NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

Relevant Technical 

Requirements

Mission Duration

OCHMO-TB-007

Rev A

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 1, Rev C

[V1 3001] Selection and Recertification

[V1 3002] Pre-Mission Preventive Health 

Care

[V1 3003] In-Mission Preventative Health 

Care

[V1 3004] In-Mission Medical Care

[V1 4014] Completion of Critical Tasks

[V1 4019] Pre-Mission Nutritional Status

[V1 4020] In-Mission Nutrient Intake

[V1 4022] Post-Mission Nutritional 

Assessment and Treatment

[V1 6001] Circadian Shifting Operations and 

Fatigue Management

[V1 6008] Crew Health Operations Concept 

Document

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2, Rev D

[V2 3006] Human-Centered Task Analysis

[V2 4013] Muscle Effects

[V2 4015] Aerobic Capacity

[V2 4102] Functional Anthropometric 

Accommodation

[V2 4103] Body Mass, Volume, and Surface 

Area Data

[V2 4104] Crew Operational Loads

[V2 4105] Withstand Crew Loads

[V2 5007] Cognitive Workload

[V2 6004] Nominal Vehicle/Habitat 

Carbon Dioxide Levels

[V2 6026] Water Quality

[V2 6039] Water Dispensing Rate

[V2 6040] Water Dispensing Increments

[V2 6050] Atmosphere Contamination Limit

Executive Summary

Mission duration is a key factor for many of the 

human system risks of spaceflight. Some risks 

are already known challenges and will be 

further exacerbated by increased mission 

duration. It is also one of the parameters that 

defines the applicable requirements to the 

engineering system. As the duration of a 

mission increases, the physical volume 

required to accommodate the personal needs 

of the crew and the mission tasks increases. 

Long-duration missions can also affect the 

crews’ behavioral health due to confinement, 

stress, and isolation. The psychological needs 

of a long-duration mission drive additional 

volume and privacy requirements. Designing 

architecture for long-duration spaceflight 

missions requires consideration of additional 

factors that may not be as critical for a short 

duration mission. Success of a mission and the 

lives of the crew will depend on reliable 

systems that are optimal from the earliest 

phases of design.
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007 Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Relevant Technical 

Requirements

Executive Summary (continued)

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2, Rev D

[V2 6059] Microbial Air Contamination

[V2 6079] Crew Sleep Continuous Noise Limits

[V2 6107] Nominal Vehicle/Habitat 

Atmospheric Ventilation

[V2 6108] Off-Nominal Vehicle/Habitat 

Atmospheric Ventilation

[V2 6109] Water Quantity

[V2 6110] Water Temperature

[V2 7001] Food Quality

[V2 7002] Food Acceptability

[V2 7003] Food Caloric Content

[V2 7004] EVA Food Caloric Content

[V2 7007] Food Microorganism Levels

[V2 7008] Food Preparation

[V2 7009] Food Preparation and Cleanup

[V2 7010] Food Contamination Control

[V2 7011] Food and Beverage Heating

[V2 7014] Food Spill Control

[V2 7015] Food System Cleaning and 

Sanitizing

[V2 7016] Personal Hygiene Capability

[V2 7020] Body Waste Management 

Capability

[V2 7023] Body Waste Management Provision

[V2 7041] Environmental Control

[V2 7043] Medical Capability

[V2 7052] Stowage Location

[V2 7070] Sleep Accommodations

[V2 7071] Behavioral Health and Privacy

[V2 7074] Clothing Quantity

[V2 7076] Clothing Safety and Comfort

[V2 7100] Food Nutrient Composition

[V2 8001] Volume Allocation

[V2 10200] Physical Workload

NASA Astronaut Frank Rubio safely returned 

to Earth in September 2023 after spending 

371 Days in Space. Image: NASA/Bill Ingalls

Related OCHMO Technical Briefs:

1. OCHMO-TB-017 Automated and Robotic 

Systems

2. OCHMO-TB-016 Behavioral Health and 

Performance 

3. OCHMO-TB-032 Cognitive Workload

4. OCHMO-TB-002 Environmental Control & Life 

Support System (ECLSS)

5. OCHMO-TB-005 Usability, Workload, & Error

6. OCHMO-TB-033 Spaceflight Experience and 

Medical Care

7. OCHMO-TB- 025 Cabin Architecture

8. OCHMO-TB-013 Food and Nutrition

9. OCHMO-TB-012 Mortality Related to Human 

Spaceflight Technical Brief

2 12/12/2023

Rev A
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Effects of Communication Delays in Long-Duration Space Flight Missions

For the past 60 years, NASA’s mission operations paradigm for human spaceflight

has been one of near-complete real-time dependence on experts on the ground

to control and manage the combined state of the mission, vehicle, and crew.

Current countermeasures include near real-time communication that allows a large team on the ground to 

manage the health of the crew and vehicle, in addition to resupplying as needed.

The crew will face numerous issues on longer-duration missions (i.e., Lunar and Mars missions) related to 

the coupling of humans and technology. Specifically, the communication delay of up to 40 minutes between 

the crew and ground support back on Earth.

The crew will have to perform more problem-solving and complex ops with reduced real-time support and 

existing onboard supplies. Communication delays will also lead to varied negative effects on teamwork and 

the multi-team system through the degraded quality of communication.

Background

3

HSIA Risk Statement: Given limited real-time ground support for execution of complex operations 

during future exploration missions, there is a possibility of adverse performance outcomes, most 

consequentially that crew are unable to adequately respond to unanticipated critical malfunctions or 

execute safety critical procedures.

Anomaly Rates for Human Spaceflight, HSIA Risk CR 05/11/2023

12/12/2023

Rev A

Risk of Adverse Outcome Due to Inadequate 

Human Systems Integration Architecture
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Background

Mission duration definition

• Mission duration is one parameter that defines the requirements applicable to the engineering system. It 

is the total time the crew is away from the surface of Earth, measured from launch to landing 

or splashdown of the spacecraft. [NASA-STD-3001 V2-Definitions]

• Traditionally, NASA has used 30 days as a cutoff between short and long-duration based on physiological 

changes from baseline on Earth. Mission duration refers to:

1) short duration missions: less than or equal to 30 days, and

2) long duration missions: greater than 30 days

• Designing architecture for long-duration spaceflight missions requires consideration of additional factors 

that may not be as critical for short-duration missions.

• When considering mission duration as a parameter to identify applicable requirements, we need to also 

consider the mission type, trajectory, vehicle type, and distance from Earth, collectively known as 

Design Reference Missions (DRM).

• Different DRM's have unique characteristics and present unique challenges. There is quite a difference 

between being on a 56-million km journey to Mars and orbiting Earth at 400 km altitude. Future 

exploration missions will extend human presence beyond low earth orbit (LEO). There are a variety of 

possible mission objectives, durations, and destinations.

12/12/2023

Rev A 4

Based on memo-HEO-DM-1002 HEO Systems Engineering and Integration (SE&I) Decision Memo on Mars Mission Duration Guidance 

for Human Risk Assessment and Research Planning Purposes

Design Reference Missions (DRM)

DRM 

Categories

Mission 

Type and 

Duration

Gravity 

Environment

Radiation 

Environment

Vehicle/Habitat 

Design

Distance from Earth EVA

Evacuation CommunicationFrequency

Low Earth 

Orbit

Short (<30 

days)

Microgravity LEO-Van Allen (<5-

15 mGy)

Mid-sized volume, 

resupply

1 day or 

less

Real time 1-4 EVAs

Long (30 

days-1 

year)

Microgravity LEO-Van Allen (<5-

150 mGy)

Mid-large 

optimized volume, 

resupply

1 day or 

less

Real time 1-10 EVAs

Lunar 

Orbital

Short (<30 

days)

Microgravity Deep Space-Van 

Allen (15-20 mGy)

Small volume, selfcontained, limited 

resupply

3-11 days Minor 

latency

Contingency 

EVA only or 

very few EVA

Long (30 

days-1 

year)

Microgravity Deep Space (175-

220 mGy)

Mid-sized volume, 

self-contained, 

limited resupply

3-11 days Minor 

latency

Contingency 

EVA only or 

very few EVA

Lunar 

Orbital + 

Surface

Short (<30 

days)

Microgravity & 

1/6g

Deep Space-Van 

Allen (15-20 mGy)

Small volume, 

resupply

3-11 days Minor 

latency

5 EVAs, some 

back-to-back

Long (30 

days-1 

year)

Microgravity & 

1/6g

Deep Space (100-

120 mGy)

Mid-large sized 

optimized volume, 

limited resupply

3-11 days Minor 

latency

3-4 EVA per 

week, 20-24 

EVA hours 

per week

Mars Preparatory 

(<1 year)

Microgravity Deep Space (175-

220 mGy)

Midsized optimal 

volume, limited 

resupply, closed 

loop environment

Days-weeks ControlledDelayedContingency 

EVA only or 

very few EVA

Mars 

Planetary* 

(730-1224 

days)

Microgravity & 

3/8g

Deep SpacePlanetary (300-450 

mGy)

Midsized optimal 

volume, no 

resupply, closed 

loop environment

Mission 

duration

No real time
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

• For multi-segment or multi-vehicle missions, cumulative exposure over the 

entire duration of the mission needs to be considered. Exposure in one 

vehicle that is occupied for a segment of the full mission duration cannot be 

taken in isolation from the rest of the mission. It is not advisable for 

each vehicle to maintain its own short-duration exposure requirements and 

expect other vehicles or habitats in the mission to lower their exposure limits 

to compensate for a higher exposure level in another vehicle (e.g., Lunar dust 

exposure, radiation exposure PELs, volatile chemicals which are limited by 

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs), etc.).

• Similarly, a vehicle cannot expect other vehicles within the enterprise 

to compensate for the lack of countermeasures in that vehicle (e.g., lack 

of exercise capability, sub-optimal food provisioning, and food 

system infrastructure, habitable volume, etc.). See NASA-STD-3001 Vols 1 & 

2, Section 1.3.1 Full Mission Duration Applicability)

Background

5

Full Mission Duration Applicability

• Missions may be comprised of consecutive segments that occur in different vehicles, occur in different 

locations in space with varying distances from Earth, and last for different durations.

• To protect human health and performance, in particular from exposures or conditions that have a 

cumulative component, each human spaceflight vehicle that is used to conduct one or more segments of 

a multi-segment/multi-vehicle mission shall follow Standards/Requirements pertaining to the entire 

duration of the multi-segment/multi-vehicle mission (from the launch of the crew through their landing 

back on Earth), even if their isolated segment would have allowed higher exposures or 

tailoring/relaxation of Standards/Requirements had their segment been executed as a stand-alone 

mission.

12/12/2023

Rev A

Source: Human Health and Performance Risk 

Management

SMACs are currently set 

for durations of 1 hr, 24 

hrs, and 7, 30, 180, and 

1000 days. If an Artemis 

mission is 90 days in total, 

then 180-day SMACs 

apply to all vehicles 

associated with that 

mission, even if they 

will house crew for only a 

small portion of the total 

mission duration. They 

also need to meet 1 hr, 

24 hr, 7 and 30-day 

SMACs to protect against 

higher acute exposures.
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Physiological Timeline

Reference Data

≤3 days

•Fluid redistribution and 

temporary diuresis

•Genitourinary issues

•Metabolic capacity deficits

≤2 weeks

•Space Adaptation 

Syndrome (SAS)

•Back pain

•Sensorimotor and 

neurovestibular 

deconditioning

>2 weeks

•Muscular and aerobic 

decrements

•Bone effects and renal 

stone risk

•Vision loss/changes

Vehicle/environmental features (including increased CO2 and radiation exposure)

Head/nasal congestion

Fluid shifts and altered vascular motility

Changes associated with 

initial adaptation to space 

(e.g., transfer missions)

Concerns after initial 

adaptation to space occurs

Concerns related to long 

spaceflight missions (e.g., 

ISS or lunar missions)

Psychological or Behavioral Timeline

≤3 days

•Sleep loss and circadian 

misalignment

•Adjustment reaction 

≤2 weeks

• Acute stress

• Anxiety/panic

• Insomnia/sleep 

disturbance/circadian 

dysregulation

• Mood disturbance

• Cognitive disturbance, 

low morale 

• Cumulative sleep loss and 

circadian misalignment

• Stress

• Adjustment reaction 

• Interpersonal conflict 

(team, ground, family) 

>2 weeks

•Work overload

•Lack of meaningful work 

and/or monotony

•Apathy, low motivation

•Grief Reaction

•Depression

•Relationship problems 

(crew, family, mission 

support personnel)

•Adjustment, mood, 

anxiety, trauma-related, 

stress-related, and 

neurocognitive disorders

•Cumulative sleep loss and 

circadian misalignment

Reference OCHMO-TB-033 Spaceflight Experience and Medical Care Technical Brief for additional information

12/12/2023

Rev A 6
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Reference Data

Mission Duration and Increased Exposure to Hazards

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

• Near real-time communications (1-1.5 

seconds)

• Reliance on Earth

• Evacuation capabilities 

• Strong consumable and ORUs resupply

Lunar Missions

• Minor communication latencies

• Evacuation capabilities (3-11 days)

• Limited resupply

• Restrictions in onboard medical capability

Mars

• Extended communication latencies (0-40 

minutes)

• No evacuation capability

• No consumable resupply

• Restrictions in onboard medical capability

• Limited ground medical 

support/autonomous Medical Care

• Task design/EVA operations and 

suit/vehicle design will impact medical 

conditions’ severity 

12/12/2023

Rev A 7
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

This technical brief focuses on long-duration spaceflight considerations, specifically as they impact vehicle 

architecture and volume.

Mission Duration and Habitability Requirements

• All types of habitats for space exploration have some common 

requirements and other distinct requirements based on the 

environments in which they operate, mission duration, the 

number of crew, and mission goals. “Habitability requirements 

for space flights are driven by mission duration” (Woolford and 

Mount, 2006). 

• During early space missions with tiny capsules (e.g., Mercury 

and Gemini), few activities required moving around, and most 

of the time, the astronaut was strapped to the seat. The design 

of the habitat was “seat-driven.” This situation changed with 

the introduction of space stations and long-duration missions.

• To support performance in long-duration missions (months or 

years), higher habitability requirements is a prerequisite. 

Habitability is achieved by applying human factors in the design 

of living and working conditions.

NASA-STD-3001 Definitions [V2-

Appendix C]

Habitability: The state of being 

fit for occupation or dwelling. 

Meeting occupant needs of 

health, safety, performance, and 

satisfaction. 

Habitat: A type of spacecraft, not 

normally mobile, that has the 

conditions necessary to sustain 

the life of the crew and to allow 

the crew to perform their 

functions in an efficient manner. 

Habitability aspects for short and long-duration missions (Messerschmid, 2008)

SDM = short-duration mission LDM = long-duration mission

12/12/2023

Rev A 8
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Habitable Volume

• Habitable volume is necessary for determining vehicle size in 

conceptual design, which impacts propulsion performance and 

habitability.

• The confinement, isolation, and stress that usually accompany 

a space mission tend to increase with mission duration. This 

creates a psychological need for more room. A sense of 

privacy and a need for personal space becomes more 

important over longer durations. The total required net 

habitable volume per crewmember and per total crew 

increases with duration.

• Increasing mission duration requires expansion in the physical 

volume to accommodate the physical characteristics of the 

entire user population, mission tasks, and personal needs. The 

total required net habitable volume (NHV) per crewmember, 

and per total crew, increases with duration, particularly if the 

mission cannot be logistically resupplied. [V2 Section 4] 

Physical Characteristics and Capabilities – Introduction, [V2

Appendix F]

NASA-STD-3001 Definitions

[V2-Appendix C]

Habitable Volume: The measure of 

space livable and functionally 

usable to crew within a pressurized 

volume after accounting for all 

installed hardware and systems.

Net Habitable Volume (NHV): The 

functional volume left available on a 

spacecraft after accounting for the 

loss of volume caused by deployed 

equipment, stowage, trash, and any 

other items that decrease the 

functional volume.

Non-Habitable Volume: is defined 

as the portion of Pressurized 

Volume taken up by fixed outfitting, 

equipment, stowage, and dedicated 

equipment work volumes. 

• The task analysis method determines the volume required for the tasks to be performed during the 

mission and combines, co-locates, or overlaps them as necessary to determine the total volume 

required in the spacecraft. [V2 3006] Human-Centered Task Analysis

Reference the 

NASA OCHMOTB-025 Cabin 

Architecture 

Technical Brief 

for additional 

information.

12/12/2023

Rev A

Historical NASA spacecraft pressurized volume Ref. HIDH

9
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Habitable Atmosphere

• The spacecraft’s atmosphere must not be contaminated with substances that can 

harm the crew. Maintaining a habitable atmosphere in a spacecraft includes 

providing the proper atmospheric constituents in the proper quantities necessary 

to sustain life.

• NASA-STD-3001 provides technical requirements that address the key aspects of 

the human physiological system that must be accounted for through the use of an 

Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS).

• Program-level requirements for atmospheric quality need to include considerations 

for factors such as vehicle architecture and mission duration. Long-duration 

missions may result in different requirements for subsystems such as an ECLSS, the 

placement of which may have an impact on the volume available to crewmembers.

Volume Allocation

• The required volume is a function of the number of crew, 

the number of missions and contingency days, and the crew 

activities.

• Longer mission duration will increase functional volume 

needs for the accommodation of stowage, increased 

volume for exercise equipment including exercise 

performance, medical treatment facilities, and equipment; 

as well as crew sleep, recreation, and privacy for behavioral 

health. [V2 8001] Volume Allocation

• The design and layout of functional volumes are guided by 

function and task analysis, as well as an iterative process of 

design and evaluation.

Reference the following Technical Briefs OCHMO-TB-025 Cabin Architecture, OCHMO-TB-002 ECLSS, 

OCHMO-TB 003 Habitable Atmosphere, and OCHMO-TB-004 CO2 for additional information

Illustration of the interior of ISS Zveda service 

module

12/12/2023

Rev A

Habitable 

atmosphere is 

the composition 

of the 

breathable 

environment 

within the 

Habitable 

Volume. [NASASTD-3001 

Definitions-V2-

Appendix C]

• Crewmembers may be more sensitive to CO2 or other atmospheric pollutants during spaceflight than 

they are on Earth. Such issues are considered undesirable for shorter, near-Earth missions, but they 

cannot be accepted for long-duration exploration missions. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 6.2.8 Atmospheric 

Contamination; [V2 6004] Nominal Vehicle/Habitat Carbon Dioxide Levels; [V2 7041] Environmental 

Control; [V2 6107] Nominal Vehicle/Habitat Atmospheric Ventilation; and [V2 6108] Off-Nominal 

Vehicle/Habitat Atmospheric Ventilation.

10
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

11

Habitability Functions

NASA-STD-3001 provides design considerations for the daily functions of the crew inside the spacecraft, 

including dining, sleep, hygiene, waste management, and other activities to ensure a habitable 

environment.

Food & Nutrition

Key areas of concern for the health of the crew during longduration spaceflight missions include loss of body mass 

(inadequate food intake), loss of bone and muscle, and 

depletion of body nutrient stores because of inadequate food 

supply and increased metabolism.

Short-duration missions

• During missions up to 3 days in length, the resources 

required to support certain types of foods, such as 

rehydratable and heated foods, may not be available 

because of mass and power constraints. Shelf-stable 

commercially available foods may be provided if they 

meet space food system requirements, including complete 

nutrition requirements.

Long-duration missions

• For missions longer than 3 days, the resources required to 

rehydrate and heat foods in various packaging sizes must 

be provided to support crew health throughout the 

mission.

• As mission length increases, more foods that meet 

requirements will need to be developed, as variety 

promotes healthy eating habits, crew appetite, and 

maintains crew health and performance.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2

[V2 7001] Food Quality; [V2 7002]; Food Acceptability; [V2 

7003] Food Caloric Content; [V2 7004] EVA Food Caloric 

Content; [V2 7007] Food Microorganism Levels; [V2 7008] 

Food Preparation; [V2 7009] Food Preparation and Cleanup; 

[V2 7010] Food Contamination Control; [V2 7011] Food and 

Beverage Heating; [V2 7012] Dining Accommodations; [V2 

7014] Food Spill Control[V2 7015] Food System Cleaning 

and Sanitizing; [V2 7100] Food Nutrient Composition

Reference the OCHMO-TB-013 Food and Nutrition Technical 

Brief for additional information

Skylab food heating and serving tray with 

food, drinks, and utensils.

Crew receives food on ISS that they will not 

receive on an exploration mission. The crew 

on ISS receives fresh fruits and vegetables 

with almost every visiting vehicle, 

approximately once per month.

Source: HSRB Risk of Performance Decrement 

and Crew Illness Due to Inadequate Food and 

Nutrition, 2020

12/12/2023

Rev A
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

12

Food Packaging

• To maintain food quality throughout a mission, 

the type of packaging used depends on the 

mission duration and type of food.

• Several types of food and beverage packaging 

have been used in NASA space programs.

• The key consideration for extending food shelf 

life is preventing contact of the food with oxygen 

or water, which both cause oxidation and 

spoilage.

Trash Disposal Planning

• For long-duration missions in LEO with visiting spacecrafts, plans for a return to Earth must be 

developed, including prioritization plans and stowage accommodations. 

• For long-duration flights, sufficient stowage space must be made available, or if possible, a means to 

dispose of the trash in-flight should be provided. Disposal constraints must be kept in mind for the 

various types of trash.

Water Quality and Monitoring 

• Microbially safe water is essential to prevent infection and mitigate risks to crew health and 

performance. [V2 6046] Water Quality Monitoring and [V2 6026] Potable Water Quality 

Short-duration missions

• Short missions with simple water systems or open-loop systems will not require extensive microbial 

sampling and analysis. However, as mission duration and system complexity increase, the risk of 

microbial contamination will increase.

Long-duration missions

• Long-duration water systems, such as those in a remote habitat, are more likely to suffer a 

contamination event. Periodic testing of the potable water should be considered to monitor water 

quality and allow timely action if necessary. Longer-duration missions may require autonomous 

monitoring or hardware that requires minimal consumables.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 1

[V1 3003] In-Mission Preventive Health Care 

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2

[V2 3006] Human-Centered Task Analysis; [V2 6026] Potable Water Quality; [V2 6109] Water Quantity; [V2 

6110] Water Temperature; [V2 6039] Water Dispensing Rate; [V2 6040] Water Dispensing Increments; [V2 

6046] Water Quality Monitoring; [V2 6051] Water Contamination Control; [V2 7052] Stowage Location; [V2 

8001] Volume Allocation 

Reference the OCHMO-TB-027 Water Technical Brief for additional information

ISS Food System: Prepacked single 

servings which only require heating or 

water addition, or no further 

preparation prior to consumption.

12/12/2023

Rev A
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

13

Water Quantity

Missions of all lengths require the same daily water amount for the crew. As mission length increases, 

additional solutions such as urine reclamation or recycling may be considered to provide enough water 

to the crew during longer missions. [V2 6109] Water Quantity

Clothing

• The change frequency depends on mission specifics; i.e., duration, stowage, laundry capabilities, etc. 

[V2 7076] Clothing Safety and Comfort and [V2 7074] Clothing Quantity

• Crewmembers on shorter-duration missions may not be held to the same clothing constraints as 

those on long-duration missions.

• Long-duration missions may require clothing to be worn for extended periods of time and be 

constructed of antimicrobial fabrics that are extremely lightweight, whereas a shorter mission may 

accommodate more frequent clothing changes and a greater variety of fabric options. 

• Implementation details of the mission will determine whether clothing needs impact vehicle volume 

and layout, but it must be considered during vehicle design.

Personal Hygiene 

• Crewmembers on short-duration missions often perform only 

partial-body cleansing using disposable wipes and rinse-less 

shampoo. 

• For longer-duration missions, both for cleanliness and crew 

comfort, reusable towels that can be soaked with water 

may be preferred. Whole-body cleansing during longduration missions may be necessary to ensure cleanliness 

which may be difficult to accomplish with partial-body 

cleansing. [V2 7016] Personal Hygiene Capability

Body Waste Management

• Over long-duration missions, significant amounts of body 

waste will be generated. Saving this waste to package and 

return to Earth or burn up in orbit will no longer be an 

option and alternative solutions must be developed. [V2 

7020] Body Waste Management Capability and [V2 7023] 

Body Waste Management Provision

Skylab Shower

12/12/2023

Rev A

Reference the OCHMO-TB-041 

Waste Management Technical Brief 

for additional information
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

14

Exercise 

• Increased mission duration may lead to changes in exercise protocols and exercise equipment which 

may, in turn, impact volume allocations and scheduling decisions related to the activity. [V2 7038] 

Physiological Countermeasures Capability

• Countermeasures, such as exercise, have been recommended or required to prevent bone density loss, 

muscle strength loss, and aerobic capacity decrements, especially during long-duration missions such as 

planetary and deep-space exploration. As missions increase in duration, this prevention is necessary to 

avoid injuries and crew performance reduction.

Monitoring and Treatment of Crew Health

• The current spaceflight medical scenario relies heavily on 

telemedicine and ground clinical support. The medical 

system on ISS is extensive, and all astronauts receive basic 

medical training prior to missions.

• The medical system design requirements need to reflect 

anticipated crew performance and physical characteristic 

changes due to exposure over the course of the mission.

• Long-duration missions will require a "crew medical officer"

to handle routine medical check-ups and issues of 

emergent care that might arise while out of contact with 

ground resources. We are also moving towards having 

equal medical training for all crewmembers on Artemis 

missions.

• Medical systems should be optimized to provide the best 

available care, and rigorous crew selection should prevent 

major conditions from occurring.

• A challenge for missions beyond LEO is to minimize the 

impact of potential delays between transmission and 

receipt of expert medical advice.

• Other challenges include potential medical misdiagnosis 

incidents, the need for assistance during clinical 

procedures, the risk of toxic or ineffective medications, and 

the handling of the remains in case of a deceased crew 

member.

Lunar DRMs presume:

• Restrictions in onboard medical capacity

• Increased risk with increased duration of 

surface stay and more 

frequent/numerous EVA 

Mars DRMs presume:

• Restrictions in onboard medical 

capability

• Limited ground medical support 

• Autonomous Medical Care

• Task design/EVA operations and 

suit/vehicle design will impact medical 

conditions’ severity

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 1

[V1 3001] Selection and Recertification; [V2 

3002] Pre-Mission Preventive 

Health Care; [V1 3003] In-Mission 

Preventive Health Care; [V1 3004] InMission Medical Care; [V1 6008] Crew 

Health Operations Concept Document

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 

[V2 7043] Medical Capability

Reference the following technical briefs 

OCHMO-TB-31 Exercise Overview, OCHMOTB-033 Spaceflight Experience and Medical 

Care, OCHMO-TB-034 Crew Selection & 

Recertification, and OCHMO-TB-012 

Mortality Related to Human Spaceflight for 

more information.

12/12/2023

Rev A
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

15

Behavioral Health

• Long-duration missions can affect the crews’ behavioral health due to confinement, stress, and 

isolation. The psychological needs of a long-duration mission may drive additional requirements.

• Privacy becomes more important for crewmembers as mission durations 

become longer. The psychological needs of a long-duration mission may 

drive additional space and privacy requirements.

• Certain personal activities such as sleeping, personal hygiene, waste 

management, and personnel interactions require some degree of 

privacy.

• Private areas where these activities occur should not be placed in 

passageways or highly congested activity centers. Additional degrees of 

isolation may be highly desirable, particularly in mixed-gender crews. As 

mission duration increases, the need for separation and privacy grows.

Individual privacy facilities shall be provided for long-duration missions 

(>30 days). [V2 7071] Behavioral Health and Privacy

• Crew also needs common areas to gather, eat, and plan their work. 

[V2 7084] Recreational Capabilities

Reference the OCHMO-TB-016 Behavioral Health Technical Brief and the OCHMO-TB-041 

Sleep Accommodations Technical Brief for additional information

Sleep Accommodations

• The sleep accommodation requirements depend primarily on the gravity environment and the mission 

duration. The selected sleep system type and volume depend on mission duration, mission scenario 

(e.g., microgravity vs. partial gravity), and available volume. Implementation can be done at different 

levels, from sleep areas, beds, individual crew quarters, shared crew quarters, and larger private crew 

quarters containing waste and hygiene management.

• Short-duration missions, such as LEO or lunar transit, may require only temporary sleep areas. The nondedicated crew areas used for sleep during short-duration missions should be easy and fast to set up 

and take down (e.g., sleeping bag). Sleep preparation operations that require excessive time can reduce 

sleeping time, resulting in decreased crew performance. It should be easy to ingress and egress all sleep 

areas. Even temporary sleep accommodations should provide sound and light attenuation, comfortable 

temperature and airflow, and a degree of privacy.

• Missions greater than 30 days in duration should have dedicated crew quarters that provide privacy. 

Crew-quarter design should incorporate features that contribute to feelings of security, comfort, 

privacy, personality, relaxation, and other aspects of behavioral health. [V1 4014] Completion of Critical 

Tasks; [V1 6001] Circadian Shifting Operations and Fatigue Management; [V2 6079] Crew Sleep 

Continuous Noise Limits; [V2 7070] Sleep Accommodations, and [V2 7071] Behavioral Health and 

Privacy.

One of the two crew quarters 

located in the Zvezda module

12/12/2023

Rev A
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

16

Workload

• Long-duration missions will have a different performance profile than missions of short durations. 

Astronauts may experience long periods of low workload or outright boredom, punctuated with bursts 

of high workload due to emergency or off-nominal conditions.

• Maintaining a ready engagement among crewmembers during extended periods of inactivity is 

essential to effective performance during periods of sudden critical activity. [V1 4014] Completion of 

Critical Tasks, [V2 5007] Cognitive Workload, and [V2 10200] Physical Workload

• Additionally, it is important to manage increases in workload during long-duration missions to facilitate 

crew morale, since crew cohesion tends to decrease as length of stay increases.

Team Cohesion and Collaboration

• Team conflict is a risk factor for long-duration space missions because of its potential impact on team 

member satisfaction, team cohesion, and performance. [V1 3001] Selection and Recertification

• Team issues are likely to occur on every long-duration mission. Consideration of team composition and 

performance factors will be especially important for longer-duration missions.

Eating dinner on Skylab I (1973)

Source: NASA

Eating dinner on the ISS (2015)

Source: NASA

Reference the NASA OCHMO-TB-032 Cognitive Workload for additional information

12/12/2023

Rev A
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

17

• Crew maintenance of the spacecraft will present 

unprecedented challenges in planetary exploration, 

primarily due to the significantly greater distances 

and durations required for such missions. HSIA 

requirements must be levied at the onset of the 

design and development cycle for increasingly 

Earth-independent missions.

• For Low Earth Orbit Missions, NASA has been able 

to shift maintainability requirements from the 

design phase to operations because ground 

support can be increased throughout the mission.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 

[V2 9111] Maintenance Concept of Operations; [V2 9112] Availability of Critical Systems; [V2 9113] 

Damage Prevention, [V2 9114] In-Mission Maintenance, [V2 9036] Design for Maintenance; [V2 

9037] Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Equipment Maintenance; [V2 9038] In-Mission Tool Set; [V2 

9115] Maintenance Tools Usability

Reference the OCHMO-TB-036 Design for Maintainability for additional information.

ISS040 (2014)-Reid Wiseman Performs 

Routine In-flight Maintenance

• This will not be possible to the same extent with extended lunar surface operations where vehicles 

and equipment will reside on the Moon. The same will be valid for Mars, compounded by long 

communication latencies that will not allow the ground to provide real-time guidance and oversight 

for preventive and corrective maintenance tasks.

• In addition, environmental factors associated with surface operations, including dust, thermal 

extremes, day-to-night transitions, static electricity, dormancy, etc., will increase maintainability 

challenges.

• NASA-STD-3001 provides guidance in designing equipment and systems to facilitate maintenance 

and ensure proper maintainability to support crew in routine operations and conditions requiring 

critical repairs. 

12/12/2023

Rev A

Application

Maintainability
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Back-Up

18

12/12/2023

Rev A
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

19

Major Changes Between Revisions

Original  Rev A

• Updated information and standards to be consistent with NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 Rev C and Volume 2 Rev D.

• Added considerations for communication delays and maintainability 

• Additional content added for clarity and guidance throughout

12/12/2023

Rev A
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 1 Revision C

[V1 3001] Selection and Recertification Crewmembers shall be medically and psychologically selected and 

annually recertified following the guidance in OCHMO-STD-100.1A, NASA Astronaut Medical Standards 

Selection and Annual Recertification.

[V1 3002] Pre-Mission Preventive Health Care Pre-mission preventive strategies shall be used to reduce inmission and long-term health medical risks, including, but not limited to: (see NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 

Rev C for full technical requirement).

[V1 3003] In-Mission Preventive Health Care All programs shall provide training, in-mission capabilities, 

and resources to monitor physiological and psychosocial well-being and enable delivery of in-mission 

preventive health care, based on epidemiological evidence-based probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), 

individual crewmember needs, clinical practice guidelines, flight surgeon expertise, historical review, 

mission parameters, and vehicle-derived limitations. These analyses consider the needs and limitations of 

each specific vehicle and design reference mission (DRM) with particular attention to parameters such as 

mission duration, expected return time to Earth, mission route and destination, expected radiation profile, 

concept of operations, and more. In-mission preventive care includes, but is not limited to: (see NASA-STD3001, Volume 1 Rev C for full technical requirement).

[V1 3004] In-Mission Medical Care All programs shall provide training, in-mission medical capabilities, and 

resources to diagnose and treat potential medical conditions based on epidemiological evidence-based 

PRA, individual crewmember needs, clinical practice guidelines, flight surgeon expertise, historical review, 

mission parameters, and vehicle-derived limitations. These analyses consider the needs and limitations of 

each specific vehicle and design reference mission (DRM) with particular attention to parameters such as 

mission duration, expected return time to Earth, mission route and destination, expected radiation profile, 

concept of operations, and more. In-mission capabilities (including hardware and software), resources 

(including consumables), and training to enable in-mission medical care, and behavioral care, are to include, 

but are not limited to: (see NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1 Rev C for full technical requirement).

[V1 4014] Completion of Critical Tasks The planned number of hours for completion of critical tasks and 

events, workday, and planned sleep period shall have established limits to assure continued crew health 

and safety.

[V1 4019] Pre-Mission Nutritional Status Pre-mission nutritional status shall be assessed, and any 

deficiencies mitigated before launch.

[V1 4020] In-Mission Nutrient Intake Programs shall provide each crewmember with 100% of their 

calculated nutrient and energy requirements, based on an individual’s age, sex, body mass (kg), height (m), 

and appropriate activity factor.

[V1 4022] Post-Mission Nutritional Assessment and Treatment Post-mission nutritional assessment and 

treatment shall be aimed at returning to baseline.

[V1 6001] Circadian Shifting Operations and Fatigue Management Crew schedule planning and operations 

shall be provided to include circadian entrainment, work/rest schedule assessment, task loading 

assessment, countermeasures, and special activities.

Referenced Technical Requirements

20

12/12/2023

Rev A

View the current versions of NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 & Volume 2 on the 

OCHMO Standards website
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 1 Revision C

[V1 6008] Crew Health Operations Concept Document The medical and health care operations concept 

should include, as a minimum, the operational concepts of crew selection; pre-flight medical intervention 

standards; inflight medical and health care standards; private medial conferences; periodic health and 

fitness evaluation; behavioral health support for the crew, ground personnel, and crew families; definitive 

care facilities; vehicle/habitat crew performance system; medical survival kits; post- flight standards; postflight medical evaluations; and landing/launch EMS support. For past programs, this information has been 

documented in a Crew Health Operations Concept (CHOC) document.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D

[V2 3006] Human-Centered Task Analysis Each human space flight program or project shall perform a 

human-centered task analysis to support systems and operations design. 

[V2 4013] Muscle Effects The effects of muscle endurance and fatigue shall be factored into system design.

[V2 4015] Aerobic Capacity The system shall be operable by crewmembers with the aerobic capacity as 

defined in NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1.

[V2 4102] Functional Anthropometric Accommodation The system shall ensure the range of potential 

crewmembers can fit, reach, view, and operate the human systems interfaces by accommodating 

crewmembers with the anthropometric dimensions and ranges of motion as defined in data sets in 

Appendix E, Physical Characteristics and Capabilities, Sections E.2 and E.3. 

[V2 4103] Body Mass, Volume, and Surface Area Data The system shall accommodate the body 

characteristic data for mass, volume, and surface area as defined in Appendix E, Physical Characteristics and 

Capabilities, Sections E.4, E.5, and E.6.

[V2 4104] Crew Operational Loads The system shall be operable by crew during all phases of flight, 

including prelaunch, ascent, orbit, entry, and postlanding, with the lowest anticipated strength as defined in 

E, Physical Characteristics and Capabilities, Section E.7.

[V2 4105] Withstand Crew Loads The system shall withstand forces imparted by the crew during all phases 

of flight, including but not limited to prelaunch, ascent, orbit, entry, and postlanding, as defined in Appendix 

E, Physical Characteristics and Capabilities, Section E.7 without sustaining damage.

[V2 5007] Cognitive Workload The system shall provide crew interfaces that result in Bedford Workload 

Scale ratings of 3 or less for nominal tasks and 6 or less for off-nominal tasks.

[V2 6004] Nominal Vehicle/Habitat Carbon Dioxide Levels The system shall limit the average one-hour CO2

partial pressure (ppCO2) in the habitable volume to no more than 3 mmHg.

[V2 6026] Water Quality At the point of crew consumption or contact, the system shall provide potable 

water that is safe for human use, including drinking, food rehydration, personal hygiene, and medical needs 

and is aesthetically acceptable.

[V2 6039] Water Dispensing Rate Water shall be dispensed at a rate that is compatible with the food 

system.

[V2 6040] Water Dispensing Increments To prevent overflow, water shall be dispensable in specified 

increments that are compatible with the food preparation instructions and time demands of the allotted 

meal schedule.

Referenced Technical Requirements

21

12/12/2023

Rev A

View the current versions of NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 & Volume 2 on the 

OCHMO Standards website
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D 

[V2 6050] Atmosphere Contamination Limit The system shall limit gaseous pollutant accumulation in the 

habitable atmosphere below individual chemical concentration limits specified in JSC-20584, Spacecraft 

Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Airborne Contaminants (SMACs).

[V2 6059] Microbial Air Contamination The system shall provide air in the habitable atmosphere that is 

microbiologically safe for human health and performance

[V2 6079] Crew Sleep Continuous Noise Limits For missions greater than 30 days, SPLs of continuous 

noise shall be limited to the values given by the NC-40 curve (see Figure 6.6-1—NC Curves, and Table 6.6-

3—Octave Band SPL Limits for Continuous Noise, dB re 20 μPa) in crew quarters and sleep areas. Hearing 

protection cannot be used to satisfy this requirement. 

[V2 6107] Nominal Vehicle /Habitat Atmospheric VentilationThe system shall maintain a ventilation rate 

within the internal atmosphere that is sufficient to provide circulation that prevents CO2 and thermal 

pockets from forming, except during suited operations, toxic cabin events, or when the crew is not 

inhabiting the vehicle.

[V2 6108] Off-Nominal Vehicle/Habitat Atmospheric Ventilation The system shall control for ppO2, 

ppCO2, and relative humidity during off-nominal operations, such as temporary maintenance activities in 

areas not in the normal habitable volume.

[V2 6109] Water Quantity The system shall provide a minimum water quantity as specified in Table 6.3-

1—Water Quantities and Temperatures, for the expected needs of each mission, which are considered 

mutually independent. 

[V2 6110] Water Temperature The system shall provide the appropriate water temperature as specified in 

Table 6.3-1—Water Quantities and Temperatures, for the expected needs of each mission and task.

[V2 7001] Food Quality The food system shall provide the capability to maintain food safety and nutrition 

during all phases of the mission.

[V2 7002] Food Acceptability The system shall provide food that is acceptable to the crew for the duration 

of the mission.

[V2 7003] Food Caloric Content The system shall provide each crewmember with an average of 12,698 kJ 

(3,035 kcal) per day, else an average energy requirement value is determined using Table 7.1-1—EER 

Equations and applying an activity factor appropriate to the mission gravity and planned level of physical 

activity.

[V2 7004] EVA Food Caloric Content For crewmembers performing EVA operations, the food system shall 

provide an additional 837 kJ (200 kcal) per EVA hour above nominal metabolic intake as defined by [V2 

7003] Food Caloric Content, of this NASA Technical Standard.

[V2 7007] Food Microorganism Levels Microorganism levels in the food and production area shall not 

exceed those specified in Table 7.1-3—Food Microorganism Levels.

[V2 7008] Food Preparation The system shall provide the capability for the preparation, consumption, and 

stowage of food.

[V2 7009] Food Preparation and Cleanup The food system shall allow the crew to unstow supplies, 

prepare meals, and clean up for all crewmembers within the allotted meal schedule.

[V2 7010] Food Contamination Control The food storage, preparation, and consumption areas shall be 

designed and located to protect against cross-contamination between food and the environment.

Referenced Technical Requirements

22

12/12/2023

Rev A

View the current versions of NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 & Volume 2 on the 

OCHMO Standards website
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D

[V2 7011] Food and Beverage Heating The system shall provide the capability to heat food and beverages 

to a temperature appropriate for the given item.

[V2 7014] Food Spill Control The system shall provide the ability to contain and remove food particles and 

spills. 

[V2 7015] Food System Cleaning and Sanitizing The system shall provide methods for cleaning and 

sanitizing food facilities, equipment, and work areas.

[V2 7016] Personal Hygiene Capability Personal hygiene items shall be provided for each crew member, 

along with corresponding system capabilities for oral hygiene, personal grooming, and body cleansing.

[V2 7020] Body Waste Management Capability The system shall provide the capability for collection, 

containment, and disposal of body waste for both males and females.

[V2 7023] Body Waste Management Provision Body waste management supplies shall be provided for 

each crewmember and be located within reach of crewmembers using the waste body management 

system.

[V2 7041] Environmental Control The system environmental control shall accommodate the increased O2

consumption and additional output of heat, CO2, perspiration droplets, odor, and particulates generated 

by the crew in an exercise area.

[V2 7043] Medical Capability A medical system shall be provided to the crew to meet the medical 

requirements of NASA-STD-3001, Volume 1.

[V2 7052] Stowage Location All relocatable items, e.g., food, EVA suits, and spare parts, shall have a 

dedicated stowage location.

[V2 7070] Sleep Accommodations The system shall provide volume, restraint, accommodations, 

environmental control (e.g., vibration, lighting, noise, and temperature), and degree of privacy for sleep 

for each crewmember, to support crew health and performance.

[V2 7071] Behavioral Health and Privacy For long-duration missions (>30 days), individual privacy 

facilities shall be provided.

[V2 7074] Clothing Quantity Clean, durable clothing shall be provided in quantities sufficient to meet 

crew needs.

[V2 7076] Clothing Safety and Comfort Clothing shall be comfortable in fit and composition, for the 

environment, e.g., temperature and humidity, in which it will be worn.

[V2 7100] Food Nutrient Composition The system shall provide a food system with a diet including the 

nutrient composition that is indicated in the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) values as recommended by the 

National Institutes of Health, with the exception of those adjusted for spaceflight as noted in Table 7.1-2—

Nutrient Guidelines for Spaceflight.

[V2 8001] Volume Allocation The system shall provide the defined habitable volume and layout to 

physically accommodate crew operations and living.

[V2 10200] Physical Workload The system shall provide crew interfaces that result in a Borg-CR10 rating 

of perceived exertion (RPE) of 4 (somewhat strong) or less.

All referenced tables and figures are available in NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D.

Referenced Technical Requirements

23

12/12/2023

Rev A

View the current versions of NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 & Volume 2 on the 

OCHMO Standards website
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-007

Mission Duration

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Reference List

1. Human Integration Design Handbook, Rev 1. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/human-integration-designhandbook/

2. Guidance for NASA Medical Board Procedures 

https://taskbook.nasaprs.com/peer_review/prog/mpbhand.pdf

3. Behavioral Issues Associated With Long Duration Space Expeditions: Review and Analysis of Astronaut 

Journals -Experiment 01-E104 (Journals) -Phase 2 Final Report

4. Behavioral Issues Associated with Long Duration Space Expeditions: Review and Analysis of Astronaut 

Journals Experiment 01-E104 (Journals): Final Report 

https://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/lsda_data/dataset_inv_data/ILSRA_2001_104__1740256372_.pdf_Expedition_

8_ILSRA-2001-104_2011_31_010100.pdf

5. Basner M, Dinges DF, Mollicone DJ, Savelev I, Ecker AJ, et al. (2014) Psychological and Behavioral 

Changes during Confinement in a 520-Day Simulated Interplanetary Mission to Mars. PLOS ONE 9(3):

6. Habitability Design-Designing with the Human in Mind https://www.nasa.gov/feature/habitabilitydesign

7. JSC-63414 Spacecraft Water Exposure Guidelines (SWEGs) 

(https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/jsc_63414_final_with_signature.pdf

8. Sleep Environment Recommendations for Future Spaceflight Vehicles, Zachary A. Caddick1 , Kevin 

Gregory, and Erin E. Flynn-Evans: 

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20190002008.pdf

9. Dismukes, K., 2003. Space Sleep. NASA Human Space Flight. Retrieved from: 

http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/living/spacesleep/index.html (22 March 2011).

10. Habitability and Habitat Design, Tommaso Sgobba, Irene Lia Schlacht

11. Space Habitability: Integrating Human Factors into the Design Process to Enhance Habitability in Long 

Duration Missions. (Doctoral Dissertation). Schlacht, I.L. (2012) .Technische Universitaet Berlin. 

Retrieved from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:83-opus-34070

12. Kahn J, Liverman CT, McCoy MA (eds.). Health Standards for Long Duration and Exploration Spaceflight: 

Ethics Principles, Responsibilities, and Decision Framework, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of 

Sciences, 2014. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/18576/health-standards-for-long-duration-andexploration-spaceflight-ethics-principles

13. The Challenges in the Development of a Long Duration Space Mission Food System 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24291143_The_Challenges_in_the_Development_of_a_Lon

g_Duration_Space_Mission_Food_System

14. Flynn, C. F. (2005). An operational approach to long-duration mission behavioral health and 

performance factors. Aviat Space Environ Med, 76(6)

15. ISS20th: Long-Duration Missions 

https://roundupreads.jsc.nasa.gov/pages.ashx/1375/ISS20th%20LongDuration%20Missions

16. Updates to the Risk of Performance Decrement and Adverse Health Outcomes Resulting from Sleep 

Loss, Circadian Desynchronization, and Work Overload. CR: SA-01743 Human System Risk Board 

Presentation. August 29, 2019.

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