

improved patient care and provided physicians advance warning of 

deterioration in a patient’s condition. 

Policy statement on participation by NASA employees in “widely-attended 

dinners honoring aerospace pioneers” was issued by Deputy Administrator Dr. Hugh L. Dryden: “NASA policy does not prevent acceptance 

of an invitation from a company to attend such affairs, provided the 

expense borne by the company is limited to the cost of tickets. Lodging 

or travel expenses may not be accepted.” (NASA Ann.) 

FCC received 27 statements on the question of direct purchase of communications services from ComSatCorp. A brief submitted by the 

American Newspaper Publishers Assn. argued that “a basic policy 

determination [should] be made at this time, assuring access by the 

press to ComSat facilities for news media dissemination. . . .” A 

brief by AT&T argued that “authorized users” of ComSat services should 

be common carrier companies only not any communications organization wishing to rent satellite channels. The “only interpretation . . . consistent with the specific language of the Communications Satellite 

Act of 1962,” argued AT&T, is “the view that ComSat is to function 

as a ‘carriers’ carrier,’ except possibly in the case of the US. Government. . . .” 

Study of approximately 300 photographs taken over the Antarctic by 

NASA NIMBUS I meteorological satellite had caused the US. Geological 

Survey to plan three major changes on its relief maps: (1) Mount 

Siple, lO,OOO-ft.-high Antarctic mountain used by pilots as a navigational aid, would be repositioned 45 mi. further west; (2) a mountain 

group in the Kohler range, positioned by two expeditions in two different locations, would appear as one group rather than two; and (3) 

ice front information on the Filshner Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, and 

Princess Martha Coast areas would be updated with photographs producing better definition of the ice shelfs shape. (GSFC Release G-29- 

65 ) A Soviet booster capable of generating more than 60-million hp. had 

launched the instrumented spacecraft of the Proton series, Prof. Georgi 

V. Petrovich disclosed in Aviatsiya i Cosmonavtika. Each engine 

had produced about 3-million-lbs. thrust at liftoff. USAF Titan 111-c 

had produced 2.4-million-lbs. thrust when it was launched with an instrumented payload June 18. 

(The Airman, 11/65, 9) 

Weekley, Wash. Post, 11/4/65, C9) 

(Shabad, NYT, 11/14/65, 74) 
December 1965 

December 1: Full-duration test firing of the second flight S-IVB stage of 

the Saturn IB launch vehicle was conducted at Sacramento by Douglas 

Aircraft Co. The 71/-min. acceptance test was run to check engine 

performance, propellant tank pressurization systems, data acquisition 

systems, power and control systems, and structural reliability of the 

rocket stage. Following detailed post-test evaluation, the S-IVB 

would be shipped to Kennedy Space Center for launch as part of a 

complete Saturn IB vehicle in 1966. (MarsMZ Star, 12/8/65, 4) 

Gemini VII Astronauts Frank Borman (L/Col., USAF) and James A. Lovell, 

Jr. (Cdr., USN) , passed their 5-hr. preflight physical examination at 

KSC. Dr. Charles Berry, Gemini medical director, said he could find 

no medical problem that might interfere with the scheduled launch of 

Gemini VII Dec. 4. (Wash. Eve. Star, 12/1/65, A3; Wilford, NYT, 

12/2/65,22) 

Dr. Thomas L. K. Smull, Director of NASA Office of Grants and Research 

Contracts, was temporarily assigned as Special Assistant to Administrator James E. Webb. He would be concerned with examining, in 

depth, the progress made in the development and conduct of university 

activities. Dr. John T. Holloway would serve as the Acting Director 

of the Office of Grants and Research Contracts. 

Dr. Donald P. Burcham, Voyager projsct manager at JPL, told the Christian Science Monitor in an interview that NASA had decided to launch 

the Voyager spacecraft with the Saturn V booster instead of the Saturn 

IB. “This,” Dr. Burcham said, “means we can put a heavier retrorocket pack on the spacecraft. It will enable us to release the lander 

after the spacecraft has gone into orbit around Mars instead of 10 

days before reaching the planet, as planned earlier, and that will give 

us a better chance of putting a lander on the surface.” (Cowen, CSM, 

12/1/65) 

Cd. John H. Glenn (USMC, Ret.) was guest of honor and elected to 

membership at the 148th annual dinner of the New York Academy of 

Sciences. He said that 100 yrs. from now “space travel will not be a 

form of international competition, nor will it have political implications; it will be the beginning of the greatest exploration period in 

world history.” (NYT, 12/3/65,42) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center had awarded a $358,808 contract to 

Bryson Construction Co., Inc., Ala., for building a non-destructive facility for testing rocket materials in simulated space environments. Four shielded “radiographic laboratories’’ would provide areas where rocket materials would be exposed to radiation and 

would have equipment for searchray, motion radiography, radioisotope, and radiography testing. 

(NASA Ann.) 

( MSFC Release 65-290) 

533 
534 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

December 1: ComSatCorp announced selection of J. P. Finan General Contractor, Inc., for site preparation and construction of buildings and 

other facilities for ComSatCorp’s earth station at Paumalu, Oahu, Hawaii, under a contract totaling $948,362. The Paumalu station, when 

completed, would serve as part of a worldwide commercial satellite 

communications system. (ComSatCorp Release) 

Unpublished study of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and 

Development ( OECD) -international, intergovernmental agency-to determine importance of military and space research for civilian technological advance was reported by the Washington Post to contain 

three key conclusions: (1) military and space research is a costly and 

inefficient way of spurring technological advance for the civilian economy; (2) although there is some direct civilian application of new 

products and techniques developed for the military, the amount is limited and is shrinking; (3) while a massive military-space program like 

that of the US. may indirectly stimulate innovation by civilians, some 

of the same results could probably be obtained more cheaply by direct 

government aid to nondefense research and development. The study 

implied there were better ways for Europe’s industry to catch up. The 

report also stated the US. and the Soviet Union were putting about 

the same effort into research, and Western Europe was not far 

behind. In terms of manpower involved, US. total was over 1 million; European, about 500,000; Soviet, 1.5 million. In international 

earnings of patents and licenses, the US. was ahead. (Nossiter, 

Wash. Post, 12/2/65, A24; NYT, 12/19/65,20) 

December 2: NASA launched an Aerobee 150 sounding rocket from White 

Sands Missile Range to peak altitude of 115 mi. (185 km.). Objectives were to photograph the solar disc and to measure solar 

flux. Parachuted payload was recovered without observable damage; 

development of film was in process. 

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, NASA Deputy Administrator since 1958, died 

of cancer at age 67. He was a former Director of the National 

Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, a former Associate Director of 

the National Bureau of Standards, and-for forty-five years-an ordained minister in the Methodist Church. 

An internationally renowned scientist-engineer who once said he and 

the airplane grew up together, he was recognized for his leadership in 

the development of aeronautics and astronautics. He generally was 

regarded as the man who guided the United States into the space 

age. Dr. Dryden served the US. Government with distinction since 

1918 in science and technology, as an administrator, and more recently as a skilled diplomat in negotiating international agreements for 

cooperative efforts in the peaceful exploration of space. The recipient 

of many awards and honors, Dr. Dryden was especially known for his 

scientific contributions to fluid mechanics and boundarylayer phenomena. 

At Johnson City, Tex., President Johnson said that the death of Dr. 

Dryden “is a deep personal loss and a reason for national 

sorrow. . . . No soldier ever performed his duty with more bravery 

and no statesman ever charted new courses with more dedication than 

Hugh Dryden. Whenever the first American space man sets foot on 

(NASA Rpt. SRL) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 535 

the moon or finds a new trail to a new star, he will know that Hugh 

Dryden was one of those who gave him knowledge and illumination.” 

From Great Falls, Mont., Vice President Humphrey, Chairman of 

the NASC, said: “The death of Dr. Hugh Dryden is a sad loss to all of 

us, and especially to those of us who have been guided by his wisdom, 

experience, and great common sense in planning the nation’s space 

program. 

“We shall miss him sorely as we plot our course for the decade 

ahead. So much of what this nation has been able to do in aeronautics and space over the past 40 years we owe to the creative science 

and the confident, skillful leadership of this great public servant. I 

know of no finer example of modern man in all his versatility than Dr. 

Hugh Dryden, whose vision, courage, and lifetime of service have 

helped to lead the way into the Space Age. . . .” 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb said: “Dr. Hugh L. Dryden was 

a man of his time--of the air age, of the nuclear age, of the space age, 

with all the implications of modern science and technology for the 

accomplishments of his time. He was also a man for all times because 

his courage in undertaking the conquest of air and space, his scientific, 

engineering, and administrative competence and his qualities of humanity and leadership mark him as one of the truly great men who 

have contributed over the years to these fields. He will be sorely 

missed in NASA, in the nation and, indeed, in many nations.” 

Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, said: “The country has lost one of its greatest 

scientists and one of its most dedicated citizens. The country will 

have to continue with ‘its space and aeronautics programs without him 

-but will not be able to carry on as well without his inspiring leadership ad &i!ity.” (Texts) 

December 2: Tass reported that U.S.S.R.’s VENUS II had covered 6,540,000 

km. (4,062,111.8 mi.); VENUS 111, 5,310,000 km. (3,298,136 

mi.). Both spacecraft were in trajectories close to those calculated; 

all onboard equipment was functioning normally. 

President Johnson named Dr. Finn J. Larsen, Honeywell vice president, 

as Principal Director of Defense Research and Engineering for DOD, 

succeeding Dr. E. G. Fubini, who left the job July 15. (AP, fly?‘, 

12/3/65,22; Pres. Doc., 12/6/65,54.6) 

Lt. Frank K. Ellis ( USN) , double-amputee pilot whose name was among 

astronaut candidates submitted to NASA by Chief of Naval Operations 

Adm. David L. McDonald, had been nominated for “special capacity” 

work in the space program, unidentified NASA sources revealed. While 

not nominated to become an actual astronaut, Ellis would be considered for work that would use his aeronautical knowledge. He lost 

both legs in a jet crash in July 1962. (CNS, Sun Diego Eve. TAb., 

12/3/65) 

65-ton Saturn S-IVB “battleship” tankage and associated vehicle equipment were shipped from San Francisco by MSFC to USAF Arnold 

Engineering Development Center, Tullahoma, Tenn., for use in high-altitude tests of the stage’s 5-2 engine. 

A new alloy of hafnium and tantalum had been developed which could 

withstand temperatures as high as ~OOO” F. It would raise tempera- 

(Tass, 12/2/65) 

(MSFC Release 65-291) 
536 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

ture limits formerly placed on such engine components as nozzles and 

throat inserts by the lack of reliable protective coatings. Application 

of the alloy was developed on a NASA contract by the IIT Research 

Institute. (NASA Release 65-365) 

December 2: Physicist and author Dr. Ralph E. Lapp said at Central Connecticut State College that the space budget would decline from $5 billion to about $2 billion by 1970 unless new space projects were proposed and approved soon. He was pessimistic about the possibilities 

of finding worthwhile proposals among those now being considered by 

NASA and suggested that (1) Presidential science adviser Donald 

Hornig issue a report which would be “an accounting and a forecast” 

of the possibilities in space, and (2) the National Academy of Sciences 

poll its 700 members for their views on how Federal funds for research 

and development should be allocated for space and other projects. 

Lapp said “near-earth” projects such as manned earth stations offered 

some posibilities, but not enough to fill the gap which would soon appear in the aeronautics and space industry. (Garwood, Wash. Post, 

12/3/65, AS) 

Need for creation of a “Buck Rogers rescue squad” with trained men 

and equipment to give aid on short notice to spacemen stranded or 

stricken in orbit was discussed by William Hines in the Washington 

Evening Star. Hines said a persuasive case had been made by Michael Stoiko of the Martin Co.: “Stoiko estimated that in the next 20 

years there will be about 280 manned space flights involving about 800 

men. Half of each-men and flights-will be American, half 

Russian. Total flight time will be about 2.4 million man hours, compared with the world-wide total of about 1,200 man hours to date.” 

Stoiko projected “a 62 percent probability of at least seven emergency situations involving 22 men in the next 20 years; a 58 percent 

probability of two or three emergencies in the coming decade.” 

Hines said that now “astronauts stranded in orbit would have no 

hope of rescue and only a melancholy choice between two fatal alternatives: to sweat it out until the oxygen finally was gone, or to make a 

quick end of it by explosively decompressing both spacecraft and 

suit.” 

Sir Francis Vallat, acting director of McGill Univ.’s Institute of Air 

and Space Law, told a news conference that if a piece of a satellite 

were to hit an individual on the head, he could sue the government 

that launched it and probably win the case. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

12/3/65, A8) 

Avco Corp. was issued a $1,600,000 increment to a previously awarded 

contract for design, development, fabrication, test, and evaluation of 

Minuteman Mark IIA reentry vehicles for AFSC. (DOD Release 

871-65) 

December 3: U.S.S.R. launched LUNA VIII unmanned spacecraft toward 

the moon. Objectives were testing of soft lunar landing system and 

scientific research. Weighing 1,552 kg. (3,422 lbs.) , the spacecraft 

was following a trajectory close to the calculated one. Equipment was 

functioning normally. (Kornsomolskaya Pravda, 12/4/65, 1, ATSS-T 

Trans.) 

AEC announced the U.S. had conducted a weapons-related nuclear test in 

Nevada with a yield equivalent to an explosive force of 200,000 to one 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/2/65) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 537 
538 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

orbit with 203-mi. (327.4-km.) apogee; 100-mi. (161.2-km.) perigee; 

89-min. period; and 28.9’ inclination. Immediately after spacecraft 

separation, GEMINI VII turned blunt end forward and began stationkeeping on Titan 11’s second stage at distances from 20 ft. to 50 mi. 

for 17 min. Several hours later Borman made the first of a series of 

course corrections to position GEMINI VII for the scheduled rendezvous with Gemini VI by firing the thruster rockets 1% min. to raise the 

apogee from 100 mi. to 138 mi. Apparent loss of pressure in spacecraft’s fuel cells during flight’s early stages was later determined to be 

faulty indicator light. 

On Dec. 5, the astronauts encountered difficulties at first in sighting 

the rectangular panels displayed near Laredo, Tex., but later they successfully identified the patterns of panels and rovided evidence that 

On Dec. 6, Lovell removed his 16-lb. spacesuit, becoming first U.S. 

astronaut to fly in undergarment. The astronauts visually tracked Polaris A-3 missile fired from uss Benjamin Franklin, submerged nuclear submarine off Cape Kennedy, and successfully tested onboard 

radar receiving unit needed for rendezvous. 

On Dec. 7, Borman fired thruster rockets to achieve a higher orbit 

for rendezvous attempt: apogee, 197 mi. (301.7 km.) ; perigee, 145 mi. 

(233.8 km.) . On Dec. 8, clouds over New Mexico caused astronauts to cancel 

scheduled experiment to communicate with ground by laser beam. 

On Dec. 9, Borman executed a posigrade maneuver to circularize 

GEMINI VII’S orbit, firing thruster rockets one minute 18 sec. to raise 

perigee to 185.8 mi. (299.7 km.) ; 43 min. later, he fired braking 

thrusters 15 sec. to lower apogee to 188.3 mi. (103.7 km.) and provide 

a proper target orbit for Gemini 6. Dr. Berry recommended that Borman apply ointment to ease the nasal dryness caused by the lOO%O-oxygen atmosphere of his spacesuit. 

On Dec. 10, when temperatures in GEMINI VII’S cabin rose to 85”’ 

Flight Director Christopher Kraft ordered Lovell to put on his spacesuit to permit Borman to remove his. One astronaut was to wear his 

spacesuit at all times during the mission. Dr. Berry recommended 

that Lovell apply antihistamine ointment to ease nasal dryness. 

On Dec. 11, laser experiment was conducted with partial success: 

the Hawaiian ground station received signals from the spacecraft when 

Lovell locked his hand-held laser onto the ground-based one, but contact was not precise or strong enough to carry a human voice. 

On Dec. 12, the astronauts tried again to establish ground laser 

communications over White Sands Missile Range, but were able to 

pick up only two quick flashes from the ground beacon. 

On Dec. 13, when GEMINI VII’S fuel cell warning light flashed on, 

the astronauts flushed excess water from the system by forcing in additional oxygen borrowed from the cabin’s oxygen supply, thereby correcting the difficulty. A taperecorder malfunction prevented the 

spacecraft from supplying automatic data on performance of its systems between tracking stations. 

On Dec. 14, Borman observed reentry of a Minuteman missile fired 

from Vandenberg AFB to Eniwetok-first time a missile reentry had 

been sighted by an astronaut. Both GEMINI VII astronauts were betheir visual acuity was not degraded over the 14- 0 ay period. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 539 

ginning to feel the strain of their ten days in space: “Jim and I are 

beginning to notice the days seem to be lengthening a little,” Borman 

said. 

On Dec. 15, GEMINI VII and GEMINI VI achieved their historic 

rendezvous in orbit (see Dec. 15-16). 

On Dec. 16, a report from GEMINI VII Astronauts Borman and 

Lovell that three of the six fuel cell stacks were not operating aroused 

apprehension that the flight might end prematurely. 

Next day GEMINI VII’S fuel cells began to function satisfactorily, 

thereby assuring a full-duration mission. Astronauts Borman and Lovel1 checked out all their spacecraft’s systems and received reentry 

instructions. 

On Dec. 18, GEMINI VII began a normal reentry when its four 

retrorockets fired automatically in correct sequence above the Pacific 

southeast of the Philippines. After a controlled reentry to the predetermined landing point, the spacecraft splashed down in the Atlantic at 

9% a.m. EST, 700 mi. southwest of Bermuda-only 7.6 mi. from 

target. The astronauts, after their record-breaking 330-hr. 35-min. 

spaceflight, were assisted from the capsule by Navy frogmen and taken 

to the carrier Wasp for medical debriefing. 

NASA Proj. Off.; Transcript; NYT, 12/5/65, 1, 72; 12/6/65, 1, 43; 

12/7/65, 24; 12/13/65, 1, 46; 12/15/65, 23; WSI, 12/9/65, 1; 

12/13/65, 1; 12/14/65, 1; Wash. Post, 12/6/65; A3; 12/7/65, Al, 

A3; 12/9/65, A9; 12/10/65, Al, A3; 12/12/65, Al, A8; 12/13/65, 

Al; 12/14/65, A3; Wash. Sun. Star, 12/5/65, Al, A8; Wash. Eve. 

Star, 12/6/65, Al, A12; 12/7/65, A3; 12/8/65, A3; 12/12/65, A7; 

12/15/65, Al, A2, A6; Time, 12/24/65, 32-36; MSC Gemini 

VII/Gemini VI Fact Sheet) 

December 4: President Johnson, after viewing on television the launching 

of GEMINI VII, said: ‘‘Once agaiii, two Luiaye Americazs have carried 

the quest for knowledge to the threshold of space. They also take 

with them our prayers, and our pride. As they orbit the earth in the 

days and weeks ahead, Astronauts Frank Borman and James Lovell 

will broaden our knowledge of space. But they will do more. Their 

voyage will be a continuous reminder that the peaceful conquest of 

space is the only form of conquest in which modern man can proudly 

and profitably engage. In this struggle, all men are allies, and the 

only enemy is a hostile environment. The victory over the final enemy will belong, not just to Americans, but to all the world. We are 

proud that these fine young Americans have brought us one step closer 

to that goal.” 

KSC technicians began to repair Pad 19 for the Gemini VI launch 

immediately after GEMINI VII had lifted off. Damage was minimal, NASA officials reported, and they were optimistic about being 

able to launch Gemini VI Dec. 13. 

December 5: LUNA VIII would land on the moon Dec. 6 at about 4:50 

p.m. EST, Tass reported. Telemetry data indicated the spacecraft was 

on a correct trajectory and functioning normally. (Reuters, NYT, 

12/6/65,43) 

In an editorial titled “Loss of a Leader,” the Washington Sunday Star 

concluded a review of Dr. Hugh L. Dryden’s contributions to American 

“We’re getting a little crummy.” 

(NASA Release 65-362; 

(Pres. Doc., 12/4/65) 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 12/5/65,1) 
540 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

aeronautics and astronautics: “It is in the tradition of NASA, and of 

NACA before it, to name its research centers and after important figures 

in the development of aeronautics and astronautics: Langley, Lewis, 

Ames, Marshall, Kennedy. One major center-the one at Houstonremains unnamed. It would be a fitting tribute to a dedicated American if that center were henceforth to bear the name of Hugh L. 

Dryden.” 

December 5: Hamilton Standard Div. of United Aircraft Corp. successfully 

tested a life-support back pack designed to meet requirements of the 

lunar surface suit for the Apollo lunar-landing mission. System functioned as planned for over three hours inside a vacuum chamber while 

the test subject walked on a treadmill to simulate the metabolic load of 

an astronaut on the lurain. The 65-lb. portable life support system supplied oxygen, pressurized to a minimum 3.7 lbs. psi, controlled its 

temperature and relative humidity, and circulated it through the suit 

and helmet. The pack pumped cooled water through the tubing of the 

undergarment for cooling inside the pressure suit. A canister of lithium hydroxide trapped carbon dioxide and other air contaminants to 

purify the oxygen for reuse. 

December 6: FR-I (FR-1~) , second French satellite to be launched within 

two weeks, was successfully injected into near-polar orbit from the 

Western Test Range by a NASA Scout booster. Orbital parameters: 

apogee, 480 mi. (773 km.) ; perigee, 462 mi. (743.8 km.) ; period, 100 

min. ; inclination, 75.9’. NASA provided the four-stage launch vehicle 

and launch service as part of its cooperative agreement with the 

French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales ( CNES) , which designed, 

built, and tested the 135-lb. satellite. FR-I would study propagation 

of very low frequency (Vlf) radio waves and measure electron 

densities. Telemetry reports indicated all systems were operating 

nominally and were returning useful data. (NASA Release 65-366; 

Wash. Post, 12/7/65, A6; UPI, NYT, 12/8/65,13) 

Funeral in Washington for late Deputy Administrator of NASA, Dr. 

Hugh L. Dryden, attended by hundreds of friends and high Federal officials. Pallbearers were Gen. James H. Doolittle (Chairman 

of the NACA, 1956-58), Dr. T. Keith Glennan (NASA Administrator, 

1958-1961), and Astronauts Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, James 

McDivitt, and John Glenn. 

Results of an experiment to be performed on GEMINI VII to measure 

amount of bone demineralization brought on by 14 days of weightlessness in space could lead to a preventive that would protect aged persons suffering from brittle bones, said Dr. George P. Vose, professor of 

radiographic research at Texas Women’s Univ. (Lee, Houston Post, 

12/6/65) 

Course of Soviet spacecraft LUNA VIII was successfully corrected and it 

was now on a trajectory toward the moon close to the calculated one, 

Tass announced. (Tass, 12/6/65) 

Test of the Apollo command module and launch escape system, scheduled 

for Dec. 8 at White Sands Missile Range, was postponed due to a 

malfunction in the Little Joe 11 booster rocket guidance system. Malfunction was caused by bad soldering connections. (MSC Info. Proj. 

Off. ; Las Cruces Sun News, 12/6/65) 

(Wash. Sun. Star, 12/5/65, B2) 

( UPI, NYT, 12/6/65,42) 

( EPH) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 31 

December 6: The $2-billion Rover nuclear-propelled rocket program was 

approaching a decision whether to move forward and prepare for early 

post-Apollo missions or let the technology dwindle, Harold B. Finger, 

Director of NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, told Aviation 

Week & Space Technology. The two-part decision was (1) whether to 

move forward with a flight-type engine of 200,000-300,000-lb. thrustan advanced Nerva (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application), 

and (2) whether to start a $50-million construction program in Nevada 

for testing in the vicinity of the Nuclear Rocket Development Station 

near Las Vegas. Unless these decisions were made soon, “there will be 

a tail-off of technology,” Finger said. 

Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey urged establishment of research 

and experimental institutions in underdeveloped nations that would 

enable young scientists and technologists there to develop their own 

countries. “To train people without giving them the opportunity to 

put their training to full use can only result in frustration at home or 

migration abroad,” he said. 

The Vice President, speaking at a dinner given in New York by the 

American Committee for the Weizman Institute of Science, emphasized 

that measures must be taken “to make these talented people actually 

want to work in their own countries, by opening up to them careers 

which are genuinely and deeply rewarding in professional advancement and service to their peopie.“ 

Scientists and broadcasting executives from 20 countries began a fourday conference in Paris, sponsored by UNESCO, on communications 

satellites and their probable effect on press and radio. (Reuters, 

NYT, 12/6/65, 3) 

NASA would sponsor six 10-week summer programs of study and advanced 

research for almost 150 young university engineering and science 

faculty members in 1966. Recipients of the summer ieiiowsinips could 

participate in an ongoing space research project at a NASA center and 

at the same time carry on related seminars at nearby universities. 11 

schools were participating in the program with the NASA centers. Primary objectives of the program were to stimulate and enrich university 

activities and to encourage exchange of ideas between NASA and university personnel. 

USAF announced that first firing of an operationally configured Minuteman 11 ICBM from an operational silo was “100 percent successful 

with all research and development objectives achieved” and that Minuteman 11 performed with “accuracy and reliability,” impacting more 

than 5,OOO mi. downrange from the launch site at Vandenberg 

AFB. (AFSC Release) 

USAF was considering using obsolete Boeing Minuteman missiles as space 

launch vehicles with the United Technology Center FW~S solid-propellant motor as a fourth stage, Aviation Week and Space Technology 

reported. Studies by Boeing and DOD had indicated such a vehicle 

would be cheaper than a new Ling-Temco-Vought Scout. (Av. Wk., 

12/6/65,23) 

The Soviet Union could upset the US’S military superiority by scientific 

breakthroughs in any one of four military areas, reported Ray Cromley in the New York World Telegram: (1) ability to disrupt U.S. 

communications completely just before or during a war; (2) effective 

(Av. Wk., 12/6/65, 57) 

(NYT, i2/7/65, 10) 

(NASA Release 65-374; Proj. Off.) 
542 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

defense against Polaris-type submarines; (3) adequate system of defense against ICBMS; (4) ICBMS so accurate that hardened silos would 

not be adequate protection for unfired Minutemen. (Cromley, N.Y. 

World Telegram, 12/6/65, 7) 

Indications were that it was destroyed instead of making a soft 

landing. Tass reported that “the systems of the station were functioning normally at all stages of the landing except the final touchdown.” 

Sir Bernard Lovell, director of the Jodrell Bank radiotelescope tracking station, said: “The recordings of the final stages of Luna 8 made 

at Jodrell Bank indicate that a minor fault probably developed approximately four minutes before touchdown. The retrorockets did not 

have full effect and the probe probably made a hard rather than a 

crash landing, but nevertheless sufficient to put the instruments out of 

action. It seems clear the Russians narrowly missed complete 

success. . . . They have probably obtained a great deal of new information which will enable them to correct the remaining minor 

faults. . . .” (Tass, 12/7/65; Balt. Sun, 12/8/65) 

Discovery of a malfunction in the computer on Gemini 6 spacecraft 

might prevent a December 13 launch, NASA officials speculated. The 

computer, whose “memory” had been altered, was removed from the 

spacecraft to have new information fed into it. (Wilford, NYT, 

12/8/65, 1OC) 

Soviet Premier Aleksey Kosygin was asked in an interview at the Kremlin by New York Times associate editor James Reston if expenditures 

for space exploration were questioned by Soviet government 

officials. He replied:-“I would say that man will always go on seeking 

a solution to the problems of the universe. There will always be 

funds that will be set aside to resolve the problems relating to the 

world and the universe; this is all to the good, if it’s purely 

scientific. . . . We. don’t have any contradiction in the Soviet Union 

between appropriations for space research and for the needs of the 

population. The funds appropriated are relatively small compared 

with the funds serving the needs of the population on education and 

such. They are negligible on the over-all expenditure. Space expenses do not detract from the needs of the population.” 

Asked if the U.S.S.R. wanted to go forward with peaceful space 

arrangements, Kosygin said: “We have expressed our view on 

this. We are in favor of peaceful, not military, uses of outer 

space. Now, to insure that peaceful research in space does not place 

too much of a burden on us, states might reduce military expenditures 

and channel the funds into peaceful space explorations.” 

Reston queried: “You have made great progress in space with the 

use of the most sophisticated and complicated computers and other 

modern science, yet your speech on Sept. 27 was highly critical of the 

lag in the use of modern science in Soviet industry. Why this discrepancy ?” Kosygin replied : “I don’t understand your distinction 

between space and economic and industrial development. We judge 

our economy as a whole-we include all spheres. It is true that not 

everything is going satisfactorily in science and technology. Not 

everywhere are the most advanced methods being used. We are now 

taking all possible measures and we shall remedy this situation. For 

December 7: Soviet spacecraft LUNA VIII impacted on the moon. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 543 

this it is necessary to utilize all the achievements of engineering 

thought. We are doing our utmost to insure the further rise of our 

economy and our technology. In four months I will make my report 

to the party congress on our forthcoming five-year development 

plan. In this plan our most advanced scientific and technical achievements will be mobilized.” 

December 7: Australian National Development Minister Allen Fairhall said 

that contracts were being arranged for new spacetracking stations at 

Cooby Creek, in Queensland, and Honeysuckle Creek, near Canberra, 

in support of NASA’s programs. Stations were expected to be operational by 1966. (NYT, 12/27/65,23) 

Designs for an aircraft with speed potential of 17,500 mph were being 

studied by both USAF and NASA, reported the Washington Daily 

News. Called the Scramjet (Supersonic Combustion Ramjet) by USAF 

and the hypersonic Ramjet by NASA, the aircraft could reach about 

180,000-ft. altitude with the Ramjet engine and then be boosted into 

space by a small auxiliary hydrogen rocket motor. Above 180,000 ft. 

there would not be enough oxygen to support the Ramjet engine’s 

combustion. The aircraft would fire retrorockets to reenter the atmosphere and return to earth. One of three competing companies would 

be selected to begin work on test engine hardware by summer 

1966. (Wash. Daily News, 12/7/65,3) 

Survey issued by the North American Air Defense Command revealed 

879 objects orbiting in space: American, 672 (164 payloads, 508 

pieces of debris) ; Soviet, 198 (53 payloads, 145 pieces of debris) ; 

Canadian, 4 (2 payloads, 2 debris) ; British, 3 (2 payloads, 1 debris) ; 

French, 2 (1 payload, 1 debris). Except for the payload and debris 

from France’s recent launching, all the objects in space were launched 

GI? American or Soviet rockets. 

NASA Electronics Research Center had accomplished a promising advance 

in microwave research by generating higher frequency microwaves by 

interaction of hot electrons in solid-state component material. Technique applied low voltage across a bulk gallium arsenide semi-conductor crystal less than one-thousandth of an inch thick and might improve 

microwave signal transmission efficiency in space. (NASA Release 

Fourth Chrysler-assembled Saturn IB first stage left NASA Michoud Assembly Facility aboard the NASA barge Palaemon for static-firing tests 

at Marshall Space Flight Center. Trip would take about seven 

days. ( MSFC Release 65-295) 

Italy launched a French Centaure rocket in collaboration with the European Space Research Organization ( ESRO) , the Italian Defense Ministry announced. The rocket was launched from the Salto di Quirra 

range in Sardinia to gather information on atmospheric particles at 

between 60- and 100-mi. altitude. (Reuters, Wash. Post, 12/8/65,3) 

December 8: 200,000-lb.-thrust 5-2 engine was captive fired for 388 sec. on 

a new test stand at NASA MSFC. The 5-2 engine would be used to 

power the Saturn SIVB stage, second stage for the Saturn V. Ten 

tests of the liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen powered rocket engine had 

been conducted at MSFC since the 5-2 engine test facility was put into 

use in August 1965. 

(Text, NYT, 12/8/65, C20) 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 12/7/65, All) 

65-373) 

(MSFC Release 65-300) 
544 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

December 8: Full-scale Saturn V booster (s-IC stage) weight simulator was 

shipped from NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to Kennedy Space 

Center on NASA barge Poseidon. Trip would require five days. Simulator would be used in checking equipment and handling procedures at 

KSC’S Launch Complex 39 in preparation for arrival of the Saturn V 

facility vehicle early in 1966. 

Soviet Union gave assurances to US. through Ambassador Anatoly F. 

Dobrynin that it was abiding, and would continue to abide, by the 1963 

U.N. resolution calling on all states not to orbit weapons of mass 

destruction. U.S. had raised the question whether the resolution was 

being violated after the Nov. 7 display during a military anniversary 

parade of “an orbital missile” capable of delivering a surprise blow 

from space. 

Comment in Pruvdu on American press reaction to display of orbital 

rockets during the Nov. 7 parade: “By raising a racket about the 

Soviet orbital rocket, somebody in the USA evidently calculated to divert the attention of the world public from the American military 

preparations in the cosmos. The activity of the USA . . . is . . . subordinated to the idea of using space for military purposes . . . Program MOL. The military equipment reviewed on Red Square on November 7 demonstrated . . . the power of our rocket weapons not in 

order to threaten anyone. Nuclear rocket weapons, which the Soviet 

Government has at its disposal, are the powerful means of guaranteeing the peace.” (Prauda, 12/8/65, DOD Trans.; Finney, NYT, 

12/11/65,1) 

A temporary injunction was issued banning a steel fabricating firm from 

running internal combustion engines while GEMINI VII orbited over 

the Corpus Christi, Tex., area. The Government, in asking for the 

injunction, said machinery at Safety Steel Services, Inc., interfered 

with radio signals to the spacecraft and “threatened the safety of the 

astronauts.” (AP, Wash. Post, 12/9/65) 

Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announced plans to phase out all 

80 US. B-58 bombers and 345-350 of the Nation’s 600 B-52 bombers 

by 1971. Action was part of his program to consolidate or eliminate 

149 of military installations in the US. and abroad at a yearly estimated saving of $410 million. In ordering the bomber phase-out, 

McNamara said certain bases from which B-52 operations were being 

removed were being retained “for a new mission which will be disclosed subsequently.” Observers believed DOD might order production 

of the bomber version of the F-111 fighter. (DOD Release 887-65; 

Raymond, NYT, 12/9/65,1; Corddry, Wash. Post, 12/9/65, A2) 

French Ambassador-designate Charles Lucet awarded gold medals 

and citations to French and American scientists who had 

worked on the FR-1 project. The French satellite was launched from 

the Western Test Range Dec. 6 with a NASA Scout booster. NASA 

officials honored at the French Embassy ceremony in Washington included Arnold W. Frutkin, Assistant Administrator for International 

Affairs; Robert C. Baumann, Chief of Spacecraft Integration and 

Sounding Rocket Div., GSFC; and Dr. Robert W. Rochelle, Chief of 

Flight Data Systems Branch, Spacecraft Technology Div., GSFC. (Ross, 

Wash. Post, 12/9/65, K1) 

(MSFC Release 65-295) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 545 

December 8: Australia was negotiating with the US. to use American Redstone rockets instead of Britain’s Blue Streak for research at Woomera 

on rocket reentry into the atmosphere. National Development Minister 

Allen Fairhall told the Australian Parliament that the Redstone, though 

obsolete for orbital purposes, would be more suitable because it 

achieved greater altitude. 

Thomas Carroll, pioneer NACA test pilot in the 1920’s and chief of safety 

design for the old Washington Airport, died after a long illness. As 

first and chief test pilot for NACA, he tested planes at Langley Laboratory in Virginia from 1920 to 1930. (Wash. Eve. Star, 12/10/65) 

R. Gordon Gould asked the US. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals to 

declare that he was first to conceive a particularly promising version 

of the laser and to grant him patent rights. A patent application on 

the device had already been filed by Nobel prize winner from MIT Dr. 

Charles H. Townes and Dr. Arthur L. Schawlow of Stanford 

Univ. Gould’s lawyers contended he had conceived the idea first, and 

despite the other application, had preserved his rights to the patent by 

working to perfect the device. 

W. A. Patterson, Chairman of the Board of United Air Lines, told the 

Aviation-Space Writers Assn. in Washington, D.C., that his company 

had refrained from ordering a supersonic transport “because it’s a 

phony deal. You don’t put a deposit on a plane that may cost $40 

million, that you have never seen, and that you don‘t know anything 

about.” Patterson said the deposit plan was designed to create in 

Congress an “atmosphere of enthusiasm” to obtain appropriations for 

Sst research and development. 

Soviet communications expert Dr. N. I. Chistiakov, speaking at the 

UNESCO-sponsored space communications conference in Paris, called 

fer a international convention to govern the use of satellites fpr 

broadcasting. He said a draft agreement should be drawn up by the 

International Telecommunications Union and should make satellite 

communications available to all countries on a non-discriminatory 

basis. (Wash. Post, 12/8/65) 

Commenting on Dr. Warren Weaver’s Nov. 29 statement to U.S. News 

and World Report questioning the wisdom of spending $30 billion to 

get an American to the moon by 1970, the Wall Street Journal said: 

“Now Dr. Weaver is not against going to the moon . . . what he is 

against is the hell-for-leather way the moon program is being whipped 

along . . . where the emphasis rightly should fall is on Dr. Weaver’s 

assertion that ‘the great ideas that develop within the body of science 

-strange and improbable as this sounds-arise from curiosity and not 

from urgency,’ and that the moon program has caused a massive diversion of scientists and engineers from possibly more productive 

fields. . . .” 

December 8-9: NASA Lewis Research Center hosted in Cleveland a Conference on Selected Technology for the Petroleum Industry. Session was 

sponsored by the NASA Technology Utilization Program whose objective was to make available to industries the results of knowledge gathered from space research and development. 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb, addressing the Conference, 

warned of the possible consequences of reduction in the NASA budget 

(Reuters, NYT, 12/9/65) 

(NYT, 12/9/65, 96L) 

(AP, NYT, 12/9/65, 93) 

(WSJ, 12/8/65, 16) 
546 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

request for FY 1967: “. . . history should have taught us that new 

space capabilities, in which we have made a considerable investment, 

must be used or their benefits will be lost.” Webb said history should 

have taught us also “that plans for the future should not be drawn by 

a timid hand.” He quoted the late Dr. Hugh Dryden, NASA Deputy 

Administrator, as saying “the present gap in manned flight activity 

[between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.] is a direct consequence of a 

postponement of the decision to proceed beyond Project Mercury from 

September 1960 until May 1961.” 

December 9: Ground test version of Saturn V’s first stage, S-IC-T, was 

captive fired for the 14th time at NASA Marshall Space Flight 

Center. This was a full-duration firing in which the unit developed 

7.5-million lbs. thrust for 150 sec.; it was conducted by Boeing CO., 

SIC prime contractor. ( MSFC Release 65-301) 

USAF launched an unidentified satellite from Vandenberg AFB with a 

Thor-Agena D booster. (V’ash. Post, 12/10/65, A29) 

An exhibit showing the contributions to space travel of scientists buried 

or commemorated in Westminster Abbey would be part of the 900th 

anniversary of the Abbey’s founding, Westminster officials announced. 

(AP, NYT, 12/9/65, 70) 

December 10: At Austin, Tex., Administrator James E. Webb announced 

that Dr. Robert C. Seamans would become the Deputy Administrator 

of NASA, filling the position held by the late Dr. Hugh L. Dryden. Dr. 

Seamans joined NASA as Associate Administrator of NASA on September 

1, 1960. In this post he was general manager of NASA’s operations, 

including field laboratories, research centers, rocket testing and 

launching facilities, and a world-wide network of tracking stations. 

( EPH 1 

COSMOS XCIX unmanned satellite, carrying scientific instruments “for 

continued space research,” was launched into orbit by the Soviet Union, Tass announced. Initial orbital data: apogee, 320 km. 

(198.7 mi.) ; perigee, 199 km. (123.6 mi.) ; period, 89.6 min. ; inclination, 65”. Equipment was functioning normally. (Tass, 12/10/65) 

The Gemini 6 spacecraft underwent final checkout of all systems; its 

crew, Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and Thomas Stafford, received final briefings. NASA announced that Gemini VI would be 

launched December 12, one day ahead of schedule. (WSJ, 12/10/65, 

1; Wilford, NYT, 12/11/65, 1, C54) 

NASA announced EXPLORER XXXI and Canadian ALOUETTE 11, launched 

together on the same booster Nov. 28, were functioning as 

planned. EXPLORER XXXI’S apogee was less than a mile higher than 

ALOUETTE 11’s and its perigee less than a mile lower. Orbits were 

some 1,850 mi. (2,978.5 km.) at apogee and 310 (499 km.) at 

perigee. The 13 experiments on the ISIS satellites were working well 

with excellent data on the ionosphere being obtained. (NASA Release 

65-377) 

Possibility of an atomic-powered artificial human heart being developed 

sometime in the future was mentioned by AEC Chairman Glenn T. 

Seaborg in discussion with President Johnson at the LB.J Ranch: 

“There is a possibility of using isotopes produced in this way as a 

source of energy for pacemakers for the human heart, and possibly 

(Text; LRC Release 65-88) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 547 

even as a source of energy for a completely artificial heart implanted 

in man. The isotope which would be used in this case happens to be 

the isotope plutonium 238. That is the isotope that has the best 

qualifications for this purpose.” 

December 11: XB-70 research aircraft, flown from Edwards AFB by North 

American Aviation pilots Alvin S. White and Van H. Shepard, reached 

1,920 mph (mach 2.9) for five minutes. Purpose of 123-min. flight 

was to test the XB-70’s stability and control at nearly triple sonic 

speed and the effect of 556°C heat from air friction on the aircraft’s 

surface. ( AP, Virginian-Pilot, 12/15/65) 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory was investigating possibility of 

building compact, low-weight, nuclear-electric power plants for 

space systems, the New York Times quoted AEC officials as 

saying. One critical component of a space reactor system-a potassium vapor turbine-had completed more than 2,000 hrs. of test 

operation. Reactor system would use boiling potassium to cool the 

reactor’s enriched uranium fuel elements. Potassium vapor produced 

in the reactor core would drive a turbine generator to produce electric 

power. (NYT, 12/12/65,78) 

Dr. Hugh L. Dryden, late NASA Deputy Administrator, was among the 11 

recipients of the 1965 National Medal of Science announced by President Johnson. Established by Congress in 1959 for scientists who had 

made outstanding coiitributions ir, their fields, the award never before 

had been made posthumously. 

President Johnson said : “Hugh Dryden’s recent death ended nearly 

50 years of singleminded devotion and effort by one of the most distinguished civil servants this country has ever known. Beloved by all his 

associates and respected throughout the world, Dr. Dryden more than 

any other man led us into the age of jet aircraft and space 

expioration.” (Pres. Doc., 12/26/65, 585; VG~. Pest, 12/12/65, 

AS; Pomfret, NYT, 12/12/65,78) 

In an article discussing preparations for the Gemini VI flight, William 

Hines noted in the Washington Evenine Star: “Total propellant load of 

a ready-to-go Titan 2 consists of 13,700 gallons of a fuel called aerozine-50 and 15,900 gallons of an oxidizer, nitrogen tetroxide. Their 

principal combustion product is nitric acid.” (Wash. Eve. Star, 

12/11/65, A2) 

December 12: Attempt to launch Gemini VI from ETR was unsuccessful when 

an electric plug connecting the Titan 11 booster to the launch pad fell 

loose 2% sec. early, causing the automatic sequencer to shut down the 

engine booster 1.2 sec. after ignition. Inside the Titan 11 a wire extended from the tail plug to tap a circuit which carried current from 

the batteries to an intervalometer--electric clock-which controls the 

first 2Vz min. of powered flight. When the plug shook loose prematurely and started the clock, signals that liftoff had occurred were sent 

to the Titan 11’s automatic pilot, local guidance stations, and an automatic sequencing device at KSC Launch Control Center. The sequencer registered the mishap and shut down Titan 11’s engines. Astronauts Stafford and Schirra remained calm throughout the misfire 

with Command Pilot Schirra rejecting the option to actuate the ejection seats. The astronauts were removed 99 min. later from the space- 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 12/11/65, AS) 
548 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

craft and the launch rescheduled for Dec. 15. (Hines, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 12/13/65, Al; Simons, Wash. Post, 12/13/65, Al; MSC GEMINI 

VIl/GEMlNI VI Fact Sheet) 

December 12: Statement by President Johnson on the delay of the Gemini 

VI flight: “We are all disappointed that Gemini 6 did not go off as 

expected. But our disappointment is exceeded by our pride in Astroauts Walter Schirra and Thomas Stafford and the flight directors of 

NASA. With the world watching, they acted with remarkable courage 

in the face of danger and potential disaster. Their eager desire and 

determination to try again proves once more that men are the real 

heroes-and the essential factor-in space exploration.” (Pres. DOC., 

12/20/65,587) 

Soviet Cosmonauts Konstantin P. Feoktistov and Lt. Boris B. Yegorov, 

two of three crew members in the 24-hr. spaceflight of VOSKHOD I, 

launched Oct. 12, 1964., had experienced space sickness during the 

flight, Tass reported. They felt nausea while in the state of weightlessness and imagined themselves to be suspended in strange 

positions. The disorders, Tass said, stemmed from specific irritations 

to the vestibular organs and were related to the duration of training 

and what Tass called the cosmonauts’ “sensitivity to imponderability.” 

(Tass, 12/12/65; Grose, NYT, 12/13/65, 47) 

Radio Prague disclosed that at a November meeting in Moscow of Soviet-bloc countries the U.S.S.R. had agreed to launch Communist nations’ artificial satellites, sounding rockets, and probes for scientific 

research. Countries involved were preparing research programs 

which would be announced in 1966. 

Sigvard Eklund, general director of the International Atomic Energy 

Agency, told Tass that Soviet Union had a new type of nuclear reactor 

that could be used as a power station in space. He said the Romashka 

(Daisy) reactor provided electricity “on the basis of direct conversion 

of heat given out by a chain reaction from nuclear fission,” and that 

such a source could “feed scientific instruments on sputniks or satellites.” (Wash. Post, 12/12/65, A28) 

Analysts of the 1966 budget of the U.S.S.R. had suggested that the 9.9% 

increase in expenditures for scientific research might be aimed at 

intensification of the space race, Harry Schwartz reparted in the New 

York Times. 

December 13: A plastic dust cover carelessly left in a fuel line would have 

blocked the Gemini VI launch even if an electrical plug had not dropped 

out of the tail and shut down the Titan II engines, NASA officials revealed at a press conference. The device apparently had been installed at the Baltimore Martin Co. plant and was not removed due to 

“human error.” The Martin Co., makers of the Titan 11 booster for 

Gemini spacecraft, could lose a $15,000 bonus because of the launch 

failure. (AP, Balt. Sun, 12/14/65; Simons, Wash. Post, 12/14/65, 

Al) 

Abort Dec. 12 of the scheduled Gemini VI flight received editorial 

comment in the New York Times: “Disappointing as this was, 

the event had its brighter aspects as well. It gave a vivid demonstration of the effectiveness of the failsafe arrangements. These permitted survival of the rocket and its crew despite the fact that ignition 

(NYI’, 12/12/65,141) 

(Schwartz, NYT, 12/12/65, F1) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 549 

and a buildup of power had taken place before the safety mechanism 

sensed trouble and shut down the powerful motor.” (NYT, 12/13/65, 

38) 

December 13: Missions currently performed at Vandenberg AFB, reportedly 

now busier than Cape Kennedy, were listed by U.S. News and World 

Report: launching “spy” satellites into polar orbits to take detailed 

photos of military bases in Communist lands; testing Titan and Minuteman ICBMS over the Pacific; launching weather, mapping, navigation, 

and other scientific satellites ; tracking space vehicles-US. and 

Soviet. Programs projected included : launching of the first Manned 

Orbiting Laboratory (Mol) in 1969 or 1970, following unmanned test 

shots in 1968; rapid buildup of manned military flights that could 

reach the level of 50 military man-in-space launches a year by the 

early 1970s; establishment of regular shuttle service in small rockets to 

and from large orbiting military spacecraft. Vandenberg was described as “a nest of pads and silos, some underground and some 

above, from which every U.S. missile and satellite can be fired.” In 

the past year, there were 117 launchings at Vandenberg, compared 

with 93 at Cape Kennedy. 

Dr. W. Randolph Lovelace 11, NASA Director of Space Medicine, his wife, 

and a pilot were reported missing on a private plane flight from 

Aspen, colo., enroute to Albuquerque. (AP, NYT, 12/14/65, 51; AP, 

Wash. Post, 12/14/65, Al; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/14/65, ,49) 

NASA had awarded a new $47,655,103 cost-plus-incentive/award fee contract to TRW Inc., for work on the Gemini/Apollo mission trajectory 

control program and the Apollo spacecraft systems analysis 

program. (NASA Release 65-378) 

British Defense Secretary Denis Healey told Parliament the US. had 

agreed to a two-month extension to the original Jan. 1 option deadline 

for decision on purchase of the F-111. Britain took the option io buy 

the F-111 after scrapping the British TSR-2 low-level strike-bomber 

early in 1965 because of rising costs. (Reuters, Wash. Post, 

12/14/65, A20) 

ComSatCorp had awarded three six-month study contracts totaling 

$240,000 to the U.K. General Post Office (GPO) for research into certain aspects of satellite communications. Studies would be carried out 

in cooperation with U.K. industry-Marconi, Plessey, General Electric 

Co., Mullard, and Standard Telephone Labs.-and would involve research into three major areas of technology involved in commercial 

communications of all types via satellite. 

USN had completed tests at Kirkland AFB, N. Mex., of a revolutionary new airport concept employing a completely circular runway. Under the proposed design, the main runway would be in 

form of a banked track, and would form a perfectly circular perimeter 

around the airport. At the very center would be the control tower, 

with an unobstructed view of every portion of the runway. The passenger terminal would also be circular, ringing the control tower. 

Airport would provide a number of special advantages: (1) aircraft 

would have an infinitely long runway; (2) airport would require only 

% the acreage needed for an equivalent conventional airport; (3) 

because crosswind effect would be minimal, all incoming aircraft could 

be brought in through a single air corridor; (4) single approach air 

(U.S. News, 12/13/65,5) 

(ComSatCorp Release) 
550 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

corridor would need only one set of electronic landing guides. Construction costs would be slightly higher than for conventional runways, 

due to requirement for precise banking of the runway. (Appel, NYT, 

12/13/65,33) 

December 13: Earth's third largest meteorite, weighing 30 tons, had been 

discovered in Communist China's Gobi Desert, the Washington Daily 

News reported. It was said to have been found in northern Sinkiang 

and was on display in Urumchi, capital of Sinkiang. (Wash. Daily 

News, 12/13/65) 

Group headed by Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG, and including Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., had been selected by the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) to develop the Highly Ecentric Orbit Satellite (Heos) . Junkers team was selected from eight 

international groups competing to build Heos, which would gather interplanetary particle data. Heos would be the first satellite developed 

in West Germany, but it would include the combined technology of 

several nations. Value of the over-all contract for satellite development was about $6.5 million. 

A new planetoid had been discovered by East German astronomer Cuno 

Hoffmeister, East German news agency ADN reported. Planetoid orbited the sun once every 3.67 yrs., was 56 million mi. from the earth at 

its nearest point of orbit, and could be seen only every 11 

years. (Reuters, Houston Post, 12/14/65) 

December 14: Lockheed's 156-in.-dia., solid-fueled rocket motor fired for 

approximately 58 sec., developed over 3-million-lbs. thrust, and produced about 715 psi of pressure. Vector control system went through 

its three programed cycles without flaw. Fifth firing of a 156, test 

was conducted at Lockheed's Potrero, Calif., facilities. (Aw. Wk., 

12/27/65,61) 

Launch Dec. 15 of Pioneer 6 sun-orbiting satellite was postponkd to 

avoid conflict with launch of Gemini VI. 

Four USAF officers emerged from a simulated space capsule, where 

they spent 56 days in an oxygen-helium atmosphere that would 

have sustained them for 900 revolutions of the earth, longest simulated 

space voyage to date in an oxygen-helium atmosphere. They existed 

on bite-sized dehydrated foods supplemented by a liquid similar to a 

milkshake, had television, radio, exercise, and were able to take sponge 

baths and change clothing. They said the thing they missed the most 

was a "home-cooked" meal. 

NASA added a $13,121,252 renewal contract to the Mason-Rust Co. for 

continued provision of support services at NASA Michoud Assembly 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center awarded a $500,000 contract to ITT 

to develop a lower-altitude space weather camera for NASA's Applications Technology Satellite (Ats) . Between December 16, 1965, and June 11, 1966, the Soviet Union would 

conduct tests of a space vehicle landing system, Tass announced. 

Some elements of the booster-rockets would fall in the area of the 

Pacific with the following coordinates: 43'4 min. north latitude, 

179'7 min. west longitude; 4'17 min. north' latitude, 177'49 min. 

west longitude; and 41"33 min. north latitude, 177'22 min. west longi- 

(Av. Wk., 12/13/65,36) 

(AP, NYT, 12/15/65, 22) 

(UPI, Phil. Eve. BUZZ., 12/14/65) 

, Facility. ( MSFC Release 65-303) 

(AP, NYT, 12/15/65, 2) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 551 

tude. U.S.S.R. asked government of countries using sea and air lanes 

in the Pacific to instruct ships and planes not to enter this area daily 

from midnight to 1200 hrs. local time. 

December 14: FAA awarded two research contracts to obtain jet operations 

data on atmospheric turbulence : General Dynamics/Convair Corp. was 

awarded a $30,100 contract to develop a test program for obtaining 

highly precise data on the responses of pilot and aircraft to turbulence 

encountered in regular jet airline service; a $23,700 contract was 

awarded Eastern Air Lines to conduct a meteorological study of clear 

air turbulence (Cat). (FAA Release 65-118) 

December 15-16; GEMINI VI, piloted by Walter Schirra, Jr. (Capt., USN), 

command pilot, and Thomas P. Stafford (Maj., USAF), pilot, was successfully launched from ETR with two-stage Titan 11 booster on NASA’s 

fifth manned spaceflight in the Gemini series and first rendezvous 

mission. It achieved an elliptical orbit: apogee, 161 mi. (259.7 km.) ; 

perigee, 100 mi. (161.1 km.) ; inclination, 28.9’ ; period, 88.7 

min. Toward the end of the first revolution, GEMINI VI was trailing 

GEMINI VII by 1,200 mi. (1,935 km.) . Schirra began series of posigrade maneuvers in preparation for rendezvous in the fourth revolution by firing thruster rockets 18 sec. to shorten the distance between 

the two spacecraft to 730 mi. (1,177 km.) . Schirra fired rear thruster 

rockets 77 sec. during the second revolution and GEMINI VI drew 

within 300 mi. (483 km.) of GEMINI VII; 30 min. iater he fired 

another brief burn to move GEMINI VI 7/1000ths of a degree south to 

the same plane as GEMINI VII. With the spacecraft 431 mi. (695 

km.) apart, Schirra fired the thrusters one second to shift GEMINI VI 

into a somewhat higher orbit-the only maneuver not prearranged by 

the flight plan. To shorten the 230-mi. (371-km.) distance between 

the two spacacrsfi as GXIX v: entered its third revolution. Schirra 

fired his thrusters 53 sec. to shift into near-circular orbit: apogee, 170 

mi. (274 km.) ; perigee, 165.5 mi. (267 km.); inclination, 

89.9’. Schirra initiated terminal phase of the rendezvous maneuver 

with a 32 fps posigrade burn as GEMINI VI entered its fourth revolution. 

GEMINI VI and VI1 were then flying nose to nose about 25,000 ft. 

apart. Schirra applied a posigrade velocity of 43 fps and GEMINI VI 

approached within six feet-later determined to be one foot-of 

GEMINI VII. VI then performed an in-plane fly-around maneuver 

around VII, and later VII maneuvered beside VI. Flight plans had 

specified four hours of station keeping, but the two Geminis flew in 

formation, keeping within 20 to 100 ft. of each other, for 5 hrs., 19 

min., during which time the astronauts photographed each others’ 

crafts, sighted a fire in Madagascar, and conversed. All crewmen 

took turns in the formation flying activities, to obtain rendezvous maneuvering experience. 

VI’S thruster rockets to separate the two spacecraft about 15 mi. for 

drifting flight during the sleep period. 

On Dec. 16, GEMINI VI Astronaut Schirra reported to Mission Control that an unidentified satellite in a low trajectory in polar orbit was 

trying to contact him. Before ground officials could respond, he and 

Stafford played Jingle Bells with a harmonica and bells. 

(Tass, 12/14/65) 

After 15 hrs., 19 min., Schirra fired GEMINI 
552 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

GEMINI VI began reentry northeast of Canton Island in the Pacific 

during its 15th revolution ; four retrorockets fired automatically in the 

correct sequence, each providing 2,500 lbs. thrust. Reentry was normal and was the first controlled reentry to a predetermined landing 

point in the US. manned spaceflight program. 

GEMINI VI splashed down in the Atlantic at 10:29 a.m. EST, 700 mi. 

south of Bermuda-only 14 mi. off target-after a 26-hr., 1-min. 

flight. Assisted from the spacecraft by Navy frogmen, the astronauts 

arrived by helicopter at the carrier Wasp at 11:20 a.m. for medical 

debriefing. 

Recovery and rendezvous section of the GEMINI VI spacecraft 

splashed down near the spacecraft itself and was retrieved by another 

team of swimmers. This was first time the service section-complete 

with rendezvous radar equipment-had been recovered. Main parachute also was retrieved. (NASA Release 65-362; NASA Proj. Off.; 

Transcript; NYT, 12/16/65, 1, 28, 29, 30; 12/17/65, 1, 28; 

12/18/65, 1, 16; 12/19/65, 1, 68, 69; WSI, 12/17/65, 1; 12/20/65, 

1; Wash. Post, 12/16/65, Al, A14, A15; 12/17/65, Al, A8, A17; 

12/18/65, Al, A7; 12/19/65, Al, A16, A17; 12,/20/65, Al, A3; 

Wash. Eve. Star, 12/16/65, Al, A14; 12/18/65, Al, A3; 12/19/65, 

Al, A8, A9; Time, 12/24/65, 32-36; MSC GEMINI VII/GEMINI VI 

Fact Sheet) 

December 15: Success of the GEMINI VII-VI mission received worldwide 

acclaim : newspapers in France, Great Britain, Switzerland, Italy, and 

Cuba were among those which gave the flight front-page coverage and 

radio stations throughout the world interrupted regular programs to 

broadcast minute-by-minute accounts of the historic rendezvous. The 

Soviet newspaper Zzvestia printed a detailed description of the rendezvous which it described as “a great success.” Communist China remained silent. (Reuters, Wash. Post, 12/16/65, Al4; UPI, NYT, 

12/16/65, 29; Reuters, Wash. Post, 12/19/65, Al7; AP, NYT, 

12/17/65,29) 

Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of the NASC, after watching 

the successful GEMINI VII-VI rendezvous on television, told reporters 

that the accomplishment would lead to: (1) operation of manned 

space stations with crews replaced and supplies renewed by rendezvous 

methods; (2) assembly of large observatories and spacecraft hundreds 

of miles above earth; (3) ability to inspect foreign spacecraft; and 

(4) techniques for visiting and rescuing astronauts stalled in 

orbit. ( UPI, Wash. Post, 12/16/65, A14) 

In a telegram of congratulations to NASA Administrator James E. Webb 

on the rendezvous of GEMINI VI and GEMINI VII, President Johnson 

said: “You have all moved us one step higher on the stairway to the 

moon. By conducting this adventure for all the world to see, you 

have reaffirmed our faith in a free and open society. We invite those 

throughout the world who have shared our suspense and suffered with 

us during our temporary failures to share with us this triumph, for it 

belongs not just to the United States but to all mankind.” (Pres. 

Doc., 12/20/65, 593) 

Brazil successfully launched the first Nike-Apache sounding rocket from 

its Natal Range in a joint program with NASA to investigate the lower 

regions of the ionosphere with emphasis on the effects of cosmic 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 553 

rays. Launching was conducted by the Brazilian Space Activities 

Commission (CNAE) . Instrumentation for the rocket payload and the 

telemetry ground support equipment was constructed by Brazilian technicians at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. (Wallops Release 65- 

80; NASA Release 65-328) 

December 15: Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by NASA from Wallops Station, boosted 51-lb. payload with ionosphere experiment for 

the Univ. of Illinois and the GCA Corp. to 113-mi. (182-km.) peak altitude. Payload carried instrumentation to measure electron and ion 

density and solar radiation in D and E layers of the ionosphere. No 

recovery was required since data from the experiments were radioed to 

ground stations during the seven-minute flight. Experiment was last 

NASA 1964-65, IQSY project. (Wallops Release 65-79; AP, Wash. Post, 

12/17/65, A8) 

Bodies of NASA Director of Space Medicine Dr. W. Randolph Lovelace 

11, his wife, and pilot were found near the wreckage of their two-engine aircraft about 40 mi. southeast of Aspen, Colo. Aircraft had 

been missing since Dec. 12. Coroner’s report later said that the cold 

and not injuries had apparently caused the deaths. 

A space medicine pioneer, Dr. Lovelace had parachuted from record 

44,000-ft. altitude in 1944, had helped determine criteria for selection 

of Mercury astronauts, and had founded the famous Lovelace 

Clinic. (Wash. Eve. Star, 12/16/65, A18; Wosh. Post, 12/16/65, 

A3; NYT, 12/16/65,50; AP, NYT, 12/18/65,16) 

AP quoted informed sources as saying that negotiations were in the 

final stages to allow the US. to fire Redstone rockets in Australia as part of the development of an antimissile missile. Agreement 

would call for about 12 of the rockets to be fired at the joint BritishAustralian Woomera Weapons Research Range. (AP, NYT, 12/16/65, 

12) 

Ralph E. Cushman had been named Director of the new NASA Facilities 

Management Office, reporting to the Deputy Associate Administrator 

for Industry Affairs. Cushman had been Director of Management COordination in the Hq. Office of Administration. Appointment was 

effective immediately. (NASA Ann.) 

New NASA Space Radiation Effects Laboratory, Oyster Point, Va., was 

dedicated in ceremonies attended by Gov. Albertis S. Harrison, 

Jr. L~RC facility would provide LaRC the means to test and study the 

effect on spacecraft and their systems of particle radiation from the 

sun or in the earth‘s magnetic field; scientists would be able to simulate space radiation and conduct studies to increase reliability and 

safety of spacecraft and space missions. 

December 16: NASA’s PIONEER VI interplanetary probe was successfully 

launched into heliocentric orbit from Eastern Test Range with an 

Improved Thrust Augmented Delta booster. Main Delta engine and 

three solid strap-on motors fired together and burned for 43 sec.; 

burned-out casings were jettisoned 70 sec. after launch; main engine 

burned out after two minutes 45 sec. Delta second stage ignited after 

two minutes 59 sec.; first stage separated and fell away; shroud was 

jettisoned at two minutes 59 sec. Second stage burned six and twothirds minutes, then stage coasted for some 16 min. During coast 

(LaRC Release) 
554 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

phase, spacecraft was pointed in direction for injection into solar orbit 

and, with third stage, was spin-stabilized. Nine seconds after spin-up 

third stage separated from second, then third stage ignited and burned 

for 23 sec. Two seconds after third stage burnout, PIONEER VI separated from the burned-out stage 346 mi. above Africa and was now in 

solar orbit. Two seconds after third stage separation (about 25 min. 

after launch), spacecraft booms automatically deployed; automatic 

changes began to orient the spacecraft perpendicular to the sun. Sun 

orientation maneuver took about five minutes. 

The 1754b., drum-shaped PIONEER VI, first of four Pioneer spacecraft to be launched at six-month intervals, would study the solar 

windstream; investigate the sun’s magnetic field and chart it from 

several locations in the plane of earth’s orbit; attempt to differentiate 

between cosmic rays coming from the sun and galactic cosmic rays 

originating from beyond the solar system. Closest approach to the 

sun would be about 76 million miles and would be reached after 155 

days of flight. The six scientific experiments, provided by four universities and ARC and GSFC, were functioning normally. (NASA Release 

65-375; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/16/65, A14; Wash. Post, 12/17/65, 

AS; AP, NYT, 12/17/65,29; WSJ, 12/17/65,1) 

December 16: NASA canceled for budgetary reasons further development of 

the Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory (Aoso). From its 1963 

start through the fiscal year ending June 30, 1966, a total of $39 

million had been budgeted for Aoso development; NASA said some of 

the $24.9 million appropriated for FY 1966 would be recoverable. Aoso was to have been a 1,250-lb. satellite that would accurately point 250 lbs. of scientific instruments at the sun to measure solar 

radiation. A prototype spacecraft was being developed and the first 

Aoso flight had been scheduled for sometime in 1969. (NASA Release 

65-380) 

Successful 41-sec. test firing of the Saturn V booster (s-IC-T) at NASA 

Marshall Space Flight Center concluded a test series underway since 

April. 15 tests of the booster were held, 14 of them at full thrust of 

7.5-million Ibs. The 14 full-power tests accumulated a running time 

of 862 sec. (MSFC 

Release 65-306; Marshall Star, 12/15/65,2) 

Statement made by President Johnson on the death of the NASA Director 

of Space Medicine: “A day of great achievement in space was marred 

by news of the death of Dr. William R. Lovelace, 11. His life was too 

short, although his legacy to space medicine will endure and will be a 

resource of assurance to future astronauts whose names and deeds are 

yet unknown.” (Pres. Doc., 12/20/65,593) 

Editorial commentary in Washington Post on GEMINI VII-VI flight: 

“On the crowded globe beneath the soaring astronauts men were still 

fighting each other, cursing each other, starving each other and maltreating each other. Not yet have mortals risen above man’s inhumanity to man. Not yet have they surmounted the emotions that set 

at naught the generations of light and learning. Not yet are they wise 

enough to govern their passions. But hope soars aloft with the 

astronauts. The creatures who can do this, the beings who can defy 

gravity, disregard distance, conquer space, circumnavigate the planet 

First test was of only one engine for 17 sec. 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 555 

and mingle with the stars, may yet make the larger conquests of mind 

and spirit that are necessary if human beings are to live together in 

peace.” (Wash. Post, 12/16/65, A2O) 

December 16: ITT-designed portable transmitter onboard the Wasp sent 

pictures of splash-down and recovery of GEMINI VI Astronauts Schirra and Stafford to EARLY BIRD I comsat which relayed them to the 

Andover, Me., ground station from which they were transmitted to 

major television networks in US. and Canada. It was the first time 

recovery of astronauts had been shown in real-time on television. (Gould, NYT, 12/17/65,28) 

GEMINI VI Astronauts Schirra and Stafford were “very healthy,” reported Dr. Howard Minners at the conclusion of their post-flight physical 

examination aboard the carrier Wasp. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 

12/ 17/65 ) 

152 colleges and universities would participate in the NASA graduate 

training program during the 1966-67 academic year, NASA 

announced. In all, 1,335 graduate students would begin work toward 

doctoral degrees in space-related areas under grants to be received by 

schools in all 50 states. About 3,100 graduate students already were 

in training under this program. 

NASA and FAA announced a cooperative research project to find out 

whether passengers on supersonic airliners would be exposed to danger 

from cosmic radiation. To collect data, USAF would send RB-57 jets 

to the altitude between 40,000 and 80,000 ft. where the supersonic 

jetliners were expected to fly. (NASA Release 65-383; UPI, NYT, 

12/18/65,16) 

Donald E. Gault and William L. Quaide, NASA Ames Research Center 

scientists, believed the moon’s surface was a loose layer of fine sandlike material at least 10 ft. and possibly “tens of meters” deep, reported Associated Press. Their theory was based on iaboratory experiments in which they closely matched the moon crater pictures 

transmitted to earth by the Ranger spacecraft. Laboratory results 

were confirmed in field tests. 

ComSatCorp announced it was negotiating with TRW Systems, Inc., for 

development of at least six and perhaps 24 satellites for use in a global 

system. ComSatCorp said the global system should be in operation by 

1968, relaying telephone, television, and data messages between continents. No estimate of the value of the contract was made. (ComSatCorp Release) 

United Air Lines placed a $39-million order with Univac Div. of 

the Sperry Rand Corp. for a computer system that could handle 140,000 transactions an hour, including passenger reservations, 

crew and aircraft scheduling, meal planning, cargo billing, and other 

bookkeeping items. (O’Toole, NYT, 12/16/65,75) 

Eight pioneers in aviation were enshrined in the Aviation Hall of Fame, 

Dayton, 0.: Eddie Rickenbacker, World War I pilot who later became 

president of Eastern Air Lines; Alexander Graham Bell, cited for research on principles of aerodynamic lift propulsion and control in the 

early 1900’s; Eugene Burton Ely, whose work led to practical use of 

aircraft carrier ships ; Alfred Austell Cunningham, the Marine Corps’ 

first aviator; Thomas Etholen Selfridge, first American to die testing 

an experimental aircraft; Charles Edward Taylor, builder of the first 

(NASA Release 65-379) 

( AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/16/65) 
556 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

successful airplane engine; A. Roy Knabenshue, pioneer in building 

and flying steerable balloons; and Albert Cushing Read, participant in 

the first successful trans-Atlantic flight. (AP, NYT, 12/17/65, 77; AP, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 12/17/65, A4) 

December 16: Ground-breaking ceremonies were held for a $14 million science and mathematics building at the U.S. Naval Academy, its first new 

academic building in 25 years. 

December 16-17: Scientific results of the International Quiet Sun Year 

1965 NASA solar eclipse expedition were presented by experimenters 

from several nations at NASA Ames Research Center. Purpose of expedition was to measure and study the structure, composition, and temperature of the chromosphere and corona of the sun. New information was gathered on the atomic process in the chromosphere and 

corona, including radiation and collision phenomena; findings were 

made on electron densities and dust concentration. Presence of a 

number of spectral lines was discovered, and others that had been 

previously suspected were confirmed. The advantages of an airborne 

laboratory were demonstrated in that the corona of the sun could be 

observed out as far as 12 solar radii, whereas ground observations 

would have been limited to about three radii; not only could more 

solar phenomena during a total eclipse be observed from an airborne 

laboratory, but also the eclipse was visible for twice as long. (ARC 

Release) 

December 17: JPL announced that PIONEER VI, launched Dec. 16, had 

made final vernier adjustment relative to pointing the high-gain, narrow-beam antenna toward the earth. Spacecraft was 230,000 mi. from 

earth; all systems were functioning normally. (NASA Pioneer Proj. 

Off.; AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/18/65, A3; AP, NYT, 12/19/65,67) 

COSMOS C, containing scientific equipment, was launched by the Soviet Union into circular orbit at 650-km. (403.7-mi.) altitude, 

with 97.7-min. period and 65" inclination. Onboard equipment was 

functioning normally. (Komsomolskaya Pravda, 12/18/65, ATSS-T 

Trans.) 

NASA announced management assignments in the Apollo Applications 

area: MSC would be responsible for development and procurement of 

all standard and modified spacecraft (Command, Service, and Lunar 

Excursion Modules), astronaut activities, flight operations, and integration of experiments in the command and service modules; MSFC 

would be responsible for development and procurement of launch vehicles, integration of experiments into the Lunar Excursion Module, Saturn instrument units, and S-IVB stages (top stages of both Saturn IB 

and Saturn V vehicles) ; KSC would assemble, check out, and launch 

Apollo Applications space vehicles and their associated payloads. 

Proposals for possible Apollo Applications experiments were expected to be submitted by the world scientific community, industry, other 

Government agencies, and the entire NASA organization. (NASA Release 65-381) 

On arrival at KSC, Astronauts Schirra and Stafford personally thanked 

the 4.00 men responsible for the successful GEMINI VI launching. The 

astronauts would undergo medical examinations and debriefings for 

three days and then fly to MSC for a reunion with their families. (AP, 

Wash. Eve. Star, 12/18/65, Al; UPI, NYT, 12/18/65,16) 

(NYT, 12/19/65, 58) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 557 

December 17: NASA officials released clear, detailed, color and black and 

white photographs of the GEMINI VII-VI rendezvous taken by the 

GEMINI VI astronauts. 

Jerome Lederer, director of the Flight Safety Foundation, Inc., received 

the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy at the Aero Club’s annual 

Wright Brothers Memorial Dinner in Washington, D.C. He was cited 

for “35 years of distinguished service and unceasing devotion to increasing the safety of flight throughout the world . . .” (NU News; 

AP, LA. Times, 11/27/65) 

National Science Foundation announced that a party of US. scientists 

had landed on an icecap 630 mi. from the South Pole to establish a 

station that would study Antarctic weather; the earth‘s magnetic field; 

naturally-produced, very-low-frequency (Vlf) radio waves ; and the 

aurora australia. Project was sponsored by NSF. (AP, NYT, 

12/18/65,16) 

NASA’s decision to divert funds from its basic science research program to 

Project Apollo as a budgetary expediency was criticized by the New 

York Times: “ [NASA] is sacrificing scientifically important projects 

whose sole defect is that they lack the spectacular publicity value of 

Project Apollo, which already consumes most of NASA’s huge appropriation. 

“We believe this is an irrational set of priorities, the result of the 

public-relations approach. There is no ccrr,pe!!ing scientific reason 

why a man should be landed on the moon by 1969 rather than in 1971 

or 1973. . . .,’ 

A 160-ft.-tall Saturn I rocket had been erected in display of missiles and 

space vehicles at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Orientation 

Center. ( MSFC Release 65-305) 

December 18: President Johnson sent letters to Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr. (Cdr., USN j , Waiter ?vi. Schirra (Capt., t’s~), Frank Beman 

(L/Col., USAF), and Thomas P. Stafford (Maj., USAF), congratulating 

them on successful completion of the GEMINI VI and GEMINI VII 

space missions and advising them that promotions for new astronauts 

would be submitted to Congress for confirmation in January. (Pres. 

Doc., 12/27/65, 606) 

Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched by Brazil from the Natal Range 

reached an altitude of 117 mi. The second Brazilian sounding rocket 

launch in a cooperative meteorological program with NASA, the flight 

was a nighttime twin-experiment of daytime experiment Dec. 15. (NASA 

Rpt. SRL; Reuters, NYT, 12/20/65,45) 

World records set by NASA’s GEMINI VII/VI: (1) longest manned 

spaceflight (v11)-330 hrs. 35 min.; (2) first rendezvous of two 

manned maneuverable spacecraft; (3) total man hours in space for 

one nation--1,354 hrs. 38 min. compared with 507 hrs. 16 min. for 

U.S.S.R. ; (4) individuals with most spaceflight time-Col. Borman 

and Cdr. Love11 with 330 hrs., 35 min.; (5) longest multimanned 

spaceflight; (6) most revolutions for a manned spaceflight-206; (7) 

most miles traveled on a manned spaceflight-5,129,400; (8) most 

manned flights-US., 11, U.S.S.R., 8; (9) most men sent into spaceUS. 16 (13 astronauts with three making two flights), U.S.S.R., 11; 

(10) most manned flights in one year by one nation-5; (11) most 

(UPI, Wush. Post, 12/18/65, El) 

(NYT, 12/17/65,38) 
558 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

men sent into space in one year by one nation-US., 10. (MSC Gemini 

Proj. Off.) 

December 17: All major goals of the Gemini program except actual docking of two spacecraft had been achieved with the flights of GEMINI VI 

and VII, MSC Director Dr. Robert R. Gilruth said at an MSC news 

conference. Gemini program director Charles Mathews said the remaining five Gemini launchings, all scheduled for 1966, would attempt 

to demonstrate some complex rendezvous techniques useful for Project 

Apollo. 

MSC Roundup, 12/23/65, 6) 

Physical condition of GEMINI VII Astronauts Borman and Lovell was 

“better than expected,” reported Dr. Charles Berry, Gemini medical 

director. (Waldron, NYT, 12/19,/65, 68) 

December 18-22: Dr. Robert Jungk, director of the Institute for Research 

into Problems of the Future at Vienna, told an international gathering 

of scholars at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions that 

man cannot allow forms of technology that destroy nature rather than 

cooperate with it. Jungk said scientists, philosophers, and experimenters in technology must act as intellectual missionaries to the common man and to the young. Intellectual leaders, he said, must try to 

influence the power structure to harness technological development and 

divert it toward the needs of man. Dr. Robert Maynard Hutchings, 

president of the center, in summing up the five-day symposium, said: 

“Technology, at this moment, in the United States, is not directed 

toward making a decent habitation for man. . . . It is directed in 

piecemeal fashion by the wrong people, in the wrong direction, to the 

wrong ends.” 

December 19: The successful GEMINI VII-VI mission received extensive 

editorial comment. New York Times: “The exploits of astronauts 

Borman, Lovell, Schirra and Staff ord and the extraordinary pictures 

they brought back from space have thrilled men everywhere. Admiration for their high achievements has-if only for the moment-overcome most of the usual division of this quarrelsome world. . . . “Borman and Lovell in Gemini 7 took the longest journey in history 

-more than five million miles. They showed that creatures of the 

earth’s surface can live and work effectively for fourteen days in a 

weightless environment, in which men must encapsulate themselves as 

in the womb and bring their own air, food and water to 

survive . . . they proved that a human organism is up to the task of 

staying in space long enough to fly to the moon, to do work there for 

several days, and then to return to this planet. 

“The unprecedented precision navigation feat of Schirra and 

Stafford in Gemini 6 was important primarily because, for the first 

time, it brought two spaceships close enough together to be 

joined. Their demonstration opens the way for construction in space 

and vastly expands the potentialities for human activity in that 

realm. . . .” 

Washington Sunday Star: “Now it is all over, but it will be remembered in history as one of man’s finer achievements. . . .” (Wash. 

Sun. Star, 12/19/65, C2) 

(AP, NYT, 12/19/65, 69; AP, Wash. Post, 12/19/65, A17; 

(AP, Wash. Post, 12/24/65, A2) 

(NYT, 12/19/65,8E) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 559 

December 19: U.S. Ambassador Arthur J. Goidberg toid the U.X. General 

Assembly’s Political Committee that progress had been made on a start 

toward a basic international law for space and for the assistance and 

return of astronauts forced down on foreign soil. He said that an 

additional topic should be brought under study by the U.N. Committee 

on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space: “Within a few years, the need for 

a treaty governing activities on the moon and other celestial bodies will 

be real. My government plans to present a definite proposal as to the 

contents of such a treaty.” 

France was exploring with the U.S. the possibility of establishing 

an international space launching center in French Guiana, John 

Finney reported in the New York Times. Center’s location near the 

equator would make it possible to launch satellites directly into either 

equatorial or polar orbits valuable for both scientific and communications satellites. Preliminary surveys were under way. (Finney, 

NYT, 12/20/65,8) 

December 20: NASA announced it had extended the Scout Reentry Heating 

Project to include one more ballistic flight and had invited industry to 

submit proposals for the design of the spacecraft. Sub-orbital reentry 

experiment was scheduled for 1967 and would be sixth in the Langley 

Research Center project. It would require launching of a 13-ft.-long, 

pointed cone from Wallops Island, Va., using a modified three-stage 

Scout iaunch vehicie with iio heat shie!d. Reentry worild take place 

near Bermuda at a velocity between 12,000 and 13,000 mph. (NASA 

Release 65-38LE) 

In season’s greetings to NASA employees, Administrator James E. Webb 

said: “During 1965 we have continued our effects to place and keep 

the United States in a position second to none in space and aeronautics. This is significant for many reasons, but the most important of 

these, perhaps, is the fact that our efiorts ~~~~siiitite a very ret?! md 

significant contribution toward the ultimate realization of the true 

meaning of Christmas-peace on earth.” 

GEMINI VII Astronauts Frank Borman and James Love11 flew from the 

carrier wasp to KSC where they had a brief reunion with GEMINI 

VI Astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and Thomas P. Stafford, who 

were departing later in the day for MSC for further medical 

debriefing. (AP, NYT, 12/20/65,10C) 

L/col. Pave1 R. Popovich, who orbited the earth 48 times in VOSTOK 

IV in August 1962, said in an interview with Izvestia that the rendezvous of GEMINI VI and GEMINI VII was “a great achievement of 

American cosmonautics on the way to exploiting space around the 

earth.” (Reuters, NYT, 12/22/65, 19) 

Dr. Caryl P. Haskins, president of Carnegie Institution of Washington, warned in his report for 1964-1965 against confusing 

technology with science. He said the main job of technology was to 

turn out socially useful products while the essential goal of science was 

the search for truth. (Rpt. of Pres., 12/20/65) 

December 21 : USAF Titan 111-c, launched from Eastern Test Range, 

encountered trouble with its transtage-third stage-and failed to 

reach near-synchronous equatorial orbit with four pick-a-back satellites. At lift-off, the booster’s two 1.2-million-lb.-thrust strapon en- 

(UPI, Wash. Post, 12/20/65, A15) 

(NASA Hq.) 
560 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

gines and the Titan 111-c core vehicle functioned as scheduled, propelling the booster to 400,000-ft. altitude at 10,300 mph. Second stage 

ignited and the stages separated simultaneously with first stage 

burnout. Ten-second coast period followed second stage shutdown before stage was separated ; three seconds after separation, the transtage, 

powered by twin engines rated at 8,000-lb. thrust each, ran for 17 sec. 

to drive vehicle into temporary parking orbit with apogee, 194 mi. 

(311 km.) ; perigee, 103.6 mi. (167 km.) ; inclination, 28.6’; orbital 

insertion velocity, 25,609 fps. About three-quarters through its first 

orbit (75 min. after lift-off 1 guidance system commanded transtage 

engines to restart and burn for 297 sec. to drive transtage and payload 

upward toward synchronous altitudes; transtage entered transfer orbit 

with apogee, 20,948 mi. (33,725 km.); perigee, 113.4 mi. (182.6 

km.). Vehicle coasted in this deep elliptical orbit almost five hours 

before transtage was scheduled to restart its engines for third and final 

time to circularize its orbit. For unknown reasons, the engines did 

not restart and the vehicle entered a highly elliptical earth orbit with 

apogee, 20,900 mi. (33,649 km.); perigee, 120.8 mi. (194.4 

km.). Telemetry indicated the LES 111 and IV satellites were released, as was the OSCAR IV satellite, but all three much later than 

planned and into the wrong orbits. Fourth payload, 0v2-3, remained 

attached to transtage. 

Titan 111, most powerful rocket currently in use by the US., was 

being developed by USAF for use with the Manned Orbiting Laboratory 

(Mol). This was the second time in three Titan 111 tests that the 

transtage had failed. (AP, Wash. Post, 12/22/65, Al; AP, NYT, 

12/22/65, 14; AP, Houston Post, 12/22/65; Av. Wk., 12/27/65, 27; 

US. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965,157-158) 

December 21: COSMOS CI unmanned satellite was launched by the U.S.S.R. 

Orbital data : 

apogee, 550 km. (341 mi.) ; perigee, 260 km. (165 mi.) ; period, 92.4 

min. ; inclination, 49’. Equipment was functioning normally. 

(Pravda, 12/22/65, 1) 

GEMINI VII Astronauts Lovell and Borman completed the medical phase 

of their debriefing at KSC. Dr. Charles Berry, Chief of Medical Programs for MSC, said that “a quick look at data available . . . indicates man has fared extremely well in two weeks of space 

environment.” A detailed medical analysis would be available 

later. NASA released several terrain photographs taken by Astronaut Lovell during GEMINI VII’S spaceflight Dec. 4-18. (AP, NYT, 

12/22/65,14; AP, Wash. Post, 12/22/65, A3) 

In conversations with West German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard, 

President Johnson announced he would send a commission to 

Europe early in 1966 to consult with nations wishing to join the U.S. 

in “a major endeavor” in space exploration. The group would be 

headed by NASA Administrator James E. Webb. The President said: 

. . . we would like to discuss with you-and others-an even more 

ambitious plan to permit us to do together what we cannot do so well 

alone. Examples would be two projects which stand high on the space 

agenda. Both are very demanding and complex. One would be a 

probe to the sun, and another a probe to Jupiter. To cooperate on 

to continue space investigations,” announced Tass. bL 

66 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 561 

such a major endeavor would contribute vastly to our mutual knowledge and our mutual skills.” 

December 21: Dr. Robert C. Seamans, Jr., was sworn in as NASA Deputy 

Administrator, succeeding Dr. Hugh L. Dryden who died Dec. 2. Dr. 

Seamans, who had been Associate Administrator, would also retain 

that position for an indefinite period. 

At NASA Industry Briefing on Computer Procurement, held at Hq., NASA 

briefed representatives of 14 leading companies in the automatic data 

processing industry on NASA’s present and future plans and policies for 

the procurement of large-scale computing systems. William Rieke, 

NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Industry Affairs, pointed out 

that NASA’s principal purpose in future Adp procurements would be to 

increase competition throughout the computer industry. Citing the 

growing concern in recent years over expanding Adp inventories and 

increasing dollar expenditures for computers throughout Government, 

Rieke outlined a three-point plan to improve the exchange of information between NASA and the computer industry: (1) NASA would hold 

annual industry briefings to inform computer firms of its long-range 

plans, problems, needs for improved system technology, and projected 

procurements with the first to be held next May; (2) individual computer manufacturers would be given an opportunity to conduct annual 

briefing for NASA’s personnel to inform NASA of their plans, problems, and developments; (3) in connection with large or unusual Adp 

procurements with restrictive requirements, NASA would hold 

prespecification briefings for interested companies in advance of issuing requests for proposals. 

Edniond C. Buckley, director of NASA’s Office of Tracking and Data 

Acquisition, outlined NASA’s methods for long-range planning on comfuture Adp procurements would be for computing systems rather than 

just hardware. 

NASA Administrator James E. Webb traced the cooperative history of 

the NASA-Industry-University “team” in contributing to NASA’s accomplishments since 1958. He emphasized the importance of the computer industry’s contribution to the space effort, in particular, and 

solicited the industry’s continued cooperation in carrying out NASA’s 

mission. (NASA Release 65-391) 

L/Col. Frank Borman and Cdr. James A. Lovell, Jr., had brought 

back proof of the endurance records set in space. Each had a 

$1 bill with recorded serial number at lift-off. Bills were turned over to 

a member of the National Aeronautic Association and then to the 

F6d6ration APronautique Internationale in Paris-world flight recordkeeping organization. 

FAI announced NASA had filed spaceflight records set by GEMINI 

VI and VII. 

GEMINI VI Astronauts Schirra and Stafford were made honorary 

members of the American Federation of Musicians for their rendition 

of Jingle Bells during the GEMINI VII-VI mission. (AP, Wash. Eve. 

Star, 12/21/65, A2) 

NASA had selected the Range Systems Div. of Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., 

to provide computer support services for the Michoud Assembly 

Facility. A cost-plus-award-fee contract would be negotiated for a 

(Marder, Wash. Post, 12/21/65, Al) 

(NASA Release 65-388) 

-...+A” abllulaL..v.. ,.,.-.*:n:t:n” and zti!iz&on, ad emphasized that the agency’s 

(UPI, NYT, 12/19/65,67; UPI, NYT, 12/22/65,4) 
562 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

one-year period with provisions for three consecutive one-year 

renewals. Cost for the first year was estimated to exceed $1.5 

million. (NASA Release 65-386; MSFC Release 65-310) 

December 21 : Karl G. Harr, president of the Aerospace Industries Assn., 

told the Aviation-Space Writers Assn. in Washington, D.C., that the 

aerospace industry would “jump at the chance” to attack social problems such as urban congestion and water pollution. He said this was 

so even though space companies had lost money in the first experiment 

in applying their techniques to urgent public problems. (Clark, NYT, 

12/26/65,43) 

EARLY BIRD I comsat relayed pictures for a televised debate between 

students of Oxford and Harvard on whether the U.S. should carry out 

its Vietnam commitment. 

New York’s Mayor-elect John V. Lindsay announced formation of a 

Science and Technology Advisory Council composed of representatives 

of universities, foundations, and corporations. Council would attempt 

to attract science-oriented industries into New York City and assist 

those already there. It would meet monthly with the Mayor and conduct studies into the scientific and technological advances that might 

affect industries in the city. 

Second XB-70A research bomber underwent a 10-min. heat-friction test 

from Edwards AFB withstanding 530°C heat at 1,900 mph at 70,000 

ft. The air inlets control system was also tested at twice the speed of 

sound at 63,000 ft. in the 145-min. flight. (AP, NYT, 12/23/65,43) 

December 22: NASA deferred the first unmanned Voyager planetary exploration mission until 1973 and scheduled one 1967 Mariner flight to 

Venus and two 1969 Mariner flights to Mars. First Voyager mission 

had been planned to orbit Mars in 1971 and a second to orbit and 

land instrumented capsules in 1973; no further Mariner missions had 

been scheduled. Changes in the planetary exploration program were 

being made to obtain the greatest possible return from funds available 

for FY 1966, those anticipated for FY 1967, and from information 

available from previous missions. 

USAF launched unidentified satellite payload with Scout booster. (U.S. 

Aeron. & Space Act., 1965,159) 

NASA had awarded a $67,135 contract to the Univ. of Utah for a one-year 

study of chemical processes occurring during combustion of solid-propellant rocket motors. Study would attempt to better understand the 

interaction of gaes in the combustion zone by using recently developed fast-scanning spectroscopic instruments. (NASA Release 65-390) 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center had awarded a one-year $1.6-million 

contract to Aero Spacelines, Inc., for flying large rocket cargoes in its 

Super Guppy aircraft-the only aircraft in existence which could fulfill 

the size and weight requirement for the S-IVB stage of the Saturn 

vehicle, the Saturn IB and Saturn V instrument units, and the Lunar 

Excursion Module adapter. The agreement also provided for an extension of a previous NASA-Aero Spacelines contract for use of the 

Pregnant Guppy aircraft. 

A German amateur radio station used OSCAR IV, sent into an unplanned 

orbit Dec. 21 by the Titan 111-c rocket, to relay a signal to the Bo- 

(Adams, NYT, 12/10/65,87) 

(NYT, 12/22/65, 12) 

(NASA Release 65-389) 

(MSFC Release 65-311) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 563 

chum Institute for Satellite and Space Research which had spotted the 

amateur radio satellite. Signal was reportedly loud and clear. USAF 

said 42-Ib. comsat was expected to be useful to amateur radio operators around the world despite its poor orbit. (Wash. Post, 12/23/65, 

A61 

December 22: Analyzing President Johnson’s proposal for Europe to join 

America in a “major endeavor” in space exploration, Howard Simons 

said in the Washington Post that the offer had three main objectives: 

(1) to satisfy European industrialists desirous of a share in 20th 

century technology; (2) to involve Europeans in developing complex 

spacecraft rather than launch vehicles that could be developed into 

ballistic missiles; (3) to generate interest in West European scientists 

as well as industrialists and engineers. As pace goal for a joint U.S.- 

European effort, President Johnson had cited the sun and the planet 

Jupiter. 

*L/Col. Frank Borman (USAF) and Cdr. James A. Lovell, Jr. (USN), arrived in Houston to see their families for the first time since the start 

of their 14-day GEMINI VII space mission December 4. They would 

spend the Christmas holidays at home. 

Gen. Thomas Dresser White, USAF Chief of Staff from 1957 to 1961 and 

one of the chief proponents of a balanced air-space defense system, 

diad. He had bccn 2 member of the NAC~ 1957-58. and the first US. 

military attache in Russia in 1933. 

Spanish scientists reported recovery near Seville of three heavy metal 

spheres and other metal objects bearing Soviet markings. Debris was 

believed to be from Soviet spacecraft or rockets which disintegrated as 

they reentered earth’s atmosphere. 

USAF XB-?oA research bomber was flown from Edwards AFB by NAA 

pilot Van A. Shepard for 155 min.-10 min. longer than on any of its 

previous 28 test flights. 

December 23: GEMINIS ~II and VI apparently approached withiq one foot 

of each other during their rendezvous, Robert Aller, NASA Chief of 

Mission Planning, told the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., 

when he narrated films of the rendezvous. Aller also reported that 

GEMINI VII command pilot Borman appeared to have reentered the 

earth’s atmosphere without his helmet on. Mission rules ordinarily 

required astronauts to wear their suits and helmets during launchings, 

space maneuvers, and reentry. 

NASA announced appointment of Bernard Moritz, NASA Assistant General 

Counsel for Procurement, as Assistant Deputy Associate Administrator 

for Industry Affairs. S. Neil Hosenball, Chief Counsel at NASA Lewis 

Research Center, would succeed Moritz. 

An escalation of the war in Vietnam might consume the military men 

and equipment currently at NASA’s disposal for spaceflight recovery 

operations, suggested William Hines in the Washington Evening 

Star. He said that L/Gen. Leighton I. Davis (USAF), head of 

spaceflight recovery operations, had commented on the possibility : 

“I’m sure if there were (a diversion from Viet Nam to support space 

flights) the NASA officials would be the first to relieve us of the requirement for support.’’ 

(Simons, Wash. Post, 12/22/65, A6) 

(UPI, NYT, 12/23/65,14) 

(Wash. Post, 12/23/65, D4) 

(AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/22/65) 

(AP, Wash. Post, 12/23/65, A3) 

(Clark, NYT, 12/24/65,1) 

(NASA Release 65-387) 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/23/65,27) 
5a ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

December 24: WAF launched Thor-Agena D booster from WTR with 

unidentified satellite payload. (U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 1965,159) 

Article in Science discussed “factors pressing France toward greater emphasis on international collaboration” in space exploration, then said : 

Hence there was warm, if somewhat skeptical, interest in France 

when, in October, a Soviet scientific delegation brought up the idea of 

launching French payloads on Soviet rockets. It appeared, according 

to the one authoritative account of this proposal (Le Monde, 11 November), that the Soviet scientists did not envisage French requests 

for precise knowledge about acceleration and vibration from Soviet 

rockets so that the payload design could proceed, nor did they expect 

that French scientists would wish to be present in Soviet launch-bases 

and tracking stations . . . it was expected that the negotiations would 

be long and delicate. . . .” 

Commenting on election of political scientist Don K. Price to presidency 

of American Association of the Advancement of Science, Science editor 

Philip H. Abelson quoted Price himself: “ ‘The union of the political 

and scientific estates is not like a partnership, but a marriage; it will 

not be improved if the two become like each other, but only if they 

respect each other’s quite different needs and purposes. No great 

harm is done if in the meantime they quarrel a bit.’” (Science, 

12/24/65, 1669) 

Commenting on budgetary considerations as they might affect the Titan 

111-C, William Hines said in the Wushington Evening Star: “If the 

economy ax falls on the Titan 3C program in the wake of an unsuccessful launching Tuesday, it will be sad indeed. The program is one 

of the few major space efforts in recent memory to have gone along so 

far on schedule, close to budget limits, and with a reasonably high 

degree of success.” 

December 26: Planning Research Corp. of Los Angeles received a one-year, 

$48,229 contract from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center to conduct 

an independent reliability assessment of the Radio Astronomy Explorer satellite. (Wash. Eve. Star, 12/26/65, D6) 

Ocean data station buoy Bravo was being used by USN to study influence 

of the moon’s tidal pull on the Gulf Stream near Hollywood, Fla., 

according to General Dynamics Corp., developer of the buoy. The 

round steel hull, 40 ft. in diameter, was equipped with instruments and 

a 40-ft. mast that collected information on wave heights and velocity of 

the stream and transmitted it to a data center on shore. (NYT, 

12/26/65,10E) 

December 27: Life Sciences Research Laboratory dedicated at NASA Ames 

Research Center. The laboratory was organized into divisions for 

exobiology, environmental biology, and biotechnology. In the dedication address, Rep. George P. Miller (D-Calif.) said that “the work 

done at Ames is a reaffirmation of the avowed goals and aspirations of 

a world that is painfully searching for peace and hope.” 

Dr. Mac C. Adams, NASA Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology, said during the ceremonies: “This new structure represents many things. It represents efficiency and economy for 

it brings together a staff and associates numbering almost 250 who 

formerly were scattered about in 22 separate quarters. It represents a 

66 

(McElheny, Science, 12/24/65, 1700-01) 

(Hines, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/24/65, A3) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 565 

grouping of new research tools which can be used for new advances in 

science and technology; but most important, I believe, this Life 

Sciences Laboratory, placed within the complex of physical laboratories, represents the interdisciplinary approach to solving new 

problems.’’ 

December 27: Pocomoke City, Md., radio station WDMV proposed that 

Wallops Island, Va., be renamed Dryden Island in memory of Dr. Hugh 

Dryden, late NASA Deputy Administrator. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/ 

27/65, B1) 

AEC reported it had decided not to build a new type of breeder nuclear 

power reactor that had been considered as a source of electricity for 

pumps for California’s water project. The reason given was that technical problems had been encountered in research and development. 

The reactor would have used thorium as the key fuel. It would have 

been designed to breed more fuel than it consumed and run about 

nine years on one fuel charge. (AEC Release H288; AP, NYT, 12/28/ 

65, 4) 

William Hines, science writer and columnist for the Washington Evening 

Star, was presented the AAAS’S top award for science writing in 1965 at 

the Association’s annual meeting in Berkeley, Calif. His award-winning entry was a series of articles on the journey of MARINER IV to 

Mars. The articles appeared from Nov. 6, 1964, to Aug. 12, 

1965. 

December 28: PIONEER VI interplanetary probe, launched by NASA Dec. 16, 

had completed shakedown operations and was encountering fair space 

weather as it began its long cruise around the sun, NASA announced. 

Scientific data telemetered to earth indicated that the solar wind was 

blowing at relatively slow speeds of about 670,000 mph compared with 

2 million an hour registered in periods of high solar activity; magnetic 

fields were fairly unfluctuating ; and comparatively few charged particles 

were being encountered. Information being received from all six experiments was reported to be of excellent quality. (NASA Release 65- 

392 ) 

U.S.S.R. successfully launched COSMOS CII and COSMOS CIII unmanned 

satellites to continue space investigations, Tass announced. Orbital 

parameters for COSMOS CII: apogee, 172 mi. (278 km.); perigee, 135 

mi. (218 km.) ; period, 89.24 min.; inclination, 65”. COSMOS CIII had 

been placed in near-circular orbit at 372-mi. (600-km.) altitude, with 

a period of 97 min. It was not specified whether the two spacecraft 

were launched simultaneously or whether there was an interval between 

launchings. All onboard systems were functioning normally. 

(Pravda, 12/29/65,1) 

LES IV communications satellite, released into an unplanned orbit Dec. 

21 by Titan 111-C, had been activated and was operating well, Lincoln 

Laboratory reported. Tumbling had prevented restart of Titan 111-c 

for intended orbit. (AP, NYT, 12/30/65,11) 

Formation of Institute for Oceanography, part of the Environmental 

Science Services Administration, was announced by Dept. of 

Commerce. Interaction between ocean, earth, and atmosphere would 

be studied in programs designed to gain new knowledge of the 

ocean. Headed by Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Jr., formerly chief oceano- 

(NASA Release 65-394; Text; ARC Astrogram, 1/6/66,1) 

(Wash. Eve. Star, 12/17/65, A2) 
566 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

grapher of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Institute had headquarters in Washington, D.C. (Dept. of Commerce PIO; NYT, 

12/30/65,42) 

December 29: Dr. John W. Salisbury and Joel Adler of Cambridge Laboratories reported to 132d meeting of the AAAS in Berkeley, Calif., that 

American astronauts landing on the moon might encounter lunar dust 

that would stick like wet snow to their windows, faceplates, and camera lenses. Salisbury and Adler said they had reached those conclusions by two separate experiments. 

Medical and physical data from the two-week GEMINI VII flight 

indicated that man could withstand a lunar mission without any serious harm, reported Dr. Charles Berry, Chief of Medical Programs for 

NASA MSC, at the AAAS meeting. Dr. Berry revealed that the astronauts’ heart rates and blood pressures during the flight had remained 

within normal ranges and that within 10 hrs. after splashdown, Borman had regained 4.8 lbs. of the 9.6 lbs. he had lost; Lovell, who had 

lost 5.9 lbs., had regained 6.6 lbs. Berry, who doubted the astronauts 

could have endured 14 days in spacesuits, attributed much of the success of the mission to the freedom of flying in underwear. He reported that the electroencephalogram studies recording brain wave activity 

had shown no abnormalities during the first two flight days, but that 

the electrodes on the astronauts’ scalps had come loose before the end 

of the planned 4-day experiment. As to the radiation dosage hazards 

on the 14-day flight, Dr. Berry said the measured amounts were 

The calcium balance studies which required measurements 

of calcium loss to sweat, blood, urine, and feces might take “several 

more months to complete,” he added. Astronaut Edward H. White 

(L/Col., USAF) accompanied Dr. Berry to the meeting to brief scientists on preparations necessary to plan and execute successful space 

missions. 

NASA Hq. reorganization plan, effective Jan. 2, 1966, was disseminated 

throughout NASA. Two main effects of the changes: establishment of 

Office of the Administrator, in which the Administrator and Deputy 

Administrator would be supported by the Associate Deputy Administrator with a strong Secretariat; and, establishment of operating pattern 

within this office delegating authority and responsibility to the Deputy 

Administrator, who would serve as general manager as well as Acting 

Administrator in the Administrator’s absence. Dr. Robert C. Seamans, 

Jr., Deputy Administrator, retained the additional title of Associate 

Administrator. 

Other changes included: Director of the Office of Tracking and Data 

Acquisition would be made Associate Administrator for Tracking and 

Data Acquisition; heads of functional staff offices except General 

Counsel would have the title Assistant Administrator. Heads of all 

functional staff offices as well as the four program offices would be 

responsible to the Deputy Administrator. 

Article in Japanese newspaper said U.S. Defense Secretary Robert S. 

McNamara’s estimates of Red Chinese nuclear potential were probably 

conservative, citing increasing appropriations by Red China for 

scientific research as indication of rapid progress that might be 

expected. From $16 million in 1955, the amount rose to $341) million 

in 1959; it was estimated that $2 billion had been spent since 

( Wush. Post, 12/30/65, A4) 

peanuts.” 66 

(Haseltine, Wash. Post, 12/30/65, Al) 

(NASA Memo) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 567 

1960. It was calculated that Red China should have a minimum arsenal of between 150 and 200 atomic bombs by the end of 1967; production of delivery vehicles should by that time be keeping pace. (Elegant, Wash. Post, 12/30/65) 

December 29: USAF awarded Thiokol Chemical Corp. a $2,000,000 initial 

increment to a fixed-price contract for production of solid rocket 

motors. Estimated final amount of contract was $5,000,000. 

General Dynamics Corp. received from AFSC a $1,655,299 fixed-price 

contract for design and fabrication of reentry vehicle instrumentation 

and range safety systems. 

Mounting cost of the Vietnam war was apt to slow the USAF Manned 

Orbiting Laboratory project, the New York World Telegram quoted 

informed sources as saying. (Troan, h’.Y. Porld Telegram, 12/29/ 

65 ) 

December 30: Astronaut Walter Schirra said that he and Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford had maneuvered the GEMINI VI spacecraft to within one 

foot of GEMINI VII during their Dec. 15 rendezvous and that although 

they were backed up by an advanced type of computer, they probably 

could have effected rendezvous without it. Schirra and the three other 

astronauts involved in the GEMINI VII-VI flights gave reports on their 

missions at an MSC news conference. (AP, Wash. Post, 12/31/65, Al; 

MSC Gemini VII/Gemini VI Fact Sheet) 

Special NASA awards ceremony was held a: :r:sc, with NASA Administrator 

James E. Webb making the presentations. Rep. Olin Teague, Chairman of Manned Space Flight Subcommittee of the House Committee 

on Science and Astronautics, also was present for the occasion. 

NASA Distinguished Service Medal, NASA’s highest honor, was presented to Donald K. Slayton, Assistant Director for Flight Crew Operatic~~, MEC, and to Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Command Pilot 

for GEMINI VI mission. Slayton’s award was for “his outstanding 

performance in directing NASA flight operations and for his leadership 

of the continuous and rapid adaptation of NASA’s astronaut training 

activities to the experience gained from Mercury and Gemini 

flights. . . .” Schirra’s DSM cited “his courage and judgment in the 

face of great personal danger, his calm, precise and immediate perception of the situation that confronted him and his accurate and critical 

decisions that made possible the successful execution of the Gemini VI 

mission.’’ This ceremony marked the first time the top NASA medal 

was presented away from Washington. (With these two presentations, 

all seven original Mercury astronauts had received the Distinguished 

Service Medal.) 

NASA Exceptional Service Medal was presented to the crews of GEMINI 

VII (Astronauts Borman and Lovell) and VI (Astronauts Schirra and 

Stafford) ; William C. Schneider, Deputy Director of the Gemini Program for Mission Operations, OMSF; and John T. Mengel, Assistant 

Director for Tracking and Data Systems Directorate, GwC. 

Group Achievement Awards were presented to the following groups 

from the Cape: KSC Launch Operations; KSC Spacecraft Operations; 

Martin Co. Gemini program group; McDonnell Aircraft Corp. Gemini 

program group; Gemini Launch Vehicle Div., AFSC 6555th Aerospace 

(DOD Release 946-65) 
568 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

Test Wing: and AFETR Test Operations Div. (MSC Gemini VZZ/ Gemini 

VI Fact Sheet; Exec. Secy., MSC Awards Committee; NASA Proj. Off.) 

December 30: ComSatCorp invited design proposals for a multi-purpose 

satellite having at least 20 times the communications capacity of EARLY 

BIRD I. Firms throughout the world were asked to submit proposals. ComSatCorp said more than one study contract could be 

awarded. Proposed new satellite would make nationwide and international distribution of television feasible, provide a sending and receiving capability between ground stations and ships at sea or aircraft in 

flight, provide complete interchangeability from one type of service to 

another within a single satellite, and permit access to these services by 

any number of earth stations. 

NASA and USAF announced agreement for extended XB-70 flight research 

beginning next spring in joint project to obtain supersonic operational 

flight information impossible to get in ground facilities. Among the 

items of interest were skin friction, stability and control, drag, boundary layer flow, air loads, thermal environment, sonic boom, landing, 

and crew workload. (NASA Release 65-393) 

December 31: Soviet space probe VENUS 11, launched Nov. 12, would pass 

“at the prescribed distance” from Venus, Tass announced. VENUS 

111, launched Nov. 16, had been corrected in flight “in order to bring 

it closer to Venus,” the announcement added. Telemetered data 

showed that conditions aboard both probes were normal; scientific 

instrumentation was functioning normally. VENUS 11 was 15.5-million 

km. (9.6-million mi.) from earth; VENUS 111 was 14.3 million km. 

(8.9 million mi.) away. (Tass, 12/31/65) 

Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first man to fly in space, said in an interview with Krasnaya Zvezda that an increasing number of professions 

would take part in future spaceflights. He noted that pilots, engineers, a scientist, and a doctor had already flown in Soviet 

spacecraft. Gagarin described recent American spaceflights as “a major achievement,” but said it would be a simplification to interpret 

US. accomplishments as “first steps on an unexplored way.” He said 

Soviet spacecraft VOSTOK 111 and VOSTOK IV had flown in formation 

in August 1962. (AP, Wash. Eve. Star, 12/31/65, A2) 

US. and Yugoslavia would exchange visits and information under a 

new, non-Governmental agreement reached between the US. National 

Academy of Sciences and the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences. Under 

the terms of a memorandum of understanding, scientists of both countries would be able to take advantage of short- and long-term visits to 

lecture, conduct seminars, or carry out laboratory research. Money 

for the exchange program would come from the US. National Science 

Foundation. (Wash. Post, 12/1/65, A3) 

In a report of shareholders for fall 1965, ComSatCorp said it had realized revenues of $966,000 from the operation of EARLY BIRD I covering a period from June 28, when the satellite began commercial service 

between North America and Europe, through Sept. 30. As of Sept. 

30, the Corporation’s total cash and temporary cash investments 

amounted to $187,767,000. (ComSatCorp Release) 

(ComSatCorp Release) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 569 

During December: NASA Flight Research Center had completed analysis of 

flight handling characteristics of six representative light private aircraft currently manufactured in the US. Aircraft flown in the study 

were considered a good cross-section of this type of aircraft and included high- and low-wing and single- and twin-engine configurations. 

Report would be published as a technical note in spring 1966. (Av. 

Wk., 12/27/65, 13) 

Snap-1OA nuclear ground test system, designated Flight System-3 

(FS-3) and a flight-qualified copy of the SNAPSHOT I orbital test system, had operated continually since January 22, 1965, exceeding by 

four months the previous record for continuous power operation of 

any known reactor. By the time of the SNAPSHOT I launch (April 3), 

FS-3 had accumulated more than 70 days of operating time. Continuing to operate throughout the remainder of the year, the system 

operated satisfactorily but with a gradual degradation in power 

output. 

The Council of the NAS announced that a statement had been placed in 

the Minutes of the Council as a memorial to the late Dr. Hugh L. 

Dryden : 

“Although the service and devotion of Hugh L. Dryden to the National Academy of Sciences, where he was ten years Home Secretary, 

twelve years our colleague in the Council, and twenty-one years a 

member of the Section of Engineering, ’nave in our tiitit: raielji been 

equalled and certainly not surpassed, they represent only a portion of 

his service and devotion to several national institutions closely linked 

to the welfare of our people. . . . In achieving so much for his 

country and its institutions, he gave of himself without thought of 

self. He was deeply admired and loved by all who came in association with him. The sorrow felt at his passing by all members of the 

Academy is accompanied by an enduring pride in honoring his memory..” 

In his book Galaxies, Nuclei, and Quasars British scientist Fred Hoyle 

declared that on the basis of new evidence the “steady-state” theory of 

cosmology-of which he had been a leading proponent since 1948- 

was now untenable. He discussed his new theory, a variation of the 

oscillating-universe concept. (Science, 12/24/65,1708\ 

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center ended 1965 with 7,522 employees 

earning in excess of $82.8 million-about 700 of whom were located 

in contractor plants throughout the US. There were some 4,280 contractor employees working at MSFC’S Redstone Arsenal complex with 

estimated earnings of $43 million bringing the Center’s direct and indirect payroll for 1965 (combined Civil Service and contractor) to 

about $125.8 million. An estimated 10,000 other contractor workers 

were employed by contractors in Huntsville in connection with MSFC 

programs. ( MSFC Release 65-313) 

Principal source of advanced technology in the US. had been and would 

remain the aerospace industry, postulated an article in 

Aerospace. Only in its programs were technical goals high enough 

and national requirements urgent enough to move forward in major 

steps. As these steps were completed and technical goals achieved, the 

entire economy fell heir to the new technology. Key goals in defense 

and space programs were listed as: (1) lowering costs; (2) improv- 

(Atomic Energy Programs, 1965, 151-152) 

( NAS-NRC-NAE News Report, 12/65) 
570 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

ing the efficiency of motors, generators, and all other energy conversion devices and processes; (3) improving design, that is, reducing the 

weight and increasing the strength of all machines, by either improved 

knowledge of the machine or by using lighter, stronger materials; (4) 

improving the accuracies to which machines could be controlled; (5) 

improving reliability ; 16) improving communications between men, 

between men and machines, and between machines. (Aerospace, 

Winter 1965) 

During 1965: In 1965, NASA attempted 28 missions with 23 successes, a 

score of 82% mission success. Two spacecraft were launched on a 

single booster. NASA attempted 30 launches of space boosters and had 

26 successes, a score of 87% launch vehicle success. 

Of the 92 payloads orbited by the US., NASA orbited 25-five of 

which were two-manned spacecraft and four were escape-mission 

probes. U.S.S.R. orbited 64 payloads: of which one was a manned 

spacecraft and seven were escape-mission probes. France entered the 

space age with two satellites. one orbited by France herself (A-I) and 

one by the US. (FR-I 1. 

Most spectacular of NASA’s space missions were the real-time reception of close-up lunar photographs by RANGER IX, first US. extravehicular activity by GEMINI IV Astronaut White, man’s first close look at 

Mars (including 21 photographs) by MARINER IV, and manned rendezvous to within one foot by GEMINI VI and VII. The Gemini program began 1965 with GT-2 unmanned suborbital flight; this was 

followed by four two-man orbital flights which logged more than 1,300 

manhours in space. GEMINI v and VII, long-duration missions (8 

and 14 days respectively) proved man can withstand extended conditions of spaceflight and validated plans for manned Apollo lunar 

flights. At the year’s end Gemini spaceflights had set for the US. 

more than 10 records, among them the record for total manhours in 

space: 1,354 hrs., 38 min., vs. U.S.S.R.’s 507 hrs., 16 min. 

1965 was a year of extensive ground tests of the Apollo spacecraft 

and the Saturn launch vehicles. There were static firings of engines 

for the various Saturn IB and Saturn V stages, highlighted by 

full-duration firing of all three Saturn V stages. Saturn I program 

ended with a record of 10 successes out of 10 attempts, its three 1965 

launches orbiting Pegasus meteoroid detection satellites. Fire 11 provided valuable data for Apollo on reentry from simulated lunar trajectory. 

In lunar and planetary achievement, RANGERS VIII and IX provided 

more than 13,000 lunar surface photographs and brought that project 

to a close. Atlas-Centaur AC-6 launched a dummy Surveyor on a 

simulated lunar transfer orbit and proved itself capable of operational 

Surveyor missions. NASA stepped up its interplanetary research with 

PIONEER VI, first of four projected interplanetary satellites. 

TIROS IX became the first weather satellite to provide close to 100% 

coverage of the earth daily, and TIROS x was the first in a series of 

interim operational satellites for the, US. Weather Bureau. Five Explorer scientific satellites, os0 11, Canada’s ALOUETTE 11, and France’s 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 571 

FR-I were orbited. NASA orbited SECOR v for the U.S. Army, SGLRAD 

IX (EXPLORER XXX) for the US. Navy, and EARLY BIRD I communications satellite for the Communications Satellite Corporation. NASA 

turned over SYNCOMS 11 and 111 to DOD for operational use at the 

completion of their RR~D function. 

The five NASA mission failures: vehicle test of Atlas-Centaur AC-5; 

test of Apollo launch escape system on a Little Joe 11 booster; failure 

of OGO 11, which did return good (but incomplete) experiment data; 

failure to orbit a third Orbiting Solar Observatory; and failure of 

Gemini 6 because Agena Target Vehicle did not achieve orbit. 

In 39 successful launches, DOD orbited 67 satellites. In addition, 

there were four unsuccessful DOD space launches, losing five 

payloads. Decision was made that DOD proceed with the Manned Orbiting Laboratory, and launches were begun of the powerful Titan 

111-c which would eventually orbit the Mol. 

Highlighting the U.S.S.R.'s busy space year was man's first extra-vehicular space activity, by VOSKHOD 11's Cosmonaut Leonov. Soviet 

lunar exploration intensified, with apparent soft-landing attempts by 

LUNAS v through VIII, as well as photographs of the moon's hidden 

side by interplanetary probe ZOND III. U.S.S.R. launched VENUS 11 

and 111 on the long flight toward the planet Venus. (Western experts 

speculated that COSMOS LX was an unsuccessful lunar soft-landing attempt and tOSivi63 :iCi.'i an ~nszccessfu! Ver?us prohe ) 1J.S.S.R. orbited 52 Cosmos satellites, two heavyweight Proton spacecraft, and her 

first communications satellites-two Molniyas I. (NASA Release 

65-368; MSFC Release 65-312; NASA HHR--8; NASC Staff; NASA A&A 

1965; Simons, Wash. Post, 12/12/65) 

During 1965: Some NASA research highlights of 1965: 

NASA launched 191 scientific sounding rockets to obtain a variety of 

scientific data and about i0 ior advailcad research acd techr?n!- 

ogy. By the end of the year, the three x-15 research aircraft had 

made 156 flights, 32 of them in 1965. Tests proceeded of the 

modified X-15 (No. 2), expected to exceed 5,000-mph flight 

speed. NASA supported the National supersonic transport program 

and evaluated wind tunnel models of the two proposed Sst 

designs. NASA continued using USAF XB-70 aircraft for research in 

flight problems of Sst and large supersonic aircraft in general. Feasibility studies of adapting V/Stol concepts to commercial transportation 

and wind-tunnel studies of several V/Stol designs continued. As part 

of research toward efficient design of hypersonic aircraft, comparative 

performance and heat transfer measurements were obtained on a variety of aircraft wings, bodies, and wing-body combinations. Ramjet 

engine research was in the engine design concept phase. NASA developed and tested a new near-field theory useful in predicting sonic 

boom characteristics of Sst configurations during transonic climb-out. 

Flight research of M-1 lifting body was advanced, and construction 

of HL-10 lifting body was being completed. 

Solid propulsion technology was advanced with static-firing of the 

260-in. solid-fuel rocket motor. In nuclear rocket technology, three 

Nerva reactor experiments were completed and the new Phoebus advanced graphite reactor test program was begun. The success of a 
572 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

2,600-hr. ion engine test provided evidence that life-times of 10,000 

hrs. for electric rocket thrusters may be within reach. Among highlights in electronics and control was reentry communications experiment on GEMINI 111 demonstrating feasibility of water injection to 

overcome communications blackout during reentry. ( U.S. Aeron. & 

Space Act., 1965, 25-38; OSSA & OART S.Rkt. Proj. Off.; NASA Release 

During 1965: About 90%, of NASA’s budget was going to contractors to pay 

for work being done by nearly 400,000 people of about 20,000 prime 

and subcontractors. In the university program, NBSA was doing husiness with about 200 universities in every state on space-related projects 

at the year’s end. NASA’s requirement to transfer its technology to 

other sectors of the economy had developed into an information system 

with more than 200,000 technical documents abstracted, indexed, and 

filed in a computer-based nationwide system. 

NASA’s FY ’65 top 100 contractors, according to the net value of direct 

awards, were headed by North American-Downey ($1,099,448,000), 

Boeing-New Orleans ($305,988,000) , Grumman-Bethpage ($267,226,- 

c@o) , Douglas-Santa Monica ($251,668,000) , GE-Huntsville ($181,472,- 

wo), McDonnell-St. Louis ($166,670,000), IBM-Huntsville ($128,312,- 

0001, Aerojet-Sacramento ($123,186,000), General Dynamics/Convair 

($111,148,000), and RCA-Princeton ($106,552,000). Total NASA procurements for the year totaled $5,187,000:000 with the top 100 firms 

accounting for $4,141,434,000 of that amount. (NASA Ann. Procurement Rpt. FY 1965) 

Some highlights of the year in physics: Planet Mars has no substantial 

magnetic field, according to scientific experiments by MARINER IV Mars 

probe. Because of this, Martian life-forms would have to be able to 

withstand intense radiation, but possibility of Martian life was not ruled 

out. MARINER IV also reported Mars’ atmosphere was too thin to 

readily support parachute or glider-type descents for soft landings 

on the planet. 

Comet Ikeya-Seki, the brightest comet to enter the solar system this 

century, was discovered Sept. 18 and subsequently studied from the 

ground, airplanes, and rockets. The comet passed within 300,000 mi. 

of the sun and made a hairpin turn Oct. 21, when it broke into three 

pieces. 

Results of NASA’s testing of public reaction to sonic booms, begun in 

1961, showed that no serious psychological or physiological effects 

result from sonic booms. Commercial use of the supersonic transport, 

to begin in early 1970’s, was expected to create sonic booms that, when 

Sst’s come into full use in the US., would be heard by everyone about 

once a day. 

On the subject of antimatter. two items: Swedish physicist Hannes 

Alfven theorized such cosmic phenomena as quasi-stellar radio sources 

(“quasars”), radio stars, and supernovae may be powered by matterantimatter annihilations ; and, antideutrons were produced in the laboratory by scientists of Columbia Univ. 

Unwanted noise from a BTL horn-reflector antenna being used in 

comsat research may have been radiation from the birth of the 

universe. This interpretation was based on the “big bang” theory of 

65-368) 

(NASA Release 65-368) 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 573 

the universe’s formation and was propounded by a group of Princeton 

Univ. scientists. 

Decision was believed near on which of the three principal models 

of the universe was correct-the steady-state, expanding, or oscillating 

universe theory. Results in astronomy based on red-shifts of “bluegalaxies’’ (discovered in 1965) and quasars hinted at an oscillating 

universe. ( AIP News, 12/22/65) 

During 1965: Among highlights in the US. communications satellite program were : initiation of commercial comsat operations, with EARLY 

BIRD I in synchronous orbit over the Atlantic; initiation of a synchronous-orbit comsat program to furnish communications for Project 

Apollo and for expanded commercial service; and growth of the International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium to 48 member 

nations, representing every continent. Communications Satellite Corp. 

represented the US. and served as manager for the consortium. (ComSatCorp Release) 

LRC completed 10 experiments to explore nuclear engine chilldown (cooling by liquid hydrogen propellant) and to determine the range of 

conditions for which flow oscillations would occur in an engine 

system. An additional 16 runs were conducted to obtain data on the 

“bootstrap” starting of a nuclear engine. Results of these tests indicated that nuclear rocket engines should be able to start smoothly and 

stably over a wide range of startup conditions. (Atomic Energy Programs, 1965,142349) 

Nearly 390,000 visitors toured NASA Kennedy Space Center and Cape 

Kennedy. The Space Center’s doors were first opened to visitors Jan. 

3, 1965. In its first year, the Center was host to visitors from all 50 

states and 57 countries. (NASA Space Sheet, 3/31/66) 

Visitor attendance at the MSFC Space Orientation Center was 202,445, an 

increase of about 37% over 1964. 

In the last half of the year, USAF doubled its airlift to Southeast Asia, 

mainly Vietnam. In the first six months of 1965 the Military Air 

Transport Service (MATS) airlifted 37,684 tons of cargo and 91,994 

passengers to the area. In the last half, it flew in 58,858 tons of cargo 

and 183,132 passengers. 

USAF flew 10,570 tactical sorties over North Vietnam and 37,940 

over South Vietnam (compared to 764 for 1964) ; VNAF flew an additional 23,700 sorties during 1965, mostly over South Vietnam. (Watson, Balt. Sun, 1/6/66; Brownlow, Av. Wk., 1/10/66) 

(ivijFi: Historiar.) 

Appendix A 

SATELLITES, SPACE PROBES, AND MANNED SPACE 

FLIGHTS 

A CHRONICLE FOR 1965 

The following tabulation was compiled from open sources by Dr. Frank 

W. Anderson, Jr., Deputy NASA Historian. Sources included the United 

Nations Public Registry, the Satellite Situation Report issued by the Space 

Operations Control Center at Goddard Space Flight Center, public informa. 

tion releases of the Department of Defense, NASA and other agencies, and 

the Report to the Congress from the President of the United States: United 

States Aeronautics and Space Activities, 1965. Russian data are from the U.N. 

Public Registry, the Satellite Situation Report, translations from Tass News 

Agency statements in the Soviet press, and internatiorial news seivices’ reports. 

It might be well to call attention to the terms of reference stated or 

implied in the title of this tabulation. This is a listing of payloads that 

have (a) orbited, (b) as probes, ascended to at least the 4,000-mile altitude 

that traditionally has distinguished probes from sounding rockets, etc., or 

(c) conveyed one or more human beings in space. Furthermore, only 

flights thzt succeeded-or at least are not known to have failed-in doing 

one of the above are listed. Date of launch is referenced to iocai iiirie zt 

the launch site. An asterisk by the date marks those dates that are one day 

earlier in this tabulation than in listings which reference to Greenwich time. 

In terms of numbers, ambitiousness, and complexity, the world space 

effort continued to gain momentum. A total of 160 payloads was successfully orbited in a total of 102 launches. Thus more than one third of the 

payloads was in multiple-payload launches. The US. program was up to 

94 payloads in 61 launches in 1965 from 76 payloads in 60 launches in 

1964 (DOD: 67 payloads in 39 launches, compared with 53/38; NASA: 27 

payloads-counting 2 rendezvous pods ejected from manned Gemini spacecraft-in 22 launches, compared with 23/22). The U.S.S.R. once again 

almost doubled its program from a numerical standpoint, with 66 payloads 

in 50 launches, compared with 35/30 in 1964. Multiple payload launches 

increased: the US. had 46 payloads on 15 multiple-payload launches; DOD 

had 40 payloads on its 12 multi-payload launchings and NASA had 6 on 3; 

U.S.S.R. had 23 on 7. Areas of concentration were also obvious: the U.S. 

took the absolute lead in manned spaceflight, with five 2-manned Gemini 

flights to the one Soviet 2-manned flight. But the Soviets more than doubled the US. deep-space effort, with 5 lunar flights and two planetary 

flights to the US. 2 and 1. 

As we have cautioned in previous years, the “Remarks” column of these 

appendixes is never complete because of the inescapable lag behind each 

flight of the analysis and interpretation of scientific results. 

575 
576 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS. 1965 577 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 579 

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Appendix B 

CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR NASA LAUNCHINGS 

JANUARY 1,1965, THROUGH DECEMBER 31,1965 

This chronology of major NASA launchings in 1965 is intended to provide 

an accurate and ready historical reference, one compiling and verifying 

information previously scattered over several sources. It includes launchings of all rocket vehicles larger than sounding rockets launched either by 

NASA or under “NASA direction” (e.g., NASA provided vehicle, launch facilities, tracking facilities, and performed the launch for the French satellite, 

FR-1 ) . An attempt has been made to classify the performance nf Enth the launch 

vehicle and the payload and to summarize total results in terms of primary 

mission. Three categories have been used for vehicle performance and 

mission results-successful (S) , partially successful (P) , and unsuccessful 

(U) . A fourth category, unknown (Unk) , has been provided for payloads 

where vehicle malfunctions did not give the payload a chance to exercise its 

main experiments. These divisions are necessarily arbitrary, since many 

of the results cannot be neatiy categorized. Also they igiioie the fact &at 

a great deal was learned from shots that may have been classified as unsuccessful. 

A few unique items require separate treatment. Their dates have been 

kept in sequence but their history has been relegated to footnotes. Date of 

launch is referenced to local time at the launch site. 

Sources used were all open ones, verified where in doubt from the project 

offices in NASA Hq. and from the NASA Centers. For further information on 

each item, see Appendix A of this volume and the entries in the main chronology as referenced in the index. Prepared January 1966 by Dr. Frank 

W. Anderson, Jr., Deputy NASA Historian (EPH) . 

605 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

F :PI 4 

m m m m mm m :m PI 

m ro m m mm ro :m m 

m m m m mm m :m 5 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 607 

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608 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

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Appendix C 

CHRONOLOGY OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT 1961-1965 

This chronology contains basic information on manned spaceflights by 

the United States and the Soviet Union through 1965. The information 

was compiled by William D. Putnam, Assistant NASA Historian for Manned 

Space Flight. The scope and pace of the manned spaceflight effort has 

increased to the extent that a table devoted exclusively to manned flights 

seems a useful reference tool. 

By the end of 1965, the United States had conducted 11 manned 

spaceflights, nine of these orbital, with a total of 13 different 

crewmen. Three of the 13 American astronauts had participated in two 

flights. The Soviet Union had conducted eight manned flights, all orbital, 

with 11 different crewZen. No Soviet cosmonaut had yet experienced two 

space flights. Cumulative totals for manned spacecraft hours in flight had 

reached 704 hours, 4 minutes for the United States and 431 hours, 53 

minutes for the Soviet Union. Cumulative total manhours in space were 

1,354 hours, 14 minutes, and 506 hours, 29 minutes, respectively. The 

American lead in this area came from two-man Gemini flights; these increased in length from almost five hours in March 1965 to over 330 hours 

for the two-week mission of GEMiNi vii in BecemScr. 

Data on United States flights are the latest available to date within 

NASA. Soviet data are unofficial and derived from open sources, relying 

heavily on the excellent work done on this subject by Dr. Charles S. Sheldon 11, professional staff member of the National Aeronautics and Space 

Council. Details are always subject to revision as information is refined, 

but the major aspects of United States flights have been subject to direct 

observation by the interested citizens of the world and scientific findings 

have been presented to professional audiences at symposia and in the 

professional literature. 

Since specific astronaut-cosmonaut ranks and titles are subject to change 

over time, they are omitted from the chronology in the interest of 

simplicity. All crew members listed, except Feoktistov and Yegorov of 

VOSKHOD I, held military rank. Weight given is the weight of the total 

spacecraft as placed in orbit. Maximum altitude is chosen from many 

possible measurements because it represents a world record category as 

recognized by the Fhdkation ACronautique Internationale. 

609 
610 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

a 

2 

.- 

a 

I F 

I 

z 

e 

s 

2- 

L, 

h 

0 

5 

2 

?: 

L 

3 

N c. 

k 

4 

eq v3 

R 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 611 

d 

d 

v 

F 

3 

9 

-2 

9 

c 

a 

e Lo m 

i 

c 

h 

t0 N 

$ r* N 

R 

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612 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

.E 

E 

6 

f 

a 

.c 

h 

2 E 

2 

'I 

? 

m 

Y 

s: 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 613 

d 

2 

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3 i 

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614 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

m 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 615 

N 0 (0 2 

E 2 

r.’ 00 h 

c 

t- 

$ 

h 

s 

d 

4 
616 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1%5 

w 

-* 

d 

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ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 617 

Appendix D 

ABBREVIATIONS OF REFERENCES 

Listed here are abbreviations for sources cited in the text. This list does 

not include all sources provided in the chronology, for some of the references cited are not abbreviated. Only those references which appear in 

abbreviated form are listed below. Abbreviations used in the chronology 

entries themselves are cross-referenced in the Index. 

A&A 

A&A 65 

ABC 

AEC Release 

i~nfo. POL Ltr. 

AF/SD 

AFOSR Release AFSC Release A~AA Release 

AIP News 

ARC Release 

Atlanta J/Const. 

Atomic Energy Programs, 

AP 

1965 ATSS-T Trans. 

Av. Daily 

Av. Wk. 

Balt. Sun 

Chic. Trib. 

Commerce Dept. Release WBComSatCorp Release 

CR 

CSM 

DAC Release 

DYSSD Apogee DOD Release FAA Release 

FonF 

FR 

FRC Release 

FRC X-Press 

GE Forum 

Goddard News 

CBS 

CNS 

CTNS 

DJNS 

AIAA magazine, Astronautics & Aeronautics NASA Astronautics and Aeronautics, 1965 [this pubAmerican Broadcasting Company 

Atomic Energy Commission News Reiease 

Air Force Information Policy Letter for Commanders 

Air Force and Space Digest magazine 

Air Force Office of Scientific Research News Release 

Air Force Systems Command News Release 

American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 

News Release 

American Institute of Physics News 

Asaoiia:ed Press 

NASA Ames Research Center News Release 

Atlanta Journal and Constitution newspaper AEC Major Activities in the Atomic Energy ProTranslation by NASA Scientific and Technical InforAviation Daily newsletter 

Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine 

Baltimore Sun newspaper 

Columbia Broadcasting System 

Chicago Tribune newspaper 

Copley News Service 

Dept. of Commerce, Weather Bureau, News Release 

Communications Satellite Corporation News Release 

Congressional Record 

Chn'stian Science Monitor newspaper 

Chicago Tribune News Service 

Douglas Aircraft Co. News Release 

Dow Jones News Service 

Douglas Missile and Space Systems Div. Apogee 

Dept. of Defense News Release 

Federal Aviation Agency News Release 

Facts on File 

Federal Register NASA Flight Research Center News Release NASA Flight Research Center FRC X-Press 

General Electric Forum magazine NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Goddard News 

lication] 

grams, 1965 

mation Div., Translators 

619 
620 ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 

GSFC Release GSFC SSR 

HHR~ 

Houston Chron. HTNS 

Ind. Off. Approp. Hearings 

Int. Sci. & Tech. 

JAMA 

J/Armed Forces 

J/Spacecraft and Rockets KSC Release 

Langley Researcher 

LARC Release 

L.A. Times 

Lewis News 

LRC Release 

M&R 

Marshall Star 

Miami Her. 

Milwaukee J. 

Minn. Trib. 

MSC Release MSC Roundup 

M/S Daily NAA Release NAA S&ID Skywriter 

NANA 

NASA Ann. 

NASA Auth. Hearings 

NASA Hq. Bull. 

NASA Off. Int. Aff. NASA Release NASA Rpt. SRL 

NASA SP-5018 NASA Proj. Off. NASA x-15 Proj. Off. NASC Release 

NAS-NRC-NAE News Report 

NASA LAR IV/50 

NBC 

NSC Newsletter 

N.Y. Her. Trib. 

N.Y. J. Amer. 

NYT 

NYTNS 

OAR Release 

Orl. Sent. 

OSSA, OART S. Rkt. Proj. Off. 

Phil. Eve. Bull. 

Phil. Inq. 

Pres. Doc. 

Sat. Eve. Post. 

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center News Release NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Satellite SituuNASA (EPH) Chronology of Major NASA Launches 

Houston Chronicle newspaper 

New York Herald Tribune News Service 

US. Congress, Hearings on Independent Offices Appropriations [N 19663 

International Science and Technology magazine 

Journal of the American Medical Association 

Journal of the Armed Forces 

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 

John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA, News Release NASA Langley Research Center Langley Researcher 

NASA Langley Research Center News Release 

Los Angeles Times newspaper NASA Lewis Research Center Lewis News NASA Lewis Research Center News Release 

Missiles and Rockets magazine NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center MarMiami Herald newspaper 

Milwaukee Journal newspaper 

Minneapolis Tribune newspaper NASA Manned Spacecraft Center News Release NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Space News RoundMissile Space Daily newsletter 

North American Aviation, Inc., News Release 

North American Aviation, Inc., Space and Information Systems Div. S&ID Skywriter 

North American Newspaper Alliance NASA Announcement 

U.S. Congress, Hearings on NASA Authorization 

NASA Headquarters Weekly Bulletin NASA Legislative Activities Report, Vol. IV, No. 50 NASA Office of International Affairs NASA Headquarters News Release NASA Report of Sounding Rocket Launching NASA Special Publication #5018 NASA Project Office NASA (Headquarters) X-15 Project Office 

National Aeronautics and Space Council News Release 

National Academy of Sciences-National Research 

Council-National Academy of Engineering News 

Report 

National Broadcasting Company 

National Space Club Newsletter 

New York Herald Tribune newspaper 

New York Journal American newspaper 

New York Times newspaper 

New York Times News Service 

Office of Aerospace Research (USAF) News Release 

Orlando Sentinel newspaper NASA Office of Space Science and Applications, Office 

of Advanced Research and Technology Sounding 

Rocket Project Offices 

tion Report 

(HHR-~) 

shall Star 

UP 

[FY 19661 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin newspaper 

Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper 

National Archives and Records Service Weekly CornSaturday Evening Post magazine 

pilation of President Documents 
ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS, 1965 621 

SBD 

Sci. Amer. 

Sci. Serv. 

S.F. Chron. 

SR 

Testimony 

Text 

Transcript 

UP1 

U.S. Naval Inst. Proc. 

U.S. News 

U.S. Aeron. & Space Act., 

1965 

Wallops Release 

Wash, Daily News 

Wash, Eve. Stur/Wash. Sun. 

Star 

Wash. Post WBE Sci. Serv. 

WSJ 

Spoce Business Daily newsletter 

Scientific American magazine 

Science Service 

San Francisco Chronicle newspaper 

Saturday Review magazine 

Congressional testimony, prepared statements 

Prepared report or speech text 

O5cial transcript of news conference or CongresUnited Press International 

US. Naval Institute Proceedings 

US. News and World Report magazine 

President’s Report to Congress, United States Aeronautics and Space Activities, 1965 NASA Wallops Station News Release 

Washington Daily News newspaper 

Washington Evening/Sunday Star newspaper 

Washington Post newspaper 

World Book Encyclopedia Science Service 

Wall Street Journal newspaper 

sional hearing 

A-1 (French satellite), 456, 526, 527, 

570 

A-7 (attack aircraft), 20 AAAS. See American Association for the 

Aafss. See Advanced Aerial Fire SupAAS. See American Astronautical SoAbbot, Dr. Charles G., 335 ABC. See American Broadcasting Co. 

Abelson, Dr. Philip H., 97, 337 ABL. See Automated Biological LaboraAble, Charles R., 44.6 

Abraham, Karl, 183 

Abres. See Advanced Baiiisiic Recnii-y 

Acceleration, 20, 23, 123, 181, 191 

Accident, 123, 204, 302, 345, 373, 377, 

Achilles, Theodore C., 94 

Acs. See Attitude Control System. 

AC Spark Plug Div. (General Motors 

Actuator, 14, 156 

Adams, Rep. Brock, % 

Adams, Dr. Mac C., 386, 460, 564 

Adams, Maj. Michael J. (USAF), 514 

Adenosine triphosphate (Atp), 371 

Adler, Joel, 566 ADN (E. German press agency), 232 

Adp. See Automatic data processing. 

Advanced Aerial Fire Support System 

Advanced Ballistic Reentry Systems 

Advanced Flight Simulation Laboratory, 

Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft 

Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory 

Advanced Research Projects Agency 

Advanced Vidicon Camera System 

“Advances in Aircraft Technology,” 518 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. AEDC. See Arnold Engineering Develop 

Aero Club of Washington, 364, 491 

Aero Spacelines, Inc., 234, 437, 562 

Advancement of Science. 

port System. 

ciety. 

tory. 

Systems. 

398, 414, 492 

Ccrp.?, 139 

(Aafss), 504 

(Abres), 144 

311 

(Amsa), 84, 333, 485 

( Aoso) , 332, 554 

(ARPA), 157, 345, 373, 525 

(Avcs), 408 

ment Center. 

Aerobee (sounding rocket), 215, 321 

150-108, 127, 132, 170, 264, 455, 521, 

534 

150~-15, 261, 439, 449, 483 

300~-139 

350-289, 450 

Aerojet-General Corp., 49, 55, 192, 270, 

286, 347 

Aetron Div., 115 

contract, 274, 282, 572 

strike, 248, 260 

Aeronautics, 33, 77, 90, 327 

award, 32, 186, 292 

research. 18-19. 3S37. 40-42. 49-50. 

57, 77-78, 84; 89, 90; 112, 170, 176; 

178, 231, 294, %3-465, 482, 496, 

4937, 51% 519, 524. 543, 568 

Aeronutronic. Div., Phil& Corp., 485 

Aerospace (subject). See entries under 

Aerospace, 4Q7, 569 

Aerospace Corp., 216, 221, 419420 

Aerospace Industries Association of 

Aerospace industry, 13, 52, 54, 70, 110, 

contracts, 123, 572 

employment, 418 

exports, 7, 164 

market forecast, 110 

%1 

Space. 

America, Inc., 407, 415, 562 

111, 113, 114, 141, 152, i75, 569 

Aerospace Instrumentation Symposium, 

-4erospace Research Laboratory, 237 

Aerospace Research Satellite (Ars), 461 

Aerospace Research Vehicle (Am) (satAerospace Transporter (spacecraft), 206 

Aerozine-50, 547 AES. See Apollo Extension System. 

Aetron Div., Aerojet-General Corp., 115 AFA. See Air Force Association. AFCMD. See USAF Contract Management 

AFCRL. See Air Force Cambridge ReAfrica, 554 AFSC. See Air Force Systems Command. AFSSD. See Air Force Space Systems 

Agena (booster) (see also Atlas-Agena, 

Thor-Agena), 23, 165, 166, 190 

ellite), 24 

Division. 

search Laboratories. 

Div. 

B, 142 

D, 5, 269, 289 

623 

FXECCEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FiLMEC. 
624 INDEX 

Agena Review Board, 491 

Agena Target Vehicle, 23, 347, 487, 489, 

491, 502, 509, 511, 524, 571 

Agriculture, Dept. of (USDA), 174 AGU. See American Geophysical Union. AIAA. See American Institute of AeroAiken, Sen. George D., 46 AIP. 

“Air bus” (transport aircraft), 314 

Air cushion vehicle, 34, 374 

Air Density Explorer (spacecraft), 486 

Air Force and Space Digest, 361, 498 

Air Force Association (AFA), 304, 440, 

Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL), 24, 117, 124, 149, 

206, 456, 566 

nautics and Astronautics. 

See American Institute of Physics. 

442 

balloon launch, 47, 78 

Space Physics Laboratory, 47 

147 

Air Force/Industry Planning Seminar, 

Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, 451 

Air Force Space Systems Div. (AFSSD), 

490 

Air Force Systems Command (AFSC), 18, 

66, 114, 128, 147, 170, 264, 354, 384, 

406, 4Q8 

Aeronautical Systems Div., 84 

Aerospace Test Wing, 6595th, 144 

Agena (booster), 23, 166, 190 

Review Board, 491 

Target Vehicle, 23, 524 

agreement, 484 

airspace defense control system, 241, 

Apollo (program), 484 

astronaut training, 246, 399 

contract, 8, 84, 121, 166, 190, 537 

Contract Management Div., 5 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory, 231, 483 

research 

aeronautical, 84, 121, 2011, 381, 537 

space systems, 58, 105-107, 204, 537 

41 1 

rocket engine, 23, 157, 165 

test, 84, 157, 182 

Air France, 237 

Air India, 237 

Air pollution, 271 

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 445 

Air Rescue Service, 390 

Air Research Manufacturing Co., 438 

Air traffic control, 152, 174, 353, 384, 500 

Air Transport Association of America 

(ATA). 114. 118 

Air transporiation, 175, 205, 264, 335, 

Aircraft, 2, 106, 128, 165, 222, 322, 350, 

345, 481, 518 

361. 480. 555 

bomber, 6,’ 18, 34, 73, 84, 87, 168, 189, 

278, 290, 291, 329, 333, 381, 484, 544 

cargo, 18, 20, 41, 50, 121, 283-285, 406, 

481, 562 

fighter, 6, 19, 52, 63, 109, 178, 288, 393, 

433,510, 512 

supersonic, 6, 14, 18, 19, 20, 52, 90, 

109. 121, 122. 172. 178. 180. 183. 

241; 307,. 325,’ 474,‘500, 537, 549 ’ 

foreign, 18, 34, 52, 63, 87, 189, 196, 

234, 241, 275, 283-285, 292, 314, 315, 

316, 318, 329, 337, 360-361, 372, 383, 

393. 528 

helicopter, 32, 39, 114, 122, 231, 254, 

hovercraft. 33. 374. 528 

297, 315, 371, 372, 382, 504, 521 

hypersonic 35, 90,’203, 349, 464, 543 

interceptor, 19, 144, 213, 221 

reconnaissance, 18, 52, 87, 124, 504, 

537 

record, 122, I%, 150, 189, 213, 221, 

233, 245,371,453 

research, 18-19, 40-41, 77, 84, 170, 191, 

204-206, 231, 242, 352, 518 

Stol, 50, 52, 63, 197 

training, 234, 245, 275 

transport (see also Aircraft, Stol, V/ 

Stol, and Vtol; Aircraft, supersonic transport), 52, 63, 115, 121, 

124, 157, 275, 294, 314, 315, 318, 

337 

jet, 14, 73, 84, 94, 131, 189, 222, 241, 

258, 292, 302, 340, 393, 469, 516, 

555 

military, 52, 335, 454, 482 

241, 307, 334 

322, 349, 387, 399 

variable-sweepwing, 14, 59, 121, 234, 

V/Stol, 15, 41, 50, 54, 90, 204, 248, 

Vtol, 15, 36, 41, 50, 52, 63, 69, 178, 393 

X-15 (rocket research). See x-15. 

Aircraft Noise Research Program, 242 

Aircraft Operating Problems Committee, 

228 

Aircraft, supersonic transport (Sst) (see 

also Concorde (U.K.-France) suDersonic transport), 25, 90, 228, 587, 

330, 417, 481, 490, 521 

airworthiness, 48, 73 

benefits, 58, 185 

contract, 8, 257, 312 

criticism, 545 

development, 33-34, 37, 40, 50, 59, 297, 

309, 316, 491, 516 

Fausst group, 48, 73 

foreign, 73, 87-88, 204, 205-206, 237, 

279, 315-316, 31tL319, 336, 417, 479, 

490 

hazards, 555 

sonic boom, 15, 48, 73, 199, 237, 571 

L‘Aire Liquide, 202 

Airglow, 157 

Airlines, 25, 49, 83, 112, 114, 185-186, 

237, 469, 501, 514, 517 

Airlock, 153, 157, 231,430 

The Airman, 534 

Airport, 198, 275, 335, 415, 420, 495, 549 

Airport surveillance radar (Asr) , 513 

Akron, Ohio, 131 

Akulinichev, Dr. I., 3 

safety, 233 
INDEX 625 

Alabama, 173, 255 

Alabama, Univ. of, 232-233 

Alamogordo, N. Mex., 332 

Alaska, 58, 214, 233,276 

Alaska, Univ. of, 525 

Albert, Rep. Carl, 325 

Albuquerque, N. Mex., 237, 241, 514, 549 

Alcock (comet), 452 

Alcock, G. E. D., 452 

Aldebaran (star), 57, 366 

Alden Electronics Corp., 282 

Aldrin, Edwin E., Jr., 10, 321 

Alessandrini, Federico, 152 

Alexander, W. M., 330 

Alexandria, Va., 294 

Alfven, Hannes, 198, 573 

Algatron (life support system), 232 

Algeria, 76, 151 

Alitalia, 25 

Alkaid (star), 215, 261 

All-Union Conference on Planetary Cosmogony (Moscow), 343 

Alldredge, Dr. Leroy R., 523 

Allen, H. Julian, 444, 462 

Allen, J. Denton, 355 

Allen, John G., Jr., 360 

Allen, William M., 37 

A!ler, Dr. L. H.: 221 

Aller, Robert, 563 

Allis-Chalmers Research Div., 238 

Alloy, 535 

ALOUETTE (Canadian satellite) 

I, 239, 448, 452 11. 523. 527. 546. 570 

Alphonsus (moon' crater), 140, 143, 146, 

Aisep. See Apoiio iuriai Siiifiiie Ex148, 149, 515 

periments Packages. 

Alter, Dinsmore, 357 

Amazonis (Martian desert), 68 

Amchitka Island, 495, 525 

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 

119 

American Airlines, 59, 237 

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 3, 11, 564, 

566 

American Association of Clinical Chemists, 410 

American Astronautical Society (AAS), 

59, 62, 64, 133, 154, 216, 383, 488 

American Bar Association, 371 

American Broadcasting Co. (ABC), 229, 

249, 254, 271, 445 

American Car and Foundry Co., Inc., 282 

American Chemical Society, 168, 229, 

425, 427, 436 

American College of Preventive Medicine, 494 

American Congress on Surveying and 

Mapping, 159 

American Electric Power Co., 407 

American Federation of Musicians, 561 

American Geophysical Union (AGU) , 189, 

190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 414 

American Heart Association, 9 

American Helicopter Society, 231 

American Institute of Aeronautics and 

Astronautics (AIAA), 35, 154 

awards, 471, 507 

International Aerospace Abstracts, 471 

meeting, 5, 22, 101-102, 119, 173, 194- 

195, 347, 492, 505, 519 

Research Award, 32 

Wyld, James H., Propulsion Award, 

286 

American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 63 

American Institute of Industrial Engineers, 138 

American Institute of Physics (AIP). 310 

American Legion, 101, 3fl 

American Machine and Foundry Co., 92, 

191, 341 

American Management Association, 106 

American Meteorological Society, 38 

American Museum of Natural History, 78 

American Newspaper Publishers Association, 495, 532 

American Nuclear Society-Atomic Industrial Forum, 516, 517 

American Ordnance Association, 494 

American Physical Society, 38, 202, 208, 

209, 495 

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 283 

American Society of Mechanical Engi- neers (ASME), 128, 131, 463, 512 

American Society of Newspaper Editors, 

423 

American Society of Photogrammetry, 

59 

American Society of Tool and Manufacturing Engineers, 156 

American Telephone and Telegraph Co. 

(AT&T). 81. 201. 265. 2?8. 334. 532 

American' Trial Lwyers Associaiion, 351 

American Univ., 514 

Ames, Milton B., Jr., 107, 233, 234, 310 

Ames Research Center (ARC), 36, 49, 50, 

64, 77, 78, 93-94, 119, 138, 169, 295, 

443, 518, 556 

award, 356,462 

Biosatellite, 59, 138 

contract, 191, 311 

experiments, 36, 207 

facilities, 311, 565 

Mission Analysis Division, 69 

research, 69, 323, 352, 425, 449, 468, 

test, 41, 516 

Eastern Test Range. 

Aircraft. 

ical Engineers. 

337, 361 

555 

AMR. See Atlantic Missile Range and 

Amsa. See Advanced Manned Strategic 

AMSE. See American Society of Mechan. 

An-22 (U.S.S.R. transport aircraft), 285, 

An-24B (U.S.S.R. transport aircraft), 361 
626 INDEX 

Anders, Edward, 448 

Anders, William, 321 

Anderson, C. A., 78 

Anderson, Sen. Clinton P., 62, 155 

Anderson, Omer, 32 

Anderson, Orvil A., 513 

Anderson, Rep. William R., 46 

Andes, 416 

Andover, Me., 172, 180, 197, 228, 555 

Andre, L/C Daniel (USAF), 213 

Andrews AFB, Md., 532 

Ann Arbor, Mich., 283 ANNA IB (eeodetic satellite). 274 

AnniversaG, 1, 7, 42, 107, 121, 127, 138, 

147, 162-163, 165, 222, 243, 297, 298, 

325, 335, 360, 371, 381-382, 512, 527, 

546 

Anniversary of the Bolshevik Revolution, 

Antarctic Treaty, 531 

Antarctica, 56, 115, 174, 181, 523, 531, 

dust “core sampling,” 191 

Antares (rocket), 244. 

Antenna, 16, 30, 67, 92, 108, 115, 126, 

139, 149, 197, 228, 348, 364, 386, 467, 

492, 510, 537, 556, 573 

Anticosmos, 107 

Antideuteron, 107, 279, 573 

Antimatter. 107. 258. 279. 573 

512, 527 

532, 557 

Antimissile’ missile, 39, 86, 156, 161, 310, 

447, 452, 522, 541, 553 

Antirock, 258 

Antisatellite defense, 242 

Antiworld, 279 

Antonov, Oleg, 283, 361 

Aonius Sinus (Mars), 68 

Aoso. 

AP. See Associated Press. APL. See Applied Physics Laboratory. 

Apollo (program), 29-30, 109, 115, 174, 

See Advanced Orbiting Solar Observatory. 

177, 482, 506 

astronaut, 10, 56, 133 

criticism, 11, 97, 181 

experiment, 45, 524 

facilities, 11, 490, 502 

funds for, 27, 75, 109, 171, 204, 219, 

impact, 394 

lunar landing program, 5, 7, 45, 75, 97, 

109, 165, 246,351, 467 

management, 1, 20, 80, 479 

plans for, 7, 27, 29, 43, 75, 171, 174, 

482,557 

295, 335, 341, 346, 358-359, 367, 418, 

429, 447, 469-470 

progress, 23-24, 29-30, 43, %, 100, 116, 

123, 129, 162, 188, 198, 209, 301, 325, 

348,478,490,517 

space hazards, 160, 196 

test, 7, 27, 43, 54, 55, 72, 73, 80, 112, 

tracking, 92, 107, 120, 174, 466 

Apollo (spacecraft), 77, 92, 113, 174, 227 

162 

Apollo-X, 27, 29-30, 77, 174 

boilerplate model, 55, 72, 193, 365, 485 

contract, 33, 91, 94, 109, 117, 139, 174, 

177. 182. 185. 549 

equipment; 115 160-161, 165 

escape system, 112, 238, 540 

facilities, 11, 48, 52, 54, 92, 115, 119, 

178-179, 184 

launch vehicle, 29-30, 39, 54, 56, 72, 

73, 80, 82, 91, 93, 96, 97, 100, 123, 

162, 177, 182, 188, 191, 197, 198, 209 

module. 55. 185 

command, 72, 113, 139, 174, 177, 193, 

244, 247, 301, 490, 492, 540 

lunar excursion (LEM), 7, 33, 48, 75, 

112, 113, 119, 139, 152, 160, 177, 

186. 315. 345. 352 

test, 43; G,’ 55,’ 56, 79-80, 110, 112, 

162, 177, 186, 188, 197, 198, 228, 238, 

540. 570 

Apollo Extension System (AES), 27, 29, 

77, 174, 217, 302, 341, 343, 434, 444, 

449 

Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Pack- aees ( AlseD). 366. 476 

Apgel, Fredeiick, 222, 289 

Applications Technology Satellite (Ats) , 

Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) (Johns 

275, 289, 519, 550 

HoDkins Univ.). 508. 515 

Apt. ‘See Automatic- -Picture TransmisAquanaut, 402, 417, 421, 425, 434, 443, 

Aral Sea, 369 ARC. See Ames Research Center. 

Arcas (meteorological rocket), 121, 236, 

Arctic and Antarctic Institute (U.S.S.R.) , 

Arctic Circle, 35, 58 

Arecibo, Puerto Rico, 194 

Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory, 109, 

Argentina, 58, 225, 236, 307, 370, 416, 

Argo ~4 (Javelin) (sounding rocket), 

Argo 14 (sounding rocket), 184, 302 ARIEL 11 (UK satellite), 328 

Aristarchus (moon crater), 515 

Arizona, Univ. of, 4, 57, 84, 85 

Arkansas, 255 

Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, 249 

Armed Forces News Service, 473 

Armed Forces Week, 233 

Arms control, 32, 105, 416, 427 

Armstrong, Neil A., 58, 334, 339, 382, 

Army Air Corps, 513 

Army Corps of Engineers, 88 

sion system. 

450, 467, 471 

420 

387 

194, 229 

511 

15, 239, 249, 447, 468 

contract, 14, 37, 105, 175, 453 

( AEDC) , 80, 535 

SECOR V, 374 

Arnold Engineering Development Center 
INDEX 627 

Arnold, James R., 448 ARPA. See Advanced Research Projects 

Ars. See Aerospace Research Satellite. 

Artemyev, Yevgeny, 129 

Artificial life, 427, 436, 466 

Artron (artificial neuron), 204 

Artsimovich, Lev A,, 183 

Arv. See Aerospace Research Vehicle. 

Asahi Shimbum, 236 

Ascension Island, 39 ASME. 

ical Engineers. 

Aspen, Colo., 549, 553 

Asr. See Airport surveillance radar. 

Asset, Project, 88, 92, 106 

Associated Press (AP), 96, 186, 452, 527, 

Association of Military Surgeons of the 

Asteroid, 472, 506, 507 ASTM. See American Society for Testing 

and Materials. 

Astrogeologist, 496 

Astronaut (see also Cosmonaut), 363, 

Agency. 

See American Society of Mechan553, 555 

U.S., 517 

402. 442. 461. 535. 562 

extraiehicular activify, 190, 208, 247, 

218, 255, 256, 265, 269, 273, 510, 570 

former. 5. 345. 460.474.476 

goodwill .tour; 424, 438, 440, 441, 446, 

GT-3 flight, 15, 152 GEMINI VI flight, 483, 493, 511, 547, 

GEMINI VII flight, 493, 511, 538, 554, 

Gemini VIII flight, 4.44 

Gemini IX flight, 510 

honored, 155, 156, 158, 159, 259, 278, 

283, 286, 404, 433, 437, 448449, 472, 

474, 476, 51tL.519, 567 

448, 452, 460, 463, 474 

551-552, 554, 556, 558 

558, 560 

message to, 147, 271, 403, 548 

performance, 147, 512, 566, 567 

physical examination, 118, 377, 382, 

pilot/astronaut, 423 

press conference, 470, 500 

promotion, 294, 331, 54.8 

scientist-astronaut, 5, 299, 300, 343, 

scientists, 5, 63, 102, 123, 132-133 

selection, 19-20, 118, 123, 269, 299, 

495, 514, 535 

training, 10, 97, 246, 321, 334, 399, 530 

women as, 63, 123 

Astronautics and Aeronautics, 44, 98, 305 

Astronautics Award, 471 

Astronomical Journal, 401 

Astronomical Unit (AU), 258 

Astronomy, 4, 43, 67, 108, 126, 183, 223, 

261, 264, 281, 311, 319, 321, 342, 343, 

344 

Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, 

Mass., 67, 82, 376 

403, 533, 567 

383, 398, 423 

ATA. See Air Transport Association of 

America. 

ATBT. See American Telephone and 

Athena (missile), 49. 67. 426. 473 

Telegraph Co. 

Athena (reentry program), 2%~ 

Athens, Greece, 390 

Atlantic City, N.J., 238, 353, 488 

Atlantic Council, 94 

Atlantic Missile Range (AMR) (see also 

Eastern Test Range), 87 

Atlantic Ocean, 22, 39, 116, 132, 146 

Atlantic Research Corp., 97 

Atlas (booster), 106, 132, 144, 275, 289 

D, 244, 461 

SLV-3, 183 

SLV-3x, 123, 275 

Atlas (missile), 57, 66, 73, 161, 254, 257, 

522 

Atlas-Agena (booster) (see also Agena) , 165, 206, 332, 339, 490, 509 

B, 140 

D, 27, 120,206, 341,454 

Atlas-Centaur (booster) (see also Centaur), 103, 120, 197, 348, 374, 421, 

570 

Atluri, C. R., 258 

Atmosphere 

artificiai, 36, 128 

contamination of, 305 

density, 6, 15, 55, 78 

oxygen-nitrogen, 145 

pressure, 78 

temperature, 55, 78, 124, 374 

upper measurement, 35, 58, 110, 121, 

132, 262 

Atnm, 517 

“Atomic age,” 335 

Atomic bomb, 232, 236, 332, 527 

Atomic clock, 284 

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 3, 18, 

39, 44, 45, 63, 107, 122, 135, 180, 

325, 332, 536, 546 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 107, 

279 

cooperation, 61, 240, 243, 292 

Division of Space Nuclear Systems, 292 

funds, 3, 28, 62, 98,279 

launch, 166 

Mound Laboratory, 99 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 167, 

547 

reactor 

Kiwi, 13, 25, 117, 306, 519 

NRX, 240, 255, 306 

Phoebus, 49, 282, 296, 519 

Snap, 7, 28, 30, 59, 62, 100, 141, 166, 

172, 243, 292, 306, 510, 569 

satellite, 39-40, 242, 341 

spacecraft, 167, 172 

Atomics International, 18, 30, 272 

Atp. See Adenosine triphosphate. 

Ats. See Applications Technology Satellite. 
628 INDEX 

AT&T. See American Telephone and 

Telegraph Co. 

Attitude Control System (Acs), 15, 261 

Atwood, J. L., 336, 514 

Auburn, Mass., 121 

Ault, G. Mervin, 283, 519 

Aurora, 525 AURORA 7 (spacecraft), 173 

Austin, Tex., 5% 

Australia, 76, 85, 353, 520, 540, 545 

Australian National University, 85 

Auter, Henry F., 505 

Autoflare (automatic landing system), 

275 

Automated Biological Laboratory (Abl), 

60, 201 

Automatic data processing (Adp), 561 

Automatic Picture Transmission System 

Avco Corp., 460, 536 

Avcs. See Advanced Vidicon Camera 

(Apt), 408 

Svstem. 

Aviaexport (U.S.S.R.) , 314 

Aviation, 49, 77 

commercial, 49, 50, 84, 88, 114, 118, 

185 

Aviation and Space Conference, ASME, 

Aviation Daily, 447 

Aviation Hall of Fame, 555 

Aviation/Space Writers’ Association, 50 

129 

meeting. 183. 455 

Aviation/uSpace Writers’ Association Conference, 237, 241, 244, 245, 545, 562 

Aviation Week and Space Technology, 

3, 20, 86, 124, 142, 170, 190, 215, 235; 

300, 364, 380, 405, 418, 427, 444, 451, 

481, 482, 498, 500, 501, 541 

Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika, 372, 532 

.4wards, 156, 199, 472 

civic. 156. 199. 472 

government, 15, 17, 48, 57, 58, 71, 134, 

194, 195, 239, 256, 290, 295, 301, 343, 

406, 431. 453-454. 478 

industry, 101, 331, 411 

institutions, 25, 30, 73, 129, 156, 283, 

485 

soiLeiy, 9, 17, 101 

aeronautics, 292. 486, 506-507 

astronautics, 131, 390,’ 431, 486, 506- 

astronomy, 43, 67, 202-203 

aviation, 13, 32, 186, 292, 526 

engineering, 156, 209 

foreign, 73, 448-449, 474 

space, 32, 98, 471 

507 

Azores, 327 

Azores Weather Bureau, 324 

Azusa, Calif., 260 

B-17 (Fortress), 284 

B-52 (Stratofortress), 84, 278, 290, 329, 

B-58 (Hustler, bomber), 6, 189, 284, 316, 

333, 544 

544 

8-70 (bomber), 232 

XB-~O, 19, 77, 84, 206, 2M, 547, 568 

XB-TOA, 72, 150, 191, 284, 308, 336, 

351, 453, 478, 482, 562, 563 

BAC-111 (jet airliner), 318 

Backup Interceptor Control (Buic) , 411 

Bader, Dr. Michel, 490 

Baffles, 107 

Bahamas, 260 

Baikonur Cosmodrome, 131, 139, 140, 

155, 189 

Bain, Gordon, 386 

Baker-Nunn Camera Station, 528 

Bakinskiy rabochiy, 372 

Balakshin, Leonid, 386 

Balboa. Panama Canal Zone. 121 

Balch, ’Jackson M., 221, 505‘ 

Baldwin, Hanson, 45 

Ball Brothers Research Corp., 188, 405, 

447 

Ballard. William F. R.. 495 

Balloon’ 

flight, 78, 326, 513, 520 

launch facilities, 350 

record, 243 

recovery system, 456 

steerable, 556 

weather, 47, 175, 220, 271 

Baltimore, Md., 317 

Baltimore Sun. 106. 441. 527 

Bandung, Wesf Java, 375 

Barbados, 501-502 

Barbour. Laura Taber, Air Safety Award, 

186 

49 

Barking Sands missile tracking facility, 

Barling, Walter Henry, 168 

Barnes Engineering Co., 414 

Bartlett, Sen. E. L., 276 

“Basic Research and National Goals” 

(report) , 199 

Bassett, Capt. Charles A. (USAF), 321, 

510 

Bates, Dr. Thomas F., 124 

Battelle Memorial Institute, 187, 283, 408 

Baumann, Robert C., 544 

Baxter Construction Co., 453 

Bazooka, 127 BBC. See British Broadcasting Co. BEA. See British European Airways. 

Bealmear, Sister M. Margaret, 124 

Bean, Allen, 10 

Bedford, Mass., 220 

Behavioral studies, 174 

“Belching spider” (lunar landing simulator), 360 

Belgium, 259 

Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 401 

Bell Aerospace Corp., 157, 161, 375 

Bell Aerosystems Co., 165, 186, 210, 342, 

Bell, Alexander Graham, 555 

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 2, 228, 

Bell Telephone System, 236 

360, 374, 399, 465 

261 
INDEX 629 

Beller, William S., 380, 450 

Belyayev, Col. Pave1 (U.S.S.R.), 131, 

132, 134, 136, 139, 140, 141, 147, 153, 

154, 

457, %O, 473 

Ben Bella, President Ahmed (Algeria), 

151 

Bendix Corp., 131, 24Q, 342 

Bendix Systems Div., 367 

Bendix Field Engineering Corp., 70, 448, 

Mi 

Benioff, Hugo, 193 

Bennett. Dr. Geoffrev. 204-205 

156, 222, 323, 395, 430, 438-4399 

Berg, B)C Russell A.' '(USAF) , 4Q6 

Bergman, Jules, 271, 438 

Berkelev. Calif.. 77. 281, 565, 566 

Berkner; Dr. Lloyd V., 397 

Berkone (Sealab support ship), 450 

Berl, Dr. Walter G., 99 

Berlin, Germany, 188 

Berliner Zeitung, 346, 379 

Bermuda, 12, 175, 559 

Berry, Dr. Charles A., 201, 267, 405, 424. 

Beta (U.S.S.R. nuclear power system), 

Betelgeuse (star), 57, 366 

Rethewla, Md.: 368 

Bhabha, Dr. Homi J., 527 

Bikle, Paul F., 278, 464 

Bilhorn, Thomas, 349 

Billings, Mont., 473 

Bioastronautics, 59, 115, 132, 146, 181, 

188, 373, 410, 483 

Bioletti, Carlton, 138 

Biological clock, 116, 281, 470 

Bloiogy, 28i, 297, 570 

Bioluminescence, 119 

Biomedicine, 174, 196, 201, 266, 267, 283, 

313, 443 

Bionics, 204 

Biophysical Society, 481 

Biosatellite (program), 59, 133, 138, 150, 

Bioscience, 4, 54, 115, 132, 344 BIS. See British Interplanetary Society. 

Bisplinghoff, Dr. Raymond L., 103, 206, 

231, 252, 253, 295, 349, 350, 379, 386, 

498 

431, 488, 533, 558, 560, 566 

123 

207 

Black Brant (rocket), 277, 290 

Black Knight (research rocket), 526 

Blagonravov, Dr. Anatoli A., 111, 227, 262 

Bleymaier, B/G Joseph S. (USAF), 12, 

Blind, aids for, 90 

Blizard. Dr. Jane, 202 

Blount Brothers Corp., 26, 312 

Blue Angels (Aerial Team), 316 

Blue Book Project, 38, 327 

Blue Scout (rocket), 157 

Blue Scout, Jr. (rocket), 39, 176, 227, 

Blue Streak (British rocket), 143, 365, 

Blumenthal, Fred, 259 

107, 183, 290, 291, 354, 406 

272 

545 

Blumrich, Josef F., i65 

BMwF. See Federal German Ministry 

BOAC. See British Overseas Airways 

Boat, solar, 299 BOB. See Budget, Bureau of. 

Bochum Institute for Satellite and Space 

Bochum Observatory (W. Germany), 

Boeing 377 (Stratocruiser) , 234 

Boeing 707 (Stratoliner), 109, 131, 228, 

302, 334 

Boeing 707-349C (jet aircraft), 516 

Boeing 720 (jetliner), 131 

Boeing 727-22 (jetliner), 221 

Boeing 727-QC (jet aircraft), 346 

Boeing 737 (jetliner), 84 

Boeing Co., 41, 55, 84, 100, 120, 231, 314. 

for Scientific Research. 

Corp. 

Research, 562-563 

292, 311, 336 

428, 430 

contract, 315, 393, 435. 447. 572 

landing svstem. 131 I ~~~ 

Mola br Zi8 

Saturn v, 191, 447. 525, 546 

sonic boom study, 65 

strike, 437, 445, 462463 

supersonic transport, 37, 59, 163, 214, 

Boeing Scientific Research Laboratories, 

Bogard, L/G Frank A. (USAF, Ret.), 368 

Bolender, Col. C. H. (USAF), 297 

Bollerud. Col. lack (WAF). 297 

257, 309, 5i5 

8 

Bomber aircraft, 6, 34, 84, 168, 189, 190, 

290, 291, 329, 333, 381, 484, 544 

fmizz, ?7. 34, 87 

noise, 6, 72 

supersonic, 19, 72, 84, 150, 191, 199, 

232, 264, 308, 336, 478, 482, 562, 563 

Bombsight, 284 

Bond, Capt. George (USN) ,471 

Bone, demineralization, 489, 540 

Bonn, W. Germany, 178 

Bonney, Walter T., 350 

Boosted-Dart (sounding rocket), 236 

Borisov. T.. 230 

Borman, L/c Frank (USAF), 208, 308, 

317, 493, 500, 511, 530, 533, 557, 558, 

560. 563 567 

Boron' compounds, 19,170 

Boston, Mass., 292, 505 

Boston College, 198 

Boston Sunday Globe, 2 

Bostrom, Dr. C. O., 118 

Bothmer, Clyde, 68 

Bourdeau, Robert E., 375 

Bowie, William, Medal, 193 

Bowman, B/G Julian H. (USAF, Ret.), 

324. 368 

Boy Scouts, 109 

Boyden Station, South Africa, 516 

Brademas, Rep. John, 399 

Bradley, Gen. Mark E. (USAF, Ret.), 477 

Bradley, Gen. Omar N. (USA, Ret.), 352 
630 INDEX 

Brandeis Univ., 509 

Brandt, Mayor Willie, 188 

Branscomb. Dr. Lewis. 169 

Bravo (buoy station), ‘564 

Brazil, 58, 307, 325, 365, 370, 513, 515, 

Brazilian Space Commission (CNAE) . 220. 

553, 557 

307. 51s. 553 I ---I ~~ 

Breaux, John J., 179 

Brcguet 121 (French aircraft). 234 

Brennan, Dr. John J., Jr., 12 

Brevard Eneineerine Colleee. 519 

Brewster Flit, Wash., 324-326, 385, 462, 

Brezhnev. Leonid I.. 140, 313 

463,500, 527, 537 

.. Bridge, Dr. H. S., 330 

Brigham City, Utah, 32 

British Aircraft Corp., 87, 121, 215, 234, 

British Association for the Advancement 

British Broadcasting Co. (BBC), 246, 277 

British European Airways (BEA) , 275 

British Interplanetary Society (BIS) , 154 

British Overseas Airways Corp. (BOAC) , 

Broglio, Prof. Luigi, 340 

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 107, 

Brooklyn College, 182 

Brooks AFB, Tex., 305, 494, 532 

Brooks, Harvey, 125, 310 

Brouwer, Prof. Dirk, 416 

Brown Engineering Corp., 109, 319 

Brown. Gov. Edmund G.. 9. 113. 406. 457 

237, 413 

of Science, 413,492 

237, 314, 357 

279 

Brown; Dr. Frank A., Ji., 115-116, 495 

Brown, Rep. George E., 46 

Brown. Dr. Harold, 46, 158. 322, 424, .. 458,498 

Brown, Samuel P., 102 

Brown Univ., 269 

Brunn, Robert R., 312, 475 

Brussels, Belgium, 76 

Bryson Construction Co., Inc., 533 

Buchanan, Don, 517 

Buckley, Edmond C., 88, 105, 561 

Bucyrus-Erie, 422 

Budapest, Hungary, 272 

Budget, Bureau of (BOB), 45, 77, 192 

Budiardjo, Air V/A (Indonesia), 6 

Bueche, Dr. Arthur M., 410 

Buell, David N., 244 

Buffalo, N.Y., 240 

Buic. See Backup Interceptor Control. 

Building Products Executives ConferBull, Dr. Gerald V., 502 

Bull Pup (missile), 315 

Bulova Watch Co., 352 

Bunker-Ramo Corp., 484 

Buoy, 564 

Buoy network, 38,22&221 

Burch, John L., 455 

Burcham, Dr. Donald P., 533 

Bureau of Naval Weapons (USN), 453 

Burgers, Dr. Johannes M., 466 

ence, 463 

Burgess, Eric, 378 

Burke, Walter F., 493 

“Burner 11’’ (launch vehicle stage), 435 

Burns, Gov. Haydon, 394, @I 

Burton, Dr. Russell R., 181 

Buryy, V. V., 345 

Bush, Robert A., 505 

Butler, Ralph, 326 

Bykovsky, Valentina F., 66, 182 

Bykovsky, Valery F., 66, 182, 397 

Byrd Station, Antarctica, 174 

Byram, E. T., 212 

c-1 (rocket engine), 65 

C-5A (cargo transport), 20, 120, 335, 454, 

c-119 (Flying Boxcar) (cargo aircraft), 

C-130 (Hercules) (transport aircraft), 

c-130~ (transport aircraft), 63 

C-133~ (Cargomaster) (transport airc-141 (Starliftcr) (cargo jet), 2, 198 

c-141~ (cargo jet), 41 CAB. See Civil Aeronautics Board. 

Cabell, Gen. Charles P. (USAF, Ret.), 

Cabot, Godfrey L., Award, 292 

Cadiz, Ohio, 243 

Cairo, U.A.R., 8, 187 

Caldecote, Lord, 215 

Calhoun, Dr. John C., Jr., 124 

California, 9, 106, 135, 216, 405, 457 

California Institute of Technology (Cal 

Tech), 61, 67, 206, 371, 481, 495, 507, 

520 

California, Univ. of, 85, %, 103, 232, 258, 

439. 448. 502. 566 

481, 484, 491 

116, 358 

52,63, 112, 114, 124 

craft), 490 

312 

California,’ Univ. of, at Los Angeles 

Callahan, Fred, 179 

Calle, Paul, 202 

Cal Tech. See California Institute of 

Technology. 

Calverton, N.Y., 307, 530 

Calvin, Melvin, 223 

Cambodia, 381 

Cambridge, Mass., 12, 49, 67, 376, 382 

Cambridge Redevelopment Authority, 186 

Cambridge Research Laboratories. See 

Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. 

Cosmos, 86 GEMINI IV, 255 

RANGER IX, 140, 149 

television, 68, 73, 132, 149 TIROS IX, 168 ZOND 111, 392 

Campbell, Joseph, 95, 216, 221 

Canada, 14, 58, 75, 81, 325, 328 

aircraft, 197 

ALOUETTE, 239,523,527 

(UCLA), 161, 221, 431 

Camera, 233 

MARINER IV, 68 RANGER VIII, 73 
INDEX 631 

Black Brant, 277, 290 

EXAMETNET, 370 

launch, 277, 527 

Mid-Canada Warning Line, 165 

National Defence Research Council, 91 

Canadian Defence Research Board, 528 

Capacitor, 311 

Canary Islands, 76, 130 

Canaveral Council of Technical Societies, 

Space Congress of, 171 

Canberra, Australia, 108, 337 

Caiinon, Sen. Howard W., 453 

Canoga Park, Calif., 30, 101, 132 

Canopus (star), 164 

Canopus sensor, 65, 102 

Canton Island, 48, 552 

Cape Kennedy, Fla. (see also Eastern 

Test Range and Kennedy Space Center), 57, 59, 89, 120, 162, 164, 168, 

177, 186, 189, 193, 208, 242, 266, 

460, 549 

construction 37,52,54,80,92,119 

labor relations, 49 

organization, 1, 177 

strike, 39, 49, 133, 157, 447 

test, 136 

visit 86, 146-147, 188 

Capella (star), 366 

Caravelle (jet transport), 318 

Carbon, 10, 258 

Carbon dioxide, 134-135 

Career Service Award, 194, 240 

Cargo aircraft, 2, 17, 20, 41, 120, 198, 

283, 346, 406, 481, 562 

Carlson, Harry W., 15, 241 

Carnarvon, Australia, 89, 269 

Larneg;e n :n.&iu&ii of m""L:"~tn" .. 1. SLY.., 07, 

177, 559 

Carpenter, Cdr. M Scott (USN), 128, 

299, 339, 389, 402, 425, 450, 518, 540 

Carroll, Thomas, 545 

Carronade (rocket launching ship), 459 

Carswell AFB, N. Mex., 6 

Case Institute of Technology, 376, 379- 

380, 503 

Case Laboratory for Space Engineering 

Research, 376 

Casey, Rep. Robert, 108 

Cassani, John R., %2 

Castro, Rad, 134 

Cat. See Clear Air Turbulence. 

Catholic Univ., 134, 258 CBS. See Columbia Broadcasting SysCcms. See Central Cardiac Monitoring 

Celescope, 82 

Celestial mechanics, 68 

Centaur (booster) (see also Atlas-Centaur), 60, 77, 101104, 130, 197, 204, 

227, 237, 374 

Centaure (French sounding rocket), 352, 

543 

Center for European Nuclear Research 

(CERN) , 57 

tem. 

System. 

Center for Sensory Aids Evaluation and 

Center for the Study of Democratic InCentral Cardiac Monitoring System 

Central Computer Facility, Slidell, La., 

Central Connecticut State College, 536 

Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility 

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 45, 

Development, MIT, 90 

stitutions, 103, 558 

(Ccms) , 532 

105 

(CIGTF), 31 

463 

Central Radio Propagation Laboratory, 

229, 322-323, 326, 410 

Centre National #Etudes Spatiales 

(CNES), 519, 540 

Centrifuge, 63, 311 CERN. See Center for European Nuclear 

Research. 

Cernan, Lcdr. Eugene M. (USN), 321, 

510 

Cevlon. 59 CGA corp., 553 

Chaffee, Roger, 10, 321 

Chamical. Argentina. 236.243. 370. 511 I,, 

Chang, Dr. C.-C., 134 

Chanute, Octave, Award, 471 

Chao, Dr. E. C. T.. 507 

Chauman. Dr. Svdnev. 382 ,? 

Chahotte,' N.C., 37 

Charyk, Dr. Joseph V., 42, 249, 254 

Chebotarev. Gleb. 372 

Cheryomuckhin. Aleksey. 372 

Chicago, Ill., 6, 83, 159, 216, 222, 236, 278 

Chicago Bridge and Iron Co., 26, 159 

Cnicaro. Vniv. uf. 32. 245. $73 ., Chieo, Calif., 47, '78 

Childe, V. Gordon, 50 

China-Burma-India World War 11 Service 

Group, 372 

meteorite, 550 

nuclear bomb, 206-207, 232, 236, 243, 

248, 567 

nuclear test, 178 

rocket program, 260-261 

US. aircraft shot down, 504 

China, Communist, 398, 405, 553 

China Lake, Calif., 66 

Christensen, E. E., 382 

Christensen, Charles H., 414 

Christiakov, Dr. N. I., 545 

Christian Science Monitor, 4, 39, 105, 177, 

Chrysler Corp., 94, 96, 115, 123, 129, 244, 

Chubb, T. A., 212 

Churchill, Manitoba, 91 

Churchill Research Range, Canada, 321 

Churchill, Sir Winston, 41 

Cibola National Forest, 514 CIGTF. See Central Inertial Guidance 

Cincinnati, Univ. of, Observatory, 202-203 

312,475. 533 

250, 319, 378,434,490, 543 

Test Facility.. 
632 INDEX 

civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 118, 131, 

Civilian-Military Liaison Committee 

Clarion River (rocket launching ship), 

Clark AFB, Philippines, 139 

Clark, Dr. Barry, 371 

Clark, David, Co., 407408 

Clark, Evert, 314, 316,335, 424 

Clark, Dr. John F., 188, 343, 375 

Clark, Ramsey, 416 

Clark Univ., 419, 478 

Clarke, Arthur C., 22, 244 

Clarson, R. E., Inc., 37, 52 

Clear Air Turbulence (Cat), 161 

Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and 

Technical Information, 425 

Clemence, Gerald M., 82 

Clermont (NASA tugboat), 483 

Cleveland Natural Science Museum, 406 

Cleveland, Ohio, 545 

Cleveland Plain Dealer, 291 

Clock, atomic, 284 

Cloud photographs, 25-26, 81, 124, 163 

Cloudcroft, N. Mex., 280 

“Cluge” (photographic device), 330 

CMLC. See Civilian-Military Liaison ComCNAE. See Brazilian Space Commission. CNES. See Centre National #Etudes 

CNIE. See Comisi6n Nacional de InCNRS. See National Center for RadioCoating, 98, 319 

Cochran, Jacqueline, 134,246 

Cocoa Beach, Fla., 405 

Coesite, % 

Cohen, William, 98 

Colburn, Robert, 456-457 

Coleman, Sidney, 262 

College Park, Md., 368 

Colleges. See Universities. 

Collier Trophy, 486, 

Collier, W. A.. 364 

Collins, Maj. Michael (USAF), 308,511 

Collins Radio Co., 92 

Colorado Springs, Colo., 286 

Colorado, Univ. of, 483, 488 

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 

240,282,444 

Columbia Univ., 223, 

Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory, 279. 572 

Columbus Association, Genoa, 448449 

Columbus Prize, 448-449 

Combustion Engineering. 18 

Comet, 67,452, 502,509,513,516,518 

Comisi6n Nacional de Investigaciones 

Espaciales (CNIE) , 236, 511 

ComissCo Nacional de Atividades Espaciais (CNAE) . See Brazilian Space 

Commission. 

222, 297, 374, 501 

(CMLC) ,351 

459 

mittee. 

Spatiales. 

vestigaciones Espaciales. 

activity Research. 

Commerce, Dept. of, 174, 425, 517,565 

Awards Program, 71 

metric system study, 328, 395 

patent system, 299 

Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) , 225, 226, 227 

Commoner, Dr. Barry, 3 

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial 

Research Organization (Australia), 321 

Communication (see also Communication 

satellite systems), 4, 121, 201, 207, 

440 

blackout, 126, 143, 146 

deeu mace. 1. 377. 434 

gloga1,- 30,’ 58, 87, 172, 246, 314315, 

361, 381, 393, 428, 440, 555 

international. 51, 76. 186. 204 

laser use in.’ 73.. 434. 538 NASA facilities, ’75, 87, 107, 136, 175, 

satellites. 1. 22. 57. 65. 81. 95. 101. 105. 

496, 502, 520 

114,. 136, i47,’ 172, i76, ’ 197,‘ 229; 

232, 236, 385, 440441 

balloon-satellite, 41-42 

militarv. 27. 102. 441 

system, 2,249,492 

transmisiions via, 1, 22, 41, 180, 197, 

214, 246, 250, 268, 273, 277, 282, 

449450. 478. 484. 530. 555 

S-band method, 92, 363 

tests, 110, 136, 172, 180, 197, 214, 436 

Communications Satellite Act. 186. 249 

Communications Satellite Cor;. (domsatcontract. 31. 51, 81, 283. 381, 412. 527. 

Corp) , 69, 128,272 

...... 

549, 555, 568 

criticism, 51, 146 EARLY BIRD, 42, 95, 101, 122, 128, 172, 

176, 180, 184, 193, 197, 214, 240, 

246. 260. 267. 271. 282. 289. 300. ,,I 

303: 334,’344, ’451, 571 

tariff, 245, 256-257. 277. 282. 343 

around station. 197. 201. 228, 232, 278, - 314, 320, 326, 343, 344. 359, 360, 385; 

international applications, 58, 250, 268, 

management. 66, 169, 204, 318. 479 

military applications, 31, 51, 80, 93 

rates, 245, 256257, 277, 282, 343 

satellite Droaram (see also EARLY BIRD), 

393, 412, 462, 463, 503, 527 

278, 300, 322 

7, 30,-80,-95, 101, 122, 229, 249, 254; 

services, 186, 289, 334, 451, 495, 500, 

303, 358-359, 455, 555, 568 

532 

test, 172, 180, 197 

Communications satellite system, international (see also Communications 

Satellite Cnrp.), 2, 7. 22. 58. 81, 93, 

121-122, 128, 147-148, 412, 428, 462, 

464, 465, 40, 495 

military use, 31, 51, 93, 102 

Composites, structural, 274 

Compressed Gas Association, 21 
INDEX 633 

hearings 33, 74, 75, 76, 79, 81, 89, 

Panel on Science and Technology, 

90, 119 

175 

Computers, 131, 175, 228, 275, 555 

foreign use, 110, 119 

NASA, 105, 177, 295, 337, 485, 542, 561 

spacecraft, 266, 275, 293, 295, 522. 542 

universities, 9, 100, 108, 193 use of, in Federal Government, 13, 14, 

ComSatCorp. See Communications SatelConable, Rep. Barber B., Jr., 46 

Concord, N.C., 520 

Concorde (U.K.-France) supersonic transport, 73, 204, 206, 237, 316, 319, 337, 

417, 479, 490 

280 

lite Corp. 

Confer, Harold E., 189 

Conference on Aerospace Engineering, 

129 

Conference on Aircraft Operating Problems, 223 

Conference on Civilian and Military Uses 

of Aerospace, 16 

Conference on Selected Technology for 

the Petroleum Industry, 545 

Conference on the Peaceful Uses of 

Space, 251, 252, 253 

Congo Brazzaville, 76 

Congress, 218, 351, 557 

conference committee, 366 

Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 

Joint Economic Committee, 161 

NAS~ budget, 28, 29, 61, 74, 75, 76, 81, 

100, 108, 109-110, 114, 139, 141, 192 

report to, 39-40, 69, 2%, 487 

Congress, Hniis~ of Representatives, 72, 

61, 63, 107 

134, 397, 444i 

bills introduced, 357, 422 

bills passed, 218 

Committee on Appropriations, 232, 275. 

276, 438, 481 

Subcommittee on Dept. of Defense 

Appropriations, 158, 160, 169,173 

Subcommittee on Independent Offices, 

169, 172, 173, 276 

Committee on Armed Services, 86, 377, 

419, 481 

Special Investigations Subcommittee, 

216, 221 

Subcommittee on Real Estate, 257 

Committee on Education and Labor, 530 

Committee on Foreign Affairs, 34 

Committee on Government Operations, 

Subcommittee on Foreign Operations 

and Government Information, 144 

Subcommittee on Military Operations, 

Committee on Interstate and Foreign 

Committee on Rules, 422 

Committee on Science and Astronautics, 

40, 46, 89, 123, 164, 171, 198, 199, 

204, 242, 255, 271, 290, 419, 465, 

478, 509 

267 

Commerce, 292 

seminar, 33 

Subcommittee on Advanced Research 

and Tracking, 105 

Subcommittee on Manned Space 

Flight, 404, 567 

Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, 

501, 502 

Subcommittee on Science, Research, 

and Development, 205 

Subcommittee on Space Sciences and 

Applications, 107, 108, 125, 130 

Committee on Ways and Means, 434 

Congress, Senate, 40, 84, 249, 270, 296, 

bills introduced, 7, 51, 117, 202, 216, 

bills passed, 107, 264, 287, 325 

Committee on Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences, 24, 36, 40, 46, 62, 110, 112, 

116, 164, 242, 397, 398 

Committee on Armed Services, 159, 331 

Committee on Commerce, 129, 204, 328, 

Subcommittee on Aviation, 114, 118, 

303, 324, 327, 453, 478, 487 

276, 287, 487 

438 

231 

Committee on the Judiciary, 7 

Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks and Copyrights, 264 

Congressional Record, 32, 89, 315, 320, 

399, 422, 487, 488 

Connor, john T., 439 

Conrad, Lcdr. Charles, Jr. (USN), 415, 

433 

GEMINI v flight, 58, 317, 339, 382, 385, 

387, 391, 402, 412, 415, 420, 422, 500 

Gemini VIII flight, 444 

goodwill tour, 435, 437, 438-439, 441, 

442, 446, 448, 452 

honors, 403, 431, 449 

news conference, 339,421 

physical examination, 404,405,410,411 

training, 10, 334 

Washington, D.C., visit, 433, 437 

“Conrad” (radio navigation aid), 448 

Considine, Bob, 300 

Consolidated Systems Corp., 68, 476 

Constantine, King of Greece, 440 

Consultants and Designers, Inc., 309 

Conte, Rep. Silvio, 32 

Continental Airlines, 237 

Contract (see also under agencies, such 

cost-plus-award-fee, 70, 94, 195, 308, 

cost-plus-fixed-fee, 80, 334, 447, 484 

cost-plus-incentive-fee, 5, 66, 91, 109, 

as NASA, WAF, etc.), 141, 572 

368,447,474,561 

383 
634 INDEX 

Contract-Continued 

fixed price, 73, 228, 240, 272, 274, 283, 

geographical distribution of, 106, 115, 

297, 312,454,502 

134 

incentive, 5, 40, 49, 77, 91, 139 

letter, 91, 121 

military, 5, 121, 240, 264, 265, 274, 283, 

297, 302, 447, 448, 450, 453, 454, 485, 

492,536,565 

space, 141, 234, 239, 297, 319, 450, 494, 

562, 564 

370, 562 

university, 4, 56, 149, 182, 274, 311, 

Control Data Carp., 334, 375 

Convair 990 A (jet transport 1, 258 

Cooby Creek, Australia, 543 

Cooke, Richard P., 241 

Cooney, Capt. James (USAF) , 213 

CooDer. Mai. Gordon L. (USAF) .415.433 GEMINI v‘flight, 58, 317, 334; 339, 382, 

385, 387, 391,402,412,420, 422, 500 

- goodwill tour. 435. 437, 438-439. 441, 

442, 446, 448, 452 

honors, 403, 431,449 news conference, 339, 421 

physical examination, 404, 405, 410, 

411, 415 

Cooper’s Island, Bermuda, 175 

Coordinating Research Council (CRC) , 18 

Coral Gables, Fla., 30 

Coralie (rocket engine), 495-496 

Corliss, William R., 47 

Corman, Rep. James C., 223 

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, 524 

Cornell Univ., 1, 187, 194, 206, 229 

Corona, 10 

Coronograph, 107 

Corps of Engineers (USA). See Army 

Corps of Engineers. 

Corpus Christi, Tex., 363, 544 

Correale, James V., 470 

Corrosion detector, 274, 381 

Cortright, Edgar M., 102, 356 

Cosmic dust, 342, 502 

Cosmic radiation, 56, 211, 372, 431, 554, 

555 

Cosmonaut, 19, 31, 45, 98, 139, 140, 141, 

151, 156, 323, 413, 512, 514, 528, 548, 

559 

death. 173. 505 

extravehicular activity, 132, 135, 138, 

interview, 161. 270. 419. 480. 491. 568 

14Q-141, 154, 571 

I_I_ 

visits, 473, 49i 

Cosmos (U.S.S.R. satellite program), 86 COSMOS 111,217 COSMOS IV, 217 

COSMOS L, I25 

COSMOS LII, 12 

COSMOS LIII, 41 

COSMOS LW, 86 

COSMOS XLI, 217 

COSMOS LV, 86 

COSMOS LVI, 86 COSMOS LVII, 86, 124-125, 159 COSJIOS LVIII, 94 COSMOS LIX, 109 

COSMOS LX, 120, 571 COSJIOS LXI, 123, 238 COSMOS LXII, 123, 238 COSMOS LXIII, 123, 238 COSMOS LXIV, 152 

COSMOS LXV, 189 COSMOS LXVI, 221, 238 COSMOS LXVII, 248 COSMOS LXVIII, 282 

COSMOS LXX, 311 COSMOS LXXI, 333 COSMOS LXXII, 333 

cos,IIos LXXIII, 333 

COSMOS LXXV, 333 

COSMOS LXXVII, 364 

cos\1os LXXVIII, 377 COSMOS LXXIX, 397 COSMOS LXXX, 413 COSMOS LXXXI, 413 

CoshiOs LXXXII, 413 

cnshios LXXXIII, 413 CosMns LXXXIV, 413 

COSMOS LXIX, 2% 

COSMOS LXXIV, 333 

COSMOS LXXVI, 345 

COSMOS LXXXV, 421 COSMOS LXXXVI, 441 COSlIOS LXXXVII, 441 COSMOS LXXXVIII, 441 

COSMOS XC, 441 COSMOS XCI, 448 COS3IOS XCII, 479 

COSMOS LXXXIX, 441 

COSMOS XCIII, 483 COSMOS XCIV, 492 

COSMOS XCVI, 525, 571 COSMOS XCVII, 526 

COSMOS XCVIII, 527 COSMOS XCIX, 546 COSMOS C, 556 COSMOS CI, 560 

COSMOS CII, 565 COSMOS CIII, 565 COSPAR. See Committee on Space ReCost Reduction and Management ImCotton, Col. Joseph (WAF), 336 

Cotton, Paul E., 368 

Coughlin, William J., 101, 144, 180, 203, 

215,235,501, 524 

Council of the National Economy, 

U.S.S.R., 119 

Courter, Robert F., Jr., 485 

Cousteau, Capt. Jacques-Yves, 280,475 

Couve de Murville, Maurice, 502 

Covell, Charles, 425 

Cowan, Dr. Clyde, 258 

Cowen, Robert C., 4 

COSMOS xcv, 504 

search. 

provement Seminar, 248 
INDEX 635 

Crabhill, Donald E., 192 

Crane, Les, Show (TV) ,27 

Crawler-transporter, 381, 422, 481, 517 CRC. See Coordinating Research Council. 

Cressman, Dr. George P., 420, 471 

Crews. Mai. Albert H. (WAF). 514 I_ 

Crimean Astrophysical Observatory 

“Criteria for Federal Suy~ort of Re- 

(U.S.S.R.), 462 

search and Develomnent, 10 

Cromley, Ray, 541 

Cronyn, Willard M., 137 

Crossfield, A. Scott, 134 

Cryomagnet, 256 

CTA-102 (radio source), 180, 182, 236 

Cuba, 1, 134,398,405,552 

Cubic Corp., 457 

Culbertson, Philip E., 426 

Culver City, Calif., 39 

Cumberland, U.K., 365 

Cuningham, Alfred Austell, 555 

Cunningham, R. Walter, 125,321,341 

Curtiss-Wright Corp., 275 

Cushman, Ralph E., 553 

CV-7~ (Stol transport), 197 

Cybernation, 103 

Czechoslovak Academy of Science, 157 

D-1 (French satellite), 456 

D-l~, 456 

0-558 (research aircraft), 350 

Daddario, Rep. Emilio Q., 205 

Daily Express (London), 8 

Dallas, Tex., 132, 186 

Dampier (survey vessel), 525 

Dana, Wi!!ii-.m H., 34?, 504 

Daniel, Orville H., 211 

Daniel, Maj. WaIter F. (WAF), 213 

Data, 305 

Data acquisition system, 174, 177 

Data processing, 105 

D’Auitolo, Charles T., 376 

Davis, L/G W. A. (USAF), 66 

Davenport Times-Democrat, 89 

David, Heather M., 450 

Davies, David Arthur, 162 

Davis, L/G Leighton I. (WAF), 563 

Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz., 14, 84 

Day, LeRoy E., 479 

Dayton, Ohio, 147 

DC-9 (jet liner), 14, 94 

Dearborn, Mich., 243 

Dearing, Waldo H., 505 

Debus, Dr. Kurt H., 183, 331, 333 

Deep Space Net communications system, 

Deep Space Planetary Probe System, 197 

Deer Valley, Ariz., 176 

Defelice, J., 191 

Defender, Project, (ARPA), 531 

Defense Communications Agency, 66, 

(jet liner), 189 

364, 377 

283, 441 

Defense, Dept. of (DOD) (see also USA, 

USAF, USN), 5, 14, 6, 131, 223, 301, 

360, 398, 473 

aircraft, 63, 232, 54 

budget, 27, 109, 158, 159 

communications satellite system, 1, 28, 

51, 80, 82, 283, 319, 571 

contract, 5, 14, 51, 120, 131, 157, 190, 

197, 228, 283, 474 

cooperation, 174, 486 

NASA, 1, 29, 45, 68, 74, 77, 88, 102, 

111, 123, 182, 203, 207, 268, 298 

criticism, 63, 153, 168 

expenditures, 125, 218, 232 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory, 267, 398, 

401, 514 

missiles, 16, 86 

personnel, 458 

R&D, 99, 153 

space projects, 106, 123, 217, 268, 384, 

531, 541 

Defense Electronic Products, 283 

Defense Satellite Communications SysDefense Supply Agency (DSA), 207, 294 

DeFrance, Dr. Smith J., 443, 462 

DeGaulle, President Charles (France), 

Delormi, Jean, 202 

Delta (booster), 25, 28, 74, 380, 397 

Delta, Thrust Augmented (TAD) (boostDelta, Thrust Augmented Improved 

Denmark, 170, 466 

Denver, Colo., 59, 62 

Denver Post, 2iO 

Denver, Univ. of, 157, 424 

De Orsey, C. Leo, 210 

Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research, U.K., 110, 164 

Derring, Eldridge H., 27 

Detroit, Mich., 25 

Deuterium, 269 

Diamant (French booster), 98, 113, 229, 

Dicke, Dr. Robert H., 261, 401 

“Dictionary of Scientific Biography,” 110 

Dietz, David, 244 

Dimona (nuclear reactor), 122 

Disher, John H., 370 

Distinguished Civilian Service Award 

(DOD), 223 

Distinguished Lecture Series (Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade), 486 

Distinguished Service Medal (NASA), 

155, 567 

Dixon, Dr. Franklin P., 174 

nicfw. See German Space Research 

Commission. 

DMS, Inc., 109 

Dna (nucleic acid), 323 

Dobrynin, Ambassador Anatoli F., 544 

tem, 66 

20.5, 291 

er), 172 

(booster), 507, 553 

272, 436, 456, 526 
636 INDEX 

Docking, 444,510 

Documentation, Inc., 334, 368 DOD. See Defense, Dept. of, 

Dominick, Sen. Peter H., 488 

Donn, Dr. Bertram, 182 

Donn, Dr. William I., 182 

Donner, Frederick G., 169, 204 

Doolittle, Gen. James H. (USAFR), 134, 

Dornberger, Walter R., 210, 499 

Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc., 8, 4-46 

540 

air bus. 314 

contract, 80, 120, 296, 397, 572 

0c-8, 189 

OC-9, 14. 94 

F-SD, 4i 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory, 396 

Missile and Space Systems Div., 191 S-IVB stage, 209,296,426, 533 

Saturn V test, 182 

studies, 63 

Douglas, Col. William K. (USAF), 471 

Douglas, Justice William O., 186 

Dragon (French sounding rocket), 413 

Drake, Frank, 1 

Draper, Dr. Charles S., 58, 94, 390, 429, 

431 

Draper, Henry, Medal, 203 

Drop test, 110 

Drummond, Dr. A. J., 31 

Dryden, Dr. Hugh L., 122, 127, 146, 158, 

4Q9, 532, 561 

awards to, 73, 283, 547 

death, 534, 539, 540, 565, 569 

international cooperation, 111 

space program, 75, 119, 133, 162, 251, 

346, 426,458,512,5% DSA. See Defense Supply Agency. 

Dubinin, Nikolay P., 372 

DuBridge, Dr. Lee A., 263 

Duke Univ., 198 

Dulk, George A., 1 

Dulles International Airport, 164, 292 

Dupree, Prof. A. Hunter, 281 

Durham, Franklin P., 306 

Dutton, Richard E., 178 

Dwarf star, 70 

Dwight, Capt. Edward J., Jr. (USAF), 269 

Dyce, Dr. Rolf H., 194 

Dyson, Freeman J., 321 

E-22 (U.S.S.R. jet trainer), 245-2% 

E-166 (U.S.S.R. aircraft), 213 

E-266 (U.S.S.R. aircraft), 189 

Ea-1 (U.S.S.R. helicopter), 372 

Eaker, L/G Ira C. (USAF, Ret.), 122, 309, 

Earhart, Amelia, 134 

EARLY BIRD I (ComSatCoru communica329, 491 

tions satellite), 42, f22, 176, 225, 

303, 434, 502, 568, 571 

channels, lease of, 271, 334 

launch, 101, 172 

license, 272, 334 

orbit, 176 

performance, 180, 184, 197, 214 

rates, 245, 256-257, 277, 289, 343 use of, 95, 128, 240, 246, 260, 267, 282, 

289, 300-301, 340, 360, 436, 484, 555, 

562 

Earth 

age, 182-183 

gravity, 124 

magnetosphere, 81 

Mohole, Project, 37-38 

origin, 37-38 

photograph, 101, 142 

shape, 174 

structure, 37-38 

Earthquakes, 37-38, 523, 525, 529 

“East Meets West” (British TV program), 

Eastern Air Lines, 189, 551 

Eastern Test Range (ETR) (see also Cape 

Kennedy and Kennedy Space Center), 12, 290, 458, 490 

contract, 66, 340 

launch, 87, 242 

Asset, 88 

Blue Scout, Jr., 272 

booster, 64-65, 219-220, 260, 288, 

477, 559 

Fire 11. 244. 254 

147-148 

Saturn I, 71-72, 247, 357 

Gemini spacecraft, 103 

GT-2, 21 

GT-3, 145 

GT-~, 265 GEMINI v. 387 GEMINI VI, 489, 547, 551 GEMINI VII, 537 

Polaris, 513 

satellite, 25, 26, 53, 6445, 71, 72, 

172, 247, 310, 341, 357, 3% 

test, 88, 110, 136 

Eaton, William W., 299 

Ebony magazine, 269 

Eccles, Sir John, 85 

Echo (communications satellite), 233 

ECHO I, 376 

ECHO 11, 41, 76 

E c 1 ips e 

PIONEER VI, 553 

Explorer, 257, 507, 521, 528 

lunar, 8 

solar, 126, 258, 259 

Economic Club of Detroit, 70-71 

Economichesky Gazetta, 591 

The Economist, 121-122 

Ecumenical Council, 448 

Eddington Medal (Royal Astronomical 

Edelson, Dr. Burton I., 22 

Edmonson, Dr. Frank K., 95 

Education, 103 

Society), 43 

computer, use of, in, 9 
INDEX 637 

space, impact of, on, 17 ramiet, 169. 203. 464. 543 

mace science courses. 134 

tklevision, use of, in, 57 

U.S.S.R., 147 

1, 94, 210, 300 

hool, 2%, 

Edwards AFB, Calif., 4 

Aerospace Research Pilot Sc nn,, 

3YY 

flights, 72-73, 191, 206, 284, 287, 293, 

302, 308, 336, 351, 453, 478, 562, 

563 

record, 213 

test, 322, 414, 449 

47 1 

Eggers, Dr. Alfred J., Jr., 50, 455, 470- 

Eglin AFB, Fla., 240, 511 

Egypt. See United Arab Republic. 

Ehricke, Dr. Kraft A., 498 

Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 163, 

EiseIe. Donn F.. 10 

232, 445 

Eklund, Sigvard, 548 

El Centra, Calif., 112 

El Diablo (meteorite crater). 290 

El Segundo, Calif., 64 ELDO. See European Launcher Development Organization. 

Electric propulsion, 16, 44, 116-117 

Electro-Mechanical Research. Inc.. 309 

Electro-Optical Systems, lnc. (Eosi, 5, 

Electron, 118, 139, 167, 169, 337, 438 

Electron (U.S.S.R. satellite). 217 

255, 348, 375 

ELECTRON I, 360 ELECTRON 11, 360 

Electronic clock, 352 

Electronic Industries Association, 124 WI-~+---:-- cns uo L.LCc.LI"ILI~0, "V") ""I 

research, 2, 24, 49 

Electronics, 87 

Electronics Research Center (ERC) 

(NASP), 2, 11, 49, 186, 207, 303, 349, 

382.468.593 

Electiophylic gas, 127 

Ellingson, Col. Harold V. (USAF), 494 

Ellington AFB. Tex., 97. 275. 411 

Ellis,-Lt. Frank K.. (uSN), k95, 535 

Elms, James C., 368 

Ely, Eugene Burton, 555 

Emeraude (French rocket stage), 98, 113, 

Emme, Dr. Eugene M., 176. 

Empire State Building, 124 

Engine 

aircraft, 32, 121, 283, 519 

cryogenic, 398 

electric, 30, 55, 116-117, 519 

gas turbine, 32, 482 

hypergolic, 65, 186, 474 

hypersonic, 169, 203, 349, dt&, 593 

ion, 5, 116, 167, 172, 243, 255, 349, 472 

jet, 18, 41, 84, 254, 486 

liquid fuel, 33, 65, 92, 127, 219, 315 

fluorine-oxygen, 132 

hydrogen, 31, 141, 358, 365, 526 

hydrogen-oxygen, 81, 104, 322, 375 

229 

rocket; 2, 13, 24; 27, 32,-&, 42, 49, 52, 

165, 179, 180, 192,219. 247. 269-270. 

60, a, ai, 95, 107,108, 112, 116, 157, 

291, 319; 320, xi, 339, 373, 496 ' 

supersonic transport, 214, 257, 311 

vernier, 119 

Engineer of the Year, 98 

Engineers 

awards, 58, 98, 156 

education, 9, 57 

women, 92 

England. See United Kingdom. 

Engle, Capt. Joseph H. (USAF), 13, 49, 

197, 255, 284, 302, 331, 374, 417, 476 

Engstrom, Elmer W., 209 

Environment (see also %ace environment; Weightlessness) ,- 59-61 

135, 313 

atmospheric pressures, 115-116, 134- 

heart research, 9 

oxygen tests, 128 

temperature, 116, 313 

acceleration, 19, 23, 181, 191 

isolation, 66, 121, 170 

motion sickness, 70 

oxygen, 63, 135, 158, 190, 494 

radiation, 7, 59, 167, 202 

space cabin, simulation, 129, 173, 190, 

space, simulation, 36, 159, 181 

Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), 229, 326, 386, 565 

Eniwetok, 48 

Eniwetok Lagoon. 511 EOS. See Electro-Optical Systems. 

Eppley Laboratory, Newport, R.I., 31 

Epstein, Julius, 300 ERC. See Electronics Research Center. 

Escape system, 66, 301, 513 

Eshkol, Premier Levi (Israel), 6 ESRO. See European Space Research OrEsro 1 (ESRO satellite), 182 

Esp. See Extravehicular Support Pack. ESSA. See Environmental Science ServEsso Research and Engineering Co., 87 ETR. See Eastern Test Range. 

Europa I (ELDO booster), 365, 496 

Europe, 214, 215, 224, 267, 354, 361, 534, 

European Broadcasting Union, 245 

European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), 68, 76, 143, 365, 418, 

4% 

European Organization for Nuclear Research, 95 

European Post and Telecommunications 

Congress, 277 

European Space Research Organization 

(ESRO), 68, 76, 80, 182, 276, 353, 354, 

375, 434, 543, 550 

Environment, hazards of, 59, 104, 132- 

133, 372 

550 

ganization. 

ices Administration. 

563 
INDEX 

Eurospace, 202, 205, 209, 215 

Eurovision, 148 

Eva. See Extravehicular activity. 

Evans, B/G Harry L. (USAF), 406 

Evans, Dr. John W., 223 

Evanston College, 498 

Evensen, Jean, 434 

Everett, W. L., 204 

Evvard, Dr. John C., 16, 519 

Exactel Instrument Co., 93 EXAMETNET. See Inter-American Experimental Meteorological Sounding Rocket Network. 

Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal 

(NASA), 155 

Exceptional Service Medal (NASA), 155, 

431 

Exhibit, 156, 173, 202, 292 

Exobiology, 344 

Explorer (US. satellite), 104, 154, 370 

EXPLORER I, 42 

Explorer II (balloon), 513 

EXPLORER XVI, 311, 376 

EXPLORER XVIII, 193 

EXPLORER xx, 76 

EXPLORER XXII, 24, 27, 36, 67, 276 

EXPLORER XXIII, 233, 311, 376 

EXPLORER XXVII, 207, 276 

EXPLORER XXVIII, 257 

EXPLORER XXIX, 507, 521, 528 

EXPLORER xxx, 521, 571 

EXPLORER XXXI, 527, 546 

Explosion 

meteorite, 2 

nuclear, 2, 18, 39481,232, 236, 242, 

Extraterrestrial life, 4, 17, 36, 47, 61, 168, 

180, 182, 214, 246, 571 

Extravehicular activity (Eva), 141, 152, 

172, 190, 208, 317, 339, 500, 510, 531 

Leonov, Aleksey, 132, 135, 138, 140, 

153, 155, 171, 216, 278, 571 

White, Edward H., 248, 255, 256, 266, 

269, 273, 286 

Extravehicular Support Pack (Esp) , 522 

Eyeball Mark One (navigational instru- 

“Eyewitness to Space” (exhibit), 202 

Eyring, Henry, 488 

243, 248, 258 

ment), 318 

F-1 (engine), 100, 112, 178, 188, 219, 

275, 291, 319 

r-4 (Phantom 11) (fighter aircraft), 52, 

63, 510 

F-4c (Phantom), 287 

F-56 (supersonic aircraft), 438 F-5D (aircraft), 41 

F-104 (Starfighter) (aircraft), 178 

F-111 (supersonic fighter), 14, 17, 19, 20, 

52, 90, 109, 121, 172, 234, 474, 500, 

537, 544, 549 

~-lll~, 6, 121, 179, 180, 183, 537 

~-111~, 183, 241, 307, 500, 537 FAA. See Federal Aviation Agency. 

FAI. See FBdBration ABronautique InterFairbanks, Alaska, 76, 276 

Fairchild Hiller Corp., 309 

Fairhall, Minister of Supply Allen, 520, 

Falcon (fanjet aircraft), 131 

Falmouth, Mass., 341 

Fang, Dr. P. H., 484 

Fausst. See French-Anglo-United States 

FCC. See Federal Communications Comnationale. 

543 

Supersonic Transport. 

mission. 

Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), 6, 41, 

49, 131, 164, 188, 194, 259, 345, 386, 

4x4 .__ 

Administrator, 205, 237, 303, 309 

air traffic control, 152, 353, 500, 513 

aircraft certification, 41, 188 

airports, 198, 415 

award, 186, 302 

contract, 8, 164, 176, 214, 345, 513, 550 

cooperation, 40, 131, 231 

regulations, 5, 144, 296, 455 

statistics, 49, 152, 198, 475 

test, 176 

sonic boom. 48. 65. 274 I,, 

transport, supersonic, 25, 48, 58, 73, 

design and development, 8, 34, 59, 

210, 214, 297, 309, 311 

163, 214. 297. 492. 515 

Federal Civil ‘Service Employee of the 

Federal communications C6mmission 

Year, 14 

( FCC ) 

applications to, 186, 271, 303 

approvals, 228, 232, 289, 463 

briefs filed with, 495, 500, 532 

ComSatCorp, 249, 344 

ground stations, 201 

requests to, 268, 271, 277, 303, 445, 451 

Federal Electric Co., 308 

“Federal Funds for Research, Development, and other Scientific Activities” 

(report), 99 

Federal German Ministry for Scientific 

Research (BMWF) , 339 

Federal Housing and Home Financing 

Agency, 495 

Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, 523, 525-26 

Federal Urban Renewal Administration, 

186 

FidBration ABronautique Internationale 

(FAI), 18, 213, 561 

Fedotov, A. N., 189 

Fedynskiy, V. V., 35 

Fellowship of Reconciliation, 103 

Fels Planetarium, 19 

contract, 31, 51, 80, 81 
INDEX 639 

Feoktistov, Konstantin P., 548 

Ferguson, Gen. James (USAF), 160, 369 

Fermi, Enrico, Institute of Nuclear 

Fermi, Enrico, Medal, 17 

Feynman, Richard, 487 

Filshner Ice Shelf, 532 

Findlay, John W., 109 

Fine, Dr. Samuel, 168 

Finger, Dr. Harold B., 3, 116, 305, 520 

Finley, Lt. John L. (USN), 514 

Finney, John, 559 

Fire 11 (reentry test), 244, 570 

Firefly (life detection instrument), 107 

Fireman, E. L., 191 

Fish Bowl, Project, 337 

Fisher Construction Co., 175 

Flagstaff, Ariz., 509 

Flare, solar, 126, 163, 224 

Flax, Dr. Alexander, 36 

Fleming, John Adam, Award, 193 

Flemming, Arthur S., Award, 57 

Flight Research Center (FRC) (NASA), 48, 

aircraft research, 73, 169, %4, 524, 569 

award, 82 

cnr??rar!, 105, 209 

557 

Studies, 32 

163, 360, 518 

Flight Safety Foundation, 9, 176, 186, 

Florida, 460 

Florida Research and Development Center, 137 

Florida, Univ. of, 353, 460 

Flox (liquid flourine and liquid oxygen), 

Flying belt, 485 

Flying saucers, 25, 38, 52, 324, 326, 366, 

Fog dispersal, 387 

Fokker (aircraft), 131 

Foothill Jr. College, Calif., 114 

Ford Foundation, 416 

Ford, Henry, 331 

Foreign Affairs Journal, 45 

Forrestal, James, Memorial Award, 153 

Ft. Benning, Ga., 179 

Ft. Campbell, Ky., 473 

Ft. Churchill, Canada, 167, 439, 510, 511, 

Ft. Monmouth, N.J., 73 

Ft. Wingate, N.Mex., 514 

Fortune magazine, 361 

Fortune, W. C., 275 

Foss, Dr. Ted, 10 

Foster, Dr. John S., Jr., 424, 458 

Foster, William C., 134 

Fowler, William A., 206 

FR-1 (French satellite), 437, 439, 449, 

540, Sa, 571 

France, 38,381, 519,552 

agreement, 205, 2% 

132 

374, 438 

525 

aircraft, 234 

supersonic transport “Concorde” 

(France-U.K.), 48, 73, 205, 417, 

479 

Atomic Energy Commission. 329 

booster, 98, 713, 229, 272: 436, 456, 

isolation test, 66, 121 

launch, 113, 98, 229, 413, 467, 478, 519, 

Ministry of Scientific Research, 27 

satellite, 437, 525, 526, 527, 54, 544, 

sounding rocket, 413,478 

space program, 229, 272, 320, 486, 564 

tracking, 14, 76 

467, 526 

525,526,540 

570, 571 

Frangible Arcas (sounding rocket), 97 

Frank, Paul, 12 

Franklin Institute, 23, 399 

FRC. See Flight Research Center. 

Freche, John C., 56 

FREEDOM 7,461 

Freeman, Faith L., 25 

Freeman, Capt. Theodore C., Memorial 

Freitag, Capt. Robert F. (USN, Ret.), 228 

French-Anglo-United States Supersonic 

Transport (Fausst) meeting, 48 

French, L/C Frederic C. (USA), 505 

French Guiana, 38, 320, 559 

French National Weather Center, 282 

Friedl, George Jr., 90, 91, 264 

Friedman, Dr. Herbert, 196, 206 

Friendship (Dutch aircraft), 318 

FRIENDSHIP 7, 82 

Fritz, Dr. Sigmund, 71 

Frutkin, Arnold W., 226, 544 

Fryklund, Richard, 221, 250 

Fubini, Dr. Eugene G., 301, 535 

Fuel (see also Propellant; Propulsion), 

Library of Astronautics, 25 

lT f .- Jl.. r~~cnvij, Fie& W., 387 

112, 127, 132, 135-136 

hydrogen, 81, 171 

hypergolic, 65, 186,474 

liquid, 27, 31, 65, 127, 132, 141, 315, 

nuclear, 269 

solid, 24, 27, 81, 107, 210, 219, 223, 

thorium, 135,565 

523, 538, 

365, 474, 526 

269, 288, 297, 435, 449, 550, 562 

Fuel cell, 87, 113, 207, 365, 391, 410, 521, 

Fuji (icebreaker), 523 

Fulbright, Sen. J. W., 167 

Fulgham, Maj. Dan (USAF), 112 

Fulton, Rep. James G., 218 

Fulton, Langdon H., 156 

Funk, M/G Ben I. (USAF), 290, 490 

Future Space Programs panel, 503 
640 INDEX 

Gagarin, Col. Yuri A., 273, 275, 290, 292, 

Gainesville. Fla.. 159 

314, 568 

Galaxy, 22$ 277; 281 

“Galileo” (jet aircraft), 480 

Galitskaya, E. B., 318 

Gallup Poll, 343 

Galveston Bav. Tex.. 97. 394 

Gamma Cassiopeia (star), 319 

GAO. See Government Accounting Office. 

Gape, Project (General Aviation Pilot 

Education), 345 

Garrett Corp., 169 

Garriott, Owen K., 299, 300 

Garrison, Lindley M., 165 

Gatland, Kenneth, 154 

Gatv. 

cle. 

Gault, Donald E., 555 

Gazenko, Dr. 0. Z., 225 

GCA. 

CEAV. 

Geiger-Mueller tube, 102 

Gemini (program), 29, 79, 89, 141, 171, 

See Gemini Agena Target VehiSee Geophysics Corp. of America. 

See Guidance Error Analysis Vehicles. 

173, 177, 214, 289, 325, 567 

criticism, 142, 265 

development of, 116, 557, 570 

experiments, 21, 146 

management, 177, 297, 314, 479 

plans for, 68, 79, 109, I%, 234, 248, 

tests, 22, 23, 65, 66, 79, 110, 112, 114, 

tracking stations, 107, 130 

487. 509. 524. 571 

291, 339, 346 

116 

Gemini Agena Target Vehicle (Gatv), 

Gemini GT-3 iflight), 15, 68, 110, 130, 

142. 148. 151. 152. 172. 177 

astronaut honors, 155, 156, 159 

experiment, 144, 145, 146, 483 

landing, 145, 193, 214 

launch, 145 

mission simulation, 110, 116, 136 

spacecraft, 3, 116, 130, 145, 177, 186, 

193, 289 

Gemini GT-~ (flight), 177, 190, 1%, 208, 

229, 245, 254, 267, 268, 270, 276, 277, 

288, 308 

astronaut honors, 283, 286 

experiment, 483 

extravehicular activity, 265, 269, 273, 

landing, 267, 275, 293 

launch, 265-67 

news coverage, 196, 276, 288 

plans for, 168, 229, 245, 248, 256, 260, 

rendezvous, 265, 322 

spacecraft, 190, 248, 254, 255, 260, 275, 

308, 322, 331, 366 

570 

288 

GEMINI v (flight), 412,420,421 

achievement, 395, 402, 452, 

criticism, 394, 427 

launch, 387-390 

postponed, 385 

medical aspects, 377, 410, 412, 421, 

422. 426. 433. 48849 

plans ’for, ’58, ’152, 208, 297, 317, 365, 

record, 391, 404 

spacecraft, 290, 317, 340, 344, 360, 387- 

382, 383 

389. 391 

GEMINI VI (flight), 552, 570 

launch, 551 

failure, 547, 548 

postponed, 489, 491, 501, 509 

505, 511, 546, 550 

plans for, 49, 170, 317, 436, 449, 500, 

spacecraft, 317, 318, 546, 571 

U.S.S.R. invitation to observe, 396, 397, 

412, 420 

GEMINI VII (flight), 500, 533, 544, 552 

achievement, 539, 570 

launch, 538 

plans for, 308, 317, 456, 493, 500, 505, 

511, 521 

spacecraft, 308, 317, 467, 523 

Gemini VIII (flight), 444, 522 

Gemini IX (flight), 510 

Gemini (spacecraft), 40, 48, 65, 76, 97, 

128, 130, 156. 173 

astronaut training, 334, 530 

escape system, 238 

extravehicular equipment, 522, 531 

parachute landing system, 65, 112, 114, 

photographic equipment, 254, 483 

rendezvous, 23, 49, 170, 255, 265, 322, 

340, 444, 493, 500, 501, 509, 510, 537, 

551, 552, 557, 558, 563, 567, 570 

test, 21, 23, 65, 66, 112, 114, 116 

General Aviation Pilot Education. See 

Gape, Project. 

General Dynamics/Convair, 454, 551, 572 

General Dynamics Corp., 2, 6, 498 

GT-2, 21, 239 

116 

Atlas SLV x3, 123 

Bravo (buoy), 564 

contract, 121, 417, 567 

F-111, 14, 17, 19, 20, 52, 90, 109, 121, 

172, 500 

~-111~, 179, 180, 183, 121 

life support system, 359 

General Electric Co., 98, 120, 163, 169, 

214, 231, 257, 283, 308, 309, 312, 396, 

410, 454, 531, 549 

General Motors Corp., 190, 139, 342, 448 

General Precision, Inc., 513 

General Purpose Airborne Simulator 

General Services Administration (CSA) , (Gpas), 524 

415 
INDEX 641 

Generator, nuclear, 7, 87 

Geneva Agreement, 25 

Geneva, Switzerland, 85 

Geodesy, 208, 374, 523 

Geodetic satellite (Geos), 36, 503, 507, 

Geological Society o/ America Bulletin, 

Geological Society of America SympoGeomagnetism, 76, 267, 523 

Geophysics, 344 

Geophysics Corp. of America (CCA), 220, 

287 

George Washington Univ., 517 

Program of Policy Studies in Science 

and Technology, 351 

School of Medicine, 45 

Geos. See Geodetic satellite. 

GermanSoviet Friendship Society, 473 

German Space Research Commission 

521 

183 

sium, 507 

(DKfW), 417 

Germanv. East. 379. 460. 550 

Germany; West, 6, 33, 318, 321, 325, 337, 

354, 369, 393, 417, 523, 550, 560 

Bochum Observatorv. 292. 311. 336 ,, 

Defense Ministry, 393 

Ministry for Scientific Research, 339 

Gerstenkorn, H., 198 

Gessow, Alfred, 21 

Getlein, Frank, 202 

Getting, Dr. Ivan A., 221 

Getze, George, 221 

CCSE II (Gravity Gradient Stabilization 

GCSE III, ii4 

Gibson, Edward G., 299, 300 

Gillespie, Dr. Charles C., 110 

Gillett, Horace W., 283 

Gilruth, Dr. Robert R., 54, 108, 129, 208, 

211, 372, 409, 421, 491, 493, 558 CIMRADA. See US. Army Engineer Geodesy, Intelligence and Mapping Research and Development Agency. 

Experiment), 114 

Ginzburg, Vitaly, 125 

Giovinetto, M. B., 191 

Glassey, Eugene A., 93 

Glenn, Col. John H. Jr., (USMC, Ret), 

5, 82, 95, 134, 345, 441, 452, 460, 474, 

533, 540 

Glennan, Dr. T. Keith, 163, 231, 462, 540 

Glew, Dr. Donald H., 517 

Glider, 88, 92, 106, 414, 506 

Gluhareff, Michael, 32 

Gobi Desert, 550 

Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 23 

Goddard Memorial Dinner, 137 

Goddard, Dr. Robert Hutchings, 7, 121, 

127, 131, 144, 239, 332, 419 

Goddard, Mrs. Robert H., 127, 131, 137 

Goddard, Robert Hutchings, Day, 107, 

121, 127 

Goddard, Robert Hutchings, Memorial 

Goddard, Robert H., Memorial Trophy, 

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) 

(NASA), 30, 44, 57, 62, 83, 85, 95, %, 

100, 127, 182, 187, 190, 193, 210, 220, 

229, 328, 343, 371, 450, 484, 537 

Library, 240, 335 

137 

award, 193, 462 

contract, 45, 48, 174, 177, 272, 308, 332, 

experiment, 62, 82, 107, 110, 120, 121, 

management, 44,53,375 

Magnetic Field ComDonents Test Fa374, 375, 474, 550, 564 

132, 136, 180, 215, 276, 289 

thy, 318 

National SDaCe Science Data Center. 

125 

satellite monitoring, 106, 136, 168 

strike, 308, 353 

test, 85, 100, 334, 437 

tracking, 174 

Goelet, Robert G., 297 

Goett, Dr. Harry J., 343 

Gold, Prof. Thomas, 104, 187, 194, 281 

Goldberg, Arthur J., 559 

Goldberger, Marvin L., 169 

Goldhaber, Dr. Maurice, 107 

Goldstein, Charles M., 401 

Goldstone Tracking Station, 149, 337, 

364, 404, 467 

Goldwater, Barry, 367 

Goleta, Calif., 78 

Goluekc, Dr. Clarence G., 232 

Guudiiih, E. F., Coip., 25 

Goonhilly Downs, England, 180, 197 

Gordon, Lcdr Richard F., Jr. (USN), 10, 

Gordon, William E., 109 

Gorki Univ., U.S.S.R., 43 

Gould, Jack, 224 

Gould, R. Gordon, 545 

Government Accounting Office (cAo), 44, 

Governor’s Conference on Oceanography 

Gpas. See General Purpose Airborne 

Graduate Research Center of the SoothGrand Prairie, Tex., 54 

Grand Turk Island, 1% 

Grants 

444 

98 

and Astronautics, 458 

Simulator. 

west, 369 

facilities, 353, 376, 420, 424 

Federal, 185, 327, 426 

multidisciplinary, 103 

Predoctoral Traineeship, 103 

summer space science program, 223 

Technical Utilization Program, 96 

universities, 229, 232, 274, 371 

Graphite, 117, 274 
642 INDEX 

Grasse, France, 121 

Graveline, Dr. Duane E., 299, 300, 383 

Gravimeter, 124 

Gravity, 100, 181,274 

Gravity Gradient Stabilization Experiment. See CGSE 11. 

Gray, Dr. Edward Z., 172, 351 

Grav. Harold E.. 292 

Graibiel, Capt. ‘Ashton (USN) , 70, 120 

Great Britain. See United Kingdom. 

Great Falls, Mont., 535 

Great Lakes, 129 

Greater Akron Safety Conference, 131 CREB VI (solar x-ray monitor satellite), 

Green Bank. W. Va.. 109. 371. 475 

114 

Green River; Utah, 18, 49, 67,’386, 504 

Greenbelt, Md., 187 

Greenland, 233, 466 

Greenstein, Jesse L., 206 

Grenade experiments, 35, 54, 58, 372 

Grey, Robert, 458 

Grigorov, Nikolai I., 342, 390 

Grissom, Maj. Virgil I. (USAF), 68, 116, 

130, 142, 145, 146, 148, 150, 153, 155, 

156, 158, 159, 170, 171, 172, 193, 259, 

268, 298, 449 

Gromyko, Andrei A., 502 

Groom, Nelson J., 143 

Ground effects machine, 34 

Ground station, 197, 201, 228, 232, 278, 

314, 320, 326, 343, 344, 359, 360, 385, 

393, 412, 462, 463, 503, 527 

Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., 

177, 224, 228, 474, 500, 530, 572 

GSA. See General Services Administration. 

GSFC. See Goddard Space Flight Center. 

Guimarro, Constance, 261 

C~-2-Gemini IX. See Gemini. 

Guam, 318 

Guaymas, Mex., 107 

Guggenheim, Daniel, Medal, 131 

Guggenheim, Daniel and Florence, FounGuggenheim, Daniel and Florence, InterGuggenheim, Harry F., 32 

Guidance and control, 103, 176-177, 177 

Guidance Error Analysis Vehicles 

(GEAV), 31 

Gulf Stream, 564 

Gun, light-gas, 207 

Gursel, President Cemal (Turkey), 442 

H-1 (rocket engine), 71, 92, 197, 291, 

Hafnium, 535536 

Hafstad, Dr. L. R., 190 

Hagerty, Dr. William W., 435 

Haggerty, James J., Jr., 42, 168, 449 

Haifa, Israel, 189 

Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, 446 

dation, 532 

national Astronautics Award, 431 

490 

Halaby, Najeeb E., 6, 34, 41, 58, 73, 131, 

164, 194, 199, 204, 237, 274, 303, 435 

Hall, Dr. Albert C., 343, 350, 411 

Hall, Lawrence B., 61 

Hamilton Standard Div. (United Aircraft 

Cow.), 125, 363, 506, 540 

Hammaguir Range (Algeria), 98, 229, 

467, 478, 526, 527 

Hampton County (S.C.) Watermelon 

Festival, 297 

Hampton, Va., 512 

Hancock County, Miss., 483 

Handley Page Herald (British aircraft), 

“Handling Hazardous Materials,” 498 

Hanes, Maj. Gen. Horace A. (USAF), 233 

Haney, Paul P., 196, 317, 371, 421, 444, 

Hanscom Field, Mass., 67 

Hardy, Rep. Porter, Jr., 221 

Harald, Crown Prince (Norway), 467 

Harper, Charles W., 50 

Harr, Dr. Karl G., 70, 407, 419, 562 

Harriman, W. Averell, 339 

Harris, Sen. Fred., 325 

Harris, Rep. Oren, 292 

Harris poll, 501 

Harris, R. J., 306 

Harrison, Gov. Albertis S., Jr., 553 

Harrison, Lewis P., 71 

Hart, Sen. Phillip A., 487-88 

Hartford Courant, 234 

Hartford Rotary Club, 460 

Harvard Business School Club, New 

Harvard College Observatory, 4, 106, 505 

Harvard Divinity School, 168 

Harvard Engineers Club, 49 

Harvard Univ., 125, 262, 310, 373, 481, 

Harvey, Dr. Mose L., 100 

Haseltine, William A., 96 

Haskins, Dr. Caryl P., 559 

Hasler Research Center, 78 

Hasp (meteorological rocket), 420 

Hatcher, Norman M., 143 

Hatheway, E. A., Co., 311 

Haughton, Daniel J., 347 

Havana, Cuba, 1 

Hawaii, 42, 319, 320 

Hawk (missile), 189 

Hawker Siddeley Aviation Co., 275 

Hawker Siddeley group, 52 

Haworth, Leland, 70 

Hayes, AI J., 186, 248 

Hayes, Dr. Wallace D., 32 

Hayes International Corp., 109 

Hays, Edward L., 190 

Hazleton Laboratories, 60 

Healey, Denis, 17, 178, 549 

Health, Education and Welfare, Dept. of 

318 

510, 520 

York, 184 

487, 562 

(HEW), 131 
INDEX 

Heart, 9, 63 

Heart, artificial, 547 

Heat probe, 244 

Heat shield, 222,231,239 

Heidelberg, Germany, 321 

Helicopter, 254, 271, 521 

Advanced Aerial Fire Support System, 

commercial lines, 83, 113, 118, 231, 297, 

crane, 275 

multipurpose, 32 

pressure jet, 39 

record, 35,275,371, 372 

Sperry Award, 32 

504 

354 

Heliostation, 318 

Heller, Dr. John H., 514 

Hellyer, Paul, 165 

Helwan Observatory, Cairo, 8 

Henderson. ~_. - C. Williams. 430 

Henry, Thbmas, 453 ’ 

Heos. See Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite. 

Herget, Dr. Paul, 202-203 

Hess, Dr. Harry H., 397 HEW. See Health, Education, and WelHibex. See High Acceleration ExperiHickam AFB, Hawaii, 480 

Hicks, Jim, 438 

High Acceleration Experimental Booster 

(Hibex), 94 

High Resolution Infrared Radiometer 

(Hrir), 408 

High-speed Ground Transportation Act 

of 1965, 454 

High Temperature Instruments Corp., 334 

Highly Eccentric Orbit Satellite (Heos) , 

Hilburn, Earl D., 462 

Hildred, Sir William, 490 

Himmel, Seymour C., 462 

Hindsight, Project, 482 

Hindustani Times, 273 

Hines, William, 52, 191, 268, 288, 332, 

342, 410, 422, 431, 448, 477, 486, 505, 

536, 547, 563, 565 

Hiroshima, Japan, 371 

Hixon, S. Walter, 14 

Hjornevik, Wesley L., 57 

Hodgkins Medal, 381 

Hoffman, David H., 143, 244 

Hoffmeister, Cuno, 550 

Holex, Inc., 315 

Holland, Sen. Spessard, 394 

Holloman AFB, N. Mex., 339 

Hollomon, J. Herbert, 366 

Holloway, Dr. John T., 533 

Hollywood, Fla., 564 

Holmdell, N. J., 261 

Holmes and Narver, Inc., 393 

Holter, Edward F., 202 

fare, Dept. of. 

mental Booster. 

550 

Honest John-Nike Hydac (research rockHoneysuckle Creek, Australia, 353, 543 

Honeywell, Inc., 421, 535 

Hoover Institute of War, Revolution, and 

Hopkins, H. Z., Jr., 453 

Hopkins, R. U. F., 510 

“Hopper” (Lunar Flying Vehicle), 342 

Horizon scanner, 126, 255, 302, 370, 399, 

Horner, Richard E., 35 

Hornig, Dr. Donald F., 13, 160, 452, 536 

Horowitz, Dr. Norman H., 474 

Hosenball, S. Neil, 563 

Hot Springs, Ark., 517 

Hots Robert, 20, 181, 215, 235, 292, 380, 

418, 427,444, 501 

Hound Dog (missile), 504, 514 

House of Commons, U.K., 117 

Housing and Urban Redevelopment Act, 

et), 511 

Peace, 300 

421, 451,476, 492, 505 

495 --- Houston, Tex., 17, 25, 63, 159, 208, 506, 

Houston Baptist College, 25 

Houston Chronicle, 17, 201, 228 

Houston Junior Chamber of Commerce, 

Houston Post, 436, 4-40 

Hovercraft, 34, 374, 528 

Howard, Larry Dean, 101 

Howard Univ., 530 

Howe, Dr. Everett D., 77 

Hoyle, Prof. Fred, 110, 206, 269, 467 

Hrir. See High Resolution Infrared 

HSai (British miiitary rransporij , 52 

Hsinhau (press agency), 165, 232 

Hughes Aircraft Co., 51, 54, 64, 80, 121, 

Hughes Tool Co., 39, 521 

Human Events, 390 

Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H., 

510, 563 

18 

Radiometer. 

232, 283, 302, %6, 483, 500 

40, 105, 127, 198, 295, 394 

astronauts, visits with, 278, 431 

Dryden, Dr. Hugh L., tribute, 535 

International Air Show, 290, 291, 292, 

NASA visit, 92, 122, 145, 163, 325 

research institutions, 541 

space program, 85-86, 137, 147, 186, 

243-4, 432, 517, 529 

314, 315 

Hungary, 272 

Hunsaker, Dr. Jerome C., 249 

Huntington Beach, Calif., 182 

Huntsdle, Ala., 173 

Huntsville Times, 23, 365 

Hurricane Betsy. 420. 422, 425, 428, 478 

Hurricane CleoI142 ’ 

Hurricane Dora, 142 

Hurricane Ethel, 142 

Hurricane Florence, 142 

Hurricane research, 307, 308 
INDEX 

Huss, Pierre H., 320 

Huston, M/G Vincent (USAF), 490 

Hutchins, Dr. Robert Maynard, 558 

Hyatt, Abraham, 129 

Hydra-Iris (sounding rocket), 31 

Hydrogen, 125, 179 

fuel. 81. 104. 171 

gun; 207 ’ 

liquid, 49, 141, 385 

Hvdrogen bomb, 337,495 

Hidroikimmer, 34 

Hydrotest, 179 

Hypersonic aircraft, 35, 90, 203, 349, 464, 

Hypersonic flow theory, 32 

Hypersonic Ramjet Experiment Project, 

543 

169 

IAEA. See International Atomic Energy 

IAM. See International Association of 

IAU. See International Astronomical UnIBM. See International Business MaIcarus (asteroid), 507 

Icarw, 261 ICBM. See Missile, ballistic, intercontinental. 

Iceland, 321, 413 ICSC. See Interim Communications SatIEEE. See Institute of Electrical and 

ICY. See International Geophysical Year. IIT Research Institute (Illinois Institute 

of Technology), 216, 536 

Ikeya-Seki (comet), 447, 480, 484, 485, 

490, 502, 509, 513, 516, 572 

1~42 (jet liner), 241, 275, 318 

niff, Robert, 24 

Illinois, 134 

Illinois Institute of Technology. See IIT 

Illinois, Univ. of, 435, 553 

Imp (Interplanetary Monitoring Plat- 

“The Impact of Space Exploration on 

Incentive contract, 5, 40, 49, 77, 80, 91, 

India, 307, 325, 527 

Indian Aviation, 161 

Indian National Commission for Space 

Research, 307 

Indian Ocean, 106, 136 

Indiana, 95, 134 

Indiana, Univ. of, 95 

Indianapolis, 323 

Indianapolis Star, 45, 277, 323 

Indonesia, 6, 21, 59, 312, 373, 375 

Agency. 

Machinists. 

ion. 

chines Corp. 

ellite Committee. 

Electronics Engineers. 

Research Institute. 

form), 257, 258 

Society,” 383 

139 

Information 

distribution and dissemination of, 107 

exchange of, 111, 131 

retrieval, 484 

(Iris), 374 

Infrared detector, 97 

Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer 

Infrared sensing instrument, 143 

Initial Defense Communications Satellite 

Injun Explorer (satellite), 485 

Institute for Advanced Study (PrinceInstitute for Earth Sciences, 523 

Institute for Research into Problems of 

the Future, 558 

Institute for Satellite and Space Research, Bochum, W. Germany, 311 

Institute of Air and Space Law (McGill 

Univ.) , 536 

Institute of Earth Physics (U.S.S.R.), 

187 

Institute of Electrical and Electronics 

Engineers (IEEE), 143, 519 

Institute of Navigation, 208 

Institute of Oceanography, 565 

Institute of Space and Aeronautical SciInstitute of Strategic Studies, 522 

Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, U.K., 

Institute on Man and Science, 346 

Instrument, 461 

Project, 102 

ton, N.J.), 321 

ence, Japan, 200 

110, 447 

coronograph, 107 

gravimeter, 124 

infrared, 26, 97, 143, 374 

life detector, 107 

penetrometer, 82 

seismometer, 149, 473 

spectrograph, 120, 132 

spectroheliograph, 179 

spectrometer, 62, 106, 215, 485 

spectrophotometer, 62 

Intelsat. See International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium. 

Interact Conference (Rotary), 178 

Inter-American Experimental Meteorological Sounding Rocket Network 

(EXAMETNET), 236, 307, 365 

Inter-American Skyway, 529 

Interauia Air Letter, 447 

Interim Communications Satellite Committee (ICSC) , 502 

Interior, Dept. of, 174 

“Interlopers” (stellar objects), 38 

Internal Zero Defects Program, AFSC, 114 

International Academy of Astronautics, 

International Aerospace and Science ExInternational Aerospace Hall of Fame, 

390, 431 

position, 164 

San Diego, 134 
INDEX 6445 

International Air Show (Paris), 275, 279, 

283, 284, 290, 291, 292, 314, 315, 318, 

337 

International Air Transport Association 

(IATA), 490 

International Alliance of Theatrical and 

Stage Employees, 295, 301 

International Association of Machinists 

(IAM), 186, 248, 260, 295, 447, 520 

International Association of Machinists 

and Aerospace Workers, 437 

International Astronautical Federation 

Congress, 390, 429, 437, 440, 448, 470 

International Astronomical Union (IAU) , 187 

International Atomic Energy Agency 

(IAEA) , 69, 122, 548 

International Business Machines Corp. 

(IBM), 173, 275 

International Christian Leadership World 

Conference, 320 

International Civil Aviation Organization 

(ICAO) , 233 

International Commission for Space Research, 418 

International Committee on Space Research, 68 

International Conference on Aircraft Design and Technology, 519 

International Conference on Phenomena 

in Ionized Gases, Seventh, 401 

International Congress on Air Technology, 5.17 

International cooperation, 129 

aircraft, 314 

astronomy, 3, 183, 187, 338 

civil aviation. 8. 48. 73 

communications, 22, 31, 58, 69, 95, 121, 

249, 278, 322, 428, 434, 503, 541, 545, 

568 

IQSY, 10, 163, 226, 511, 553 

meteorology, 24-5, 147, 162, 220, 282, 

military, 96, 178, 347 

nuclear, 57, 69, 95, 122 

science and technology, 314, 339, 568 

space (see also International space 

programs), 27, 35, 55, 58, 75, 77, 

151, 286, 321, 370, 375, 431, 528, 

531, 545 

US-Argentina, 243, 511 

Australia, 353 

Brazil, 220, 515, 553 

Canada, 5% 

Europe, 75, 143, 182, 361, 563 

France, 437, 540 

Germany, West, 339 

India, 307 

U.K., 549 

U.S.S.R., 9, 24, 76, 111, 153, 272, 

279,446 

307, 365, 453 

U.S.S.R.-France, 486, 502, 519 

tracking, 418 

tracking station, 89, 136, 543 

International Cooperation Year, 220 

International Federation for DocumentaInternational Geophysical Year (IGY) , 67 

International Latex Corp., 125, 506 

International law, 559 

International Lunar Geological Confertion, 471 

- 

ence, 401 

ence. 285 

International Powder Metallurgy ConferInternational Radio and Television SoInternational Satellites for Ionospheric 

International Science and Technology, 

International Scientific Radio Union, 196 

International Space Electronics SympoInternational Space Patrol, 105 

International sDace uroerams (see also 

ciety, 466 

Studies (Isis-X), 523, 528 

47,211, 46 

sium, 503 

Internation'al cooier&ion, space), 68, 

375, 418, 466, 528, 543, 549, 560, 

75, 182, 202, 210, 321, 352-54, 370, 

CL" JUL 

U.K.-U.S.S.R., 76 

U.S.-Argentina, 243, 365, 421 

Australia, 353, 543, 56 

Brazil, 220, 365, 421, 515, 553 

Canada, 81, 9i, 528, 5% 

France, 282, 437, 540 

Germany, West, 339 

India, 325, 527 

Mexico, 107 

Netherlands, 23 

South Africa, 300 

U.K., 75, 486 

U.S.S.R.? 9, 76: 111; 272: 279; 429; 

465, 470 

USSR.-France, 486, 502, 519, 564 

International Symposium on Advances in 

Gas Chromatography, Third, 482 

International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in 

Space, Second, 279 

International Telecommunications SatelIite Consortium (InteIsat) , 502 

International Telecommunications Union 

(ITU), 545 

International Telephone and Telegraph 

Corp. (ITT), 182, 217, 308, 334, 340, 

344 

International Transport Fair, 333, 411 

International Union of United Plant 

Guard Workers of America, 308 

International Year of the Quiet Sun 

(IQSY), 10, 161, 163, 195, 196, 226, 

521, 523, 553, 556 

Interplanetary Monitoring Probe (Imp), 

257 

Inventions. 8. 156 

Ion, 132 

Ion propulsion, 167, 472 

Ion thrustnr, 5, 116 

Iona College, 129 
646 INDEX 

Ionization. 126 

Ionized gas, 401 

Ionosphere, 30 

measurement. ....,. 53, 110, 169. 249. 289. 

523, 546 

Iowa, 85, 134 

Iowa, Univ. of, 485 

IQSY. See International Year of the 

Quiet Sun. 

Iraq, 59 

Ins. See Infrared Interferometer SpecIrk. See Interrogation Recording and 

Irradiation, 146 

Isayeva, L., 371 

Iselin, Dr. Columbus, 348 

Isis. See International Satellites for 

Ionospheric Studies. 

Isolation test, 66, 237, 314 

Isotope, radioactive, 197 

Israel, 6, 189, 321, 325 

atomic energy, 122 

Italian National Committee on Space 

Research. 340 

research, 121, 163, 207, 220 

trometer. 

Location System. 

Italy, 25, 75, 259, 552 

Air Force, 340, 375 

Defense Ministry, 375 

launch, 543 SAN MARC0 I, 2 

Itokawa, Dr. Hideo, 200 ITT. See International Telephone and 

ITT World Communications, Inc., 201 

[TU. See International TelecommunicaIvanchenko, Prof. V., 467 

Ives, Whitehead & Co., Inc., 297 

Izvestia, 138, 269, 467, 492, 552, 559 

5-2 (rocket engine), 31, 198, 209, 322, 

Jackass Flats, Nev., 49, 240, 255 

Jackson, Sen. Henry M., 232 

Jackson, Nelson P., Aerospace Award, 

Jacksonville, Fla., 353, 389 

Jacquet, Mark, 73 

Jaffe, Leonard, 57, 384 

James, Jack N., 245,356 

Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 528 

Japan, 477 

Telegraph Corp. 

tions Union. 

527, 535, 543 

137 

launch, 42 

Ministry of Telecommunications, 2 

nuclear capability, 325 

satellite, 21, 227 

sounding rocket, 42, 133-4, 312, 375 

space program, 200, 227, 260 

US. missile practice firing, 463 

Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space 

Sciences, 519 

Japanese Trade Ministry, 312 

Jarry Hydraulics, Ltd., 14 

Jastrow, Dr. Robert, 23, 57, 531 

Javelin (sounding rocket). See Argo 

P-4. 

Jeffries, John, Award, 471 

Jenkins, Dale W., 59 

Jenkins, Rov W.. 73. 117. 314. 486 

Jenks, Arthur E.; 186 

Jeppson, John, 336 

Jet engine analyzing system, 84 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) (Cal 

Tech), 61, 303, 382, 461, 511, 556 

award, 137, 462 

Deep Space Network, 364, 377 

Goldstone Tracking Station, 149, 337, 

364. 467 

Mariner project, 1, 64, 67, 81, 92, 102, 

184, 189, 190, 326, 330, 336, 337, 

363, 364, 497 

Ranger project, 4, 73, 78, 80, 84, 89, 

Surveyor, 466, 524 

Voyager, 341, 533 

lite Program Office. 

(U.K.), 78, 180, 222, 464, 542 

92, 140, 148, 175, 245 

Jetport, 292 

JMSPO. See Joint Meteorological SatelJodrell Bank Experimental Station 

Johannesburg, South Africa, 55, 327, 330 

Johannesburg Surtday Times, 297 

John XXIII, Pope, 103 

Johns Hopkins Univ., 99, 118, 508, 515 

Johnson, Katherine, 428 

Johnson, David, 71 

Johnson City, Tex., 534 

Johnson, Gifford K., 369 

Johnson, John A., 434 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 22, 138, 

161, 164, 246, 280, 286, 296, 370, 377, 

413, 436, 446, 450, 509 

appointments, 169, 204; 206, 287, 294, 

359 

astronaut, 423, 431, 460 

awards by, 48, 58, 286, 355, 431, 547 

budget request, 27, 100, 301 

Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, 

communications satellite system, 69, 92, 

defense, 20, 39, 242 EARLY BIRD I message, 225, 282 

Environmental Science Services Administration (proposed), 229 

351 

343 

Gemini space flight 

CT-~, 254, 289 

GT-3, 147, 152, 155 

GEMINI V, 390, 402, m, @5 GEMINI VI, 395, 397 

GEMINI VII, 493,538, 552 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory, 325, 395, 

400, 410, 424, 427 NASA visit, 92, 122, 276 

proclamations, 120, 501 

science, 101, 298, 473 

Science Advisory Committee, 169 
INDEX 647 

space program, 136, 139, 150, 160, 171, 

177, 286, 366, 396, 487 

international cooperation, 650 

316, 336 

supersonic transport, 237, 287, 309, 312, 

transportation, 198, 237, 454 

tributes, 423, 533, 547 VOSKHOD 11, 138 

Johnson, Richard L., 6 

Johnson, Roy William, 345 

Johnson, Vern W., & Sons, Inc., 527 

Johnston Island. 49 

Johnston, Richard S., 325, 470 

Joint Meteorological Satellite Programs 

Jonas, Rep. Charles R., 173 

Jones, David M., 370 

Jones, J. A., Construction Co., 478 

Jordan, 59 

Jordan, Sen. Len B., 46 

Jordan, Sen. B. Everett, 449 

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 456 

Journal of the Armed Forces, 168, 449 

Journeyman (sounding rocket), 184, 302 JP-~ jet fuel, 18 JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 

Jungk, Dr. Robert, 558 

Junkers Flugzeug und Motorenwerke AG, 

Jupiter (planet), 181, 197, 261, 348, 366, 

Jupiter Calibration Experiment, 528 

Justice, Dept. of, 359 

KaanaDali. Hawaii. 42 

Office (JMSPO), 182 

550 

374, 382, 399 

Kaiser- Aluminum and Chemical Sales:_9_2 

Kaminin, tic iiiicoiai (U.S.S.K.), ila, 

395. 457, 489 

Kaminski, Heinz, 311 

Kanowski, CWO Mitch (USN), 112 

Kansas City, Mo., 106 

Kansas City Times, 109 

Kaplan, Dr. Joseph, 382 

Kaplanov, Prof. M., 480 

Kappa 8L (Japanese sounding rocket), 

Kardashev, Dr. Nikolai, 180 

Karst formation, 95 

Karth, Rep. Joseph E., 115, 422, 466, 501 

Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., 131 

KC-135 (Stratolifter) , 34Q 

Keil, Dr. Klaus, 112 

Keldysh, Prof. Mstislav V., 113, 156, 390, 

392, 405, 420, 431 

Kelley, Dr. Albert J., 304 

Kelly, Lloyd L., 357 

Kennedy, President John F., 76, 509 

Kennedy, Dr. Joseph W., 305 

Kennedy, Sen. Robert F.. 118. 474 

375 

,I 

Kennedy Space Center, NASA (KSC), 3, 

115, 193, 210, 245, 269, 331, 353, 366, 

381, 390, 513 

astronaut debriefing, 410, 411 

award, 331, 568 

contract, 12, 91, 118, 158, 163, 311, 340, 

facilities, 11, 37, 178, 345, 454 

Launch Operations Div., GSFC, 458 

Pacific Launch Operations Office, 458 

Saturn, 96, 162, 224, 250, 298, 319, 341, 

spacecraft, 3, 168, 467, 490, 492 

spaceport, 178, 422 

strike, 39, 49, 118, 133, 159, 248, 277, 

450 

406, 426, 437, 443, 533 

295, 302 

Kenton, Frank, 527 

Kenyatta, President Jomo (Kenya), 448 

Kepler (lunar crater), 467 

Kerch Strait, 141 

Kerr, Breene M., 223 

Kerwin, Lcdr Joseph P. (USN), 299, 300 

Keshishian, Dr. John M., 45 

Khabarovsk. U.S.S.R.. 88 

Kharchenko, Boris I., 24,382 

Khodarev, Yuri, 392 

Khrushchev, Premier Nikita (U.S.S.R.) , 98, 480 

Kiev Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers 

(U.S.S.R.) , 345 

Kiewit, Peter, Sons Co., 14 

Kiilsgaard, Thor H., 97 

Kiladze. Rolan, 329 

Kilauea, Hawaii, 10 

Kilgour, Frederick C., 108 

Kimes, Capt. Charles H., 302 

Kimmons, William L., 455 

Kimzey, John H., 63 

Kinard, William H., 376 

Kincheloe, hen C., Award, 454 

King, Dr. Jean I. F., 220 

King Salmon AFB, Alaska, 288 

Kirchner, Dr. Werner R., 192, 286 

Kirkland AFB, N. Mex., 549 

Kiruna, Sweden, 352 

Kiselev, M. I., 318 

Kistiakowsky, Dr. George B., 200, 206, 

310 

Kiwi (nuclear reactor), 13, 112, 306, 519 

Klein, Dr. Edmund, 168 

Kleinknecht, Kenneth S., 346, 347 

Klemperer, Dr. Wolfgang B., 154 

Kliore, Dr. A. J., 414 

Klokov, Ivan V., 478, 492 

Klystra, Dr. Johannes H., 240 

Knabenshue, A. Roy, 556 

Knight, Capt. William J. (USAF), 346, 

Knoblock, L/C Edward C. (USA), 410 

Knoxville News-Sentinel, 244 

Kock, Dr. Winston E., 49, 208, 349, 382 

Kolcum, Edward H., 86, 517 

Komarov, Col. Vladimir (U.S.S.R.), 1, 

Kondratief, Prof. K. I., 85 

Konecci, Dr. Eugene B., 70, 216, 471 

Konrad, John, 54 

Konstantinov, B., 3 

Korea. 245 

454 

436 
648 INDEX 

Korff, Dr. Serge A., 516 

Kosberg, Semyon A., 3 

Kosygin, Premier Alexi (U.S.S.R.) , 542 

Kozlovskava. Sofia. 342 __._. ,I 

Kozyrev, N., 515 

Kraft, Christopher C., 68, 177, 265, 397, 

411. 512. 520 

Krakow, Poland, 257 

Krasnaya Zvezda, (See also Red Star) 

57, 197, 367, 398, 568 

Krichagin, Vladimir, 134 

Krumb, Henry, School of Mines (Columbia Univ.), 124 

Krylov, Marshal Nikolai I. (U.S.S.R.) , 57 

Kryl‘ya rodiny, 360 KSC. See Kennedy Space Center, NASA. 

Kuczma, Julius E., 8 

Kuettner, Dr. Joachim P., 386 

Kuhn, Richard E., 463 

Kuiper, Dr. Gerard P., 84, 95, 149, 187 

Kuo, Dr. John T. F., 124 

Kurzweg, Dr. Herman N. H., 126 

Kuwait, 58 

Kuzmin, Dr. Arkady, 371 

Kybal, Dalimil, 361 

Kyushu, Japan, 42 

Labor, Dept. of, 131 

Labor relations, 8, 39, 49, 133, 157, 186 

Laboratoire Central de T6lBcommunications (LCT), 182 

LaChance, Dr. Paul, 455 

LaGow, Herman E., 375 

Laika (dog, U.S.S.R.), 445 

LaJolla, Calif., 95, 299, 389 

Lalli, Vincent R., 17 

Lally, Eugene, 348 

Lamda (Japanese sounding rocket), 133 

Lamda 111-2 (Japanese sounding rocket), 

Lamont Geological Observatory, 182 

Lance (missile), 125 

Landing pads, 165 

Landing system, automatic, 131 

Lange, Dr. Oswald H., 450 

Langley Research Center (LBRC) (NASA), 

42 

12,283,314,518 

awards, 14, 494 

contract, 35, 80, 82 

experiment, 169, 559 

Lunar Landing Research Facility, 303 

management. 80. 82 

meetiig, 223, 2iiresearch, 127, 143, 468, 553 

Research Staff Office, 27 

sonic boom study, 15; 65 

supersonic transport experiments, 334, 

516 

Langway, C. C., Jr., 191 

Lansbergh, Dr. M. P., 23 

Lapp, Dr. Ralph E., 536 L~C. See Langley Research Center. 

Laredo, Tex., 389, 538 

Largos. See Laser Activated Reflecting 

Geodetic Optical Satellite. 

Larsen, Dr. Finn J., 535 

Las Cruces, N. Mex., 22 

Las Vegas, Nev., 541 

Laser, 168 

deep space, 207, 503 

patent. 545 

tracking techniques, 24, 27, 276 

ise of; 67, 73, 168, 209, 227, 228, 276, 

Laser Activated Reflecting Geodetic Optical Satellite (Largos), 24 

Lasker, Albert, Medical Journalism 

Awards, 243 

Launch Complex 16,11,54 

Launch Complex 19,523,539 

Launch Complex 34, 37, 52, 92, 94, 118, 

317, 497, 517 

345 

Launch Complex 36B, 103 

Launch Complex 37, 92, 94, 312, 385 

Launch Complex 39, 48, 94, 164, 184, 319, 

Launch vehicle, 178, 501 

Launch sites, deactivation, 57 

346, 454, 544 

operations and capability, 19, 54, 72, 

reliability 36, 60, 71-72 

U.S.S.R., 73, 137, 222, 345, 348, 532 

military, 29, 66, 74, 287, 288, 291 

cost, 33, 77, 384 

development, 60, 74, 77, 88, 130, 132, 

163, 191, 210, 275, 301, 352, 365 

contract, 5, 80, 182, 274, 275, 289, 

296,340,526 

Laures, Josiane, 66, 121 

Lawrence, David, 438 

Lawyer, Capt. Richard E. (USAF), 514 LCS II (radar calibration sphere), 477 LCT. See Laboratoire Central de TBlBcommunications. 

Lear, John, 104 

Lear, William, 361 

Lebanon, 59,76 

Lebedev, Victor, 119 

Lebedev Institute of Physics, Moscow, 

Lebedinskiy, Prof. Aleksandr, 479 

LeBourget, France, 275 

Lederberg, Dr. Joshua, 372 

Lederer, Jerome, 526, 557 

Ledford, Col. Otto C., (USAF), 290 

Lee, John G., 209 

Lee, Dr. William A., 7 

Legion of Merit, 519 

Leighton, Dr. Robert B., 354, 355, 356 

Lem. See Lunar Excursion ‘Module. 

LeMay, Gen. Curtis E. (USAF, Ret.), 42, 

48,84, 153,250,486 

Leningrad, 31, 372,387 

Leningrad, Univ. of, 85 

Leonid meteor shower. 518. 520. 521 

75, 80, 82 

371 

Leonov, L/C Aleksey (U’.S.S.R.), 131, 

132, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 147, 150, 

153. 155. 156. 216. 217. 225, 270. 278. 

395; 419, 430, 438; 442; 457; %O; 473; 

514, 571 
INDEX 649 

LES I (Lincoln Laboratory Experiniental 

Satellite), 65 LES 111, 560 

LES IV, 560,565 

Lesher, Dr. Richard L., 223 

Levin, Boris J., 187 

Levin, Gilbert V., 60 

Levin, Kenneth L., 360 

Levitt, Dr. I. M., 19 

Lewis, David S., 363 

Lewis Research Center (LRC) (NASA), 17, 

49,63, 123, 275,519 

Centaur, 103, 377,417 

contract, 26 

experiment, 158, 237 

Plum Brook Station, 26, 180 

research. 49. 56. 96. 169. 256. 258. 285. ,I, I I 

334,438 

test, 128, 132,296,357,377 

Lewis, Richard, 23 

Lfv. See Lunar Flvine Vehicle. 

Libby, Dr. Willard F., 103, 210, 258, 461 

Libraries, 25, 108 

Library of Congress, 487 

Legislative Reference Service, 271 

Science Policy Research Div., 259 

Libya, 58 

Lick Observatory, 502 

Life maeazine. i78. 244. 288. 438 

Life science (see also Bioscience), 70, 

118, 120,2%, 334, 538, 564 

acceleration forces. 123. 181. 191 .. artificial life, 427, &6 

atmospheric pressures, 115-116, 134-135, 

blood pressure, 190, 566 ear. 23. 70. 34s; 421. 4.3 

173, 475 

environment, e’ffects of, 66, 115, 129, 

extraterrestrial life, contamination by, 

132-133, 190, 452, 470 

246 

heart, 9, 63, 267, 566 

isolation experiment, 237, 314 

life support system, 359, 363, 430, 476, 

nutrition, 56, 128, 153, 172, 237, 421, 

radiation, 59, 167, 202, 217, 248, 266, 

temperature, 116, 313 

weightlessness, 19, 45, 55, 59, 63, 132, 

138, 146, 267, 279, 412, 527, 531, 540 

Life Sciences Research Laboratory (NASA) 

Life support system, 132, 232, 363, 506, 

Lifting body vehicle, 209 

Lil. See Lunar International Laboratory. 

Lilly, William, 462 

Lima, Peru, 121 

Limonite, 330 

Lincoln Laboratory, MIT 

LES I, 65 

artificial, 546 

494, 506, 540 

422 

313, 450, 566 

564 

540 

LES 111, 560 LES IV, 560, 565 

Lindberg, Charles A., 131, 134, 331 

Linde Co., 445 

Lindsay, Mayor John V., 562 

LingTemco-Vought, 15,54, 80, 119, 195 

contract, 447, 502, 561 

Lance. 125 

Scout,7 $2: 591 

XC-142A, 15, 54, 322 

Liquid hydrogen; 445 

Lisbon, Portugal, 277 

Little, Arthur D., Inc., 13, 52 

Little Joe 11 (booster), 238, 513, 571 

Little John (missile), 43 

Little Rock AFB, Ark., 14 

Livingston Electronic Co., 128 

Llrv. See Lunar Landing Research VeLocal Scientific Survey Module (Lssm) , 

Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 264, 309, 41% 

hicle. 

315 

550 

C-SA, 454, 491 

C-130, 52, 63, 112, 114, 124 

C-141, 2,41, 198 

contract, 120, 214, 257,393, 454 

helicopter, 315, 504 

Orion, 2 

707-349C. 516 

supersonic transport, 41, 163 

u-2, 124 

Lockheed-California Co., 525 

Lockheed Electronics Co., 195, 309,474 

Lockheed Jet Star, 524 

Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., 5, 23, 

165, EO, 269, 289, 361, 491, 524, 550 

Lockheed Propulsion Co., 24, 32 

Loewe, Dr. Erhard, 205 

Loewy, Robert G., 451, 457 

Logandale, Nev., 78 

London, U.K., 17, 67, 73, 95, 275, 314, 

Long, Sen. Russell B., 216 

Longshot, Project, 495, 525 

Los Alamos, N. Mex., 335 

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 306, 

Los Angeles, Calif., 54, 68, 78, 83, 170, 

Los Angeles Air Force Station, Calif., 5 

Los Angeles Times, 221 

Losey, Robert M., Award, 471 

“Loss of a Leader” (editorial), 539 

Louisiana, 255 

Louisville, Univ. of, 9 

Lovelace Clinic, 553 

Lovelace Foundation, 435 

Lovelace, Dr. W. Randolph, 11, 118, 296, 

549, 553, 554 

Lovell, Sir Bernard, 222, %4, 542 

Lovell, Cdr. James A. (USN), 208, 308, 

317, 493, 500, 511, 530, 533, 557, 558, 

560,563 

492 

450 

222, 228, 272, 454, 514, 564 
650 INDEX 

Lovelock, Dr. J. E., 482 

Low, Charles A., Jr., 258 

Low, Dr. Frank J., 57 

Lowell Observatory, 96 

LRC. See Lewis Research Center. 

Lssm. See Local Scientific Survey Module. 

Lubell, Samuel, 143 

Lucas, Dr. William R., 506 

Lucet, Charles, 544 

Luftfahrttechnik, Ruumfuhrttechnik, 456 

Lufthansa German Airlines, 84 

LUNA v (U.S.S.R. lunar probe), 222, 223, 

227, 230, 232, 234, 235, 571 

LUNA VI, 272,274,284, 571 

LUNA VII, 460,464,467,571 

Lunar (see also Moon) 

LUNA VIII, 536, 539,542, 571 

base. 174.239 

crater, 14.3.-149, 154, 187, 194, 323, 379, 

dust, 85, 187. 194 

392,507,515,555 

eclipse, 8,525 

exploration, 143, 152, 174, 179, 180, 

252,253,342,358,380 

laboratory, 327, 430, 431 

landing research facility, 303 

landing research vehicle, 360 

law. 530 

phdtographs, 8, 68, 80, 84, 89, 95, 97, 

100, 104, 108, 137, 143, 148, 153, 175, 

232, 325, 379. 382, 392. 570 

probe, 4, 74, 79, 84, '140, .146, 148, 222, 

223, 227, 232, 272, 274, 285, 379, 382, 

460, 463, m, 477, 536, 539, 540,542, 

570,571 

surface, 10, 27, 43, 80, 81, 84, 85, %, 

104, 143, 153, 160, 187, 227, 234,298, 

392, 474, 487, 496, 555, 565 

Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Univ. of 

- 

Arizona, 57 

Lunar Excursion Module (Lem), 33, 48, 

75, 152, 160, 187, 1%. 352 

contract, 139. 177. 315. 345 ., test, 113; 186' 

Lunar exploration vehicle, 530 

Lunar Flying Vehicle (Lfv) ,342 

Lunar International Laboratory (Lil), 

Lunar laboratory, 3,27,430 

Lunar Landing Research Facility (LaRC) , 

431 

303 

Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (Llrv) , 

Lunar materials, 27, 209 

Lunar Mission and Space Exploration 

Lunar Mobile Laboratory (Molab) , 315 

Lunar Orbiter program, 5, 181, 204, 275, 

Lunar program (US.) (see also Moon 

and Lunar), 23, 27, 29, 40, 43, 75, 

80,151,160,173, 181 

82,360,465 

Facility, 175 

487 

appropriations, 171 

cost of, 175,530 

criticism, 97, 164, 178, 186, 530 

importance of, 29, 97 

manned flight and landing 75, 77, 152 

Lundin, Bruce T., 462 LUNK 111 (U.S.S.R. lunar probe), 379 

Lupenko, Trofim D., 297 

Luster, Project, 518, 521 

Luyten, Dr. Willem J., 70 

M-1 (rocket engine), 27, 100, 141 

~14 (Russian helicouter) . 122 

M2-F2 (manned lift& body research veM-110 (helicopter), 275 

McAdams, Alfred, 202 

McCall, G. J. H., 401 

McCall, Dr. J. C., 359 

McClellan, Sen. John L., 359 

McCollum, John S., 464 

McCollum-Pratt Institute, 119 

McConnell AFB. Kan.. 14 

hicle), 278 

McConnell, Gen. John Paul (USAF), 48, 

McCormack, M/G James (USAF, Ret.). 479 

217, 331, 440 

McCormack, Rep. John W., 33, 155 

McCullough, Warren, 281 

McCusker, Donald F., 414 

McDivitt, L/C James A. (USAF) 

GT~ spaceflight, 268, 269, 371, 375 

launch, 266,267,268 

plans, 168,229,248, 254, 255, 256 

honors, 270, 278, 283,286, 331 

International Air Show visit, 290, 292, 

314, 316 

interview, 1%, 208 

messages to 

Gagarin, Yuri, 273 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 271 

promotion, 276 

United Nations visit, 463 

McDonald, Adm. David L. (USN), 535 

McDonald, Dr. Gordon J. F., 169, 193, 

McDonnell Aircraft Corp., 40, 363, 493, 

397 

567 

contract, 209, 393, 524, 572 

F4C, 2,287 

GT-2, 239 

GT4,168 

Phantom 11,52 

strike, 510, 520, 523, 525 

Macelwane, James B., Award, 193 

McElroy, Dr. William D., 119 

McGill Univ., 502, 536 

McKay, John B., 94, 206, 236, 293, 319, 

411, 433,451, 492 

MacKay Trophy, 340 

McKee, Gen. William F. (USAF, Ret.), 

McKinney, Marion O., Jr., 463 

McLean, Francis E., 15,241 

McLean, George, 161 

Macleay, Capt. Lachlan (USAF) , 598 

287, 294, 303,309, 322,481,491 
INDEX 651 

MacLend, Norman E., 167 

McLeod, Norman J., 228 

McMillan, Dr. Brockway, 322 

McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 174 

McNamara. Robert .. S.. 14. 27. 39. 86. 144. 

i68,-i72,' 221, 235,'316, 3%, 347, 367, 

438, 451, 454, 458, 474, 486, 537, 566 

Macomber. Frank, 241, 346 

Macy, John W., Jr., 455 

Madagascar (Malagasy Republic), 551 

Madison, Stuart, 15 

Madrid, Spain, 330 

Maeda, K., 227 

Magnesium-lithium alloys, 408 

Magnetic field, 36, 110, 157, 207, 223, 

256, 257, 267, 318, 553, 557 

Magnetic Field Components Test Facility 

(GSFC), 318 

Magnetometer, 36 

Magnitogorsk, U.S.S.R., 369 

Magnuson, Sen. Warren G., 51,309 

Malvern, U. K., 41 

Management, 1,14,77,91, 185,190 

Management Services, Inc., 109 

La Mariunu, 25 

Manchester Guardian, 273,480 

Maneuvering Ballistic Re-entry Vehicle, 

Manned Flying System (Mfs) ,342 

Manned maneuvering unit (Mmu) ,510 

Manned Orbiting Laboratory (Mol), 29, 

115, 267, 290, 295, 299, 325, 346, 441, 

484, 514,567 

PQP ""V 

cooperation, 484,494 

criticism. 269.423. 427. 544 

design studies, 27,' 28, k6,-231 

Gemini, 171, 183, 239 

launch plans, 549 

news censorship, 410,488 

purpose, 86, 101, 102, 330,416,424,488, 

test, 183, 531, 549, 560, 571 

Manned space flight, 1, 11,222 

achievements, 146, 150, 151, 153, 156, 

265, 268, N3, 418, 538, 550-553, 570 

appropriations, 28, 75 

capability, 29, 77, 177,410 

cost of, 177,457 

criticism, 142, 172, 271 

extravehicular activity, 132,' 135, 138, 

hazards, 19, 63, 133, 139, 372, 375, 536 

lunar landing (see also Lunar program), 3, 45, 143, 181, 383, 429, 

436 

494 

152, 155, 171,190,208,570 

cost of, 7, 62,457 

criticism, 97, 164, 167, 177, 185 

goal, 7,28,29,75,79,108,160 

hazards, 19,59, 63,70, lM, 1% 

man's role in, 196, 396, 414,416 

objectives, 25, 79, 177, 211, 429, 456, 

461,528 

program, 7, 15, 23, 27, 40, 68, 108, 

116, 139, 151, 168, 170, 171, 174, 

177, 188, 251, 317, 365, 357, 382, 

461.549 

R&D, 317 

support of, 62,97, 509 

training, 10, 133 

Manned Spacecraft Center ( MSC) (NASA), 

10, 54, 115, 128, 168, 196, 208, 276, 

297, 347, 367, 371, 394, M, 493 

astronaut, 68, 129, 159, 170, 196, 298, 

debriefing, 412,415 

training, 10, 56, 97, 321 

awards, 57,301,372 

contract, 308, 474 

facilities, 1, 54, 175, 177, 308 

manned space missions, 7, 80, 116, 177, 

Apollo, 55, 56, 109, 113, 185 

Gemini, 58, 65, 67, 109, 116, 170, 314, 

510 

195 

347 

GT-2, 21, 239 

GT-3,68 

GT-~, 168, 190, 196, 208, 265, 268, 

GEMINI v, 58, 152,208, 339 GEMINI VI, 49, 170,523 

GEMINI VII, 523 

research, 63,160,358,456,476 

sripmist-astmnaiit program, 553 

spacecraft, 160,201,485, 522 

276, 322 

Mantz, Paul, 321 

Mao Tze-tung, 140 

Mars (Dlanet) 

atmosphere', 36, 242, 313, 328, 338, 354 

414,482, 507,572 

canals, 109. 336,378 

contamination of, 36, 60, 97, 246, 262 

craters, 336, 354,448, 507 

exploration, 62, 77, 201, 213 238, 252, 

flight to 

338,382, 399,429 

cost, 356, 394, 429 

manned, 160, 194, 342, 351, 394, 429, 

469, 472 

unmanned, 1, 2, 7, 17, 18, 24, 39, 55, 

61, 68, 73, 75, 81, 112, 160, 184, 

189, 190, 201, 228, 235, 245, 258, 

277, 293, 300, 311, 317, 323, 326, 

328, 329, 333, 336, 338, 339, 359, 

380, 382, 384, 398, 440, 519 

life on, 4, 17, 36, 64, 96, 97, 158, 202, 

281, 324, 330, 336, 355, 372, 443, 474 

magnetic field, 190, 330, 355, 572 

photographs, 293, 300, 328, 330, 336, 

study of, 32,120,200,201,262 

surface, 355,481 

water on, 4,244,324, 354,372,448, 507 

338, 342, 346, 354, 355, 363, 378 

Mardel Plata, Argentina, 225 

Marconi Company, Ltd., 549 

Mare Sirenum (Mars), 68 

Margaret, Princess (U.K.), 11 

Mariana Islands, 42, 134 

Marine Contracting, Inc., 407 
652 INDEX 

Mariner (program), 102 

MARINER 11 (Venus probe), 184, 241, 258, 

323 

MARINER IV (Mars probe), 1, 66, 67, 73, 

81, 92, 113, 156, 326, 337, 355, 565 

exueriment. 129.444 

p&formanc‘e, 2,’7, 17, 24, 39, 55, 64, 82, 

83, 102, 108, 118, 152, 165, 174, 184, 

190, 207,218,228, 242, 244. 258,316- 

317, 323, 333, 435, 443, 497 

photographs, I, 68, 245, 293, 300, 325- 

326, 329, 330, 336, 338, 346, 348, 354, 

360,404,474, 570 

progress report, 190 

results, 354-355, 359,497, 572 

Markov, Prof. Alexander, 153, 323 

Marion Power Shovel Co., 39, 381, 422, 

Markow, Edward G., 530 

Marmain, J., 361 

Marquardt Corp., 169 

MARS I (U.S.S.R. probe), 207 

Mars spacecraft, 16 

Mars station, 467 

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

(NASA), 8, 94, 96, 128, 165, 239, 253, 

255,275, 319, 373, 411,429, 573 

517 

award, 411, 455,506 

Computer Operations Office, 179 

Computation Laboratory, 312 

contract, 92,526 

study, 302,342,343,358 

support services, 115, 173, 179, 191, 

204, 234,312,315, 319,447, 533 

5-2 (rocket engine) facilities, 105, 319 

launch vehicle, 8 

Saturn, 39, 54, 100, 123, 162, 178, 

188, 197, 198, 219, 241, 275, 292, 

296, 319, 326, 348, 363, 373, 458, 

459, 490, 525, 543, 554, 557 

Lunar Flying Vehicle, 342 

management, 248,446 

Manpower Utilization and Administration Office. 34 

meeting, 194: 248,255 

Mississippi Test Facility, 220, 482, 505 

Office of Technolorn Utilization. 503 

personnel, 173, 27.!f-34QO, 359, 569- -- 

personnel honored, 129,156,326,506 

Technical Systems Office, 359 

West Test Area, 54, 319 

Marsoerauhv. 423 

Martin Co.,”58, 87, 106, 157, 246, 344, 

347, 387, 524,536, 548,567 

Martin, Minta, Lecture, 129 

Martz, Emmett L., 455 

Maryland, Univ. of, 129, 202, 486 

Masevich, Alla, 392 

Mason, Dr. B. H., 78 

Mason, John F., 87 

Mason-Rust Co., 179, 550 

Mass spectrometer, 68, 76 

Massachusetts, 106 

Massachusetts Department of Commerce 

and Development, 468 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Center for Sensory Aids Evaluation and 

Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 

Lincoln Laboratory, 65 

Masursky, Harold, 507 

Materials, 170, 274, 570 

composite, 157, 170 

heat-resistant, 56, 92 

high temperature, 19,519, 535 

lightweight, 19 

274 

(MIT) ,73,545 

Development, 90 

94 

“Materials and Tomorrow’s Air Force,” 

Materials testing, 65, 533 

Mathews, Charles W., 286,325, 558 

Mathias, Rep. Charles McC., 357 MATS. See Military Air Transport Service. 

Mauna Kea, Hawaii, 10 

Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 10 

Max Planck Institute (Germany), 321 

Maxwell, B/C Jewel1 c. (WAF), 387, 515 

Mechling Barge Lines, Inc., 239 

Medical electronics, 488489 

Medical Society of the State of New 

Melbourne, Australia, 269 

Melbourne, Fla., 45 

Melpar, Inc., 310 

Memorandum of understanding 

international, 236, 339, 568 

national, 74, 135 

Mendel, Gregor, 297 

“Mendel Rivers Day,” 298 

Mengel, John T., 567 

Menzies, Sir Robert, 136 

Mercury (planet), 194,229,382 

Mercury, Project, 12, 68, 82, 89, 133, 146, 

Mercury (spacecraft), 21, 173, 183, 394, 

Meredith. Leslie H.. 462 

York, 70 

501, 546 

462 

Merritt ‘Island Launch Area (MILA) 

(KSC) , 57, 179,188, 245 

facilities, 199 

construction, 157 

support services, 48 

launch complex, 92,164, 184 

strike, 8, 39, 49, 133, 157 

Mesoscale structures, 124 

Mesosphere, 226 

Meteor, 8, 221 

Meteorite, 2, 85, 100, 258, 415, 421, 550 

Meteoroid, 117, 216, 247, 248, 249, 376, 

Meteoroid detection, 71, 90, 94, 97, 100, 

507 

106,505,511 

micrometeoroid, 193 

Meteorological Institute (Sweden), 321 

Meteorological Satellite Laboratory (US. 

Weather Bureau). 71 

Meteorology (see also Weather), 38, 65, 

71,126,220,332, 516 
cooperation, 77,112, 182,243,307,365 

forecasting, 221229,267 

probe, 216,257 

satellite, 28, 81, 147, 175, 220, 226, 301, 

570 

achievement, 81,208 

communications, use of, 282 

manned, 85 

239,249,289,294 

sounding rocket experiments, 214, 227, 

Methanol, 87 

Metric system, 2%, 329, 365, 393 

Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade, 

486,514 

Mettler, Dr. Ruben F., 492 

Mexico, 107,370 

Mfs. See Manned Flying System. 

Miami, Fla., 366 

Miami Beach, Fla., 274 

Miami Herald, 71 

Miami, Univ. of, 30 

Center for Advanced International 

Studies, 100 

Miami Weather Bureau, 366 

Michel, Dr. Frank C., 299,300,341 

Michelson, Albert A., Award, 485 

Michigan, 134 

Michigan, Univ. of, 121. 136, 283, 372, 

510,511 

Michigan Education Association Meeting, 

Michoud Assembly Facility, 308, 319, 34, 

504 

363, 428, 478, 512, 543, 550, 561 

Michoud Operations (NASA), 105, 123, 

130,162, 179,250,308 

Mickelsen, William R., 258 

iviicromeieoriie, 421 

Micrometeoroid, 507 

Micrometeoroid detection, 24, 193 

Microwave research, 543 

Mid-Canada Warning Line, 165 

Middle East Airlines, 237 

Midway Island, 49 

Midwest, 399 

MiG17 (U.S.S.R., jet fighter), 287, 291 

Mikhailov, Alexander A., 342,392 

Mikoyan, Anastas, 138, 153,405 MILA. See Merritt Island Launch Area. 

Military Air Transport Service (MATS), 

573 

Military Electronics Convention, 54 

“The Military Implications of Space,” 

d50 

INDEX 

.- ~ 

Military Review, 260 

Militarv technoloev. ~,. 151 ~-- 

Miller,‘Col. David V. (USAF) , 290 

Miller, Rep. George P., 72, 89, 108, 155, 

198.255.422. 509.564 

Mils. ’ See Missile ’Impact Location StaMilwaukee Public Museum, 391 

Mines, Bureau of, 209 

Mining, extraterrestrial, 312 

“Minilab,” 157 

Minneapolis, Minn., 119, 174, 312, 353 

tion. 

653 

Minners, Dr. Howard, 555 

Minnesota, 134,223 

Minnesota, Univ. of, 129, 184 

Minuteman (missile), 16,312, 313 

contract, 197 

Guidance Error Analysis Vehicle use, 

31 

launch, 24, 54,63, 101,152, 511 

launch vehicle use, 203,541 

Minuteman Mark IIA reentry vehicle, 536 

Mirage IV (French aircraft), 329 

Mirny Observatory, 387 

Missile, 16, 20, 31, 49, 57, 67, 125, 203, 

air-to-surface, 504, 514 

antimissile, 39, 86, 156, 224, 235, 310, 

ballistic. 16. 37. 224 

11, 19, 541 

257,315,479,527,531 

447,452,522, 541,553 

intercontinental (Icbm) , 16, 24, 31, 

54, 63, 101, 109, 144, 152, 229, 250, 

310, 312. 515, 522. 527, 528 

military’ application, foreign, 189, 312, 

347 

nuclear, 463, 512 

orbital, 512, 521, 543-544 

reliability, 59, 125 

tracking, 49,233,414 

U.S.S.R., 222, 224, 235, 250, 312, 313, 

Missile Impact Location Station (Mils), 

49 

Missile launch sites, 88, 257 

Missile launching submarine, 59 

Missile Sites Labor Commission. 49. 302 

321,515, 521,528, 582 

Missile Space Daily, 351,352,354,463 

riiis&r und Rockets, 31, 50, 113, 144, 

203, 210. 215, 217, 227, 235, 373, 380, 

450, 456, %1, 517. 524 

Mississimi. 255 

Mississi‘p’pi Test Facility (MTF) , 220, 275, 

MississiDDi Test Facility Task Force, 220 

308,425,482, 505,512 

Mississippi Test Operations, 105, 115, 131. 

Missouri, 255 MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of 

Mitcham, Grady L., 430 

Mitchell, Ind., 259 

Mmu. See Manned maneuvering unit. 

Mobile Range Facility, 110 

Molab. See Lunar Mobile Laboratory. 

Mock, Jerrie, 453 

Mod 1 (computer guidance system), 445 

Moeller, Rep. Walter H., % 

Mohole, Project, 38, 346,452 

Mojave Desert Ground Station, Calif., 

Mol. See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. 

“Molly Brown” (GEMINI III), 130, 145 

MOLNIYA I (communications satellite. 

308 

Technology. 

4.50 

~~~ 

U.S.S.R.), 197, 221, 228, 254, 259, 260; 

313,456,478, 492, 530,571 

Monaco, 58 
654 INDEX 

Mondale, Sen. Walter F., 46 

Le Monde, 456 

Monroney, Sen. A. S. Mike, 34, 83, 114, 

185,231,302 

Monrovia, Calif., 68 

Monsanto Chemical Co., 237 

Monsanto Research Corp., 157 

Monsoon, 226 

Montevideo, Uruguay, 31 

Montgomery, Ala., 26 

Montreal, Canada, 3 

Monument, space, 178 

Moon (see also Lunar program) 

atmosphere, 507 

composition, 100,221 

crater, 8, 143, 148, 149, 194, 379, 392, 

507,515, 555 

eclipse, 8, 525 

exploration of, 142, 174, 180, 181, 2.53, 

262,342,358,530 

landing, 487 

manned, 3, 29, 75, 97, 113, 160, 227, 

232, 246, 252, 324, 398, 491, 509 

soft, 227, 230, 232, 45, 524, 536, 542 

unmanned, 228,275, 303 

mapping of, 495, 507 

meteoroid effect on, 117, 507 

origin, 85, 187,474 

photographs, 9, 67, 74, 80, 84, 89, 95, 

97, 100, 108, 137, 153, 175, 232, 325, 

378,379, 382, 392,570, 571 

urobe. 222.223.272 .I 

surface of; 8, 10, i3, 44, 80, 81, 84, 85, 

96, 104, 143, 187, 227, 234, 290, 298, 

378, 392, 434, 474, 487, 507, 555, 566 

water on, 507 

Moonport, 178 

Moore, Wendell F., 399 

Moorhead, Rep. William S., 446 

Moritz, Bernard, 563 

Moro, Prime Minister Aldo (Italy), 476 

Morocco, 59 

Morris, Thomas D., 458 

Morse, Thomas M., 113 

Morse, Sen. Wayne, 287 

Moscovsky Komsomolets, 66 

Moscow, 78, 98, 134, 135, 140, 147, 222, 

241,371,379,502,509,512,521 

Moscow News, 486 

Mossbauer radiation, 208 

“Mother-daughter” experiment, 15 

Motion sickness, 70 

Motor, brushless, 48 

Mound Laboratory, 99 

Moyers, William D., 420, 493 

Mt. Fuji, Japan, 463 

Mt. Hamilton, Calif., 502 

Mt. Palomar Observatory, 38, 206, 236. 

Mount Siple, 532 

Mt. Wilson Observatory, 38,206,277,495 

MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. 

MSFC. See Marshall Space Flight Center. 

MTF. See Mississippi Test Facility. 

Mu (rocket), 227 

277, 516 

Mu Cephei (star), 57 

Mueller, Dr. George E. 

Apollo, 79, 80, 351 

extravehicular activity, 172,208 

Gemini, 79,255,267, 283 

Saturn V, 188 

space flight, manned, 116, 177, 195, 1%, 

space program, 460,461 

251,282,433 

Mullard, Ltd., 549 

Mundt, Sen. Karl E., 487 

Munich, 57, 331, 333 

Murphy, Dr. Charles H., 501 

Murphy, Daniel, 400 

Murray, Prof. Bruce C., 61,355,507 

Museum of Natural History, 483 

Myers, Myron L., 505 

NACA See National Advisory Committee 

for Aeronautics. 

Nadge (NATO Air Defense Ground Environment system), % 

NAS. See National Academy of Sciences. NASA. See National Aeronautics and 

NASA Advanced Technology Program, 438 

NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, 

NASA-AIAA Manned Space Flight Meeting, 

NASA Apollo Applications Office, 469 NASA Applications Technology Satellite 

NASA Communication and Navigation 

NASA Conference on Aircraft Operating 

NASA Deep Space Network, 458 NASA Design Certification Review Board, 

NASA Exceptional Service Award, 286 

NASA Facilities Management Office, 553 

NASA Future Programs Task Group, 164 NASA Manned Space Flight Field Center 

Development, 228 NASA Mission Analysis Div., 69,77 

NASA Office of Advanced Research and 

Technology, 69, 306, 376, 472 

NASA Office of Grants and Research Contracts, 103 

NASA Office of Industry Affairs, 68 NASA Office of Lunar and Planetary ProNASA Office of Manned Space Flight, 27, 

NASA Office of Space Science and AppliSpace Administration. 

541 

469 

Program, 102 

Programs, 384 

Problems, 223 

510 

grams, 108,356 

297, 370 

cations. 59. 341. 344. 356 

NASA Office ’ of Technology Utilization, 

NASA Office of Trackinn and Data Ac161,408,498 

Y 

quisition, 105, 561 

458 

NASA Pacific Launch Operations Office, 

NASA Predoctoral Traineeship Grant, 103 

NASA Science Advisory Committee, 348 
INDEX 655 

NASA Scientific and Technical InformaNASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office, 3, 

NASA Space Radiation Effects Laboratory, 

NASA Technology Utilization Div., 457 

NASA Technology Utilization Program, 

Nasa-Univ. of Alabama Educational SymNASA-Univ. of Virginia Bio-Space TechNASA University Explorers Program, 56, 

Nasa-University Program Review Conmsa-Western University Conference, 510 

NASC. See National Aeronautics and 

Nascom (NASA Communications NetNatal, Brazil, 220, 370 

Natal Range, Brazil, 552, 557 

Nathan, Dr. Robert, 100 

tion Facility, 368 

292,305 

553 

408,545 

posium, 255 

nology Training Program, 373 

94 

ference, 103, 106 

Space Council. 

work), 136 

National Academy of Engineering, 206, 

National Academy of Sciences ( NAS) . 209,487 

129, 193, 203, 205, 226, 339, 432; 

474, 569 

Committee on Science and Public 

Policy, 310 

Mars exploration, 201,213 

report, 200,397 

scientist-astronaut 

recommendations. 63. 299 

Space Science Board?' 17, 200, 2%. 

293. - . . , 397 - - . 

National Aeronautics and Space Act, 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (see also under NASA centers, programs, and satellites such as Ames Research Center, Apollo, MARINER IV, etc.) 

291 

aereement. I 29.74294, 558 I,,, 

international, 91, 106, 307, 365, 

466, 515, 520 

annivenarv. 127. 162. 164. 506 

appropriations, 204, 218, 2i9, 251, 264, 

324, 325, 366-7, 487 

astronaut, 5, 10, 15, 25, 49, 58, 59, 117, 

124, 152. 155. 158. 168. 172. 1%. 208. 

209; 294; 308; 321; 322; 500: 509; 510; 

514, 519, 529, 533, 535, 537, 539, 547, 

550, 552, 554, 555. 557. 559-562. 

567,569 

award. 8. 14. 57-8. 7-34 119. ---7 156. ---1 

193-14, 239,'256, 282,-28$ 287, 291, 

295, 301, 335, 356, 372, 406, 462-3, 

494, 506,509, 513, 529, 539, 543,547, 

567 

budget, 17, 27-29, 61, 74-76, 100, 103, 

108-9, 114, 133, 139, 141, 168, 178, 

192, 218-19, 231, 251, 404, 481, 535, 

545. -, 571 

~ ~ 

conference, 102, 105, 223, 251, 255, 520 

contract, 9, 570, 571 

administration, 91, 114. 130. 141 

engine, 49, 65, 92,- 163,'169,'173, 182, 

facilities, 52, 105, 115, 175, 191, 465, 

incentive, 5, 4, 49, 76, 91, 133 

nuclear power, 282, 476 

spacecraft, 40, 138, 176, 188, 195, 

228, 494, 525, 549,563 

space equipment, 63, 82, 498, 524, 

549-50 

suDDort services. 48. 67. 72. 80. 91-2. 

269-70, 275, 289, 296, 474, 526, 

535 

533 

study, 9, 18, 48, 158, 209, 301-2, 562 

__ 

109, 117, 138; 164, 179,'234, 239; 

308, 311, 447, 512,561 

tracking. 69. 174, 460. %6 

cooperation, 53, 110, 174, 515 

AEC, 240,291,296 

DOD, I, 29-30, 45, 68, 74, 88, 102, 

110, 174, 182, 203, 207, 267, 298, 

329 FAA,. 555 

USN, 177 

Weather Bureau, 25, 162 

USA, 68, 295 

USAF, 177, 218, 300, 305, 444, 464 

cooperation, international, 76, 226, 370, 

529, 544, 556 

Argentina, 236, 243,511 

Australia, 545 

Brazil, 220, 307, 365,553,557 

Canada, 81, 91, 527 

Eluupe, 214, 563 

France, 75,437,540 

Germany, West, 339 

India, 307 

Italy, 2 

Mexico, 107 

Netherlands, 441 

U.K., 76, 525 

U.S.S.R., 10.76, 111, 152, %6,470 

criticism of, 1, 3, 5, 11, 44-5,' 61, 64, 

95, 140, 141, 167, 172, 180, 211, 231, 

293, 302. 324, 397, 423, %5, 495 

economy, 11, 54, 76,98,455 

education, 14, 17, 57 

exhibit, 156, 173, 502,557 

expenditures, 3,29, 105, 192, 276,324 

experiments, 1, 15, 36, 45, 58, 60, 62, 

68, 75, 76, 103, 112, 114, 143, 1%. 

190, 215, 249, 289, 294, 302, 321, 

325, 437, 439, 443, 449, 475, 483, 515, 

530, 540, 5%, 552, 559,564 

construction, 11, 25,49, 105 

141, 192 

facilities, 123, 175,179,533,553,564 

funds, 17, 40, 75, 100, 103, 123, 130, 

grants, 96, 102, 222, 232, 275, 300, 466, 

529, 537, 546 
656 INDEX 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Continued) 

information dissemination, 96, 98, 102, 

114, 140, 141, 170, 194, 203, 209, 401 

information exchange, 112 

information retrieval, 471, 484, 560 

labor relations, 39.49, 133, 156 

launch, 7, 510-11,569 

balloon, 6 

booster, 188, 373-4 

failure, 39, 102-3, 120, 141, 322, 468, 

manned, 145, 265, 387, 537, 551 

postponed, 154, 301, 383, 489, 503, 

489, 491-2, 509,547-8 

522. 549 

probe; lunar, 73, 140 

satellite, 25, 54, 65, 73, 140, 172, 207, 

257, 307, 357, 475, 489, 503, 507, 

515, 519, 520, 546, 553, 569, 570 

sounding rocket, 6, 15, 35, 53, 58, 

108, 112, 132, 140, 167, 169, 179, 

184, 195, 213, 215, 238, 239, 249, 

287. 289. 302. 3%. 437. 439, 443, 

447; 473, 484; 511; 520; 525, 534, 

552, 570, 571 

Apollo, 27, 55, 56, 72, 73, 185, 521, 

Gemini, 22, 23, 64, 66, 71, 521 

test 

522 

reentry, 2M 

Saturn, 162, 197, 207,247,368, 491 

management. 1. 14. 78. 80. 112. 123, 

184: 294, 504; 505, 532, 553, 556 

organization, 1, 68, 69, 76, 176, 458, 566 

patents, 8, 92, 164, 264, 288 

personnel, 1, 22, 23, 27, 30, 57, 58, 75, 

76. 77. 79. 80. 81. 85. 88. 89. 90. 

217, 220, 231,’ 239, 255, 282, ’296; 

335, 367, 373, 380, 443, 511, 512, 

533, 534, 546, 547, 552, 554, 559 

appointments, 7, 68, 69, 70, 94, 95, 

100, 138, 209, 222, 264, 296, 297, 

312, 324, 340, 368, 371, 385, 458, 

478, 505, 553, 563 

procurement, 68, 110, 115, 185, 302 

programs, 121, 164, 173, 200, 275, 294, 

455, 458 

Apollo, 23, 27, 29, 30, 45, 75, 79, 80, 

97, 112, 116, 164, 167, 173, 351, 

363. 468. 478. 502. ,,,, 506. 517. 524. 

526; 557; 570- 

astronomy, 27, 29, 30, 36, 53, 54, 62, 

68, 82, 119. 177, 188, 228, 275, 332, 

529. 554 

bioscience program, 34, 115, 132, 

Centaur, 130, 375 

Gemini, 68. 79. 97. 110, 116. 143, 

181, 196 

145, 147,’ 151, 168, 193, 196, 208, 

234, 265-268, 288, 289, 325, 387, 

397, 493, 500-1, 505, 509, 521, 522, 

533, 537, 540, 544, 546, 548, 551, 

552, 554, 557, 559, 563, 570 

geodetic satellite, 35, 125 

Lunar Orbiter, 5, 177, 181, 204, 487 

Mars, 213, 355, 398 

meteorology, 26, 44-5, 72, 156, 162, 

182 

Mol, 28, 29, 66, 86, 101, 115, 171 

nuclear propulsion, 3, 13, 44, 49, 87, 

Pegasus, 72, 89, 94, 97, 106, 193 

Ranger, 4, 5, 9, 84, 100, 108, 148, 

rocket motor, solid propellant, 40,44, 

Saturn, 7, 27, 30, 71, 72, 75, 112, 357, 

sounding rocket, 169, 195 

mace. 7. 24. 27. 28. 29. 35. 43. 54. 

104, 116, 296, 305 

149, 175, 181, 188 

95, 100 

365, 472 

55,’60; 75,’77,?9, 86, 101, 112,’137; 

138, 151, 173, 185, 227, 461, 463, 

471, 518, 538, 570 

Surveyor, 135, 181, 204, 374, 466, 

477, 501 

Syncom, 1, 2, 88, 102, 106, 136, 147, 

17.1 -.- tracking and data acquisition, 89, 

174. 448. 461 

Voyager, 4, 18, 27, 60, 61, 75, 130, 

200, 444, 476, 533, 562 

research 74. 219. 229. 555. 570 

aeronautical. 36. 49. 56: 68. 78. 90. 

92, 112, 176,’ 177, 231, 295, ’303; 

463, 482, 519, 524, 543, 569 

electronics, 2, 24, 49, 126, 543 .. . fuel, 112, 132 

nuclear, 13, 112 

propulsion, 16, 169 

sonic boom, 15, 572 

Science Advisory Committee, 348 

scientist astronaut, 5, 63, 300 

studies, 8, 18, 29, 48, 103 

supersonic transport, 73, 90, 515, 571 

test, 27, 41, 209 

booster, 23, 27, 104, 112, 155, 186, 

188, 197, 219, 241, 248, 386, 449, 

490, 522, 526, 533, 546, 554 

communications, 42, 76, 127, 136 

nuclear. 13 

spacecraft, 17, 21, 27, 65, 104, 116, 

126, 227, 238, 244, 293, 328, 522, 

523 

491.520 

tracking station, 70, 76, 89, 107, 174, 

univekities, 56, 103, 106, 111, 130, 185, 

213, 255, 468, 510, 521, 541, 555, 

561. 572 

grants, 96, 103,223, 233, 303, 311 

173, 191, 197, 206, 464, 482, 503, 504 

National Aeronautics and Space Council 

(NASC), 11, 27, 52, 70, 73, 85, 105, 

113, 127, 216, 243, 252, 295, 366, 444, 

463, 471, 494, 497, 503, 516, 517, 535 

National Aeronautics Association, 526, 

561 

National Air Museum, 43, 55, 128, 156, 

162 

National Aircraft Noise Symposium, 274 

X-15, 13, 15, 49, 56, 74, 94, 112, 169, 
INDEX 657 

National Association of Broadcasters, 151 

National Association of Retail Druggists, 

National Association of Science Writers, 

National Aviation Facilities Experimental 

47 1 

205 

Center, 488 

National Broadcasting Co. (NBC) , 268 

National Bureau of Standards, ... 169, 326, 

365, 534 

National Center for Atmospheric Research ( NCAR) , 1, 350, 520 

National Center for Radioactivity Research (CNRS), France,. 321 

National Citizens’ Commission on International Cooperation, 528 

National Civil Service League, 194, 239, 

240 

National Commander’s Award for Distinguished Service (American Legion), 

101 

National Commission on Technology, 

Automation and Economic Progress, 

40 

National Communications System, 428 

National Conference on Spacecraft SterNational Conference on the Peaceful 

National Defense Transportation Assoilization Technology, 520 

Uses of Space, Fifth, 251 

ciation, 37 

National Engineers’ Week, 98 

National Foundation on the Arts and 

Humanities (proposed), 117, 202 

National Gallery of Art, 121, 202 

National Geodetic Satellite Program, 528 

National Geographic Society, 414, 513 

A’doiiil Goals tn Spsce, ??7!-?985,39? 

National Governor’s Conference, 353 

National Humanities Foundation, 185 

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 

National Medal of Science, 58, 547 

National Merit Scholarship Award, 531 

National Oceanographic Council, 51, 129 

National Operational Meteorological Sat157 

ellite Svstem INomss). 71 

National Parkservice, 269 

National Press Club, 217,518,563 

National Radio Astronomy .Observatory, 

National Research Council, 125 

National Research Council (Canada), 91 

National Science Fair, 179 

National Science Foundation ( NSF) , 56, 

69, 115, 191, 205, 362 

annual report, 70, 106,246 

Antarctic station, 557 

budget, 27 

grant, 67, 108, 110,174, 212,274,426 

memorandum of understanding, Yugoslavia, 568 

Mohole Project, 37 R&D funds report, 99 

role of, 191, 271 

109, 371,475 

National Science Teachers Association, 

National security, 18, 19, 38, 55, 105, 137, 

National Security Industrial Association, 

136 

144, 147, 153,236,270,298 

66. 153. 186 

National’Space Club, 31, 82, 137, 192, 

National Space Science Data Center, 125 

National Symposium on Reliability and 

National Weather Satellite Center (NWSC), 

National Youth Science Camp, 320 

National Youth Science Congress, 136 

National Zeitung, 318 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty OrNature, 467 

Naval Air Engineering Center, 128, 190 

Naval Air Facility, 112 

Naval Aviation Center, 230 

Naval Ordnance Laboratory, 421 

Naval Ordnance Test Station, 66 

Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 10, 

106, 196,206,212,484,521 

Naval School of Aviation Medicine, 23 

Navigation satellite system, 13 

Navy Oceanographic and Meteorological 

Automatic Device (Nomad), 59 NBC. See National Broadcasting Co. NCAR. See National Center for Atmospheric Research. NCNA. 

Nebraska Wesleyan Univ., 55 

Nedelin, Marshal Mitrofan I. (U.S.S.R.) , 

Nedelyrr, 383 

Nellis AFB, Nev., 84 

Neon, 435 

Nerva. 

Vehicle Application. 

Ness, Norman F., 193 

Netherlands, 23, 259, 541 

Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (ZWO), 

541 

239, 240, 282, 343, 382, 446, 484 

Quality Control, 17 

28,38,386 

ganization. 

See New China News Agency. 

480 

See Nuclear Engine for Rocket 

Neubeck, Capt. F. Gregory (USAF), 514 

Neumann, Robert J., 376 

Neumann, Temple W., 60 

Neutron, 53 

Nevada, 536 

Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory, 279 

New China News Agency (NCNA) ,21 

New England, 124 

New England Aero Club, 292 

New Guinea, 525 

New Hampshire, Univ. of, 121 

New Mexico, 161, 538 

New Mexico State Univ., 174 

New Orleans, La., 58 

New Orleans Times-Picayune, 377 

The New Republic, 424 

The New Scientist, 41,154 

New York, 106 
658 INDEX 

New York, N.Y., 7, 9, 83, 92, 18% 185, 

New York Academy of Sciences, 12, 502, 

New York Airways, 297 

New York City Planning Commission, 

New York City Youth Board, 531 

New York Herald Tribune, 244 

New York Journal American, 320 

New York State Atomic and Space Development Authority, 341 

New York, State Univ. of, 240 

New York Times, 21, 121, 213, 235, 236, 

279, 290, 379, 382, 383, 395, 398, 414, 

417, 427, 436, 479, 488, 489, 523, 530, 

542,547,548,559 

New York Univ., 516 

New York World Telegram, 541, 567 

New York World's Fair, 173, 327, 366, 

222, 541 

533 

495 

402 

Space Park, 173, 327,366 

New Zealand, 58, 85 

Newcomb, Arthur L., Jr., 143 

Newell, Dr. Homer E., 44, 194, 202, 211, 

239,521 

budget, 81,108,114,130,142 moon. ~~~ ,- 181 

space programs, scientific, 3, 4, 60, 81, 

space results, 81,208,344, 503 

108, 125-126, 132-133, 177 

Newell, N. Dak., 101 

Newport, R.I., 31 

Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock 

Co., 179, 269 

Newsweek, 144 

Newton, Dr. Robert R., 274 

Niagara Falls, N.Y., 248 

Nickel, 170 

Nicks, Oran W., 356 

Nicolaides, Dr. John D., 31 

Nicolet, Prof. Marcel, 382 

Nightglow, 455 

Nike-Apache (sounding rocket) 

launch, 110,132,158 

Argentina, 511 

Brazil, 557 

Canada. 167 

Netherlands, 441 

US., 6, 53, 169, 195, 278, 287, 289, 

294, 393, 410. 413, 439, 510, 511, 

521, 525,553 

Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket) 

launch 

foreign, 372 

U.S.. 35, 54, 58,195,214, 312,511 

Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket), 136 

Nike-X (antimissile missile system), 5, 

39.86.452 

Nike'-Zeus (antimissile missile system), 

Nikolayev, L/C Andrian (U.S.S.R.), 139, 

144,310,452 

491 

Nikolayeva-Tereshkova, Valentina, 151, 

491 

Nimbus (meteorological satellite proNIMBUS I, 142, 408, 532 

Nimbus B, 44,45,87 

Nitric acid, 547 

Nitrogen tetroxide, 547 

Nitze, Paul H., 214 NLRB. See National Labor Relations 

gram), 142 

Board. 

Nobel Prize, 487 

Noise level studies, 228, 242, 243 

Nomad. See Navv Oceanoerauhic and 

Meteorological Automatic i)e;ice. 

orological Satellite System. 

fense Command. 

( NORAD), 13, 366, 543 

Nomss. See National Operational MeteNORAD. See North American Air DeNorth American Air Defense Command 

North American Aviation, Inc., 56, 84, 

110, 272, 336, 342, 453, 457, 471 

contract, 84, 121, 264, 572 

H-1 rocket engine, 31, 92, 197 

labor, 435, 436, 468 

program, Apollo, 56, 325, 485, 490, 492 

Rocketdyne Div., 31, 92, 132, 197, 291, 

490, 526 

test laboratory, 198, 373 

XB-70. 72. 84. 150. 191. 206. 478. 547 

North Atlantic 'Search ad Rescue SemiNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization 

Nordberg, Dr. William, 220, 462 

Norden, Carl L., 284 

Norman, Okla., 366 

Normyle, William J., 170 

North Star Research and Development 

North Vietnam, 291, 398, 573 

Northeast Electronics Research aid Engineering Meeting, 505 

Northeastern Univ., 168 

Northrop Corp., 5, 109, 438 

Northrop-Norair, 209, 278 

Northrop Space Labs., 358, 524 

Northwestern Univ., 497 

Norton AFB, Calif., 16 

Norway, 80, 81,466, 467 

Notre Dame, Univ. of, 31 

Novosti Press, 161 

Nozzle, 49, 96, 112 NRDS. See Nuclear Rocket Development 

NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory. NRX A-2 (nuclear reactor), 306 NRX a3 (nuclear reactor), 197, 244), 255 NSF. See National Science Foundation. 

Nuclear bomb, 206-207, 232, 236, 243 

Nuclear Detection Program, 459 

Nuclear energy, 13, 17 

Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (Nerva) , 116-117, 197, 240, 

255, 519,541 

nar, 230 

(NATO), 34, 96, 347, 523 

Institute, 96 

Station. 

Nuclear explosion, 2, 3, 18, 39, 40, 81 
INDEX 659 

Nuclear generator, 87 

Nuclear propulsion, 3, 16, 17, 28, 63, &, 

104, 243, 296, 305, 306 

Nuclear reactor, 13, 122, 13S136, 180, 

227, 240, 243, 255, 272, 282, 305, 548, 

565 

Nuclear research center, 57 

Nuclear Rocket Development Station 

( NRDS) , 49, 282, 296 

Nuclear submarine, 59, 78 

Nuclear test, 178, 536-537 

Nuclear test ban treaty, 3, 34, 39, 40, 81, 

Nucleotides, 323, 324 

Nutrition, 56, 128, 153, 172, 237, 421, 422, 

NWSC. See National Weather Satellite 

341 

449,456 

Center. 

Oahu, Hawaii, 326 

Oak Park, Ill., 26 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 167, 547 

Oakland, Calif., 374 

Oao. See Orbiting Astronomical ObserOAR. See USAF Office of Aerospace ReOba, King of Benin, 452 

Obata, Gyo, 43 

Oberth, Hermann, 332 

Oberth, Hermann, Award, 506-507 

O’Brien, Dr. Brian J., 56 

Ocean Science and Ocean Engineering 

Oceanngraphy, 37-38. 51-52. 129, 175, 

vatory. 

search 

Conference, 280 

299, 332-333, 346, 525, 471, 487, 518, 

519, 529 

OConnor, B/G Edmund F. (USAF) ,3474 

OECD. See Organization of Economic CoO5ce of Aerospace Research (OAR), 525 

Office of Science and Technology (PresiOgden, Dr. Eric, 9 

Ogo. See Orbiting Geophysical ObservaOgonek, 313 

O’Keefe, Dr. John A., 537 

O’Keefe, Dr. Walter, 85 

Oklahoma City, Okla., 65, 190 

Oliver, Bernard M., 348 

Olson, Dr. Walter T., 334 

Operation Firefly, 371 

“Operation Moon Harvest,” 100 

Operation Zero Defect, 363 

“Opportunities for Participation in Space 

operation and Development. 

dent’s), 13,%, 271 

tory. 

Flight Investigations,” 455 

Optical Technology Satellite (Ots) , 302 

Orbit, 12, 24 

geostationary, 81 

libration, 113 

lunar, 113 

sun-synchronous, 25 

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (Om), 

82,204,228,275 

Oao A-2- 1.177 

Orbiting Ged&ysical Observatory (Ogo), 

60, 126,204,275 OGO I, 107. 184.440 OGO I;, 47%476, 489,491,571 

Orbiting Solar Observatory (Oso), 53, 

62,405 

OS0 I, 3% Os0 II,106-107, 396,529,571 

Os0 c, 126,383, 396,571 

Os0 D, 188 

Os0 E, 188 

and Development (OECD), 534 

Order of Merit, 476 

Organization for Economic Cooperation 

Orion (barge), 209 

Orion (constellation), 108, 120, 132, 474 

Orion, Project, 3,321, 322, 390, 391, 461 

Orlando, Fla., 178, 199 

Orlando Evening Star, 367 

Orroral Valley, Australia, 353 

ORS (Octahedron Research Satellite), 341 

Oscar (Orbiting Satellite Carrying AmaOSCAR III (communications satellite), 114 

OSCAR IV, 560, 562 

Osmundeen, John U., 398 

Om. See Orbiting Solar Observatory. 

L’Osservatore della Domenica, 152, 273 

Ostrander, M/G Don R. (USAF), 62, 171, 

Oswald, Dr. William J., 232 

Ots. See Optical Technology Satellite. 

Ousley, Gilbert W., 9 

Outstanding Leadership Medal (NASA), 

ov2-1 (radiation sensor satellite), 477 

Overseas Writers Club, 206 

Owen, Kenneth, 161 

Owings Mills, Md., 70 

Owl (satellite), 56,370 

Oxford Univ., England, 562 

Oxidation reduction, 305 

Oxygen, 63 

teur Radio ) ,238 

203,281,478 

Otto, E. w., 6s 

256 

deficiency, 158 

environmental test, 129 

FAA regulation, 455 

physiological effect, 190,494 

Oyster Point, Va., 553 

Ozernoi, Leonid, 125 

Ozone, 121 

P-1154 (vertical-take off fighter), 17, 52 

Pacem in Terris (encyclical), 103 

Pacific Crane and Rigging CO., 48 

Pacific Missile Range (PMR) (see also 

Western Test Range), 49 

Pacific Ocean,.9, 42, 109, 110, 134, 473, 

495, 526, 550 

Pads, landing, 165 
660 INDEX 

Page Communications Engineers, Inc., 

Page, M/G Jerry D. (USAF) ,504 

Page08 (passive geodetic satellite), 35 

Pais, Dr. Abraham, 38 

Pake, Dr. George, 169 

Pakistan, 78,322,337 

Palace of Pioneers, Moscow, 514 

Palaemon (NASA barge), 239, 363, 437, 

459, 543 

Palestine, Texas, 326,520 

Palmdale, Calif ., 72 

Palo Alto, Calif., 203 

Pan American World Airways, 131, 222, 

Parachute 

490 

237, 273,292,302,335,346,434 

jumping, 300 

landing system, 22,358 

test, 21, 22, 65, 112 use of, 456 

Paraglider, 414,506 

Paris, France, 121, 279, 541, 545 

Paris Convention for the Protection of 

Industrial Property, 129 

Park, President Chung Hee (Korea), 245 

Parke-Bernet Galleries, 246 

Parker, Dr. Eugene N., 32 

Parkinson’s disease, 334 

Parsons, John F., 444 

Particle accelerator, 57 

Passive Geodetic Satellite. See Pageoe. 

Patents, 359 

application, 8, 545 

award, 2, 123, 156, 304, 305, 360, 414, 

485,506 

convention, 129 

international, 299 

legislation, 216, 249, 264, 487 

license, 93,94 

Patrick AFB, Fla., 57, 490 

Patterson, Richard C., 156 

Patterson, W. A., 545 

Paul VI, Pope, 9, 138,271,362,451,474 

Paul, Norman S., 458 

Paumalu, Hawaii, 385, 503, 534 

Payne, James, 456 

PDP-5 (computer), 280 

Peace, 103,362, 559 

Peconic, L.I., 224 

Pegasus, Project, 502, 505 PEGASUS I (meteoroid detection satellite), 

72, 89, 94, 97, 106, 193, 234, 247, 311, 

319,376 

PEGASUS 11, 247, 249, 311, 319, 358, 376 PEGASUS 111, 357-58,376 

Pegasus B (micrometeoroid detection 

satellite), 193 

Pegasus C, 294,319 

Peking Aeronautical Engineering College, 

261 

Peking, China, 165,504 

pel], Sen. Claiborne, 117, 202, 246-247, 

Pelligra, Dr. Ralph, 449 

Pendray, G. Edward, 127 

328-329 

Penetrometer, 82 

Penkovsky, Col. Oleg V., 480,505 

Pennsylvania State Univ., 124, 239 

Pensacola Air Station, Fla., 23 

Pensacola, Fla., 70 

Pentagon, 458 

“The Pe,ptagon, the ‘Madmen,’ and the 

Moon, 10 

Penzias, Dr. Arno A., 261 

Pepin, Dr. I., 429 

Perkin-Elmer Corp., 434, 476 

Perkinson, William J., 512 

Perm, Russia, 136, 140, 155 

Perry, Robert, 350 

Pershing (missile), 224 

Peru, 370 

Petrovich, Prof. Georgi V., 479, 532 

Petrushkin, I. P., 313 

Pettingill, Dr. Gordon H., 194 

Pfaffe, H., 379 

Phaethontis (Martian desert), 68 

Phantom I1 (fighter aircraft), 52,63 

Phased Project Planning, 91 

Philadelphia, Pa., 128, 186, 190, 205,229 

Philadelphia Aquarama, 531-532 

Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 284 

Philadelphia Inquirer, 19,442 

Philadelphia Rotary Club, 186 

Philadelphia Society for Paint Technology, 229 

Philco Corp., 51, 54, 60, 80, 82, 93, 194, 

283,375, 485,494 

Philippines, 552 

Phillips, M/C Samuel C. (USAF) , 27,295 

Phoebus (nuclear reactor), 49, 282, 296, 

Phoenix, Ariz., 9 

Phoenix (missiIe), 500 

Photographs, cloud, 163, 168-169, 175 

Photography 

306, 519 

computer use in, 100-101 

of Earth, 101,142 

Ranger, 100, 101, 104, 108, 137, 148- 

149,152,153,156 

Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 484 

Physical Review Letters. 279 

Physics, 183, 344, 573 

fluid, 127 

history, 310 

Nobel prize. 487 

plasma. 125 

Piccard, Dr. Jeanette, 243 

Pickering, Dr. William H., 43, 137, 146, 

325, 328. 330. 336. 347. 355. 356. 382. ,,,. 409, 431,’440, ‘41 

Pieper, George F., Jr., 375 

Pillsbury Co., 422 

Pilot-astronaut, 423 

pilz, Prof. Wolfgang, 6, 321 

Pimentel, George C., 96 PIONEER VI (interplanetary probe), 553- 

554,565,570 

Pioneer Chain of the Compass Card with 

Diamonds (aviation decoration), 411 

Pioneer of the Wind-Rose Award, 333 
INDEX 661 

Pittendrigh, Dr. Colin, 200, 281, 443 

Pittsburgh, Univ. of, 521 

Pitzer, Kenneth, 169 

Planetoid, 550 

Planets, life on, 3, 4, 17, 36, 47, 61, 97- 

98, 133, 168, 180, 182, 214, 246, 261- 

262, 572 

Planning Research Carp., 564 

Plasma sheath, 127, 146 

Platner, John L., 238 

PleSSey-UK, Ltd., 549 

Pleumer-Bodou, France, 180,197 

Plotkin, Dr. Henry, 276 

Plss. 

Plum Brook Reactor Facility (LRC), 26- 

Pluto (nuclear reactor program), 28 

Pluto (planet), 197, 217, 372 

Plutonium, 304-305 PMR. See Pacific Missile Range and 

Western Test Range. 

Pocomoke City, Md., 565 

Pogo. See Polar Orbiting Geophysical 

Observatory. 

Pohn, Howard, 509, 516 

Point Areuello. Calif.. 48 

See Portable Life Support System. 

27, 180 

Point Barrow, Alaska, 35,54,299 

Point Mugu, Calif., 13 

Point Pi!!ar tracking - stetion, &!if.. 48 

Poland. 257. 284 

Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatory 

Polaris (missile) (USN), 57, 339, 513- 

(Pogo), 174 

514 

A-1, 184 

A-3, 59, 210,538 

Poseidon (B-3), 20 

Polaris (star), 184, 513 

Polish Astronautical Society, 257 

Ponnamperuma, Dr. Cyril S., 36, 323,425 

Ponomarev, Leonid, 391,394 

Poodle (rocket engine), 197 

Pope AFB, N.C., 340 

Popovich, L/C Pave1 R., 135,559 

Port Tobacco, Md., 515 

Portable Life Support System (Plss), 363 

Porter, Dr. Richard W., 226 

Portugal, 324, 327 

Poseidon (NASA barge), 544 

Poseidon (Polaris 8-3 missile), 20 

Potassium, 547 

"Potential Hazards of Back Contamination from the Planets," 2% 

Potomac Electric Power Co., 95 

Potrero, Calif., 550 

Potter, V. R., 51 

Pound, Prof. Robert V., 4.3 

Powell, Rep. Adam Clayton, 530 

Power Source Conference, 238 

Prague, Czechoslovakia, 228 

Prahl, Val E., 6 

Pratt and Whitney Div. (United Aircraft), 137 

Pravda, 3,390,412,%7,544 

contract, 120, 163,214, 257,309, 312 

Pravda Ukrainy, 346 

Pre-Continent 111 (underwater sphere), 

Pregnant Guppy (aircraft), 224, 234, 294, 

Presidential Citation, 301 

President's Advisory Committee on Supersonic Transport, 309 

President's Science Advisory Committee 

(PSAC), 119, 169 

Press conference, 36, 182, 

475 

347, 492, 562 

extravehicular activity, 135, 208 

Gemini flights 

GT-3, 147, 152 

CT4,248,255,276 

GEMINI V, 385, 397 GEMINI VIII, 444 GEMINI IX, 510 

lunar landing, 62, 227, 389,436,W 

nuclear test, 522 

supersonic transport, 287 

U.S.S.R. military strength, 78,489,521 

U.S.S.R. space activities, 140, 154, 345 

Press Wireless, Inc., 282 

Preston, G. Merritt, 490 

Pretoria, South Africa, 14 

Price, Dr. Charles C., 427, 436 

Price, Don K., 564 

Price, Capt. F. H., Jr. (USN), 14 

Price, Rep. Melvin, 63-64, 481 

Princess Martha Coast, 532 

Princeton Univ., 32, 112, 169, 202, 211, 

261, 281, 283,326, 443,573 

Princeton Univ. Observatory, 108,264 

Probe, 136, 139,334 

lunar, 4, 73, 78, 84, 142, 143, 222, 223, 

227. 232. 272. 274. 460. 463. 464. 477 r LIu..a, ..-^_ n-L:.n, "I".II.I, '5, Idl, 564, 215, 4Ei7 

Mars, 4, 17, 24, 36, 55, 61, 64, 67, 68, 

82, 83. 108. 112, 118. 129, 152, 174, 

184, 201, 207, 216, 228, 235, 241, 244, 

258, 277, 293, 386, 398, 435, 533 

planetary, 73, 81, 113, 197, 216, 570, 

571 

solar, 102, 244 

space, 67,81,177,179 

Venus, 4, 61, 81, 513, 515, 518, 535, 

568, 571 

Problems of Space Biology, 419 

Project Fire 11 (spacecraft), 2&, 254 

Prokhanova, Natasha, 245 

Promise (NASA barge), %, 239, 250, 376, 

Propellant, 65,95,96,474 

Propulsion, 16, 112, 128-129, 137, 156, 

378,425 

352 

chemical, 16,464,519 

electric, 16, 30, 44, 55, 116, 521, 547, 

ion, 5, 116, 166, 172, 348-349, 472, 571, 

iet. 18. 78. 84. 465.486 

571,572 

572 

.,, I 

nuclear, 3, 17, 28, 44, 49, 63-64, 116, 

122, 165-66, 282, 296, 305, 321, 322, 

%I, 464,472,517,519,520,571 
662 INDEX 

Propulsion (Continued) 

ramjet, 169, 203, 349, 571 

rocket, 2, 13, 24, 28, 32, 40, 42, 49, 52, 

116, 117, 157, 165, 178, 179, 180, 192, 

Propulsion, Fourth Symposium on AdPropulsion Joint Specialists’ Conference, 

Proton. 196. 279 

60, 63, 64, 81, 95-96, 107, 108, 112, 

288, 291,292,321,322,490-91 

vanced Concepts, 203 

286 

PROTON I (U.S.S.R. space station), 333, 

336, 339, 342, 343, 345, 348, 356, 369, 

371, 431,571 PROTON 11, 502,571 

Proxmire amendment, 324 

Proxmire, Sen. William F., 118,324,327 PSAC. See President’s Science Advisory 

Psurtsev, Nikolai D., 216 

Publishers’ Lunch Club, 7 

Pucinski, Rep. Roman C., 397 

Puerto Rico, 109 

Pulkovo Observatory (U.S.S.R.), 153, 343, 

Pulse motor, 24,321 

Purdue Univ., 185, 195 

Purdy, William G., 348 

Qantas Airlines, 109, 237 

Quaide, William L., 555 

Quantum electrodynamics, 487 

“Quarks” (matter theory), 38 

Quarles, Donald A., 445 

Quasar (quasi-stellar object), 38, 67, 206, 

Committee. 

392 

236-237, 467, 569, 572 

CTA-102, 236 

3~-9, 236 

Quatinetz, Max, 285 

Queens Chamber of Commerce, 292 

Quinn Construction Co., 105 

Radar, 41-42, 50, 175, 240, 241, 317, 322, 

Pinetree system, 165 

Radar calibration sphere. See LCS 11. 

Radiation. 8. 118. 146. 160-161 

420, 513 

~~~ 

cosmic,‘30, 56,’555, ’572 

effects, 59, 167, 226, 202, 215, 217, 337, 

450,553 

Mars. 4. 572 

measurement, 56, 102, 129, 157, 169, 

nuclear, 7, 13, 167, 206 

solar, 10, 53, 56, 67, 80, 106, 126, 169, 

184, 266 

196 

shielding from, 160-161,202 

space, 217,553 

Van Allen belt, 31, 56, 81, 157, 184 

Radiation, Inc., 45,272,492 

Radiation spectrometer, 330 

Radio astronomy, 1, 13,14, 42,43, 370-71 

Radio Astronomy Explorer (radio astronomy satellite), 564 

RAE-A, 30 

RAE-B, 30 

Radio attenuation, 127 

Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 

156, 174, 209, 249, 268, 283, 440, 572 

Communications Systems Div., 201, 268, 

334 

Service Co., 109 

Radio Prague, 548 

Radio signal, 13, 41-42, 65, 67, 81, 180, 

182, 210, 277, 278, 494, 510, 515, 562- 

563 

Radio waves, 261 

Radioactive fallout, 34, 248, 522 

Radioactive isotope, 99, 197,258 

Radiodiff usion-Television Fransaise, 260 

Radiotelescope, 475 

Radnofsky, Matthew I., 470 

Rads. See Ryukyu Air Defense System. RAE. See Radio Astronomy Explorer. RAF. See Royal Air Force. 

Raisting, W. Germany, 180, 197 

Ram, Project, 143-144 

Ramjet, 169, 203, 349,571 RAND COrp., 350 

Ranger (program), 4-5, 100, 108, 148, 

Ranger I (lunar probe), 148-149 

Ranger 11, 148-149 

RANGER 111, 149 RANGER IV, 149 RANGER v, 149 RANGER VI, 149,160 RANGER VII, 4, 137, 160, 187, 360 

RANGER VIII. 4. 92. 156 

149,150, 175, 180-181,188,300,497 

photographs, 9, 68, 74, 80, 84, 143, 153, 

360 

launch, 7%74,78-79 

impact, 84,188 

photographs, 84, 89, 95, 97, 104-105, 

143,570 

launch, 140 

impact, 148,149,188 

performance, 142, 146 

photographs, 149-150, 152, 175, 187- 

188, 570 

Rao, M. S. V., 226 

Rapid City, S. Dak., 513 

Raymond, Arthur E., 32 

Raymondville, Tex., 228 

Raytheon Co., 117, 368 

RCA. 

RCA Communications Systems Div., 201, 

Reactor 

RANGER IX, 4, 101, 156, 181 

See Radio Corporation of America. 

268,334 

atomic. 122 

graphite, 117 

nuclear, 13, 87, 122, 135-136, 180, 227, 

240, 243, 255. 272. 282, 304-305, 571 

organic-cooled, 18 . 

space, 27-28, 30, 44-45, 61-62, 63-64, 

112,117,166-167,197 

Read, Albert Cushing, 556 

Rebka, Dr. Glen A., Jr., 43 

Rechtin, Eberhardt, %2 
INDEX 663 

Record 

altitude, 213, 245 

flight of visible object, 207 

helicopter, 122 

space communication, 184,207 

spacecraft, 18, 131, 557, 561 

speed, 144,150, 189,213,453 

weight, 150 

women’s, 245 

Recoverable spacecraft booster, 8 

Recovery technique, 12 

Red Star (See also Krasnaya Zvezda), 

Redlands, Calif., 24 

Redstone (missile), 373, 445, 531, 553 

Redstone Arsenal, Ala., 569 

Reed College, 245 

Reed, Sylvanus Albert, Award, 32 

Reeder, John P., 463 

147, 390,427 

Reentry 

control, 139-14Q, 141, 145-146, 147, 552 

Gemini. 539.552 

elider. 88. 92 

Geating, 127,244, 254 

research, 18,570 

Scout Reentry Heating -. Project, 559 

Start program, 106 

vehicle, 18, 20,48, 106, 278,414415 

Venus gravity field, use of, 19 

Reese, David E., Jr., 64 

Refractory metals, 283 

Reiger, Siegfried H., 172 

Reinartz, Stanley R., 237 

Relay (communications satellite), 173 KZLAY I, 2 

Relay, Md., 344 

Reliability, 17, 37, 60, 113, 123, 385, 503, 

Religion and space, 168 

Rendezvous, 23, 141-142, 289, 444, 501, 

GT-~, 255,265, 322 

533, 553,564, 570 

557 

GEMINI V, 339 GEMINI VI, 49, 170, 493, 500, 509-510, 

538, 551-552, 554, 557, 563, 567, 568, 

GEMINI VII, 493, 500, 509-510, 538, 551- 

GEMINI VXII, 444 

570 

552, 554, 557, 563, 567, 568, 570 

GEMINI IX, 510 

Rendezvous. 210 

Rendezvous’ Evaluation Pod (Rep), 317- 

Rennels, Col. Fred L., Jr. (USAF), 5,408 

Rensselaerville, N.Y., 346 

Rep. See Rendezvous Evaluation Pod. 

Reporter, 288 

Republic Aviation Corp., 332, 393 

Rescue device, 230 

Research and development, 2, 9, 49-50, 

aeronautical, 36, 41, 50, 77, 90, 112, 177 

benefits, 198,446 

Federal support, 10, 125,426 

318,340 

69,446,473,534 

funds for, 12, 39, 74, 106, 134, 185, 200, 

262 

geographic distribution, 115, 134 NASA grants, 3, 90,10& 182,193,206 

industry, 130, 190, 262,305 

information, distribution of, 128 

management, 77, 190 

weapon systems, 5, 39,130, 170 

344 

Research Institute for Advanced Studies, 

Research Triangle, 217 

Reston, James, 542 

Retrorocket, 47,68,464,467 

Reusable Orbital Module-Booster and 

Utility Shuttle (Rombus) , 8 

Re-Usable Orbital Transport (rocket 

“plane”), 253 

Revolucwn, 405 

Reynolds, James, 159 

Reynolds, Robert V., 322 

RF-111~ (supersonic reconnaissance airRibonucleic acid (RNA), 323, 425 

Rice Univ., 56, 370 

Richard, L. G., 359 

Richardson, Charles E., 450 

Rickenbacker, Edward V., 555 

Rickover, V/A Hyman G. (UsNj, 7, 135, 

Riehlman, R. Walter, 7,264,506 

Rieke, William B., 564 

Riesel, Victor, 133. 277 

Rieel (star). 366 

craft), 537 

423, 492 

~ ~ . --,, -- 

Ritchey, Harold W., 107 

Ritland, M/G 0. J. (USAF), 101,530 -. D.- T rn,r”-,u 909 niveib, ~CV. U. illrllY1., __- RNA. See Ribonucleic acid. 

Roanoke, Va., 407 

Roberts, Chalmers M., 189 

Robertson, Sen. A. Willis, 309 

Robinson, Maj. Hugh (USA), 424 

Robinson, John H., 301 

Robinson, Thomas, 520 

Rochelle, Dr. Robert W., 544 

Rochester, Univ. of, 223, 376 

Rock, Dr. Vincent P., 351 

Rockefeller, Gov. Nelson, 341 

Rockefeller Institute, 38 

Rocket, 2, 9,313 

braking, 230,232, 389,467 

chemical, 16 

design, multi-stage, 52, 127 

foreign, 9, 42, 372, 375, 478, 557 

nuclear, 13, 28, 44, 112, 272, 282, 426, 

510,517, 520,541,548 

solid, 2, 24, 81, 107, 179, 210, 219, 223, 

244, 270, 288, 297, 435, 449, 550, 562 

Rocket engine, 19, 157,165, 179,291 

clustering, 365, 491 

electric. --------, 30.519 

~ -, - 

hypergolic, 65, 186,474 

ion, 116,166,172,255,472 

liquid fluorine-oxygen, 132 

liquid hydrogen, 27,31, 141, 365, 526 

liquid propellant, 33,65, 127,315,474 

--------, ~ -, - 

hypergolic, 65, 186,474 

ion, 116,166,172,255,472 

liquid fluorine-oxygen, 132 

liquid hydrogen, 27,31, 141, 365, 526 

liquid propellant, 33,65, 127,315,474 
664 INDEX 

Rocket engine (Continued) 

nuclear, 13, 28, 49, 63, 112, 117, 141, 

243, 255, 272, 510, 519, 520, 541, 548 

radioisotope, 197 

solid propellant, 24, 27, 32, 40, 81, 95, 

98. 107. 141. 192. 210. 219. 223. 269, 

288,297,435,449; 550,’ 562 ‘ ’ 

U.S.S.R. “new type,” 42, 52,479 

Rocket Engine Test Site (MSFC) ,291 

Rocketdyne Div. See North American 

Rockets in Defense of Peace (Soviet TV 

Rockwell Standard Corp., 516 

Rodewisch, E. Germany, 232 

Rolls Royce, Ltd., 234 

Roma, Tex., 228 

Romashka (Daisy) nuclear reactor, 548 

Rombus. See Reusable Orbital ModuleBooster and Utility Shuttle. 

Rose Polvtechnic Institute. 213 

Aviation, Inc., 31, 526 

film), 226 

Rosen, Dr. Harold, 232 ’ 

Roswell Park Memorial Institute for 

Cancer Research. 168 

Rotational stress, 120 

Roth, Dr. Emmanuel, 435 

Roush, Rep. J. Edward, 106 

Rover (nuclear rocket engine), 204, 541 

Royal Aeronautical Society, 519 

Royal Air Force (RAF), 172 

Royal Astronomical Society, 43, 67 

Royal Institute of Technoloo, Stockholm, 198 

Royal Radar Establishment, 41 

Rozenbere. Prof. Georeiv. 318 - .. RS-70 (bomber), 34 

Rudnev, Konstantin N., 339 

Rumsfeld, Rep. Donald, 327 

Rumford Prize, 119 

Rushworth, L/C Robert (USAF), 74, 341, 

Rusk, Secretary of State Dean, 369 

Russell, Sen. Richard B., 40 

Russiyan, T., 371 

Rust Engineering Co., 109 

Ryan Aeronautical Co., 204 

Ryle, Martin, 203 

Ryukyu Air Defense System (Rads), 241 

Ryukyu Islands, 241 

SAC. See Strategic Air Command. 

Sacramento, Calif., 533 

Sacramento Test Center, 409 SAE. See Society of Automotive EngiSafety, 18,68, 84, 131 

Safety Steel Services, Inc., 544 

Sagan, Dr. Carl, 262, 372,481 

Sage (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment), 411 

Sahara, 113, 229 

St. Francis River (rocket launching ship), 

St. Joseph’s Day, 138 

365 

neers. 

459 

St. Louis, Mo., 3, 157. 179. 363 . .. . , 

St. Louis Bicentennial Space Symposium, 

251,252, 253,254 

St. Nicholas Island, 1 

St. Petersburg, Fla., 52 

Salisbury, Australia, 106 

Salisbury, Dr. John W., 566 

Salpeter, Edwin E., 206 

Salto di Quirra, Sardinia, 375, 543 

Saltonstall, Sen. Leverett, 7 

Samos (satellite), 416, 451,486, 524 

Sampson, M/G George P. (USA), 66,344 

San Antonio Express, 309 

San Clemente Island, 49 

San Diego, Calif., 133 

Sun Diego Evening Tribune, 133 

San Diego Express, 492 

San Diego Union, 122, 183 

San Francisco, Calif., 83, 109, 255, 374, 

San Francisco Sunday Chronicle, 179 

SAN MARCO I (Italian satellite), 2 

San Salvador, 261 

Sandage, Dr. Allan R., 38,237, 277 

Sanders, Myrl E., 505 

Sands, B/G H. J. (USAF) ,479 

Santa Clara County, Calif., 50 

Santa Fe Engineers, Inc., 105 

Santa Susana, Calif., 198, 373 

Saphir (French rocket), 467 

Sardinia, Italy, 375, 543 

Sarnoff, David, 101,249,250,4443 

Satellite (see also under names of individual satellites and satellite projects), 42,82,417, 461, 567 

armed, interception and destruction, 

210, 512 

cooperation, international, 2, 38, 58-59, 

77, 111-112,246 

destruction of, 124, 183 

foreign, 12, 21, 41, 76, 86, 94, 109, 

120, 123, 124, 152, 189, 197, 216, 227, 

260, 282, 311, 337, 339, 364, 379, 421, 

560, 565 

383,535 

483, 504, 525, 526, 527-528, 546, 556, 

multiple launching, 238, 341 

surveillance system, 86, 179, 271, 390, 

416.451.486.524 

tracking, 12, 14, 89, 105, 114, 119, 174, 

202, 228, 236, 276, 292, 363, 418, 497 

use of. 10. 13. 24. 25. 72. 80. 82. 85. 89, 

94, 101,’ 105, 106, 112,‘ 118, 142, 147. 

227, 232, 234, 273, 278, 282, 313, 384, 

424 

Satellite, communications, 2, 7, 65, 224, 

240,244,250 

contract, 31, 51, 81, 172, 283, 381, 393, 

cooperation, international, 7, 58-59, 95, 

250, 254, 322, 502, 545, 555, 570-571 

162, 168-169, 193, 197, 207, 226- 

483,490,534,537 

design, 254, 260, 283, 506 
INDEX 665 

Satellite, communications (Continued) 

foreign, 204, 216, 229, 249, 260, 313, 

361, 476,480,492 

ground stations, 201, 232, 315, 320, 385, 

393, 412, 462, 463, 490, 497, 503, 527, 

534,537 

military use of, 1, 31, 51, 81, 93, 101, 

performance, 172, 176, 180, 197, 214, 

rates, 245,250,257, 277,282, 289 

television channels, lease of, 268, 271, 

334,364 

use of, 2, 22, 31, 81, 186, 193, 214, 226, 

229, 240, 246, 254, 268,277, 289, 300- 

301, 313, 334, 344, 44, 446, 449-450, 

495,532,541, 562, 569 

Satellite, geodetic, 35, 158,274 

Satellite, ionosphere, 24, 207 

Satellite, meteoroid detection. See PegaSatellite, meteorological, 72, 156,173 

241-242, 283, 319, 441-442 

221, 228,236,313 

sus. 

cooperation, 

international, 76, 162, 215 

NASA-Weather Bureau, 26, 163 

funds for, 44 

Nimb~s, 44,45, 87, 14%, 532 

ulans for. 45. 104.162.220 TIROS IX, 26, ’162, ‘168,’169 

use of, 81,162, 169,226,245,424 

U.S.S.R.. 76. 85.245 

TIROS X, 307, 570 

,,I 

Satellite, military, 179, 210, 238 

Satellite, navigational, 14, 215, 226, 384, 

453 

Satellite, orbiting observatory (see also 

Oao, Ogo, Oso) , 12, 28,82, 126 

Satellite, polar orbit, 35 

Satellite, radio astronomy, 28, 30 

Satellite, reconnaissance, 86, 157, 175, 

Satellite Situation Report, 144, 159 

Satellite, solar-powered, 140 

Satellite, solar x-ray monitor, 10 

Satellite Telemetry Automatic Reduction 

System (Stars), 105 

Satellite, unidentified 

launch vehicle, 

Atlas-Agena D, 27, 206, 254, 341, 

Scout, 562 

Thor-Able-Star, 119,295, 377 

Thor-Agena D, 18, 93, 114, 152, 

207, 236, 238, 336, 447-448, 462, 

493, 546, 564 

Thor F4WS, 240, 423 

Satellite, weather. See Satellite, meteorSaturday Evening Post, 10,211 

Saturday Review, 1 

Saturn (planet), 197, 216 

Saturn (program), 

achievements, 72, 97 

179,189,271,353 

us., 

454,509 

ological, 

contracts, 37, 48, 52, 91, 92, 94, 109, 

115, 118, 173, 182, 204 

facilities, construction of, 37, 39, 48, 

115 

plans for, 7, 43,54, 60,75, 79, 130 

progress, 31, 39, 54, 56, 96, 100, 112, 

123, 129, 162, 178, 188, 191, 197, 209 

propulsion, 30,82 

Saturn I (booster), 112, 239, 288, 365, 

373, 502,570 

contract, 94 

launch, 72, 227,294, 570 

SA-7,261 

SA-8,247 

SA-9,72,97 

SA-lo, 227 

stage, 96, 250 

Saturn IB (booster), 31.82. 237. 377 

contract, 37, 52, ‘92,‘94,’ 118; 173, 204, 

development, 30, 60, 112, 115, 123, 347- 

292,296,527,562 

348 

engine. 

iLi,’92, 197,291-292,490 

5-2, 31, 209, 322, 527 

eauipment. 37.173, 204. 239.459 

facilities, 37, 311-312,345 

plans for, 7, 43, 54, 60, 75, 79, 130, 298, 

472, 533,556 

stage, 556, 570 

377.543 

S-IB-1, 123, 129-130, 162, 341, 376, 

S-IB-2: 363 

S-IS-3, 437, 491 S-IVB. 31. 182. 191, 209. 296, 298, 373, Ani. cis ’ . ’ ’ TU”) ow* 

test, 319, 543 

Saturn V (booster), 54, 56, 75, 79, 80, 82, 

106. 123. 178. 326. 348. 467. 473. 517 

contract, 48, 92; 109; 115; 173,‘ 182,’ 204, 

development, 30, 348 

447, 527 

engine, 

F-1. 112. 178.188.219.291. 368 

J-2; 198; 322; 527; 535’ ’ 

equipment, 39, 173, 182, 204, 319, 373 

facilities, 39, 48, 115. 239. 381, 422, 

447, 544,562 

SSh 

plans for, 7, 43, 54, 295, 429, 476, 533, 

stage, 112, 570 

s-IC, 54, 188, 219, 291, 450, 544 

S-IC-T, 54, 100, 241,275-276, 368, 525, 

554 

stage, 112, 570 

s-IC, 54, 188, 219, 291, 450, 544 

S-IC-T, 54, 100, 241,275-276, 368, 525, 

554 

s-1;,-56, 198, 298, 322, 326, 373, 421, 

S-IVB, 191, 224, 296, 298, 386, 406, 

451,492 

535,562 

Savage, Melvyn, 370 

Savenko, Prof., 431 

Saxon, D. R., 306 

Scads. See Scanning Celestial Attitude 

Scanner, horizon, 126, 255, 302, 370, 374, 

Determination System. 

399,421, 476, 505 
666 INDEX 

Scanning Celestial Attitude Determination 

Schawlow, Dr. Arthur L., 545 

Scheer, Julian, 356, 438439, 514 

Schirra, Capt. Walter M., Jr., (USN), 49, 

170, 294, 325, 449, 489, 493, 511, 547, 

548, 550-553,556,557,567 

System (Scads), 334 

Schisler, Rep. Gale, 46 

Schjedahl, G. T., Co., 35 

Schmidhauser, Rep. John R., 89 

Schmidt, Dr. Maarten, 237 

Schmidt, R. A., 191 

Schmitt, Dr. Harrison H., 299, 300, 341 

Schneider, William C., 479, 567 

Schneiderman, Dan, 102,356,448,462 

Schriever, Gen. Bernard A. (USAF) ,5, 18- 

19, 106, 128, 147, 151, 170, 203, 241- 

242, 264, 274, 320, 382, 406, 408, 452, 

459, 484 

Scriven, B/C George P. (USA), 165 

Schult, Eugene, 494 

Schurmeier, Harris M., 155, 341 

Schutt, Dr. John B., 229 

Schwartz, Harry, 280,339, 427, 548 

Schwartz, Leonard, 105 

Schweickart, Russell, 321 

Schwinger, Julian, 487 

Schwinghammer, Robert J., 156 

Science, 10, 21, 33, 69, 101, 185, 213, 262, 

271, 280, 360, 426, 461, 473, 493, 516, 

529, 531, 560, 562 

Science (magazine), 97, 198, 322, 337, 

415. 441. 448. 488. 496. 564 

Science and Technology Advisory Council 

Science Fair. Greater St. Louis. 179 

(New York City), 562 

“Science in ;he Sixties” (seminar), 280- 

Science Museum, London, 461 

Science teachers, Soviet, 123 

Scientific American, 360 

Scientific and Technical Aerospace ReScientific Engineering Institute, Boston, 

Scientific Research Radiophysics InstiScientists, 531 

281 

ports (STAR), 472 

280 

tute, Gorki, U.S.S.R., 434 

and engineers, 190 as astronauts, 5,63, 132, 299, 300,383 

awards, 58, 67,73 

interdisciplinarian, 514 

President’s Science Advisory Committee, 119, 169 

space program, 17, 30 

training, 88, 133 

training, lunar mission, 10 

Scorpio (rocket engine), 157 

Scott, Maj. David R. (USAF), 10, 321,444 

Scout (booster), 113, 207, 370, 373, 486, 

521, 540, 541,544, 562 

system management, 80 

Scout Evaluation Vehicle (Sev) ,373 

Scout Reentry Heating Project, 559 

Scr. See Silicone-controlled rectifier. 

Scramjet. See Supersonic combustion 

ramjet. 

Scribner, 110 

Sea of Clouds (moon), 85,227 

Sea of Storms (moon), 467 

Sea of Tranquillity (moon), 74,84-85, 95 

Sea Test Range, 49 

Sea Vixen (British aircraft), 52 

Sea Water Conversion Laboratory-, Univ. 

Seaborg, Dr. Glenn T., 135, 304-305, 325, 

of Calif., 77 

546-547 

Sealab- 11, 299, 340, 389, 402, 417, 421, 

Seals. 274 

425,434,450, 467, 471, 519 

Seamans, Dr. Robert C., Jr., 9, 77, 112, 

146, 155, 156, 292, 402, 421, 460, 520, 

546, 561, 566 

Searcy, Ark., 373 

Seattle, Wash., 55 

Secor (Sequential Collation Of Range) 

SECOR 11,118 

SECOR 111, 114 SECOR v, 374,571 

Sedov, Prof. Leonid l., 431 

See, Elliot M., Jr., 334, 339, 382 

Sehlstedt, Albert, Jr., 106 

Seife, Alvin, 64 

Seismology, 18, 57, 523, 525 

Seismometer, 149, 473 

Seitz, Dr. Frederick, 185 

Seleznez, Vasily, 135 

Selfridge AFB, Mich., 233 

Selfridge, Thomas Etholen, 555 

Seliakov, Leonid, 87-88 

Semantics, 423 

Semipalatinsk region, U.S.S.R., 18 

Senni, Antoine, 66, 170 

Senter, Raymond, 424 

Sequential Collation Of Range. See 

Serling, Robert J., 316 

Sert (See Space Electric Rocket Test), 

17 

(geodetic satellite) (USA), 457 

Secor. 

SERT I (spacecraft), 17, 116 

Servo-system, 93 

Ses. See Space Environment Simulator. SETP. See Society of Experimental Test 

Sev. See Scout Evaluation Vehicle. 

Seville, Spain, 563 

Seychelles Islands (West Indian Oceanj , 

Shai, Charles M., 229 

Shank, Robert J., 231 

Shapley, Willis H., 343-344 

Sharp, Prof. Robert P., 355,507 

Sharpless, Dr. Stewart, 223 

Shea, Dr. Joseph F., 43, 57, 113, 185, 238, 

Pilots. 

319 

325 
INDEX 667 

Sheldon, Dr. Charles S., 11, 27, 73, 113, 

Shepard, Capt. Alan B., Jr. (USN), 443, 

497,505 

%1 

Shepard, Van, 150, 206,453,547,563 

Sherman, Windsor L., 12 

Shinn, R/A Allan M. (USN), 275 

Shirk, James S., % 

Shklovsky, Dr. I. S., 199 

Shneour, Elie A., 61 

Shoemaker, Dr. Eugene, 175, 187, 496, 

Shorthill, Dr. Richard, 8 

Short Range Attack Missile (Sram), 20, 

507 

24 

Siegel, Dr. Peter, 387 

Siegel, Dr. Sanford M., 158 

Sight Lecture, Second Annual, 249 

Sigma Delta Chi National Convention. 

Sikorsky (aircraft), 131 

Sikorsky, Igor I., 32,372 

Silicon-controlled rectifier (Scr), 308 

Silliman. Beniamin. Jr.. 331 

514 

Simkin, Willikn E.; 523 

Simons, Howard, 11, 189, 246, 401, 412, 

434,528,563 

Simpson, Dr. George L., Jr., 217,2% 

Simpson, Dr. John A., i89,245 

Simpson, Ron, 322 

Sims, The0 E., 143 

Simulator, flight, 191 

Singer, Dr. S. Fred, 71,288 

Sinkiang, China, 550 

Sinoite, 78 

Sinton, Dr. William M., 96 

SissEEim, N. M.$ 31.3 

Sjogren, W. L., 160 

Skogasandur, Iceland, 414 

Skua (U.K. sounding rocket), 161 

Skuridin, Gennadii, 216 

Skylark (U.K. sounding rocket), 226,352 

Skyraider (bomber aircraft), 291, 381 

Slayton, Donald K., 567 

Slidell, La., 105 

Slish, Vyacheslev, 494 

Sloan, Richard K., 190,355 

Sloop, John L., 131 

“Slowdown in the Pentagon,” 45 

Small Unified Reactor Facility with Systems for Isotopes (Surfside), 341 

Smathers, Sen. George, 394 

Smith and Sapp Construction Co., 228 

Smith and Sons, Ltd., 275 

Smith, C. R., 59 

Smith, Francis B., 164 

Smith, Gerald L., 119 

Smith, Joan Merriam, 78 

Smith, Sen. Margaret Chase, 24, 238 

Smith Mountain Dam, Va., 407 

Smith, William D., 489 

Smithson, James, 2% 

Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 

67,82, 262, 372,376,447, 505, 528 

Sinithsonian Institution, 255, 296, 502 

Bicentennial Celebration, 436 

Museum of History and Technology, 

National Air Museum, 43, 55, 128, 156, 

44-5 

162,329 

Smoluchowski, Dr. Roman, 202 

Smull, Dr. Thomas L. K., 103, 533 

Snap (System for Nuclear Auxiliary 

Sna~-7D. 59 

Power), 122, 292 

funds for, 28 

Sna&8, 27,61, 100, 141,219, 272 

Snap9A, 7 

Snap-1OA. 30. 166. 172.243.511.569 ,,,, 

Snapl9, i97’ 

Snap50, 63 

Snowden, Earl of (Antony ArmstrongSNPO. See Space Nuclear Propulsion 

SNAPSHOT (satellite), 167, 243, 569 

Jones), 511 

Office. 

“Social Implications of Space Exploration,’’ 384 

Sociiti des Ateliers #Aviation Louis 

Brequet, 234 

Sociiti Ginirale Aironautique Marcelle 

Dassault, 234 

Society cf .4utorr?otive Engineers (SAE) , 

185, 368, 463 

Society of Experimental Test Pilots 

(SETP) , 453-454 

Society of Women Engineers, 92 

Sodium, liquid, 296 

Sodium-vapor experiment, 6 

Soesterberg, Netherlands, 23 

Sofar. See Sound Fixing and Ranging 

Soffen, Gerald A., 61 

Sofia, Bulgaria, 228 

Sohl, Gordon, 348 

Sohn, Robert L., 19,61,429 

Sokolovsky, Marshal Vasily (U.S.S.R.) , 

Solar boat, 299 

Solar cell, 67, 74, 484 

Solar eclipse, 126, 154 

Solar energy, 3 

Solar flare, 55, 80, 163,224 

Solar mill, 318 

Solar plasma probe, 102, 217 

Solar Radiation satellite. See Solrad. 

Solar still, 77-78 

Solar system, 60,62,312,372 

Solar wind, 32, 36, 257,330 

Solid propellant, 2, 32, 40, 81, 95, 98, 100, 

Solomon Islands, 525 

Solrad (Solar Radiation satellite), 10 SOLRAD IX, 521, 571 

Sonic boom (see also Noise), 65, 199, 379 

supersonic bomber, 6, 73, 159 

supersonic transport, 15, 48, 73, 199, 

Device. 

78 

104, 141, 192, 288, 321, 335 

241, 572 
668 INDEX 

Sound Fixing and Ranging Device 

(Sofar), 230 

Sounding rocket 

experiments, 6, 15, 31, 35, 53, 58, 108, 

120, 132, 167, 169, 180, 184, 195, 214, 

215, 239, 249, 264, 278, 287, 289, 294, 

302, 397, 439, 447-448, 534 

international programs, 163, 195, 236, 

243, 439, 443, 447448 

launch, 112, 163, 571 

Brazil, 557 

France. 478 

Indonesia, 21, 373, 375 

Italy, 375 

NASA, 6, 15, 35, 53, 58, 108, 120, 132, 

139, 167, 169, 180, 184, 195, 196, 

214. 215. 239. 249. 264. 278. 287. 

294; 302, 39i, 439, 447-448; 473; 

484, 510, 511, 525, 534, 571 

Netherlands, 443 

USN, 31, 132, 163, 169 

use of, 6, 15, 31, 35, 53, 58, 120, 132, 

161, 167, 169, 180, 184, 195, 211, 450 

Soundovac, 179 

South Africa, 14, 55, 58, 76, 297, 300, 347, 

USAF, 39 

438. 497 

South Atlantic anomaly, 266 

South Pole, 57, 387, 557 

South Vietnam, 290, 314, 573 

Southern Governor’s Conference, 164 

Southern Interstate Nuclear Board, 164 

Sotheby’s, 246 

Soudan Formation, 223 

Southern Methodist Univ., 414 

Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, 

410 

Sovetskaya Rossiya, 382 

Soviet Academy of Sciences, 45, 76, 78, 

183, 187, 225, 278, 313, 335, 342, 379, 

390, 392, 396, 405, 412, 415, 420, 431, 

462 

Soviet Central Scientific Research InstiSoviet Life, 262 

Soviet Space Law Commission, 367 

Soviet Union. See U.S.S.R. 

Sovietsky Patriot, 323 

Space Business Daily, 519 

Space Conference, Fifth Annual, 393 

Space Congress of the Canaveral Council 

of Technical Societies, Second, 171 

Space Corp., 164 

Space Defense Center, 210 

Space Detection and Tracking System 

Space Electric Rocket Test. See Sert. 

Space environment, 62, 81, 129, 137, 385 

tute of Communications, 497 

(SPADATS) (NORAD), 210, 228 

simulated, 36, 129, 134-135, 181 

testing, 68 

Space Environment Simulator (Ses) , 328 

Space, exploration of, 177, 178, 384, 461, 

Space Fair, San Diego, 134 

Space garden, 188 

471, 488 

Space-General Corp., 289, 348, 367, 4Q5 

Space, impact of, 17, 27, 29, 30, 119, 137- 

138, 142, 151, 153, 179, 185, 208 

Space junk, 13, 57, 456, 543, 563 

Space laboratory, 102 

Space law, 367, 531-532, 536, 559 

Space medicine, 45, 55, 70, 412, 415, 433, 

Space, military use of (see also Manned 

Orbiting Laboratory), 10, 46, 102, 

137, 168, 238, 365, 369, 459, 475, 534 

anti-satellite defense, 241-242 

manned space flight, 42, 171, 241-242, 

544 

missile detection and warning, 241-242 

nuclear detonation detection, 241-242 

objectives, 62, 239, 327, 459 

space station, 151, 290 

U.S.S.R., 78, 153, 171 

(NASA-AEC), 3, 44 

489, 494, 533, 538, 548, 566 

Space Monument, Moscow, 178 

Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO) 

Space, peaceful USA of, 35, 55, 69, 75, 105, 

SDace oroeram. national 

138,245, 251-254, 413 

‘accompkhmknts, 4, 35, 36, 43, 54, 69, 

72, 76-77, 82, 83, 89, 108, 117, 118, 

147, 150, 163, 226-227, 245, 251, 252, 

267. 323. 336. 358. 371. 380. 432. ,, 459. 

503; 549-550,’ 552; 558; 559 

219, 535 

192, 210, 217, 250, 276, 356, 380, 501, 

530 

budget, 28-29, 40, 62, 75, 100, 141, 192, 

Cost of, 4, 54, 91, 96-97, 106, 177, 191- 

criticism, 1, 3, 11, 44, 46, 63-64, 66, 97, 

121-122, 139, 167-168, 210, 254, 273, 

420, 438, 487, 495, 499, 530, 534, 545, 

557 

economic imuact. 460. 569 

future develdpme‘nts, 228, 251, 253, 279, 

militarv. 20. 27. 88. 102. 108. 137. 153, 

331, 348, 382, 393, 460, 464, 498 

3677 369; 371; 400; 401; 438; 504’ ‘ 

need, 119-129, 133, 138, 446, 514 

objectives, 27, 60, 69, 77, 86, 97, 101, 

102. 125-126. 137. 139. 174. 201. 210, 

2141 240, 255, 293, 356, 351-352; 371, 

396, 431, 520, 529, 539, 560-561 

367, 401, 444, 487 

policy, 13, 55, 123, 182, 217-218, 366- 

support of, 62, 86, 89, 150, 228, 433 

universities, 103, 213, 504 

‘‘Spa:e Programs and the Federal Budg 

et, 192 

Space race, 11, 243, 283, 471, 473 

booster, 73, 347 

manned space flight, 143, 278 

moon, 181, 228, 280, 327, 457, 466, 

545 

military, 154, 159, 168, 177, 278, 313, 

Davload. 252, 348 

327, 488 

probe, 32 
INDEX 669 

US.-U.S.S.R., 32, 56. 73, 142, 144, 151, 

178, 204, 214, 235-236, 252, 278, 486, 

548 

Space Radiation Effects Laboratory, 553 

Space research, 90, 102, 104, 105, 115, 

136, 146, 147, 151, 156, 161, 179, 534 

Space Research Coordination Center, 521 

Space Research Summer Study, 293, 397 

Space results, 54, 81, 101, 112, 114, 150, 

270, 344, 383, 384, 405, 407, 459, 483, 

astronomical data, 15, 55, 81, 108, 129, 

226,344,359,431,442,483,571 

bioscience, 115, 132-133, 146, 167, 267, 

483, 503 

communication, 226, 273, 313, 483, 503 

education, 213, 270, 503 

geology, 344, 359, 432, 532 

laser signals. 24. 67 

488, 492, 499, 518-519, 534, 570 

lunar topography, 4, 43, 80, 84, 104, 

Mars, 36, 293, 326, 327, 330, 333, 335, 

108, 149, 153, 187, 379, 380, 392 

338, 355 

318, 424, 432, 455, 483, 503. 

meteorology, 110, 216, 226, 245, 267, 

micrometeoroid density, 193, 310, 376, 

navigation, 226, 384, 504 

radiation, 80, 81, 94, 106-107, 118, 157, 

483 

science, 179, 262, 503 

Space science, 27, 30-31, 78, 82, 214, 344, 

384. 412. 461 

curriculum, 134 

Space Science Award, 32 

Space Science Board (NAS), 17, 201, 246, 

Space station, manned, 151, 174, 318, 383, 

293, 397 

foreign, 346, 442 

inspection of, 105 

464,449,536, 544,554 

Mol, 28, 29, 30, 66, 86, 101-102, 115, 

Space suit, 125, 128, 132, 134, 138, 152, 

190, 208, 216, 237, 248, 421, 430, 470, 

500, 506, 512, 540 

Space Surveillance Calibration. See 

Space Technology Laboratories, 19, 33, 

Space Tracking and Data Acquisition 

space F'orld, 161 

Spacecraft 

171, 183, 549,560, 567 

SURCAL. 

61, 65,229,283, 429 

Network (STADAN), W, 461 

braking, 19, 68, 232, 467, 542 

design, 18, !X, 104, 123, 126, 142, 153, 

development testing, 21-22, 25, 55, 79, 

electrical equipment, 503, 547 

environment, simulated, 173, 432, 501, 

escape system, 66, 301, 513 

exhibit, 156, 173, 366, 461 

157, 222, 231, 247, 387, 517, 528 

88, 97, 110, 128, 182, 227-228, 239, 

244, 293-294, 301, 383 

550 

experiments pallet, 524 

extravehicular equipment, 522, 531 

heating, 21, 22, 36, 222, 230, 239, 244, 

instrumentation, 143. 494-495. 509. 515 

254, 323 

landing system,. 65, '112, 228,' 323,' 358, 

maneuverability, 68, 79, 145, 151, 155, 

military missions, 20, 29, 62, 66, 369, 

506, 550-551 

216, 318, 388, 464 

416. 451. 459. 504 

propulsion' systems, 16, 40, 42, 44, 83, 

296, 347, 358, 391, 417, 435, 438, 

464. 472. 476. 519. 523 

nuclear, 390, 461, 510, 517 

record, 131, 403, 427, 447, 557 

recovery systems, 12, 87, 563 

reliability, 17, 60, 503 

rendezvous, 388, 449, 493, 500, 501, 563, 

reusable, 268, 398,464 

Spacecraft Technology and Advanced Reentry Tests program (Start), 106 

Spaceport, 178, 422, 464 

Spaco, Inc., 92, 109, 503 SPADATS. See Space Detection and 

Spadeadam Rocket Establishment, EngSpain, 325, 563 

Spangler, Eugene, 470 

Sparrow-Arcas (sounding rocket), 511 

Spectrogram, 264, 299 

Spectrograph, 120, 132 

Spectroheliograph, 107, 179 

Spectrometer, 62, 107, 215, 485 

Spectrophotometer, 62 

Speed Scientific School, 9 

Spence, Roderick W., 306 

Spero, Donald, 279 

Sperry, Elmer A., Award, 32 

Sperry Farragut, 48 

Sperry Rand Corp., 109 

contract, 121 

Univac Div., 73, 555 

Sphere experiment, 372 

Spica (star), 215, 261 

Der Spiegel, 318-319 

Spilhaus, Dr. Athelstan, 129 

Spirit of St. Louis Medal, 129 

Spitsbergen, 76, 80-81 

Spray, Norm, 201 

Sprint (antimissile missile), 156, 522 

Sputnik (U.S.S.R. satellite), 52, 56 

SPUTNIK 11, 139 

Sram. See Short-range attack missile. 

S.S. France, 278 

SSt. See Supersonic transport. SST Development Corp., 297 

Stability and control, 127 

Stabilization, attitude, 227, 236 

Stack, John, 350 

567 

Tracking System (NORAD). 

land, 365 

Spcctrcsccpy, 215 

SPUTNIK I, 139, 445,460 
670 INDEX 

STADAN. See Space Tracking and Data 

Staff. See Stellar Acquisition Flight FeaStafford, Maj. Thomas P. (USAF), 170, 

Acquisition Network. 

sibility Test. 

449, 489, 510, 511, 547-548, 551-552, 

556, 557, 567 

Stalony-Dobrzanski, J., 5 

Stamford Museum and Nature Center, n“.? 

L3J 

Standard Telephone Labs., 549 

Stanford, Neal, 39 

Stanford Research Institute, 514 

Stanford Univ., 61, 174, 300, 372, 420, 

545 

Stanton, Dr. Frank, 240 

Stanyukovich, K., 507 

Star, 30, 38, 206 

dwarf, 70 

halved, 57 

intensity, 82 

radiation, 215, 261 

study of, 223, 512 

variable, 223 

space Reports. 

STAR. 

Star collision, 281-282 

“Starfish” electrons, 337-338 

Stars. See Satellite Telemetry Automatic Reduction System. 

Start. See Spacecraft Technology and 

Advanced Reentry Tests program. 

Stassinopoulos, E. G., 338 

State Committee of Inventions, U.S.S.R., 

129 

State, Dept. of, 121, 435, 517, 522 

Policy Planning Council, 100 

Staten Island Public Health Service, 527 

Statistical standards, 354 

Stecker, E. J., 315 

Steel Ezecutiue (cargo vessel), 406, 44.3 

Step, Dr. Leo, 98 

Steinmetz, Charles Proteus, Centennial 

Medal, 209 

Stellar Acquisition Feasibility Flight 

(Staff) program, 184,513 

Stellar Inertial Guidance System (Stings), 

184, 513 

Stendahl, Dr. Krister, 168 

Stennis, Sen. John, 84 

Stephens, Col. Robert L. (USAF), 213 

Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, 180, 182, 199 

Stevens, Capt. Albert W. (USA), 513 

Stewart, Dr. Harris B., Jr., 565-566 

Still, solar, 77-78 

Stings. See Stellar Inertial Guidance 

Stockholm, Sweden, 198 

Stoiko, Michael, 429430, 536 

Stol aircraft, 50, 52, 63, 197 

Stormfury, Project, 308 

Stormy Spring, Project, 124 

Strategic Air Command, (SAC), 63, 304, 

See Scientific and Technical AeroSystem. 

391 

“Strategies for Survival in the Aerospace 

Stratoscope II (balloon), 326 

Stratosphere, 318 

Strebig, James J., Memorial Award, 244 

Stress analysis, 17 

Stress, Rotational, 120 

Strikes 

Industry,” 13, 52 

Boeing Co., M, 447, 462 

Cape Kennedy, 8, 39, 49, 133, 157, 159, 

Goddard Space Flight Center, 308 

Kennedy Space Center, 277, 437, 444- 

McDonnell Aircraft Corp., 510, 512- 

Mississippi Test Operations, 131 

North American Aviation, Inc., 435-436 

295, 301, 302 

445, 447, 527 

513, 520, 523, 524 

Stronn. Dr. John. 393 

StrotKir, Fred P: 109 

Strughold, Dr. Hubertus, 324-325 

Stuhlinger. Dr. Ernst. 505 

su-6 (6ehavior of matter theory), 38 

Submarine 

missile bearing, 541 

nuclear, 59, 78, 538 

Sud-Aviation (France), 237, 479 

Sudan, 59 

Suitland, Md., 24 

Sudets, Soviet Air Marshal Vladimir 

Aleksandrovich, 383 

Sullivan, Francis J., 225 

Sullivan, Walter, 213, 237, 326, 338 

Sulphuric oxide, 318 

Summerfield, Martin, 211 

Sun (see also Solar cell, etc.), 31, 47, 

182, 188, 259 

exploration, 217, 243, 563 

IQSY, 10, 163, 194, 196, 197, 226, 511, 

521, 523, 553, 555, 556 

marnetic field. 223-224. 565 

radTation, 10, 53, 56, 67,‘80, 107, 126, 

satellite data, 10, 521 

169, 1% 

“The Sunday Show” (TV program), 85 

Sunspots, 163, 196 

Super Guppy (aircraft), 406, 449, 562 

Supernovae, 573 

Supersonic combustion ramjet (ScramSupersonic flow theory, 32 

Supersonic transport (Sst) (see also aircraft, supersonic transport), 8-9, 15, 

16, 28, 34, 36, 41, 228, 309, 310, 311, 

316, 417, 481, 490, 491, 515, 522, 545, 

555, 571 

jet), 203-204, 543 

SURCAL (Space Surveillance Calibration 

Surfside. See Small Unified Facility 

Surveillance, airspace, 241 

Surveyor (program), 118, 181, 204, 342, 

satellite), 114, 238, 377 

with Systems for Isotopes. 

466, 477,501 
INDEX 671 

Surveyor (spacecraft), 64, 103, 188, 374, 

Sutro, Louis, 281 

sv-5 (wingless aircraft), 106 

Sweden, 325, 352, %6 

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 73 

Switzerland, 325, 552 

Svdnev. Australia. 109 

570. 

Silvania Electric ‘Products, Inc., 537 

Sylvester, Arthur, 474 

Symington, Sen. Stuart, 103. 127. 513 .. Symmetry group theory; 38 

Symposium on Advanced Propulsion Concepts, Fourth, 203 

Symposium on Fluid Dynamics and 

Plasma, 466 

Symposium on Meteor Orbits and Dust, 

376 

Symposium on Post-Apollo Space Exploration, 216, 235 

Symposium on Space and Ballistic Missile Technology, 366 

Symposium on Unmanned Exploration of 

the Solar System, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64 

Synchroton, 279 

Syncom (communications satellite), 106, 

147, 173 

SYNCOM 11, 1, 88, 102, 106, 136, 319, 570 SYNCOM III, 1, 2, 82, 88, 319, 570 

Syria, 38 

Syverton, Clarence A., 69 

T-33 (jet trainer), 222 

T-38 Talon (jet trainer), 2% 

Tabanera, Teofilo, 236 

Tactical Fighter Experimental (Tfx) . 

Tad. See Delta, Thrust Augmented. 

Talcott, Rep. Burt L., 315 

Tanner, Carol S., 228 

Tantalum, 535-536 

Tascher, John, 137 

Tass. 42. 43. 125. 221. 222. 223. 254. 274. 

v. ...-- la~~isa: Aii C~mmtd (TAC), 3dn 

See F-111. 

311, 313, ’318, ‘329,’337,’342,’ 343,’ 356; 

364, 371, 377, 378, 387, 391, 394, 413, 

418. %O. 462. 463. 473. 479. 483. 494, 

509; 512; 513; 526; 527; 530; 535; 539, 

540,548,550,560,568 

Tate, Mayor James H. J., 472 

Taylor, Charles Edward, 555-556 

Taylor, Capt. James M. (USAF), 514 

Taylor, Rep. Royal A., % 

Taylor, William B., 469 

Taz-8 (alloy), 56 

Teague, Rep. Olin E,, 108, 171, 219, 404, 

Tech/Courier COKD.. 334 

567 

Technology, 7, 10; 16, 18, 21, 33, 41, 185, 

213, 250, 260-261, 281, 473, 492, 498, 

516,529,534,558,559,562 

Technology and Culture, 127 

Technology Status and Trends Symposium, 194 

Technolom utilization. mace. 14. 27. 3& *---7 -- , -.I -- 31, $5, 90, 101, ’114, 118, 125-126, 

162, 171, 174, 175-176, 185. 194. 503 

TechnoIogy Utilization Program,‘ 96, 

161, 369, 456, 571 

Tektite, 85,96, 507 

Tel Aviv, Univ. of, 321 

Telecommunication, 108 

Telecomputing Services, Inc., 474, 512 

Telefunken, 205 

Telemetry, 1, 15,92,105, 136, 142, 243 

Telescope, 4-5, 311 

orbiting, 12, 82 

Television, 41, 57, 128, 132, 214, 245, 246, 

250, 254, 360, 383,387, 456, 484,503, 

530,539,555,562 

Television Infrared Observation Satellite. 

Telstar (communications satellite), 173, 

TELSTAR 11, 41, 236 

Temm. Peter. 200 

color, 254, 383 

See Tiros. 

221 

, ~ ~~ 

Tennessee, 255- 

Tennis, Richard, 186 

Teplinskiy, M/C G. (U.S.S.R.), 10 

Tepper, Dr. Morris, 163, 225 

Tes: facility, 26, 1W, 105, ?15, 123, 160, 

5x3 

Te&i Instruments, Inc., 374, 513 

Texas Women’s Univ., 540 

Textron Corp., 165 

Tfx (Tactical Fighter Experimental). 

See F-111. 

Thayer, Sylvanus, 88 

Theoretical Astronomy Institute, Leningrad, 372 

Thiokol Chemical Corp., 65, 95, 107, 179, 

492 

contract, 197, 270, 297, 315, 453, 474, 

567 

Reaction Motors Div., 315 

Wasatch Div., 32 

Thomas, Rep. Albert D., 172, 276 

Thomas, David D., 303 

Thomas, John E., 159 

Thomas, Lowell, 408 

Thompson, Dr. Floyd L., 16, 518 

Thompson, Milton O., 15, 247, 287, 370, 

Thompson-Ramo-Wooldrige, Inc. (see also 

Space Technology Laboratories Div., 

397 

TRW, Inc.), 61,65,197 

19, 33, 61,195 

Thompson, Robert F., 297, 314 

Thompson, Thomas W., 193 

Thor (missile), 57 

Thor-Able (booster), 163 

Thor-Able-Star (booster), 13, 74, 118. 

Thor-Agena (booster), 332 

295,377 

launch, 272.5% 

B, 527 

D, 18, 93, 114, 152, 207, 236, 238, 336, 

339,382,447,462,493, 546,564 
672 INDEX 

Thor-Altair (booster), 20, 132 

Thor-Delta (booster), 257 

Thor FW~S (booster), 240,423 

Thorium, 135 

Thrust-Augmented Improved Delta, 507 

Thumba, India, experiments, 226 

Thunderbird Aerial Team, 316 

Thurmond, Sen. Strom, 320 

Thurston, Robert, Lecture, 511 

Tidbinbilla, Australia, 136,337,353 

Tides, 505,564 

Tillich, Paul, 362 

Tilton, Thomas D., 156 

Time magazine. 232 

Tipton, &art G., 114, 118,469 

Tiros (meteorological satellite), 72, 156, 

162, 173, 307 

TIROS I, 162 

TIROS VII, 290, 420 TIROS VIII, 420 TIROS IX, 26, 162, 168, 169, 282, 307, 420, 

TIROS x, 301-302,307,413, 420 

Tiros Operational Satellite system (Tos) , 

Tischler, Adelbert O., 472 

Tison, R/A James c. (USN), 420 

Titan I (missile), 16, 57, 109, 161 

Titan II (booster), 21, 57, 66, 128, 145, 

288, 347, 373, 493, 538, 547, 548, 551 

570 

26,162 

launch facility, 11,14 

Titan 11 (missile), 304, 377 

Titan 111 (booster), 12, 28, 66,89 

cost, 385 

Titan 1x1-A (booster), 12, 19, 65, 220, 227 

Titan III-C, 287, 288, 290, 291, 295, 329, 

347, 348, 396, 459, 477, 49W9, 559- 

560, 562-563,564, 571 

Titan 111-x, 274 

Titanium, 58 

Tito, Pres. Josip Broz, 413 

Titov, L/C Gherman S., 272 

Tnt. See Transient Nuclear Test. 

Tokyo Japan, 523 

Tokyo, Univ., 260 

Tokyo Univ. Aeronautical Institute, 133 

Tolansky, Samuel, 290 

Tolubko, Col. Gen. Vladimir, 423, 515 

Tombaugh, Dr. Clyde W., 109 

Tomonaga, Shinichero, 487 

Topaze (rocket), 229 

Torrejon AFB, Spain, 284 

Tos. See Tiros Operational Satellite. 

Townes, Dr. Charles H., 209, 545 

Townsend, Dr. John W., 344,375 

Towson, Md., 240 

Tracking, 13,89,114,119,202,363,450 

deep space, 174,364,377 

laser beam, 276 

missile, 49, 233 

stations, 114, 117, 160 

Alaska, 276 

Australia, 89, 108, 136,337,520,543 

Denmark, 170 

France, 14,75 

Germany, West, 292,377 

Mexico, 107 

Norway, 81 

South Africa, 14, 55, 297,497 

Spitsbergen, 80-81 

U.K., 78 

US., W9,87,89, 174,228, 467 

training, 418 

Trampoline bed, 55 

Transient Nuclear Test (Tnt) , 13 

Transit (satellite), 14 

Transponder, 456 

Transportation, 198,237,454, 457 

Trans-World Airlines, 119,297 

Trask, D. W., 160 

Travis AFB, Calif., 198, 302 

Treaty, nuclear test ban, 3, 34, 40-41,81 

Treib, Albert J., 366 

Tri-State Roofing Co., 478 

Trident (aircraft), 275 

Troitsky, Vsevolod, 43, 434 

Trud, 497 

Truly, Lt. Richard H. (USN), 514 

Truszynski, Gerald M., 88 

TRW, Inc. (see also Thompson-RamoWooldridge, Inc.), 229, 367, 492, 549, 

555 

Space Technology Laboratories Div., 

229 

Trybura Ludu, 339 

Tschudi, President Hans Peter (SwitzerTsinghua Univ., 261 

TSR-2 (tactical strike-reconnaissance airTU-134 (jetliner), 17, 52, 87, 549 

Tu-144 (supersonic transport), 279, 318, 

Tula, Russia, 300 

Tullahoma, Tenn., 535 

Tulsa, Okla., 185 

Tunguska (meteorite), 258 

Tunisia, 59 

Tupolev, Andrei N., 87, 372 

Turbocompressor, 438 

Turbomeca, 234 

Turbulence, atmospheric, 551 

Turkey, 441,442 

Twiss, Peter M., 456 

Tycho (lunar crater), 8 

Tydings, Sen. Joseph, 46 

Typhoon Ruby, 142 

Typhoon Sally, 142 

U-2 (photographic airplane), 124 

U.A.R. See United Arab Republic. UAW. See United Auto Workers. 

Uchinoura, Japan, 133-134 

Uchitel'skaya Gazeta, 345 UCLA. 

Udall, Interior Secretary Stewart L., 124 

Ufo. See Unidentified flying objects. 

land ) ,301 

craft), 17, 52, 87, 549 

337 

U-235, 243 

See California, Univ. of, at Los 

Angeles, 
INDEX 673 

U.K. See United Kingdom. 

Ulrich, Dr. Bruce T., 495 

U.N. See United Nations. 

Underground nuclear test, 18, 34, 81, 466, 

524 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, 

Scientific and Cultural Organization), 

541,545 

Unidentified flying objects (Ufo) , 38, 

52,324,327,366,374,438 

Union Carbide Corp., 157,445 

Union Carbide Research Institute, 157, 

26 1 

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. See 

U.S.S.S. 

United Aerospace Workers Union, 435, 

468 

United Aircraft Corp., 209 

Hamilton Standard Div., 125, 506,540 

Pratt and Whitney Div., 120, 137, 163, 

Vtol study, 393 

309,312 

United Airlines, 189, 221, 387,545, 555 

United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), 6, 32, 

59, 187.325.393 

United Association of Plumbers and PipeUnited Auto Workers (UAW), 115, 186- 

fitters. 159 

187.295 

United Kingdom (U.K.), 2, 75, 117, 164, 

234,2%, 267,522, 525 

aircraft, 2, 17, 34, 52, 63, 87, 188, 274, 

314,318,357, 486 

Defense Ministry, 17, 34 

Dept, of Education and Science, 164 

Dept. oi Scientific and Industik~ RFGeneral Post Office, 549 

House of Commons, 117 

launch, 143, 526 

Meteorological Office, 161 

military, 63, 178, 234,426,486 

Ministry of Aviation, 117, 486 

Ministry of Technology, 1-64 

rocket, 2, 143,365, 526, 545 

Science Research Council, 164 

space program, 164,354 

supersonic transport, 48, 413 

search, 110,164 

Concorde, 73, 204, 237, 316, 319, 337, 

United Nations (U.N.), 68, 147, 298, 344, 

418. 424.463.474 

417,479 

Committee’ on ‘Peiceful Uses of Outer 

General Assembly. 163. 367.559 

Space, 254 

.. , , 

resolution against weapons in space, 

United Press International (UPI) , 2%, 

401 

521-522, 544 

United States (US.) (see also amrouri- ..- . ~ 

ate government agencies), 

budget, 12, 27, 54, 60, 61, 74, 75, 86, 

90,192,313 

defense, 13, 102 

economy, 86,98 

expenditures, 9,536 

goal, 17, 69, 200, 201, 246, 366, 371, 

427 

Government 

427,558 

203, 360, 426. 473,536 

science and technology, 20, 69, 92, 

101, 103, 119, 169, 185, 271, 298, 

357, 426, 434, 497, 515 

information, exchange of, 121, 131, 273, 

information, freedom of, 128,203 

international relations, 121, 259, 299, 

criticism of, 142, 152, 167, 177, 4.23, 

R&D, 10, 92, E, 124, 134, 185, 190, 

343,494 

517 

manpower, 131,147 

military, 20, 21, 37, 39, 42, 45, 69, 74, 

84, 105, 170,210,369 

patents, 264, 287, 299, 359, 487 

peace, 55,86, 103, 366,432 

policy, 92, 121-2, 128, 181, 216, 237, 

264, 432,446 

security, national, 19, 20-21, 38, 55, 

105, 137, 144, 147, 153, 241, 270, 298 

space 

accomplishments, 4, 36, 43, 51, 54, 

72, 81, i05, 112, 146, 143, 152, 155, 

227, 252, 279, 380, 383, 412, 414, 

418,458-9 

activities, 35,75,79,94, 116 

capability, 29, 42, 54, 80, 105, 138, 

175,252, 335, 390,416 

censorshio. 410 

power, 7$’153, 171 raw; 11. 31. 73. 108, 110, 113, 137, 

138. 142. 144. 150. 153. 167. 182. 

211,’ 235; 243; 251; 278; 292: 312; 

321, 327, 351, 403-4, 427, 441, 445, 

473 

United Technology Center (UTC), 288, 

297,541 

Universe, 416, 569, 572-573 

Universities, 57, 111, 213, 223, 226, 239, 

240, 261, 264, 269, 273, 279, 281, 299, 

311, 321, 326, 435, 473, 486, 509, 554, 

572 

computer use by, 9, 108 

graduate training program, 130,555 

grants, 96, 103, 134, 185, 223, 232-233, 

274, 303, 327, 353, 370, 376, 420, 424, 

530, 538 

NASA-Westem University Conference, 

510 

space exploration, impact on, 17, 255, 

260, 270,373, 468 

University Explorers Program, 56,94 

Universitv Program Review Confer- - ~~~ 

ence, 103, 106- 

Unmanned SDacecraft Meeting. 101-102 

UPI. See United Press International. 

Upper Volta, 76 

Uranium, 305 

Urey, Dr. Harold C., 58, 85, 95, 149, 187, 

206,474 
674 INDEX 

Uruguay, 25 

Urumchi, Sinkiang, China, 550 

US. See United States. USA. See US. Army. 

USA Ballistic Research Laboratories, 501 

USAF. See US. Air Force. USAF Contract Management Div. (AFCMD), 

USAF Flight Safety Review Board, 509- 

408 

510 

OAR), 62,478 

161 

USAF Office of Aerospace Research (USAF 

USAF San Bernardino Air Materiel Area, 

USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, 167, 

173, 305.494, 532 

US. Air Force (USAF) (see also Defense, 

Dept. of, and individual commands 

and laboratories), 48, 153, 440, 442, 

453,458,550, 563, 573 

Aerosoace CorDoration. 377.419 

Agena Target kehicle,'55, 166, 509, 524 

aircraft, 15, 19, 54, 144, 178, 191, 198, 

213. 221. 248. 284. 290. 322. 329. 

333; 454.. 481.'484. 491. 515. 537 

F-111; 14, '17, 19, 20, 52,'90, 109, 121, 

172,325,333,429,537 

568 

~-lll~, 6, 121, 179, 180,183,537 

xs70, 19, 73, 77, 84, 111, 191, 206, 

XB-70A, 77, 150, 284, 308, 351, 482, 

562 

aircraft defense, 411 

astronaut, 302,331,399, 406,514 

Atlas SLV-3 (booster), 123, 183 

awards, 13,223,354,471 

contract, 5, 84, 144, 160, 240, 302, 377, 

booster, 8, 32, 66, 165, 183, 265, 274, 

387,4Q8, 451, 492 

297,435,498,559,567 

cooperation, 

AEC, 243 

NASA, 178, 218, 300, 305, 444, 452, 

464.4a2.483. 493 

NASA-USN, hi, i78 

USA, 473 

laser program, 24,67 

launch, 

failure, 39,184, 254,287 

missile, 49, 101, 144, 310, 426, 514 

operational, 24, 54, 63,67, 152 

nuclear reactor, 243 

probe, 176,227,272 

reentry vehicle, 18, 88,92 

rocket, 64, 114,220, 511 

satellite, 18, 20, 24, 27, 93, 114, 118, 

120, 132, 152, 207, 237, 238, 240, 

254, 272, 295, 296, 336, 341, 423, 

447, 448, 454, 462, 493, 510, 546, 

562,564 

management, 4,114,456 

meeting, 147,274 

missile program, 48, 57, 101, 161, 184, 

R&D, 49, 109 

304, 377,473, 479,514, 541 

Mol, 28, 29, 66, 86, 171, 183, 290, 295, 

416, 424, 441, 463, 484, 494, 498, 549 

rocket motor, solid propellant, 321, 157, 

165, 297 

Scramjet, 203, 543 

sonic boom tests. 6.73. 159 

329-330, 346, 367, 396, 400, 401, 406, 

space program,' 12, 58, 97, 106, 144, 

145, 147, 152, 160, 167, 217, 242, 353, 

368,459, 475,498,549 

test, 63, 65, 84, 88, 106, 183, 184, 219, 

513 

Titan 11 (booster), 21,66, 128 

Titan III, 12,66,89,274, 385,471 

Titan III-A. 12. 19. 65. 229 

Titan 111-c, 287, 288,'290, 291, 295, 329, 

347, 348, 396, 459, 498, 560, 564, 565, 

571 

Ufo, 38,52,327,366,374 

US. Air Force, Aerospace Research Pilot 

School, 246 

US. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, 

451 

US. Arms Control and Disarmament 

Agency, 34 

U.S. Army (USA), 256,450, 506 

Advanced Aerial Fire Support System, 

antimissile missile, 156, 309, 452, 522 

contract, 4,48, 452, 454, 521 

helicopter, 39, 254, 521 

missile, 125, 373, 444, 463, 531, 553 

research, 73, 295 

satellite, 118, 373, 571 

satellite communications, 319, 441-442 

V/Stol aircraft, 41, 90,204,248 

US. Army Ballistic Research Labora504 

tories, 501 

U.S. Army Electronics Command, 73 

US. Army Materiel Command, 69, 295 

US. Army Engineer Geodesy, Intelligence and Mapping Research and Development Agency (GIMRADA) , 457 

US. Army Nike-X Project Office, 447,450 

US. Army Satellite Communications 

Agency, 102 

US. Army Strategic Communications 

Command, 319 

U.S. Army Transportation Research Command, 39 

US. Bureau of Mines, 312 

US. Chamber of Commerce, 10 

US. Civil Service Commission, 455 

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 229, 326, 

U.S. Coast Guard (uscc), 230 

US. Court of Customs and Patent ApUSDA. See Agriculture, Dept. of. 

US. Dept. of Defense. See Defense, 

US. Dept. of Labor. See Labor, Dept. 

US. Geological Survey, 97, 149, 187, 4.96, 

565-66 

peals, 545 

Dept. of. 

of. 

507 
INDEX 675 

U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce, 13 

US. Labor-Management Government 

U.S. Marine Corps (USMC), 190, 555 

U.S. Military Academy, 88 

USN. See U.S. Navy. 

US. National Museum, 506 

U.S. Naval Academy, 175, 556 

US. Naval Air Engineering Center, 128, 

U.S. Naval Air Facility (El Centro, 

U.S. Naval School of Aviation Medicine, 

Commission, 8 

astronaut, 406 

190 

Calif.), 112 

70. 120 

U.S.'Navy (USN), 59, 190, 284, 346, 453, 

aircraft, 20, 34, 177, 248, 308, 500, 515, 

549,564 

537 

astronaut, 214, 411,535 

launch, 

Pacific Missile Range, 48, 210 

Polaris, 340, 512 

missile, 58, 513, 537 

sounding rocket, 31,120, 169,177 

A-1, 513 

B-3 (Poseidon). 20 

A-3, 210, 537 

.I 

rocket iauriching ships, 121, 163, 170, 

176.1% 

satellite, 7, 10, 13, 66, 452, 570 

Sealab 11, 402.425, 467, 475 

tracking station, 48, 228 

US. Navy Electronics Laboratory, 510 

U.S. Navy Field Office for Manned Orbiting Laboratory, 115 -. " u.3. xavy r"aiific ~ii~~i~ an 

US. News and World Report, 171, 278, 

USNS Coastal Sentry, 136,147 

USNS Croatan, 110, 121, 163,169, 195 

USNS Intrepid, 146 USNS Kingsport, 136 

USNS Point Barrow, 298,458 

U.S. Public Health Service, Div. of 

Radiological Health, 248 

U.S.S. Benjamin Franklin, 538 

U.S.S. Lake Champlain, 22,340,389, M3 

U.S.S. Long Beach, 14 

U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) (see also Soviet Academy 

of Sciences), 78, 81, 171, 178, 360, 

380, 387, 405, 413, 421, 426, 489 

aircraft, 241, 283, 314, 315, 337, 360, 

382,392, 528 

antiaircraft defense, 78,382-3 

astronomy, 43, 123, 153-4, 180, 182, 

183,199,343,372,392,495 

bioscience, 19, 45, 278, 313, 372, 413, 

419 

325,438,530,545 

capability, 167, 288, 400, 544 

communications system, 204, 249, 478, 

480,490 

computers, 119, 346 

cooperation, 3, 9, 76,339 

agreements, 25, 76,204 

communications, 76,545 

meteorology, 24, 76 

space, 9, 153, 156, 273, 279, 429, 465, 

cosmonaut, 1, 19, 31, 45, 66, 98, 134, 

135, 139, 141, 147, 151, 154, 173, 217, 

225, 314, 323, 419, 460, 473, 491, 505, 

548,559, 568 

564 

Council of the National Economy, 119 

environmental effects tests, 19, 252 

launch (see also COSMOS L-CIII; LUNA 

VENUS 11 and III; VOSKHOD 11; 

ZOND I1 and III) 

189, 221, 248, 282, 296, 311, 333, 

345, 364, 377, 397, 421, 483, 504, 

525,526,527,546,556, 560,565 

V-VIII; MOLNIYA I; PROTON I; 

COSMOS, 12, 41, 86, 94, 109, 123, 125, 

LUNA V, 222 

LUNA VII, 460 LUNA VIII, 536 MOLNIYA I, 197, 476 

LUNA VI, 272 

"new type" booster, 42 PROTON I, 333,532 

VENUS II? 513 VENUS 111, 518 VOSKHOD 11,131 ZOND 11, 112 ZOND 111, 337 

launch vehicles, 230,338,348 

lunar flight, manned, 1, 3, 181, 201, 

227, 252, 392, 455, 491, 498 

military space program, 86, 158, 179, 

missile and rocket program, 78, 222, 

224, 236, 312, 313, 320, 509, 512, 

515, 521,522,541 

424, 427, 428, 541, 5% 

Ministry of Communications, 313 

Navy, 78 

nuclear power, 58,78,313 

nuclear testing, 18, 31,81 

probe, 73, 113, 216, 236, 329, 337, 339, 

record, 

379,442,492, 535,540, 571 

air, 122, 189,245, 300 

spacecraft, 442 

197, 200, 216, 252, 338, 476, 505 

satellite program, 57, 85, 87, 179, 183, 

science, 123, 140, 297,336 

space activities, 147, 151, 216, 351, 444, 

space boosters, 108, 147, 371, 479, 526, 

space effort, 31, 139,486, 501, 542, 570, 

space failure, 31, 157, 173, 216, 274, 

space flight, manned, 1, 18, 98, 112, 

445,520, 534, 551 

550 

571 

285, 300, 338, 464, 467 

157, 252, 418, 570, 571 
676 INDEX 

U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist ReVOSKHOD 11, 124, 131, 132, 134, 136, 

138, 139, 140, 142, 147, 153, 156, 

publics) (Continued) 

157,254 

space plans, 200, 210, 419, 429, 497, 

space station, 3% 

spacecraft, 56, 209, 230, 323, 338, 419, 

507,542 

528 

State Committee of Inventions, 129 

supersonic transport, 279,315.316 

weapons, 57,78, 153, 252,288,’320,321 

US. Space Park, 327 

U.S.S. Wasp, 267, 273, 484, 552, 555, 559 

US. Weather Bureau, 26, 27, 38, 71, 229, 

259, 308, 326, 370, 412, 420, 471, 516 

Tiros, 26, 72, 156, 163, 169, 307, 570 

Utah, Univ. of. 488. 562 UTC. ’ See United Technology Center. 

U Thant, U.N. Secretary Gen., 156-157, 

463 

v-2 (missile), 50 VAB. See Vehicle Assembly Building. 

Vacuum test chamber. 160 

Vaeth, J.Gordon, 38 ’ 

Valentine, Dr. Wilbur G., 182 

Valiant (U.K. bomber), 34 

Vallat, Sir Francis, 536 

Valparaiso, Chile, 195 

Valve technology, 161 

Van Allen, Dr. James A., 190,330, 486 

Van Allen radiation belt, 31, 56, 81, 157 

Van Winkle, G. W. G., 98 

Vandenberg AFB, Calif., 189,332, 401, 549 

launch, 145 AEC spacecraft, 167 

missile. 

310 

satellite, 

ARV, 24 

Atlas-Agena, 206,296, 510 

Thor-Able, 295 

Thor-Aeena D, 18. 114. 152, 206. 

207, -236, 272, .339,. 382; 448, 

475,546 

Thor-Altair. 20 

Vanguard (satell&), 233,380,445,501 VANGUARD I, 67 

Vanguard Computing Center, 203 

Variable-sweep wing, 59, 121, 234, 307, 

Varian Associates, 284 

Vatican City, 9, 58 

vc-10 (U.K. transport), 314,318 

Vechernuya Moskva, 87-88 

Vega program, 497 

Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) , MILA, 

325 

184 

Vela (satellite), 40, 158, 242, 341 

Vela Hotel (Sentry). See Vela (satelVelikovsky, Immanuel, 416 

Venus (planet), 

lite). 

atmosphere, 269, 370-371,393 

flights to, 81, 238, 325, 382, 384, 399, 

497,518,562 

gravity field, 19 

life on, 370-371 

study of, 32,262,342 

surface, 242, 370-371 

513,515,535,568,571 VENUS 11 (U.S.S.R. interplanetary probe), 

“Venus Flytrap,” 321 

Vernon, France, 496 

Vernov, Prof. S. N., 342 

Verwoerd, Prime Minister Henrik S. 

Vesta (sounding rocket), 478 

Vienna, Austria, 558 

Vierling, Bernard J., 522 

Viet Nam, 314, 398,438, 563, 573 

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 167, 393 

Virginia Technological Institute Space 

Vitro Corp. of America, 109,309 

Vivian, Rep. Weston E., 46, 115 

Vladivostok, U.S.S.R., 228,313, 513 

Vlasic, Prof. Ivan A., 435 

Vnukovo Airport (Moscow), 241 

Volcanoes, 318 

Von Braun, Dr. Wernher, 129, 134, 239, 

Von Eshleman, R., 414 

Van Hassel, Kai Uwe, 178 

Von Kbrmin, Theodore, Lecture, 349 

Von Klrmin, Theodore, Memorial SemiVortex flow, 41 

Vose, Dr. George P., 540 

Voskhod (Dropram), 56 

VENUS 111, 518, 535,568, 571 

(South Africa), 297,300,497 

Conference, 399 

240, 253,320, 357, 373,411,440, 506 

nar, 228 

VOSKHOD (a.S.S.R. spacecraft), 1, 18, 

VOSKHOD 11. 124. 131. 132. 134, 136. 137. 

98, 230, 288,548 

138, 139,‘ 140,’ 141,‘ 142,. 147, 153; 154; 

156, 157, 178, 216, 226, 230, 231, 254, 

278, 288, 323, 447, 571 

Vostok (U.S.S.R. spacecraft), 56, 157, 

209,223,230,315 

VOSTOK I, 230,380,528 

VOSTOK 111,568 

VOSTOK IV, 559, 568 

VOSTOK VI, 230,318 

Voyager (spacecraft), 3-4, 27, 75, 200, 

341,468,482 

contract, 18, 195 

experiment, 60,325,440 

launch vehicle, 60, 130,417, 476, 533 

248,349,387, 399 

393 

V/Stol aircraft, 15, 41, 50, 54, 90, 204, 

Vtol aircraft, 15, 36, 41, 50, 52, 69, 178, 
INDEX 677 

Wackenhut Services, Inc., 308,353 

Waging Peace, 19561 961,445 

Wagner, Mayor Robert (N.Y.), 156 

Wahl, Dr. Arthur C., 304-305 

Wake Island, 49 

Wakelin, Dr. James H., 280 

Waldheim, Dr. Kurt, 254 

Walker, Joseph A., 518 

Wall Street Journal, 241, 335, 422-423, 

Wallis, Dr. Barnes, 234, 413 

Wallops Island, Va., 565 

Wallops Station (NASA), 123, 243, 307, 

Bio-Space Technology Training Pro545 

365,458,477,559 

gram, 373 

Inter-American Experimental Meteorological Rocket Network meeting, 370 

launch, 

satellite, 

EXPLORER XXIII, 233 EXPLORER XXVII, 154 

EXPLORER xxx, 521 SECOR V. 373 

sounding iocket, 220,226, 239 

Aerobee, 139 

Aerobee i%A, 15.261.439 

Aerobee 300A, 139 

Aerobee 350,289 

Argo r1-4 (Javelin), 15, 235, 302, 

Argo 0-8 (Journeyman), 184,302 

Nike-Apache, 6, 53, 132, 158, 195, 

278, 287, 289, 294, 410, 413, 552 

Nikr-Cajun. 54. 58, 195 

Nike-Tomahawk, 136 

Owl satellite, 56, 370 

Scout Evaluation Vehicle, 373 

410 

447 

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 

Ward, Bob, 365 

Walter, Louis, 96 

Wark, Dr. D. Q., 220 

Warren AFB, Wyo., 304 

Warren, Chief Justice Earl, 529 

Warsaw Convention, 517 

Warsaw, Poland, 228 

“Was the Ranger Worth the Cost?” 4 

Washington Board of Trade, 227 

Washington, D.C., 73, 278, 540, 565 

exposition, 164 

meetings, 31, 34,128, 133, 136, 186, 189, 

193, 196, 206, 217, 232, 239, 249, 264, 

324. 382. 505. 520. 537. 563 .I 

museum, 43,55,‘ 255 

news conference, 208 

Washington Daily News, 543, 550 

Washington Evening Star, 52, 191-192, 

221, 250, 288, 291, 369-370, 394, 410, 

422, 425, 431, 437, 453, 477, 486, 491, 

512, 536, 563,564 

Washington National Airport, 545 

Washington Post, 11, 189, 2%, 279, 360, 

374, 395, 401, 412, 416417, 434, 486, 

488,528, 534.554.563 

Washingto-n Sunday Star, 200, 539-540, 

Washington Univ., 157, 169 

Water desalinization, 77-78,370 

Water pollution, 280 

Waters, Capt. John M. (uscc) ,230 

Waters, William J., 56 

Watson, James Craig, Medal, 203 

Wayne State Univ., 25 

WDMV (radio station), 565 

Weapon system, 20,512 

558 

laser, 517 

nuclear, 57-58, 78, 125 

space, 153,288,320321 

Weather (see also Meteoroloev: Satellite. 

meteorological), 65-66, f61; 111, 122; 

124, 142, 143, 175, 213, 220, 243, 246, 

259, 271, 282 

modification, 312, 357,434 

Weather Bureau. See US. Weather 

Bureau. 

Weather satellite. See Satellite, meteorological. 

Weather station, 162 

nuclear powered, 59, 123 

Weaver, Robert C., 495 

Weaver, Dr. Warren, 530,545 

Webb, Jack G., 488 

Webb, James E., 88, 95, 122, 146, 155, 

159, 172, 175, 190, 200, 203, 209, 231, 

264, 303, 312, 335, 343, 369, 443, 477, 

535 

appropriations, 74, 100, 139, 169, 173, 

284 

award bv. 462.530.567 

award td,’25,30, 509 

Gemini program, 289,297,402 

GT-3 flight. 15. 152 

GEMINI ;I flight, 396,493,552 

GEMINI VII flight, 410,552 

International Air Show, 290,316 

launch vehicles, 25, 227 

lunar landing, manned, 40, 152,389 

Marshall Space Flight Center, 255, 173 

nuclear propulsion, 61,209-210 

space cooperation, 88,218,298 

space flights, 244 

space program, 54, 56, 105, 111-112, 

space program, military, 168 

university program, 213, 232-233, 353, 

137-138, 184-185, 294, 356, 546 

420,561 

Weber Aircraft Co., 65-66 

Webster, Grove, 264 

Weddell Sea, 532 

Wehr und Wirtschaft, 361 

Weiehtlessness. effects of. 

aGmals, 59 ’ 

humans, 19, 45, 55, 63, 132, 138, 146, 

216,267,279, 412,527,531 
678 

Weightlessness, effects of, (continued) 

dants. 59 

INDEX 

primaie, 59 

space flight, 107, 132, 138, 267, 

480, 540 

Weizman Institute of Science, 541 

Welsh, Leo D., 318,479 

Welsh, Dr. Edward C., 11, 46, 252, 

333. 335, 366, 4-44, 463, 494, 503, 

279, 

270, 

517, 

535,552 

Utah, 531 

Wendover Air Force Auxiliary Field, 

West, Charles F., 462 

West Germany. See Germany, West. 

West Java, 21,375 

West Point, N.Y., 88 

West Test Area (MSFC) , 54, 319 

Western Australia, Univ. of, 401 

Western Electric Co., 5,447 

Western Reserve Univ., 231 

Western Test Range (WTR), 

Vandenberg AFB, 66,189,458 

AEC spacecraft, 166 

missile, 24, 63 

satellite, 18, 20, 24, 27, 93, 114, 

118, 120, 132. 152, 158, 206, 240, 

254, 336, 365, 377, 423, 447, 454, 

462, 493, 528, 540, 545, 564 

Western Union International, Inc., 201, 

Westinghouse Electric Corp., 121, 317, 

Westinghouse scholarship, 101 

Westinghouse science talent search, 101 

Westminster Abbey, 546 

Wetherill, John Price, Medal, 399 

Wharton, U.K., 87 

Wheaton, Elmer P., 215, 361 

Whipple, Dr. Fred L., 188,505 

Whitaker, Dr. Ewan A., 85,149, 187 

White, Alvin S., 150,206, 454, 471, 547 

White, L/C Edward H., 11 (USAF), 168, 

255,363 GT-~ flight, 265468,269,375,402,570 

plans, 168,229,248,256 GEMINI VII flight, 309,511 

honors, 270,278,283,286, 331 

International Air Show visit, 290, 293, 

314,316 

interview, 196,208 

messages to 

Gagarin, Yuri, 273 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 271 

promotion, 276 

White House, 48, 155, 169, 287, 309, 325, 

390, 424, 431, 434, 454, 493 

White House Conference on International 

Cooperation, 528-529, 530 

White, M/G M. S. (USAF) ,387 

White, Marvin L., 47 

White River (rocket launching ship), 459 

White, Dr. Robert M., 163, 517 

launch, 74, 144 

test, 97 

334,436 

358 

White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), N. 

Mex., 18, 49, 67, 161, 290, 447, 514, 

538. 

launch. 

Apollo, 55, 238,301 

Athena, 49,426 

Biosatellite, 149,207 

Hibex, 94 

Lance, 125 

Lem engine, 185 

sonic boom, 188 

Sprint, 156, 522 

White Sands Operations, 308 

White Sands Test Facility, 308, 345 

Whithaus, Douglas A., 179 

Whitney, John Hay, 297 

Whittle, Sir Frank, 32 

Wible, Keith, 340 

Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B., 509 

Wilcox Electric Co., 500 

Williams, Clifton C., 10, 321 

Williams, Dr. D. J., 118 

Williams, Franklin, 326 

Williams, Walter C., 350 

Wilson, Charles, 445 

Wilson, Charles A., 138 

Wilson, George C., 500 

Wilson, Prime Minister Harold, 52,301 

Wilson, Richard, 428 

Wilson, Dr. Robert W., 261 

Wilson, President T. Woodrow, 165 

Wilson, L/G Walter K. (USA), 256 

Wind tunnel, 112, 121 

Windsor, Duke of, 477 

Wing, design, 

“s”-shaped, 41 

supersonic transport, 36, 41, 59 

variable geometry, 170 

variable-sweep, 59, 121, 234, 307 

V/Stol, 15, 54 

Wingrove, Rodney C., 356 

Wings Club, 249 

Winston, Jay S., 71 

Wirtz, W. Willard, 524 

Wisconsin, 134 

Wisconsin, Univ. of, 82, 176,260 

Wiswell, George C., Jr., 407 

Witkin, Richard, 121 

Wittanen, Theodore, 24 

Witze, Claude, 499 

Wolff, Rep. Lester L., 46 

Wolfle, Dael, 360 

Women as scientist-astronauts, 63 

Women as scientists, 92 

Wood, L/C James W. (WAF), 224 

Woods Hole, Mass., 293,382 

Woollard, Dr. George P., 293 

Woomera Rocket Range, Australia, 353, 

Woomera Weapons Research Range, Aus526,545 

tralia, 553 
INDEX 679 

Worcester, Mass., 128 

Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 128 

World Affairs Council, 170 

World Book Encyclopedia Science ServWorld Exhibition of Transport and Com- 

“World Geophysical Intervals,” 161 

World Meteorological Day, 147 

World Meteorological Organization, 147, 

World Peace through Law Conference, 

ice, Inc., 104 

munications, First, 331 

163 

435. 440 

“World Was There” (film), 121 

World‘s Fair, 173 

Wright Brothers Day, 501 

Wright Brothers Medal. 463 

Wright Brothers Memorial Dinner, 557 

Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, 527, 

Wright, Orville, 134 

Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 160, 237, 

Wright, Wilbur, 134 WTOP (radio station), 278 WTR. See Western Test Ranee. 

557 

45M 

- 

Wuhan, China, 261 

Wydler, Rep. John W., 29&291,502 

Wvman-Gordon Co., 345 

Wyman, Louis C., 438 

X-1 (rocket aircraft), 350 

X-2 (rocket airplane), 350 

XV5A (V/Stol aircraft), 41, 90,204 

XV-9A (pressure jet helicopter), 39 

X-15 (rocket research aircraft), 13, 169, 

173, 191-192, 253, 319, 331, 347, 

349,464, 570 

Right, 112, 177 

NO. 1, 247-248, 287, 370, 421, 445, 

447, 454, 476, 504-505 

411 

433, 451, 471, 492, 503 

No. 2, 74, 94, 206, 236, 293, 319, 365. 

No. 3, 15, 49, 255, 284, 302, 374. 

pilots, 331, 347, 417 

test, 15, 197, 255, 374, 421, 433, 451, 

atmospheric pressure, 476, 504-505 

heat-resisting materials, 49, 56 

inertial guidance system, 247-248, 

287 

infrared horizon scanner, 255, 302, 

370, 374, 399, 421, 451, 476, 492. 

504-505 

landing gear, 206, 236,293,411 

noise, 255,284,374,399,451,492 

503 

reaction augmentation, 365,411 

skin friction, 15, 374 

stability, 206,236, 293,370,492 

X-15 Technical Conference, 464 

x-19 (V/Stol aircraft), 399 

x-22A (ViStol aircraft), 248 

XB-70 (supersonic aircraft), 19, 73, 77, 

84, 111, 206, 228, 547, 568 

XB-70A (supersonic aircraft), 77, 150, 

191, 284, 308, 336, 351, 453, 478. 482, 

562, 563 

XC-142A (V/Stol aircraft), 15, 54, 322 

XH-51A (helicopter), 254 

xs-1 (rocket aircraft), 350 

Yaffee. Michael L.. 482 

Yale-Columbia Observatory, 416 

Yale Univ., 67-68 

Yarborough, Sen. Ralph, 128,249 

Yardley, John F., 493 

Yegorov, Dr. Boris B., 161, 480, 548 

Yemen, 322 

YF-12A (A-11 aircraft), 19. 144,213.221 

Young, Andrew T., 4 

Young, Dr. Donald, 449 

Young, Dr. John, 36 

Young, Cdr. John W. (USN), 68, 116, 

130. 142. 145. 147-148. 151. 153. 155. 

156; 158; 1591 170, 171, 199, 214; 2681 

294,298,449 

Young, John, Award, 199 

Youth Opportunity Campaign, 255 

Youth Science Congress, 136 

Yugoslav Academy of Sciences, 568 

Yugoslavia, 325, 401, 568 

Yuma, Ariz., 321 

Za Rubezhom, 423 

Zehnder, Dr. Alfred, 73 

Zeitschrift fur Astrophysik, 198 

Zeus 1 (amateur rocket), 179 

Zeus 2 (amateur rocket), 179 

Zeus (antimissile missile), 452, 522 

Zharikov, Vyacheslav, 300 

Zhukov, Genadii, 367 

Zhurkov, Serafim Nikolayevich, 336 

Zimmer, Harold, 369 

Zoeckler, B/G John L. (USAF) ,224 

Zolnierz Wolnosci, 419 ZOND II (U.S.S.R. space probe), 73, 112- 

ZOND 111, 337, 339, 379, 442, 492, 571 

Zuckert, Eugene M., 6,329, 377,406, 442, 

453 

zwo. See Netherlands Organization for 

the Advancement of Pure Research. 

113,216,235, 329,494 

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