# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls
For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 2- 33 83

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Ch ris to ph er St on er

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Eug en e Watli ng te n, In di vi du al ly and in hi s Off ic ia l Ca pa ci ty as Dep ut y

Sh eri ff, St . Fran ci s C ou nt y , Arka ns as

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

Sco tt Mel to n; Bo bb y

May; Jo hn Does ; To m

m y W at li ng te n; Ch ris to ph er Re y no ld s

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t s

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Eas te rn Dis tri ct of Ark an sa s - Hel en a

__ __ __ __ __ __

Su bm it te d: Sep te m

be r 24 , 20 13 Fil ed : No ve m

be r 7, 2 01 3

__ __ __ __ __ __
Befo re RI LEY, Chi ef J ud ge , BRIGHT an d B YE, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

__ __ __ __ __ _ BRIGHT, Ci rcu it Ju dg e.

Ch ri sto phe r St on er su ffer ed arre st on su sp ic io n of vi ol at in g an Ark an sa s st at ute
th at pr o h i b i t e d a pe rs on fro m po ss es si ng a weap on in a ve hi cl e wit h a pu rp os e toem

pl oy th e weap on a g a i ns t a pe rs on

. Se e Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 73 -1 20 (a) (2 01 0) (am en de d 20 13 ). Afte r rel eas e fro m an y ch arg es , St on er br ou gh t a ci vi l rig ht s act io n

pu rs ua nt to 42 U.S.C. § 19 83 an d th e Ark an sa s Ci vi l Ri gh ts Act of 19 93 ag ai ns t fiv e

m em be rs of th e St

. Fran ci s Co un ty Sh eri ff’s Offi ce, in cl ud ing E ug en e W at li ng te n, th e

arre st in g of

fic er. The de fen da nt s co ll ect iv el y m ov ed fo r su m m ary jud gm en t of
di sm is sa l. The di st ric t co ur t di sm is se d th e cl ai m s ag ai ns t ot he r d efen da nt s an d, as rel ev an t to th is ap pe al

, de ni ed W at li ng te n’s m ot io n fo r su m m ary jud gm en t on St on er’s fal se arre st cl ai m , co nc lu di ng th at W at li ng te n is no t en ti tl ed to qu al ifi ed

im m un it y be cau se th ere is a ge nu in e is su e of m at eri al fact as to whe th e r h e h ad

pr ob ab le cau se t o arre st St on er. Hav in g juri sd ic ti on un de r th e co ll at eral or de r 1

do ct rin e, se e Met tl er

v. W hi tl ed ge , 16 5 F .3d 11 97 , 12 02 (8t h C ir. 1 99 9) , we affi rm

.

I. Ba ck gr ou nd

A. Fac ts 2

On May 25

, 20 10

, St on er rod e as a pa ss en ge r in a car with Okl ah om a li cen se pl at es tra ve li ng on In te rs ta te 40 in Ar k a n s a s

. St on er’s wife was dr iv in g. In St

. Fran ci s Co un ty, W at li ng te n, a de pu ty sh eri ff, in it ia te d a tra ffi c st op

. The le ga l ba si s fo r th e st op is no t at is su e in th is ap pe al

.

Afte r St on er’s wife pu ll ed to th e sh ou ld er, W at li ng te n ap pr oa ch ed th e car an d

as ke d St on er an d hi s wife to pr od uc e id en ti fic at io n. The y co m pl ie d. St on er in fo rm ed

W at li ng te n t ha t h e an d h is fam il y were t rav el in g th ro ug h Ark an sa s an d d id no t l iv e

The Hon or ab le Bri an S. Mi ll er, Ch ie f Ju dg e, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Co ur t fo r 1 th e Eas te rn Dis tri ct of Ark an sa s.

Fo r an ap pe al of a di st ric t co ur t’s de ni al of qu al ifi ed im m un it y , “ we acce pt th e 2 di st ric t co ur t’s fin di ng s of fact ta ke n in th e li gh t m os t fav or ab le to [St on er].” Rob er ts v. Ci ty of Omah a , 72 3 F .3d 96 6, 9 69 n.1 (8t h C ir. 2 01 3)

.

-2

-wit hi n th e st at e. In res po ns e to W at li ng te n’s qu e s t i o n i n g , S to ne r ex pl ai ne d th at he

was an am

m un it io n sa le sm an

. W at li ng te n as ke d if an y fir earm s or am m un it io n were in si de th e car. St on er ad m it te d t ha t t he re was a 9- m il li m et er h an dg un , a .22 cal ib er pi st ol , and an AK-47 in th e tru nk , a lo ng wit h so m e am m un it io n. W at li ng te n a sk ed

St on er to sh ow hi m th e fir earm s. W it ho ut ob jecti on , St on er rem ov ed th e fi rear m s fro m a gu it ar ca se in th e tr un k a nd sh owe d t he m to W at li ng te n.

Two fact ua l di sp ut es rel ev a n t to th is ap pe al ex is t be twee n th e pa rti es : fir st
, whe th er th e fir earm s were lo ad ed at th e t i me St on er rem ov ed th em fro m th e tru nk ;

an d se co nd

, th e lo cat io n of th e fir earm s in th e tru nk

. St on er ad m it s th at th e cl ip s fo r th e fir earm s were lo ad ed

, bu t cl a i ms t h at th e cl ip s were st or ed se pa rat el y fro m th e fir earm s. In co nt ras t, W at li ng te n cl ai m s th at th e AK-47 an d th e 9- m il li m et er ha nd gu n

were lo ad ed an d th at th e AK-47 co nt ai ne d a ro un d in it s ch am be r. As to th e lo cat io n of th e fir earm s in th e tru nk

, St on er te st ifi ed th at fir earm s were st or ed in a gu it ar cas e th at was un de rn eat h m

uc h o f h i s fam il y ’s lu gg ag e an d th at he ha d to pu ll ou t th e lu gg ag e in o r d e r t o ga in acce ss to th e cas e. Howev er, W at li ng te n te st ifi ed th at th e

gu it ar ca se was “ [s ]itt in g o n t op of [ St on er’s] lug ga ge ” in th e tr un k.

Afte r St on er rem ov ed th e fir earm s fro m t h e g ui ta r cas e, ad di ti on al of fic ers arri ve d at th e sc en e. W at li ng te n su bs eq ue nt ly arre st ed St on er fo r vi ol at in g Ark

. Co de

Ann . § 5 -7 3- 12 0( a), wh ic h a t t he ti m e o f th e arr es t p ro vi de d:

A pe rs on co m

m it s th e of

fen se of carr y in g a weap on i f h e o r sh e po ss es se s a ha nd gu n, kn ife

, or cl ub on or a b o ut hi s or he r pe rs on , in a

ve hi cl e oc cu pi ed by hi m or he r, or ot he rwis e r e a d i l y a v ai la bl e fo r us e wit h a pu rp os e to em

pl o y t h e ha nd gu n, kn ife

, or cl ub as a weap on ag ai ns t a p ers on

.

W at li ng te n tra ns po rte d St on er to th e St

. Fran ci s Co un ty Ja il an d bo ok ed hi m at

ap pr ox im at el y 2: 30 p.m

. St on er was rel eas ed in le ss th an fo ur ho ur s. Afte r St on er’s

-3

-rel eas e, th e de pu ty p ro se cu ti ng at to rn ey ch os e no t to pu rs ue th e c h arg es , r eas on in g

th at St on er ha d a va li d de fen se be cau se he was on a jou rn ey at th e ti m e he was ci te d. 3

B. Pro cedu ra l H is to ry

St on er br ou gh t th is ci vi l rig ht s act io n p u r s u a nt to 42 U.S.C. § 19 83 an d th e Ark an sa s Ci vi l Ri gh ts Act of 19 93

, Ark

. Co de Ann

. §§ 16 -1 23 -1 01 to -1 08

, ag ai ns t
fiv e m em be rs of th e St

. Fran ci s Co un ty Sh eri ff ’s Offi ce fo r (1 ) co nd uc ti ng an

un la wfu l s earc h a nd arre st , (2) us in g e xc es si ve for ce, (3 ) co ns pi rin g t o d ep riv e h im
of hi s co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s, an d (4 ) fai li ng to tra in or fo rm ul at e ap pr op ria te po li ci es

. The de fen da nt s m ov ed fo r su m m ary jud gm en t as se rti ng qu al ifi ed im m un it y

. St on er

co nc ed ed th at th e de fen da nt s were e n t i t l e d to su m m ary jud gm en t on hi s ex ces si ve fo rce a nd il le ga l s earc h c la im s.

The di st ric t co ur t gr an te d su m m ary jud gm en t of di sm is sa l as to al l cl ai m s

ex cep t St on er’s fal se arre st cl ai m ag ai ns t W at li ng te n. On th e fal se arre st cla im , th e di st ric t co ur t de ni ed su m

m ary jud gm en t on th e gr ou nd th at a ge nu in e is su e of m at eri al
fact ex is te d as to whe th er W at li n gt en ha d pr ob ab le cau se to be li ev e th at St on er

po ss es se d th e fir earm s “ wit h a pu rp os e to em pl o y [ t h em ] ag ai ns t an ot he r pe rs on ” gi ve n th at th e pa rti es di sp ut ed whe th er th e fir earm s were lo ad ed

. Giv en th is is su e of
fa c t, th e di st ric t co ur t al so co nc lu de d th at W at li ng te n was no t en ti tl ed to su m m ary jud gm en t o n t he ba si s o f qu al ifi ed im m un it y

.

W at li ng te n ap pe al s th e de ni al of su m m ary jud gm en t on th e ba si s th at he is

en ti tl ed to qu al ifi ed im m

un it y on Sto ne r’s fal se arre st cla im

.

The st at ut e un de r whi ch St on er was ch arg ed pr ov id es th at “ [i]t is a de fen se to 3

a pr os ecu ti on

. . . th at at t he ti m e o f th e act of c arrying a weap on

. . . [t]he pe rs on is

carr y in g th e weap on whe n up on a jou rn ey .” Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 73 -1 20 (c)( 4) (2 01 0)

.

-4

-II

. DISCUSS IO N

A. Sta nda rd o f Rev ie w

“ Su m m ary jud gm en t is ap pr op ria te whe n th e ev id en ce vi ewed in th e li gh t m os t
fav or ab le to th e no nm ov in g par ty pr es en ts no ge nu in e is su e of m at eri al fact an d th e

m ov in g pa rty is en ti tl ed to jud gm en t as a m at te r of la w.” Co at es v. Pow el l

, 63 9 F.3 d

47 1, 47 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ). W e rev ie w “ de no vo a de ni al of su m m ar y ju d g men t o n

gr ou nd s of qu al ifi e d i mm un it y .” Sma ll v. McCr

ys ta l , 7 08 F.3 d 99 7, 10 03 (8 th Ci r. 20 13 ). Fo r th e pu rp os es of ou r rev ie w, we “ acce pt [] as tru e th e fact s th at th e di st ric t

co ur t sp eci fic al ly fo un d were ad eq ua te ly su pp or te d” in ad di ti on to th e fact s th at th e di st ric t co ur t li ke ly as su m ed

. Lo ckr id ge v. Bd. of Tr

s. of th e Uni v. of

Ark.

, 31 5 F.3 d

10 05

, 10 08 (8 th Ci r. 20 03 ). The sc op e of ou r in te rlo cu to ry r e v i e w , ho wev er, is

li m it ed to th e is su e of qu al ifi ed im m un it y , an d we m ay no t co ns id er su m m ary jud gm en t on th e m eri ts of th e cas e at th is st ag e. Met tl er , 16 5 F.3 d at 1 2 0 2 ; s e e Co ll in s v. Bel li ng ha us en , 15 3 F .3d 59 1, 5 95 (8t h C ir. 1 99 8)

.

B. Qua li fie d Imm uni ty

The do ct rin e of qu al ifi ed im m un it y pr ot ect s go v e r n m en t of fic ia ls “ fro m li ab il it y fo r ci vi l da m ag es in so far as th ei r co nd uc t do es no t vi ol at e cl earl y es ta bl is he d

st at ut or y or co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht s of whi ch a reas on ab le pe rs on wou ld ha ve kn own .”

Ha r l o w v

. Fit

zg er al d

, 45 7 U.S. 80 0, 81 8 (1 98 2)

. In rev ie win g th e di st ric t co ur t’s
de ni al of su m

m ary jud gm en t on th e gr ou nd s of qu al ifi ed im m un it y , we en ga ge in a

two -p art in qu iry. We may fir st de te rm in e whe th er th e of fic er’s co nd uc t vi ol at ed a

co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht

. Sa uc ie r v. Ka tz , 53 3 U.S. 19 4, 20 1, (2 00 1)

, ov er ru le d in pa rt by

Pea rs on v. Ca ll ah an , 55 5 U.S. 22 3, 24 2 (2 00 9) (h ol di ng Sa uc ie r ’s two -s te p se qu en ce is no t m an da to ry ). If so , we ne xt co ns id er whe th er th at rig ht was cl earl y es ta bl is he d

at th e ti m e o f th e m is co nd uc t. Sa uc ie r , 53 3 U.S. at 20 1.

-5

-As to th e fir st in qu iry, th e di st ric t co ur t co nc lu de d th at th e r e w as a fact ua l

di sp u t e a s t o w h et he r W at li ng te n ha d pr ob ab le cau se to arre st St on er. Bec au se th e

pa rti es di sp ut e whe th er th e fir earm s were lo ad ed at th e ti m e th ey were rem ov ed fro m th e tru nk

, th e di st ric t co ur t reas on ed th at a ge nu in e is su e of m at eri al fact rem ai ne d “ as

to whe th er W at li ng te n ha d an y reas on to be li ev e th at St on er po ss es se d th e weap on s ‘w it h a p ur

po se to em

pl oy’ th em ‘agai ns t an ot he r pe rs on ,’ ” whi ch th e di st ric t co ur t
im pl ie dl y co nc lu de d was an ess en ti al ele m en t o f Ark . Cod e Ann . § 5 -7 3- 12 0( a).

W e ag ree wit h th e di st ric t co ur t th at th e fact s, whe n ta ke n i n t h e l i g ht m os t
fav or ab le to St on er, sh ow t h a t Wa t li ng te n vi ol at ed St on er’s co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht by

arre st in g hi m wit ho ut pr ob ab le cau se

. Se e Sa uc ie r , 53 3 U.S. at 20 1- 02

. “ The Fo ur th

Am en dm en t in cl ud es th e rig ht to be free fro m arre st wit ho ut pr ob ab le cau se .”

La mbe rt v. Ci ty of Duma s , 18 7 F.3 d 93 1, 93 5 ( 8 t h C i r

. 1 9 9 9)

. Pro ba bl e cau se is
de te rm in ed ba se d up on “ th e ob jecti ve fact s av ai la bl e to th e of fic ers at th e ti m e of th e

arre st .” Sh eet

s v. But er a , 38 9 F.3 d 77 2, 77 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 04 ). It “ ex is ts if th e to ta li ty
of fact s ba se d on reas on ab ly tru st wor th y in fo rm at io n wou ld jus ti fy a pr ud en t pe rs on in b e l ie vi ng th e in di vi du al arre st ed ha d co m m it te d

. . . a n of

fen se at th e ti m e of th e

arre st .” Smi th so n v. Ald

ri ch

, 23 5 F.3 d 10 58

, 10 62 (8 th Ci r. 20 00 ) (ci ta ti on om it te d) (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s om it te d)

. As we ha ve ob se rv ed

, St on er te st ifi e d t h a t t he

fir earm s were no t lo ad ed an d were st or ed un de rn eat h hi s lu gg ag e at th e bo tt om of th e

tru nk

. Ass um in g, as we m u s t
, t h a t t h es e fact s are tru e, a pr ud en t of fic er wou ld no t
be jus ti fie d in be li ev in g th at St on er po ss es se d th e fir earm s “ wit h a pu rp os e to em pl oy [th em ]

. . . ag ai ns t a pe rs on .” Se e McGu ir e v. S t a te , 58 0 S.W .2d 19 8, 20 0 (Ark

. 4

19 79 ) (“ The re i s a p res um pt io n t ha t a lo ad ed

pi st ol is pl aced in a car a s a we ap on .” (em ph as is ad de d) ).

Bec au se we c o nc lu de th at
, vi ewin g th e fact s in th e li gh t m os t fav or ab le to 4
St on er, W at li ng te n’s co nd uc t vi ol at ed a co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht fo r th e reas on s de sc rib ed ab ov e, we do no t ad dr es s whe th er W at li ng te n al so la ck ed pr ob ab le cau se on th e ba si s th at St on er was “ on a jou rn ey ” an d th eref or e ha d a le ga l de fen se to pr os ecu ti on un de r Ark . Cod e Ann . § 5 -7 3- 12 0( c)(4 ).

-6

-Nex t, we m us t c o n s i d er whe th er St on er’s rig ht to be free fro m arre st was cl ear l y es ta bl is he d at th e ti m e W at li ng te n arre st ed hi m

. Se e Sa uc ie r , 53 3 U.S. at
20 1– 02

. “ In de te rm in in g whe th er th e le ga l rig ht at is su e is cle arl y est ab li sh ed , th is

c i rcu it ap pl ie s a fle xi bl e st an da rd

, req ui rin g so m e, bu t no t pr eci se fact ua l

co rres po nd en ce wit h pr eced en t, an d de m an di ng th at of fic ia ls ap pl y ge ne ral

, w e ll

de ve lo pe d le ga l pr in ci pl es .” J.H.H. v. O’Har a , 87 8 F.2 d 24 0

, 2 4 3 (8 th Ci r. 19 89 ) (ci ta ti on om it te d) (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s om it te d)

. W e as se ss th e ob jecti ve

reas on ab le ne ss of th e act io n “ in li gh t of cl earl y es ta bl is he d law and th e in fo rm at io n th e

. . . of fic ers po ss es se d.” And er

so n v. Cr ei

gh to n , 48 3 U.S. 63 5, 64 1 (1 98 7) (s ta ti ng th at an of fic er’s “ su bjec ti ve be li efs ” are irr el ev an t). Und er th es e pr in ci pl es , we fram e th e cl earl y -es ta bl is he d qu es ti on as whe th er a re as on ab le off ic er wo ul d h av e kn own th at he vi ol at ed cl earl y es ta bl i s h e d F ou rth Am en dm en t la w by arre st in g St on er fo r vi ol at in g A r k

. C o d e Ann

. § 5- 73 -1 20 (a). Bas ed on th e reco rd

, we an swe r in th e affi rm at iv e.

“ The Fo ur th Am en dm en t rig ht of ci ti zen s no t to be arre st ed wit ho ut pr ob ab le

cau se is in de ed cl earl y es ta bl is he d.” Ku eh l v. Bur ti s , 17 3 F. 3 d 6 4 6

, 6 4 9 (8 th Ci r. 19 99 ). Howev er, W at li ng te n arg ue s th at ev en if hi s co nd uc t vi ol at ed a co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht

, he is ne ve rth el es s en ti tl ed to qu al ifi ed im m un it y be cau se Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5-
73 -1 20 (a) di d no t pu t hi m on no ti ce th at hi s co nd uc t was un la wfu l. In de ed

, “ [i]f th e la w di d no t pu t [Watli ng te n] on no ti ce th at hi s co nd uc t w o u l d b e c l earl y un la wfu l,

su m m ary jud gm en t bas ed on qu al ifi ed im m un it y is ap pr op ria te .” Sa uc ie r , 53 3 U.S.

at 20 2.

Fo r co nt ex t, we rep eat th e sp eci fic la ng ua ge of Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 73 -1 20 (a):

A pe rs on co m

m it s th e of

fen se of carr y in g a w e a p o n if he or sh e po ss es se s a ha nd g u n , kn ife

, or cl ub on or ab ou t hi s or he r pe rs on , in a

ve hi cl e oc cu pi ed by hi m or he r , o r o t h e rwis e read il y av ai la bl e fo r us e wit h a p u rp os e to em

pl oy th e ha nd gu n, kn ife

, or cl ub as a weap on ag ai ns t a p ers on

.

-7

-W at li ng te n co nt en d s t h at th e st at ut or y la ng ua ge “ wit h a pu rp os e to em pl oy th e h a nd gu n, kn ife

, or cl ub as a weap on ag ai ns t a pe rs on ” on ly ap pl ie s to th e t h i r d

sc en ari o ad dr es se d in th e st at ut e: si tu at io ns in whi ch th e weap on is “ ot he rwis e read il y av ai la bl e fo r us e.” W at li ng te n arg ue s th at a pe rs on vi ol at es Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 73 -1 20 (a) whe n he or sh e po ss es se s a qu al ifyin g weap on “ on or ab ou t hi s or he r

pe rs on ” or “ in a v e h i c le oc cu pi ed by hi m or he r” wit ho ut reg ard to th at pe rs on ’s

pu rp os e fo r po ss es si ng th e weap on

.

In op po si ti on , St on er co nt en ds th at in or de r to vi ol at e Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 73

- 12 0( a), a pe rs on m

us t ha ve “ a pu rp os e to em pl oy th e ha nd gu n, k n i f

e , or cl ub as a

weap on ag ai ns t a pe rs on ,” reg ard le ss of whe th er th e pe rs on po ss es se s th e weap on on hi s pers on , in a ve hi cl e, or in su ch a m an ne r th at th e weap on is read il y av ai la bl e fo r

us e. The se co m

pe ti ng in te rp ret at io ns rai se th e qu es ti on of whe th er Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 73 -1 20 (a) is am

bi gu ou s su ch th at W at li ng te n was no t on no ti ce of th e co nd uc t it

pr oh ib it ed

.

On at le as t th ree oc cas io ns , th e Ark an sa s Su pr em e Co ur t ha s st at ed a pe rs on

m us t ha ve “ a p u r p os e to em pl oy t he ha nd gu n, kn ife , o r cl ub , a s a weap on ag ai ns t a

pe rs on ” in or de r to vi ol at e Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 73 -1 20 (a). Se e Gar ci a v. St at e , 96 9 5

S.W .2d 59 1, 59 5 (Ark

. 19 98 ) (ex pl ai ni ng th at “ th e s p e c i f i c pu rp os e of us in g [a
ha nd gu n, kn ife

, or cl ub ] as a weap on ag ai ns t an ot he r pe rs on ” is a “ st at ut or y el em en t

un de r § 5- 73 -1 20 ”); Nes da hl v. St at e , 89 0 S.W .2d 59 6, 59 8 (Ark

. 19 95 ) (co nc lu di ng th at th e ev id en ce was su ffi ci en t to affi rm a co nv ic ti on un de r Ark

. Co de Ann

. § 5- 73

- 12 0( a) b ecau se th e fac t-f

in de r co ul d re as on ab ly infe r th at th e d efen da nt “ po ss es se d
th e kn ife co nc eal ed on hi s pe rs on read il y av ai la bl e fo r us e wi th a pu rp os e to emp lo y

W e ha ve al s o o b s e r v e d th at “ [i]n Ark an sa s, a pe rs on co m m it s th e cri m e of 5 ‘carry in g a weap on ’ if he po ss es se s a ha nd gu n wi th a pu rp os e to emp lo y th e ha nd

gu n ag ai ns t a pe rs on .” Uni te d St at es v. Rob in so n , 67 0 F.3 d 87 4, 87 7 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 ) (em ph as is ad de d)

.

-8

-i t ag ai ns t so meo ne as a wea po n ” (em ph as is ad de d) ); McGu ir e , 58 0 S.W .2d at 20 0 (ex pl ai ni ng th at a pr io r ve rs io n of th e st at ut e “ m ak es it un la wfu l fo r a pe rs on to carr y

a w eap on if he po ss es se s a ha nd gu n in cert ai n si tu at io ns , in cl ud in g po ss es s i o n i n a

ve hi cl e oc cu pi ed by hi m , . . . wit h a pu rp os e to em pl oy it as a weap on ag ai ns t a

pe rs on .” (em

ph as is ad de d) (i nte rnal qu ot at io n m ark s om it te d) ). Giv en th is pr eced en t,

a rea so na bl e o ffi cer wo ul d u nd ers ta nd a vi ol at io n of Ark. Co de Ann

. § 5-7 3- 12 0( a)
is pr ed ic at ed up on a pe rs on ha vi ng “ a pu rp os e to em pl oy th e ha nd gu n, kn ife

, or cl ub

as a weap on ag ai ns t a p ers on .”

II I. Conc lu si on

Viewi ng th e fact s in th e li gh t m os t fav or ab le to St on er, a fact -fi nd er co ul d
de te rm in e th at W at li ng te n (1 ) vi ol at ed a co ns ti tu ti on al rig ht be lo ng in g to St on er th at

was (2 ) cl earl y es ta bl is he d at th e ti m e of th e vi ol at io n. Acco rd in gl y , th e di st ric t co ur t

pr op erl y de ni ed su m

m ary jud gm en t of di sm is sa l to ap pe ll an t W at li ng te n on th e fal se

arre st cl ai m

. Se e Gre i n e r v

. C i t y of Ch amp li n , 27 F.3 d 13 46

, 13 52 (8 th Ci r. 19 94 ) (“ [I]f th ere is a ge nu in e di sp ut e co nc ern in g pr ed ic at e fact s m at eri al to th e qu al ifi ed

im m un it y is su e, th ere c an be no su m m ary jud gm en t.”) . There fo re, we aff irm.

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