In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ 

No. 21-2393 

WILLIE BALLE, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v.

DAVID KENNEDY, et al., 

Defendants-Appellees. 

____________________ 

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Central District of Illinois. 

No. 19-cv-1213 — Joe Billy McDade, Judge. 

____________________ 

ARGUED APRIL 20, 2023 — DECIDED JULY 14, 2023 

____________________ 

Before EASTERBROOK, ROVNER, and ST. EVE, Circuit Judges. 

ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. A kitchen supervisor directed Willie 

Balle, an Illinois state prisoner, to carry near-boiling water 

across a wet, damaged floor in a plastic five-gallon bucket. His 

foot caught in a hole, and he fell down. The water splashed on 

him and caused severe burns. Balle sued several prison officials, claiming they violated the Eighth Amendment by being

deliberately indifferent to the dangerous kitchen conditions. 

The district court dismissed some of Balle’s claims at the 
2 No. 21-2393

pleading stage and granted summary judgment on the others. 

We affirm in part and reverse in part.

I. Background

A. Factual Background

At the pleading stage, we take Balle’s factual allegations as 

true, Dorsey v. Varga, 55 F.4th 1094, 1098–99 (7th Cir. 2022), and 

at summary judgment, we view the evidentiary record in his 

favor and draw all reasonable inferences in his favor. Xiong v. 

Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of Wis. Sys., 62 F.4th 350, 353–54 (7th 

Cir. 2023). We present the facts in accordance with these principles, noting which facts are mere allegations or are in dispute. 

1. Balle’s Injury 

At all times relevant to this appeal, Balle was a prisoner in 

Pontiac Correctional Center. As of December 2018, he worked 

in the dining room, but on December 27, a supervisor told 

Balle that he had been transferred to the kitchen to work as a 

dishwasher. Balle objected to the transfer because inmates 

who worked in the kitchen sometimes had to carry buckets of 

water for washing dishes across the damaged kitchen floor, 

and Balle “knew the danger” of that practice. The supervisor 

told Balle that a different supervisor, Susie Hobart,1 would 

have to undo the transfer when she returned from vacation. 

When she returned to work on January 2, 2019, Balle repeated 

1 Two pairs of defendants share last names: Daniel and Susie Hobart 

and David and Teri Kennedy. For clarity, we introduce these individuals 

by full name and use first names thereafter.
No. 21-2393 3 

his objections, and Susie said she would do the paperwork 

needed to reverse the transfer.

Balle did not get his old job back in time. On January 2, the 

kitchen lacked hot water. Susie directed the inmates to heat 

water for washing dishes in large kettles on the stove on one 

side of the kitchen, then carry the water in plastic five-gallon 

buckets 35–40 feet to the sinks on the opposite side of the 

kitchen. The inmates heated the water to a simmer, with “little 

bubbles” and “steam coming off the top.” The water “stayed 

hot”—“hot hot hot.”2 While carrying a full bucket to the sink, 

Balle’s foot caught in a hole in the floor, and he fell to the 

ground. Scalding water spilled on his arm and back, soaking 

his shirt. When Balle removed the shirt, the skin of his arm 

came with it. He suffered second- and third-degree burns that 

resulted in permanent scarring and nerve damage.

2. The Kitchen Conditions

Many of the facts about the kitchen conditions are undisputed. David Kennedy, the prison’s chief engineer, stated that 

the hot water in the kitchen only worked sporadically and often required repair. The record is unclear about how frequently the kitchen lacked hot water, but there is evidence 

that the hot water malfunctioned three times between late November 2018 and early January 2019.3 First, maintenance 

2 Balle estimated the water temperature to be 200–250 degrees Fahrenheit, but the boiling point of water is 212 degrees. The exact water temperature is immaterial—that it was hot enough to cause serious burns in 

seconds is sufficient for purposes of this appeal.

3 Balle alleges that Susie told him that the hot water had not worked 

for four months and that she had placed 10 work orders to have the water 

fixed. No evidence supports these allegations, and allegations alone are 
4 No. 21-2393

records indicate that the water was broken on November 27, 

2018, and was fixed the same day. Second, emails indicate that 

the hot water heater was repaired on December 26, 2018, so 

we can infer that it broke sometime before that. Third, the hot 

water was broken on the day of Balle’s injury, January 2, 2019. 

The fact that the record contains evidence of the hot water not 

working only these three times does not mean it did not fail 

on other occasions. David testified that a hot water failure 

“would be serious enough that it would not necessarily be the 

subject of a work order.” Instead, David would likely have 

received a phone call about the issue. And Balle does not have 

firsthand knowledge about the frequency of water malfunctions because he began working in the kitchen just a few days 

before his injury.

The kitchen had problems beyond the lack of hot water. 

The kitchen floor was installed over the footing of an older 

building. When the footing moved, it caused the kitchen floor 

to buckle, damaging the tile flooring. Retiling the floor did not 

help; to fix the problem, Pontiac would have had to remove 

the footing and reinstall the floor. David testified that at the 

time of Balle’s injury, the prison was in the process of major 

renovations that would address the kitchen floor’s structural 

problems, but David had no control over the timeline of that 

project.

The parties dispute the nature and extent of the damage to 

the floor, but for purposes of this appeal, we take Balle’s 

insufficient to create a factual dispute for summary judgment purposes. 

Weaver v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., 3 F.4th 927, 934 (7th Cir. 2021). We

consider these allegations only with respect to Balle’s claim against Susie, 

which the district court dismissed at the pleading stage.
No. 21-2393 5 

version as true. He testified that the tiles were “all broken up,” 

with cracks and holes as deep as four or five inches. The condition of the floor required inmates to be careful because it 

was “easy to step into ... the holes,” and “the floor [was] slippery most of the time.” Both Daniel and David admit they 

knew about the condition of the kitchen floor.

3. The Water-Carrying Practice

There is no dispute that prison kitchen staff required inmates to heat and carry water in five-gallon buckets when the 

kitchen’s hot water was not working. Balle observed this practice while he worked in the dining room. Daniel Hobart, the 

head of the kitchen’s dietary unit, testified that he “was aware 

that the inmates would temporarily heat water in large steam 

kettles and transport it to the ... sink” to wash dishes after 

meals. This practice was longstanding, but although Daniel 

inspected the kitchen periodically, he testified that he did not 

know “how or when this practice began.” Further, Daniel testified that he did not “specifically recall” the hot water situation on January 2, 2019, and he never saw inmates carrying 

water. For his part, David denied knowledge of the water-carrying practice altogether. Balle produced no evidence to contradict these points.

We can infer that supervisors did not instruct inmates 

about how to heat and carry water safely. Daniel testified that 

the water needed to be heated to 110 degrees Fahrenheit to 

wash the dishes and that he was unaware that the water was 

hotter than that. Further, he stated that inmates “could have” 

used kitchen thermometers to ensure the water stayed at safe 

temperatures. But although Daniel’s responsibilities as head 

of the dietary unit included “direct[ing] staff in the proper use 

of facility equipment,” he neither personally trained inmates 
6 No. 21-2393

to maintain safe water temperatures nor instructed kitchen 

supervisors to do so. Balle’s testimony corroborates this account. He testified that he received no safety instruction and 

that “to the best of [his] knowledge and personal observation,” no one ever used a thermometer to check the water temperature. In fact, to his knowledge, “no one ever followed any 

protocol or safety procedures” when transporting water from 

the kettles to the sink. But Balle’s firsthand knowledge about 

the kitchen conditions is limited to January 2, 2019, the only 

time the water failed after he began working in the kitchen.4

B. Complaint and Screening

After exhausting his administrative remedies, Balle initiated this lawsuit in June 2019. He filed a pro se complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against six prison officials, although 

only five are relevant to this appeal: (1) Teri Kennedy, the warden; (2) David Kennedy, the chief engineer; (3) Daniel Hobart, 

the dietary manager; (4) Susie Hobart, the kitchen supervisor; 

and (5) a man identified as Mr. Harbarger, who oversaw food 

supervisors. Balle alleged that these defendants were deliberately indifferent to the dangerous kitchen conditions in violation of the Eighth Amendment.5 

4 According to Balle, other inmates said that the practice had existed 

for years, but no testimony or affidavit from these inmates appears in the 

record. Balle’s account of these inmates’ statements is inadmissible hearsay, which he cannot use to establish a dispute of fact at summary judgment. Eaton v. J.H. Findorff & Son, Inc., 1 F.4th 508, 512 n.3 (7th Cir. 2021).

5 Balle also brought a claim based on the failure to adequately supply 

the kitchen first aid kit against an unknown healthcare employee. The district court dismissed that claim at the screening stage, and Balle does not 

appeal that dismissal.
No. 21-2393 7 

In October 2019, the district court screened the complaint 

under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A and held that Balle could proceed on 

his claims against David and Daniel only. The court dismissed 

the claims against Susie and Harbarger because it concluded 

Balle had not alleged that they “had the authority or expertise 

to fix the sink, or otherwise indicate what action they could 

have taken” to fix the sink. It determined that Balle did not 

state a claim against Teri because he had not alleged that she 

had personal knowledge about the kitchen conditions, and 

there is no vicarious liability under § 1983. The court did not 

specify whether it was dismissing Balle’s claims with or without prejudice, and it did not offer Balle an opportunity to 

amend his complaint.

C. Motions to Recruit Counsel

At the same time Balle filed his complaint, he moved the 

district court to recruit counsel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1915(e). Balle stated that he had sent letters requesting pro 

bono representation to five lawyers, that he had received only 

rejections, and that his case was too complex for him to litigate 

without the assistance of counsel. The district court found that 

Balle had not made a good faith effort to recruit counsel on 

his own. It denied the motion on that basis without considering the complexity of the case or Balle’s competence to litigate 

it pro se. The court stated that if he renewed his motion, Balle 

needed “to provide copies of the letters sent to, and received 

from, prospective counsel.”

Balle renewed his motion to recruit counsel two weeks before discovery opened. He did not indicate that he had sent 

additional letters. Instead, he “respectfully remind[ed] the 

Court that ... he [had] submitted several letters to lawyers 

asking for representation,” had “only received denials or no 
8 No. 21-2393

responses at all,” and had “received one more response from 

an attorney and two legal letters (unopened) as ‘Return to 

Sender.’” He devoted the balance of the motion to the complexity of his case and his inability to litigate it on his own. 

Balle did not include copies of the letters he sent, but his motion included scanned images of two envelopes that had been 

returned as undeliverable and a response from one lawyer declining to represent Balle.

The district court denied Balle’s motion, again finding that 

he “had not demonstrated a good faith effort to obtain counsel

on his own.” Despite being “advised that if he wished to renew his motion, he was to provide copies of the letters sent to, 

and received from, prospective counsel,” Balle merely asserted “that he sent several letters to attorneys which were returned as undeliverable,” which the court thought was because Balle had misdirected the letters. It added that Balle’s 

complaint was not too complex for him to litigate himself.

After the close of discovery, Balle moved the district court 

to recruit counsel a third time. He added no new information 

regarding his efforts to secure pro bono representation; he 

simply reiterated that he had sent letters to five lawyers and 

had not received any positive responses. The district court 

noted that Balle “still [did] not provide documentation of his 

attempts to contact prospective counsel” and denied the motion “for the reasons previously given.”

D. Summary Judgment

In February 2021, Daniel and David moved for summary 

judgment, arguing that Balle could not establish that they 

were deliberately indifferent. The district court granted the 

defendants’ motion in July 2021. It found that there was no 
No. 21-2393 9 

genuine dispute of material fact with respect to either defendant’s knowledge. As to David, the court found that his uncontroverted testimony established that he was unaware that the 

kitchen lacked hot water on January 2, 2019, or that inmates 

were required to carry buckets of hot water to the sink. As a 

result, no reasonable jury could find that David was deliberately indifferent to the dangerous kitchen conditions. Similarly, the court found that Balle lacked admissible evidence 

showing a dispute as to Daniel’s state of mind. Although Daniel knew about the floor conditions and that inmates sometimes had to carry water in buckets, the court found that no 

admissible evidence contradicted Daniel’s testimony that he 

was unaware that the water exceeded 110 degrees Fahrenheit.

Balle appealed, and we appointed counsel for him.6 He

raises three sets of arguments: (1) The district court erred by 

granting summary judgment in favor of Daniel and David; (2) 

the district court erred by dismissing his claim against Susie 

and abused its discretion by not giving him leave to replead

his claims against Teri and Harbarger; (3) and the district 

court abused its discretion by not recruiting counsel for him.7

6 We thank Steffen Johnson, Ava Mehta, and Conor Tucker of Wilson 

Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati for their service to their client and this court.

7 While pro se, Balle appealed the denial of his claim for an injunction 

requiring Pontiac to repair the kitchen and his claims for damages against 

the defendants in their official capacities. His counsel agrees that the former claim is moot because Balle is no longer at Pontiac, Gill v. Linnabary, 

63 F.4th 609, 613 (7th Cir. 2023), and the latter claims are not cognizable in 

a § 1983 action. Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989).
10 No. 21-2393

II. Eighth Amendment Framework

The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and 

unusual punishment requires prison officials to “provide humane conditions of confinement, ... ensure that inmates receive adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical care, and 

... ‘take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of inmates.’” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832–33 (1994) (citations omitted) (quoting Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517, 526–27 

(1984)). An official violates the Eighth Amendment if he exhibits “‘deliberate indifference’ to a substantial risk of serious 

harm to an inmate.” Id. at 828 (citations omitted). 

The deliberate indifference standard contains “both an objective and subjective component.” Thomas v. Blackard, 2 F.4th 

716, 719 (7th Cir. 2021) (quoting Daugherty v. Page, 906 F.3d 

606, 611 (7th Cir. 2018)). Objectively, the challenged prison 

conditions must have been so serious that they “creat[ed] an 

excessive risk to the inmate’s health and safety.” Id. at 719–20 

(quoting Isby v. Brown, 856 F.3d 508, 521 (7th Cir. 2017)). The 

official must also have been “subjectively aware of” the conditions and “intentionally disregarded” them. Johnson v. Prentice, 29 F.4th 895, 904 (7th Cir. 2022) (citation omitted).

“Deliberate indifference occupies a space slightly below 

intent and poses a ‘high hurdle and an exacting standard’ requiring ‘something approaching a total unconcern for the 

prisoner’s welfare in the face of serious risks.’” Stockton v. Milwaukee County, 44 F.4th 605, 615 (7th Cir. 2022) (quoting Donald v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 982 F.3d 451, 458 (7th Cir. 

2020)). While a plaintiff must prove the defendant’s subjective 

state of mind, he need not rely on direct evidence to do so: 
No. 21-2393 11 

Whether a prison official had the requisite 

knowledge of a substantial risk is a question of 

fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways, 

including inference from circumstantial evidence, and a factfinder may conclude that a 

prison official knew of a substantial risk from 

the very fact that the risk was obvious.

Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842 (citations omitted); see, e.g., Gevas v. 

McLaughlin, 798 F.3d 475, 480 (7th Cir. 2015). But establishing 

an Eighth Amendment violation based on the obviousness of 

a risk to inmates requires significant evidence. See, e.g., Sinn v. 

Lemmon, 911 F.3d 412, 422–24 (7th Cir. 2018) (holding that the 

plaintiff’s “limited evidence” was insufficient to establish “a 

history or pattern of violence ... such that a jury could infer a 

level of gang violence so pervasive that [the defendants] actually knew of a substantial risk of harm to inmates”); Est. of 

Simpson v. Gorbett, 863 F.3d 740, 746–47 (7th Cir. 2017) (holding that evidence that officials assigned an obese detainee to 

a too-small upper bunk could not support an inference of subjective knowledge of a serious risk to inmates because the 

danger of falling was not obvious).

Moreover, evidence that the danger was obvious is not 

enough; there must also be evidence that the defendant was 

actually “exposed to information concerning the risk” before 

a jury can conclude that he “must have known about it.” 

Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

In Balsewicz v. Pawlyk, for example, we noted that to find a 

prison official liable under the Eighth Amendment, that “official must have been ‘aware of facts from which the inference 

could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,’ 

and he must have ‘drawn that inference.’” 963 F.3d 650, 655 
12 No. 21-2393

(7th Cir. 2020) (internal alterations omitted) (quoting Farmer, 

511 U.S. at 837). Thus, “if an inmate provides evidence that 

the risk of serious harm” from those facts “was obvious, a 

factfinder could reasonably infer that the official knew of the 

risk.” Id. (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842). 

III. Summary Judgment: 

Daniel Hobart and David Kennedy

Balle first appeals the grant of summary judgment on his 

claims against Daniel and David.8 A party is entitled to summary judgment if there is no genuine dispute of material fact 

and that party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 56(a). We review the grant of summary judgment de 

novo, construing the facts and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmovant. Xiong, 62 F.4th at 353–54. 

Because Balle was pro se at the summary judgment stage, we 

construe his filings liberally, Smallwood v. Williams, 59 F.4th 

306, 318 (7th Cir. 2023), but pro se litigants are subject to the 

same substantive legal rules as represented parties. See, e.g., 

Famous v. Fuchs, 38 F.4th 625, 631 n.22 (7th Cir. 2022). 

We hold that the record lacks sufficient evidence to create 

a genuine dispute as to Daniel’s or David’s subjective 

knowledge. Viewing the record in the light most favorable to 

Balle, a reasonable jury could conclude that the kitchen conditions represented an objectively serious danger to inmates, 

but gaps in the record prevent a jury from inferring that 

8 Daniel and David attempt to invoke qualified immunity, but because 

they did not assert this defense at summary judgment in the district court, 

they cannot raise it on appeal of the grant of summary judgment. Henry v. 

Hulett, 969 F.3d 769, 785–86 (7th Cir. 2020) (en banc).
No. 21-2393 13 

Daniel or David actually knew about the conditions that 

made the kitchen seriously dangerous.

A. Objective Risk

We begin with the question of whether the conditions of 

the kitchen objectively presented a substantial risk of serious 

harm to inmates. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 828–29; Thomas, 2 

F.4th at 719–20.9 It is well established that “slippery surfaces 

and shower floors in prisons, without more, cannot constitute 

a hazardous condition of confinement.” Pyles v. Fahim, 771 

F.3d 403, 410 & n.25 (7th Cir. 2014). If the kitchen conditions 

were only as dangerous as a slippery shower floor, then there 

could be no Eighth Amendment violation. Id.

Exposing inmates to a greater danger than a slip and fall, 

however, may violate the Eighth Amendment. In Anderson v. 

Morrison, we allowed a claim to proceed past the pleading

stage when the plaintiff alleged that, while his hands were 

cuffed behind his back, officers “ordered him to walk down a 

set of stairs ... covered with food, milk, and other garbage.” 

835 F.3d 681, 682 (7th Cir. 2016) (internal alteration and quotation marks omitted). These conditions presented a more serious danger than a typical slip-and-fall case because the debris on the stairs created “an obstacle course” and cuffing the 

9 Balle argues that the defendants have waived or forfeited this issue 

on appeal by failing to raise it in their summary judgment briefing in the 

district court. See Bradley v. Village of University Park, 59 F.4th 887, 897–98 

(7th Cir. 2023) (discussing when appellees can waive arguments); Henry, 

969 F.3d at 786 (discussing the distinction between waiver and forfeiture). 

The defendants may have forfeited this issue, but it is necessary for us to 

address it. What conditions constituted an objective risk of serious harm 

informs our analysis of whether a jury could find that the defendants were 

deliberately indifferent to those conditions.
14 No. 21-2393

plaintiff “prevented [him] from steadying himself to avoid 

tripping, slipping, or tumbling down the flight of stairs.” Id.

at 682–83. By failing to help the plaintiff down the stairs, the 

guards exposed him to the risk of “plummeting down a flight 

of 13 steps,” a “far greater” danger than “slipping on a shower 

floor.” Id. at 683. 

Based on the evidence here, the poor condition of the floor 

alone is not enough to support an Eighth Amendment claim,10

but carrying near-boiling water over that floor might be. A 

wet, uneven kitchen floor is not meaningfully more dangerous than the surfaces in the mine run of slip-and-fall cases, 

but carrying scalding water in a bucket over that floor increases the danger significantly. Crediting Balle’s testimony, 

a reasonable jury could find that the kitchen floor was like an 

“obstacle course” and that having his hands full with a bucket

prevented Balle from seeing the floor beneath him or “steadying himself to avoid tripping.” See id. Further, falling under 

these conditions would be more dangerous than slipping in 

the shower—Balle was carrying gallons of scalding water that 

could spill on him if he tripped. See id. These conditions are 

objectively dangerous enough to raise an issue of fact and give 

rise to a potential Eighth Amendment claim.

B. Subjective Knowledge

Bearing in mind the specific conditions that made the 

kitchen unreasonably dangerous—carrying scalding water in 

buckets across the treacherous kitchen floor—we conclude 

that the record lacks sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable 

10 It is possible that a floor in worse condition—with larger holes, for 

example—could pose an objectively serious risk of harm on its own. 
No. 21-2393 15 

jury to infer that either defendant actually knew about those 

conditions. That gap in the record dooms Balle’s claims because to establish deliberate indifference he must prove the 

defendants “w[ere] subjectively aware of and intentionally 

disregarded [the] objectively serious risk to his health or 

safety.” Johnson, 29 F.4th at 904 (citation omitted).

1. Daniel Hobart 

We start with Daniel’s subjective knowledge. It is undisputed that Daniel knew that inmates heated and carried water 

for dishwashing when the kitchen lacked hot water, but the 

fact that the water was dangerously hot is what distinguishes 

this case from an ordinary slip-and-fall case. The key issue is 

whether Daniel knew the water inmates carried was dangerously hot. Balle acknowledges there is no direct evidence of 

Daniel’s knowledge, but he argues that a reasonable jury 

could infer Daniel knew about the water temperature because 

the danger was obvious. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43. But 

although the risk of carrying scalding water over the kitchen 

floor was obvious, there is insufficient evidence in the record 

to allow a jury to conclude that Daniel must have known 

about the danger. See id.

The obviousness of a risk may permit an inference of subjective knowledge, but a defendant must have been “exposed 

to information concerning the risk” in order for a jury to draw

that inference. Id.; see Balsewicz, 963 F.3d at 655. At summary 

judgment, after drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of 

the nonmovant, the evidence must allow a jury to conclude 

that the defendant must have—not might have or should 

have—been aware of the conditions giving rise to the objectively serious risk to inmates. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43 

(suggesting that such an inference is proper when the danger 
16 No. 21-2393

is “longstanding, pervasive, well-documented, or expressly 

noted”). For example, in Haywood v. Hathaway, we reversed a 

grant of summary judgment because the record contained evidence that the warden knew that the plaintiff’s cell window 

did not close and that an ice storm caused the prison to lose 

power during extremely cold weather. 842 F.3d 1026, 1031 

(7th Cir. 2016) (per curiam). In contrast, in Sinn v. Lemmon, we 

affirmed summary judgment for two supervisor defendants

because the plaintiff’s evidence at most showed “isolated incidents” of gang violence, not “widespread unconstitutional 

practices” from which a jury could infer the defendants had

subjective knowledge of a serious risk. 911 F.3d at 422–24. 

Here, the evidence is insufficient to support the inference 

that Daniel must have known that inmates carried dangerously hot water, which in turn means that a reasonable jury 

could not infer that he had subjective knowledge about the 

objectively serious risk to Balle. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43. 

A jury could find that Daniel might or should have been 

aware of the danger, but these findings are insufficient to establish Eighth Amendment liability. See Est. of Simpson, 863 

F.3d at 746–47 (“The rule is that an official who should have, 

but failed, to perceive a significant risk cannot be held liable.” 

(citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 838)). 

Even if a jury could infer that Daniel witnessed inmates 

carrying water, there is no evidence in the record about how 

often the water was too hot or whether it would be visually 

obvious to an observer. Balle testified that the water was simmering on January 2, 2019, so perhaps inmates heated water 

similarly on other occasions, but the record does not support 

the finding that water was always visibly simmering in the

kettles. From these facts, a jury could reasonably infer that 
No. 21-2393 17 

Daniel might have seen inmates heating and carrying dangerously hot water during one of his visits to the kitchen, but 

finding that he must have done so would be a speculative inference, not a reasonable one. See Moran v. Calumet City, 54 

F.4th 483, 491 (7th Cir. 2022).11

Alternatively, a jury could infer that Daniel had subjective 

knowledge about a substantial risk to inmates if the practice 

of heating water in kettles itself was obviously dangerous. See 

Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43. Put differently, does his knowledge 

that inmates heated water in kettles alone permit a reasonable 

inference that Daniel knew the water would become too hot, 

without evidence that he knew about the actual water temperature? On this record, for a jury to infer knowledge of obviously dangerous conditions based on the water-carrying 

practice alone, it would first be necessary to draw three distinct inferences: (1) left to their own devices, inmates would 

heat water to dangerous temperatures; (2) supervisors did not 

train inmates to use thermometers or otherwise keep the water at safe temperatures; and (3) supervisors would fail to 

monitor inmates while they heated water and fail to intervene 

if the water became too hot. Without all three inferences, the 

11 The fact that Balle saw inmates carrying water in the kitchen while 

he was working in the dining room does not change things. If Hobart had 

been in the dining room at the right time, he too might have seen inmates 

carrying buckets. But he already knew that inmates sometimes carried water; it is the temperature of the water that matters. Balle did not testify—

and it would be unreasonable to infer—that he could determine the temperature of water in a bucket from a different room. The possibility that 

Hobart was present in the dining room while inmates were moving water 

in the kitchen does not support an inference that he knew about the water 

temperature.
18 No. 21-2393

chances of serious injury would go down, either because the 

water would not become dangerously hot or because inmates 

would not carry the water until it cooled, and the kitchen conditions would no longer constitute an objective risk of serious 

harm. See Est. of Simpson, 863 F.3d at 746–47 (rejecting an

Eighth Amendment claim when there was insufficient evidence of a risk of serious injury); Pyles, 771 F.3d at 410 & n.25 

(rejecting an Eighth Amendment claim based on the risk of an 

ordinary slip and fall).

The problem for Balle is that the only evidence about the

water-carrying practice is Balle’s testimony about January 2, 

2019, and Daniel’s testimony that he did not provide—or direct his subordinates to provide—instructions about safe water temperatures. Without evidence about the water temperature on other days or testimony from inmates or supervisors 

about safety training or the lack thereof, all a jury could rely 

on is evidence from a single date and its own intuitions. A jury 

could reasonably conclude that there was some chance that inmates would heat water to dangerous temperatures under 

these circumstances, but inferring that Daniel must have 

known that the water-heating and -carrying practice posed a 

substantial danger to inmates would be unreasonably speculative. See Moran, 54 F.4th at 491; Est. of Simpson, 863 F.3d at 

746–47; cf. Levin v. Miller, 900 F.3d 856, 863 (7th Cir. 2018) (expressing doubt about the validity of an “intricate chain of inferences rest[ing] on a series of speculative ... links”).

To succeed on his Eighth Amendment claim, Balle must 

prove that the danger was so obvious that Daniel must have 

known about it. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43. Based on the facts 

in the record, a reasonable jury could not find that Daniel had 

actual knowledge about the dangerous water temperature. 
No. 21-2393 19 

Thus, the district court correctly granted summary judgment 

on Balle’s claim against Daniel. 

2. David Kennedy

The analysis regarding David’s state of mind is more 

straightforward. David admitted he knew about the condition 

of the kitchen floor and the periodic hot water failures in the 

kitchen, but no evidence shows that he was aware that inmates were instructed to carry scalding water over the kitchen 

floor. And as with Daniel, no matter how obviously dangerous the kitchen conditions were, without evidence that David

was aware of those conditions, a reasonable jury could not infer that he was deliberately indifferent to that danger. See id.

Therefore, the district court properly granted summary judgment on Balle’s claim against David.12

IV. Dismissal at the Screening Stage: 

Susie Hobart, Teri Kennedy, and Harbarger 

We next turn to the dismissal of Balle’s claims against 

Susie, Teri, and Harbarger. Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), the 

district court screens complaints filed by prisoners against 

prison officials, dismissing complaints that fail to state a claim 

upon which relief may be granted. “To survive dismissal, a 

prisoner plaintiff need only plead sufficient facts to suggest a 

plausible claim for relief,” which is “not an exacting standard.” Shaw v. Kemper, 52 F.4th 331, 333–34 (7th Cir. 2022) (citations omitted) (quoting Jaros v. IDOC, 684 F.3d 667, 672 (7th 

12 Because David lacked subjective knowledge, we do not reach the 

issue of whether his efforts to fix the structural problem with the kitchen 

floor establish that he “responded reasonably to the risk” as a matter of 

law. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842–43. 
20 No. 21-2393

Cir. 2012)). We review the dismissal for failure to state a claim 

de novo, taking the facts alleged in the complaint as true and 

construing the complaint liberally in favor of the pro se plaintiff. Dorsey, 55 F.4th at 1098–99. 

A. Susie Hobart

The district court dismissed the claim against Susie at the 

pleading stage, but Balle argues that he stated a plausible 

claim against her. We agree. In essence, the facts Balle alleged 

in his complaint match up with the version of the summary 

judgment evidence most favorable to Balle. Thus, for the reasons discussed above, Balle plausibly alleged that he faced a 

substantial risk of serious harm. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. As 

to subjective knowledge, what distinguishes Balle’s claim 

against Susie from his claims against Daniel and David is that 

Balle alleges that Susie was present in the kitchen on the day 

of his injury. Balle did not allege that Susie knew the water 

was dangerously hot, but liberally construed, his complaint 

pleaded sufficient facts to permit that inference. The danger 

of carrying five-gallon buckets full of scalding water across a 

wet, uneven floor is obvious, and a factfinder could infer that 

because Susie was present while inmates were carrying water 

in this manner, she must have been aware of the danger. See 

id. at 842–43. From there, the factfinder could infer that Susie

was deliberately indifferent because she required the inmates 

to continue this dangerous practice. Id.

The district court faulted Balle for failing to “assert[] that 

[Susie] had the authority or expertise to fix the sink, or otherwise indicate what action [she] could have taken.” But Balle 

only had to plead facts “suggest[ing] a plausible claim for relief,” Shaw, 52 F.4th at 333–34; he did not need to identify specific measures Susie should have taken to protect him from 
No. 21-2393 21 

the dangerous kitchen conditions. Cf. Balsewicz, 963 F.3d at 

655 (analyzing whether the defendant took reasonable 

measures separately from the elements of the plaintiff’s 

claim). Given Balle’s allegations, it is plausible that Susie

could have made the kitchen conditions safer, even if she 

could not have fixed the hot water herself. She could have, for 

example, ensured the water was kept at a safe temperature; 

instructed the inmates not to fill the buckets completely, so 

they would be easier to handle; or sought to provide the inmates with safer equipment, such as carts to place the buckets 

in. Particularly given that courts construe pro se filings liberally, Dorsey, 55 F.4th at 1098–99, Balle did not have to allege 

actions Susie could have taken to survive the pleading stage.

Susie argues that Balle pleaded himself out of court by alleging that she had submitted work orders about the hot water and that she said she would reverse Balle’s job transfer. In 

Susie’s view, these allegations establish that she took “reasonable measures ... to avert [a] known risk[],” which “insulate[s] 

[her] from Eighth Amendment liability.” Bagola v. Kindt, 131 

F.3d 632, 646 (7th Cir. 1997) (citations omitted); see Farmer, 511 

U.S. at 832–33. But the defendant’s actions must be an attempt 

to lessen the risk in order to constitute reasonable measures.

Balsewicz, 963 F.3d at 655; see, e.g., Hale v. Tallapoosa County, 50 

F.3d 1579, 1583–84 (11th Cir. 1995) (noting several possible 

measures to abate the risk of inmate-on-inmate violence and 

holding that the defendant’s opinion that “work[ing] toward 

construction of a new jail ... was the only way to reduce the 

risk of violence” did not constitute “reasonable measures” as 

a matter of law). Placing work orders and offering to transfer 

Balle back to his old job did not address the danger posed by 

carrying scalding water over a slippery, potholed floor. Susie 

may argue that these actions show she was not deliberately 
22 No. 21-2393

indifferent, but that is a determination for a factfinder to 

make, not a basis for dismissing a claim at the pleading stage. 

See Anderson, 835 F.3d at 683; Hale, 50 F.3d at 1583–84. 

Because the complaint stated a plausible Eighth Amendment claim against Susie, the district court erred when it dismissed Balle’s claim against her.

B. Teri Kennedy and Harbarger 

The district court also dismissed Balle’s claims against Teri 

and Harbarger. Balle does not argue that his complaint stated 

a plausible claim against these defendants. Instead, he argues 

that the district court abused its discretion by failing to give 

him permission to replead his claims against these defendants. We disagree.

The district court did not specify whether the dismissal of 

Balle’s claims was with or without prejudice, so we treat it as 

a dismissal with prejudice. Arnett v. Webster, 658 F.3d 742, 756 

(7th Cir. 2011) (“[A]n involuntary dismissal operates as an adjudication on the merits if not otherwise indicated.” (citing 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b)). Balle accurately points out that “[t]he 

law is clear that a court should deny leave to amend only if it 

is certain that amendment would be futile or otherwise unwarranted.” Zimmerman v. Bornick, 25 F.4th 491, 494 (7th Cir. 

2022) (citations omitted).13 Although the district court should 

have allowed Balle to amend his complaint, id., we review the 

failure to grant leave to amend only for abuse of discretion. 

See White v. Ill. State Police, 15 F.4th 801, 808 (7th Cir. 2021). 

13 Here, the district court did not indicate that any circumstances warranting an “exception[al]” dismissal with prejudice were present. See Zimmerman, 25 F.4th at 494 (citations omitted).
No. 21-2393 23 

Balle did not seek to amend his complaint, and we have held 

that failing to inform a plaintiff that he can amend his complaint is not an abuse of discretion, even when the plaintiff is 

pro se. Arnett, 658 F.3d at 756 (“[The pro se plaintiff] never 

sought to amend his complaint ... and the district court was 

not required to inform him that he should.”); see also White, 15 

F.4th at 808 (same for a represented party). It is sound practice 

to make clear if a plaintiff—particularly a pro se plaintiff—

may amend his complaint, but the district court did not abuse 

its discretion by failing to do so here. Arnett, 658 F.3d at 756.

We affirm the dismissal of Balle’s claims against Teri and Harbarger.

V. Motions to Recruit Counsel

Last, we consider whether the district court was required 

to recruit an attorney to represent Balle. An indigent prisoner 

is not entitled to an attorney in civil litigation, but a district 

court may request that a lawyer represent him under 28 

U.S.C. § 1951(e)(1). To determine whether to recruit counsel, 

the court first asks whether “the indigent plaintiff [has] made 

a reasonable attempt to obtain counsel or been effectively precluded from doing so,” and if so, whether “given the difficulty 

of the case, does the plaintiff appear competent to litigate it 

himself?” Pruitt v. Mote, 503 F.3d 647, 654–55 (7th Cir. 2007) 

(en banc) (citation omitted); see also Watts v. Kidman, 42 F.4th 

775, 761 (7th Cir. 2022) (holding that the district court may 

consider the strength or weakness of the plaintiff’s case at 

Pruitt step two). We review the denial of a motion to recruit 

counsel for abuse of discretion, asking whether the district 

court made a reasonable decision based on the record before 

it. Dorsey, 55 F.4th at 1105. If we find that the district court 
24 No. 21-2393

abused its discretion, we will reverse only if the denial of the 

motion prejudiced the plaintiff. Id.

Balle focuses on Pruitt’s second step, arguing that the district court abused its discretion by finding that Balle was competent to represent himself. But the court denied Balle’s motions based on Pruitt step one, not two. Determining whether 

a plaintiff has made reasonable efforts to recruit counsel himself “is a mandatory, threshold inquiry that must be determined before moving to the second inquiry.” Eagan v. Dempsey, 987 F.3d 667, 682 (7th Cir. 2021) (citations omitted). On the 

first Pruitt step, Balle simply asserts that his efforts to find 

counsel were reasonable and that the district court abused its 

discretion by concluding otherwise. We cannot agree. 

The district court deemed Balle’s assertion that he had 

contacted five lawyers insufficient to show a reasonable attempt to recruit counsel under Pruitt step one. It instructed 

him to provide more information about his attempts to recruit 

counsel. The court here may have held Balle to a higher standard than some other district courts, see, e.g., Scott v. Richter, 754 

F. App’x 458, 461 (7th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (“No one has 

disputed that [the plaintiff] met the first requirement by 

showing that he contacted five attorneys who would not take 

the case.”), but this does not suggest the court abused its discretion. The court wanted to assess the substance of Balle’s requests for pro bono representation before determining 

whether he had made reasonable efforts. It was within its discretion to do so. See Thomas v. Wardell, 951 F.3d 854, 858, 860 

(7th Cir. 2020) (concluding that the district court “satisfactorily evaluated” requests for counsel when it concluded that 

writing to 14 lawyers did not constitute reasonable efforts because the “letters did not provide information about the 
No. 21-2393 25 

claims ... and some pre-dated events in [the plaintiff’s] complaint”).

A district court might abuse its discretion if it requires too 

much formality from a plaintiff. Pruitt step one requires reasonable efforts, not perfect recordkeeping. 503 F.3d at 654–55. 

Prisoners may face financial or logistical difficulties in making 

and retaining copies of correspondence, and they may not appreciate the importance of saving copies of letters. If a prisoner lacks a letter that a district court asks for a copy of, he 

still may be able to substantially comply with the court’s request. He might, for example, describe the contents of the letter or provide a copy of a letter created later and explain that 

it is similar to the earlier one. 

Here, though, we have no occasion to decide the precise 

limits of what a district court may require from a plaintiff at 

Pruitt step one because Balle made no attempt to comply with 

the district court’s instructions. The court made clear what it

expected of Balle. In its denial of his first motion, the court

stated in plain terms that he must provide copies of the letters 

he sent to lawyers and the responses he received. In response, 

Balle attached scanned images of two returned envelopes14

and a denial letter to his second motion, but those documents 

did not reveal anything about the substance of his requests for 

14 We do not know whether these envelopes contained the letters 

when Balle submitted them, but the record on appeal includes scans of the 

outsides of the envelopes only, and there is no indication that the district 

court had access to the letters. If Balle still has access to these letters and 

wishes to attach them to a future motion, he should remove them from the 

envelopes to ensure the letters themselves appear in the record.
26 No. 21-2393

counsel. Balle did not include copies of the letters he sent 

seeking pro bono representation, attempt to describe the contents of the letters, or inform the court that he no longer had 

copies of them. When the court denied his second motion, it 

found that he “still had yet to demonstrate that he attempted 

to secure counsel on his own.” Balle’s third motion included 

no new information about his efforts to recruit counsel. Thus, 

Balle failed to provide the district court with the information 

it deemed necessary to evaluate the reasonableness of his efforts to recruit counsel. The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Balle’s motions. See Thomas, 951 F.3d at 

858, 860. 

We affirm the denial of Balle’s motions to recruit counsel, 

but we note that Balle may renew his request for counsel as 

he litigates his claim against Susie in the district court. If he 

does, we emphasize that he must follow the court’s instructions about how to demonstrate a good faith effort to obtain 

counsel or explain in detail why he cannot do so.

VI. Conclusion

We reverse the dismissal of Balle’s claim for damages 

against Susie Hobart in her individual capacity, modify the 

judgment on Balle’s claims for injunctive relief to a dismissal 

without prejudice for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, and 

affirm the judgment in all other respects. We remand the case 

for further proceedings on Balle’s claim for damages against 

Susie Hobart in her individual capacity. On remand, Balle 

may renew his motion to recruit counsel if he wishes.