UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

 TENTH CIRCUIT

ROBERT H. DIXON,

 Petitioner - Appellant,

v.

STEVE HARTLEY, Warden; THE 

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE 

STATE OF COLORADO, 

 Respondents - Appellees.

No. 14-1406

(D. Colorado)

(D.C. No. 1:13-CV-02174-MSK)

ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 

Before HARTZ, McKAY, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges. 

 

 Pro se state prisoner Robert Dixon requests a certificate of appealability (COA) 

after the federal district court denied his application for relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 

See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A) (requiring COA to appeal denial of relief under § 2254). 

Because there is no room for debate over the district court’s ruling, we deny a COA and 

dismiss the appeal. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

December 31, 2014

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court

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I. BACKGROUND 

Mr. Dixon was convicted in 2007 of first-degree sexual assault in Denver County 

District Court, adjudicated a habitual offender, and sentenced to 48 years in prison. He 

unsuccessfully pursued a direct appeal and postconviction relief. On January 24, 2014, 

he filed an amended application under § 2254 in United States District Court for the 

District Court of Colorado. On April 14 the district court dismissed almost all 

Mr. Dixon’s claims as procedurally barred. See Dixon v. Hartley, No. 13-cv-02174-

MSK, 2014 WL 1466610, at *13 (D. Colo. Apr. 14, 2014). On August 28 the district 

court denied Mr. Dixon’s remaining claims on the merits and declined to issue a COA. 

See Dixon, 2014 WL 4265832, at *5–10. 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. Timeliness 

We first address the timeliness of Mr. Dixon’s notice of appeal. A notice of 

appeal in a civil case typically “must be filed with the district clerk within 30 days after 

entry of the judgment or order appealed from.” Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A). Here, the 

district court entered final judgment on August 28, but Mr. Dixon’s notice of appeal was 

not received by the district clerk until Tuesday, September 30, one day late. 

Under normal circumstances this would end the appeal. But prisoners may benefit 

from what our court has referred to as the “prison mailbox rule.” Price v. Philpot, 420 

F.3d 1158, 1163 (10th Cir. 2005). It provides as follows: 

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If an inmate confined in an institution files a notice of appeal in either a 

civil or a criminal case, the notice is timely if it is deposited in the 

institution’s internal mail system on or before the last day for filing. If an 

institution has a system designed for legal mail, the inmate must use that 

system to receive the benefit of this rule. Timely filing may be shown by a 

declaration in compliance with 28 U.S.C. § 1746 or by a notarized 

statement, either of which must set forth the date of deposit and state that 

first-class postage has been prepaid. 

Fed. R. App. P. 4(c)(1) (emphasis added). Therefore, as we have said: 

[A]n inmate must establish timely filing under the mailbox rule by either 

(1) alleging and proving that he or she made timely use of the prison’s legal 

mail system if a satisfactory system is available, or (2) if a legal system is 

not available, then by timely use of the prison’s regular mail system in 

combination with a notarized statement or a declaration under penalty of 

perjury of the date on which the documents were given to prison authorities 

and attesting that postage was prepaid. 

Price, 420 F.3d at 1166. Mr. Dixon has not submitted a notarized statement or a 

declaration, nor has he attested that postage was prepaid. Therefore he must prevail, if at 

all, by alleging and proving use of the prison’s legal mail system. 

Mr. Dixon states that he “was not able to send his motion out until [Sunday] the 

28th of September which was placed into Buena Vista Correctional Complex mail log 

one day before his deadline . . . .” Aplt.’s response to November 21, 2014, show cause 

order (Aplt.’s response) at 1–2, Dixon v. Hartley, No. 14-1406 (10th Cir. Dec. 4, 2014). 

His computation is correct. The thirtieth day fell on Saturday, September 27, meaning he 

had until Monday, September 29, to file a notice of appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 

26(a)(1)(C). Mr. Dixon has submitted an “AR Form 300-38A,” titled “Outgoing 

Restricted Inspection Mail Log.” Aplt.’s response at 3 (full capitalization omitted). This 

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appears to be a handwritten log of mail sent by various inmates. One line states that 

Robert Dixon mailed something to the U.S. Court of Appeals at 1823 Stout Street, 

Denver, Colorado, on Sunday, September 28, 2014. Because his notice of appeal arrived 

on Tuesday the 30th, it must have been mailed at least by the deadline, Monday the 29th. 

Construing Mr. Dixon’s filings liberally, see Price, 420 F.3d at 1162, we find that 

he has adequately shown that he made timely use of the prison’s legal mail system. 

Although he states only that his motion “was placed into Bueno Vista Correctional 

Complex mail log,” Aplt.’s response at 1–2; cf. Price, 420 F.3d at 1166 (not enough for 

prisoner to allege only that “this suit was placed in the institutional mails” (internal 

quotation marks omitted)), that statement should be viewed in conjunction with the 

attached mail log. That log appears to be a product of the prison’s legal mail system. See 

Fed. R. App. P. 4 advisory committee’s note, 1998 Amendments Subdivision (c). The 

log lists the “date received” and “date mailed” of each item, the prisoner who submitted 

the item, and the name and badge number of the prison official who handled each item. 

Aplt.’s response at 3 (capitalization omitted). Further, the title of the form is “Outgoing 

Restricted Inspection Mail Log,” id. (emphasis added and full capitalization omitted), 

suggesting that the items are legally sensitive. Cf. Smith v. Maschner, 899 F.2d 940, 944 

(10th Cir. 1990) (prison officials may not handle inmates’ mail in way that interferes with 

right to counsel or access to courts). Mr. Dixon’s notice of appeal was timely filed under 

the prison mailbox rule. 

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B. Mr. Dixon’s Claims 

We turn now to the claims for which Mr. Dixon requests a COA. A COA will 

issue “only if the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a 

constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). This standard requires “a demonstration 

that . . . includes showing that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, 

agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the issues 

presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. 

McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, 

the applicant must show that the district court’s resolution of the constitutional claim was 

either “debatable or wrong.” Id. If the application was denied on procedural grounds, the 

applicant faces a double hurdle. Not only must the applicant make a substantial showing 

of the denial of a constitutional right, but he must also show “that jurists of reason would 

find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Id. 

“Where a plain procedural bar is present and the district court is correct to invoke it to 

dispose of the case, a reasonable jurist could not conclude either that the district court 

erred in dismissing the petition or that the petitioner should be allowed to proceed 

further.” Id.

The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), provides 

that when a claim has been adjudicated on the merits in a state court, a federal court can 

grant habeas relief only if the applicant establishes that the state-court decision was 

“contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, 

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as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” or “was based on an 

unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State 

court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), (2). As we have explained: 

Under the “contrary to” clause, we grant relief only if the state court arrives 

at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a question 

of law or if the state court decides a case differently than the Court has on a 

set of materially indistinguishable facts.

Gipson v. Jordan, 376 F.3d 1193, 1196 (10th Cir. 2004) (brackets and internal quotation 

marks omitted). Relief is provided under the “unreasonable application” clause “only if 

the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s 

decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id.

(brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, a federal court may not issue a 

habeas writ simply because it concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant 

state-court decision applied clearly established federal law erroneously or incorrectly. 

See id. Rather, that application must have been unreasonable. Therefore, for those of 

Mr. Dixon’s claims that the state courts adjudicated on the merits, “AEDPA’s deferential 

treatment of state court decisions must be incorporated into our consideration of [his] 

request for [a] COA.” Dockins v. Hines, 374 F.3d 935, 938 (10th Cir. 2004). 

1. Procedurally Barred Claims

Most of Mr. Dixon’s claims are procedurally barred. “Before a federal court may 

grant habeas relief to a state prisoner, the prisoner must exhaust his remedies in state 

court.” O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 842 (1999); see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1). If 

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the prisoner has not exhausted a claim, we will find a procedural default if the 

“unexhausted claim . . . would be procedurally barred under state law if the petitioner 

returned to state court to exhaust it.” Moore v. Schoeman, 288 F.3d 1231, 1233 n.3 (10th 

Cir. 2002). 

In its order of April 14, 2014, the district court organized Mr. Dixon’s many 

claims into five main claims, with multiple subclaims in each, and dismissed most of the 

subclaims as procedurally barred. See Dixon, 2014 WL 1466610, at *2–3, *13. We 

follow the district court’s numbering. The subclaims dismissed by the district court were 

either not exhausted because they were not presented at all to the state courts on direct 

appeal or in postconviction proceedings and would now be barred under Colorado law, 

see id. at *5 (subclaims 1(a), 1(c), 1(d)(i), 1(d)(ii), 1(e)(ii), and 1(e)(iii)); id. at *8 

(subclaims 2(b), 2(d)(i), 2(e), and 2(g)), or were not presented properly and are likewise 

procedurally barred, see id. at *6 (subclaim 1(d)(iii)); id. at *8 (subclaim 2(c)(ii), insofar 

as it argues a violation of Mr. Dixon’s right to confront witnesses); id. at *8–9 (subclaims 

2(a), 2(c)(i), and 2(d)(ii)); id. at *9–11 (claims 3, 4, and 5, related to ineffective 

assistance of counsel). 

Mr. Dixon can overcome a procedural bar if he can show “cause and prejudice or a 

fundamental miscarriage of justice.” Cummings v. Sirmons, 506 F.3d 1211, 1224 (10th 

Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). A prisoner may establish a fundamental 

miscarriage of justice by showing actual innocence, see Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 

314–15 (1995), which Mr. Dixon claims. But he must support that claim “with new 

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reliable evidence—whether it be exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy eyewitness 

accounts, or critical physical evidence—that was not presented at trial.” Id. at 324. 

Mr. Dixon has presented nothing new, so his actual-innocence argument cannot lift the 

procedural bar. 

A more complicated question is whether Mr. Dixon has shown cause to excuse the 

procedural default of his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC). According to 

the district court (again, Mr. Dixon does not dispute the district court’s description of his 

legal proceedings), the postconviction state trial court addressed Mr. Dixon’s IAC claims 

on the merits in a detailed order. See Dixon, 2014 WL 1466610, at *10. On Mr. Dixon’s 

postconviction appeal, however, the Colorado Court of Appeals refused to consider his 

IAC claims, ruling that they were underdeveloped or belatedly raised in his reply brief. 

See id. at *10–11. The district court therefore held that they were procedurally defaulted. 

See id. at *11. 

Mr. Dixon argued in the district court that he had shown excusable cause for his 

procedural default because he was without counsel during his state postconviction 

proceedings. Even construing Mr. Dixon’s request for a COA liberally, we doubt that he 

has renewed that argument. Regardless, the argument is unavailing. We recognize that 

when postconviction proceedings provide the first opportunity for a prisoner to raise an 

IAC claim, “[i]nadequate assistance of counsel at initial-review collateral proceedings 

may establish cause for a prisoner’s procedural default of a claim of ineffective assistance 

at trial.” Martinez v. Ryan, 132 S. Ct. 1309, 1315 (2012); see also Trevino v. Thaler, 133 

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S. Ct. 1911, 1921 (2013). This is because the postconviction trial court will be the 

prisoner’s first opportunity to present his IAC claim, so he may need effective counsel to 

ensure that some court adjudicates the merits of that claim. See Martinez, 132 S. Ct. at 

1317. But Mr. Dixon raises no argument that his IAC claims were not adequately 

addressed by the Colorado district court. 

And once an issue has been properly considered in postconviction proceedings at 

the trial-court level, a later procedural default cannot be excused by ineffective assistance 

of counsel. “While counsel’s errors in these [additional] proceedings preclude any 

further review of the prisoner’s claim, the claim will have been addressed by one court, 

whether it be the trial court, the appellate court on direct review, or the trial court in an 

initial-review collateral proceeding.” Id. at 1316. Here, Mr. Dixon’s IAC claim was 

addressed on the merits by the postconviction trial court. It was only on appeal that his 

denial of counsel potentially resulted in a procedural bar to further pursuit of his IAC 

claims. He can demand no more than what he received: a proceeding in which his 

“claims [were] addressed by the state habeas trial court.” Id.; see id. at 1319 (noting, 

with apparent approval, Colorado’s screening procedure for collateral attacks).

2. Preserved Claims 

Only four of Mr. Dixon’s subclaims survive: 1(b)(i), 1(b)(ii), 1(e)(1), and 1(f).*

 

We address each in turn. 

 

*

 Except for including it among the other subclaims dismissed, the district court did not 

address subclaim 2(f), which alleged that the trial court refused to appoint new counsel 

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In subclaims 1(b)(i) and 1(b)(ii), Mr. Dixon contends that his right to a fair trial 

was violated when the Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) who examined the rape 

victim (i) changed her testimony in the second state trial by exaggerating the severity of 

her medical findings, and (ii) altered a diagram used in the first trial to show more 

injuries to the victim. As described by the district court, the Colorado Court of Appeals 

on direct appeal found no factual basis for Mr. Dixon’s allegations. See Dixon, 2014 WL 

4265832, at *5–6. We presume the state court’s fact findings to be correct, and 

Mr. Dixon has not rebutted that presumption by clear and convincing evidence. See 

28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). We deny a COA on subclaims 1(b)(i) and 1(b)(ii). 

In subclaim 1(e)(i), Mr. Dixon contends that his right to a fair trial was violated 

when the prosecutor exaggerated the SANE’s testimony about the victim’s injuries, once 

in opening argument and again in closing argument. The Colorado Court of Appeals held 

that “‘[a]lthough the prosecutors’ statements about the evidence were not entirely 

accurate, they were mentioned only briefly and did not severely embellish the SANE 

nurse’s testimony. As a whole, the statements did not deprive [Mr. Dixon] of his right to 

 

despite Mr. Dixon’s many complaints about his attorney’s refusal to listen to him or let 

him participate in his own defense. See Dixon, 2014 WL 1466610, at *2, *8–9, *13. 

Mr. Dixon does not raise this issue in his request for a COA, however, so we consider it 

waived. See United States v. Springfield, 337 F.3d 1175, 1178 (10th Cir. 2003) (waiver 

when prisoner failed to raise issue in either his request for a COA or his merits brief). 

Also, the district court denied on the merits the portion of subclaim 2(c)(ii) in which 

Mr. Dixon argued that he was deprived of his constitutional right to present a defense 

when the state trial court excluded evidence that the victim had had sex with her 

boyfriend 24–26 hours before the rape. See Dixon, 2014 WL 4265832, at *8. Mr. Dixon 

does not raise this claim in his request for a COA, so we consider it waived as well.

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a fair trial.’” Dixon, 2014 WL 4265832, at *7 (quoting People v. Dixon, 

No. 07CAL1158, slip op at 4 (Colo. App. Sept. 10, 2009) (unpublished decision)). There 

is no error here. “[A] prosecutor’s improper comments will be held to violate the 

Constitution only if they so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting 

conviction a denial of due process,” Parker v. Matthews, 132 S. Ct. 2148, 2153 (2012) 

(per curiam) (internal quotation marks omitted), and the Colorado Court of Appeals did 

not unreasonably apply federal law in ruling that there was no denial of due process here. 

We deny a COA on subclaim 1(e)(i). 

Finally, subclaim 1(f) raises cumulative error. But the only error properly 

presented to us is that raised in subclaim 1(e)(i), and a claim of only one error cannot be 

the basis for cumulative error. See United States v. Franklin-El, 555 F.3d 1115, 1128 

(10th Cir. 2009). We deny a COA on subclaim 1(f). 

III. CONCLUSION 

The request for a certificate of appealability is DENIED. 

Mr. Dixon also moves to proceed in forma pauperis. Because his request for a 

COA lacks a good-faith basis, the motion is DENIED. See United States v. Harper, 

545 F.3d 1230, 1234 (10th Cir. 2008).

ENTERED FOR THE COURT 

 Harris L Hartz 

Circuit Judge 

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