PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT 

 

WILLIAM I. DALZELL; DEVON C. 

PURDY; SAM PROPERTIES V, LLC, a 

Colorado limited liability company; 

GREGORY HALLER; PAMELA 

HALLER; CINDY ROGERS; RONALD 

KOLLIGIAN, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellants, 

v. 

RP STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, LLC, a 

Delaware limited liability company, 

Defendant – Appellee, 

and 

TRAILHEAD LODGE AT 

WILDHORSE MEADOWS, LLC, a 

Colorado limited liability company, 

Defendant. 

No. 13-1440 

Appeal from the United States District Court 

 for the District of Colorado 

(D.C. No. 1:09-CV-02614-REB-KLM)

 

Wendy Cooper Fostvedt, Fostvedt Legal Group, LLC, Basalt, Colorado, for Appellants. 

Elizabeth L. Harris, Law Office of Elizabeth L. Harris, LLC, Denver, Colorado 

(Lawrence Zavadil, Husch Blackwell, LLP, Denver, Colorado, with her on the brief), for 

Appellee. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

March 24, 2015

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court

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Before LUCERO, MURPHY, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges. 

McHUGH, Circuit Judge. 

 

I. INTRODUCTION 

 This appeal asks whether the developer of a master-planned subdivision (master 

developer) is liable under the Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act when a different 

developer sells units in a condominium project in the subdivision without providing a 

property report or making a statement of record available, as required by 15 U.S.C. 

§ 1703(a)(1)(A)–(B). We conclude that because the master developer in this case, RP 

Steamboat Springs, LLC (RP), neither directly nor indirectly sold the condominium units 

at issue, it is not liable under § 1703(a)(1)(A)–(B). We therefore affirm the district court’s 

ruling in favor of RP.1

 1

 Also before the court is RP’s outstanding motion to strike six documents from 

volume II of appellants’ appendix (specifically, documents 5, 6, 16, 19, 20, and 21) 

because those documents were never filed as part of the record in the district court. See 

10th Cir. R. 30.1 (explaining that the appellant appendix contains excerpts of the record 

in the district court); Utah v. U.S. Dep’t of the Interior, 535 F.3d 1184, 1196 n.7 (10th 

Cir. 2008) (“[N]ew evidence not submitted to the district court is not properly part of the 

record on appeal.”). RP also requests we disregard those portions of appellants’ opening 

brief referencing the improperly included documents. Appellants agree that these 

documents were not properly filed in the district court and therefore should not be part of 

the record on appeal. Appellants also agree that we should disregard any references to 

those documents in their brief, and they provide substitute sources that are properly in the 

appellate record. We therefore grant RP’s motion to strike and proceed to the merits. 

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II. BACKGROUND 

A. RP and the Wildhorse Meadows Master Development 

 RP was formed in July 2005 for the purpose of developing a mixed-housing, 

master-planned subdivision in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, called Wildhorse Meadows. 

In July 2006, RP entered into an agreement with the City of Steamboat Springs to 

develop Wildhorse Meadows. The development agreement contemplated that Wildhorse 

Meadows would consist of eight parcels, each originally owned by RP, to be developed 

in phases and to consist collectively of approximately five hundred residential units. 

 RP engaged the services of two companies to assist in the development and 

marketing of Wildhorse Meadows. First, RP hired a management company, Resort 

Ventures West, Inc. (Resort Ventures), which was authorized to implement and oversee 

RP’s development strategies. Resort Ventures acted primarily through its officers David 

Hill and Brent Pearson and its employee Mariana Ishida, each of whom was authorized to 

sign agreements and other documents on RP’s behalf. 

 RP also hired a listing agent, S&P Destination Properties (S&P Properties). RP 

entered into an Exclusive Listing and Marketing Agreement (Listing Agreement) with 

S&P Properties for the marketing of the Wildhorse Meadows master-planned community. 

Under the Listing Agreement, the marketing of each of the eight parcels in Wildhorse 

Meadows would be governed by the Listing Agreement and by a separate project 

agreement between S&P Properties and the owner of the parcel. In the event RP sold a 

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parcel to a different developer, the Listing Agreement allowed RP to assign its rights in 

that particular project agreement to the new owner of the parcel. 

B. Trailhead Lodge and Trailhead LLC 

 One of the eight parcels in the Wildhorse Meadows master development, the 

Trailhead parcel, was designated for the development of a condominium complex called 

Trailhead Lodge. As master developer and initial owner of the Trailhead parcel, RP 

engaged in a variety of marketing activities through its listing agent, S&P Properties, for 

the Wildhorse Meadows development as a whole and for Trailhead Lodge specifically. 

For example, S&P Properties created a website for Wildhorse Meadows that contained 

information about Trailhead Lodge, prepared Wildhorse Meadows brochures that 

included information about Trailhead Lodge, and created separate marketing materials 

for each of the subdevelopments within Wildhorse Meadows, including Trailhead Lodge. 

Moreover, S&P Properties placed an ad in the winter 2006/2007 edition of Steamboat 

Magazine marketing only Trailhead Lodge. 

 On March 22, 2007, a group of investors formed Trailhead Lodge at Wildhorse 

Meadows, LLC (Trailhead LLC) for the purpose of developing the Trailhead Lodge 

condominiums. Like RP, Trailhead LLC hired Resort Ventures as its management 

company and S&P Properties as its listing and marketing agent. S&P Properties prepared 

a marketing plan at Trailhead LLC’s expense, and the two entities unsuccessfully tried to 

negotiate a separate project agreement for the Trailhead Lodge. When those efforts failed, 

RP entered into a project agreement with S&P Properties concerning Trailhead Lodge 

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(Trailhead Project Agreement) and then assigned all of its rights, title, and interest in the 

Trailhead Project Agreement to Trailhead LLC.2

 On July 27, 2007, RP transferred the 

Trailhead parcel to Trailhead LLC by special warranty deed. 

C. Preconstruction Purchase and Sale Agreements with Trailhead LLC

 On July 25, 2007, two days before Trailhead LLC officially obtained ownership of 

the Trailhead parcel, William Dalzell and Devon Purdy, Gregory and Pamela Haller, 

Cindy Rogers, Ronald Kolligian, and SAM Properties V LLC (collectively, Buyers) each 

entered into substantially identical preconstruction purchase and sale agreements 

(Contracts) with Trailhead LLC. Under the Contracts, Buyers agreed to purchase 

condominium units in Trailhead Lodge upon completion of the Lodge’s construction. 

Brent Pearson, acting in his capacity as an officer of Resort Ventures, signed the 

Contracts on behalf of Trailhead LLC. RP was not a signatory to the Contracts, but it was 

mentioned in the Contracts. Specifically, the Contracts stated the Trailhead Lodge 

condominiums were part of a master-planned, common-interest community known as 

Wildhorse Meadows to be developed by the master developer, RP. The Contracts also 

indicated that Buyers would become members of both the Trailhead Lodge Homeowners 

Association (HOA) and the Master HOA and that RP was responsible for constructing 

certain amenities in other parts of the Wildhorse Meadows subdivision to which Buyers 

 2

 RP assigned the Trailhead Project Agreement to Trailhead LLC in July 2007, but 

the parties backdated the assignment’s effective date to April 15, 2007. 

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would have access. Buyers each paid a deposit toward the purchase of their respective 

Trailhead Lodge units, ranging from $86,000 to $226,000. 

 At the time Trailhead LLC entered into the Contracts with Buyers, no one had 

filed a statement of record with the Department of Housing and Urban Development for 

Trailhead Lodge, nor were Buyers provided a property report, as required by the 

Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act (Land Sales Act). See 15 U.S.C. 

§§ 1703(a)(1)(A)–(B), 1704, 1707. As a result of this failure, Buyers had the right to 

rescind the Contracts within two years after signing, which they did.3

 The now-insolvent 

Trailhead LLC has not returned the deposits Buyers paid under the Contracts. 

D. Procedural History 

 Buyers filed this action in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado 

against Trailhead LLC, RP, and S&P Properties. Among other claims, Buyers alleged 

Trailhead LLC, RP, and S&P Properties all qualify as developers under the Land Sales 

Act and that they violated the Land Sales Act by failing to file a statement of record and 

failing to provide a property report when Buyers purchased the condominium units. 

Buyers did not bring a claim under the Land Sales Act’s antifraud provision, 15 U.S.C. 

 3

 Buyers Dalzell/Purdy, the Hallers, and Kolligan sent timely notices of intent to 

rescind their Contracts. Buyers Rogers and SAM Properties failed to send timely notices 

of intent to rescind their Contracts, but the district court ruled they would have rescinded, 

had the Contracts contained the required notice of their rescission right. The court 

therefore ruled that Ms. Rogers’s and SAM Properties’ Contracts were also effectively 

rescinded. No one has challenged this ruling on appeal; therefore, we view each Contract 

as lawfully rescinded. 

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§ 1703(a)(2), but did bring state breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, and 

fraud claims. Buyers alleged damages in the amounts of their deposits and further asked 

the court to declare that they were permitted to rescind their contracts. 

 The district court subsequently granted Buyers’ motion for summary judgment 

against Trailhead LLC on the Land Sales Act claims. Buyers and Trailhead LLC 

thereafter stipulated to the entry of judgment against Trailhead LLC, including a specific 

amount of damages due to each Buyer and an order rescinding each of the Contracts. 

Buyers later settled all claims against S&P Properties, and S&P Properties was dismissed 

from the case. The parties also stipulated to the dismissal without prejudice of Buyers’ 

state law fraud and breach of contract claims, thereby disposing of all claims except 

Buyers’ Land Sales Act claims against RP.4

 The remaining Land Sales Act claims do not 

include any allegations of fraud. 

 Buyers and RP agreed to submit those Land Sales Act claims to the district court 

on written briefs, supporting affidavits, and stipulated facts. In its ultimate findings of 

fact and conclusions of law, the district court ruled that RP was not liable under the 

 4

 It is not entirely clear why Buyers chose to exercise their right to rescind the 

Contracts. On appeal, Buyers do not state their reasons for rescinding. The dissent 

focuses on language from Buyers’ affidavits submitted to the district court in support of 

their subsequently dismissed state fraud and breach of contract claims, indicating that the 

condominium units may have been smaller than promised and that certain promised 

amenities had not yet been constructed. But none of this is relevant to the sole issue on 

appeal, which is whether RP can be held liable for the return of Buyers’ down payments 

due to the failure to have a statement of record in effect and to deliver a property report to 

Buyers at the time they entered the Contracts with Trailhead LLC. 

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relevant provisions of the Land Sales Act. Specifically, the district court determined that 

although RP qualified as a developer under the Land Sales Act, see 15 U.S.C. § 1701(5), 

RP did not exercise sufficient control over the sale of the condominium units to qualify as 

a direct or indirect seller. Because the Land Sales Act makes it unlawful for a developer 

“to sell” real estate without providing a property report or statement of record, see 15 

U.S.C. § 1703(a)(1)(A)–(B), the district court concluded RP was not liable for these 

deficiencies. Buyers timely appealed, and we exercise our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1291. 

III. DISCUSSION 

 Buyers challenge the district court’s determination that although RP qualifies as a 

developer under the Land Sales Act, it is not liable under § 1703(a)(1)(A)–(B) (the 

disclosure provisions) because it did not directly or indirectly sell the condominium units. 

They first argue that RP’s status as a developer alone makes it liable under the disclosure 

provisions. Buyers alternatively argue that even if RP’s status as a developer is not 

enough to establish liability, RP is liable as an indirect seller of the condominium units. 

These challenges present questions of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo. 

United States v. Manning, 526 F.3d 611, 614 (10th Cir. 2008). But we also review the 

district court’s application of the statutory standard to the facts of this case, which is a 

mixed question of fact and law. See United States v. Alvarez, 731 F.3d 1101, 1105 (10th 

Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1333 (2014) (“A mixed question exists when there is a 

dispute both as to inferences drawn from raw facts and as to the meaning of a statutory 

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term.” (quoting 5 C.J.S. Appeal & Error § 819)). We review mixed questions de novo 

“with the presumption of correctness continuing to apply to any underlying findings of 

fact.” Stillwater Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. v. CIT Grp./Equip. Fin., Inc., 383 F.3d 1148, 

1150 (10th Cir. 2004). 

A. Developer Liability Under § 1703(a) 

 “Any exercise in statutory interpretation must begin with an examination of the 

plain language at issue.” Tuckel v. Grover, 660 F.3d 1249, 1252 (10th Cir. 2011). But 

“the meaning of statutory language, plain or not, depends on context.” In re Woods, 743 

F.3d 689, 694 (10th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). This contextual 

analysis requires us to consider the statute’s intended purpose, which, in the case of the 

Land Sales Act, is “to prohibit and punish fraud in . . . land development enterprises.” 

McCown v. Heidler, 527 F.2d 204, 207 (10th Cir. 1975), implied abrogation on other 

grounds as recognized by Anixter v. Home-Stake Prod. Co., 77 F.3d 1215, 1231 (10th 

Cir. 1996). And because the Land Sales Act “should be interpreted to attain that end,” the 

Act “should be construed not technically and restrictively, but flexibly to effectuate its 

remedial purposes.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Edwards v. Valdez, 

789 F.2d 1477, 1482 (10th Cir. 1986) (“[W]e must start with the assumption that 

legislative purpose is reflected by the ordinary meaning of the language used in the 

statute.” (citing United States v. Locke, 471 U.S. 84, 85 (1985))). 

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1. The Land Sales Act’s Definition of Developer 

Turning to the plain language, the Land Sales Act makes it “unlawful for any 

developer or agent” to engage in certain conduct when advertising and selling lots in 

qualifying land development projects.5

 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a). Therefore, the threshold 

question for determining liability under § 1703(a) is whether a party qualifies as a 

developer or agent. The Land Sales Act defines a developer as “any person who, directly 

or indirectly, sells or leases, or offers to sell or lease, or advertises for sale or lease any 

lots in a subdivision.” Id. § 1701(5). It defines agent as “any person who represents, or 

acts for or on behalf of, a developer in selling or leasing, or offering to sell or lease, any 

lot or lots in a subdivision.” Id. § 1701(6). Under these definitions, a party will qualify as 

a developer if it engages in any of three types of conduct: (1) directly or indirectly selling 

or leasing lots, (2) directly or indirectly offering to sell or lease lots, or (3) directly or 

indirectly advertising for the sale or lease of any lots. And a party who engages in any of 

these types of conduct on behalf of a developer will qualify as an agent and will be 

subject to the same liability as the developer. But our plain language analysis does not 

end there. 

 5

 The district court ruled and the parties do not dispute that Wildhorse Meadows is 

a qualifying land development project, subject to the requirements of the Land Sales Act. 

And although RP’s sale of the Trailhead parcel to Trailhead LLC is exempt from the 

Land Sales Act requirements under 15 U.S.C. § 1702(a)(7), Trailhead LLC’s sale of the 

condominium units to Buyers is not exempt. 

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2. Liability Under § 1703(a) 

 Instead, we turn to § 1703(a) and its list of specific activities in which agents and 

developers may not engage. These prohibited activities are: 

(1) with respect to the sale or lease of any lot not exempt under section 

1702 of this title— 

(A) to sell or lease any lot unless a statement of record with respect 

to such lot is in effect . . . ; 

(B) to sell or lease any lot unless a printed property report . . . has 

been furnished to the purchaser or lessee in advance of the signing of 

any contract or agreement . . . ; 

(C) to sell or lease any lot where any part of the statement of record 

or the property report contained an untrue statement of a material 

fact or omitted to state a material fact . . . ; or 

(D) to display or deliver to prospective purchasers or lessees 

advertising and promotional material which is inconsistent with 

information required to be disclosed in the property report; or 

(2) with respect to the sale or lease, or offer to sell or lease, any lot not 

exempt under section 1702(a) of this title— 

(A) to employ any device, scheme, or artifice to defraud; 

(B) to obtain money or property by means of any untrue statement of 

a material fact, or any omission to state a material fact . . . ; 

(C) to engage in any transaction, practice, or course of business 

which operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon a 

purchaser; or 

(D) to represent that roads, sewers, water, gas, or electric service, or 

recreational amenities will be provided or completed by the 

developer without stipulating in the contract of sale or lease that 

such services or amenities will be provided or completed. 

Id. § 1703(a) (emphasis added). 

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As this list indicates, liability under each separate subsection of § 1703(a) attaches 

only to developers or agents who engage in the specified unlawful conduct. For example, 

subsections (a)(1)(A)–(C) each begin with the term “to sell or lease,” expressly indicating 

that only those developers or agents who sell or lease lots may be subject to liability 

under those subsections. In contrast, subsection (a)(1)(D) makes it unlawful for a 

developer or agent “to display or deliver” advertising that is inconsistent with the 

information required to be in the property report. Therefore, under subsection (a)(1)(D), 

any developer who engages in inconsistent advertising will be liable, regardless of 

whether that developer also sold the subject lots. Similarly, subsection (a)(2), which 

covers fraudulent activities, imposes liability on any developer or agent who participates 

in fraudulent conduct. The term “to sell” does not appear in any of § 1703(a)(2)’s 

subsections, and therefore liability for fraudulent conduct does not hinge on whether the 

developer sold the subject lots. 

 The Fourth Circuit’s recent case, In re Total Realty Management, LLC, is 

instructive on the significance of these distinctions. 706 F.3d 245 (4th Cir. 2013). In Total 

Realty, the bankruptcy trustee of a debtor real estate developer filed suit against other real 

estate development companies seeking contributions for the debtor’s liabilities under the 

Land Sales Act’s antifraud provision. Id. at 250–51. Defendants argued that although 

they met the Land Sales Act’s definition of developer, they could not be liable for the 

fraudulent scheme because they did not sell the lots at issue. Id. at 251–52. After the 

defendants transferred the action to the United States District Court for the Eastern 

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District of Virginia, the district court dismissed the complaint for the reasons advanced 

by the defendants. Id. at 250. The Fourth Circuit reversed. The court based its analysis on 

the plain language of the Act, comparing § 1703(a)(1)(A)–(C)—which use the term “to 

sell”—with § 1703(a)(1)(D)—which does not. Id. at 252. The court reasoned, “Congress 

limited liability under [subsections (A)–(C)] to the sellers of property.” Id. But as to 

subsection (D), “Congress intended to hold advertisers and promoters liable for certain 

acts, even if they did not sell a property.” Id. 

 The court went on to explain that § 1703(a)(2), the antifraud provision, is more 

like subsection (a)(1)(D) because none of its subsections include the phrase “to sell.” Id. 

at 253. Therefore, unlike subsections (a)(1)(A)–(C), which apply only to sellers of the 

property, subsections (a)(1)(D) and (a)(2) “encompass[] entities that participated in the 

advertising and promotional efforts leading to a challenged real estate transaction, even if 

they ultimately were not party to the transaction.” Id. at 253; see also Nahigian v. JunoLoudon, LLC, No. 1:09CV725 JCC, 2010 WL 3418179, at *9 (E.D. Va. Aug. 23, 2010) 

(explaining that defendant could not be liable under subsections (a)(1)(A)–(B) where 

defendant, “as a non-owner of the property and non-seller of the property, was not aware 

that Plaintiffs were about to enter into the agreement, nor was [defendant] a party to the 

Purchase Agreement with standing to insist that certain disclosures be made in the 

Agreement”), aff’d sub nom. Nahigian v. Juno-Loudoun, LLC, 677 F.3d 579 (4th Cir. 

2012). 

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We find the reasoning of the Fourth Circuit persuasive. Under our canons of 

statutory construction, “when Congress includes particular language in one section of a 

statute but omits it in another—let alone in the very next provision—[we] presume[] that 

Congress intended a difference in meaning.” Loughrin v. United States, 134 S. Ct. 2384, 

2390 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Elwell v. Okla. ex rel. Bd. of 

Regents of Univ. of Okla., 693 F.3d 1303, 1309 (10th Cir. 2012) (same). By including the 

term “to sell” in some of § 1703(a)’s subsections and not in others, Congress 

demonstrated an intent to distinguish between developers who sell lots and developers 

that are not involved in the ultimate real estate transaction. This distinction means that 

only seller-developers can be liable under § 1703(a)(1)(A)–(C). Had Congress intended 

for all developers to be liable under subsections (a)(1)(A)–(C), it would have omitted the 

term “to sell” as it did in subsections (a)(1)(D) and (a)(2). Instead, the plain language of 

§ 1703(a)(1)(A)–(C) manifests Congress’s intent to hold only those developers who “sell 

or lease” lots liable for violations of those subsections. 

The Land Sales Act itself does not define “sell.” Therefore, we turn to the relevant 

regulatory definition in understanding the statutory meaning of this term. See Toomer v. 

City Cab, 443 F.3d 1191, 1195 (10th Cir. 2006) (explaining that where a statutory term is 

ambiguous, “we must look to any relevant agency interpretation or definition and defer to 

the agency if it has based its definition on a permissible construction”); Donner v. 

Nicklaus, 758 F.3d 857 (10th Cir. 2015) (looking to the regulatory definition of “lot” to 

interpret the Land Sales Act’s use of the term). The relevant regulatory provision does 

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not include a definition of the verb “to sell,” but does define the related noun “sale” as 

“any obligation or arrangement for consideration to purchase or lease a lot directly or 

indirectly.” 12 C.F.R. § 1010.1(b). From this definition of “sale,” we can extrapolate the 

definition of “sell” as “to enter into any obligation or arrangement for consideration to 

purchase or lease any lot directly or indirectly.” This interpretation of “sell” is consistent 

with its legal definition, which is “[t]o transfer (property) by sale.” Black’s Law 

Dictionary 1482 (10th ed. 2014). We conclude that this regulatory definition is a 

permissible construction of the statutory term “sell,” and based on this definition, only 

developers who directly or indirectly participate in the exchange of consideration for the 

purchase of a lot must comply with the disclosure provisions of the Land Sales Act.

Buyers disagree. They argue that all developers are, by definition, liable for all 

§ 1703(a) violations. In doing so, Buyers ignore the plain language of § 1703(a) and look 

instead to the Act’s private right of action provision, § 1709. As Buyers explain, 

§ 1709(a) creates a private right of action “against a developer or agent if the sale or 

lease was made in violation of section 1703(a),” whereas § 1709(b) limits the private 

right of action for violations of § 1703(b)–(d) against only “the seller or lessor.” 

15 U.S.C. § 1709(a), (b) (emphasis added). Buyers argue §1709 indicates that all 

developers are liable for § 1703(a) violations, regardless of the developer’s involvement 

in the actual sale, but only those developers who are also sellers or lessors are liable 

under § 1703(b)–(d). But Buyers fail to note that § 1703(b)–(d) do not apply to 

developers at all. The “developer” language in § 1703 applies only to subsection (a). A 

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more accurate reading of § 1709(a) explains instead that a private right of action exists 

against a developer who violates § 1703(a); it does not provide for a private right of 

action against any developer, irrespective of whether the developer was involved in the 

§ 1703(a) violation.6

 

 6

 Buyers also rely on a variety of district court cases to argue that RP is liable, 

simply because it meets the definition of developer. But these cases either deal with 

liability under the Land Sales Act’s antifraud provision, § 1703(a)(2), or address whether 

a party qualifies as a developer, without reaching the ultimate issue of liability. See 

Oginsky v. Paragon Props. of Costa Rica LLC, 784 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1366–67 (S.D. Fla. 

2011) (concluding that even if defendants were developers, plaintiffs failed to plead their 

fraud claim with specificity and failed to allege that a statement of record had not been 

filed as required to state a claim under § 1703(a)(1)(A)); Aaron v. Trump Org., Inc., No. 

8:09–cv–2493–T–23AEP, 2011 WL 2784151, at *4 (M.D. Fla. July 15, 2011) 

(concluding in a case alleging violation of the antifraud provision that defendant qualified 

as a developer or agent because it “indirectly advertised for sale or personally 

participated in the sale of the units”); Nahigian v. Juno Loudoun, LLC, 684 F. Supp. 2d 

731, 746–47 (E.D. Va. 2010) (concluding that plaintiff alleged sufficient facts to survive 

summary judgment on whether defendant Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company was a developer, 

but not reaching the issue whether Ritz-Carlton was liable for any alleged Land Sales Act 

violations); Plant v. Merrifield Town Ctr. Ltd. P’ship, 711 F. Supp. 2d 576, 598–99 (E.D. 

Va. 2010) (concluding that the factual allegations in the complaint were sufficient to 

create a plausible inference that defendant was a developer or agent); Merritt v. Lyons 

Heritage Pasco, LLC, No. 8:09-CV-1201-T-27TGW, 2010 WL 3666763, at *3 (M.D. 

Fla. Sept. 15, 2010) (concluding that plaintiffs had alleged sufficient facts in the 

complaint showing defendants advertised lots for sale and were therefore developers, 

potentially liable under the Land Sales Act’s antifraud provision). 

 Buyers’ reliance on the Fourth Circuit’s per curiam decision in Olsen v. Lake 

Country, Inc., 955 F.2d 203 (4th Cir. 1991), is similarly misplaced. The central question 

in Olsen was the converse of the central question in this case. In Olsen, there was no 

dispute that defendant had sold the lots at issue, Id. at 204; the issue was whether a seller 

who is not the original developer can still qualify as a developer under the Act. Id. at 

205–06. Although Olsen provides useful guidance in understanding the reach of the term 

developer to secondary sellers, it leaves unanswered the primary question in this case, 

which is whether a party that is undisputedly a developer is the type of developer that can 

be held liable for the type of violations that occurred under § 1703(a). 

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 Our reading of § 1703(a) is not only truer to its plain language than Buyers’, it 

also makes sense from an equitable perspective. Only the seller has ultimate control over 

whether a purchaser receives a property report or whether a statement of record is in 

effect at the time of the real estate transaction. Indeed, at the time of the transaction, a 

nonseller-developer may not even be aware that the purchaser and seller are entering into 

an agreement. And because a nonseller-developer is not party to the agreement, it has no 

authority to insist that the requisite disclosures are made before the transaction is 

complete. Therefore, Congress’s imposition of liability for the failure to file a statement 

of record or to deliver a property report only on a developer who is also a seller targets 

the party with the ability to comply with these provisions of the Land Sales Act. 

Contrary to the dissent’s position,7

 we also view this reading as consistent with the 

Act’s remedial purpose of preventing fraud because, under our reading, the antifraud 

 7

 The dissent contends that our interpretation is “both technical and restrictive in a 

manner that voids the very purpose of the Land Sales Act” and ignores this court’s 

precedent in McCown v. Heidler, which instructs us to interpret the Act to further its 

antifraud purpose. 527 F.2d 204, 207 (10th Cir. 1975), implied abrogation on other 

grounds recognized by Anixter v. Home-Stake Prod., Co., 77 F.3d 1215, 1231 (10th Cir. 

1996). But unlike McCown, the issues in this appeal do not involve the antifraud 

provisions of the Land Sales Act. Id. at 207 (holding directors and officers of the culpable 

developer and “fraudulent planners and profit makers” liable under the Land Sales Act). 

And courts interpreting McCown have understood it to extend liability only to those who 

participated in the fraud. See Parra v. Minto Town Park, LLC, No. 08-14168-CIV, 2008 

WL 4773272, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 30, 2008) (citing McCown for the proposition that, 

“Even under [the Land Sales Act’s definition of developer], Plaintiffs must still 

sufficiently set forth . . . the individual’s personal involvement in the allegations.”); 

Aboujaoude v. Poinciana Dev. Co. II, 509 F. Supp. 2d 1266, 1276 (S.D. Fla. 2007) 

(citing McCown and concluding that plaintiff must “sufficiently set forth both the basis 

Continued . . . 

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provision of the Land Sales Act, § 1703(a)(2), is not similarly limited. Indeed, had 

Buyers brought a claim under the Act’s antifraud provision, they may have had a viable 

claim against RP, regardless of whether RP was involved in the sale of the lots at issue. 

But Buyers did not bring a fraud claim under § 1703(a)(2) or otherwise. Instead, Buyers 

stipulated to the dismissal of their state fraud claims, and they never asserted a claim 

under the Land Sales Act’s antifraud provision. 

Although the dissent acknowledges there is no fraud claim before us, its opinion 

assumes RP participated in some underlying fraudulent conduct, which “lured” Buyers 

into entering the Contracts. In an effort to portray these transactions as tainted, the dissent 

asserts the condominium units “were much smaller than promised, lacked many of the 

promised amenities, and otherwise were not as represented.”8

 But the district court never 

made such findings, nor did the parties include such information in their stipulated facts 

or in their arguments on appeal. Although Buyers alleged in their complaint that the 

condominium units were not built as represented, they made these allegations in support 

______________________________________ 

Cont. 

for the fraud and [the corporate officer’s] personal involvement”); United States v. 

Sebring Homes Corp., 879 F. Supp. 894, 898 (N.D. Ind. 1994) (distinguishing McCown 

on the basis that, in McCown, “the individuals held liable participated in fraud”). Here, 

RP was not an officer or director of Trailhead LLC, and Buyers have not alleged fraud. 

 

8

 The dissent also asserts that because Buyers were not furnished a property report, 

they were unaware of what amenities they could expect to receive. This ignores the fact 

that the Contracts themselves contained a “Gondola and Club Amenities” provision, 

which described the amenities RP would provide as master developer and included 

estimated deadlines for the completion of these amenities. 

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of their breach of contract and state fraud claims, which were dismissed without 

prejudice. Similarly, Buyers described in their affidavits that when they visited the 

Trailhead Lodge in 2009, while it was still under construction, they were concerned about 

the size of the units and that promised amenities would not materialize. But Brent 

Pearson refuted these allegations in his affidavit, explaining “[t]he athletic club and pool 

area were both complete by 2009” and “[t]he gondola opened more than two years ahead 

of schedule, on February 1, 2010.” More importantly, the district court never entered 

factual findings on these allegations because doing so was unnecessary to resolve the 

Land Sales Act claims before it. Therefore, unlike the dissent, we confine our review to 

the issues on appeal, which do not include any findings or claims of fraud.9 See Harman 

v. Pollock, 446 F.3d 1069, 1089 (10th Cir. 2006) (explaining that federal appellate courts 

generally do not consider issues not passed upon below and therefore declining to address 

an argument that “was not raised before nor ruled upon by the trial court”). 

The dissent’s discussion of the history of the 1979 Amendments to the Land Sales 

Act, although accurate, likewise misses the mark. As the dissent explains, in 1979 

Congress amended the Land Sales Act to address the problems resulting from developers 

 9

 Were we not constrained by the district court’s findings of fact, we might reach 

different conclusions than the dissent concerning the accuracy of the Buyers’ allegations. 

See Appellee Supp. App. Vol. I at 48 (RP’s answer denying Buyers’ allegations that the 

constructed units were not as represented); Appellee Br. at 3 & n.3 (alleging Buyers’ 

decision to rescind the Contracts had nothing to do with the quality of the units or 

provision of amenities, but instead was a result of the dramatic decrease in property 

values caused by the 2008–09 collapse of the housing market). 

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who failed to deliver on promised amenities. See Bodansky v. Fifth on the Park Condo, 

LLC, 635 F.3d 75, 79–81 (2nd Cir. 2011). Pursuant to the 1979 Amendments, it is now 

unlawful “to represent that roads, sewers, water, gas, or electrical service, or recreational 

amenities will be provided or completed by the developer without stipulating in the 

contract of sale or lease that such services or amenities will be provided or completed.” 

15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(2)(D). 

The dissent asserts that Congress’s “purpose in enacting the 1979 Amendments 

was to provide a remedy for exactly the type of conduct that is before us.” But the only 

conduct before us is the failure to have a statement of record in effect and the failure to 

deliver a property report at the time Buyers purchased the condominium units in 

Trailhead Lodge. These claims arise solely under subsections § 1703(a)(1)(A)–(B), which 

were substantively unaltered by the 1979 Amendments. Compare 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(1) 

(1976), with id. § 1703(a)(1)(A)–(B) (1982). Had Buyers asserted a Land Sales Act claim 

based on the alleged failure to provide promised amenities, both our analysis and the 

entities’ liability would be dictated by the antifraud provisions of the Act and the factual 

record developed in the trial court on those issues. Because Buyers have asserted only 

claims for nondisclosure, our review is cabined accordingly. 

 To summarize, we conclude that RP’s status as a developer is not enough by itself 

to make RP liable for the failure to file a statement of record or to deliver a property 

report when Buyers entered the Contracts with Trailhead LLC. The Land Sales Act’s 

definition of developer contemplates three categories of developers: those who directly or 

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indirectly sell lots, those who directly or indirectly offer to sell lots, and those who 

directly or indirectly advertise for the sale of lots. Id. § 1701(5) (2012). The plain 

language of the disclosure provisions explains that it is unlawful “to sell” lots without 

providing a property report or having in effect a statement of record. Accordingly, only 

those entities that fit within the first category of developers—that is, those who directly 

or indirectly sold the lots at issue—will be liable for violations of the disclosure 

provisions. 

 Thus, RP is liable only if it directly or indirectly sold Buyers the Trailhead Lodge 

condominium units. Because RP did not participate in the exchange of consideration for 

the purchase of the units, it does not meet the definition of a direct seller. We therefore 

turn to the question whether RP is liable as an indirect seller of the Trailhead Lodge 

condominium units. 

B. Indirect Seller Liability 

 Buyers contend RP meets the definition of an indirect seller. Specifically, they 

argue the district court erred in defining an indirect seller as one who exercises “a 

significant level of control over the sale of the lots at issue” and in concluding that RP did 

not qualify as an indirect seller under this definition. Instead, Buyers insist the proper 

definition of indirect seller is one who “participates in the sales efforts,” and that RP’s 

early efforts to advertise and market the Wildhorse Meadows development as a whole 

and Trailhead Lodge specifically demonstrate it qualifies as an indirect seller of the 

Trailhead Lodge condominium units. 

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-22- 

1. An Indirect Seller Is One Who Is Involved in the Selling Efforts. 

 Few courts have addressed the indirect seller component of the Land Sales Act’s 

definition of developer. The Third Circuit was the first and, until the present case, the 

only federal circuit to have analyzed the indirect seller language. See Bartholomew v. 

Northampton Nat’l Bank of Easton, Pa., 584 F.2d 1288 (3rd Cir. 1978). The plaintiffs in 

Bartholomew were purchasers of unimproved lots in a recreational development. Id. at 

1290. Plaintiffs purchased the lots through installment purchase contracts, and the 

developer, Castle Kress, assigned the contracts to one of three banks under prearranged 

financing agreements. Id.at 1291. The development eventually failed, and plaintiffs 

brought suit against the three banks and an individual, Mr. Brock, who owned Castle 

Kress’s limited partner entity, alleging they were indirect sellers, liable for violations of 

the Land Sales Act. Id. at 1291–92. The district court entered summary judgment in favor 

of the defendants after concluding they were not “developers or agents” under the Land 

Sales Act because they did not sell the lots. Id. at 1292. Plaintiffs appealed, claiming the 

banks and Mr. Brock were “planners, participants, and profit-makers” who fall within the 

definition of “indirect sellers” under the Act. Id. at 1293. 

 The Third Circuit affirmed. It concluded the Land Sales Act’s indirect seller 

reference “can only be constituted as encompassing those who conduct their selling 

efforts through means other than direct, face-to-face contact with buyers, as, for example, 

through agents.” Id. It further explained, “There is no indication in the language of the 

statute or in the legislative history of the Act that an indirect seller is other than one who 

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is involved in some manner in the selling efforts related to a land development project.” 

Id. Because neither the banks nor Mr. Brock were involved in the selling efforts, the 

Third Circuit held they did not qualify as indirect sellers and therefore could not be liable 

for the § 1703 violations. Id.

 A handful of district courts have also analyzed the Land Sales Act’s indirect seller 

language, and all have relied on the Bartholomew definition. For example, in Hammar v. 

Cost Control Marketing & Sales Management of Virginia, Inc., the court concluded there 

were issues of material fact in dispute that precluded summary judgment on the issue of 

whether a parent company was a liable developer under the Land Sales Act. 757 F. Supp. 

698, 703–05 (W.D. Va. 1990). The district court had “no doubt” the subsidiary, CCMVA, fit the definition of a developer because it directly sold the lots at issue to the 

plaintiffs. Id. at 703. The court also considered whether the parent company, CCM, 

qualified as an indirect seller and thus a liable developer. Id. at 704–05. Adopting the 

Bartholomew test, the court reasoned CCM would qualify as a developer if there was 

“some indication CCM was involved in the selling effort.” Id. at 705. 

 In determining whether CCM had been involved in the selling effort, the court 

found relevant the fact that CCM-VA and CCM had “identical ownership, boards of 

directors, and management” and that the president of CCM “directed that CCM-VA be 

formed for the purpose of purchasing lots within the . . . subdivision and marketing and 

selling them to the general public.” Id. at 704. The court also found probative two 

documents written on CCM stationery, which discussed appointment of sales executives 

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and outlined sales procedures. Id. at 705. It concluded there was a “substantial fact 

conflict with plaintiff’s factual evidence that CCM was involved in the selling activities 

of CCM-VA,” but further stated “the present evidence indicates that CCM is an indirect 

seller.” Id. Accordingly, the court in Hammar denied CCM’s motion for summary 

judgment. Id.; see also Barker v. Hostetter, No. 13-5081, 2014 WL 1464319, at *9 (E.D. 

Pa. Apr. 15, 2014) (concluding defendants were indirect sellers because they were “the 

Declarants in the Public Offering Statement . . . and where, as Declarants, [defendants] 

made an offer to sell lots to prospective purchasers”); Hester v. Hidden Valley Lakes, 

Inc., 495 F. Supp. 48, 54 (N.D. Miss. 1980) (adopting the Bartholomew test and ruling 

that the president and secretary of a developer corporation were indirect sellers because 

they had signed the relevant property reports and statements of record and had “sufficient 

control over the salesmen and sales policy of the corporation to be considered indirect 

sellers”). 

 We agree with the Third Circuit that an indirect seller is one who is involved in the 

selling efforts “through means other than direct, face-to-face contact with buyers.” See 

Bartholomew, 584 F.2d at 1292. Individuals or entities that sell lots through an agent are 

the clearest example of indirect sellers, but parent companies like the one in Hammar that 

have considerable control over the selling efforts of a subsidiary may also qualify as 

indirect sellers. Likewise, under the proper set of facts, individual officers, directors, or 

shareholders of the selling entity could qualify as indirect sellers. See generally F.D.I.C. 

v. Oldenburg, 34 F.3d 1529, 1555 (10th Cir. 1994) (explaining the conditions necessary 

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to pierce the corporate veil to reach individual officers, directors, or shareholders). 

Significantly, the common thread running through each of these categories of indirect 

sellers is substantial involvement in the selling efforts with respect to the individual lots. 

2. RP Is Not an Indirect Seller. 

 Although this definition of indirect seller differs somewhat from that adopted by 

the district court, we agree with the district court that RP is not an indirect seller because 

it was not involved in the efforts to sell the Trailhead Lodge condominium units. Buyers 

claim the following evidence demonstrates RP’s role as an indirect seller: (1) RP’s 

involvement in the advertising and marketing of Trailhead Lodge, (2) RP’s alleged 

involvement in S&P Properties’ sales training seminars, (3) RP and Trailhead LLC’s 

overlapping ownership and Messrs. Hill and Pearson’s involvement in both entities, and 

(4) the fact that RP still owned the Trailhead parcel at the time Buyers entered the 

Contracts with Trailhead LLC. We address each of these arguments in turn. 

a. RP’s advertising activities 

First, Buyers argue RP qualifies as an indirect seller because, by advertising 

Trailhead Lodge through promotional materials that marketed Wildhorse Meadows as a 

whole and Trailhead Lodge specifically, RP was involved in the selling efforts. But in so 

arguing, Buyers conflate two terms—“to sell” and “to advertise”—that the Land Sales 

Act explicitly distinguishes. As previously explained, the Act’s definition of developer 

differentiates between those who qualify as developers because they directly or indirectly 

sell lots and those who are developers because they directly or indirectly advertise for the 

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sale of lots. 15 U.S.C. § 1701(5). And the Land Sales Act imposes different obligations 

and liabilities on developers who sell than on those who simply advertise. Specifically, 

liability for the failure to file a statement of record or to deliver a property report is 

limited to the (direct or indirect) seller of the lots, while liability for inconsistent 

advertising falls on both sellers and advertisers. Compare id. § 1703(a)(1)(A)–(C) 

(making it unlawful “to sell” any lots without having in effect a statement of record, 

without providing a property report, or by providing a statement of record or property 

report that contains material misstatements or omissions), with id. § 1703(a)(1)(D) 

(making it unlawful “to display or deliver” to prospective purchasers inaccurate or 

inconsistent advertising and promotional material). Furthermore, the regulations 

promulgated under the Act define “sale” as the transaction where consideration is 

exchanged to purchase a lot. See 12 C.F.R. § 1010.1(b). Accordingly, we do not read the 

Bartholomew court’s use of the phrase “involved in some manner in the selling efforts” to 

include involvement solely in advertising efforts. To do so would be inconsistent with the 

plain language of the Land Sales Act, which distinguishes between these two activities. 

As a result, RP’s advertising efforts are not determinative of whether it is an indirect 

seller.10

 10 Like Buyers, the dissent relies in large part on actions RP took before Trailhead 

LLC was formed in arguing RP qualifies as an indirect seller. As master developer of the 

Wildhorse Meadows subdivision, RP certainly played a prominent role in the initial 

planning, permitting, and marketing of Wildhorse Meadows generally and Trailhead 

Lodge specifically. But as the district court found, once Trailhead LLC was formed, it 

Continued . . . 

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b. Sales trainings

Second, Buyers claim RP was an indirect seller because it led sales training 

seminars instructing S&P Properties on its strategy for selling the various lots in 

Wildhorse Meadows, including Trailhead Lodge. While this fact might weigh in favor of 

concluding that RP is an indirect seller, the portion of the record Buyers rely on does not 

support this allegation. Instead, the record reflects that “S&P held a training session for 

the S&P staff.” The March 6, 2007, Trailhead Lodge Marketing & Sales Strategy created 

by S&P Properties (and paid for by Trailhead LLC) further supports that S&P, not RP, 

was responsible for implementing the Trailhead Lodge sales efforts. Buyers fail to direct 

us to any portion of the record indicating RP led any sales training, and the stipulated 

facts adopted by the district court do not include such a finding. 

c. Trailhead LLC and RP’s business relationship

 Likewise, nothing about Trailhead LLC and RP’s business relationship 

demonstrates that RP was significantly involved in Trailhead LLC’s selling efforts or that 

Trailhead LLC was acting as an agent for RP. At the relevant time, neither company held 

______________________________________ 

Cont. 

took over all advertising efforts, and RP assigned all rights to the Trailhead Lodge Project 

Agreement to Trailhead LLC. We cannot conclude the district court’s finding was clearly 

erroneous. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Hunt, 486 F.2d 81, 84 (10th Cir. 1973) (explaining 

that even when the district court’s factual findings are based on documentary evidence 

instead of live witness testimony, “we are loath to overturn the findings of a trial court 

unless they are clearly erroneous”). Accepting this finding, the assignment made 

Trailhead LLC solely responsible for the development of the Trailhead parcel and, more 

importantly, the sale of Trailhead Lodge units. 

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-28- 

any interest in the other, and each company had separate owners. The following diagram 

illustrates the ownership structure of RP, Trailhead LLC, and management company 

Resort Ventures at the time of the relevant transactions: 

Additionally, Mr. Pearson owned 29% of Howl of the North, LLC. As this diagram 

indicates, the three entities had some overlapping ownership (specifically, Whitney Ward 

and David Hill, and to a lesser extent Brent Pearson). But Messrs. Ward, Hill, and 

Pearson held only minority interests in Trailhead LLC (5.5%, 4.4%, and 1.1%, 

respectively), and the three held only an indirect interest in RP, as partial owners of RP’s 

minority owner, RVW/WHM, which controlled only 10% of RP. Thus, at the time of the 

RP

Rockpoint 

(90%)

Howl of 

the North, 

LLC

(25%)

The 

Hills

(16.7%)

The 

Wards

(58.3%)

RVW/WHM

(10%)

Trailhead LLC

Daniel 

Posen

(44.5%)

Wallace 

Whitley

(44.5%)

The 

Wards

(5.5%)

The 

Hills

(4.4%)

The 

Pearsons

(1.1%)

Resort 

Ventures

Whitney 

Ward 

(40%)

David 

Hill

(40%)

Brent 

Pearson 

(20%)

Appellate Case: 13-1440 Document: 01019404319 Date Filed: 03/24/2015 Page: 28 
-29- 

relevant transactions, the 90% owner of RP—Rockpoint11—had no ownership interest in 

Trailhead LLC, and the 90% owners of Trailhead LLC—Messrs. Posen and Whitley—

had no ownership interest in RP. Although Messrs. Ward, Hill, and Pearson had minority 

interests in both entities, they were primarily involved as owners and officers of the 

management company, Resort Ventures. 

The business structure of the relevant entities thus demonstrates that none of the 

entities were in a parent-subsidiary relationship and that neither RP nor Trailhead LLC 

acted as a mere tool of the other. Although the dissent frequently refers to Trailhead LLC 

as a shell company, the district court made no such finding. Instead, the district court 

found that neither entity controlled the other. This ruling constitutes a finding of fact, 

subject to a clearly erroneous standard of review. See Milgo Elec. Corp. v. United Bus. 

Commc’ns, Inc., 623 F.2d 645, 659 (10th Cir. 1980) (explaining that a district court’s 

alter ego determination is a factual finding, which “is presumptively correct and must be 

left undisturbed on appeal unless it is clearly erroneous”); Nat’l Bond Fin. Co. v. Gen. 

Motors Corp., 341 F.2d 1022, 1023 (8th Cir. 1965) (“The question of whether a 

corporation is an instrumentality . . . of another corporation presents primarily an issue of 

fact to determine upon the basis of the facts of each individual case. The clearlyerroneous rule set forth in Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a) applies.”); 1 Fletcher Cyc. Corp. § 41.10 

 11 Rockpoint is a fund with offices in California, Texas, and Massachusetts that 

shares no common members, officers, principals, or partners with RP’s other owner, 

RVW/WHM. 

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(same). Tellingly, Buyers have not challenged the district court’s finding that RP did not 

control Trailhead LLC. But even had they done so, we are unpersuaded that this finding 

was “wholly without factual support in the record,” nor are we “definitively and firmly 

convinced that a mistake has been made,” as required to reverse a factual finding under 

the clearly erroneous standard. Ute Mountain Ute Tribe v. Rodriguez, 660 F.3d 1177, 

1185 (10th Cir. 2011). 

Nevertheless, the dissent asserts that none of the Buyers, including one who was 

also an employee of S&P Properties, knew that RP and Trailhead LLC were separate 

entities.12 But this misperception does not overcome the reality that the two entities were 

distinct. Unlike the entities in the Hammar case, which had the same directors and 

officers and were in a parent-subsidiary relationship under which the parent exercised 

considerable control over the subsidiary’s selling activities, RP and Trailhead LLC were 

separate business entities operating under different ownership. Based on the stipulated 

facts and the exhibits submitted by the parties, the district court concluded, “the evidence 

in the record does not support the conclusion that RP had a significant level of control 

 12 The dissent cites to the affidavit of Devon C. Dalzell. But the portion of 

Ms. Dalzell’s affidavit to which the dissent cites states only that none of the client 

representatives—namely Brent Pearson, David Hill, and Mariana Ishida—“ever 

discussed Trailhead Lodge as being separate from the rest of the Wildhorse Meadows 

development.” Although this indicates Trailhead Lodge was part of the Wildhorse 

Meadows subdivision and the developers of each parcel had engaged S&P Properties’ 

services, it says nothing of the distinction between Trailhead LLC and RP for purposes of 

contracting with Buyers for the purchase of condominiums in the Trailhead Lodge. 

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over the sale of Trailhead Lodge condominiums.” We cannot conclude this finding is 

clearly erroneous. 

The dissent also relies on the fact that nearly a year and a half after Buyers entered 

the Contracts with Trailhead LLC, Messrs. Ward, Posen, Hill, and Pearson, along with 

WMGP, LLC, formed Wildhorse Meadows Land Co., LP, which then purchased 

Rockpoint’s interest in RP. Although well after Buyers purchased their units in Trailhead 

Lodge, RP’s structure changed,13 at the time Buyers entered the Contracts with Trailhead 

LLC, RP was neither directly nor indirectly involved in the sale of the Trailhead Lodge 

units to Buyers. Not surprisingly, Buyers did not rely on this posttransaction acquisition 

in the district court or on appeal, and we likewise do not see its relevance to the issues 

before us. Instead, we agree with the district court that the business structure of RP and 

Trailhead LLC at the time of the relevant transactions does not indicate that RP was an 

indirect seller. 

d. The transfer of the Trailhead parcel to Trailhead LLC after the date of the 

Contracts

Buyers’ fourth contention is that RP was an indirect seller because Trailhead LLC 

did not acquire the Trailhead parcel from RP until two days after Buyers purchased the 

Trailhead Lodge condominium units from Trailhead LLC. Buyers insist that because RP 

 13 Even after this transaction, RP and Trailhead LLC maintained distinct 

ownership because Wallace Whitley, a 44.5% owner of Trailhead LLC, remained 

uninvolved in RP. 

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owned the Trailhead parcel at the time they agreed to purchase Trailhead Lodge units, RP 

was an indirect seller of the units. But Buyers did not purchase ownership in the 

Trailhead parcel from Trailhead LLC; they purchased condominium units in the yet-tobe-built Trailhead Lodge. At the time Buyers entered the Contracts for the purchase of 

units in the promised Trailhead Lodge, the Trailhead parcel remained undeveloped. And 

the Trailhead Lodge Project Agreement had been assigned to Trailhead LLC, effective 

April 15, 2007, thereby giving Trailhead LLC all rights to the development of Trailhead 

Lodge. 

Moreover, the condominium sales were based on Trailhead LLC’s imminent 

purchase of the parcel. There is nothing nefarious or unusual about the presale of units in 

a planned development, which is often a precondition of the funding necessary to 

purchase the subject real property. Indeed, Colorado law has long held that a vendor may 

validly sell land it does not yet own. Kunzmann v. Petteys, 221 P. 888, 890 (Colo. 1923) 

(“Public policy does not prevent one from making a valid agreement to sell or dispose of 

property which he does not own at the time.”). Therefore, the fact that the units in a yetto-be-built condominium project were to be built on a yet-to-be-acquired parcel of land 

does not negate the fact that RP was not a party to the Contracts with the Buyers for the 

purchase of those units. Nor does it show that RP was involved in Trailhead LLC’s 

efforts to sell the Trailhead Lodge condominiums. 

 We agree with the district court that RP is not an indirect seller. RP’s advertising 

activities show only that it was involved in efforts to market the Wildhorse Meadows 

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subdivision, including the Trailhead Lodge. The Land Sales Act explicitly distinguishes 

between seller-developers and advertising-developers for purposes of liability. And 

neither the business relationship between RP and Trailhead LLC at the time of the sale 

nor the fact RP still owned the Trailhead parcel when Buyers purchased the 

condominium units to be built by Trailhead LLC demonstrates RP was an indirect seller. 

Because RP was neither a direct nor indirect seller of the lots at issue, RP is not liable for 

Trailhead LLC’s failure to have a statement of record in effect or its failure to provide 

Buyers with a property report at the time Trailhead LLC entered the Contracts with 

Buyers. 

IV. CONCLUSION 

 For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s ruling in favor of RP under the 

disclosure provisions of the Land Sales Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(1)(A)–(B). 

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13-1440, Dalzell v. RP Steamboat Springs, LLC 

LUCERO, J., dissenting. 

Congress enacted the Interstate Land Sales Full Disclosure Act (“Land Sales Act”) 

to “prevent false and deceptive practices in the sale of unimproved tracts of land by 

requiring developers to disclose [certain] information [to] potential buyers.” Flint Ridge 

Dev. Co. v. Scenic Rivers Ass’n of Okla., 426 U.S. 776, 778 (1976). The plaintiffs 

before us, buyers of real estate in Routt County, Colorado, are precisely the type of 

buyers Congress sought to protect. They were lured into making large earnest money 

payments by the prospect of owning luxury condominium units in an upscale ski town, 

only to discover—years later—that their condominium units were much smaller than 

promised, lacked many of the promised amenities, and otherwise were not as represented. 

Because the developer failed to make statutorily required disclosures, the buyers had no 

way of knowing that the promised amenities would not materialize, and that the size of 

the condominium units would be noncompliant. 

No one disputes that this failure to disclose violated the Land Sales Act. The issue 

before us is whether plaintiffs can recover for that violation from the master developer, 

RP Steamboat Springs, LLC (“RP”), given that RP used a warren of corporations to 

ultimately deliver contracts to plaintiffs from Trailhead Lodge at Wildhorse Meadows, 

LLC (“Trailhead LLC”), a now-insolvent shell company. The majority declines to allow 

recovery against RP. I respectfully disagree. RP was clearly liable as an indirect seller 

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-2- 

because it was involved in the selling efforts. To conclude the opposite is to defy the 

purpose of Congress in enacting the statute. 

I

 I agree with and concur in much of the thorough description of caselaw from other 

jurisdictions defining an “indirect seller” under the Land Sales Act that the majority 

provides. (Majority Op. 22-25.) As the Third Circuit held in Bartholomew v. 

Northampton National Bank of Easton, Pennsylvania, 584 F.2d 1288 (3d Cir. 1978), and 

as district courts nationwide have subsequently recognized, an indirect seller is one who 

“is involved in some manner in the selling efforts related to a land development project.” 

Id. at 1293. I disagree with the conclusion of the majority about how that capacious 

definition applies to the case at bar. 

 The majority asserts that the words “to sell” in 15 U.S.C. § 1703(a)(1)(A) & (B) 

preclude advertisers who do not sign a sales contract from being liable as indirect sellers. 

(Majority Op. 25-26.) But the fact that the definition of a “developer” in § 1701(5) 

includes “any person who, directly or indirectly, sells” a lot compels the conclusion that 

liability under § 1703(a)(1)(A) & (B) attaches to parties beyond those who sign a sales 

contract. The very existence of an “indirect seller” category means that Congress 

envisioned a wider range of culpable parties, and also that the term “to sell” encompasses 

activities beyond the mere signing of a sales contract. This is confirmed by the 

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau regulations defining “sale” to include “any . . . 

arrangement for consideration to purchase or lease a lot directly or indirectly.” 12 C.F.R. 

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§ 1010.1(b). The agency would not identify direct and indirect sellers as distinct 

categories if “indirect sellers” were to be defined identically to “direct sellers,” as parties 

who actually sign a sales contract. See Fuller v. Norton, 86 F.3d 1016, 1024 (10th Cir. 

1996) (“We avoid interpreting statutes in a manner that makes any part superfluous.”). 

II 

When the language of a statute is ambiguous, “a court may seek guidance from 

Congress’s intent, a task aided by reviewing the legislative history. A court can also 

resolve ambiguities by looking at the purpose behind the statute.” United States v. 

Quarrell, 310 F.3d 664, 669 (10th Cir. 2002) (quotations and citations omitted).1

 An expansive interpretation of the term “indirect seller” is in accord with the 

purpose of the Act, as shown by its legislative history. Our sibling circuits have 

repeatedly recognized the purpose of the Act to be the prevention of deceptive real estate 

 1

 The majority implies that our recent decision in Donner v. Nicklaus, 778 F.3d 

857 (10th Cir. 2015), indicates that a regulatory definition must guide our interpretation 

when a statutory term in the Land Sales Act is ambiguous. (See Majority Op. 14-15, 26). 

But in Donner, the plaintiffs conceded that a statutory term was ambiguous, and argued 

that a regulatory definition supported their position. See Donner, 2015 WL 690372, at 

*4-*5. The Donner court was thus tasked with interpreting a regulation. By contrast, in 

the case at bar, neither party conceded that the statute was ambiguous, nor did either 

discuss the regulatory definition of “sale.” We are therefore tasked with interpreting a 

statute, not with ascertaining the meaning of a regulation. In doing so, although we must 

give appropriate deference to any regulations, we must first “determine whether Congress 

had an intent on the question at issue by employing traditional tools of statutory 

construction, including examination of the statute’s text, structure, purpose, history, and 

relationship to other statutes.” Hackwell v. United States, 491 F.3d 1229, 1233 (10th Cir. 

2007) (citations and quotations omitted). Thus, even though the agency has issued a 

regulation defining a potentially ambiguous statutory term, the purpose of the Land Sales 

Act remains highly relevant to our inquiry. 

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sales practices by requiring developers to disclose specified information to buyers. See 

Berlin v. Renaissance Rental Partners, LLC, 723 F.3d 119, 121, 127 (2d Cir. 2013) 

(citing Bacolitsas v. 86th & 3rd Owner, LLC, 702 F.3d 673, 676 (2d Cir. 2012)); Nickell 

v. Beau View of Biloxi, L.L.C., 636 F.3d 752, 754 (5th Cir. 2011) (citing Law v. Royal 

Palm Beach Colony, Inc., 578 F.2d 98, 99 (5th Cir. 1978)); Long v. Merrifield Town Ctr. 

Ltd. P’ship, 611 F.3d 240, 244-45 (4th Cir. 2010); Markowitz v. Ne. Land Co., 906 F.2d 

100, 103 (3d Cir. 1990) (citing Cost Control Mktg. & Mgmt., Inc. v. Pierce, 848 F.2d 47, 

48 (3d Cir. 1988) (per curiam)); Winter v. Hollingsworth Props., Inc., 777 F.2d 1444, 

1446-47 (11th Cir. 1985). Recently, the Second Circuit comprehensively explained the 

history of the Land Sales Act and the specific history of concerns that led to its 

enactment. See Bodansky v. Fifth on the Park Condo, LLC, 635 F.3d 75, 79-81 (2d Cir. 

2011). Until the late 1960s, federal law did not restrict fraudulent interstate land sales. 

Id. at 80. It comes as no surprise that in an unregulated sales scheme, unsuspecting 

victims were often sold uninhabitable land. Id. To prevent such schemes, Congress 

passed the Land Sales Act in 1968, which required developers to make full disclosures to 

buyers and expanded the remedies available to injured buyers. Id. 

In 1979, Congress amended the Act because “problems continue[d] as a result of 

the failure of developers to complete promised amenities[.]” Id. at 80-81 (quoting H.R. 

Rep. No. 96-154, at 30 (1979), reprinted in 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2317, 2346). This circuit 

recognizes the Congressional commitment to protect buyers who do not receive promised 

amenities. In Solomon v. Pendaries Properties, Inc., 623 F.2d 602 (10th Cir. 1980), we 

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explained that “[r]ecognizing the problem created when developers become bankrupt 

before completing promised amenities, Congress amended section 1703 in 1979 to 

provide a contractual basis for relief when roads, utilities, and recreational amenities are 

not in fact completed by developers.” Id. at 604-05.2

 Solomon quoted a section of the 

1979 legislative history, which explained that the amendments: 

would also require that whenever a developer represents orally or in writing 

that . . . recreational amenities will be provided or completed by the 

developer, the contract of sale or lease must stipulate that such . . . 

amenities will be provided or completed. This provision was intended to 

assure that when developers or their sales agents make seductive promises 

through oral or written representations or advertisements to induce 

individuals to buy land, the individuals have a contractual basis for assuring 

the . . . amenities are completed within a reasonable time. It provides a 

statutory basis for suit if the contract fails to reflect the representations that 

were made. 

 

Id. at 605 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 96-154, at 36 (1979), reprinted in 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. 

2317, 2351-52). 

 2

 The majority argues that because only § 1703(a)(1)(A) & (B) are at issue in this 

appeal, and neither subsection was significantly altered by the 1979 Amendments, those 

Amendments are irrelevant. (Majority Op. 20.) But this narrowing of the issues before 

us ignores how crucial disclosure statements are to the statutory scheme as a whole. See 

Winter, 777 F.2d at 1447 (“ILSFDA is an antifraud statute utilizing disclosure as its 

primary tool . . . .”). In the 1979 Amendments, Congress applauded the successes of the 

existing disclosure requirements: “In many respects the registration and disclosure 

procedures required by the Act . . . have succeeded in changing industry practices.” H.R. 

Rep. No. 96-154, at 30 (1979), reprinted in 1979 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2317, 2346. But it sought 

to strengthen them by providing a specific basis for relief when disclosed amenities did 

not materialize. Congress saw the disclosure requirements as a prerequisite to relief 

when a developer failed to deliver on promised amenities. 

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Solomon was not the first Tenth Circuit case to recognize the Congressional goal 

of protecting buyers. In McCown v. Heidler, 527 F.2d 204 (10th Cir. 1975), implied 

abrogation on other grounds recognized by Anixter v. Home-Stake Prod. Co., 77 F.3d 

1215, 1231 (10th Cir. 1996), we addressed the liability of officers, directors, and planners 

of a bankrupt and insolvent company that sold lots in a golf course community. Id. at 

206. We reasoned as follows: 

The “developer” of a land sale plan is usually a corporate entity which, in a 

fraudulent scheme as here alleged, ends up defunct and offers no reserve for 

recovery to those persons defrauded; so, too, the end selling agent, when 

the development collapses financially, is often long gone or cannot respond 

pecuniarily . . . . The basic protection of the Act, to be meaningful, must be 

leveled against the fraudulent planners and profit makers for otherwise the 

Act would be pragmatically barren. No legislative enactment should be 

rendered ineffective to attain its purpose if such a construction can be 

avoided. 

Id. at 207 (citations omitted). Accordingly, we concluded that we must construe the 

statute “flexibly” rather than “technically and restrictively,” and held the individual 

defendants liable. Id. I respectfully disagree with the majority opinion because the 

interpretation it argues for is both technical and restrictive in a manner that voids the very 

purpose of the Land Sales Act and ignores our precedent in McCown.3

 3

 The majority implies that McCown is inapplicable to the case at bar because it 

involved “the antifraud provisions of the Land Sales Act.” (Majority Op. 17-18 n.7.) But 

the issue in McCown was how “developer” should be defined. Our holding in the case 

did not interpret any “antifraud” subsection of the statute. See 527 F.2d at 206-07. More 

importantly, McCown interpreted the purpose of Congress in enacting the “Act,” not in 

enacting any specific subsection. See id. at 207. To restrict the holding of McCown to a 

single subsection of the Act is exactly the sort of “technical and restrictive” interpretation 

Continued . . . 

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Congress could hardly have been clearer: Its purpose in enacting the 1979 

Amendments was to provide a remedy for exactly the type of conduct that is before us. 

These plaintiffs were promised luxurious condominium units with a number of choice 

amenities, most notably ski-in, ski-out gondola access.4

 Plaintiffs agreed to pay a 

______________________________________ 

Cont. 

McCown forbids. See id. Subsequent district court cases from outside our circuit do not 

change the clear interpretative guidance McCown provides. (Cf. Majority Op. 17-18 

n.7.) 

4

 The majority claims that we cannot consider this fact, and several other facts in 

the record, because the district court thought them unnecessary to resolve the legal issue 

before it. (Majority Op. 18-19.) But “whether the district court failed to consider or 

accord proper weight or significance to relevant evidence are questions of law we review 

de novo.” Flying J Inc. v. Comdata Network, Inc., 405 F.3d 821, 829 (10th Cir. 2005). 

We are not precluded from considering facts in the record merely because the district 

court failed to appreciate their relevance to the legal issue before it. Moreover, the 

district court did not limit itself to reviewing the stipulated facts submitted to it by the 

parties. It “judicially noticed all relevant adjudicative facts in the file and record of th[e] 

case” and acknowledged that it made some of its factual findings “not based on the 

parties’ stipulated facts,” including affidavits submitted by the parties. Dalzell v. 

Trailhead Lodge at Wildhorse Meadows, LLC, No. 09-CV-02614-REB-KLM, 2013 WL 

61215, at *1, *3 (D. Colo. Jan. 4, 2013) (unpublished). The majority admonishes the 

dissent for considering information in the record that the parties did not include in their 

stipulated facts or in their arguments on appeal, (Majority Op. 18), but then proceeds to 

use such information itself, (see id. at 19 (discussing the affidavit of Brent Pearson). 

 And although the majority claims that we should ignore facts plaintiffs submitted 

to support their state-law fraud claims, (id. at 7 n.4, 18-19), it is not our role to guess why 

a fact is in the record. In appeals from bench trials, we review the “entire record.” 

Bishop v. Equinox Intern. Corp., 154 F.3d 1220, 1221 (10th Cir. 1998). 

 Nor is the majority correct to the extent it suggests that the plaintiffs’ voluntary 

dismissal of their state-law fraud claims prevents the anti-fraud purpose of the Act from 

being properly before us. (See Majority Op. 19 (citing Harman v. Pollock, 446 F.3d 

1069, 1089 (10th Cir. 2006)).) In their opening brief, the plaintiffs clearly argue that 

Continued . . . 

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purchase price that exceeded the average value per square foot in the area. Plaintiffs 

signed contracts that severely limited their own remedies, and allowed Trailhead LLC 

significant discretion to rescind the contract, or to deviate from its terms specifying which 

amenities would be provided. As the district court concluded, it is only because of the 

unfavorable nature of these contracts that the Land Sales Act applies in this case at all. 

Two years after they signed the contracts, plaintiffs discovered the “where’s-thegondola” problem. Promised amenities were not there. The units were much smaller 

than had been described in the contract. Trailhead LLC apparently was in a precarious 

financial situation. Because the contracts allowed Trailhead LLC to deviate from the 

terms specifying which amenities would be provided, and because plaintiffs had never 

been given property reports detailing the amenities they could expect to receive, the only 

choice they had was to exercise their rights under the Act to rescind their contracts. 

Although Trailhead LLC violated the Land Sales Act, plaintiffs are unable to recover so 

much as their earnest money from that company. It is insolvent. 

Our precedent recognizes that allowing sellers like RP to evade liability through 

complex corporate structures defeats the purpose of the Land Sales Act.5

 As Solomon 

______________________________________ 

Cont. 

“ILSA is to be interpreted broadly in favor of consumers to effectuate the statute’s 

remedial purposes, including the punishment of fraud[.]” 

5

 Analogously, in Olsen v. Lake Country, Inc., 955 F.2d 203 (4th Cir. 1991), the 

court read the Land Sales Act “broadly to effectuate” the goal of “prohibit[ing] fraud and 

. . . protect[ing] purchasers of land which is part of a common promotional scheme.” Id. 

Continued . . . 

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and McCown demonstrate, we have construed the Act to find parties liable despite these 

entangled organizational structures that might otherwise shield the profit makers from 

liability. We should follow our circuit precedent and construe the Land Sales Act to 

effectuate its purpose. We should not allow RP to avoid liability by hiding behind 

Trailhead LLC, a judgment-proof shell company. 

III 

 After describing the extensive involvement of RP in selling Trailhead Lodge 

condominium units to the plaintiffs, the majority inexplicably concludes that each form 

of such entanglement does not make RP “involved in some manner in the selling efforts.” 

(Majority Op. 27-33.) My vision occludes in trying to see and understand the proposition 

that RP was not “involved in some manner” in selling Trailhead Lodge. RP exclusively 

controlled all advertising and marketing of Trailhead Lodge for several months before 

Trailhead LLC even existed, had ownership and management overlapping that of 

______________________________________ 

Cont. 

at 205. As the majority points out, the Olsen court was attempting to ascertain whether a 

party qualified as a “developer.” (Majority Op. 16 n.6.) However, Olsen is nevertheless 

relevant to this case, because it assumes that so long as an entity is a developer, it is liable 

for failure to file the proper disclosures. It holds that a seller who does not file a property 

report or provide the necessary disclosure is liable if it is “not merely an incidental 

player” in the land sales scheme, and is “actively involved in the planning and promotion 

of the development.” Id. at 206. The court reasoned that to do otherwise would 

circumvent the purpose of the Land Sales Act “by permitting developers to simply 

transfer land to separate entities before being sold to the public.” Id. at 207. 

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Trailhead LLC, and actually owned the land where the condominiums were to be built at 

the time the plaintiffs signed their sales contracts. 

 The majority reasons that under Colorado law, “a vendor may validly sell land it 

does not yet own.” (Majority Op. 32 (citing Kunzmann v. Petteys, 221 P. 888, 890 

(Colo. 1923).) But legality of the transfer has never been the issue in this case. It may 

have been legal for Trailhead LLC to sell planned condominium units on land that 

belonged to RP. But that is irrelevant to the issue before us: whether RP was “involved 

in some manner in the selling efforts.” Given that RP owned the property when 

Trailhead LLC advertised and sold the condominium units with RP’s consent, it defies 

reason to suggest that RP was not involved. This fact is punctuated by the record 

references that prove that two days after the “sale,” the property at issue was transferred 

from RP to Trailhead. That such an occurrence is not “unusual” does not in any way 

prove that RP was not involved. (See Majority Op. 32.)

It is true that RP and Trailhead LLC were not in a principal-agent or parentsubsidiary relationship. Cf. Hammar v. Cost Control Mktg. & Sales Mgmt. of Va., Inc., 

757 F. Supp. 698, 703-05 (W.D. Va. 1990). But the majority itself does not cabin its 

definition of “indirect seller” to a party that is in “control” of selling efforts by another 

entity. I agree with the majority and the Third Circuit in Bartholomew that indirect 

sellers are parties who are “involved in some manner in the selling efforts related to a 

land development project . . . through means other than direct, face-to-face contact with 

buyers.” 584 F.2d at 1292. Certainly, a parent-subsidiary relationship can be sufficient 

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to make the parent corporation an indirect seller. But I am concerned that the majority 

overextends Hammar into a rule that makes “control” over the party signing a contract 

necessary for a party to be an indirect seller. To the contrary, nothing in Bartholomew, 

the case from which the majority and other courts nationwide derive their definition of 

“indirect seller,” indicates that an indirect seller must exercise “control” over another 

party. The word “control” is notably absent from the opinion of the Third Circuit. 

Yet the majority makes much of the district court finding that RP did not control 

Trailhead LLC. (Majority Op. 29-31.) I do not dispute this finding of fact, which I agree 

we must review for clear error. Sw. Stainless, LP v. Sappington, 582 F.3d 1176, 1183 

(10th Cir. 2009) (“In an appeal from a bench trial, we review the district court’s factual 

findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.”). Rather, I dispute the legal 

conclusion of the district court that “[t]he essential quality of an indirect seller under 

§ 1703(a) is a significant level of control over the sale of the lots at issue.” Dalzell, 2013 

WL 61215, at *12. We review such conclusions of law de novo. Sw. Stainless, 582 F.3d 

at 1183; see also Hofer v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 441 F.3d 872, 875 (10th Cir. 2006) 

(“When the district court makes nondiscretionary legal determinations based on 

stipulated facts, our review is de novo.”). The majority itself acknowledges that it does 

not defer to the legal conclusion of the district court about this issue. (See Majority Op. 

25.) Instead, it follows the Third Circuit and recognizes that an indirect seller is a party 

that “is involved in the selling efforts.” (Majority Op. 23, 24 (citing Bartholomew, 584 

F.2d at 1292-93).) 

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The district court reached an incorrect conclusion of law when it determined that 

an “indirect seller” must exercise control. Our deference to its factual findings does not 

require us to defer to this legal conclusion. Rather, applying the proper legal test to the 

facts before us, we are tasked with determining whether RP was “involved in some 

manner in the selling efforts.” And for the purpose of that inquiry, the overlapping 

ownership and management of RP and Trailhead LLC is undeniably relevant. There was 

a lesser degree of overlapping ownership between the two entities at the time the 

condominium units were sold. But within a year and a half of the sales at issue in this 

case, the four parties who held majority ownership of Trailhead LLC—Brent Pearson, 

David Hill, Whitney Ward, and Daniel Posen—became the sole owners of RP. This 

change in the ownership of RP is relevant because it occurred within the two-year time 

period in which the plaintiffs had a right to rescind their contracts under the Land Sales 

Act. See § 1703(c). It does not indicate that RP controlled Trailhead LLC in 2007. It 

merely highlights that the majority owners of Trailhead LLC, the same individuals who 

spearheaded the Wildhorse Meadows development from the time RP was created in 

2005, became the full owners of RP at a later date. It is additional evidence that RP was 

“involved in some manner in the selling efforts.” 

 Ultimately, however, the issue of corporate structure is far less relevant to the 

question of whether RP was “involved in some manner in the selling efforts” than the 

extensive degree to which it was enmeshed in every stage of planning and marketing 

Trailhead Lodge. RP was formed by Pearson, Hill, and Ward to develop Wildhorse 

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Meadows in several stages. Trailhead Lodge was one of those stages. Those three 

individuals, along with Mariana Ishida, guided every stage of the development of 

Trailhead Lodge. The Lodge received approval for its Final Development Plan from the 

City of Steamboat Springs based on affordable housing provided by RP through other 

phases of the Wildhorse Meadows development, and based on presentations made to the 

City by the aforementioned individuals. RP was listed in the permitting process as the 

owner of Trailhead Lodge. Pearson and other staff directed S&P Destination Properties 

(“S&P”) in marketing Trailhead Lodge for at least five months before Trailhead LLC 

even existed as an entity. Trailhead LLC could neither direct nor finance advertising 

efforts at a time that Trailhead LLC did not exist. Although the advertising was 

ostensibly done on behalf of Trailhead LLC after April 2007 (based on the backdated 

assignment from RP to Trailhead LLC), that assignment did not happen until July 2007, 

the same month that S&P planned to end its marketing strategy for Trailhead and the 

same month that plaintiffs signed the sales contracts.6

 Moreover, as shown by Hill 

 6

 The majority claims that the district court “found, once Trailhead LLC was 

formed, it took over all advertising efforts, and RP assigned all rights to the Trailhead 

Lodge Project Agreement to Trailhead LLC.” (Majority Op. 26-27 n.10 (emphasis 

added).) Had the district court made such a finding of fact, I agree that we would review 

it for clear error. But what the district court actually found was that “Via the Assignment, 

RP assigned to Trailhead LLC all of RP’s right, title and interest in the Trailhead Lodge 

Project Agreement.” Dalzell, 2013 WL 61215, at *5. This assignment occurred in July 

2007, several months after Trailhead LLC was formed, and RP’s extensive marketing 

prior to that point suffices to make it “involved in some manner in the selling efforts.” 

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executing the assignment on behalf of both RP and Trailhead LLC, there was no 

meaningful distinction between the operation and management of the two entities. 

Trailhead LLC functioned as little more than a shell company for RP. RP 

conveyed the property at issue to Trailhead LLC two days after the plaintiffs signed their 

contracts, which was long after the advertising and promotion had begun. The record is 

mostly silent as to the nature of the transaction. RP argued below that an indemnity 

agreement between the two entities provides evidence of their separate nature. Yet this 

agreement only confirms that one of the few actions of Trailhead LLC as an organization, 

separate from RP, was to shield RP from liability. 

IV 

The majority reasons that its reading of § 1703(a) “makes sense from an equitable 

perspective.” (Majority Op. 17.) I am blind to such equity. If we are to be guided by 

equitable considerations, the majority should reach the opposite conclusion. The 

majority envisions a situation in which two developers work independently on different 

subdivisions within a master development. In such a situation, it might be 

understandable for one developer not to know if the other filed statements of record or 

included property reports in its sales transactions. Cf. Nahigian v. Juno-Loudon, LLC, 

No. 1:09CV725 JCC, 2010 WL 3418179, at *9 (E.D. Va. Aug. 23, 2010) (unpublished) 

(refusing to hold liable a non-owner defendant whose only involvement was in the use of 

its trademark and who was “not aware” of the relevant disclosures), aff’d sub nom 

Nahigian v. Juno-Loudoun, LLC, 677 F.3d 579 (4th Cir. 2012). But that hypothetical 

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situation differs starkly from this case. Both RP and Trailhead LLC contracted out all 

their operations to Resort Ventures West. Both RP and Trailhead LLC carried out all 

their actions through the same personnel—Pearson, Hill, Ward, and Ishida.7

 Unlike the 

defendant in Nahigian, RP not only owned the land where Trailhead Lodge was to be 

built, but also was clearly aware of Trailhead LLC’s actions, because all of Trailhead 

LLC’s day-to-day operations were carried out by individuals who simultaneously did the 

same for RP. RP cannot be reasonably described as a “developer[] . . . not involved in 

the ultimate real estate transaction.” (Majority Op. 14.) Rather, RP was intimately 

involved in and aware of that transaction. No equitable purpose is served by adhering to 

the fiction advanced by the majority that RP was somehow unaware of the actions of 

Trailhead LLC. 

At bottom, the only discernible difference between RP and Trailhead LLC was a 

difference in ownership that evaporated before the plaintiffs lost the right to rescind their 

contracts based on the failure to provide a property report. Entanglement among these 

parties is profuse throughout the record. It is more intertwined than a wall of ivy. The 

same individuals who formed RP as a master developer for Wildhorse Meadows also 

planned every stage of the development (including Trailhead Lodge), obtained the 

 7

 That the identity of the actual individuals involved is more pertinent than the 

corporate structure of the entities is confirmed by McCown’s clear explanation that “[t]he 

basic protection of the Act, to be meaningful, must be leveled against the fraudulent 

planners and profit makers for otherwise the Act would be pragmatically barren.” 527 

F.2d at 207. 

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relevant permits, directed marketing efforts for every stage of development (again 

including Trailhead Lodge), arranged for RP to sell the lot to Trailhead LLC, and signed 

all relevant documents for both entities. The two entities shared an office and all of their 

operations staff. The buyers of Trailhead Lodge, including one who spent two years as 

an employee of S&P marketing Trailhead Lodge and other Wildhorse Meadows 

development stages, did not know that RP and Trailhead LLC were separate entities. 

There is no basis in the record before us upon which anyone can reasonably conclude that 

RP was not “involved in some manner in the selling efforts.” A fundamental fact 

remains: RP was an “indirect seller.” For this reason, I would reverse the judgment of 

the district court. 

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