National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Budget Authority ($ in millions)

Actual

20121

Estimate

20132

Request

2014 2015

Notional

2016 2017 2018

NASA FY 2014 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 

Science 5,073.7 5,115.9 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 

Earth Science 1,765.7 1,846.1 1,854.6 1,848.9 1,836.9 1,838.1 

Planetary Science 1,501.4 1,217.5 1,214.8 1,225.3 1,254.5 1,253.0 

Astrophysics 648.4 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1 

James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 

Heliophysics 644.9 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6 

Subtotal, Science 5,079.0 5,121.1 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 

Less Rescissions (5.3) (5.3)

Aeronautics 569.4 572.9 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 

Subtotal, Aeronautics 569.9 573.4 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 

Less Rescissions (0.5) (0.5)

Space Technology 573.7 577.2 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 

Subtotal, Space Technology 575.0 578.5 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 

Less Rescissions (1.3) (1.3)

Exploration 3,707.3 3,790.1 3,915.5 3,952.0 3,970.7 3,799.0 3,589.3 

Exploration Systems Dev 3,002.0 2,730.0 2,789.8 2,801.5 2,818.3 2,819.5 

Commercial Spaceflight 406.0 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0 

Exploration Research & Dev 303.0 364.2 340.8 347.8 390.7 398.7 

Subtotal, Exploration 3,711.0 3,793.9 3,915.5 3,952.0 3,970.7 3,799.0 3,589.3 

Less Rescissions (3.7) (3.7)

Space Operations 4,184.0 4,249.1 3,882.9 4,014.9 3,996.2 4,167.9 4,377.6 

Space Shuttle 599.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

International Space Station 2,789.9 3,049.1 3,169.8 3,182.4 3,389.6 3,598.3 

Space & Flight Support 805.2 833.8 845.1 813.8 778.3 779.3 

Subtotal, Space Operations 4,194.4 4,259.4 3,882.9 4,014.9 3,996.2 4,167.9 4,377.6 

Less Rescissions (10.4) (10.4)

Education 136.1 136.9 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 

Subtotal, Education 138.4 139.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 

Less Rescissions (2.3) (2.3)

Cross Agency Support 2,993.9 3,012.2 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 

Center Management & Ops 2,204.1 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 

Agency Management & Ops 789.9 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 

Subtotal, Cross Agency Support 2,994.0 3,012.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 

Less Rescissions (0.1) (0.1)

BUD-1
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Construction & Environmental 3 494.5 401.9 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9 Compliance & Restoration

Construction of Facilities 455.0 533.9 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 

Environmental Compliance & 45.0 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 Restoration

Subtotal, Construction & 

Environmental Compliance & 500.0 407.4 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9 

Restoration

Less Rescissions (5.5) (5.5)

Office of Inspector General4 38.3 38.2 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 

Subtotal, Inspector General 38.3 38.5 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 

Less Rescissions 0.0 (0.3)

Less Rescission from Prior (1.0) (1.0) Appropriation Accounts

NASA FY 2014 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 

1FY 2012 rescissions are pursuant to PL 112-55, Division B, sec 528(f). 

2

The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; therefore, the 

amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution plus the 0.612 percent across 

the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). The FY 2012 and 2013 column also include rescissions 

to prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

3Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration includes $15 million provided by the Disaster Relief Act, 2013 

(P.L. 113-2) for Sandy storm recovery. 

4Rescission of unobligated American Recovery and Reinvestments Act balances in the Office of Inspector General account 

pursuant to P.L. 111-203, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. 

BUD-2
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

NASA FY 2014 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 

Science 5,073.7 5,115.9 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 

Earth Science 1,760.5 5,115.9 1,846.1 1,854.6 1,848.9 1,836.9 1,838.1 

Earth Science Research 441.1 443.3 483.1 483.4 485.1 476.5 

Earth Science Research & Analysis 333.3 328.7 337.8 339.2 342.7 327.7 

Computing & Management 107.7 114.6 145.3 144.2 142.4 148.9 

Earth Systematic Missions 880.9 787.5 811.2 861.9 839.1 833.3 

Global Precipitation Measurement 87.9 60.3 18.7 19.6 14.2 15.3 

Ice, Cloud, & land Elevation Satellite-II 130.5 140.7 106.4 90.4 27.1 14.1 

Soil Moisture Active & Passive 214.2 88.3 74.9 15.9 11.3 11.3 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 406.0 414.9 536.0 661.6 714.8 772.6 

GRACE FO 42.3 83.4 75.3 74.3 71.7 20.0 

Earth System Science Pathfinder 187.5 353.6 293.1 232.2 237.4 250.0 

OCO-2 93.4 81.2 21.0 12.5 7.9 12.0 

Venture Class Missions 53.6 212.7 208.5 166.9 190.0 201.7 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 40.5 59.6 63.6 52.8 39.5 36.3 

Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations 168.6 171.7 174.3 177.9 179.0 182.0 

Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations 168.6 171.7 174.3 177.9 179.0 182.0 

Earth Science Technology 51.2 55.1 56.2 55.1 56.1 56.1 

Earth Science Technology 51.2 55.1 56.2 55.1 56.1 56.1 

Applied Sciences 36.4 35.0 36.7 38.4 40.1 40.1 

Pathways 36.4 35.0 36.7 38.4 40.1 40.1 

Subtotal, Earth Science 1,765.7 

Less Rescissions (5.2)

BUD-3
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Planetary Science 1,501.4 (0.0) 1,217.5 1,214.8 1,225.3 1,254.5 1,253.0 

Planetary Science Research 174.1 220.6 233.3 229.1 230.4 232.2 

Planetary Science Research & Analysis 122.3 130.1 131.0 131.3 132.2 132.5 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 27.4 46.0 74.5 70.2 70.3 71.8 

Directorate Management 4.0 4.0 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.4 

Near Earth Object Observations 20.4 40.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 

Lunar Quest Program 140.0 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Lunar Science 66.8 15.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Lunar Atmosphere & Dust Environment Explorer 70.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Surface Science Lander Technology 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Discovery 172.6 257.9 268.2 242.3 187.5 215.0 

InSight 42.1 193.3 175.2 116.5 15.2 10.6 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 130.6 64.6 93.0 125.8 172.3 204.4 

New Frontiers 143.7 257.5 297.2 266.5 151.0 126.2 

OSIRIS-REx 99.8 218.7 244.1 204.4 30.9 21.1 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 43.9 38.8 53.1 62.1 120.1 105.1 

Mars Exploration 587.0 234.0 227.7 318.4 504.7 513.2 

MAVEN 245.7 50.1 20.2 6.6 0.0 0.0 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 341.4 183.9 207.6 311.8 504.7 513.2 

Outer Planets 122.1 79.0 45.6 24.4 26.4 26.4 

Outer Planets 122.1 79.0 45.6 24.4 26.4 26.4 

Technology 161.9 150.9 142.8 144.7 154.4 140.0 

Technology 161.9 150.9 142.8 144.7 154.4 140.0 

Subtotal, Planetary Science 1,501.4 

5 Less Rescissions (0.0)

BUD-4
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Astrophysics 648.4 0.0 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1 

Astrophysics Research 165.5 147.6 170.6 192.3 207.2 218.5 

Astrophysics Research & Analysis 68.6 65.7 68.3 70.2 71.5 71.5 

Balloon Project 31.6 32.9 32.8 34.2 34.3 34.3 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 65.3 49.1 69.4 87.9 101.3 112.7 

Cosmic Origins 239.9 228.0 216.5 193.1 196.7 194.1 

Hubble Space Telescope 98.3 96.3 92.3 88.2 88.2 83.9 

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy 84.2 87.4 87.3 85.2 85.1 86.2 

(SOFIA)

Other Missions & Data Analysis 57.4 44.3 36.9 19.7 23.4 24.0 

Physics of the Cosmos 108.3 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 108.3 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4 

Exoplanet Exploration 50.8 55.4 59.4 57.7 60.7 90.7 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 50.8 55.4 59.4 57.7 60.7 90.7 

Astrophysics Explorer 83.9 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 83.9 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4 

James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 0.0 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 

James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 

James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 

BUD-5
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Heliophysics 644.8 (0.0) 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6 

Heliophysics Research 166.7 195.7 163.0 167.5 172.1 174.1 

Heliophysics Research & Analysis 32.9 33.5 33.9 34.0 33.9 33.9 

Sounding Rockets 52.4 51.6 53.7 53.0 53.0 53.0 

Research Range 20.1 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.7 21.7 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 61.3 89.6 54.2 58.8 63.5 65.5 

Living with a Star 196.3 216.2 277.7 332.6 353.9 374.4 

Solar Probe Plus 52.6 104.8 137.1 229.3 213.5 329.7 

Solar Orbiter Collaboration 19.7 55.5 97.3 68.2 100.0 6.7 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 124.0 55.8 43.3 35.1 40.5 38.0 

Solar Terrestrial Probes 216.0 146.6 68.7 48.9 50.1 27.9 

Magnetospheric Multiscale 194.6 120.9 39.5 20.2 12.3 2.7 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 21.4 25.8 29.2 28.7 37.8 25.2 

Heliophysics Explorer Program 65.8 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2 

Other Missions & Data Analysis 65.8 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2 

Subtotal, Heliophysics 644.9 

5 Less Rescissions (0.0)

Subtotal, Science 5,079.0 5,121.1 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 5,017.8 

Less Rescissions (5.3) (5.3)

BUD-6
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Budget Authority ($ in millions)

Actual

20121

Estimate

20132

Request

2014 2015

Notional

2016 2017 2018

Aeronautics 569.4 572.9 565.7 

565.7 

80.0 

565.7 

565.7 

80.3 

565.7 

565.7 

81.5 

565.7 

565.7 

82.4 

565.7 

565.7 

82.5 

Aeronautics 569.4 572.9 

Aviation Safety 80.1 

Aviation Safety 80.1 80.0 80.3 81.5 82.4 82.5 

Airspace Systems 92.7 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4 

Airspace Systems 92.7 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4 

Fundamental Aeronautics 186.3 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7 

Fundamental Aeronautics 186.3 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7 

Aeronautics Test 79.4 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8 

Aeronautics Test 79.4 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8 

Integrated Systems Research 104.2 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4 

Integrated Systems Research 104.2 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4 

Aeronautics Strategy & Management 27.2 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9 

Aeronautics Strategy & Management 27.2 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9 

Subtotal, Aeronautics 569.9 573.4 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 

Less Rescissions (0.5) (0.5)

Space Technology 573.7 577.2 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 

Space Technology 573.7 578.5 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 

Partnerships Development & Strategic Integration 29.5 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 

Partnership Development & Strategic Integration 29.5 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 

SBIR & STTR 171.6 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6 

SBIR & STTR 171.6 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6 

Crosscutting Space Technology Development 183.9 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3 

Crosscutting Space Technology Development 183.9 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3 

Exploration Technology Development 190.0 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0 

Exploration Technology Development 190.0 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0 

Subtotal, Space Technology 575.0 578.5 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 

Less Rescissions (1.3) (1.3)

BUD-7
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Exploration 3,707.3 3,790.1 3,915.5 3,952.0 3,970.7 3,799.0 3,589.3 

Exploration Systems Development 3,001.6 0.0 2,730.0 2,789.8 2,801.5 2,818.3 2,819.5 

Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 1,200.0 1,026.8 1,024.9 1,027.1 1,027.1 1,028.3 

Crew Vehicle Development 1,159.8 993.5 997.8 1,001.8 1,001.3 1,002.6 

MPCV Program Integration & Support 40.2 33.4 27.1 25.3 25.8 25.8 

Space Launch System 1,497.5 1,384.9 1,356.5 1,360.2 1,354.4 1,345.4 

Launch Vehicle Development 1,450.5 1,339.8 1,312.9 1,312.5 1,277.6 1,268.7 

SLS Program Integration & Support 47.0 45.1 43.6 47.7 76.7 76.7 

Exploration Ground Systems 304.5 318.2 408.4 414.2 436.8 445.8 

Exploration Ground Systems 304.5 318.2 408.4 414.2 436.8 445.8 

Subtotal, Exploration Systems Development 3,002.0 

Less Rescissions (0.4)

Commercial Spaceflight 406.0 0.0 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0 

Commercial Cargo 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Commercial Crew 392.0 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0 

Commercial Crew 392.0 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0 

Exploration Research & Development 299.7 0.0 364.2 340.8 347.8 390.7 398.7 

Human Research Program 157.7 165.1 164.6 169.5 175.4 180.0 

Human Research Program 157.7 165.1 164.6 169.5 175.4 180.0 

Advanced Exploration Systems 145.3 199.0 176.2 178.3 215.3 218.7 

Advanced Exploration Systems 145.3 199.0 176.2 178.3 215.3 218.7 

Subtotal, Exploration Research & Development 303.0 

Less Rescissions (3.3)

Subtotal, Exploration 3,711.0 3,793.9 3,915.5 3,952.0 3,970.7 3,799.0 3,589.3 

Less Rescissions (3.7) (3.7)

BUD-8
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Space Operations 4,184.0 4,249.1 3,882.9 4,014.9 3,996.2 4,167.9 4,377.6 

Space Shuttle 596.2 (3.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Space Shuttle Program 599.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

SPOC Pension Liability 515.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Program Integration 60.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Flight & Ground Operations 19.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Flight Hardware 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Subtotal, Space Shuttle 599.3 

Less Rescissions (3.1)

International Space Station 2,789.9 0.0 3,049.1 3,169.8 3,182.4 3,389.6 3,598.3 

International Space Station Program 2,789.9 3,049.1 3,169.8 3,182.4 3,389.6 3,598.3 

ISS Systems Operations & Maintenance 1,378.7 1,318.9 1,258.7 1,259.2 1,330.3 1,329.1 

ISS Research 225.5 226.4 229.3 236.4 239.6 249.6 

ISS Crew & Cargo Transportation 1,185.7 1,503.8 1,681.9 1,686.7 1,819.7 2,019.6 

BUD-9
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Space & Flight Support 797.9 4,250.8 833.8 845.1 813.8 778.3 779.3 

21st Century Space Launch Complex 130.0 39.6 31.0 36.2 11.8 11.8 

21st Century Space Launch Complex 130.0 39.6 31.0 36.2 11.8 11.8 

Space Communications & Navigation 443.4 554.5 562.7 521.4 506.5 507.5 

Space Communications Networks 355.6 435.9 412.0 415.5 416.3 416.5 

TDRS Replenishment 15.4 41.2 71.2 28.6 0.0 0.0 

Space Communications Support 72.3 77.4 79.5 77.4 90.2 91.0 

Human Space Flight Operations 107.2 111.4 119.2 120.9 121.9 121.9 

Human Space Flight Operations 107.2 111.4 119.2 120.9 121.9 121.9 

Launch Services 81.0 80.5 84.9 87.6 90.0 90.0 

Launch Services 81.0 80.5 84.9 87.6 90.0 90.0 

Rocket Propulsion Test 43.6 47.8 47.3 47.7 48.0 48.0 

Rocket Propulsion Testing 43.6 47.8 47.3 47.7 48.0 48.0 

Subtotal, Space & Flight Support 805.2 

Less Rescissions (7.3)

Subtotal, Space Operations 4,194.4 4,259.4 3,882.9 4,014.9 3,996.2 4,167.9 4,377.6 

Less Rescissions (10.4) (10.4)

Education 136.1 136.9 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 

Education 136.1 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 

Aerospace Research. & Career Development 58.4 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 

NASA Space Grant 40.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 

EPSCoR 18.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 

STEM Education & Accountability 80.0 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 

Minority University Research Education Program 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 

STEM Education & Accountability Projects 50.0 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 

Subtotal, Education 138.4 139.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 

Less Rescissions (2.3) (2.3)

BUD-10
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Cross Agency Support 2,993.9 3,012.2 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 

Center Management & Operations 2,204.1 0.0 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 

Center Management & Operations 2,204.1 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 2,089.7 

Center Institutional Capabilities 1,707.2 1,622.4 1,622.4 1,622.4 1,622.4 1,622.4 

Center Programmatic Capabilities 496.9 467.3 467.3 467.3 467.3 467.3 

Agency Management & Operations 789.8 3,012.2 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 

Agency Management 403.7 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 

Agency Management 403.7 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 

Safety & Mission Success 198.4 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1 

Safety & Mission Assurance 49.4 49.9 49.9 49.9 49.9 49.9 

Chief Engineer 105.2 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 

Chief Health & Medical Officer 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 

Independent Verification & Validation 39.1 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3 

Agency IT Services 158.5 168.4 168.4 168.4 168.4 168.4 

IT Management 14.6 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6 

Applications 67.8 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 

Infrastructure 76.0 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8 

Strategic Capabilities Assets Program 29.3 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 

Strategic Capabilities Assets Program 29.3 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 

Subtotal, Agency Management & Operations 789.9 

Less Rescissions (0.1)

Subtotal, Cross Agency Support 2,994.0 3,012.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 2,850.3 

Less Rescissions (0.1) (0.1)

BUD-11
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

3 Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration 494.5 401.9 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9 

Construction of Facilities 449.7 402.1 533.9 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 

Institutional CoF 315.1 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 

Institutional CoF 315.1 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 

Science CoF 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Science CoF 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Exploration CoF 71.0 142.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Exploration CoF 71.0 142.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Space Operations CoF 56.9 26.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Space Operations CoF 56.9 26.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 

Subtotal, Construction & Environmental Compliance & 455.0 Restoration

Less Rescissions (5.3)

Environmental Compliance & Restoration 44.8 (0.2) 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 

Environmental Compliance & Restoration 45.0 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 

Environmental Compliance & Restoration 45.0 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 

Subtotal, Environmental Compliance & Restoration 45.0 

Less Rescissions (0.2)

Subtotal, Construction & Environmental Compliance & 500.0 407.4 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9 Restoration

Less Rescissions (5.5) (5.5)

BUD-12
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 PRESIDENT’S BUDGET REQUEST SUMMARY

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Inspector General4 38.3 38.2 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 

Inspector General 38.3 38.2 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 

IG Program 38.3 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 

Inspector General 38.3 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 

Subtotal, Inspector General 38.3 38.5 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 

Less Rescissions 0.0 (0.3)

Less Rescission from Prior Appropriation Accounts (1.0) (1.0)

NASA FY 2014 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 

Memorandum: NASA Pre- & Post-Rescission Totals

Fiscal Year

Actual Estimate Request Notional

Budget Authority ($ in millions) 20121 20132 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Pre-Rescission Subtotal, NASA 17,800.0 17,923.8 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 

Less Rescissions (30.0) (30.3)

Post-Rescission Total 17,770.0 17,893.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 17,715.4 

1FY 2012 rescissions are pursuant to PL 112-55, Division B, sec 528(f). 

2

The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized 

level provided by the Continuing Resolution plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). The FY 2012 and 2013 column 

also include rescissions to prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

3Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration includes $15 million provided by the Disaster Relief Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-2) for Sandy storm recovery. 

4Rescission of unobligated American Recovery and Reinvestments Act balances in the Office of Inspector General account pursuant to P.L. 111-203, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street 

Reform and Consumer Protection Act. 

5Rescission amount for Planetary Science is $0.032M and Heliophysics is $0.026M. Amounts round to $0.0 million in table above. 

BUD-13
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

OVERVIEW

Agency Summary 

MESSAGE FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR ..................................................... SUM-2 

BUDGET OVERVIEW ............................................................................... SUM-4 

BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS ............................................................................. SUM-8 

EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES ................................ SUM-12

SCIENCE

Science ............................................................................................ SCI-4 

Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH .................................................. .......... ES-2 

EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS ............................................... ......... ES-9 

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) [Development] ......................... ES-11

Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2)[Development] ........ ES-17

Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) [Development] ......................... ES-22

GRACE Follow-On [Formulation] ............................................................... ES-27

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... ES-32

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER ..................................... ......... ES-44

Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) [Development] ........................... ES-46

Venture Class Missions [Formulation] ........................................................ ES-52

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ES-57

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS .................................... ES-62

EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ............................................. .......... ES-67

APPLIED SCIENCES ........................................................... ........... ES-71

TOC-1
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Planetary Science 

PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH ........................................... .......... PS-2 

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... PS-7 

LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM ..................................................... .......... PS-9 

Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) [Development] PS-12

DISCOVERY ....................................................................... ......... PS-17

Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport 

(InSight) [Formulation] ......................................................................... PS-18

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-23

NEW FRONTIERS ................................................................ ........ PS-27

Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer 

(OSIRIS-REx) [Formulation] ................................................................ PS-28

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-33

MARS EXPLORATION ........................................................... ......... PS-36

2013 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) [Development] . PS-37

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-43

OUTER PLANETS ............................................................... .......... PS-50

TECHNOLOGY ................................................................... ......... PS-54

Astrophysics 

ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH ................................................. ....... . ASTRO-2 

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................ ASTRO-7 

COSMIC ORIGINS .............................................................. ....... ASTRO-10

Hubble Space Telescope ........................................................................... ASTRO-13

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) 

[Development] ...................................................................................... ASTRO-16

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-24

PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS ................................................... ......... ASTRO-27

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-29

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION ................................................... ........ ASTRO-32

ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER ................................................... ......... ASTRO-37

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-38

James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST) ............................... ........... JWST-2 

TOC-2
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH .................................................. ........... HELIO-2 

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-7 

LIVING WITH A STAR ........................................................... .......... HELIO-13

Solar Probe Plus [Formulation] ................................................................... HELIO-14

Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) [Development] ..................................... HELIO-19

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-24

SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES ............................................. ........... HELIO-28

Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) [Development] .................................... HELIO-29

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-35

HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM ..................................................... HELIO-39

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-41

AERONAUTICS

Aeronautics ..................................................................................... AERO-2 

AVIATION SAFETY .................................................................................. AERO-8 

AIRSPACE SYSTEMS .............................................................................. AERO-14

FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS ................................................................ AERO-20

AERONAUTICS TEST .............................................................................. AERO-27

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH ......................................................... AERO-32

AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT ......................................... AERO-39

SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Space Technology .......................................................................... TECH-2 

PARTNERSHIPS AND STRATEGIC INTEGRATION ........................................ TECH-7 

SBIR AND STTR ................................................................................... TECH-13

CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ............................. TECH-19

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ........................................... TECH-33

TOC-3
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

HUMAN EXPLORATION AND OPERATIONS

Human Exploration and Operations .............................................. HEO-2 

Exploration 

EXPLORATION ........................................................................................ EXP-2 

Exploration Systems and Development 

Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle ........................................................ EXP-6 

Crew Vehicle [Formulation] ....................................................................... EXP-8 

Space Launch System .......................................................................... EXP-15

Launch Vehicles [Formulation] .................................................................. EXP-17

Exploration Ground Systems ................................................................ EXP-25

Commercial Spaceflight 

Commercial Crew .................................................................................. EXP-31

Exploration Research and Development 

Human Research Program ................................................................... EXP-38

Advanced Exploration Systems ............................................................ EXP-45

Space Operations 

SPACE OPERATIONS .............................................................................. SO-2 

International Space Station (ISS) ............................................................... SO-5 

ISS Systems Operations and Maintenance ......................................... SO-7 

ISS Research ....................................................................................... SO-13

ISS Crew and Cargo Transportation .................................................... SO-21

SPACE AND FLIGHT SUPPORT (SFS) 

21st Century Space Launch Complex ........................................................ SO-27

Space Communications and Navigation (SCAN) ....................................... SO-34

Space Communications Networks ....................................................... SO-36

Space Networks Ground Segment Sustainment [Formulation] ............ SO-42

Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) [Development] .................. SO-47

Space Communication Support ........................................................... SO-52

Human Space Flight Operations ................................................................ SO-56

Launch Services ......................................................................................... SO-61

Rocket Propulsion Test (RPT) .................................................................... SO-67

TOC-4
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EDUCATION

Education ........................................................................................ EDUC-2 

AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT (ARCD) ................ EDUC-8 

National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (Space Grant) .... EDUC-10

Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) ..... EDUC-16

STEM EDUCATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY ............................................... EDUC-20

Minority University Research and Education Program (MUREP) .............. EDUC-21

STEM Education and Accountability Projects ............................................ EDUC-27

CROSS AGENCY SUPPORT

Cross Agency Support ................................................................... CAS-2 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS ............................................... CAS-5 

AGENCY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS ............................................... CAS-12

Agency Management .................................................................................. CAS-14

Safety and Missions Success (SMS) ......................................................... CAS-18

Agency IT Services (AITS) ......................................................................... CAS-23

Strategic Capabilities Assets Program (SCAP) .......................................... CAS-28

HEADQUARTERS BUDGET BY OFFICE ...................................................... CAS-32

HEADQUARTERS TRAVEL BUDGET BY OFFICE .......................................... CAS-33

HEADQUARTERS WORKFORCE BY OFFICE ............................................... CAS-34

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND 

RESTORATION

Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration . CECR-2 

CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES ............................................................... CECR-5 

Institutional Construction of Facilities ......................................................... CECR-8 

Exploration Construction of Facilities ......................................................... CECR-20

Space Operations Construction of Facilities .............................................. CECR-26

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND RESTORATION .................................. CECR-30

TOC-5
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INSPECTOR GENERAL

Inspector General ........................................................................... IG-2 

SUPPORTING DATA

Funds Distribution by Installation ................................................. SD-2 

Civil Service Full-Time Equivalent Distribution ............................ SD-5 

Working Capital Fund ..................................................................... SD-7 

Budget by Object Class .................................................................. SD-10

Status of Unobligated Funds ......................................................... SD-11

Reimbursable Estimates ................................................................ SD-12

Enhanced Use Leasing ................................................................... SD-13

Budget for Microgravity Science ................................................... SD-16

Budget for Safety Oversight .......................................................... SD-18

Physicians’ Comparability Allowance ........................................... SD-20

Budget for Public Relations ........................................................... SD-22

Consulting Services ....................................................................... SD-23

E-Gov Initiatives and Benefits ....................................................... SD-25

COMPARABILITY TABLES

Comparability Tables Explanation ................................................ COMP-1 

Comparability Adjustment Tables ................................................. COMP-2 

FY 13 Comparability Tables ........................................................... COMP-5 

PROPOSED APPROPRIATIONS LANGUAGE

Proposed Appropriations Language ............................................. PAL-1 

REFERENCE

References and Acronyms ............................................................. REF-1 

TOC-6
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

FY 2014 BUDGET REQUEST EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

OVERVIEW

Agency Summary 

MESSAGE FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR ..................................................... SUM-2 

BUDGET OVERVIEW ............................................................................... SUM-4 

BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS ............................................................................. SUM-8 

EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES ................................ SUM-12

SUM-1
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

MESSAGE FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR

NASA is proud to play a leading role in ensuring America's preeminence in space exploration, 

technology, innovation, and scientific discovery. We are pleased to submit a budget request for 2014 that 

supports our goals to explore, discover, innovate, and inspire our Nation to reach greater heights while 

improving the lives of those on Earth. 

This budget focuses on expanding America’s capabilities in air and space through steady progress on new 

space and aeronautics technologies, continued success with commercial space partnerships, and farreaching science programs to help us understand Earth and the universe in which we live. The budget 

keeps us competitive, opens the door to new destinations, and vastly increases our knowledge. 

With American commercial partners now successfully and affordably resupplying the International Space 

Station with cargo launched from our shores by American companies, this budget ensures U.S. industry 

will soon begin cost-effectively flying astronauts to low Earth orbit, ending our reliance on other nations 

and opening up new commercial markets in space. The budget request for the Commercial Crew program 

provides resources at a level that will keep us on target to restore America’s human space launch 

capability. It will ensure that we are flying missions by 2017, and that our astronauts are launching from 

U.S. soil on affordable spacecraft built by American companies. 

The International Space Station remains the centerpiece of human exploration, and continues to help us 

understand how to live and work in space for the long term. It allows us to perform technology 

demonstrations and scientific research only possible in microgravity, all helping to improve life on Earth 

and plan for missions into deep space. 

This budget enables significant progress toward the ambitious exploration objective that President Obama 

laid out in 2010: Send humans to an asteroid in 2025 and to Mars in the 2030s. Using critical national 

capabilities advanced by the Administration, such as game-changing technologies, detection of potentially 

hazardous asteroids, and the Space Launch System and Orion vehicles for human exploration beyond low 

Earth orbit, NASA will begin work on a first-of-its-kind asteroid retrieval mission. 

This mission to identify, capture, redirect, and sample a small asteroid would mark an unprecedented 

technological feat that will raise the bar of what humans can do in space. And it would provide invaluable 

new data on the threats asteroids pose to our home planet and how they could be mitigated. Capturing and 

moving an asteroid integrates the best of our science, technology and human exploration operations and 

draws on the innovation of America's brightest scientists and engineers. It takes advantage of our hard 

work on the Space Launch System and Orion crew capsule and helps keep us on target to reach the 

President’s goal of sending humans to Mars in the 2030s. NASA will plan and begin design of this 

mission in 2013. Progress will continue conditional on its feasibility and affordability. 

Space Technology remains critical to our efforts, and this budget bolsters that priority. We are focusing 

on new capabilities such as solar sails and solar electric propulsion, green rocket propellants, laser 

communications and many others to make possible tomorrow's exploration. 

NASA's ground-breaking science missions are reaching farther into the solar system, revealing unknown 

aspects of the universe and providing critical data about our home planet and threats to it. Spacecraft are 

speeding to Jupiter, Pluto, and the dwarf planet Ceres, while satellites peer into other galaxies, spot 

planets around other stars, and work to uncover the origins of the universe. The budget funds an amazing 

fleet of scientific spacecraft. The budget request will also support our study of Earth and its response to 

SUM-2
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

MESSAGE FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR

natural or human-induced changes. On the heels of the most daring mission to Mars in history last year, 

this budget will provide funding to launch another mission to the Red Planet. 

We also will continue making steady progress to develop and conduct critical tests on the James Webb 

Space Telescope, leading to its planned launch in 2018. The telescope will revolutionize our 

understanding of the universe, just as its predecessor the Hubble Space Telescope did. 

NASA’s innovative aeronautics research supports the U.S. aviation industry’s efforts to maintain 

competiveness in the global market. Our research provides the flying public with flights with fewer 

delays, while also maintaining an outstanding safety level. NASA’s breakthrough research into more 

efficient air traffic management and environmentally friendly aircraft helps U.S. air carriers operate their 

fleets more efficiently while reducing operating costs. 

These critical efforts will contribute to a bright future for our Nation by stimulating the economy and 

creating more jobs, especially for the next generation of American scientists and engineers. The funding 

of cutting-edge aeronautics and space technology innovations, research, and development, will help fuel 

the Nation’s economy for years to come and allow us to chart the next great era of space exploration. 

NASA makes every effort to ensure that performance data are subject to the same attention to detail as is 

devoted to our scientific and technical research. With this in mind, I can provide reasonable assurance that 

the performance data included in the Annual Performance Report are reliable and complete. Any data 

limitations are documented explicitly in the performance report sections of this budget. 

Charles F. Bolden, Jr. 

NASA Administrator 

SUM-3
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

BUDGET OVERVIEW

NASA has long been known for its willingness to take on big challenges and its “can-do” attitude. NASA 

put men on the moon and roving explorers on the surface of Mars. The Agency pursues fundamental 

research to reveal the mysteries of the universe and explain its origin. NASA, in collaboration with 

international partners, keeps astronaut crews safe and productive in a spacecraft laboratory more than 200 

miles above Earth. Technology programs seek imaginative solutions to challenges of space flight, and 

help apply these findings to benefit life on Earth. With challenges and successes like these, NASA’s 

ability to achieve is clear. 

In FY 2014, NASA continues to apply this same confidence and resourcefulness to its current set of 

challenges. The Agency is ensuring that preliminary research, planning, prioritization, benefits analysis, 

and fiscal responsibility remain among core management considerations for each investment it makes. 

This rigor enables the Agency to continue work on its priority programs and accomplish core mission 

objectives despite uncertainties in current and future funding levels. 

Maintaining milestones while facing funding uncertainty requires thoughtful planning, in-depth analysis, 

trade-off considerations, and data-driven decision making from management. NASA fully supports the 

Administration’s commitment to transparency and “open” government, so NASA is improving the way it 

presents performance information. This year, the performance plan is presented in the context of longerterm as well as annual goals. The performance plan also includes several years of historical performance 

data and analyses of NASA’s performance trends with increased emphasis on cost and schedule reporting. 

In FY 2014, NASA begins development of a first-of-its-kind mission to encounter and move an asteroid. 

Across the Agency, scientists, mission managers, technologists, and operations specialists are developing 

a multi-segment mission that begins with accelerating our detection of near-Earth asteroids and the 

selection of a target for this mission. NASA will advance the Nation’s ability to track and characterize 

these objects and then assess other factors that affect their movement. By doing so, NASA can better 

model their trajectories and develop various methods for mitigating threats, which ultimately improves 

the ability of our Nation and others to protect the planet from potential asteroid impacts. 

Still in early design, the second segment of the mission is the detailed reconnaissance and capture of a 

small, non-threatening asteroid and redirecting it to a stable, non-Earth threatening orbit in the Earthmoon system. This mission segment would also demonstrate new advanced solar electric propulsion 

technologies, capable of generating the higher levels of thrust and power necessary to capture and redirect 

a large object. Instruments would enable close-up examination of the asteroid, validation of the target 

selection, and determine the best angle of approach to capture and manage the asteroid spin rate. The 

mission will benefit from the development of sensors and techniques from Origins-Spectral 

Interpretation-Resource Identification-Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-Rex) mission. The 

requirement for this mission to attach to the entire asteroid will require unique and challenging adaptation 

of these instruments and techniques. NASA will also refine and adopt in its spacecraft designs new 

advances in a variety of areas, including lightweight materials, communication, data storage and transfer, 

and space navigation. 

The final segment of the mission will focus on human exploration of the asteroid using the Orion MultiPurpose Crew Vehicle (Orion MPCV). In this early mission for the Space Launch System and Orion 

MPCV, the crew will travel deeper into space than ever before to conduct advanced exploration and 

research with the target asteroid, and return samples of the asteroid to Earth. 

SUM-4
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

BUDGET OVERVIEW

In designing this mission, NASA will leverage programs now in development, create innovative new 

capabilities, and assure affordability via an overall management strategy that draws deeply from the 

Agency’s skilled workforce and applies varied acquisition and technology maturation processes from 

around the Agency. During 2013, NASA will plan and begin design of the mission, and progress is 

conditional on its feasibility and affordability. More information about the technical aspects of the 

missions can be found in the Science, Space Technology, and Exploration account sections of this 

document. 

The FY 2014 budget request fully implements the deep space exploration program. This program makes 

possible future exploration—a drive that is so much a part of the human spirit. The program is on track 

for an uncrewed flight test of an early variant of the Orion MPCV in 2014, an uncrewed SLS/Orion 

MPCV test flight in 2017, and a first crewed flight by 2021. A crewed mission of Orion and SLS to 

rendezvous with the redirected asteroid would be an early use of this system in a journey beyond low 

Earth orbit. 

The Space Launch System development process leverages proven rocket components in order to build a 

better next-generation vehicle. Through step-by-step design and demonstration, the rocket will be capable 

of lifting heavier and heavier loads. When complete, this new launch system will be capable of bringing 

an unprecedented 130 metric tons of payload to orbit. NASA is able to focus its human exploration 

resources on these goals because our commercial space partners are making into reality the vision of a 

competitive space industry. In 2012 (and again in 2013), Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) 

docked its Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, delivering supplies and then returning 

unneeded equipment to Earth. These historic missions proved the capability of commercial companies in 

providing ISS support services. NASA expects the Orbital Sciences Corporation (Orbital) developed 

Cygnus spacecraft to accomplish the same feat this spring, and still other companies are steadily 

progressing through readiness milestones. A strong U.S. commercial marketplace will provide safe, 

reliable, and cost-effective access to low Earth orbit for crew and cargo and lessen American reliance on 

foreign services. Step by step, this commercial space industry is becoming a reality. 

FY 2014 will bring numerous advances in the Agency’s study of Earth, sun, solar system, and deep space. 

Advances in remote sensing and data analysis are built into soon-to-be-deployed Earth Science missions 

that will allow unprecedented study of climate change and weather modeling and prediction. The James 

Webb Space Telescope remains on track for launch in 2018. Once operational, scientists will be able to 

look farther out into space than ever before, gaining new insights to the formation and evolution of stars 

and galaxies. A restructured Mars exploration program utilizes the data gained from Curiosity and other 

Mars assets and begins work on the next Mars rover that will be launched in 2020. 

The proposed FY 2014 budget fully supports operations, safety, and scientific research on our unique 

laboratory in space, the International Space Station. The International Space Station continues to provide 

opportunities for conducting cutting-edge research in many areas, including biologic processes and 

technologic capabilities. The Agency is preparing for a yearlong human-crewed mission. Scientists will 

study the astronauts and how they adapt to the space environment over the duration of their mission. 

Insights gained from this mission will be essential for planning missions to Mars and to other points 

deeper in space. This knowledge will also inform Earth-based studies of bone density concerns, like 

osteoporosis. In FY 2014, the International Space Station will also host two Earth Science instruments 

that will provide important observations of wind speed and direction over the oceans, and atmospheric 

movement of pollution, dust, and smoke. The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), 

the research management organization for the ISS National Laboratory, continues to enable federal, 

SUM-5
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

BUDGET OVERVIEW

academic, and commercial research activities. In 2014, CASIS will develop, issue, and manage 

competitive research solicitations, and develop new partnerships that leverage the unique microgravity 

environment of the ISS.

NASA’s scientists, engineers, and technologists are examining plans for future exploration. They are 

following a technological “roadmap” to help them solve near and long-term challenges and potential 

barriers to exploration. To address more “near-term” needs, NASA will demonstrate several maturing 

technologies in FY 2014, including the flight of a cluster of eight small CubeSat spacecraft. This small 

network of orbiting instruments will demonstrate inter-unit communications and provide more complete 

data sets than one instrument operating alone. Demonstration is the final validation step necessary before 

NASA can incorporate improvements and upgrades into missions currently or soon to be in design and 

development. 

Innovators are looking further ahead to the probable needs of missions 10 or 20 years away. They are 

applying, testing, and reworking cutting-edge research into potentially “game-changing” solutions that 

can accelerate a timeline, slash projected costs, or multiply science return. This work is not theoretical or 

highly conceptual. In fact, this practical work is ongoing in laboratories around the Nation. NASA makes 

progress in essential exploration technologies daily. Those technologies include: solar electric propulsion, 

learning to store and transfer fuel while in orbit, radiation protection, laser communications, highreliability life support systems, and human and robotic interfaces. This is extraordinary work, with 

positive implications not only for exploration, but also for human health, quality of life, and the National 

economy. 

The air travel and transportation industry is an important sector of the US economy. It is essential for 

conducting business and leisure activities throughout the globe. NASA’s aeronautics investments 

continue to improve the safety and efficiency of air travel and produce technologies and tools that 

minimize the effect of that travel on the environment. In FY 2014, research continues in development of 

strong light-weight materials, drag reduction, and other means to reduce fuel burn. 

NASA supports the President’s goal to utilize existing resources to achieve improvements in science, 

technology, engineering, and mathematics, or STEM, education and instruction. In support of the 

Administration’s FY 2014 STEM education plan, the Agency’s education efforts will be fundamentally 

restructured into a consolidated education program funded through the Office of Education, which will 

coordinate closely with the Department of Education, the National Science Foundation, and the 

Smithsonian Institution. The best NASA education and public engagement programs from throughout the 

Agency will be awarded funding through a competitive process. The Agency will also make NASA’s

education assets available to a wider audience through the new STEM consolidation partners. 

The budget request for the Education account includes continued funding for the National Space Grant 

College and Fellowship Program, the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research 

(EPSCoR), the Minority University Research and Education Program (MUREP), and the Global Learning 

and Observation to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) project. These education investments link to 

NASA’s research, engineering, and technology missions. Each of these investments provides unique 

NASA experiences and resources to students and faculty. Starting in FY 2014, mission-based K-12 

education, public outreach, and engagement activities, traditionally funded within programmatic accounts, 

will be incorporated into the Administration’s new STEM education paradigm in order to reach an even 

wider range of students and educators. 

SUM-6
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

BUDGET OVERVIEW

In FY 2014, NASA takes steps to maintain and protect its resources, including personnel, equipment, and 

facilities. The Agency is completing transition of its former space shuttle workforce to one more focused 

on development instead of operations. NASA will increase its effort to defend against and mitigate effects 

of prevent cyber threats and other IT issues that hinder operations or security. Facilities maintenance will 

be prioritized. Today’s investments in preventative repairs will reduce future costs of refurbishing or 

replacing infrastructure, prevent breakdowns and potential adverse impacts on the environment, prevent 

costly cleanup and resolution of problems, and generally sustain NASA core capabilities during the long 

term. 

SUM-7
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary

BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS

SCIENCE IS ANSWERING ENDURING QUESTIONS IN, FROM, AND ABOUT SPACE

NASA’s Science account funds the development of innovative satellite missions and instruments to 

enable scientists to conduct research to understand Earth, the Sun, and planetary bodies in the solar 

system, and to unravel the mysteries of the universe. These discoveries will continue to inspire the next 

generation of scientists, engineers and explorers. The FY 2014 budget request for Science is $5,017.8 

million. 

The James Webb Space Telescope, a successor to the Hubble telescope, is fully funded within the FY 

2014 budget request and is progressing well toward its launch in October 2018 within the cost baseline 

established in 2011. NASA is enhancing the asteroid detection capabilities of ground and space-based 

assets through a doubling of the resources in the Near Earth Object Observation program. In addition, 

development continues on the OSIRIS-REx mission, which will return and analyze asteroid material and 

pave the way for human exploration of an asteroid. 

NASA continues to learn more about Earth. The Global Precipitation Mission will provide global 

precipitation observations every two to four hours. Astronauts will install the Stratospheric Aerosol and 

Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) on the International Space Station and it will begin measurements of 

ozone, water vapor, and other important trace gases in the upper troposphere and stratosphere. The IRIS 

mission will enable scientists to better understand how the solar atmosphere is energized. NASA 

continues its successful partnership on the Landsat program with the United States Geological Survey and 

will begin to explore strategies for how to continue this valuable series of land observations for many 

years to come. NASA will also assume the responsibility for key observations of the Earth’s climate from 

the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

The next step in the exploration of Mars is the launch of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution 

Mission (MAVEN) mission. MAVEN will explore the planet’s upper atmosphere and interactions with 

solar wind. As noted above, a restructured Mars exploration program will utilize the data gained from 

Curiosity and other Mars assets and begin development of the next Mars rover, which will be launched in 

2020. Advances in our understanding of the Moon continue with the launch of Lunar Atmosphere and 

Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) in October 2013, which will provide detailed information about the 

lunar atmosphere, conditions near the surface and environmental influences on lunar dust during its fivemonth primary mission. A variety of other missions will provide new capabilities for observations in 

astrophysics(Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy [SOFIA], Astro-H Soft X-Ray 

Spectrometer [SXS]); and advance our understanding of the Sun and its impact on the Earth 

(Magnetospheric Multiscale [MMS], Solar Probe Plus, Solar Orbiter Collaboration). Other missions will 

advance the Nation’s capability to predict changes in climate, weather and natural hazards and inform 

decision-making to enhance our economic and environmental security (Soil Moisture Active-Passive 

[SMAP], Ice Cloud and land Elevation Satellite-II [ICESat-II], Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment 

[GRACE-FO], and Surface Water and Ocean Topography [SWOT]).

AIR TRANSPORTATION FOR A CHANGING WORLD

NASA conducts aeronautics research to bring transformational advances in the safety, capacity, and 

efficiency of the air transportation system while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. The 

FY 2014 budget request for the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate is $565.7 million. 

SUM-8
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary

BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS

Research from a recent Federal Aviation Administration report shows that civil aviation has accounted for 

$1.3 trillion in U.S. economic activity annually and helped employ over ten million people. In 2011, it 

provided the Nation with $47 billion toward a positive balance of trade. NASA builds on in this economic 

success by conducting research that, when transferred to the U.S. aviation industry, can help maintain 

competiveness in the global market. NASA develops cutting-edge technologies and demonstrates their 

feasibility to enable revolutionary new vehicle performance, dramatically more efficient operations, and 

assured safety levels for the nation’s air transportation. These technologies will expand airspace capacity 

with more fuel-efficient flight planning, diminish delays on the ground and in the sky, reduce fuel 

consumption, reduce the overall environmental footprint of aviation, and continue to improve safety. In 

FY 2014, NASA will begin new research to streamline the process for certifying new composite materials 

for use in advanced aircraft. The goal of this project is to reduce the certification time line by a factor of 

four. This project will boost American industry and help maintain a U.S. global leadership in the field of 

composite materials and aircraft manufacturing. NASA will also complete flight tests of a wing equipped 

with an adaptive trailing edge designed to reduce weight and drag. This wing technology will lead to a 

reduction in fuel burn. Also in FY 2014, NASA will continue to conduct flight research of low-boom 

technology that is designed to reduce sonic booms enough to eliminate the barrier to overland civil 

supersonic flight. 

SPACE TECHNOLOGY DELIVERS INNOVATION

Space Technology enables a new class of NASA missions by drawing on talent from the NASA 

workforce, academia, small businesses and the broader space enterprise to deliver innovative solutions 

that dramatically improve technological capabilities for NASA and the Nation. The FY 2014 budget 

request for Space Technology is $742.6 million to support a broad portfolio of technology development 

efforts that serve multiple customers. 

NASA prepares for future technology needs by maturing new technologies and capabilities including: 

small spacecraft systems; entry technologies; robotics capabilities; optical communications; propulsion 

components; advanced manufacturing capabilities; radiation protection; and high-powered solar electric 

propulsion. These technologies are essential for progressing the Agency’s science and human exploration 

missions. Space Technology successfully fabricated a 2.4-meter composite cryogenic propellant tank in 

FY 2012, and will scale this design up and test the 5.5-meter diameter tank, to enable lower mass rocket 

propellant tanks that will meet future needs, including for the Space Launch System. In FY 2014, Space 

Technology will also accelerate development of solar electric propulsion (SEP) technologies. SEP 

systems have broad applicability to science and human exploration missions, and several of the 

components (e.g., high-power solar arrays) are of potential benefit to the commercial satellite sector and 

other government agencies. NASA has identified a near-term infusion opportunity for this technology as 

propulsion for the robotic segment of a proposed asteroid retrieval mission. In addition, Space 

Technology will also see a flight demonstration of a cluster of eight CubeSats that will conduct 

coordinated space science observations, and high altitude tests of new full-scale parachute and drag 

devices designed to enable precise landing of higher-mass payloads on the surfaces of planets. 

Space Technology will continue releasing a steady stream of new solicitations, tapping into the Nation’s 

talent to ensure the availability of advanced technologies, and prioritize the technology gaps identified by 

the National Research Council in their review of the Space Technology Roadmaps. NASA contributes to 

the demands of larger national technology goals by investing in Space Technology. 

SUM-9
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary

BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS

EXPANDING HUMAN EXPLORATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Exploration ensures that the United States remains the leader in the human exploration of space. Activity 

within this account supports NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations effort by developing systems 

and capabilities required for deep space exploration, and ensuring reliable and cost-effective crew access 

to low Earth orbit by U.S. commercial providers. The FY 2014 budget request for Exploration is $3,915.5 

million. 

The Exploration account invests in crew and cargo transportation to and beyond Earth orbit; research and 

countermeasures aimed at keeping astronauts healthy and functional during long-term missions; and 

technologies to advance capabilities, reduce launch mass, and minimize the cost of deep space missions. 

In FY 2014, NASA will finalize preparations for the first uncrewed exploration test flight of the Orion 

MPCV. This test will demonstrate the new Space Launch System design’s spacecraft adapter, which 

connects the crew and launch vehicles. 

NASA will mature capture mechanisms to redirect uncooperative targets and planning for an asteroid 

retrieval mission. The Agency will also begin fabrication of a next-generation spacesuit, which includes a 

more flexible design, is lightweight, and will be powered by an advanced battery system. In the 

Commercial Crew program, NASA’s commercial partners will continue risk reduction and technical 

readiness testing. In addition, the Agency will begin to transition industry partners from Space Act 

Agreements to contracts to support the next phase of commercial crew transportation systems. 

LIVING AND WORKING IN SPACE

Space Operations enables access to low Earth orbit, provides critical communication capabilities, and 

creates pathways for discovery and human exploration of space. Activity within this account supports 

NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations effort with a robust collection of programs that ensure 

seamless execution of the Nation’s human space flight goals. The FY 2014 budget request for Space 

Operations is $3,882.9 million. 

As discussed above, a top Agency priority is exploitation of the ISS’s research capability to advance 

science and technology, and improve our capacity to live and work in space. NASA will also upgrade and 

replace its aging communications suite to ensure future operational capability, including the launch of 

Tracking and Data Relay Satellite L, which will support the Agency’s science missions as well as the 

International Space Station. The Agency plans propulsion testing of critical Space Launch System 

components, and commercial partners’ engines at the Stennis Space Center. 

NASA'S UNIQUE ASSETS MADE AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT THE NATION'S STEM

EFFORTS

NASA Education's vision is to advance high-quality STEM education using NASA’s unique capabilities. 

NASA’s expertise, passion, and resources play a unique role in the Nation’s STEM education portfolio. 

In support of the Administration’s FY 2014 STEM education plan, NASA will restructure fundamentally 

the Agency’s education efforts into a consolidated education program funded through the Office of 

Education, which will also lead the Agency’s coordination with other Federal agencies in pursuit of the 

Administration’s STEM education goals. The FY 2014 budget request for Education is $94.2 million. 

SUM-10
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary

BUDGET HIGHLIGHTS

In addition to managing the Space Grant, EPSCoR, MUREP, and GLOBE programs, NASA will 

consolidate the education functions, assets and efforts of the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate, 

Science Mission Directorate and Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate into a single 

coordinated STEM Education and Accountability Project. This project will fund, on a competitive basis, 

the best education and public outreach efforts throughout the agency. NASA will also make its assets 

available to the National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution and Department of Education as 

they facilitate federal STEM education activities through the Administration's CoSTEM process for 

agency coordination, bringing NASA’s inspirational activities to a broader audience. NASA will 

capitalize on the excitement of the Agency’s mission to stimulate innovative solutions, approaches, and 

tools that inspire learner and educator interest and proficiency in STEM disciplines. 

EXCELLENCE IN OPERATIONS FOR MISSION SUCCESS

Cross Agency Support and Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration provide the 

essential day-to-day technical and business operations required to conduct NASA’s aeronautics and space 

activities. These missions support activities provide the proper services, tools, and equipment to complete 

essential tasks, protect and maintain the security and integrity of information and assets, and ensure that 

personnel work under safe and healthy conditions. The FY 2014 budget request for Cross Agency 

Support is $2,850.3 million. The request for Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration 

is $609.4 million. 

In FY 2014, NASA will seek and implement additional operational efficiencies across the Agency. A 

savings campaign in support of the Administration’s Campaign to Cut Waste enables the Agency to 

maximize its investments on mission priorities. Centers will increase reliability-centered maintenance and 

condition-based monitoring activities to provide early detection and correction of facility maintenance 

issues. NASA will modernize the information technology (IT) security assessment and authorization 

process, define metrics for measuring risk reduction, create dashboards for visualizing and 

communicating the Agency’s cyber security posture, and expand security operations to provide early 

warning of cyber vulnerabilities. NASA has also implemented efficiencies in Center and Headquarters 

services, including facilities maintenance and repair, and IT services. 

Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration will continue to manage the Agency’s 

facilities with a focus on reducing infrastructure, implementing efficiency and high performance 

upgrades, and prioritizing repairs to achieve the greatest return on investment. In FY 2014, NASA 

continues to consolidate facilities to achieve greater operational efficiency, replacing old, obsolete, costly 

facilities with fewer, high performance facilities. Programmatic construction of facilities projects, such as 

the Modifications to Launch Complex 39-B at Kennedy Space Center, provide the specialized technical 

facilities required by the missions. NASA will decommission and continue preparations to dispose of 

property and equipment no longer needed for missions. To protect human health and the environment, 

and to preserve natural resources for future missions, environmental compliance and restoration projects 

will clean up pollutants released into the environment during past NASA activities. 

SUM-11
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES

NASA’S WORKFORCE

NASA’s workforce continues to be one of its greatest assets for enabling missions in space and on Earth. 

The Agency remains committed to applying this asset to benefit society, address contemporary 

environmental and social issues, lead or participate in emerging technology opportunities, collaborate and 

strengthen the capabilities of commercial partners, and communicate the challenges and results of Agency 

programs and activities. The civil service staffing levels proposed in the FY 2014 budget support NASA’s 

scientists, engineers, researchers, managers, technicians, and business operations workforce. It includes 

civil service personnel at NASA Centers, Headquarters, and NASA-operated facilities. The mix of skills 

and distribution of workforce across the Agency is, however, necessarily changing. 

NASA continues to adjust its workforce size and mix of skills to address changing mission priorities, with 

an emphasis on industry and academic partnerships, and a leaner fiscal environment. While a civil service 

workforce is critical for conducting mission-essential work in research and technology, some reduction to 

workforce levels is necessary. NASA will reduce the size of the civil service workforce by more than 250 

full-time equivalents from FY 2013 to FY 2014, stabilizing the workforce at approximately 17,700 fulltime equivalents. This decline addresses workforce at several Centers affected by changes in the human 

space flight portfolio and reflects changes in the Agency’s staffing needs. 

The Agency will apply the valued civil service workforce to priority mission work, adjusting the mix of 

skills where appropriate. Centers will explore cross-mission retraining opportunities for employees 

whenever possible, offer targeted buyouts in selected surplus skill areas, and continue to identify, recruit, 

and retain a multi-generational workforce of employees who possess skills critical to the Agency. 

OPERATING EFFICIENTLY AND CUTTING WASTE

NASA continues to pursue cost savings throughout its operations. Savings targets comply with Executive 

Order 13576, Delivering an Efficient, Effective and Accountable Government, Executive Order 13589, 

Promoting Efficient Spending, and Office of Management and Budget Memorandum M-12-12 Promoting 

Efficient Spending to Support Agency Operations. 

Reducing Contracts for Management Support Services 

The FY 2014 budget request sustains the 15 percent reduction in management support services 

contracting that started in FY 2012. NASA has actually achieved a reduction of approximately 43 percent 

or $1.5 billion from FY 2010 levels in management support services contracting through June 2012, and 

has processes in place to ensure reductions do not go above 15 percent from the FY 2010 levels in FY 

2014. 

Data Center Consolidation 

The FY 2014 budget request continues savings of approximately $460,000 from data center 

consolidation. NASA has reduced energy costs through more efficient use of existing conditioned spaces, 

employing best practices in room design, proper temperature settings, optimal rack and floor space 

densities, and lifecycle replacement of old and inefficient hardware. 

SUM-12
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES

Reducing Administrative and Operational Expenses 

Reducing administrative and operational expenses related to printing, reproduction, supplies and 

materials, advisory services, and travel will allow NASA to prioritize funding towards its science and 

engineering missions. The FY 2014 budget request sustains a minimum savings of $200 million in 

administrative costs, compared to FY 2010 levels. 

Reducing Utility Costs 

NASA has been working to reduce costs of energy, water, and other utilities. To reduce the energy 

burden, NASA is pursuing “green” building designs and renovations that make better use of natural light 

and temperatures, and replacing old and inefficient equipment with models that require less energy. 

Reprioritizing Information Technology and Reinvesting to Improve Capabilities 

The FY 2014 budget request realigns IT spending to increase emphasis on cybersecurity. Saving from 

reductions in IT services and reduced programmatic requirements will help offset the cost of additional 

security and cloud computing investments. 

Minimizing the Risk of Improper Payments 

The FY 2014 budget request demonstrates NASA’s continued commitment to employ strong internal 

controls and processes to keep improper payments at extremely low levels. Results from the FY 2012 

review of FY 2011 disbursements revealed no improper payments. 

Identifying Lower Priority Program Activities 

The main Budget volume of the President’s Budget identifies lower-priority program activities, where 

applicable, as required under the Government Performance And Results Act-Modernization Act, 31 

U.S.C. 1115(b)(10). To access the volume, go to: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget. 

DELIVERING A 21ST CENTURY GOVERNMENT

Strengthening Cybersecurity 

In FY 2014, NASA will increase investments in cybersecurity. These upgrades and improvements will 

address the Administration’s priority of cybersecurity capabilities, including continuous monitoring, 

providing trusted Internet connections, and requiring strong authentication. The Agency will also 

implement specific improvements as recommended by NASA’s Office of Inspector General. The planned 

work will correct high-risk deficiencies and vulnerabilities, restore aging and inefficient infrastructure, 

and promote proactive and preventative practices. 

SUM-13
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES

Investing to Improve Efficiencies and Sustainability 

NASA will also improve the operating efficiency of buildings by investing in utility meters and 

monitoring, HVAC, lighting and plumbing upgrades, and automated systems controllers that are based on 

occupancy. 

Right-Sizing Infrastructure and Considering Repairs or Replacement 

The FY 2014 budget request includes funding to reduce the Agency’s footprint by replacing multiple 

aging, inefficient facilities with facilities that meet government Leadership in Energy and Environmental 

Design, or LEED, standards. NASA’s proposed infrastructure investments focus on projects that are welldefined, aligned with the Agency’s master plan, and build upon prior successful construction of facilities 

projects. 

NASA presents the FY 2014 budget request in full-cost, where all project costs are allocated to the 

project, including labor funding for the Agency’s civil service workforce. Note that budget figures in 

tables may not add because of rounding. 

OUTYEAR FUNDING ASSUMPTIONS

At this time, funding lines beyond FY 2014 should be considered notional. In general, NASA accounts 

are held at the FY 2014 request level, adjusted for the amounts transferred to the construction account in 

FY 2014. 

EXPLANATION OF FY 2012 AND FY 2013 BUDGET COLUMNS

FY 2012 and FY 2013 Columns 

The FY 2012 Actual column in budget tables is consistent with the Agency spending plan (e.g. operating 

plan) control figures at the time of the budget release. Rescission amounts reflect the cancellation of a 

total of $30 million in prior year appropriations as directed in section 528(f) of P.L. 112-55, Division B, 

Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2012. 

The FY 2013 Estimate column in budget tables displays at the account level, for reference, the Continuing 

Resolution (CR, P.L. 112-175) full-year rate for operations with the appropriation and rescission 

components reported separately; plus the Agency appropriation provided by the Disaster Relief 

Appropriations Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-2); and rescission of remaining unobligated balances of American 

Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds in the Office of Inspector General account pursuant to section 

1306 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 111-203). 

 The account level $30.0 million rescission component of the continuing resolution is the same as 

that for FY 2012 rescission of prior year appropriations except that rescissions applied to prior 

appropriation accounts in FY 2012 are applied to the Space Operations account in FY 2013. The 

adjustment was made because it was not clear whether the prior year appropriations account had 

sufficient balances to cancel. The total effect of the adjustment on the Space Operations account 

is $1.0 million. 

SUM-14
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES

 Overall, the total FY 2013 full-year, direct budget authority provided to the Agency is $17,893.4 

million, of which $17,878.8 million was provided by the continuing resolution; $15.0 million was 

provided by the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, and $0.3 million was rescinded pursuant to 

the Dodd-Frank Act. 

Comparability Adjustments 

FY 2012 Actual and FY 2013 Estimate budget amounts have been adjusted to enable consistent 

programmatic comparisons to the FY 2014 budget request. These so-called comparability adjustments 

reflect movement of projects or activities and associated funding between programs, themes, or account 

and align to the structure of the FY 2014 budget request. This approach is essential to enabling year-toyear budget analysis. The Supporting Data section of the budget request includes a detailed crosswalk of 

non-comparable FY 2012 and FY 2013 budget figures and comparability adjustments to align to the FY 

2014 budget structure. 

Budget tables presented for themes, programs, and projects have been adjusted for comparability. When a 

rescission is presented, investments are subtotaled and the amount of the rescission to that account, 

program, or project, is shown. The subtotal minus the rescission amount results in the top column figure. 

Theme, Program, and Project Tables 

Budgets for themes, programs, and projects reflect scoring of rescissions, and they are adjusted for 

comparability. Detailed breakouts in Other Missions and Data projects are presented in the same manner. 

Superstorm Sandy Supplemental Appropriations 

On January 29, 2013, Congress enacted P.L. 113-2, the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013. The 

Act provided $15.0 million dollars to NASA for Superstorm Sandy recovery activities. NASA is 

managing the appropriation in the Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR) 

account as part of its Institutional Construction of Facilities activity. The funding supplement is not called 

out specifically on the budget summary tables nor in the CECR account, theme, or program budget tables. 

NASA has added the supplement to the FY 2013 budget figure and provided a corresponding footnote on 

each relevant table. 

EXPLANATION OF PROJECT SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS AND KEY MILESTONES

Project budget pages include current and significant planned project schedule commitments and key 

milestones. The milestone may differ for human-rated and robotic mission projects. 

SUM-15
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES

Preformulation 

•

Formulation 

•

•

Implementation 

•

•

•

•

Programs and projects follow their appropriate life cycle, which includes lifecycle phases; lifecycle gates 

and major events (including key decision points [KDPs]); and major lifecycle reviews. The lifecycle 

phases are segmented into three categories; pre-formulation, formulation and implementation. 

 Pre-Phase A Concept Studies 

 Phase A: concept and technology development; and 

 Phase B, preliminary design and technology completion. 

 Phase C: final design and fabrication; 

 Phase D: system assembly, integration, test, launch and checkout; 

 Phase E: operations and sustainment; and 

 Phase F: closeout. 

Approval to proceed through the lifecycle gate is based on progress and performance, as assessed against 

an expected maturity level at each major lifecycle review. The key decision point is the event where the 

manager with decision authority determines the readiness of a project to progress to the next phase of the 

life cycle and establishes the content, cost, and schedule commitments for the ensuing phase(s). 

For reference, a description of schedule commitments and milestones is listed below for projects in 

formulation and implementation. A list of common terms used in mission planning is also included. 

Formulation 

Formulation is NASA’s period of initial planning for a new project and determination of how the 

proposed project will support the Agency’s strategic goals. During formulation, a project is assessed for 

feasibility, completes development of concepts, and establishes high-level requirements and success 

criteria. 

Formulation 

Milestone Explanation

The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program or project to 

transition into Phase A and authorizes formulation of the project. Phase A is the first phase of 

formulation and means that:

KDP A  The project addresses a critical NASA need;

 The proposed mission concept(s) is feasible;

 The associated planning is sufficiently mature to begin activities defined for formulation; 

and

 The mission can likely be achieved as conceived.

SUM-16
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES

System The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates whether the functional and performance 

Requirements requirements are sufficiently defined for the system and represent achievable capabilities.

Review (SRR)

System Definition 

Review or Mission 

Definition Review 

The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the credibility and responsiveness of the 

proposed mission/system architecture to the program requirements and constraints, including available 

resources. This review also determines whether the maturity of the project’s mission/system definition 

and associated plans are sufficient to begin the next phase, Phase B.

The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program or project to 

transition from Phase A to Phase B. Phase B is the second phase of formulation and means that:

 The proposed mission/system architecture is credible and responsive to program 

KDP B requirements and constraints, including resources;

 The maturity of the project’s mission/system definition and associated plans is sufficient to 

begin Phase B; and 

 The mission can likely be achieved within available resources with acceptable risk.

The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the completeness/consistency of the 

Preliminary Design planning, technical, cost, and schedule baselines developed during formulation. This review also 

Review (PDR) assesses compliance of the preliminary design with applicable requirements and determines if the 

project is sufficiently mature to begin Phase C.

Implementation 

Implementation occurs when Agency management establishes baseline cost and schedule commitments 

for projects at KDP C. The projects maintain the baseline commitment through the end of the mission. 

Projects are baselined for cost, schedule, and programmatic and technical parameters. Under 

implementation, projects are able to execute approved plans development and operations. 

Implementation 

Milestone Explanation

KDP C

The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program or project to 

begin the first stage of development and transition to Phase C and authorizes the implementation of the 

project. Phase C is first stage of development and means that:

 The project’s planning, technical, cost, and schedule baselines developed during formulation 

are complete and consistent;

 The preliminary design complies with mission requirements;

 The project is sufficiently mature to begin Phase C; and 

 The cost and schedule are adequate to enable mission success with acceptable risk.

Critical Design 

Review (CDR)

The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the integrity of the project design and its 

ability to meet mission requirements. This review also determines if the design is appropriately mature 

to continue with the final design and fabrication phase.

System 

Review 

Integration 

(SIR)

The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the readiness of the project and 

associated supporting infrastructure to begin system assembly, integration, and test. The lifecycle 

review also evaluates whether the remaining project development can be completed within available 

resources, and determine if the project is sufficiently mature to begin the next phase.

KDP D

The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a project to continue in 

implementation and transition from Phase C to Phase D. Phase D is a second phase in implementation; 

the project continues in development and means that:

 The project is still on plan;

 The project continues to mature as planned; 

 The risk is commensurate with the project’s payload classification; and 

 The project is ready for assembly, integration and test with acceptable risk within its Agency 

baseline commitment. 

Launch Readiness 

Date (LRD)

The date at which the project and its ground, hardware, and software systems are ready for launch.

SUM-17
FY 2014 Budget Request Executive Summary 

EXPLANATION OF BUDGET TABLES AND SCHEDULES

Other Common Terms for Mission Planning 







Term Definition

Decision Authority The individual authorized by the Agency to make important decisions on programs and projects 

under their authority.

Formulation 

Authorization 

Document

The document that authorizes the formulation of a program whose goals will fulfill part of the 

Agency’s Strategic Plan and Mission Directorate strategies. This document establishes the 

expectations and constraints for activity in the formulation phase.

Key Decision Point 

(KDP)

The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a program or project to 

progress to the next phase of the life cycle. The KDP also establishes the content, cost, and schedule 

commitments for the ensuing phase(s). 

Launch Manifest

This list that NASA publishes (the “NASA Flight Planning Board launch manifest”) periodically, 

which includes the expected launch dates for NASA missions. The launch dates in the manifest are 

the desired launch dates approved by the NASA Flight Planning Board, and are not typically the 

same as the Agency Baseline Commitment schedule dates. A launch manifest is a dynamic schedule 

that is affected by real world operational activities conducted by NASA and multiple other entities. It 

reflects the results of a complex process that requires the coordination and cooperation by multiple 

users for the use of launch range and launch contractor assets. Moreover, the launch dates are a 

mixture of “confirmed” range dates for missions launching within approximately six months, and 

contractual/planning dates for the missions beyond six months from launch. The NASA Flight 

Planning Board launch manifest date is typically earlier than the Agency Baseline Commitment 

schedule date to allow for the operationally driven delays to the launch schedule that may be outside 

of the project’s control. 

Operational Readiness 

Review 

The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the readiness of the project to operate 

the flight system and associated ground system(s), in compliance with defined project requirements 

and constraints during the operations/sustainment phase of the project life cycle.

Mission Readiness 

Review or Flight 

Readiness Review 

(FRR)

The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the readiness of the project and 

supporting systems for a safe and successful launch and flight/mission.

KDP E

The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of a project to continue in 

implementation and transition from Phase D to Phase E. Phase E is a third phase in implementation 

and means that the project and all supporting systems are ready for safe, successful launch and early 

operations with acceptable risk.

Decommissioning 

Review 

The lifecycle review in which the decision authority evaluates the readiness of the project to conduct 

closeout activities. The review includes final delivery of all remaining project deliverables and safe 

decommissioning of space flight systems and other project assets. 

KDP F

The lifecycle gate at which the decision authority determines the readiness of the project’s 

decommissioning. Passage through this gate means the project has met its program objectives and is 

ready for safe decommissioning of its assets and closeout of activities. Scientific data analysis may 

continue after this period.

SUM-18

For further details, go to:

NASA Procedural Requirement 7102.5E NASA Space Flight Program and Project Management 

Requirements: http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?t=NPR&c=7120&s=5E

NASA Procedural Requirement 7123.69 NASA Interim Directive (NID) to NPR 7123.1A - 

NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements: 

http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_7123_001A_&page_name=main

NASA Launch Services Web site: 

http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/launch_services/index.html
 

SCIENCE

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 5073.7 5115.9 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8

Earth Science 1765.7 -- 1846.1 1854.6 1848.9 1836.9 1838.1

Planetary Science 1501.4 -- 1217.5 1214.8 1225.3 1254.5 1253.0

Astrophysics 648.4 -- 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1

James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 -- 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9

Heliophysics 644.9 -- 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6

SCIENCE

Science ............................................................................................ SCI-4 

Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH .................................................. .......... ES-2 

EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS ............................................... ......... ES-9 

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) [Development] ......................... ES-11

Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2)[Development] ........ ES-17

Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) [Development] ......................... ES-22

GRACE Follow-On [Formulation] ............................................................... ES-27

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... ES-32

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER ..................................... ......... ES-44

Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) [Development] ........................... ES-46

Venture Class Missions [Formulation] ........................................................ ES-52

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ES-57

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS .................................... ES-62

EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ............................................. .......... ES-67

APPLIED SCIENCES ........................................................... ........... ES-71

SCI-1
 

SCIENCE

Planetary Science 

PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH ........................................... .......... PS-2 

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... PS-7 

LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM ..................................................... .......... PS-9 

Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) [Development] PS-12

DISCOVERY ....................................................................... ......... PS-17

Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport 

(InSight) [Formulation] ......................................................................... PS-18

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-23

NEW FRONTIERS ................................................................ ........ PS-27

Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer 

(OSIRIS-REx) [Formulation] ................................................................ PS-28

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-33

MARS EXPLORATION ........................................................... ......... PS-36

2013 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) [Development] . PS-37

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-43

OUTER PLANETS ............................................................... .......... PS-50

TECHNOLOGY ................................................................... ......... PS-54

Astrophysics 

ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH ................................................. ....... . ASTRO-2 

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................ ASTRO-7 

COSMIC ORIGINS .............................................................. ....... ASTRO-10

Hubble Space Telescope ........................................................................... ASTRO-13

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) 

[Development] ...................................................................................... ASTRO-16

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-24

PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS ................................................... ......... ASTRO-27

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-29

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION ................................................... ........ ASTRO-32

ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER ................................................... ......... ASTRO-37

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-38

James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST) ............................... ........... JWST-2 

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Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH .................................................. ........... HELIO-2 

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-7 

LIVING WITH A STAR ........................................................... .......... HELIO-13

Solar Probe Plus [Formulation] ................................................................... HELIO-14

Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) [Development] ..................................... HELIO-19

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-24

SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES ............................................. ........... HELIO-28

Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) [Development] .................................... HELIO-29

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-35

HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM ..................................................... HELIO-39

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-41

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FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 5073.7 5115.9 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8

Earth Science 1765.7 -- 1846.1 1854.6 1848.9 1836.9 1838.1

Planetary Science 1501.4 -- 1217.5 1214.8 1225.3 1254.5 1253.0

Astrophysics 648.4 -- 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1

James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 -- 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9

Heliophysics 644.9 -- 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6

Subtotal 5079.0 5121.1 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8 5017.8

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -5.3 -5.3 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -55.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.1 %

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). 

** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Earth Science, Planetary Science, and Heliophysics pursuant 

to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

From the vantage point of space, NASA captures breathtaking images of our world and the universe. These images 

advance our scientific understanding in a multitude of 

disciplines, but they also have the power to inform policy, 

influence action, and inspire learning. 

NASA’s Science Mission Directorate conducts 

scientific exploration enabled by the space 

observatories and space probes that view Earth 

from space, observe, and visit other bodies in 

the solar system, and gaze out into the galaxy 

and beyond. NASA’s science programs seek 

answers to profound questions: 

How and why are Earth’s climate and 

the environment changing? 

How and why does the Sun vary and 

affect Earth and the rest of the solar 

system? 

How do planets and life originate? 

How does the universe work, and 

what are its origin and destiny? 

Are we alone? 

NASA uses the recommendations of the 

National Academies’ decadal surveys for 

guidance in planning the future of its science 

programs. For over 30 years, decadal surveys 

have proven indispensable in establishing a 

broad national science community consensus 

on the state of the science, the highest priority 

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science questions to be addressed, and actions that could be taken to address those priority science topics. 

NASA uses these recommendations to prioritize future flight missions, including space observatories and 

probes, as well as technology development and proposals for theoretical and suborbital supporting 

research. NASA must adapt science-based decadal survey recommendations to actual budgets, existing 

technological capabilities, national policy, partnership opportunities, and other programmatic factors. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014

The budget request includes a doubling of NASA’s efforts to identify and characterize potentially 

hazardous near-Earth objects (NEOs). This increase in the budget reflects the serious approach NASA is 

taking to understand the risks of asteroid impacts to our home planet. It will also help identify potential 

targets for the future human mission to an asteroid. 

The request also transfers responsibility from the Department of Energy to NASA for support of 

radioisotope power system development infrastructure. Beginning in FY 2014, DOE’s Space and Defense 

Infrastructure subprogram is transitioning to a full cost recovery funding model. Funding to support this 

infrastructure is now included in NASA’s budget request within the Planetary Science Technology 

program. 

The budget request includes increases in Earth Science to begin work on land imaging capabilities beyond 

the Landsat Data Continuity Mission (to be renamed LandSat 8) that was successfully launched in 

February 2012. The request also includes funds for NASA to assume responsibility for several Earth 

measurements previously held by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 

NASA will begin study on continuing the long history of measurements of solar irradiance, atmospheric 

ozone, and Earth’s radiation of energy to space. NASA Science will also steward the two Earth-observing 

instruments on NOAA’s space weather mission, DSCOVR, or Deep Space Climate Observatory. 

As part of the Administration’s government-wide consolidation of Science, Technology, Engineering and 

Mathematics (STEM) education activities, described elsewhere in this document, Science will no longer 

fund STEM education activities. Instead, NASA’s Office of Education will direct all of NASA’s 

education funding, and ensure that Science’s unique education skills and assets are effectively leveraged. 

Building on the success of Curiosity's Red Planet landing, NASA announced plans for a robust multi-year 

Mars program. The program will include a new robotic science rover set to launch in 2020. The future 

rover development and design will be based on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) architecture that 

successfully carried the Curiosity rover to the Martian surface last summer. This will ensure mission costs 

and risks are as low as possible, and that the program can deliver a highly capable rover with a proven 

landing system. NASA will openly compete the specific payload and science instruments for the 2020 

mission, following the Science Mission Directorate's established processes for instrument selection. The 

mission will advance the science priorities of the National Academies’ 2011 Planetary Science decadal 

survey and respond to the findings of the Mars Program Planning Group established in 2012 to assist 

NASA in restructuring its Mars Exploration Program. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The MSL Curiosity rover launched on November 26, 2011. Over 50 million people worldwide watched 

the dramatic entry, descent, and landing on Mars on August 6, 2012. Curiosity has begun its mission to 

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investigate whether conditions on Mars have been favorable for microbial life, and whether the rocks 

could preserve clues about possible past life. 

NASA also launched the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP), the Nuclear Spectroscopic 

Telescope Array (NuSTAR), and the Van Allen Probes (formerly Radiation Belt Storm Probes) missions 

in FY 2012, all of which are meeting their science objectives. 

In the last one and half years, five Science missions, including Juno, Gravity Recovery and Interior 

Laboratory, NPP, MSL, and Van Allen Probes, launched. None of these missions experienced cost 

growth in that timeframe. All except NPP and MSL were launched under their original baseline budget. 

NPP and MSL were originally baselined prior to many of the current program management 

improvements; adoption of these management practices as part of their rebaseline stabilized their cost and 

schedule performance. NuSTAR, the only other science mission launched in the last 1.5 years, 

experienced cost growth of about 2 percent. Seven space missions that remain in development are holding 

closely to their cost estimates. Those missions are: 

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Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), 

Landsat Data Continuity Mission, 

Lunar Atmospheric Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE), 

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN), 

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), 

Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS), and 

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST.) 

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) is the only mission in development that has experienced 

significant cost growth, approximately three percent, since the FY 2013 budget request. That cost growth 

is due to selection of a more reliable and expensive launch vehicle. While significant risks remain in all 

projects yet to launch, as is always true when building scientific spacecraft, the excellent and 

unprecedented overall performance has prevented budgetary disruptions to other projects. 

Recent scientific discoveries and societal applications of NASA-provided data are numerous. In Earth 

Science, data from NASA satellites helped researchers learn more about hurricanes and increase their 

predictability. NASA satellites also provided operational forecasters with valuable data on Tropical Storm 

Isaac, in near-real time. NASA’s Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite revealed that some areas 

within Isaac were dropping rainfall at a rate of 2.75 inches per hour. 

In Planetary Science, observations from the Mars Curiosity rover of rounded pebbles embedded within 

rocky outcrops in Gale Crater provide concrete evidence that a stream once ran vigorously in this area. 

This is the first evidence of its kind. 

In Astrophysics, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission has led to a bonanza of 

newfound supermassive black holes and extremely dust-obscured galaxies. Images from the telescope 

have revealed millions of dusty black hole candidates across the universe and about 1,000 even dustier 

objects than previously thought to be among the brightest galaxies ever found. 

In Heliophysics, the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) 

spacecraft and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) measured the impact of a powerful solar flare on 

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Earth’s upper atmosphere. The upper atmosphere puffed up like a marshmallow over a campfire, 

temporarily increasing the drag on low-orbiting satellites. Extra drag not only helps clear space junk out 

of Earth orbit, but it also decreases the lifetime of useful satellites by bringing them closer to re-entry. 

These and many other scientific achievements are detailed in subsequent sections of this document. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The Mars Curiosity rover is just one of nearly 60 operating science missions. The IRIS and LADEE 

missions are scheduled to launch in 2013, while work on other missions in development, such as 

MAVEN, GPM, MMS, and JWST, continues. The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2), 

Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP), OCO-2, and Solar Orbiter Collaboration missions completed 

formulation activities and started development. NASA will select new Heliophysics and Astrophysics 

Explorer missions to begin formulation in the spring of 2013. 

NASA is establishing a 2020 Mars rover science definition team to further specify the scientific 

objectives for the mission, prior to the competition for science instruments. 

NASA Science continues to support a diverse array of competed research activities, primarily selected 

through the yearly Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences announcements. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The MAVEN, GPM, and OCO-2 missions, and the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE 

III) ozone-measuring instrument for the International Space Station, are scheduled for launch in FY 2014. 

Work will accelerate on the 2020 Mars rover after NASA selects its science instruments. NASA science 

missions, data, and discoveries will continue to rewrite textbooks, excite the public, inspire children to 

pursue careers in STEM and demonstrate US leadership worldwide. 

Themes 

EARTH SCIENCE

From space, NASA satellites can view Earth as a planet and enable the study of it as a complex, dynamic 

system with diverse components: the oceans, atmosphere, continents, ice sheets, and life. The Nation’s 

scientific community can thereby observe and track global-scale changes, connecting causes to effects. 

Scientists can study regional changes in their global context, as well as observe the role that human 

civilization plays as a force of change. Through partnerships with agencies that maintain forecasting and 

decision support systems, NASA improves national capabilities to predict climate, weather, and natural 

hazards, manage resources, and support the development of environmental policy. 

The budget request continues to advance key elements of Earth Science program established in NASA's 

2010 Climate Initiative. The first two Tier 1 decadal survey missions, SMAP, and ICESat-2, moved into 

development during FY 2013. The estimated cost of ICESat-2 has increased approximately $75 million 

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above the formulation estimates of last year, because a plan to share the cost of a launch vehicle with an 

Air Force payload did not materialize. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-On 

(GRACE-FO) mission, to continue measurements of Earth’s gravity field and the movement of water on 

its surface, has entered into formulation, in collaboration with Germany’s space agency. 

NASA is responding to the absence of the data that the Glory mission would have provided in two 

immediate ways. First, NASA has developed and is now deploying multiple aerosol polarimeters on 

research aircraft. Second, NASA is supporting and funding the Glory Science Team to analyze and use 

the data from the airborne polarimeters as well as additional work on measurements produced by the 

French POLDER polarimeter currently on orbit on the PARASOL satellite. These activities are providing 

data regarding the effect of airborne particles on climate change. NASA is also considering other 

activities as part of its longer-range planning. 

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The image above represents the flotilla of spacecraft that make continual land surface, biospheric, 

atmospheric, and oceanic observations of the Earth in order to study how its climate operates as a whole 

system and how it is changing over time. 
 

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PLANETARY SCIENCE

To answer questions about the solar system and the origins of life, NASA sends robotic space probes to 

the Moon, other planets and their moons, asteroids and comets, and the icy bodies beyond Neptune. 

NASA is in the midst of a sustained investigation of Mars, launching a series of orbiters, landers, and 

rovers, with the long-term goal of eventual human exploration. NASA is operating spacecraft at Mercury 

and Saturn; is returning to Jupiter with the Juno mission (currently en route); has left the large asteroid 

Vesta and started on a journey to the largest asteroid Ceres with the Dawn mission; is completing 

humankind’s first basic reconnaissance of the solar system by sending a mission (New Horizons) to fly by 

Pluto; and is preparing to return samples from an asteroid to Earth (OSIRIS-REx). 

The budget request is consistent with the recommendations of the recent decadal survey, including a 

robust Mars program that retains the goal of sample return. The budget does not, and cannot at this time, 

accommodate any mission to orbit or land on Jupiter’s moon Europa. However, NASA is participating in 

the European Space Agency’s Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission, which will provide valuable 

data on Europa and the other Galilean moons to the U.S. science community. 

The budget request includes a doubling of NASA’s efforts to identify and characterize potentially 

hazardous near Earth objects (NEOs). NASA will aggressively pursue an expanded observation program 

that will increase the detection and characterization of NEOs of all sizes by increasing the observing time 

on existing ground-based telescopes such as PanSTARRs. 

To support future planetary missions in the 2020s and beyond, NASA is partnering with the Department 

of Energy for the production of plutonium-238. Small amounts of plutonium-238 have already been 

produced, and by optimizing the production process, it is estimated that 1.5 to 2 kilograms per year will 

be produced by 2018. This amount will be enough to meet NASA’s projected needs for future planetary 

missions. The Science budget request fully funds this requirement. For the first time, NASA’s request 

also includes $50 million to support the radioisotope power system development infrastructure through 

full-cost recovery mechanisms at the Department of Energy. 

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This legion of spacecraft represents US and International partnerships in pursuit of new discoveries. For 

real-time exploration of these missions in our Solar System visit: http://eyes.jpl.nasa.gov. 

ASTROPHYSICS

Some of the greatest minds of the last century discovered wondrous things about the physical universe: 

the Big Bang and black holes, dark matter and dark energy, and the interrelated nature of space and time. 

Their theories challenge scientists and NASA to use observations from space to test conventional 

understanding of fundamental physics. Having measured the age of the universe, the scientific community 

now seeks to explore its ultimate extremes: its birth, the edges of space and time near black holes, and the 

mysterious dark energy filling the entire universe. Scientists have recently developed astronomical 

instrumentation sensitive enough to detect planets around other stars. With hundreds of extrasolar planets 

now known, scientists are using current NASA missions in conjunction with ground-based telescopes to 

seek Earth-like planets in other solar systems. 

The budget request supports all current missions, an enhanced Explorer program, and most of the other 

core program recommendations of the recent decadal survey. NASA will also make a hardware 

contribution to the European Space Agency’s Euclid mission. This collaboration has been endorsed by the 
 

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Astrophysics Subcommittee of the NASA Advisory Council, as well as the National Academies’ 

Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics. However, no funds will be available to begin development 

of any major new Astrophysics mission, such as the Wide-Field InfraRed Survey Telescope (WFIRST) 

and the possible use of the telescope assets made available to NASA, until after launch of JWST. For the 

next few years, activities on such missions will be limited to early mission studies and technology efforts, 

for a few million dollars annually. 

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The image above represents the flotilla of spacecraft and instruments that provide observations to help us 

understand how the universe works. 
 

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JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE

JWST is a large, space-based astronomical observatory. The mission is a logical successor to the Hubble 

Space Telescope, extending beyond Hubble’s discoveries by looking into the infrared spectrum, where 

the highly red-shifted early universe must be observed, where relatively cool objects like protostars and 

protoplanetary disks strongly emit infrared light, and where dust obscures shorter wavelengths. JWST is 

fully funded towards its scheduled launch in October 2018, within the cost and schedule baseline 

established in 2011. 

Lessons learned on JWST have led to changes in NASA project management practices that appear to have 

helped contain costs on other missions. In particular, the JWST Independent Comprehensive Review 

Panel recommended stronger cost and schedule analysis capabilities at NASA headquarters. The Science 

Mission Directorate performs monthly reviews of earned value where available and other project 

performance measures on all flight projects in phases B through D, or from preliminary design through 

launch. This increased emphasis from Headquarters has helped focus the attention of project managers on 

cost and schedule issues. 

HELIOPHYSICS

The solar system is governed by the Sun, a typical small star midway through its life. The Sun’s influence 

is wielded through its gravity, radiation, solar wind, and magnetic fields, all of which interact with the 

gravity, fields and atmospheres of Earth to produce space weather. Using a fleet of sensors on various 

spacecraft in Earth orbit and throughout the solar system, NASA seeks to understand how and why the 

Sun varies, how Earth responds to the Sun, and how human activities are affected. The science of 

heliophysics enables the predictions necessary to safeguard life and society on Earth and the outward 

journeys of human and robotic explorers. 

The budget request supports the recommendations of the recent Heliophysics decadal survey. Following 

launch of MMS by March 2015, the largest part of the Heliophysics budget will be devoted to the Solar 

Probe Plus (SPP) project. NASA is strongly committed to SPP, which is expected to enter development in 

late FY 2014, in preparation for launch in July 2018. The budget also includes a new CubeSat project, 

which offers a low-cost option for enabling scientific discovery across the various Themes and disciplines 

in the Science Mission Directorate. 

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A fleet of Heliophysics spacecraft patrol the environment of our Earth, from its life-sustaining sun out to 

the edges of our solar system. They reveal a dynamic interconnected system within which our home 

planet is embedded and through which robotic and human explorers must journey. 
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1765.7 -- 1846.1 1854.6 1848.9 1836.9 1838.1

Earth Science Research 441.1 -- 443.3 483.1 483.4 485.1 476.5

Earth Systematic Missions 879.9 -- 787.5 811.2 861.9 839.1 833.3

Earth System Science Pathfinder 183.3 -- 353.6 293.1 232.2 237.4 250.0

Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations 168.6 -- 171.7 174.3 177.9 179.0 182.0

Earth Science Technology 51.2 -- 55.1 56.2 55.1 56.1 56.1

Applied Sciences 36.4 -- 35.0 36.7 38.4 40.1 40.1

Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH .................................................. .......... ES-2 

EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS ............................................... ......... ES-9 

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) [Development] ......................... ES-11

Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2)[Development] ........ ES-17

Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) [Development] ......................... ES-22

GRACE Follow-On [Formulation] ............................................................... ES-27

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... ES-32

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER ..................................... ......... ES-44

Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) [Development] ........................... ES-46

Venture Class Missions [Formulation] ........................................................ ES-52

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ES-58

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS .................................... ES-63

EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ............................................. .......... ES-68

APPLIED SCIENCES ........................................................... ........... ES-72

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Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

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FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 441.1 -- 443.3 483.1 483.4 485.1 476.5

Earth Science Research and Analysis 333.3 -- 328.7 337.8 339.2 342.7 327.7

Computing and Management 107.7 -- 114.6 145.3 144.2 142.4 148.9

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 2.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 0.5 %

This is a composite image of a dust storm blowing off the 

coast of Morocco in the northwest corner of the African 

continent. The data was gathered by the MODIS 

(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) 

instrument aboard the Terra satellite. Such data products 

are important tools in the study of land, ocean, and 

atmospheric processes and trends on local and global 

scales. 

NASA's Earth Science Research program 

develops a scientific understanding of Earth and 

its response to natural or human-induced 

changes. Earth is a system, like the human body, 

comprised of diverse components interacting in 

complex ways. Understanding Earth's 

atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, 

cryosphere, and biosphere as a single connected 

system is necessary in order to improve our 

predictions of climate, weather, and natural 

hazards. 

The Earth Science Research program addresses 

complex, interdisciplinary Earth science 

problems in pursuit of a comprehensive 

understanding of the Earth system. This strategy 

involves six interdisciplinary and interrelated 

science focus areas, including: 

Climate Variability and Change: 

understanding the roles of ocean, 

atmosphere, land, and ice in the climate 

system and improving predictive 

capability for future evolution; 

Atmospheric Composition: understanding and improving predictive capability for changes in the 

ozone layer, climate forcing, and air quality associated with changes in atmospheric composition; 

Carbon Cycle and Ecosystems: quantifying, understanding, and predicting changes in Earth's 

ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles, including the global carbon cycle, land cover, and 

biodiversity; 

Water and Energy Cycle: quantifying the key reservoirs and fluxes in the global water cycle and 

assessing water cycle change and water quality; 

Weather: enabling improved predictive capability for weather and extreme weather events; and 

Earth Surface and Interior: characterizing the dynamics of the Earth surface and interior and 

forming the scientific basis for the assessment and mitigation of natural hazards and response to 

rare and extreme events. 

ES-2
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

NASA's Earth Science Research program pioneers the use of both space-borne and aircraft measurements 

in all of these areas. NASA's Earth Science Research program is critical to the advancement of the 

interagency US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). NASA's Earth Science Research program 

also makes extensive contributions to international science programs such as the World Climate Research 

Programme. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA will use a modest increase in funding for Earth Science Research to support the Carbon 

Monitoring System (CMS) and to further integrate NASA products and capabilities with those of other 

US agencies and international entities. NASA seeks scientific and technical experts to shape and 

contribute to the next phase of development of a CMS. The Earth Science Education and Outreach Project 

has been discontinued, consistent with the Administration initiative to consolidate STEM education 

activities across all of the Agencies. NASA transferred the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit 

the Environment (GLOBE) activity from Earth Science to NASA’s Office of Education. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA collaborated with other US agencies to conduct the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry 

Project. This field campaign explored the impact of large thunderstorms on the concentration of ozone 

and other substances in the upper troposphere. 

In addition, NASA implemented the first phase of the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional 

Study campaign aboard the research vessel Knorr. This study is designed to shed new light on the link 

between ocean salinity and shifts in global precipitation patterns. The suite of ocean instruments will 

complement data from NASA's salinity-sensing instrument aboard the Aquarius/ Satelite de Aplicaciones 

Cientificas-D (SAC-D) observatory. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA’s Earth Science Research program will continue funding investigations in competitively selected 

projects in topics such as global impacts of urbanization and the physics of the ocean-ice interface. A 

number of funded studies on satellite calibration, which were initiated in FY 2012, constitute the first ever 

solicitation to compare NASA and non-NASA observing assets. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, in response to solicitations in Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences 2013 

(ROSES-13) and ROSES-12, NASA anticipates awarding over 200 new 3-year investigations. 

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Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

Program Elements 

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RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Research and Analysis is the core of the research program and funds the analysis and interpretation of 

data from NASA's satellites. This project funds the scientific activity needed to establish a rigorous base 

for the satellites’ data and their use in computational models. 

AIRBORNE SCIENCE

The Airborne Science project is responsible for providing manned and unmanned aircraft systems that 

further science and advance the use of satellite data. NASA uses these assets worldwide in campaigns to 

investigate extreme weather events, observe Earth system processes, obtain data for Earth science 

modeling activities, and calibrate instruments flying aboard Earth science spacecraft. NASA Airborne 

Science platforms support mission definition and development activities. For example, these activities 

include: 

Instrument development flights; 

Gathering ice sheet observations as gap fillers between missions (e.g., Operation IceBridge); 

Serve as technology test beds for Instrument Incubator Program (IIP) missions, and; 

Serve as the observation platforms for research campaigns, such as those that are competitively 

selected under the Sub-Orbital portion of Earth Venture. 

The objectives of this project include: 

Conducting in-situ atmospheric measurement and remote sensing observations in support of 

scientific investigations; 

Demonstrating and exploiting the capabilities of autonomous aircraft for science investigations; 

Testing new sensor technologies in space-like environments; and 

Calibrating and validating space-based measurements and retrieval algorithms. 

INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE

Interdisciplinary Science includes science investigations, as well as calibration and validation activities, 

that ensure the utility of space-based measurements. In addition, it supports focused fieldwork (e.g., 

airborne campaigns) and specific facility instruments upon which fieldwork depends. 

CARBON CYCLE SCIENCE TEAM

Carbon Cycle Science Team funds research on the distribution and cycling of carbon among Earth's 

active land, ocean, and atmospheric reservoirs. 

ES-4
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

CARBON MONITORING SYSTEM

Carbon Monitoring System complements NASA’s overall program in carbon cycle science and 

observations by producing and distributing products to the community regarding the flux of carbon 

between the surface and atmosphere, as well as the stores of carbon on the surface. 

GLOBAL MODELING AND ASSIMILATION OFFICE

The Global Modeling and Assimilation Office creates global climate and Earth system component models 

using data from Earth science satellites and aircraft. Investigators can then use these products worldwide 

to further their research. 

OZONE TRENDS SCIENCE

The Ozone Trends Science project produces a consistent, calibrated ozone record that can be used for 

trend analyses and other studies. 

SPACE GEODESY

The Space Geodesy project provides global geodetic positioning and support for geodetic reference 

frames, which are necessary for climate change and geohazards research. Geodesy is the science of 

measuring Earth’s shape, gravity and rotation, and how these change over time. The Space Geodesy 

project began in 2011 and is a Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

partnership with participation from the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the University of 

Maryland. 

FELLOWSHIPS AND NEW INVESTIGATORS

Fellowships and New Investigators supports graduate and early career research in the areas of Earth 

system research and applied science. 

EARTH SCIENCE DIRECTED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

Earth Science Directed Research and Technology funds the civil service staff that work on emerging 

Earth Science flight projects, instruments, and research. 

HIGH END COMPUTING CAPABILITY (HECC) 

High End Computing Capability focuses on the Columbia and Pleiades supercomputer systems and the 

associated network connectivity, data storage, data analysis, visualization, and application software 

support. It serves the supercomputing needs of all NASA mission directorates and NASA-supported 

principal investigators at universities. The Science funding supports the operation, maintenance, and 

upgrade of NASA's supercomputing capability, while the Strategic Capabilities Assets Program provides 

oversight. The two systems, with approximately 117,500 computer processor cores, support NASA's 

aeronautics, human exploration, and science missions. 

ES-5
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING

The Scientific Computing project funds NASA's Earth Science Discover computing system, software 

engineering, and user interface projects at Goddard Space Flight Center, including climate assessment 

modeling. Scientific Computing supports Earth science modeling activities based on data collected by 

Earth science spacecraft. The system is separate from HECC, so it can be close to the satellite data 

archives at the Center. The proximity to the data and the focus on satellite data assimilation makes the 

Discover cluster unique in the ability to analyze large volumes of satellite data quickly. The system 

currently has approximately 31,400 computer processor cores. 

DIRECTORATE SUPPORT

The Directorate Support project funds the Science Mission Directorate’s institutional and crosscutting 

activities including: National Academies’ studies, proposal peer review processes, printing and graphics, 

information technology, the NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship program, working group support, 

independent assessment studies, and other administrative tasks. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q2/2014 ROSES-2014 solicitation (planned for solicitation release in spring of 2013)

ROSES-2014 selection within six to nine months of receipt of proposals

Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: Various and defined in the acquisition strategy 

Lead Center: Headquarters (HQ) 

Performing Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: United States Global Change Research Program

(USGCRP) and Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology (SOST) 

agencies 

Research and Analysis 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Centers: HQs, JPL, GSFC, ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC, MSFC, JSC 

Cost Share Partners: USGCRP and SOST agencies 

Interdisciplinary Science 

ES-6
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

Provider: Various and defined in the acquisition strategy 

Lead Center: HQ 

Performing Centers: JPL, GSFC, ARC 

Cost Share Partners: US Forest Service, Department of Energy (DOE), National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 

Carbon Monitoring System 

Provider: Various and defined in the acquisition strategy 

Lead Center: HQ 

Performing Centers: HQ, JPL, GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: USGCRP and SOST agencies 

Carbon Cycle Team 

Provider: Various and defined in the acquisition strategy 

Lead Center: HQ 

Performing Centers: LaRC, GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: USGCRP and SOST agencies 

Ozone Trends Science 

Provider: DFRC 

Lead Center: HQ 

Performing Centers: DFRC, ARC, GSFC,WFF 

Cost Share Partners: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of 

Defense (DoD), DOE, NOAA, National Science Foundation 

Airborne Science 

Provider: ARC 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Center: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: DOE

High-End Computing Capability 

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Center: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: DoD, DOE 

Scientific Computing

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Center: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Global Modeling and Assimilation 

Office 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Fellowships and New Investigators 

ES-7
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE RESEARCH

Acquisition Strategy 

The Earth Science Research program is implemented via competitively selected research awards. 

Research solicitations are released each year in the ROSES NASA Research Announcements. All 

proposals in response to NASA ROSES are peer reviewed and selected based on defined criteria. Selected 

proposals are funded with FY 2014 funding and two subsequent years in an effort to initiate research for 

about one-third of the program. The Earth Science Research program is based on full and open 

competition, and at least 90 percent of the funds of the program are competitively awarded to 

investigators from academia, the private sector, and NASA Centers. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

All six science 

focus areas were 

rated “green” as 

documented in 

the FY 2012 

Performance and 

Accountability 

Report 

Relevance

NASA Advisory 

Council Earth 

Science 

Subcommittee 

2012

To review progress 

towards Earth Science 

objectives in the NASA 

Strategic Plan. 

2013; 

annually 

thereafter

ES-8
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 879.9 -- 787.5 811.2 861.9 839.1 833.3

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) 87.9 -- 60.3 18.7 19.6 14.2 15.3

Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 130.5 -- 140.7 106.4 90.4 27.1 14.1

(ICESat-II)

Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) 214.2 -- 88.3 74.9 15.9 11.3 11.3

GRACE FO 42.3 -- 83.4 75.3 74.3 71.7 20.0

Other Missions and Data Analysis 406.0 -- 414.9 536.0 661.6 714.8 772.6

Subtotal 880.9 -- 787.5 811.2 861.9 839.1 833.3

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -1.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -92.4

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -10.5 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Other Missions and Data Analysis pursuant to P.L. 112-

55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

An artist’s conception shows the Surface Water Ocean 

Topography (SWOT) satellite, which entered the 

formulation phase in November, 2012. SWOT will make 

high-resolution, wide-swath altimetric measurements of 

the world’s oceans and fresh water bodies to understand 

their circulation, surface topography, and storage. This 

multi-disciplinary, cooperative international mission, will 

produce science and data products that will allow for 

fundamental advances in the understanding of the global 

water cycle. 

Earth Systematic Missions (ESM) includes a 

broad range of multi-disciplinary science 

investigations aimed at understanding the Earth 

system and its response to natural and humaninduced forces and changes. Understanding 

these forces will help determine how to predict 

future changes, and how to mitigate or adapt to 

these changes. 

The ESM program develops Earth-observing 

research satellite missions, manages the 

operation of these missions once on orbit, and 

produces mission data products in support of 

research, applications, and policy communities. 

Interagency and international partnerships are a 

central element throughout the ESM program. 

Several of the on-orbit missions provide data 

products in near-real time for use by US and 

international meteorological agencies and 

disaster responders. Five of the on-orbit 

missions involve significant international or 

interagency collaboration in development. The 

Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM), one of the ESM program’s foundational missions, involves 

collaboration with the US Geological Survey. GPM is a partnership being developed in cooperation with 

the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and the GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) mission 

is a partnership between NASA and the German Space and Earth Science agencies. 

ES-9
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The SWOT, GRACE-FO and SAGE III missions entered formulation and are now funded under separate 

budget lines. The request also includes funds for NASA to assume responsibility for several Earth 

measurements previously held by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 

NASA will begin study on continuing the long history of measurements of solar irradiance, atmospheric 

ozone, and Earth’s radiation of energy to space. A newly created Land Imaging project will ensure 

continuity of Landsat land imaging data by funding the development of a sustained, space-based, global 

land imaging capability. The Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) recently entered operations after 

its successful launch on February 11, 2013 and is now funded under Earth Systematic Mission, Other 

Missions and Data Analysis. 

ES-10
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM)

Formulation Development Operations











FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 638.4 87.9 91.4 60.3 18.7 19.6 14.2 15.3 0.0 945.8

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 638.4 87.9 91.4 60.3 18.7 19.6 11.8 0.0 0.0 928.1

Formulation 349.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 349.2

Development/Implementation 289.2 87.9 91.4 40.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 509.3

Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.4 18.7 19.6 11.8 0.0 0.0 69.6

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -27.6

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -31.4%

GPM data will reveal new 

information on hurricane 

eyewall development and 

intensity changes. It will also 

measure hazard-triggering 

rainfall events contributing to 

flooding and landslides, 

providing inputs to climate, 

weather, and land surface 

models for improved predictions. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission will advance 

the measurement of global precipitation. A joint mission with Japan 

Aerospace Exploration Agency, GPM will provide the first 

opportunity to calibrate measurements of global precipitation 

(including the distribution, amount, rate, and associated heat release) 

across tropical, mid-latitude, and Polar Regions. 

The GPM mission has several scientific objectives: 

Advance precipitation measurement capability from space 

through combined use of active and passive remote-sensing 

techniques; 

Advance understanding of global water/energy cycle 

variability and fresh water availability; 

Improve climate prediction by providing the foundation for 

better understanding of surface water fluxes, soil moisture 

storage, cloud/precipitation microphysics and latent heat 

release in Earth’s atmosphere; 

Advance numerical weather prediction skills through more 

accurate and frequent measurements of instantaneous rain 

rates; and 

Improve high-impact natural hazard event (flood and 

drought, landslide, and hurricanes) and fresh water-resource 

prediction capabilities through better temporal sampling and 

wider spatial coverage of high-resolution precipitation 

measurements. 

For more information, go to: http://science.hq.nasa.gov/missions/earth.html.

ES-11
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM)

Formulation Development Operations

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA re-phased the GPM budget for all years to better match project funding requirements. 

PROJECT PARAMETERS

The NASA-provided elements of the GPM project include a core observatory spacecraft and a GPM 

Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument. The GMI instrument is a conically scanning radiometer that will 

provide significantly improved spatial resolution over the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 

Microwave Imager. JAXA will supply the second instrument, the Dual frequency Precipitation Radar 

(DPR), which will provide three-dimensional observation of rain and an accurate estimation of rainfall 

rate. The Core Observatory will leverage passive microwave measurements from other operating and 

planned "satellites of opportunity" by calibrating their measurements to its own. Given the prevalence of 

passive microwave instruments on operational and research satellite systems, the global sampling from 

this constellation of satellites will be robust providing frequent global mapping of precipitation. The 

spacecraft will be launched from Tanegashima Space Center, Japan on a JAXA-provided H-IIA launch 

vehicle in February 2014. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The systems integration review was held in February 2012. NASA approved the GPM mission to begin 

the integration and test phase (Phase D) in April 2012. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The observatory environmental testing is on track for completion in the fourth quarter of FY 2013 to 

prepare it for shipment to Japan for launch. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

GPM will hold its operational and flight readiness reviews in advance of the planned launch in FY 2014. 

ES-12
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM)

Formulation Development Operations

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

ES-13

Development Cost and Schedule 

Due to the mission's critical international partnership and the desire to maintain continuity of the 

precipitation record established by the long-lived TRMM, NASA and JAXA will strive to launch GPM in 

February 2014. The GPM project has been directed to execute all necessary actions to accomplish the 

February 2014 launch. Consistent with NASA policies regarding commitments to time and schedule, the 

GPM launch will occur no later than June 2014. 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current 

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

2010 555.2 70 2013 509.3 -8.3 LRD Jul 2013 Jun 2014 11

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM)

Formulation Development Operations

Development Cost Details 

Reductions in the Ground Systems, Science/Technology, and Other Direct Project Costs lines are due to 

the elimination of the Low-Inclination Observatory GMI-2 instrument, associated TDRSS 

communications subsystem, payload accommodation, ground system and operations costs in 2012. 

Increases in the Aircraft/Spacecraft and Systems Integration and Test (I&T) lines are due to spacecraft 

development issues and the extension of integration and testing activities supporting the replanned launch 

readiness date. 

Current Year 

Development Cost 

Element Estimate ($M) 

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M)

Change from Base Year 

Estimate ($M) 

TOTAL: 555.2 509.3 -45.3

Aircraft/Spacecraft 151.2 246.4 95.2

Payloads 91.2 90.9 -.3

Systems I&T 6.8 8.2 1.4

Launch Vehicle 

Ground Systems 

1.5 1.6 .1

30.5 27.5 -3.0

Science/Technology 28.4 24.2 -4.2

Other Direct Project Costs 245.6 110.4 -134.5

Project Management & Commitments 

GSFC has project management responsibility. GPM is a constellation mission that will incorporate data 

from other precipitation missions from a consortium of international space agencies, including Centre 

National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Indian Space Research Organization, NOAA, European 

Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, and others. 

Project Element Description Provider

Change from 

Baseline 

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Center: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Provides platform for the 

GMI and JAXA-supplied 

DPR instruments 

Core Observatory N/A

Provides 13 microwave 

channels ranging in 

frequency from 10 

gigahertz (GHz) to 183 

GHz; 4 high frequency, 

millimeter-wave, channels 

Provider: Ball Aerospace 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Center: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

GMI instrument N/A

ES-14
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM)

Formulation Development Operations

DPR instrument

Provides cross-track swath 

widths of 245 and 120 

kilometers, for the Ku 

precipitation radar (KuPR) 

and Ka-band precipitation

Provider: JAXA

Lead Center: N/A

Performing Centers: N/A

Cost Share Partners: JAXA

N/A

Low Inclination 

Observatory 

(LIO/GMI-2)

Provides platform for the 

second GMI instrument

Provider:

Lead Center: 

Performing Centers: 

Cost Share Partners: 

Descoped

Provider: JAXA

Launch vehicle and 

services H-IIA

Lead Center: N/A

Performing Centers: N/A

Cost Share Partners: JAXA

N/A

Ground System 

Provides control of Core 

Observatory operations, 

science data processing, 

and distribution

Provider: GSFC

Lead Center: GSFC

Performing Center: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: JAXA

N/A

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: The total schedule reserve drops below the 

guideline (18 days),

Then: The observatory environmental testing 

completion and shipment to the launch site could 

be delayed.

The project will optimize 

schedule reserve. 

the schedule of testing activities to regain 

Acquisition Strategy 

The GMI was selected through open competition in FY 2005. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Boulder, CO 

Greenbelt, MD 

GMI Ball Aerospace and Technologies 

Corp 

GPM Core Spacecraft GSFC

ES-15
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT (GPM)

Formulation Development Operations

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Project 

approved to 

begin 

integration and 

test 

Performance SRB Feb 2012 System integration review Oct 2013 

Performance SRB Oct 2013 Jun 2014 

Operations readiness 

review to determine project 

readiness to operate the 

flight and ground systems

TBD

CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 1203 OF NASA 2010

AUTHORIZATION CT A 

On February 2, 2012, pursuant to Section 103(c) of P.L 109-155, NASA notified the Committee on 

Science, Space, and Technology of an anticipated schedule delay of more than six months, but that NASA 

did not expect this delay to cause the project to exceed its development cost baseline. 

The NASA Associate Administrator approved a replan of the project with a new launch date of June 

2014, an eleven-month delay compared to the January 2010 MPAR baseline. Based on the analysis 

conducted and progress to date against the new plan, the GPM project, barring a major test failure or 

some other significant unplanned event, has a high likelihood of completing its development on the cost 

and schedule presented. 

ES-16
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

ICESAT-2

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 124.4 130.5 207.0 140.7 106.4 90.4 27.1 14.1 17.3 857.8

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 124.4 130.5 207.0 140.7 106.4 90.4 27.1 14.1 17.3 857.8

Formulation 124.4 124.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 248.8

Development/Implementation 0.0 6.1 207.0 140.7 106.4 82.9 13.4 0.0 0.0 556.5

Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5 13.7 14.1 17.3 52.6

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 10.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 7.8%

ICESat-2 will use a multi-beam micropulse laser 

altimeter to measure the topography of the 

Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets as well as the 

thickness of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. The 

satellite LIDAR also will measure vegetation 

canopy heights and support other NASA 

environmental monitoring missions. By 

discovering the anatomy of ice loss, researchers 

may be able to forecast how the ice sheets will melt 

in the future and what impact this will have on 

sea-levels. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat2) mission will serve as an ICESat follow-on satellite to 

continue the assessment of polar ice changes. ICESat-2 

will also measure vegetation canopy heights, allowing 

estimates of biomass and carbon in above ground 

vegetation in conjunction with related missions, and 

allow measurements of solid earth properties. 

ICESat-2 will continue to provide an important record 

of multi-year elevation data needed to determine ice 

sheet mass balance and cloud property information. It 

will also provide topography and vegetation data 

around the globe in addition to the polar-specific 

coverage over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. 

The ICESat-2 mission is a Tier 1 mission recommended 

by the National Academies. It entered formulation in 

FY 2010. 

For more information, go to: 

http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat2. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

During FY 2012, the mission lost its opportunity for a 

co-manifested launch with the US Air Force, thus 

necessitating the procurement of a dedicated launch vehicle. Based on the cost and schedule analysis of 

the ICESat-2 design, NASA established a launch readiness date of May 2017 at mission confirmation. 

ES-17
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

ICESAT-2

Formulation Development Operations

PROJECT PARAMETERS

The ICESat-2 observatory employs a dedicated spacecraft with a multi-beam photon-counting surface 

elevation Lidar. ICESat-2 will continue the measurements begun with the first ICESat mission, which 

launched in 2003, and will improve upon ICESat by incorporating a micro-pulse multi-beam laser to 

provide dense cross-track sampling, improving elevation estimates over inclined surfaces and very rough 

(e.g., crevassed) areas and improving lead detection for above-water sea ice estimates. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

ICESat-2 successfully completed its system requirements review and preliminary design review. The 

Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS) instrument successfully completed preliminary 

design review as well. NASA officially released a request for launch services proposal to potential 

vendors. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The mission successfully passed the KDP-C milestone and proceeded into the development phase in 

December 2012. The spacecraft will undergo its critical design review in late FY 2013. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Mission readiness testing for the ground system commences in June 2014. The Advanced Topographic 

Laser Altimeter System instrument will undergo its pre-environmental review in August 2014. 

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

ICESat-2 is scheduled to launch in May 2017 for a three-year prime mission. 

ES-18
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

ICESAT-2

Formulation Development Operations

Development Cost and Schedule 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current 

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

2013 558.9 70 2013 556.5 -0.4% LRD May 2017 May 2017 0

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 

Development Cost Details 

This is the first report of development costs for this mission. 

Current Year 

Development Cost 

Element Estimate ($M) 

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M)

Change from Base Year 

Estimate ($M) 

TOTAL: 558.9 556.5 -2.4

Aircraft/Spacecraft 77.8 77.8 None

Payloads 88.6 88.6 None

Systems I&T 18.5 18.5 None

Launch Vehicle 

Ground Systems 

123.8 123.8 None

35.3 35.3 None

Science/Technology 22.9 22.9 None

Other Direct Project Costs 192.0 189.6 -2.4

Project Management & Commitments 

GSFC has project management responsibility for ICESat-2. 

Description Provider

Change from 

Project Element Baseline

ATLAS Instrument Advanced Topographic 

Laser Altimeter System

Provider: GSFC

Lead Center: GSFC

Performing Center: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

N/A

ES-19
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

ICESAT-2

Formulation Development Operations

Provider: Orbital Sciences Corporation 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Center: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Spacecraft Provides platform for the 

instrument N/A

Ground System 

Launch Vehicle 

Provides control of 

observatory operations, 

science data processing and 

distribution

Provider: Orbital Sciences Corporation

Lead Center: GSFC

Performing Center: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

N/A

Provider: TBD 

Lead Center: N/A 

Performing Centers: KSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

TBD N/A

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: The launch vehicle development is delayed or 

mandates spacecraft changes for 

accommodation, 

Then: Mission cost will increase. 

Launch vehicle procurement was initiated in October 2012. All 

spacecraft interface data were included in the Launch Vehicle 

Request For Proposal to allow proper accommodation.

If: The instrument hardware experiences 

development problems,

Then: Instrument completion will be delayed.

Risk mitigation tasks have been implemented for the instrument 

throughout formulation. All components have achieved required 

maturity (technology readiness level-6) for this stage of development 

as a result.

Acquisition Strategy 

The design and testing of the ATLAS instrument has been assigned to GSFC. The spacecraft vendor, 

Orbital Sciences Corporation, was competitively selected. The ground system element will be provided 

by the spacecraft vendor via a contract option. The launch services vendor selection is pending with 

authority to proceed currently anticipated for April 2013. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Ground System Orbital Sciences Corporation Dulles, VA

Spacecraft Orbital Sciences Corporation Gilbert, AZ

ES-20
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

ICESAT-2

Formulation Development Operations

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance SRB Dec 2012

Sep 2013 

Dec 2016 

KDP-C 

Mission Critical Design 

Review 

Flight Readiness Review 

Mission was 

approved to 

enter 

development

Sep 2013 

Performance SRB TBD Dec 2016 

Performance SRB TBD N/A

ES-21
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP)

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 298.1 214.2 210.3 88.3 74.9 15.9 11.3 11.3 0.0 924.3

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 298.1 214.2 210.3 88.3 74.9 15.9 11.3 1.7 0.0 914.6

Formulation 298.1 90.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

58.2

16.6

0.0

4.0

11.9

0.0

0.0

11.3

0.0

0.0

1.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

388.2

484.8

41.6

Development/Implementation 0.0 124.1 210.3 88.3

Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

-125.9

-58.8%











ES-22

SMAP has the potential to enable a diverse range of 

applications involving drought and flood estimation, 

agricultural productivity estimation, weather 

forecasting, climate modeling, and other factors 

affecting human health and security. For example, 

SMAP can benefit the emerging field of landscape 

epidemiology where direct observations of soil 

moisture can provide valuable information on vector 

population dynamics, such as identifying and mapping 

habitats for mosquitoes that spread malaria.

PROJECT PURPOSE

The Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) 

mission will provide a capability for global 

mapping of soil moisture with unprecedented 

accuracy, resolution, and coverage. 

Future water resources are a critical societal impact 

of climate change, and scientific understanding of 

how such change may affect water supply and food 

production is crucial for policy makers. 

Uncertainty in current climate models result in 

disagreement on whether there will be more or less 

water regionally compared to today. SMAP data 

will help enable climate models to be brought into 

agreement on future trends in water resource 

availability. 

SMAP science objectives are to acquire spacebased hydrosphere state measurements over a 

three-year period to: 

Understand processes that link the 

terrestrial water, energy and carbon 

cycles; 

Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the land surface; 

Quantify net carbon flux in boreal landscapes; 

Enhance weather and climate forecast skill; and 

Develop improved flood prediction and drought monitoring capabilities. 
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP)

Formulation Development Operations

The SMAP mission is one of four first-tier missions recommended by the National Academies. 

For more information, go to: http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

PROJECT PARAMETERS

The SMAP observatory employs a dedicated spacecraft and will be launched into a near-polar, sunsynchronous orbit on an expendable launch vehicle. The SMAP baseline instrument suite includes 

radiometer and non-imaging synthetic aperture radar. The instruments are designed to make coincident 

measurements of surface emission and backscatter, with the ability to sense the soil conditions through 

moderate vegetation cover. Data will be acquired for a period of three years and a comprehensive 

validation program will be used to assess random errors and regional biases in the soil moisture and 

freeze/thaw estimates. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

SMAP successfully passed the KDP-C review in June 2012, and is now in the development phase of the 

mission. NASA completed the launch vehicle selection in July 2012. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, SMAP will continue development activities and conduct the systems integration review to 

determine its readiness to begin integration activities. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, SMAP will continue development and integration activities, targeting a launch in March, 

2015. 

ES-23
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP)

Formulation Development Operations

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

SMAP is scheduled to launch in March, 2015 for a three-year prime mission. 

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Development Cost and Schedule 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current 

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

2013 485.7 >70 2013 484.8 -.02 LRD Mar 2015 Mar 2015 None

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP)

Formulation Development Operations

Development Cost Details 

Current Year 

Development Cost 

Element Estimate ($M) 

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M)

Change from Base Year 

Estimate ($M) 

TOTAL: 485.7 484.8 -0.9

Aircraft/Spacecraft 80.1 80.4 0.3

Payloads 59.7 60.9 1.2

Systems I&T 22.3 22.3 None

Launch Vehicle 

Ground Systems 

123.6 123.6 None

24.2 24.2 None

Science/Technology 8.9 8.9 None

Other Direct Project Costs 166.9 164.6 -2.3

Project Management & Commitments 

JPL has project management responsibility for SMAP. 

Change from 

Project Element Description Provider Baseline 

Provider: JPL 

Lead Center: JPL 

Performing Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Spacecraft Provides platform for the 

instruments N/A

Combined with 

Radiometer, provides soil 

moisture measurements in 

the top 5 centimeters of soil 

through moderate 

vegetation cover 

Provider: JPL 

Lead Center: JPL 

Performing Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

L-Band SAR N/A

Combined with SAR, 

provides soil moisture 

measurements in the top 5 

centimeters of soil through 

moderate vegetation cover. 

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: JPL 

Performing Center: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

L-Band Radiometer N/A

Provider: ULA 

Lead Center: N/A 

Performing Centers: KSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Launch Vehicle Delta II 7320-10C Launch 

System N/A

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE (SMAP)

Formulation Development Operations

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: There is a late Launch Vehicle Interface 

Control Documentation (ICD) development,

Then: It could cause a launch readiness delay.

Key interfaces required to support spacecraft design are being 

identified and priorities will be established to meet the need dates 

each interface prior to the ICD delivery.

for 

If: The accelerated Reflector Boom Assembly 

development schedule cannot be maintained,

Then: There is a possibility of a launch readiness 

date delay.

RBA vendor has created an accelerated development schedule and 

plan to recover from delays caused by additional analysis and 

assessments needed to support multiple launch vehicle options. 

SMAP was required to carry these options prior to launch vehicle 

selection in July 2012. Additional resources are being added at both 

the Reflector Boom Assembly vendor and JPL to carry out this plan.

Acquisition Strategy 

The SMAP mission was directed to JPL, where the radar and spacecraft are being produced as an inhouse development, with the radiometer directed to GSFC also for in-house development. The key 

components, which are the deployable antenna/boom and instrument spin assemblies, were procured 

through open competition. The launch service was procured under the NASA Launch Services II 

Contract. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Spin Mechanism Assembly The Boeing Company El Segundo, CA 

Reflector Boom Assembly (RBA) Carpinteria, CA Northrop Grumman Aerospace 

Systems 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance Senior Review 

Board Jun 2012 

May 2013 KDP-D Milestone Review 

Aug 2014 

KDP-C Milestone Review 

Flight readiness review 

Project 

approved to 

enter 

development 

May 2013 

Performance Senior Review 

Board TBD Aug 2014 

Performance Senior Review 

Board TBD N/A

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GRACE FOLLOW-ON

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 42.3 -- 83.4 75.3 74.3 71.7 20.0

Change from FY 2012 

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

41.1

97.2%

Note: Funding for GRACE-FO in the FY 2013 President’s Budget was provided under the Decadal Survey Missions 

budget line. This is the first year in which a separate budget profile for this mission has been provided. 

Since 2002, the Grace satellites have been making 

observations of changes in the Earth’s gravity field to gain 

new insights into the dynamic processes in the planet’s 

interior. The Grace-Follow On mission will continue with 

extremely precise measurements taken by the satellite pair 

(artist’s conception shown), which will be used to generate 

an updated model of the Earth’s gravitational field every 30 

days. Along with other climate and geo-research efforts, 

data from Grace satellites will help scientists build an 

understanding of the Earth as an integral system. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

The Gravity Recovery and Climate 

Experiment Follow-on (GRACE-FO) mission 

will allow scientists to gain new insights into 

the dynamic processes in Earth's interior, into 

currents in the oceans, and into variations in 

the extent of ice coverage. Data from the 

mission, combined with other existing sources 

of data, will greatly improve scientific 

understanding of glaciers, hydrology. 

GRACE-FO will obtain the same extremely 

high-resolution global models of Earth's 

gravity field, including how it varies over 

time, as in the original GRACE mission 

(launched in 2002). The GRACE-FO data is 

vital to ensuring there is no gap in 

gravitational field measurements between the 

currently operating GRACE mission and the 

higher-capability GRACE-II recommended in 

the decadal survey. GRACE-FO includes a 

partnership with Germany. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

GRACE-FO has entered into the detailed design phase formulation (Phase B) and a lifecycle cost range is 

now provided as part of the budget submission. 

PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS

The GRACE-FO observatory employs two dedicated spacecraft that will be launched into a near-circular 

polar orbit. As the two spacecraft orbit eEarth, slight variations in gravity will alter the spacecraft speed 

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GRACE FOLLOW-ON

Formulation Development Operations

and distance relative to each other. The speed and distance changes can be used to extrapolate and map 

Earth's gravitational pull. 

The GRACE-FO instrument suite includes the Microwave Instrument (MWI), which accurately measures 

changes in the speed and distance between the two spacecraft. The accelerometer instrument measures all 

non-gravitational accelerations (e.g., air drag, solar radiation pressure, attitude control, thruster operation) 

of the GRACE-FO satellite(s). The Laser Ranging Interferometer is a technology demonstration and is a 

joint partnership between the US and Germany. The science data from GRACE mission will be used to 

generate an updated model of Earth's gravitational field approximately every 30 days for the 5-year 

lifetime of the mission. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

During 2012, GRACE-FO received approval to enter the detailed design phase of formulation, after 

successfully completing its key decision point (KDP) -A and KDP-B milestones in January 2012 and 

August 2012, respectively. The mission also completed system requirements and mission definition 

reviews in July 2012. GRACE-FO successfully completed the Interagency Coordination process for the 

use of a contributed, foreign-provided launch vehicle. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

A memorandum of understanding between NASA and Germany is being developed to codify 

international contributions (launch vehicle, operations, laser ranging instrument, ground data and science 

processing). The preliminary design reviews for the LRI and MWI instruments are scheduled for March 

and April 2013, respectively. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

GRACE-FO will undergo its preliminary design review in January 2014. The confirmation review will 

occur in February 2014. 

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GRACE FOLLOW-ON

Formulation Development Operations

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

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Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule 

Range Summary 

Lifecycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary 

design review. 

Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary 

design review. 

Estimated Life Cycle Cost 

Range ($M) 

$404-$460 

Key Milestone Estimated 

KDP-B Date Key Milestone Date Range 

Aug 2012 LRD Aug 2017
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GRACE FOLLOW-ON

Formulation Development Operations

Project Management & Commitments 

GRACE-FO is managed through the Earth Systematic Missions Program at GSFC and implementation is 

assigned to JPL. 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Provider: Astrium GmbH (Germany) 

Lead Center: None 

Participating Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Spacecraft Provides platform for the 

instruments. N/A

Provider: JPL 

Lead Center: JPL 

Participating Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Microwave 

Instrument (MWI)

Measures the distance 

between the spacecraft as a 

function of time

N/A

Provider: French Office National d’Etudes 

et Recherches Aérospatiales (ONERA) 

Lead Center: None 

Participating Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Accelerometers 

(ACC)

Measures all nongravitational accelerations of 

the satellite(s)

N/A

Provider: JPL and the German Research 

Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) 

Lead Center: None 

Participating Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: GFZ 

Laser Ranging 

Interferometer (LRI)

Heterodyne interferometric 

laser will measure the 

distance between the two 

spacecraft as a function of 

time

N/A

Provider: Germany 

Lead Center: None 

Participating Center: KSC 

Cost Share Partners: GFZ 

Launch Vehicle Delivers observatory into 

Earth orbit. N/A

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: The development of a MOU to establish 

international contributions is delayed,

Then: It could have a negative impact on project 

deadlines.

A draft memorandum of understanding is in work. NASA has 

developed a concept paper to begin discussions with GFZ. After 

completing the interagency coordination process for the use of a 

contributed, foreign-provided launch vehicle in November 2012, 

NASA will begin formal MOU negotiations with GFZ.

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

GRACE FOLLOW-ON

Formulation Development Operations

Acquisition Strategy 

The acquisition strategy for GRACE-FO leveraged GRACE heritage by using sole source procurement to 

the same vendors for major components. All other mission components were built in-house or provided 

by international partners. All major acquisitions have been completed. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Spacecraft Astrium Germany

Microwave 

Oscillator

Instrument Ultra Stable Applied Physics Laboratory-Johns 

Hopkins University Laurel, MD

Microwave Assemblies Space Systems/Loral Palo Alto, CA

Accelerometers ONERA France

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance Standing Review 

Board Aug 2012 

Feb 2014 

Aug 2015 

KDP-B Milestone 

Review 

KDP-C Milestone 

Review 

KDP-D Milestone 

Review 

Flight readiness review 

Project approved 

to enter Phase B 

of formulation

Feb 2014

Performance Standing Review 

Board 

To be 

determined 

(TBD)

Aug 2015 

Performance Standing Review 

Board 

Standing Review 

Board 

TBD Jul 2017

Performance Jul 2017 TBD N/A

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 404.9 -- 414.9 536.0 661.6 714.8 772.6

Earth Systematic Missions Research 11.2 -- 12.1 16.8 19.5 24.6 24.6

Ocean Surface Topography Science Team 6.3 -- 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.4

Earth Observations Systems Research 27.3 -- 24.1 24.5 25.3 25.5 25.5

Sage III 22.7 -- 27.3 12.2 6.1 5.0 5.0

Decadal Survey Missions 43.7 -- 114.7 157.0 237.2 276.2 289.7

Deep Space Climate Observatory 0.0 -- 9.9 1.7 1.7 0.0 0.0

Land Imaging 0.0 -- 30.0 84.0 94.8 117.9 117.9

Earth Science Program Management 34.9 -- 32.1 32.4 29.4 30.3 30.5

Precipitation Science Team 7.2 -- 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.7

Ocean Winds Science Team 4.7 -- 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7

Land Cover Science Project Office 1.5 -- 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Surface Water and Ocean Topography 0.0 -- 20.0 66.0 109.9 103.9 154.4

Mission

Quick Scatterometer 3.6 -- 3.7 2.2 1.6 0.9 0.0

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 9.4 -- 9.9 10.1 10.7 5.1 5.1

Ocean Surface Topography Mission 1.1 -- 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2

Suomi NPP 6.0 -- 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.3 6.3

Terra 29.8 -- 30.7 31.2 30.6 31.1 30.1

Aqua 31.0 -- 31.7 32.9 33.0 33.4 32.4

Aura 27.8 -- 25.5 26.5 26.4 26.7 25.7

Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance 1.3 -- 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

Monitor Satellite

Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment 5.3 -- 5.4 3.3 2.4 1.3 0.0

Jason 4.5 -- 4.6 2.9 2.0 1.1 0.0

Earth Observing-1 2.4 -- 2.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite 0.7 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Landsat Data Continuity Mission 123.5 -- 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4

Subtotal 406.0 -- 414.9 536.0 661.6 714.8 772.6

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -1.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 10.0

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 2.5 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Decadal Survey Missions pursuant to P.L. 112-55, 

Division B, sec. 528(f). 

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Earth Systematic Missions Other Missions and Data Analysis include operating missions and their 

science teams. Mission science teams define the scientific requirements for their respective missions and 

generate the algorithms used to process the data into useful data products. The research projects execute 

competitively selected investigations related to specific mission measurements. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS RESEARCH

Earth Systematic Missions Research funds various science teams for the Earth Systematic missions. 

These science teams are composed of competitively selected individual investigators who analyze data 

from the missions to address the related science questions. 

EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEMS (EOS) RESEARCH

EOS Research funds science for the EOS missions, currently Terra, Aqua, Aura, Landsat, and ICESat 

missions. Individual investigators are competitively selected to undertake research projects that analyze 

data from specific missions. While overall the selected activities focus on science data analyses and the 

development of Earth system data records including climate data records relevant to NASA’s research 

program, some funded activities continue algorithm improvement and validation for the EOS instrument 

data products. 

Recent Achievements 

A first measurement-based estimate of aerosol intercontinental transport to North America has been made 

using NASA mission and model data. It was estimated that about half of continental aerosol mass comes 

from overseas. Researchers use a variety of NASA data to understand better the climatic impacts of 

aerosols. Researchers have made progress in quantifying the impact of absorbing aerosol on monsoon 

circulation and the role of aerosol in convective cloud development. 

DECADAL SURVEY MISSIONS

The Decadal Survey Missions project contains missions recommended by the National Academies’ Earth 

Science decadal study, as well as a variety of climate change missions. All the missions within this 

project are either in a pre-Phase A (early formulation phase) or are still conducting mission concept 

studies. The current portfolio of missions includes Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE), 

Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS), GEOstationary Coastal 

and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE), Aerosol Cloud Ecosystems (ACE), and Hyperspectral Infrared 

Imager (HyspIRI). The project also contains funding for a potential Earth Radar Mission. 

Responsibility has been transferred to NASA for the sustained climate measurements that were to have 

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

been made from the Total Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS-2), the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy 

System follow-on (CERES-C), and the limb soundings from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite 

(OMPS-L), previously planned for NOAA’s Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) series. NASA will begin 

studying the best options and approaches for economically conducting these earth observations, which are 

needed to monitor and study the Earth’s climate system. NASA will study approaches to continue the 30 

plus-year solar irradiance data record currently produced by the SORCE and ACRIMSAT missions, and 

the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Calibration Transfer Experiment (TCTE) instrument, a joint mission with 

NOAA. NASA will study approaches to continue the more than 25-year record of ozone measurements 

from the Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite. NASA will also study the implementation of the Earth radiation 

budget measurement currently conducted by the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) 

series of instruments. The CERES study will evaluate the continued system measurement requirements in 

combination and coordination with the other pre-formulation missions from the 2007 decadal survey, and 

will define an implementation approach that best achieve the measurement objectives. 

Recent Achievements 

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) and Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) missions 

completed pre-formulation activities and were approved to enter Phase A. These mission budgets have 

now moved out of the Decadal Survey Missions line and have been established as separate projects. 

OCO-3 has been transferred to the Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) program. 

DEEP SPACE OBSERVATORY (DSCOVR) 

The Deep Space Observatory mission is a multi-agency (NOAA, US Air Force, and NASA) mission 

planned for launch in 2014 with the primary goal of making unique space weather measurements from the 

Lagrange point L1. Lagrange point L1 is on the direct line between Earth and the Sun. NASA will 

complete the integration of the two Earth-observing instruments, the Earth Poly-Chromatic Imaging 

Camera (EPIC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Advanced Radiometer 

(NISTAR) to the DSCOVR satellite. NASA will also develop and implement the necessary algorithms to 

enable the “Earth at noon” images from the satellite once on orbit. 

SURFACE WATER OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY (SWOT) 

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission will improve our understanding of the world's oceans 

and terrestrial surface waters. The mission, through broad swath altimetry, will make high-resolution 

measurements of ocean circulation, its kinetic energy, and its dissipation. These measurements will 

improve ocean circulation models leading to better prediction of weather and climate. The mission will 

also revolutionize knowledge of the surface water inventory on the continents by precise measurement of 

water levels in millions of lakes and water bodies and the discharge of all major rivers. This will allow for 

deeper understanding of the natural water cycle and the informed control of this resource. 

The 2007 National Academies’decadal survey of Earth Science and the NASA's 2010 Climate Plan 

endorsed SWOT. The mission will complement the Jason oceanography missions, as well as other NASA 

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

mission currently being developed to measure the global water cycle (GPM, SMAP, and GRACE-FO). 

NASA will partner with the French Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the Canadian Space 

Agency to accomplish this mission. 

Recent Achievements 

The mission concept review was completed in September 2012. The KDP-A was completed in November 

2012 and the project began formulation (Phase A). 

STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL AND GAS EXPERIMENT III- (SAGE III) 

SAGE III will provide global, long-term measurements of key components of Earth's atmosphere. The 

most important of these are the vertical distribution of aerosols and ozone from the upper troposphere 

through the stratosphere. In addition, SAGE III also provides unique measurements of temperature in the 

stratosphere and mesosphere and profiles of trace gases such as water vapor and nitrogen dioxide that 

play significant roles in atmospheric radative and chemical processes. These measurements are vital 

inputs to the global scientific community for improved understanding of climate, climate change and 

human-induced ozone trends. 

To take these measurements, SAGE III relies upon the flight-proven designs used in the Stratospheric 

Aerosol Measurement (SAM I) and SAGE I and II instruments. SAGE III is scheduled to board one of 

NASA's first commercial SpaceX flights in 2015 for a ride to the International Space Station. 

Recent Achievements 

The SAGE III team completed instrument vibration testing in 2012. 

LAND IMAGING

Unprecedented changes in land cover and land use have profound consequences for weather and climate 

change, crop monitoring and water management, carbon cycling and sequestration, and many other 

economic, health, and societal issues. The Landsat data series, begun in 1972, has provided the longest 

continuous record of changes in Earth’s surface as seen from space and is the only satellite system that is 

designed and operated to repeatedly observe the global land surface at moderate resolution. Landsat data 

are available at no cost to those who work in agriculture, geology, forestry, regional planning, education, 

mapping, and global climate change research. 

The successful launch of the NASA-US Geological Study (USGS) Landsat Data Continuity Mission 

(soon to be Landsat-8) mission in February 2013 enables near-term continuation of the 40-year Landsat 

record and avoids an immediate gap in land imaging data. In FY14 NASA will initiate the definition of a 

sustained, space-based, global land imaging capability for the nation, ensuring continuity following 

LDCM. Near-term activities led by NASA, in cooperation with USGS, will focus on studies to define the 

scope, measurement approaches, cost, and risk of a viable long-term land imaging system that will 

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

achieve national objectives. Evaluations and design activities will include consideration of stand-alone 

new instruments and satellites, as well as potential international partnerships. It is expected that NASA 

will support the overall system design, flight system implementation, and launch of future missions, while 

USGS will continue to fund ground system development, post-launch operations, and data processing, 

archiving, and distribution. 

EARTH SCIENCE PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

The Earth Science Program Management budget supports the ESM Program Office at GSFC, the Earth 

System Science Pathfinder Program Office at LaRC and the Earth Science Flight Project Office at JPL. 

This budget also supports: 









The GSFC conjunction assessment risk analysis function, which determines maneuvers required 

to avoid potential collisions between spacecraft and to avoid debris; 

The technical and management support for the international Committee on Earth Observation 

Satellites, which coordinates civil space-borne observations of Earth. Participating agencies strive 

to enhance international coordination and data exchange and to optimize societal benefit; 

NASA’s efforts in support of the Big Data Research and Development Initiative, which will 

advance state-of-the-art core technologies needed to collect, store, preserve, manage, analyze, and 

share huge quantities of data; and 

The Independent Program and Assessment Office, which supports various project reviews for 

flight projects in Earth Science. 

OCEAN SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY SCIENCE TEAM

Ocean Surface Topography Science Team uses scientific data to measure global sea surface height. The 

data is collected from the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM) and Jason satellites. 

Recent Achievements 

The team continues to publish actively using data from the OSTM and Jason satellites, with between 100 

and 200 papers per year citing data from satellite altimeters. Recent highlights include papers explaining 

the temporary decline in global sea level that resulted from the 2011 La Niña event. This had such a 

dramatic impact on global rainfall patterns that water equivalent to half a centimeter of global sea level 

was transferred from the oceans to the continents. 

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

PRECIPITATION SCIENCE TEAM

The Precipitation Science Team uses scientific data received from the TRMM satellite to study weather 

and climate processes. This science team also supports improvements to the TRMM retrieval algorithms 

and the development of algorithms for the GPM mission. 

Recent Achievements 

The team has used TRMM’s observations to greatly increase our understanding of the water cycle and the 

movement of heat that powers tropical cyclones and hurricanes. The team has also used GPM mission 

data to make significant progress in improving the estimation accuracy of rainfall rates. 

OCEAN VECTOR WINDS SCIENCE TEAM

Ocean Vector Winds Science Team uses scientific data received from the Quick Scatterometer 

(QuikSCAT) satellite, which measures ocean surface wind vectors by sensing ripples caused by winds 

near the ocean’s surface. From these data, scientists can compute wind speed and direction thus acquiring 

hundreds of times more observations of surface wind velocity each day than is possible from ships or 

buoys. 

Recent Achievements 

Scientists and researchers have used the QuikSCAT climate data set recently to provide an independent 

evaluation of the ability of climate models to reproduce decadal wind and wind stress observations. 

Although many features are reproduced by the models, significant differences still exist between models 

and observation. These studies will be incorporated in upcoming international climate change 

assessments. 

LAND COVER PROJECT SCIENCE OFFICE (LCPSO) 

The Land Cover Project Science Office maintains over 40 years of calibration records for the Landsat-1 

through Landsat-7 series of satellites. The office also provides community software tools to make it easier 

for users to work with this data. In collaboration with USGS, LCPSO supports improvements in the 

Landsat-7 long-term acquisition plan and provision of preprocessed data sets for land-cover change 

analysis. 

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Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Operating Missions 

QUICK SCATTEROMETER (QUIKSCAT) 

The QuikSCAT mission carries the SeaWinds instrument, originally designed to measure ocean surface 

wind speed and direction under nearly all-weather conditions. Since the antenna stopped rotating in 2009, 

several years past its design life, the sensor has become the standard for cross-calibration with other ocean 

wind scatterometers, enabling both the continuation of the high-quality ocean winds dataset and the 

operational forecasts. QuikSCAT launched in 1999 and is currently in extended operations. The 2011 

Earth Science senior review endorsed the QuikSCAT mission for continued operations through 2013 and 

preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the 

QuikSCAT mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and 

proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. 

Recent Achievements 

The QuikSCAT project team completed the full mission reprocessing of the entire 10-year QuikSCAT 

dataset. The dataset from 1999 to2009 enables scientists beyond the traditional ocean vector wind 

community to conduct climate studies, such as assessing global carbon loss from Earth’s forested areas. 

The cross-calibration efforts with the Indian Space Research Organization’s OceanScat mission have been 

successful in extending the research-quality ocean wind 

vector dataset. 

Most of the energy needed to drive global 

atmospheric circulation comes from 

evaporating water. As water vapor rises, it 

condenses into cloud clusters, thus releasing 

heat energy, with rainfall as the product of this 

release. To provide better climate modeling, the 

TRMM satellite measures rainfall as shown 

here, which shows data from the first tropical 

cyclone of 2012 over the Arabia Sea. 

TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSION 

(TRMM) 

TRMM measures precipitation, clouds, and lightning 

over tropical and subtropical regions and extends our 

knowledge about how the energy associated with rainfall 

interacts with other aspects of the global climate. The 

TRMM sensor suite provides a three-dimensional map of 

storm structure, yielding information on rain intensity 

and distribution. TRMM launched in 1997. It is a joint 

mission with Japan. The 2011 Earth Science senior 

review endorsed the TRMM mission for continued 

operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. 

The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will reevaluate the TRMM mission extension in terms of 

scientific value, national interest, technical performance, 

and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science 

strategic plans. 

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OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements 

TRMM launched in 1997 and celebrated its 15th anniversary of operations in November 2012. In October 

2012, TRMM passed above the first tropical cyclone of the year as it was forming in the Arabian Sea. 

TRMM data showed that rain at the surface was falling at a rate of up to 41 millimeters per hour 

(approximately1.6 inches per hour) in the forming tropical cyclone. Bands of thunderstorms were also 

wrapping tightly into a well-defined, low-level center of circulation. TRMM data was also used to create 

a 3-D image that showed the vertical structure of convective storms in the area. The image shows some 

towering convective storms were reaching heights of over 16 kilometers (approximately 9.9 miles). 

OCEAN SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY MISSION (OSTM) 

OSTM, or Jason-2, measures sea surface height and enables scientists to assess climate variability and 

change, and water and energy cycles. This mission is a follow-on mission to Jason, which launched in 

2008 and recently completed its prime operations phase. 

OSTM is a joint mission with NOAA, Centre National 

d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), and European Organisation for 

the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites. The 2011 

Earth Science senior review endorsed the OSTM mission 

for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily 

through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, 

and will re-evaluate the OSTM mission extension in terms 

of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, 

and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science 

strategic plans. 

Recent Achievements 

OSTM produced important images of sea surface heights in 

the northeastern Gulf showing Hurricane Isaac's path in 

August 2012. The storm's track away from the Gulf's 

warmest waters helped to keep Isaac from intensifying 

rapidly, as Hurricanes Katrina and Rita did in 2005. 

SUOMI NATIONAL POLAR ORBITING 

PARTNERSHIP (SUOMI NPP)

Suomi NPP launched in October 2011 to ensure critical 

continuity in the nation’s operational meteorological 

measurements from the afternoon orbit. The five 

instruments on Suomi NPP provide visible and infrared 

multi-spectral global imagery, atmospheric temperature and 

moisture profiles, total ozone and stratospheric ozone 

ES-39

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer 

Suite (VIIRS) on NASA/NOAA's Suomi 

NPP satellite captured this night-time 

view of Hurricane Sandy, taken 16 to 18 

hours before the storm's landfall. The 

VIIRS instrument is one of five advanced 

instruments aboard Suomi NPP that 

provide observations to help us 

understand, monitor, and predict longterm climate change as well as short-term 

weather conditions. 
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

profiles, and measurements of Earth’s radiation balance. In addition to a wide range of applications 

studies, the NASA science focus areas served by Suomi NPP include atmospheric composition, climate 

variability and change, carbon cycle, ecosystems, water and energy cycles, and weather. 

Recent Achievements 

The Suomi NPP mission was commissioned to begin operations in March 2012 and immediately began 

supporting the operational weather forecast system. 

39% of the United States suffered severe drought 

conditions through August 2012. The browning and 

withering of vegetation in the central United States is 

clear in this vegetation anomaly map based on data 

from the Moderate Resolution Imaging 

Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra and 

Aqua satellites. The map contrasts plant health in 

August 2012 against the average conditions between 

2002 and 2012. Gray areas show where plant growth 

was below normal. 

TERRA

Terra is one of the Earth Observing System flagship 

missions. It enables a wide range of interdisciplinary 

studies of atmospheric composition, carbon cycle, 

ecosystems, biogeochemistry, climate variability and 

change, water and energy cycles, and weather. Terra 

launched in 1999 and is a joint mission with Japan 

and Canada. The 2011 Earth Science senior review 

endorsed the Terra mission for continued operations 

through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The 

next senior review will occur in 2013, and will reevaluate the Terra mission extension in terms of 

scientific value, national interest, technical 

performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA 

Earth Science strategic plans. 

Recent Achievements 

The Terra satellite produced important snow maps to 

help us understand the widespread drought in 2012. 

Snowpack maps help hydrologists and climate 

modelers determine how much water is available for 

irrigation and drinking. 

AQUA

Aqua, another of the Earth Observing System flagship missions, also operates in the afternoon 

constellation of satellites, known as the A-Train. Aqua improves our understanding of Earth’s water cycle 

and the intricacies of the climate system by monitoring atmospheric, land, ocean, and ice variables. Aqua 

launched in 2002 and is a joint mission with Brazil and Japan. The 2011 Earth Science senior review 

endorsed the Aqua mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The 

next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the Aqua mission extension in terms of 

scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth 

ES-40
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Science strategic plans. 

Recent Achievements 

In FY 2012, the Aqua team made significant progress towards recovering the Advanced Microwave 

Scanning Radiometer for EOS instrument. Aqua also supported the return of CloudSat into the A-Train 

constellation. 

AURA

The Aura mission enables study of atmospheric composition, climate variability and weather by 

measuring atmospheric chemical composition, tropospheric/stratospheric exchange of energy and 

chemicals, chemistry-climate interactions, and air quality. Aura is also part of the A-Train. Aura launched 

in 2004. It is a joint mission with the Netherlands, Finland, and the United Kingdom. The 2011 Earth 

Science senior review endorsed the Aura mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily 

through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the Aura mission extension 

in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to 

NASA Earth Science strategic plans. 

Recent Achievements 

In FY 2012, a team of scientists used the Ozone Monitoring Instrument on NASA's Aura satellite to 

confirm major reductions in the levels of a key air pollutant generated by coal power plants in the eastern 

United States. The pollutant, sulfur dioxide, contributes to the formation of acid rain and can cause 

serious health problems. The scientists have shown that sulfur dioxide levels in the vicinity of major coal 

power plants have fallen by nearly half since 2005. The new findings, the first satellite observations of 

this type, confirm ground-based measurements of declining sulfur dioxide levels. The findings also 

demonstrate that scientists can potentially measure levels of harmful emissions throughout the world, 

even in places where ground monitoring is not extensive or does not exist. 

ACTIVE CAVITY RADIOMETER IRRADIANCE MONITOR SATELLITE (ACRIMSAT)

The ACRIMSAT was launched in December 1999 to monitor total solar irradiance, which contributes to 

assessments of climate variability. ACRIMSAT data will be correlated with possible global warming 

data, ice cap shrinkage data, and ozone layer depletion data. It is theorized that as much as 25 percent of 

Earth's total global warming may be solar in origin, due to small increases in the Sun's total energy output 

since the last century. By measuring incoming solar radiation and correlating the radiation with 

measurements of ocean and atmosphere currents and temperatures, as well as surface temperatures, 

climatologists will be able to improve their predictions of climate and global warming over the next 

century. 

ES-41
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

SOLAR RADIATION AND CLIMATE EXPERIMENT (SORCE) 

The SORCE mission measures the total and spectral solar irradiance incident at the top of Earth’s 

atmosphere. SORCE will provide state-of-the-art measurements of incoming X-ray, ultraviolet, visible, 

near-infrared, and total solar radiation in order to address long-term climate change, natural variability 

and enhanced climate prediction, and atmospheric ozone and Ultraviolet-B radiation. These 

measurements are critical to studies of the Sun, its effect on the Earth system, and its influence on 

humankind. SORCE launched in 2003 and is in extended operations. The 2011 Earth Science senior 

review endorsed the SORCE mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 

2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the SORCE mission extension in 

terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA 

Earth Science strategic plans. 

Recent Achievements 

The SORCE mission successfully managed its degrading battery to maintain the Total Solar Irradiance 

record through 2012. 

JASON

The Jason mission makes precise measurements of ocean height to support the study of ocean circulation 

and sea level rise. Jason enables oceanographers to monitor global ocean circulation, improve global 

climate predictions, and monitor events such as El Niño conditions and ocean eddies. Jason launched in 

2001 and is a collaboration between NASA and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES). The 

2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the Jason mission for continued operations through 2013 and 

preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the Jason 

mission extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost 

in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. 

Recent Achievements 

The Jason satellite experienced an error in computer memory in March 2012. The mission is still 

collecting valid oceanographic measurements, but the possibility of on-orbit failure increased. In 

accordance with international orbit debris standards, NASA and its partner CNES chose to move Jason to 

an alternate orbit that is also its eventual ‘graveyard’ orbit. A valuable new geodetic dataset will be 

collected in the new orbit, although temporal resolution of the oceanographic dataset will be reduced 

since Jason no longer flies with the OSTM mission. The new geodetic mission commenced May 2012. 

EARTH OBSERVING-1 (EO-1)

The Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite is an advanced land-imaging mission with relevance to various 

areas of Earth Science, including carbon cycle, ecosystems, biogeochemistry, and Earth surface and 

interior. EO-1 launched in 2000 and is in extended operations. The 2011 Earth Science senior review 

ES-42
Science: Earth Science: Earth Systematic Missions 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

endorsed the EO-1 mission for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The 

next senior review will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the EO-1 mission extension in terms of 

scientific value, national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth 

Science strategic plans. 

Recent Achievements 

Data from instruments and sensors aboard EO-1 has enabled scientists and the international research 

community to observe evolving trends in Earth’s physical phenomena. EO-1 has identified located and 

imaged phenomena such as wildfires, volcanoes, floods and ice breakup with high-resolution instruments. 

LANDSAT DATA CONTINUITY MISSION (LDCM) 

The Landsat Data Continuity Mission is the eighth in the Landsat series of satellites that have been 

continuously observing Earth's land surfaces by recording data since 1972. This data is a key tool for 

monitoring climate change and has led to the improvement of human and biodiversity health, energy and 

water management, urban planning, disaster recovery and agriculture monitoring. This results in 

incalculable benefits to the US and global economies. 

Recent Achievements

The LDCM satellite successfully launched into orbit on February 11, 2013. It will now go through a 

three-month on-orbit check-out phase. Afterwards, operational control will be transferred to NASA's 

mission partner, the Department of the Interior's USGS, and the satellite will be renamed Landsat 8. Data 

will be archived and distributed free over the internet from the Earth Resources and Science (EROS) 

center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Distribution of Landsat 8 data from the USGS archive is expected to 

begin within 100 days of launch. 

ES-43
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 183.3 -- 353.6 293.1 232.2 237.4 250.0

OCO-2 93.4 -- 81.2 21.0 12.5 7.9 12.0

Venture Class Missions 53.6 -- 212.7 208.5 166.9 190.0 201.7

Other Missions and Data Analysis 40.5 -- 59.6 63.6 52.8 39.5 36.3

Subtotal 187.5 -- 353.6 293.1 232.2 237.4 250.0

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -4.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 170.3

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 92.9 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Other Missions and Data Analysis pursuant to P.L. 112-

55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

NASA’s newly selected Earth Venture Class project, 

the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution 

(TEMPO) mission, will be led by a team that includes 

partnerships with NASA Centers, the Environmental 

Protection Agency, industry, academia and research 

organizations. TEMPO is aimed at tracking ozone, 

aerosols and other trace gases over North America to 

gauge how pollution affects climate change and air 

quality. 

The Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) 

program provides an innovative approach to Earth 

science research by providing frequent regular, 

competitively selected opportunities that 

accommodate new and emerging scientific priorities 

and measurement capabilities. This results in a 

series of relatively low-cost, small-sized 

investigations and missions. These missions are led 

by principal investigators whose scientific 

objectives support a variety of studies, including the 

atmosphere, oceans, land surface, polar ice regions, 

or solid Earth. 

ESSP projects include space missions, space-based 

remote sensing instruments for missions of 

opportunity, and extended duration airborne science 

missions. The ESSP program also supports the 

conduct of science research utilizing data from 

these missions. ESSP projects often involve 

partnerships with other US agencies and/or 

international organizations. This portfolio of 

missions and investigations provides opportunity 

for investment in innovative Earth science that 

enhances NASA’s capability for better 

understanding the current state of the Earth system. 

ES-44
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE PATHFINDER 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The increase in the ESSP program line has been driven by the expected increase in the launch vehicle cost 

for the OCO-2 mission. 

ES-45
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OCO-2

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 180.1 93.4 80.3 81.2 21.0 12.5 7.9 12.0 488.4

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 180.1 93.4 80.3 81.2 21.0 11.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 467.5

Formulation 60.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

4.6

16.4

0.0

0.0

11.3

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

60.9

371.6

35.0

Development/Implementation

Operations/Close-out

119.3

0.0

93.4

0.0

80.3

0.0

74.1

7.1

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -12.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -13.1%

This is an artist’s concept of the OCO-2 satellite in orbit. 

OCO-2 is designed to make space-based measurements of 

atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) that will provide a 

bigger, clearer, more complete picture of global CO2. This 

enhanced understanding of CO2, an important greenhouse 

gas emitted by natural and man-made sources, is essential 

for improving predictions of future atmospheric CO2 

increases and its impact on Earth's climate. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) 

mission will monitor the concentration levels 

of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a 

critical component of Earth's atmosphere. 

Since the beginning of the industrial age, the 

concentration of CO2 has increased by about 

38 percent. Scientific studies indicate that CO2 

is one of several greenhouse gases that trap 

heat near Earth's surface. Most scientists have 

concluded that substantial increases in CO2 

will generate an increase in the overall Earth's 

surface temperature, referred to as global 

warming. Historical records provide evidence 

of this trend. 

The OCO-2 mission will play a significant role 

in understanding Earth's climate change. 

Through global coverage, spatial resolution, 

and accuracy of measurements, OCO-2 will 

provide a basis to characterize and monitor the geographic distribution of where CO2 is emitted (sources) 

and absorbed (sinks), and quantify associated variability. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The planned launch vehicle for the OCO-2 satellite was the Taurus XL. However, due to the failure of an 

identical launch vehicle carrying the Glory mission, NASA terminated the Taurus XL contract. NASA 

has since awarded a launch services contract to United Launch Alliance for a Delta II launch vehicle. The 

ES-46
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OCO-2

Formulation Development Operations

OCO-2 budget has been rephased to account for the procurement of the new launch vehicle, and the LCC 

has been decreased to $467.5 million. The launch date has been delayed to February 2015. 

PROJECT PARAMETERS

The OCO-2 spacecraft will carry three high-resolution grating spectrometers and fly in the A-train of 

Earth-observing satellites. The Observatory will acquire data in three different measurement modes. In 

"nadir mode", the instrument views the ground directly below the spacecraft. In "glint mode", the 

instrument tracks near the location where sunlight is directly reflected on Earth's surface. Glint mode 

enhances the instrument's ability to acquire highly accurate measurements, particularly over the ocean. In 

"target mode", the instrument views a specified surface target continuously as the satellite passes 

overhead. Target mode provides the capability to collect a large number of measurements over sites 

where ground based and airborne instruments also measure atmospheric CO2. The Observatory has a 

planned operational life of two years. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

JPL completed and tested the OCO-2 instrument, and subsequently shipped it to the prime contractor. 

NASA approved the project to begin integration (KDP-D). The instrument and spacecraft were safely 

integrated to form the OCO-2 spacecraft. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA completed a re-baseline of the project budget and schedule in January 2013 to incorporate the new 

Delta-II launch vehicle costs and associated technical changes. The first observatory-level tests will be 

completed during 2013. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The project will complete the flight readiness review in 2014 in preparation for launch. 

ES-47
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OCO-2

Formulation Development Operations

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

ES-48

Development Cost and Schedule 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current 

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

2011 $249 70 2013 371.6M 49.2 LRD Feb 2013 Feb 2015 24

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 

Development Cost Details 

Current Year 

Development Cost 

Estimate ($M) 

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M)

Change from Base Year 

Element Estimate ($M) 

TOTAL: 249.0 371.6 122.6

Aircraft/Spacecraft 42.0 68.3 26.3

Payloads 39.4 51.7 12.3
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OCO-2

Formulation Development Operations

Systems I&T 2.4 5.6 3.2

Launch Vehicle 67.6 136.8 69.2

Ground Systems 7.5 8.8 1.3

Science/Technology 10 17.0 7.0

Other Direct Project Costs 80.1 83.4 3.3

Project Management & Commitments 

JPL has project management responsibility for OCO-2.

Description Provider

Change from 

Project Element Baseline

OCO-2 instrument 

Three high-resolution 

grating spectrometers will 

acquire precise 

measurements of 

atmospheric CO2.

Provider: JPL

Lead Center: JPL

Performing Center: JPL

Cost Share Partners: N/A

N/A

Provider: Orbital Sciences Corporation 

Lead Center: JPL 

Performing Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Spacecraft Provides platform for the 

instrument. N/A

Provider: Orbital Sciences Corporation 

Lead Center: JPL 

Performing Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Ground System Provides mission 

operations for satellite. N/A

Provider: United Launch Alliance 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Center: KSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Launch Vehicle 

Delta II launches 

observatory into Earth 

orbit.

Original launch 

vehicle was 

Taurus XL

ES-49
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OCO-2

Formulation Development Operations

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: The launch vehicle development is delayed or 

mandates spacecraft changes for 

accommodation,

Then: Mission cost will increase. 

The Project is monitoring launch vehicle development progress on a

bi-weekly basis. The launch vehicle provider has subcontracted with 

a vibration isolation system design and fabrication company to 

possibly reduce dynamic loads to levels acceptable to the spacecraft.

If: Delivery of alternate Reaction Wheel 

Assemblies (RWAs) is delayed 

Then: Launch date could be delayed as much as 

30 days 

The alternate RWA supplier has been incentivized to deliver the 

assemblies on an expedited schedule and progress is being monitored 

on a bi-weekly basis. The Project will be implementing two-shift 

operations during Observatory I&T to absorb a delayed RWA 

delivery to the extent possible.

Acquisition Strategy 

OCO-2 was procured as a single source selection from Jet Propulsion Laboratory in order to maintain the 

same configuration as the previous OCO mission. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Spacecraft Orbital Sciences Corporation Gilbert, AZ

Launch Vehicle United Launch Alliance Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance SRB Jan 2013 

Replan review of project 

plans to accommodate cost

and schedule impacts of 

new launch vehicle.

New plan 

approved; 

project will 

continue 

development

Apr 2014

Flight readiness review to 

Performance SRB Apr 2014 determine project readiness TBD N/A

to launch

ES-50
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OCO-2

Formulation Development Operations

CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 1203 OF NASA 2010

AUTHORIZATION ACT 

Pursuant to Section 103(c) of the NASA Authorization Act of 2005, NASA notified the Committees of an 

anticipated schedule delay of more than six months and development cost exceeding 15 percent of the 

baseline on July 25, 2012 as a result of replacing the planned launch vehicle, the Taurus XL. NASA 

terminated the Taurus XL contract due to the failure of an identical launch vehicle carrying the Glory 

mission. NASA has since awarded a launch services contract to United Launch Alliance for a Delta II 

launch vehicle. 

NASA completed an independent replan review in November 2012 of the OCO-2 Project to incorporate 

losses from the terminated Taurus-XL launch vehicle contract, new costs for the Delta-II launch vehicle, 

modifications to adapt the spacecraft and other systems to the new launch vehicle, and the associated 

delays for this launch service vendor change. The proposed replanned cost and schedule commitment are 

compliant with the 70% confidence level consistent with NASA policies. The proposed new mission plan 

has been presented to and approved by the NASA SMD Associate Administrator (AA) and Directorate 

Program Management Council (DPMC) on January 16, 2013, and the final mission cost and schedule will 

be included in the FY 2014 President’s Budget Request. 

The current projected OCO-2 launch readiness date is February 2015, the development cost estimate is 

$371.6 and the lifecycle cost estimate (excluding extended operations) is $467.5 million. 

ES-51
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 53.6 -- 212.7 208.5 166.9 190.0 201.7

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 159.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 296.8 %







ES-52

Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability 

Experiment (CARVE) airborne observations over 

Alaska will be integrated with data from strategically 

located ground-based sites, as depicted in the artist 

concept. CARVE science fills a critical gap in Earth 

science knowledge on the fundamental elements of the 

complex Arctic biological-climatologic-hydrologic 

system. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

NASA’s Earth Venture Class projects provide 

frequent flight opportunities for high-quality Earth 

science investigations that are low cost and that can 

be developed and flown in five years or less. The 

investigations will be selected through open 

competitions to ensure broad community 

involvement and encourage innovative approaches. 

Successful investigations will enhance our capability 

to understand better the current state of the Earth 

system and to enable continual improvement in the 

prediction of future changes. Solicitations will 

alternate between space-borne and 

airborne/suborbital opportunities. 

NASA established the Venture Class project in 

response to recommendations in the National 

Academies’ report, Earth Science and Applications 

from Space: National Imperatives for the Next 

Decade and Beyond. 

The current Venture Class missions include: 

Earth Venture Suborbital -1 (EVS-1, selected in 

2010) investigations include: 

Airborne Microwave Observatory of 

Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) addresses the uncertainties in existing estimates by 

measuring soil moisture in the root zone of representative regions of major North American 

ecosystems; 

Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment (ATTREX) studies chemical and physical processes at 

different times of year from bases in California, Guam, Hawaii, and Australia; 

Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment (CARVE) collects an integrated set of data 

that will provide experimental insights into Arctic carbon cycling, especially the release of the 

important greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane; 
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS 

Formulation Development Operations











Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from COlumn and VERtically Resolved 

Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) improves the interpretation of satellite 

observations to diagnose near-surface conditions relating to air quality; and 

Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel studies hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean basin using two 

NASA Global Hawks flying high above the storms for up to 30 hours. 

Earth Venture Mission -1 (EVM-1, selected in 2012) 

The Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) will make accurate measurements of ocean 

surface winds throughout the life cycle of tropical storms and hurricanes, which could lead to better 

weather forecasting. CYGNSS data will enable scientists to probe from space key air-sea interaction 

processes that take place near the inner core of the storms, which are rapidly changing and play large 

roles in the genesis and intensification of hurricanes. The CYGNSS measurements also will provide 

information to the hurricane forecast community, potentially enabling better modeling to predict the 

strength of hurricanes as they develop. CYGNSS is currently in formulation and will launch in 2017. 

CYGNSS's eight micro-satellite observatories will receive both direct and reflected signals from Global 

Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The direct signals pinpoint CYGNSS observatory positions, while 

the reflected signals respond to ocean surface roughness, from which wind speed is retrieved. 

Earth Venture Instrument-1 (EVI-1)

The Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) instrument was selected in November, 

2012. The instrument will be mounted on a commercial communications satellite in geostationary orbit 

and will monitor air pollutants over North America beginning in 2017. This is a first step toward what 

researchers hope will be a global network of pollution monitors in space. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

CYGNSS and TEMPO were competitively selected from the EVM-1 and EVI-1competitions 

respectively, and their budgets have been moved into a separate project line within ESSP. 

PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS

The Earth Venture Class project consists of three different types of activities: 

Earth Venture Suborbital (EVS) are sustained suborbital science investigations. Each solicitation 

is capped at $150 million, and NASA will select multiple investigations within each call, 

individually cost capped at $30 million. The EVS solicitations will be made at four-year intervals; 

Earth Venture small Missions (EVM) are small space-based missions. Each solicitation is cost 

capped at $150 million. The EVM solicitations will be made at four-year intervals; and 

Earth Venture Instruments (EVI) are instruments to be flown on missions or platforms to be 

selected by NASA. Each solicitation is cost capped at $90 million. The EVI solicitations will be 

made at no more than 18-month intervals. 

ES-53
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS 

Formulation Development Operations

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The EVM-1 Announcement of Opportunity proposals were reviewed and the winning proposal, 

CYGNSS, was selected in summer 2012. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, NASA will produce results from all three types of the Earth Venture Class mission lines of 

competitive opportunities: 











Continue with the second year of science data from the EVS-1 investigations; 

Initiate the contracts and continue the formulation phase of the CYGNSS EVM-1 small mission; 

Evaluate and select the winning proposal from the EVI-1 call; 

Develop and release the next sub-orbital Venture call, EVS-2; and 

Develop the EVI-2 instrument call for release. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The five EVS-1 airborne science investigations will continue with their third year of field campaigns. The 

CYGNSS mission will complete formulation and move into implementation. The TEMPO selection will 

also make the transition from formulation into implementation. The second instrument call, EVI-2 will be 

completed with a selection, and the second suborbital call, EVS-2, will be completed and the 

investigations selected. 

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

ES-54
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS 

Formulation Development Operations

Project Management & Commitments 

The Venture Class missions and investigations are managed within the ESSP program. Program 

management responsibility for implementation has been assigned to the ESSP Program Manager at 

LaRC. 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Provider: University of Michigan, JPL 

Lead Center: LaRC 

Participating Center: LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

EVS-1: AirMOSS Soil Moisture N/A

Provider: ARC 

Lead Center: ARC 

Participating Center: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

EVS-1: ATTREX

Temporal changes in 

chemical and physical 

processes

N/A

Provider: JPL 

Lead Center: JPL 

Participating Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

EVS-1: CARVE Arctic carbon cycling N/A

Provider: LaRC 

Lead Center: LaRC 

Participating Center: LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

EVS-1: DISCOVERAQ Air quality monitoring N/A

Provider: GSFC, ARC 

Lead Center: GSFC, ARC 

Participating Centers: GSFC, ARC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

EVS-1: HS3 Hurricane and severe storms N/A

Provider: University of Michigan 

Lead Center: LaRC 

Participating Centers: LaRC, ARC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

EVM-1: CYGNSS Ocean surface wind 

measurements N/A

Provider: Smithsonian Astrophysical 

Observatory 

Lead Center: None 

Participating Centers: LaRC, GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

EVI-1: TEMPO Air pollution monitoring N/A

ES-55
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

VENTURE CLASS MISSIONS 

Formulation Development Operations

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA anticipates issuing a solicitation for a Venture Class element at least once a year. NASA will 

award all Venture Class funds through full and open competition. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

San Antonio, TX 

CYGNSS - project management, 

development, integration and mission Southwest Research Institute 

operations 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Determine readiness of 

CYGNSS to enter Phase 

B 

Performance SRB N/A TBD

Performance SRB Jun 2013 CYGNSS preliminary 

design review TBD

Performance SRB Q1 FY14 CYGNSS critical design 

review TBD

ES-56
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 36.3 -- 59.6 63.6 52.8 39.5 36.3

Earth System Science Pathfinder Missions 14.0 -- 13.9 14.2 14.6 14.8 14.8

Research

Aquarius 4.2 -- 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment 5.2 -- 5.0 3.1 2.2 1.2 0.0

Cloudsat 10.5 -- 8.1 4.9 3.5 2.0 0.0

Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared 6.5 -- 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.2

Pathfinder Satellite Observations

Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 0.0 -- 20.8 29.3 20.0 9.0 9.0

Subtotal 40.5 -- 59.6 63.6 52.8 39.5 36.3

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -4.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 23.3

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 64.2 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Aquarius pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 

528(f). 

Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Other Missions and Data Analysis includes operating missions 

and mission-specific research. These innovative missions will provide Earth science to enhance 

understanding of the current state of the Earth system and to enable continual improvement in the 

prediction of future changes. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

ESSP MISSIONS RESEARCH

ESSP Missions Research provides funds for the science teams supporting ESSP operating missions. The 

science teams are comprised of competitively selected individual investigators who analyze data from the 

missions to address relevant science questions. 

OCO-3 

The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3, or OCO-3, is a space instrument that will investigate important 

questions about the distribution of carbon dioxide on Earth as it relates to growing urban populations and 

changing patterns of fossil fuel combustion. NASA will develop and assemble the instrument using spare 

ES-57
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

materials from Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 and host the instrument on the International Space Station 

or another space-based platform. OCO-3 is currently in formulation. 

The color shading in the panels in the figure above 

shows sea surface salinity on December 18, 2011. 

Derived from Aquarius measurements, this data 

shows the peaks and valleys of tropical instability 

waves in the eastern to central equatorial Pacific 

Ocean. Sea surface salinity is part of the many 

variables that contribute to a complete set of 

surface observations to study how global ocean 

circulation responds to climate change. 

Operating Missions 

AQUARIUS

The Aquarius spacecraft observes and models 

seasonal and year-to-year variations of sea-surface 

salinity and how these variations relate to changes in 

the water cycle and ocean circulation. The mission 

provides the first global observations of sea surface 

salinity, scanning the surface of Earth once every 

seven days. In its three-year mission life, Aquarius 

will collect as many sea surface salinity 

measurements as the entire 125-year historical record 

obtained from ships and buoys. The NASA-provided 

Aquarius instrument is flying on the Satellite for 

Scientific Applications-D (SAC-D) spacecraft, which 

is operated by the Argentine space agency, Comisión 

Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE). 

Aquarius launched in June 2011 and is currently in 

prime mission operations. 

Recent Achievements 

New research using salinity data from NASA's Aquarius instrument on the SAC-D observatory has given 

scientists an unprecedented look at a key factor involved in the formation of ocean waves in the tropical 

Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Salinity was found to play an important role in the physics of these waves, 

and observations of their salinity are important to understanding them and their impacts on climate 

variability and prediction, and biogeochemistry. 

ES-58
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

GRAVITY RECOVERY AND CLIMATE 

EXPERIMENT (GRACE) 

GRACE measures minute changes in Earth’s gravity field 

by measuring micron-scale variations in the separation 

between the two spacecraft that fly in formation 220 

kilometers apart in low Earth orbit. Local changes in 

Earth’s mass cause the variations in gravitational pull. 

GRACE has demonstrated a new paradigm of 

observations that utilizes ultra-small variations of Earth’s 

gravity field (as small as one-billionth the surface force of 

gravity). With this capability, GRACE was the first 

mission to provide a comprehensive measurement of the 

monthly change in the ice sheets and major glaciers. 

GRACE has provided significant new information on 

changes in water resources within river basins and 

aquifers worldwide, and has measured the effects of major 

earthquakes around the world. NASA developed the twin 

GRACE satellites in collaboration with German AeroSpace Center, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und 

Raumfahrt (DLR), and launched in 2002. 

The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the 

GRACE mission for continued operations through 2013 

and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review 

will occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the GRACE mission extension in terms of scientific value, 

national interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic 

plans. 

The Earth as seen by the Gravity 

Recovery And Climate Experiment 

(GRACE) satellites. Color variations 

represent strong or weak gravitational 

fields. The data gives scientists a way to 

visualize global processes and geological 

changes over time, providing early 

warning of floods, crop failures, and 

aquifer depletion in remote corners of the 

globe. 

Recent Achievements 

In 2012, a deep and persistent drought struck vast portions of the continental United States. Though there 

was some relief in the late summer, GRACE was able to show that the drought lingered in the 

underground water supplies that are often required for drinking and farming. 

ES-59
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

CloudSat made a nighttime overpass 

(approximately 0630 UTC) of the 

thunderstorms responsible for the 

tornadic outbreak over Kentucky, 

Tennessee, and Mississippi on Tuesday, 

February 5, 2008. This extensive tornado 

outbreak, which is responsible for more 

than 50 fatalities and billions of dollars in 

damage, occurred in the late evening and 

throughout the night of the 5th into the 

6th of February. 

CLOUDSAT

CloudSat measures cloud characteristics to increase 

understanding of the role of clouds in Earth’s radiation 

budget. This mission specifically provides estimates of the 

percentage of Earth’s clouds that produce rain, provides 

vertically-resolved estimates of how much water and ice are 

in Earth’s clouds, and estimates how efficiently the 

atmosphere produces rain from condensates. CloudSat is 

collecting information about the vertical structure of clouds 

and aerosols that other Earth-observing satellites do not 

collect. This data is improving models and providing a better 

understanding of the human impact on the atmosphere. 

Cloudsat launched in 2006. It is currently in extended 

operations. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed 

the Cloudsat mission for continued operations through 2013 

and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will 

occur in 2013, and will re-evaluate the Cloudsat mission 

extension in terms of scientific value, national interest, 

technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to 

NASA Earth Science strategic plans. 

Recent Achievements 

In October 2012, CloudSat’s orbital path crossed over 

Hurricane Sandy, an estimated 137 miles to the west of the 

center of the storm. At the time, the hurricane was still over the Atlantic Ocean. The satellite sampled the 

vertical structure of the storm along a band of moderate precipitation stretching across New York to 

coastal North Carolina. The instrument measured maximum cloud top heights of up to 8 miles. The cloud 

top height data, combined with measurements of ice crystals, water droplets, and precipitation, will 

improve our understanding of the convective processes operating within this important storm system. 

CLOUD-AEROSOL LIDAR AND INFRARED PATHFINDER SATELLITE OBSERVATION 

(CALIPSO)

CALIPSO provides data on the vertical structure of clouds, the geographic and vertical distribution of 

aerosols and detects sub visible clouds in the upper troposphere. CALIPSO also provides an indirect 

estimate of how much clouds and aerosols contribute to atmospheric warming. CALIPSO launched in 

2006. It is in extended operations. The 2011 Earth Science senior review endorsed the CALIPSO mission 

for continued operations through 2013 and preliminarily through 2015. The next senior review will occur 

in 2013, and will re-evaluate the CALIPSO mission extension in terms of scientific value, national 

interest, technical performance, and proposed cost in relation to NASA Earth Science strategic plans. 

ES-60
Science: Earth Science: Earth System Science Pathfinder 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements 

In FY 2012, a NASA-led study documented an unprecedented depletion of Earth's protective ozone layer 

above the Arctic the prior winter and spring, caused by an unusually prolonged period of extremely low 

temperatures in the stratosphere. To investigate the 2011 Arctic ozone loss, a team of international 

scientists analyzed several different measurements and data, including recent data from NASA's 

CALIPSO spacecraft. CALIPSO data helped scientists understand the ozone depletion they had observed 

the prior winter, and enabled them to predict future Arctic ozone loss. 

ES-61
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 168.6 -- 171.7 174.3 177.9 179.0 182.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 3.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 1.8 %

EOSDIS ingests, processes, archives and distributes 

data from a large number of Earth observing satellites. 

It consists of a set of processing facilities and Earth 

Science Data Centers distributed across the United 

States and serves hundreds of thousands of users 

around the world, providing hundreds of millions of 

data files each year. 

The Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations 

(MMO) program acquires, preserves, and 

distributes observational data from operating 

spacecraft to support Earth Science focus areas. 

This is accomplished primarily by the Earth 

Observing System Data and Information System 

(EOSDIS), which has been in operations since 

1994. EOSDIS acquires, processes, archives, and 

distributes Earth Science data and information 

products. These products are created from satellite 

data and arrive at the rate of more than four 

terabytes per day. 

NASA Earth Science information is archived at 

eight Distributed Active Archive Centers 

(DAACs) and four disciplinary data centers 

located across the United States. The DAACs

specialize by topic area, and make their data 

available to researchers around the world. 

The MMO budget supports the science data 

Segment for Suomi NPP, and data archive and 

distribution for upcoming missions including 

OCO-2, SMAP, GPM and ICESAT-2. EOSDIS data centers also support Earth Science suborbital 

campaigns. A system plan for 2015 and beyond will take into account evolutionary needs for new 

missions being developed in response to the National Academies decadal survey. These investments will 

enable the system to keep technologically current, and incorporate new research data and services. 

For more information, go to: http://www.science.nasa.gov/earth-science/earth-science-data/. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The budget request for FY 2014 includes increased support for Suomi NPP activities, and support for 

ICESAT-2. EOSDIS project management is working with decadal survey mission teams to understand 

their mission data characteristics and guide further improvements and system evolution. Support is also 

included for the Administration’s Big Earth Data Initiative, a multi-agency effort to increase the 

discovery and utilization of earth science data for the Nation’s societal and economic benefit. 

ES-62
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA successfully completed the Evolution of EOSDIS Elements effort, which has increased efficiency 

and operability and increased data usability. EOSDIS expanded its capabilities to support the increasing 

suborbital campaign data, including IceBridge and the Earth Venture-1 campaigns. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In response to the decadal survey, EOSDIS managers are building in more capabilities focused on the 

societal benefit use of our research data and information. In FY 2013, EOSDIS will provide data from the 

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), 

Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) instruments in near real time 

(less than 3 hours from observation) to various applications users. NASA will also ensure interoperability 

with other national and international earth science data systems, and recover data records from historical 

missions to extend the availability of key earth science parameters. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA will continue to operate and maintain the EOSDIS, and all the accompanying infrastructure and 

functions. NASA also anticipates providing increased support for Suomi NPP activities, as well as 

ICESAT-2. 

Program Elements 

EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEM DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEM (EOSDIS) 

The EOSDIS project provides science data to a wide community of users, including NASA, Federal 

agencies, international partners, academia, and the public. EOSDIS provides users with the services and 

tools they need in order to use NASA’s Earth science data in research and creation of models. EOSDIS 

archives and distributes data through standardized science data products, using algorithms and software 

developed by Earth Science investigators. 

The EOSDIS project also funds research opportunities related to EOSDIS. Current programs include 

Advanced Collaborative Connections for Earth System Science (ACCESS) and Making Earth System 

data records for Use in Research Environments (MEaSUREs). 

ACCESS projects increase the interconnectedness and reuse of key information-technology software and 

services in use across the spectrum of Earth science investigations. ACCESS also supports the 

deployment of data and information systems and services that enable the freer movement of data and 

information. ACCESS researchers develop needed tools and services to aid in measurable improvements 

to Earth science data access and usability. 

Through the MEaSUREs activity, researchers investigate new types of sensors to provide threedimensional profiles of Earth’s atmosphere and surface. Emphasis is placed on linking data from multiple 

ES-63
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS

satellites, and then facilitating the use of this data in the development of comprehensive Earth system 

models. 

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS

This project funds the Elements of EOSDIS Evolution, aimed at improving the efficiency and 

effectiveness of EOSDIS while reducing the cost. It also supports the eight nationwide DAAC 

installations that collect, disseminate, and archive Earth science data. Each DAAC focuses on a specific 

Earth system science discipline and provides users with data products, services, and data-handling tools 

unique to that specialty: 

















The Alaska Synthetic Aperture Radar Facility, which collects data and information on sea ice, 

polar processes, and geophysics; 

The Goddard Space Flight Center Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center, which 

collects information on atmospheric composition, atmospheric dynamics, global precipitation, 

ocean biology, ocean dynamics, and solar irradiance; 

The Langley Research Center DAAC, which collects data on Earth’s radiation budget, clouds, 

aerosols, and tropospheric chemistry; 

The Land Processes DAAC, which collects land processes data; 

The National Snow and Ice Data Center, which collects snow and ice data, as well as information 

about the cryosphere and climate; 

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC, which collects data on biogeochemical dynamics 

and ecological data for studying environmental processes; 

The Physical Oceanography DAAC, which collects information on oceanic processes and air-sea 

interactions; and 

The Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center, covering population, sustainability, 

multilateral environmental agreements, natural hazards, and poverty. 

ES-64
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS

Program Schedule 

MMO solicits research opportunities every two years for ACCESS and every five years for MEaSUREs. 

The new Sea-Level Rise solicitation will be released in coordination with the Earth Science Research 

Program. 

Program Management & Commitments 

The EOSDIS Project Office at GSFC has primary responsibility for day-to-day operations. DAACs are 

also co-located with other agencies [USGS-EDC Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) 

EDCEROS Data Center (EDC), DOE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)] and at the following 

universities: University of Alaska at Fairbanks, University of Colorado, and Columbia University. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Center: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

EOSDIS core system, and Evolution 

of EOSDIS upgrades 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Center: GSFC, LaRC, MSFC, JPL 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Distributed Active Archive Centers 

(DAACs) 

ES-65
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS

Acquisition Strategy 

Research opportunities related to EOSDIS are available through NASA’s ROSES announcements. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

EOSDIS Evolution & Development Raytheon Riverdale, MD

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Quality American Customer 

Satisfaction Index 2012

Survey current EOSDIS 

users to assess current 

status and improve future 

services

EOSDIS scored 

77 out of 100, 

and has 

improved in all 

areas of usability 

and user 

satisfaction. As 

recommended by 

the 2011 report, 

the top priority 

drivers (product 

search, selection 

and order, and 

documentation) 

were the most 

improved. 

2013, 

annually 

thereafter

ES-66
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 51.2 -- 55.1 56.2 55.1 56.1 56.1

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 3.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 7.6 %

An Advanced Component Technology project designed, 

developed and built the multi-frequency antenna horn 

shown here and integrated it into a radiometer system 

prototype for use on the Surface Water Ocean 

Topography (SWOT) mission. This three-frequency 

microwave radiometer will improve measurement 

accuracy through the troposphere, the lower-most layer of 

the atmosphere where all meteorological phenomena (such 

as rain, hail, snow, clouds, etc.) occur. The capability to 

account for the high variability of water vapor distribution 

is the key factor in this technology. 

Advanced technology plays a major role in 

enabling Earth research and applications. The 

Earth Science Technology Program (ESTP) 

enables previously infeasible science 

investigations; improves existing measurement 

capabilities; and reduces the cost, risk, and/or 

development times for Earth science 

instruments. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA has been increased funding for the 

Advanced Technology Initiatives project to 

support more robust technology space flight 

validation. This will help to reduce the cost and 

risk of new flight missions by providing more 

mature instruments. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In FY 2012, NASA added 18 new investments 

to the ESTP program through the Advanced 

Information Systems Technology (AIST) project solicitation, and progress continued on tasks awarded in 

FY 2011 through the Advanced Component Technology (ACT) and the Instrument Incubator Project 

solicitations. During FY 2012, 40 percent of active technology projects advanced at least one technology 

readiness level, and many technologies were incorporated into science measurements, system 

demonstrations, or other applications. Overall, of the more than 600 activities completed in the portfolio, 

NASA has incorporated 37 into other missions, and has identified a path for future incorporation for an 

additional 43 percent. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, ESTP will develop new remote-sensing and information systems technologies for infusion 

into future science missions and airborne campaigns. These technologies will enable or enhance 

measurements and data system capabilities. Instrument, component, and information technology activities 

awarded in prior solicitations will advance toward incorporation into decadal survey missions and NASA 

ES-67
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

Earth science deployments. Technology space flight validation awards made in FY 2013 will be in their 

first full year of development. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The program anticipates the release of both ACT and AIST solicitations during FY 2014, which will 

focus on technologies to enable future missions and help improve science data analysis. 

Program Elements 







INSTRUMENT INCUBATOR

This project develops instrument and measurement techniques at the system level, including laboratory 

breadboards and operational prototypes for airborne validation. Currently, 35 Instrument Incubator efforts 

are funded. For example, several instrument prototypes for measuring carbon dioxide are under 

development. Another effort is developing technologies that enable light measurement in across the 

spectrum from ultraviolet to visible to infrared. Instrument Incubator also supports the development of a 

unique type of Lidar that could one day be used to make 3-D wind measurements. 

ADVANCED INFORMATION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY (AIST) 

This project develops end-to-end information technologies that enable new Earth observation 

measurements and information products. The technologies help process, archive, access, visualize, 

communicate, and understand science data. Currently, AIST activities focus on three areas needed to 

support future Earth science measurements: 

Sensor System Support, which nurtures autonomy and rapid response in the sensing process to 

improve the science value of data; 

Advanced Data Processing, designed to enhance the information extracted from the data stream; 

and 

Data Services Management, whose investments manage the growing body of Earth science data. 

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVES (ATI) 

This project enables development of critical component and subsystem technologies for instruments and 

platforms, mostly in support of the Earth science decadal survey. Current awards focus on areas such as 

space-qualified laser transmitters, passive optical technologies, and microwave and calibration 

technologies. Other awards support measurements of solar radiance, ozone, aerosols, and atmospheric gas 

columns for air quality and ocean color for coastal ecosystem health and climate emissions. 

ES-68
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

Date Significant Event

Q2/2014 ROSES-2014 solicitation

ROSES-2014 selection no earlier than 6 months of receipt of proposals

Program Schedule 

Program Management & Commitments 

The Earth Science Technology Program is implemented by the Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO), 

located at GSFC. 

Program Element Provider 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: 

Performing Centers: GSFC, JPL, LaRC, GRC, DFRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Instrument Incubator 

Advanced Information Systems 

Advanced Technology Initiatives 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: 

Performing Centers: GSFC, JPL, LaRC, ARC, GRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: 

Performing Centers: GSFC, JPL, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA procures tasks primarily through full and open competition, such as through the ROSES 

announcements. Technology investments are competitively solicited from NASA Centers, industry, and 

academia. 

ES-69
Science: Earth Science 

EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review 

2014, 2016, 

2018 

The committee 

was pleased with 

the technology 

program; it 

recommended 

focusing on 

reducing cost in 

missions and 

enabling specific 

measurements. 

Reports are 

available at 

esto.nasa.gov 

Review for success in 

infusion of new 

technologies and 

participation of 

universities in developing 

the new generation of 

technologists. 

Performance

NASA Advisory 

Council Earth 

Science 

Subcommittee

2012

ES-70
Science: Earth Science 

APPLIED SCIENCES

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 36.4 -- 35.0 36.7 38.4 40.1 40.1

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.4

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -3.8 %







ES-71

The program supports applied research and 

decision-support projects in areas of national 

priority, such as Disasters, Health & Air Quality, 

Ecological Forecasting, and Water Resources. The 

Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System 

(TOPS) above, enables combinations of Earth 

satellite observations and Earth science model 

outputs to support analysis and improved 

decision-making. 

The NASA Applied Sciences program leverages NASA 

Earth Science satellite measurements and new scientific 

knowledge to provide innovative and practical uses for 

public and private sector organizations. It also enables 

near-term uses of Earth science knowledge, discovers 

and demonstrates new applications, and facilitates 

adoption of applications by non-NASA stakeholder 

organizations. 

Applied Sciences projects improve decision-making 

activities to help the Nation better manage its resources, 

improve quality of life, and strengthen the economy. 

NASA develops Earth science applications in 

collaboration with end-users in public, private, and 

academic organizations. 

Examples of these applications include: 

Improved assessment of flooding and landslide 

conditions with the International Red Cross to 

plan mitigation and response activities; 

Improved wildfire smoke predictions with the 

US Forest Service to reduce downwind public 

exposure; and 

Advances in accuracy of volcanic ash advisories for airplane pilots with the National Weather 

Service and the Federal Aviation Administration. 

The program ensures sustained use of these products in the decision-making process of user 

organizations. The program also encourages potential users to envision and anticipate possible 

applications from upcoming satellite missions and to provide input to mission development teams to 

increase the societal benefits of NASA missions. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 
Science: Earth Science 

APPLIED SCIENCES

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The program initiated a new, phased approach to developing applications projects. Initially, numerous 

feasibility studies are supported for a year, and then a subset are selected to continue development. The 

program awarded 58 new activities under this approach in the areas of disasters, water resources, and 

wildfires. The Applied Sciences program also led the Earth Science Division’s support of disaster 

response in 2012, by providing data on wildfires and Hurricane Isaac. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, the program will increase its involvement in satellite mission planning by anticipating 

potential applications and supporting mission designs. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The program will get results from a set of applications feasibility studies in the areas of ecological 

forecasting and health. To increase focus on high-impact projects, the program will down select the 

studies and fund a subset in each area that will proceed to three-year implementation projects. 

The program will issue new project solicitations in FY 2014, particularly to enable use of data from 

LDCM, GPM and SMAP satellites and to prepare applications for ICESat-2 missions. Initial results from 

decision-support projects in the areas of disasters, water resources, and wildfires will become available in 

FY 2014. 

Program Elements 

PATHWAYS

The Pathways project has two primary lines of business: Applications and Capacity Building. The 

Applications themes are Health and Air Quality, Disasters, Ecological Forecasting, and Water Resources. 

The Capacity Building elements focus on foreign and domestic activities to build skills and capabilities in 

uses of Earth observations, including international and economic development. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q2/2014 ROSES-2014 solicitation

ROSES-2014 selection no earlier than 6 months of receipt of proposals

ES-72
Science: Earth Science 

APPLIED SCIENCES

Program Management & Commitments 

The Applied Sciences Program is managed at NASA Headquarters. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Centers: GSFC, LaRC, SSC, JPL, MSFC, ARC 

Cost Share Partners: EPA, NOAA, US Department of Agriculture, USGS, 

National Park Service (NPS), US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS,) Centers 

for Disease Control (CDC), US Agency for International Development 

(USAID) 

Pathways

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA bases the Earth Science Applied Science acquisitions on full and open competition. Grants are 

peer reviewed and selected based on NASA research announcements and other related announcements. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Relevance Applied Sciences 

Analysis Group Nov 2012 

Review strategy and 

implementation. Annual 

reports to NASA 

Advisory Council from 

Earth Science 

Subcommittee.

TBD; report will 

be released Nov 

2012

Oct 2013; 

annually 

thereafter

ES-73
Science 

PLANETARY SCIENCE 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1501.4 -- 1217.5 1214.8 1225.3 1254.5 1253.0

Planetary Science Research 174.1 -- 220.6 233.3 229.1 230.4 232.2

Lunar Quest Program 139.9 -- 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Discovery 172.6 -- 257.9 268.2 242.3 187.5 215.0

New Frontiers 143.7 -- 257.5 297.2 266.5 151.0 126.2

Mars Exploration 587.1 -- 234.0 227.8 318.4 504.7 513.2

Outer Planets 122.1 -- 79.0 45.6 24.4 26.4 26.4

Technology 161.9 -- 150.9 142.8 144.7 154.4 140.0

Planetary Science 

PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH ........................................... .......... PS-2 

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................... PS-7 

LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM ..................................................... .......... PS-9 

Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) [Development] PS-12

DISCOVERY ....................................................................... ......... PS-17

Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport 

(InSight) [Formulation] ......................................................................... PS-18

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-23

NEW FRONTIERS ................................................................ ........ PS-27

Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer 

(OSIRIS-REx) [Formulation] ................................................................ PS-28

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-33

MARS EXPLORATION ........................................................... ......... PS-36

2013 Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) [Development] . PS-37

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. PS-43

OUTER PLANETS ............................................................... .......... PS-50

TECHNOLOGY ................................................................... ......... PS-54

PS-1
Science: Planetary Science 

PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 174.1 -- 220.6 233.3 229.1 230.4 232.2

Planetary Science Research and Analysis 122.3 -- 130.1 131.0 131.3 132.2 132.5

Directorate Management 4.0 -- 4.0 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.4

Near Earth Object Observations 20.4 -- 40.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5

Other Missions and Data Analysis 27.4 -- 46.0 74.5 70.2 70.3 71.8

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 46.5

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 26.7 %

This solar-system montage of the eight planets 

and four large moons of Jupiter in our solar 

system are set against a false-color view of the 

Rosette Nebula. Credit: NASA Planetary 

Photo Collection 

Planetary Science Research program provides the scientific 

foundation for the Nation’s use of the unique data sets 

returned from NASA missions exploring the solar system. 

It is also NASA’s primary interface with university faculty 

and graduate students in this field and the research 

community in general. The program develops analytical 

and theoretical tools, as well as laboratory data to support 

analysis of flight mission data. These capabilities allow 

Planetary Science to answer specific questions about, and 

increase the understanding of, the origin and evolution of 

the solar system. The research program achieves this by 

supporting research grants solicited annually and subjected 

to a competitive peer review before selection and award. 

The image to the left is a solar system montage of the eight 

planets and four large moons of Jupiter, set against a falsecolor view of the Rosette Nebula. Credit: NASA Planetary 

Photo Collection. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The budget request includes a doubling of NASA’s efforts to identify and characterize potentially 

hazardous near-Earth objects (NEOs). NASA will prioritize partnerships and incentives that can enhance 

detection, characterization, and follow-up in the next few years. In addition to increasing understanding of 

the asteroid population, information gathered in this effort will support the proposed mission to retrieve 

an asteroid. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The research program continued to curate and distribute solar system samples, or astromaterials, returned 

by NASA planetary missions such as Stardust, Genesis, and Hayabusa. The program also provided 

PS-2
Science: Planetary Science 

PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH

continued support for the Rosetta mission’s arrival at comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. The 

Robotics Alliance Project (RAP) selected 241 teams for receipt of the For Inspiration and Recognition of 

Science and Technology (FIRST) Robotics Student Competition 2012 Grant award. 

Near Earth Object Observations (NEOO) surveyed about 95 percent of the known population of 1-

kilometer and larger objects and has increased efforts for finding and characterizing smaller asteroids 

down to 140 meters in size. In FY 2012, the NEOO program found 919 more near-Earth asteroids, of 

which 82 are considered potentially hazardous to Earth. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The research program is archiving and analyzing data from all active planetary missions. The NEOO 

program supports a network of search and characterization observatories and the data processing and 

analysis required to understand the near-Earth population of small bodies. In accordance with the findings 

and recommendations of the January 2010 National Academies study on the NEO hazard, NASA 

continues to: 









Analyze the small body data collected by NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) 

mission, and support increased follow-up and analysis of this data; 

Enable collection of NEO detection and characterization data by the United States Air Force’s 

(USAF) Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Reporting System (Pan-STARRS) and the 

newly commissioned Space Surveillance Telescope; 

Support the continued operation of planetary radar capabilities at NSF’s Arecibo and NASA’s 

Goldstone facilities; and 

Investigate both ground and space-based concepts for increasing capacity to detect, track and 

characterize NEOs of all sizes. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The Rosetta mission will arrive and orbit the Comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko. 

Samples of asteroid Itokawa, collected by the Hayabusa mission, were allocated to researchers in the 

spring of 2012. The first samples were delivered to NASA in late 2011, and were available for research 

starting in spring 2012. The first results of their analysis, including study of space weathering and the 

search for organic matter, are expected in FY 2014. 

In FY 2014 NASA will aggressively pursue an expanded NEO observation program that will increase the 

detection and characterization of NEOs of all sizes by increasing the observing time on ground-based 

telescopes such as PanSTARRs. In support of the future human mission to an asteroid, the Science 

Mission Directorate and the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate will release a joint 

Announcement of Opportunity for a space-based NEO infrared telescope, to be flown as a hosted payload 

on a non-NASA geosynchronous spacecraft. This telescope would observe NEOs that either fly by or 

impact the Earth, prior to their encounter. 

PS-3
Science: Planetary Science 

PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH

Program Elements 

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS (R&A) 

Planetary Science Research & Analysis provides the foundation for the formulation of new scientific 

questions and strategies for answering those questions. R&A develops new theories and instrumentation 

concepts that enable the next generation of flight missions. R&A supports research tasks in areas such as 

astrobiology and cosmochemistry; the origins and evolution of planetary systems; and the atmospheres, 

geology, and chemistry of the solar system’s planets other than Earth. 

DIRECTORATE MANAGEMENT

The Directorate Management project supports SMD-wide administrative and programmatic requirements. 

The Robotics Alliance Project is dedicated to increasing interest in science, technology, engineering, and 

mathematics disciplines among youth in the United States. Annual activities and events expose students 

to challenging applications of engineering and science. The Robotics Alliance Project supports national 

robotic competitions in which high school students team with engineering and technical professionals 

from government, industry, and universities to gain hands-on experience and mentoring. 

NEAR EARTH OBJECT OBSERVATIONS (NEOO) 

The NEOO project was charged with detecting and tracking at least 90 percent of the near-Earth objects 

(NEOs), asteroids and comets that come within 1.3 astronomical units of the Sun. The NEOO project 

looks for NEOs that have any potential to collide with Earth and do significant damage to the planet. 

NEOs that could be viable targets for robotic and crewed exploration will also be discovered and 

characterized where possible. 

For more information on the NEOO program, go to: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov.

PS-4
Science: Planetary Science 

PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH

Program Schedule 

PS-5

Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: NASA 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Centers: ARC, GRC, GSFC, JPL, JSC, LaRC, MSFC, HQ 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

R&A

Provider: NASA 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Center: HQ, GSFC, JPL, ARC 

Cost Share Partners: NSF, USAF, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 

(SAO) 

NEOO
Science: Planetary Science 

PLANETARY SCIENCE RESEARCH

Acquisition Strategy 

The Research and Analysis budget will fund competitively selected activities from the Research 

Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) omnibus research announcement. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Next 

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Review 

Quality Planetary Science 

Subcommittee 2011

Review to assess goals 

and objectives of 

program. 

Recommendation 

was to maintain a 

strong program 

consistent with 

the decadal 

survey.

To be 

determined 

(TBD)

PS-6
Science: Planetary Science: Planetary Science Research 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 27.4 -- 46.0 74.5 70.2 70.3 71.8

Joint Robotics Program for Exploration 0.0 -- 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

Planetary Science Directed Research & 0.0 -- 0.0 32.1 32.9 40.1 42.1

Technology

Planetary Data System 13.6 -- 13.7 13.8 13.8 13.9 13.9

Astromaterial Curation 5.8 -- 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8

Rosetta 8.0 -- 16.5 12.8 7.6 0.5 0.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 18.6

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 67.9 %

Other Missions and Data Analysis includes supporting mission functions such as the Planetary Data 

Systems and the Astromaterials Curation as well as supporting the NASA portion of the European Space 

Agency (ESA) Rosetta mission. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

JOINT ROBOTICS PRECURSOR ACTIVITY

This activity funds research and analysis efforts in support of human spaceflight planning and robotic 

systems development. These precursor activities will characterize exploration environments, identify 

hazards, and assess resources, which will provide knowledge to inform the selection of future 

destinations, support the development of exploration systems, and reduce the risk associated with human 

exploration. NASA’s Science Mission Directorate will jointly conduct many of these research and 

analysis activities with the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate to maximize the 

benefit to both science and exploration objectives, as was done with the highly successful Lunar 

Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission. 

PLANETARY SCIENCE DIRECTED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

This project funds the civil service staff that will work on emerging Planetary Science flight projects, 

instruments, and research. The workforce and funding will transfer to projects by the beginning of FY 

2014. 

PS-7
Science: Planetary Science: Planetary Science Research 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

PLANETARY DATA SYSTEM

The Planetary Data System is the active data archive for NASA’s Planetary Science theme. The Planetary 

Data System furthers NASA’s Planetary Science goals by efficiently collecting, archiving, and making 

accessible digital data produced by, or relevant to, NASA’s planetary missions, research programs, and 

data analysis. The archives include data products derived from a wide range of measurements, including 

imaging experiments, magnetic and gravity field measurements, orbit data, and various spectroscopic 

observations. All space-borne data from over 50 years of NASA-funded exploration of comets, asteroids, 

moons, and planets is publically available through the Planetary Data Systems archive. 

ASTROMATERIAL CURATION

The Astromaterials Curation Facility at JSC is responsible for the curation of all extraterrestrial material 

under NASA control. Curation is an integral part of any sample return mission. It comprises initial 

characterization of new samples, preparation and allocation of samples for research and clean and secure 

storage for the benefit of current and future generations. Samples currently include Apollo lunar samples, 

Antarctic meteorites, and solar wind, comet, asteroid, and interplanetary dust particles, soil, and rocks. 

Operating Missions 

ROSETTA

Rosetta, an ESA/NASA comet rendezvous mission in 

operations phase that launched in March 2004, will 

enable scientists to look at some of the most primitive 

material from the formation of the solar system 4,600 

million years ago. Rosetta will enable study of the 

nature and origin of comets, the relationship between 

cometary and interstellar material, and the implications 

of comets with regard to the origin of the solar system. The Rosetta spacecraft will be the first to 

undertake long-term exploration of a comet at close quarters. It comprises a large orbiter designed to 

operate for a decade at large distances from the Sun, and a small lander. Each of these elements carries a 

large number of scientific experiments and examinations designed to complete the most detailed study of 

a comet ever attempted. Rosetta will arrive at comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko in FY 2014. 

PS-8
Science: Planetary Science 

LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 139.9 -- 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lunar Science 66.8 -- 15.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment 70.4 -- 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Explorer

Surface Science Lander Technology 2.8 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Subtotal 140.0 -- 17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* 0 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -122.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -87.3 %

Note: * Rescission of $0.032million of prior-year unobligated balances from Lunar Science pursuant to P.L. 112-

55, Division B, sec. 528(f).Amounts rounds to $0.0 million in table above. 

The "Mighty Eagle,” powered by hydrogen peroxide and 

guided by autonomous rendezvous and capture software, 

is shown descending gently from an altitude of 100 feet to 

a successful controlled landing. The Mighty Eagle will be 

used to mature the technologies needed to achieve 

scientific and exploration goals on the surface of the moon, 

asteroids, or other airless bodies with a new generation of 

small, smart, versatile robotic landers. The Mighty Eagle 

was developed for NASA by Marshall Space Flight Center 

and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics 

Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland. 

Lunar Quest conducts scientific exploration of 

the Moon through research and analysis and 

through the development of small-to-medium 

satellites. Lunar Quest addresses the science 

priorities identified in the National Academies 

report, The Scientific Context for Exploration of 

the Moon. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The Lunar Quest program is being closed out as 

a separate program within Planetary Science 

after FY 2014. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In summer of 2012, the Surface Science Lander 

Technology project conducted its second series 

of free-flight tests of a robotic lander. This 

series of flight tests successfully demonstrated 

that the autonomous guidance system could 

identify a target from a 30-meter altitude and 

guide a lander to a soft landing on a target 10 

meters downrange. 

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter continued to acquire data about Earth’s nearest celestial neighbor. 

Among other accomplishments, LRO results published in FY 2012: 

PS-9
Science: Planetary Science 

LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM 















Quantified the abundance and distribution of surface ice at the lunar south pole, showing that 

surface frost may cover significant portions of some craters; 

Improved the age dating of lunar landforms by using crater counts from the new high-resolution 

LRO images; 

Identified widespread distribution of lunar pits and caverns, sites that are potential targets for 

future exploration; and 

Produced the first cosmic ray proton brightness map of the lunar surface. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) is continuing through the integration 

and testing phase. LRO operations are ongoing. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

LADEE is scheduled for launch and will complete operations in FY 2014. 

Program Elements 

LUNAR SCIENCE RESEARCH

The Lunar Science Research project enhances participation and collaboration within the lunar science 

community. It is composed of competed research and analysis opportunities that include: 

The NASA Lunar Science Institute, a virtual institute of geographically dispersed researchers and 

institutions; 

The Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research program, a lunar-only element in the 

annual ROSES competitive research announcement; and 

Lunar Data, which supports lunar data archives and distribution to the science community. 

LUNAR MANAGEMENT

The Lunar Management Office, located at the Marshall Space Flight Center, provides the management 

oversight for all the missions in the Lunar Quest program. 

PS-10
Science: Planetary Science 

LUNAR QUEST PROGRAM 

Program Schedule 

The Lunar Quest program will end shortly after the LADEE mission is complete, currently scheduled for 

FY 2014. 

Date Significant Event

11/13 LADEE Launch Readiness Date

Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: HQ 

Lead Center: HQ 

Performing Centers: ARC, GSFC, MSFC, JPL, JSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Lunar Science

Acquisition Strategy 

All major procurements are in place. No new awards are expected in FY 2014. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

LADEE 

Systems 

Integration 

Review (SIR)

Standing Review 

Board (SRB) Aug-12

Delta SIR completed in 

Aug 2012. The purpose 

was to evaluate the 

readiness of the overall 

system to commence 

integration and test.

LADEE passed 

SIR and was 

approved to 

continue in 

Phase D

Late FY 

2013

PS-11
Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program 

LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 148.6 70.4 41.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 262.9

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 148.6 70.4 41.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 262.9

Formulation 79.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

79.5

176.1

7.2

Development/Implementation 

Operations/Close-out

69.1

0.0

70.4

0.0

36.6

4.8

0.0

2.4

Change from FY 2012 

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

-70.0

-99.4%

The National Academies report The Scientific Context 

for Exploration of the Moon lists studies of the pristine 

state of the lunar atmosphere and dust environment 

as two of eight major priorities for future lunar 

science missions. LADEE was developed to address 

these two priorities. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

LADEE will determine the global density, 

composition, and time variability of the lunar 

atmosphere. LADEE will measure lunar dust and 

characterize the lunar atmosphere. Analysis of 

LADEE’s data will broaden the scientific 

understanding of other planetary bodies with thin 

atmospheres. Additionally, LADEE will carry an 

optical laser communications demonstrator, 

provided by the Space Communications and 

Navigation program within Human Exploration and 

Operations, that will test laser communication from 

lunar orbit. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

PROJECT PARAMETERS

LADEE will deliver its science using three instrument packages. The Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS) 

will measure variations in the lunar atmosphere over multiple lunar orbits with the Moon in different 

space environments. The UV/Visible Spectrometer will determine the composition of the lunar 

atmosphere by analyzing light signatures of materials it finds. The Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX) will 

collect and analyze samples of any lunar dust particles in the tenuous atmosphere. The mission will test a 

first-of-its-kind spacecraft architecture called the “Modular Common Bus,” developed by NASA as a 

flexible, low-cost, rapid-turnaround spacecraft for both orbiting and landing on the Moon and other deep 

space targets. 

PS-12
Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program 

LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER 

Formulation Development Operations

In addition to three science instruments, LADEE will carry the Lunar Laser Communications 

Demonstration (LLCD), sponsored by the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate. 

LLCD will demonstrate high-bandwidth optical communications from lunar orbit for the first time. 

NASA will launch LADEE on a Minotaur V, procured by the Air Force, from NASA’s Wallops Flight 

Facility. LADEE is an in-house development project, the first spacecraft to be built internally at Ames 

Research Center, and the first deep space planetary mission to be launched from Wallops Flight Facility. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

LADEE completed its System Integration Review in August 2012. All three science instruments were 

delivered and integrated on the spacecraft. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration was delivered and integrated on the spacecraft. NASA 

continues to work on spacecraft environmental testing, mission operations planning and staff training, and 

launch vehicle design and building. Ames Research Center will conduct the Electromagnetic 

Interference/Capability EMI/EMC testing, and a contractor in Southern California will perform the 

Acoustic and Vibration testing. Mission operations reviews are underway, as are launch vehicle 

development reviews. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

LADEE is scheduled to launch no later than November 2013. Data returned from the mission will be 

formatted and entered into the Planetary Data System. Scientists will use the data system to begin 

analysis. 

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

Milestone Confirmation Baseline Date FY 2014 PB Request Date

Key Decision Point C (KDP-C) 

Critical Design Review (CDR) 

System Integration Review (SIR) 

Launch 

End of Prime Mission 

Aug 2010 

May 2011 

Nov 2012 

Nov 2013 

Apr 2014 

Aug 2010 

May 2011 

Aug 2012 

Nov 2013 

Mar 2014 

PS-13
Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program 

LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER 

Formulation Development Operations

Project Schedule 

PS-14

Development Cost and Schedule 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current 

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

2011 168.2 70 2013 176.1 4.5 LRD Nov 2013 Nov 2013 0

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 

Development Cost Details 

Current Year 

Development Cost 

Element Estimate ($M) 

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M)

Change from Base Year 

Estimate ($M) 

TOTAL: 168.2 176.1 7.9

Aircraft/Spacecraft 34.8 52.2 17.4

Payloads 15 22.4 7.4
Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program 

LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER 

Formulation Development Operations

Systems I&T 6.7 8.6 1.9

Launch Vehicle 45.7 57.8 12.1

Ground Systems 3.5 6.7 3.2

Science/Technology 0.8 .8 0.0

Other Direct Project Costs 61.7 27.5 -34.2

Project Management & Commitments 

Ames Research Center (ARC) has project management responsibility. 

Description Provider

Change from 

Project Element Baseline

Spacecraft

The LADEE spacecraft bus 

design, derived from the

Modular Common 

Spacecraft Bus architecture

Provider: ARC 

Lead Center: ARC 

Performing Centers: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

None

Neutral mass 

Spectrometer 

(NMS) Instrument

Will measure variations in 

the lunar atmosphere over 

multiple lunar orbits with 

the Moon in different space 

environments

Provider: GSFC

Lead Center: GSFC

Performing Centers: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

None

UV Spectrometer 

Instrument

Will determine the 

composition of the lunar 

atmosphere by analyzing 

light signatures of materials 

it finds

Provider: ARC

Lead Center: ARC

Performing Centers: ARC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

None

Lunar Dust 

Experiment (LDEX) 

Instrument

Will collect and analyze 

samples of any lunar dust 

particles in the tenuous 

atmosphere

Provider: University of Colorado, Laboratory 

for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)

Lead Center: GSFC

Performing Centers: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

None

Provider: USAF 

Lead Center: AF

Performing Centers: Wallops Flight Facility 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Launch Vehicle Minotaur V carrier rocket None

PS-15
Science: Planetary Science: Lunar Quest Program 

LUNAR ATMOSPHERE DUST AND ENVIRONMENT EXPLORER 

Formulation Development Operations

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: There are schedule delays in the LLCD, 

Then: The launch readiness date could slip past 

the last launch window prior to the eclipse 

(October 21, 2013). 

Determine when the decision will be made to fly without the LLCD, 

if need be. 

Acquisition Strategy 

All major acquisitions are in place. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

System 

Integration 

Review

Standing Review 

Board (SRB) Aug 2012 

Delta SIR completed in 

August 2012. The purpose 

was to evaluate the 

readiness of the overall 

system to commence 

integration and test. 

LADEE passed 

SIR and was 

approved to 

continue in 

Phase D.

Late FY 

2013

PS-16
Science: Planetary Science 

DISCOVERY 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 172.6 -- 257.9 268.2 242.3 187.5 215.0

InSight 42.1 -- 193.3 175.2 116.5 15.2 10.6

Other Missions and Data Analysis 130.6 -- 64.6 93.0 125.8 172.3 204.4

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 85.3

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 49.4 %

All completed Discovery missions have 

achieved ground-breaking science, each taking 

a unique approach to space exploration, doing 

what’s never been done before, and driving 

new technology innovations. 

NASA’s Discovery program provides scientists the 

opportunity to dig deep into their imaginations and find 

innovative ways to unlock the mysteries of the solar 

system through missions to explore the planets, their 

moons, and small bodies such as comets and asteroids. 

The Discovery program currently has four operational 

spacecraft: the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, 

GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER), Deep 

Impact (in hibernation), Dawn, and the Gravity 

Recovery And Interior Laboratory (GRAIL). The 

program also has one instrument in operations: the 

Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms 

(ASPERA-3) on the ESA Mars Express mission; one 

flight mission in formulation: the Interior Exploration 

using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat 

Transport (InSight); and one instrument in spacecraft 

integration: Strofio on the ESA BepiColombo mission to 

Mercury. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

PS-17
Science: Planetary Science: Discovery 

INSIGHT

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 42.1 -- 193.3 175.2 116.5 15.2 10.6

Change from FY 2012 

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

151.2

359.1%

Scientists have determined the deep structure of only one 

planet — Earth. To obtain vital clues to how Mars formed, 

InSight will deploy a German-built drill nicknamed “The 

Mole” to pound 16 feet into the Martian crust for thermal 

measurements, as well as a sensitive French-built 

seismometer to detect “Marsquakes,” and a US led 

experiment that will provide precise measurements of the 

planets rotation. Through these and other instruments, 

scientists will be able to deduce the deep structure of 

Mars, which is currently a mystery. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

Interior Exploration using Seismic 

Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport 

(InSight) is a Mars lander mission planned for 

launch in spring 2016. InSight is an 

investigation of the terrestrial planets that will 

address fundamental issues of planet formation 

and evolution with a study of the deep interior 

of Mars. This mission will seek to understand 

the evolutionary formation of rocky planets, 

including Earth, by investigating the crust and 

core of Mars. InSight will also investigate the 

dynamics of any Martian tectonic activity and 

meteorite impacts and compare this with like 

phenomena on Earth. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

InSight was selected in August 2012 from the 

Discovery 2010 Announcement of Opportunity. 

PROJECT PRELIMINARY 

PARAMETERS

InSight is planned to launch in March 2016, 

landing on Mars in September 2016. The 

InSight lander will be equipped with two 

science instruments that will conduct the first 

“check-up” of Mars in its more than 4.5 billion 

years, measuring its “pulse,” or internal activity; 

its temperature; and its “reflexes” (the way the planet wobbles when it is pulled by the Sun and its 

moons). The science payload comprises two major instruments: the Seismic Experiment for Interior 

Structure (SEIS), which will take precise measurements of quakes and other internal activity on Mars to 

PS-18
Science: Planetary Science: Discovery 

IN IGHT S 

Formulation Development Operations

better understand the planet’s history and structure, and the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package 

(HP3), a self-penetrating heat flow probe that burrows up to 5 meters below the surface to measure how 

much heat is coming from Mars’ core. In addition, the Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment (RISE) 

will use the spacecraft communication system to provide precise measurements of planetary rotation. 

InSight will spend roughly two years (720 Earth days or 700 “sols” Martian days) investigating the deep 

interior of Mars. The first science return is expected in October 2016. End of mission is planned for 

September 2018. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Final down-select of the Discovery 2010 Announcement of Opportunity occurred in August 2012, 

allowing InSight to proceed into definition and preliminary design. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

During FY 2013, InSight will complete preliminary design and begin development. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

InSight will enter detailed design at the beginning of FY 2014 and expects to pass the critical design 

review before the end of FY 2014. 

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

Formulation Authorization 

Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request 

Formulation Authorization Discovery 2010 Announcement of 

Opportunity N/A

KDP-B Aug 2012 Aug 2012 

KDP-C Sep 2013 Sep 2013 

Launch Mar 2016 Mar 2016

PS-19
Science: Planetary Science: Discovery 

INSIGHT

Formulation Development Operations

Project Schedule 

PS-20

Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule 

Range Summary 

Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary 

design review. 

Estimated Life Cycle Cost 

Range ($M) 

678-760 

Key Milestone Estimated 

KDP-B Date Key Milestone Date Range 

Aug 2012 Launch Mar 2016 – Apr 2016

Project Management & Commitments 

JPL will manage InSight and will provide systems engineering, safety and mission assurance, project 

scientists, flight dynamics, payload management, and mission system management. 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Provider: Lockheed Martin 

Lead Center: JPL 

Participating Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Spacecraft

Similar in design to the Mars 

lander that the Phoenix 

mission used successfully in 

2007 

N/A
Science: Planetary Science: Discovery 

INSIGHT

Formulation Development Operations

Seismic Experiment 

for Interior Structure 

(SEIS)

Will take precise 

measurements of quakes and 

other internal activity on 

Mars

Provider: Centre National d’Etudes 

Spatiales (CNES)

Lead Center: JPL

Participating Centers: N/A

Cost Share Partners: 

N/A

Heat Flow and 

Physical Properties 

Package (HP3)

A heat flow probe that will 

hammer 5m into the Martian 

subsurface (deeper than all 

previous arms, scoops, drills 

and probes) to measure heat 

emanating from the core

Provider: German Aerospace Center 

(DLR) 

Lead Center: JPL 

Participating Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: 

N/A

Rotation and Interior 

Structure Experiment 

(RISE)

Uses the spacecraft’s 

communication system to 

provide precise 

measurements of planetary 

rotation

Provider: JPL

Lead Center: JPL

Participating Centers: N/A

Cost Share Partners: N/A

N/A

Provider: TBD

Launch Vehicle To be determined (TBD) 

Lead Center: KSC

Participating Centers: JPL

N/A

Cost Share Partners: N/A

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: Growth of lander avionics and payload 

electronics continues to strain volume of thermal 

enclosure,

Then: The heritage design of the thermal 

enclosure and aeroshell is at risk. The project 

cannot grow the size of the thermal enclosure.

Instrument teams are working to close trade studies that will establish 

the baseline for payload electronics configuration, and spacecraft 

team members are working closely with instrument teams to identify 

and analyze overall configuration options.

If: If Mars environment, entry conditions, or 

spacecraft behavior is not as anticipated, 

Then: Landing may not be successful. 

Project will build comprehensive simulations of landing scenarios 

and test entry descent and landing systems, including independent 

verification of analysis. The project will be staffed with personnel 

who conducted previous successful Mars landings. Potential landing 

ellipses will be certified for elevation, slopes, and rock abundance.

The project will use validated environmental models informed by 

atmospheric measurements from the previous three decades of 

observations at Mars.

If: Deployment of SEIS is not successful, 

Then: The science objectives will be 

compromised. 

Extensive testing of deployments will be conducted in testbeds, 

including fault scenarios. Testbeds will also be available during 

mission operations to verify actual deployment moves, and ground 

verification will be deployed at each step during operations. Potential 

landing ellipses will be certified for elevation, slopes, and rock 

abundance.

PS-21
Science: Planetary Science: Discovery 

INSIGHT

Formulation Development Operations

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA selected the mission through a competitive Announcement of Opportunity. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

A contract with Lockheed Martin is in place for the flight system. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance SRB N/A N/A TBD Aug 2013

PS-22
Science: Planetary Science: Discovery 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 130.6 -- 64.6 93.0 125.8 172.3 204.4

Discovery Future 19.2 -- 22.3 55.0 92.2 138.9 176.2

Discovery Management 10.5 -- 11.8 12.3 17.5 12.2 12.2

Discovery Research 15.4 -- 13.9 14.1 15.2 15.6 15.6

Strofio 1.6 -- 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5

Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory 29.8 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dawn 14.3 -- 9.8 11.0 0.1 4.8 0.0

MESSENGER 34.9 -- 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ASPERA-3 0.9 -- 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Deep Impact 4.0 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -66.0

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -50.5 %

Other Missions and Data Analysis funds research and analysis, management activities, operations of 

active missions, and development of several minor missions. It includes missions of opportunity (e.g., the 

instruments Strofio and Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3)) with lifecycle 

costs to NASA of less than $35 million); operating missions (Dawn, MESSENGER, Deep Impact); 

missions whose operations have ceased but data analysis continues (GRAIL); competed research; funding 

for future mission selections; and program management activities. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

DISCOVERY RESEARCH

Discovery Research includes funding for the Discovery Missions Data Analysis program, which supports 

analysis of archived data from Discovery missions; Laboratory Analysis of Returned Samples, which 

supports analysis of material returned from sample collection missions and builds new instruments for use 

in terrestrial laboratories; and participating scientists for the MESSENGER, Dawn, and GRAIL missions. 

Discovery Research gives the research community access to samples and data and allows research to 

continue for many years after a mission has been completed. Scientists in the US planetary science 

community make research proposals that are competitively selected through peer review. 

PS-23
Science: Planetary Science: Discovery 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements 

Recent analysis of particles collected by the Stardust mission revealed material very similar to what is 

found in asteroids, which can only be explained if Jupiter formed as late as 3 million years after the solar 

system’s birth. 

DISCOVERY FUTURE MISSIONS

Discovery Future Missions provides funds for future Discovery flight missions to be selected via a 

competitive Announcement of Opportunity process. NASA recently selected InSight, the 12th mission of 

the Discovery program, as a result of the Discovery 2010 Announcement of Opportunity. NASA will 

release the next Announcement of Opportunity by early FY 2014. 

DISCOVERY MANAGEMENT

Discovery Management provides for the management oversight of flight missions selected for the 

program, including support to standing review boards and external technical support as needed for the 

projects. It also supports the mission selection process through the development of Announcements of 

Opportunity and the establishment of independent panel reviews to evaluate mission proposals. 

STROFIO

Strofio is a unique mass spectrometer that is part of the SERENA (Search for Esospheric Refilling and 

Emitted Natural Abundances) suite of instruments that will fly onboard the European Space Agency’s 

BepiColombo spacecraft. Strofio will determine the chemical composition of Mercury’s surface, 

providing a powerful tool to study the planet’s geological history. Strofio is scheduled for launch in 2015. 

Recent Achievements 

The Strofio Proto-Flight Model has been delivered to the University of Bern, where it has undergone 

instrument calibration with better than expected performance. The Strofio Proto-Flight Model will be 

assembled into the flight configuration in January for delivery to the Search for Esospheric Refilling and 

Emitted Natural Abundances (SERENA) instrument suite before mid-March 2013. 

GRAVITY RECOVERY AND INTERIOR LABORATORY (GRAIL) 

Launched in September 2011, the GRAIL mission was composed of two functionally identical spacecraft 

(called Ebb and Flow) that flew in tandem around the Moon to precisely measure and map variations in 

the Moon’s gravitational field. The mission provided the most accurate global gravity field to date for any 

planet, including Earth. This detailed information will reveal differences in the density of the Moon’s 

crust and mantle and will help answer fundamental questions about the Moon’s internal structure, thermal 

evolution, and history of collisions with asteroids. This mission terminated in December 2012. 

PS-24
Science: Planetary Science: Discovery 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Operating Missions 

DAWN

Dawn is on a journey to the two oldest and most massive 

bodies in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. By 

closely orbiting asteroid Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres 

with the same set of instruments, Dawn has the unique 

capability to compare and contrast theses bodies, enabling 

scientists to answer questions about the formation and 

evolution of the solar system. Their surfaces are believed to 

preserve clues to the solar system’s first 10 million years, 

along with alterations since that time, allowing Dawn to 

investigate both the origin and the current state of the main 

asteroid belt. Launched in September 2007, Dawn reached Vesta in July 2011, left in August 2012, and 

will arrive at Ceres in February 2015. 

In the image above, Dawn mission data has revealed the rugged topography and complex textures of the 

asteroid Vesta’s surface. Soon other pieces of data, such as the chemical composition, interior structure, 

and geologic age, will help scientists understand the history of this remnant protoplanet and its place in 

the early solar system. After a year orbiting Vesta, the Dawn spacecraft departed in August 2012 for the 

dwarf planet Ceres, where it will arrive in 2015. 

Recent Achievements 

The spacecraft completed its year-long orbital mission around Vesta in August 2012, and became the first 

spacecraft to break orbit from one object in the main asteroid belt and move on to a second, the dwarf 

planet Ceres. 

MERCURY SURFACE, SPACE ENVIRONMENT,

GEOCHEMISTRY, AND RANGING 

(MESSENGER) 

The MESSENGER mission is a scientific investigation of the 

planet Mercury, the smallest and least explored of the 

terrestrial planets. It is the only rocky planet, besides Earth, to 

possess a global magnetic field. Understanding Mercury and 

the forces that have shaped it is fundamental to understanding 

the origin and evolution of the four rocky inner planets in our 

solar system. Launched in August 2004, MESSENGER 

entered Mercury’s orbit in March 2011 for a one-year prime 

mission. The science return and health of the spacecraft 

PS-25
Science: Planetary Science: Discovery 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

allowed approval of a one-year mission operations extension to March 2013. A second mission extension 

is now under consideration. 

Recent Achievements 

The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) has awarded the 2012 Laurels for Team Achievement 

Award to the MESSENGER team. The award was presented September 30 at the opening ceremony of 

the 63rd International Astronautical Congress. The citation for MESSENGER’s award reads, “To the 

team of scientists and engineers whose creativity and expertise made possible the development and 

operation of the MESSENGER Mission, the first to orbit Mercury, as a breakthrough in scientific solar 

system exploration. During its unprecedented one-year primary mission, this robotic explorer has 

provided an extraordinary, comprehensive scientific overview of the planet, its makeup, its exosphere and 

its magnetosphere, providing the text for a new and overdue chapter of humankind’s knowledge of the 

smallest of the terrestrial planets. This unique achievement of technology was conducted by the JHU APL 

and accomplished with the collaboration of NASA.” 

ANALYZER OF SPACE PLASMA AND ENERGETIC ATOMS (ASPERA-3)

ASPERA-3 is one of seven scientific instruments aboard the European Space Agency’s Mars Express 

spacecraft launched in June 2003 that are performing remote sensing measurements designed to answer 

questions about the Martian atmosphere, structure, and geology. ASPERA-3 is measuring ions, electrons, 

and energetic neutral atoms in the outer atmosphere to reveal the number of oxygen and hydrogen atoms, 

(the constituents of water, interacting with solar wind and the regions where such interaction occurs. Mars 

Express is now on its third mission extension. 

DEEP IMPACT

The Deep Impact mission was the first experiment to probe beneath the surface of a comet, attempting to 

reveal never-before-seen materials that would provide clues about the internal composition and structure 

of a comet. Deep Impact successfully completed its repurposed science missions, referred to as EPOXI, 

which has two components: Extrasolar Planet Observations and Characterization (EPOCh) and the Deep 

Impact Extended Investigation (DIXI). The spacecraft is still healthy and capable of remote observations. 

It will be put in hibernation to be available for opportunities such as the approaching Comet ISON. 

PS-26
Science: Planetary Science 

NEW FRONTIERS 





FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 143.7 -- 257.5 297.2 266.5 151.0 126.2

Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource 99.8 -- 218.7 244.1 204.4 30.9 21.1

Other Missions and Data Analysis 43.9 -- 38.8 53.1 62.1 120.1 105.1

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 113.8

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 79.2 %

The New Frontiers program seeks to 

contain total mission cost and development 

time and improve performance through the

use of validated new technologies, efficient 

management, and control of design, 

development and operations costs while 

maintaining a strong commitment to flight 

safety. The program objective is to launch 

high-science-return planetary science 

investigations twice per decade. 

The New Frontiers program explores our solar system with 

frequent, medium-class spacecraft missions. Within the 

New Frontiers program, possible mission destinations and 

the science goals for each competitive opportunity are 

limited to those identified by the National Academies as 

recommended science targets. These currently include: 

Venus In Situ Explorer, Saturn Probe, Trojan Tour and 

Rendezvous, the Comet Surface Sample Return, and Lunar 

South Pole-Aitken Basin Sample Return. 

New Horizons will help us understand worlds at the edge of 

the solar system by making the first reconnaissance of Pluto 

and Charon, then visiting one or more Kuiper Belt Objects. 

Juno is a mission to Jupiter that will significantly improve 

our understanding of the origin and evolution of the gas 

giant planet. This will help us better understand our entire 

solar system. 

OSIRIS-REx will be the first mission to bring pristine 

samples from an asteroid to study and analyze on Earth. 

This will increase our understanding of planet formation 

and the origin of life. In addition to its science objectives 

OSIRIS-REx will improve our knowledge of: 

How to safely operate human and robotic missions in close proximity to a large NEO; and 

How the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will alter the trajectory of a NEO through thruster exhaust 

impingement, gravitational attraction, and touch-and-go sample collection. 

This knowledge will provide significant insight for both the future human mission to an asteroid, and for 

potential planetary defense strategies. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

PS-27
Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers 

ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 99.8 -- 218.7 244.1 204.4 30.9 21.1

Change from FY 2012

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

118.9

119.1%

Asteroids are leftovers formed from the cloud of 

gas and dust and the solar nebula that collapsed 

to form the Sun and the planets about 4.5 billion 

years ago. As such, they contain the original 

material from the solar nebula, which can tell 

scientists about the conditions of the solar 

system’s birth. In sampling the near Earth 

asteroid designated 1999 RQ36 in 2019, OSIRISREx will be opening a time capsule from the 

birth of the solar system. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

The OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will travel to a near-Earth 

carbonaceous asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36, study it in 

detail, and bring back a sample (at least 60 grams or 2.1 

ounces) to Earth. This sample will help with 

investigating planet formation and the origin of life, and 

the data collected at the asteroid will also aid in 

understanding asteroids that can impact Earth. This 

mission will measure the “Yarkovsky effect” on a 

potentially hazardous asteroid and measure the asteroid 

properties that contribute to this effect. By describing the 

integrated global properties of a primitive carbonaceous 

asteroid, this mission will allow for direct comparison 

with ground-based telescopic data of the entire asteroid 

population. 

The Yarkovsky effect is a small force caused by the Sun 

on an asteroid, as it absorbs sunlight and re-emits that 

energy as heat. The small force adds up over time, but it 

is uneven due to an asteroid’s shape, wobble, surface 

composition, and rotation. For scientists to predict an 

Earth-approaching asteroid’s path, they must understand 

how the effect will change its orbit. 

In addition to its science objectives OSIRIS-REx will improve our knowledge of: 1) how to safely operate 

human and robotic missions in close proximity to a large NEO and 2) how the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft 

will alter the trajectory of a NEO through thruster exhaust impingement, gravitational attraction, and 

touch-and-go sample collection. This knowledge will provide significant insight for both the future 

human mission to an asteroid, and for potential planetary defense strategies. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

PS-28
Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers 

ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE

Formulation Development Operations

PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS

OSIRIS-REx will launch in September 2016, encountering the primitive, near-Earth asteroid designated 

(101955) 1999 RQ36 in October 2018. The mission will study the asteroid for about two years, globally 

mapping the surface from distances of 5 kilometers to 0.7 kilometers. The spacecraft cameras and 

instruments will photograph the asteroid and measure its surface topography, composition, and thermal 

emissions. Radio science will provide mass and gravity field maps. This information will help the mission 

team select the most promising sample site, from which it will collect and return to Earth at least 60 

grams of pristine material from the target asteroid. The sample return will use a capsule similar to that 

which returned the samples of comet 81P/Wild on the Stardust spacecraft. This will allow the sample to 

return and land at the Utah Test and Training Range in 2023. The capsule will then be transported to 

Johnson Space Center (JSC) for processing by a dedicated research facility. Subsamples will be made 

available for research to the worldwide science community. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

OSIRIS-REx completed award of the industry and university contracts for the preliminary design and 

technology completion phase. 

WORK IN PROGRESS

In March 2013, OSIRIS-REx will complete its preliminary design review (PDR) and begin mission 

development, entering its final design and fabrication phase (Phase C) by June 2013. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The project will complete its critical design review. 

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

Formulation Authorization 

Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request 

Formulation Authorization May 2011 

May 2013 

Sep 2016 

Aug 2018 

Mar 2021 

Sep 2023 

May 2011 

May 2013

Sep 2016 

Aug 2018 

Mar 2021 

Sep 2023 

KDP-C

Launch

Encounter Asteroid

Asteroid Departure 

Sample Earth Return 

PS-29
Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers 

ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE

Formulation Development Operations

Project Schedule 

Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule 

Range Summary 

Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary 

design review. 

Estimated Life Cycle Cost Key Milestone Estimated 

KDP-B Date Range ($M) Key Milestone Date Range

May 2011 1085-1210 LRD Mar 2016-Sep 2016

Project Management & Commitments 

GSFC manages the OSIRIS-REx project and will provide systems engineering, safety and mission 

assurance, project scientists, flight dynamics, and the OSIRIS-REx Visible-Infrared Spectrometer 

(OVIRS) instrument. JSC will curate and manage the returned sample, and MSFC will manage the project 

under its New Frontiers Program Office. The University of Arizona will provide the principal 

investigator, science team coordination, Planetary Data Systems archiving, and the OSIRIS-REx Camera 

Suite (OCAMS) instrument. 

PS-30
Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers 

ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE

Formulation Development Operations

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Solar energy charges lithiumion batteries, which power 

the spacecraft. The Sample 

Return Capsule (SRC) is the 

same as used in the Stardust 

mission 

Provider: Lockheed Martin 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Spacecraft N/A

Provider: KinetX 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Spacecraft 

Navigation

Radio science provides 

RQ36 mass and gravity field 

maps 

N/A

OSIRIS-REx Camera 

Suite (OCAMS)

Provides long-range 

acquisition of RQ36, along 

with global mapping, 

sample-site characterization, 

sample acquisition 

documentation, and sub-mm 

imaging 

Provider: University of Arizona 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

N/A

Provider: CSA 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: CSA 

OSIRIS-REx Laser 

Altimeter (OLA)

Provides ranging data; global 

topographic mapping; and 

local topographic maps of 

candidate sample sites

N/A

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

OSIRIS-REx Visible 

and IR Spectrometer 

(OVIRS)

Provides mineral and organic 

spectral maps and local 

spectral information of 

candidate sample sites

N/A

OSIRIS-REx 

Thermal Emission 

Spectrometer (OTES)

Provides mineral and thermal 

emission spectral maps and 

local spectral information of 

candidate sample sites

Provider: Arizona State University

Lead Center: GSFC

Performing Centers: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

N/A

Provider: TBD 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Launch Vehicle Launch Vehicle N/A

PS-31
Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers 

ORIGINS SPECTRAL INTERPRETATION RESOURCE

Formulation Development Operations

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: Ground performance and life testing of the 

guidance, navigation, and control lidar is 

insufficient to uncover latent defects in design or 

manufacturing, 

Then: There may be technical impacts related to 

reliability on orbit, affecting touch and go 

sampling success. 

If: Maneuver design and/or execution 

uncertainties exceed requirements for a 

successful sampling touch and go, 

Then: The mission will not achieve the goal of 

collecting more than 60 grams of bulk regolith 

sample. 

Close monitoring of subcontractor performance. 

Refine preliminary design (e.g., ultrafine thrusters, onboard 

autonomy to adjust the checkpoint and matchpoint maneuvers to 

improve accuracy, additional camera head) to improve TAG 

accuracy. 

Acquisition Strategy 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Principal investigator/science team 

leadership, science operations, data 

archiving, and the OCAMS 

instrument

University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 

Spacecraft, sample acquisition 

mechanism, sample return capsule 

(SRC), integration/test, mission 

operations, and SRC

Lockheed Martin Space Systems 

Company Denver, CO 

Launch Vehicle & Services To be determined through competition To be completed through NASA 

Launch Services Program

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance SRB N/A Preliminary Design 

Review TBD Mar 2013

Critical 

Design 

Review 

SRB N/A TBD Apr 2014

PS-32
Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 43.9 -- 38.8 53.1 62.1 120.1 105.1

New Frontiers Management 2.7 -- 4.7 4.9 5.9 5.8 6.0

New Horizons 26.5 -- 16.4 26.8 18.5 4.6 0.0

Juno 14.4 -- 17.7 21.4 29.5 33.4 19.5

New Frontiers Future Missions 0.0 -- 0.0 0.0 8.2 76.3 79.7

New Frontiers Research 0.3 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -5.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -11.6 %

New Frontiers Other Missions and Data Analysis supports operating New Frontiers missions (New 

Horizons, Juno), funding for future mission selections, and program management activities. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

NEW FRONTIERS FUTURE MISSIONS

The New Frontiers Future Missions project provides funds for future space missions to be selected via a 

competitive Announcement of Opportunity process. The fourth announcement (NF-4) release for 

competition is currently planned for 2016. 

NEW FRONTIERS MANAGEMENT

The New Frontiers Management Office, located at the Marshall Space Flight Center, provides the 

management oversight for all New Frontiers missions selected for the program. It also supports the 

mission selection process, through the development of Announcements of Opportunity and the 

establishment of independent panel reviews to evaluate mission proposals. 

PS-33
Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Operating Missions 

NEW HORIZONS

New Horizons is the first scientific investigation to obtain a 

close look at Pluto and its moons Charon, Nix, Hydra, P4 and 

P5. Scientists hope to find answers to basic questions about 

the surface properties, geology, interior makeup and 

atmospheres on these bodies, the last in the solar system to be 

visited by a spacecraft. 

New Horizons launched on January 19, 2006. It will reach 

Pluto in July 2015. As part of an extended mission, the 

spacecraft will then venture deeper into the Kuiper Belt to 

study one or more of the icy mini-worlds in this region approximately two billion miles beyond Pluto’s 

orbit. 

To get to Pluto, which is three billion miles from Earth, in just 9.5 years, the spacecraft will fly by the 

dwarf planet and its five moons in 2015 at a velocity of about 27,000 miles per hour. The instruments on 

New Horizons will start taking data on Pluto and Charon months before it arrives. About three months 

from the closest approach, when Pluto and its moons are about 65 million miles away, the instruments 

will take images and spectra measurements and begin to make the first maps ever made of these 

intriguing bodies. 

The New Horizons spacecraft will get as close as about 6,000 miles from Pluto and about 17,000 miles 

from Charon. During the half-hour when the spacecraft is closest to Pluto, it will take a variety of 

scientific observations, including close-up pictures in both visible and near-infrared wavelengths. These 

first images should depict surface features as small as 200 feet across and bring a plethora of new 

discoveries. 

Recent Achievements 

The New Horizons spacecraft has recently passed the halfway point between the orbits of Uranus and 

Neptune, zooming past another milepost on its historic trek to the planetary frontier. New Horizons has 

traveled more than 2.3 billion miles since launch. Pluto itself is 711 million miles (1.14 billion 

kilometers) away from the spacecraft, nearly eight times the distance between Earth and the Sun and 

closer to New Horizons than any other planet. The mission remains healthy and on course toward Pluto 

and the Kuiper Belt beyond. 

The image above depicts the New Horizons spacecraft as it captured on Io the most detailed volcanic 

plume image ever seen. Io, with over 400 active volcanoes, is the innermost of the four largest moons 

around Jupiter and the most volcanically active object in the solar system. 

PS-34
Science: Planetary Science: New Frontiers 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

JUNO

Juno will conduct an in-depth study of Jupiter, the most massive planet in the solar system. Juno’s 

instruments will seek information from deep in Jupiter’s atmosphere, enabling scientists to understand the 

fundamental processes of the formation and early evolution of the solar system. Juno was successfully 

launched on August 5, 2011 as scheduled and within the budget allocated for development of this 

mission. 

During its approximately one-year mission, Juno, with its first-ever polar orbit, will complete 33 elevenday-long orbits and will sample Jupiter’s full range of latitudes and longitudes. From its polar perspective, 

Juno combines remote sensing observations to explore the polar magnetosphere and determine what 

drives Jupiter’s remarkable auroras. Juno has an onboard camera to produce images to and it will provide 

unique opportunities to engage the next generation of scientists. 

Recent Achievement 

In February 2012, Juno successfully refined its flight path with the mission’s first trajectory correction 

maneuver. It is the first of a dozen planned rocket firings that, over the next five years, will keep Juno on 

course for its rendezvous with Jupiter. The Juno spacecraft’s thrusters fired for 25 minutes, consumed 

about 6.9 pounds (3.11 kilograms) of fuel and changed the spacecraft’s speed by 3.9 feet, or 1.2 meters, 

per second. 

PS-35
Science: Planetary Science 

MARS XPLORATION E









FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 587.1 -- 234.0 227.8 318.4 504.7 513.2

Mars Atmosphere & Volatile EvolutioN 245.7 -- 50.1 20.2 6.6 0.0 0.0

Other Missions and Data Analysis 341.4 -- 183.9 207.6 311.8 504.7 513.2

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -353.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -60.1%

A mosaic of three Mastcam-100 images taken on 

sol 50 facing northeast. There is no sky visible in 

this view; occupying the distance is Gale's crater 

rim. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Malin 

Space Science Systems. 

The Mars Exploration program seeks to understand 

whether Mars was, is, or can be, a habitable world and 

whether it ever supported life. As the most Earth-like 

planet in the solar system, Mars has a landmass 

approximately equivalent to the Earth’s as well as 

many of the same geological features, such as 

riverbeds, past river deltas, and volcanoes. Mars also 

has many of the same “systems” that characterize 

Earth, such as air, water, ice, and geology that all 

interact to produce the Martian environment. 

The four broad, overarching goals for Mars 

Exploration are to: 

Determine whether life ever arose on Mars; 

Characterize the climate of Mars; 

Characterize the geology of Mars; and 

Prepare for human exploration. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

Building on the success of Curiosity’s Mars landing, 

NASA announced plans for a robust multi-year Mars program, including a new robotic science rover set 

to launch in 2020. The future rover development and design will be based on the Mars Science 

Laboratory (MSL) architecture that successfully carried the Curiosity rover to the Martian surface in 

August 2012. This will ensure mission costs and risks are as low as possible, while still delivering a 

highly capable rover with a proven landing system. NASA will openly compete the specific payload and 

science instruments for the 2020 mission, following the Science Mission Directorate’s established 

processes for instrument selection. The mission will advance the science priorities of the National 

Academies’ 2011 Planetary Science decadal survey and respond to the findings of the Mars Program 

Planning Group, established in 2012, to assist NASA in restructuring its Mars Exploration program. 

PS-36
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 218.9 245.7 127.4 50.1 20.2 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 668.8

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 218.9 245.7 127.4 50.1 20.2 6.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 668.8

Formulation 63.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0

20.2

0.0

0.0

6.6

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

63.9

550.5

54.5

Development/Implementation 155.0 245.7 127.4 22.3

Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.8

Change from FY 2012

Percentage change from FY 

-- --

2012 -- --

-195.6

-79.6%

After arriving at Mars in the fall of 2014, MAVEN 

will use its propulsion system to enter an elliptical 

orbit ranging 90 to 3,870 miles above the planet. 

The spacecraft’s eight science instruments will take 

measurements for a full Earth year, obtaining 

critical measurements that the National Academy of 

Science listed high priority in their 2003 decadal 

survey on planetary exploration.

PROJECT PURPOSE

MAVEN will provide a comprehensive picture of the 

Mars upper atmosphere, ionosphere, solar energetic 

drivers, and atmospheric losses, to determine how the 

Mars atmosphere evolved through time. The mission 

will help answer long-standing questions regarding 

the loss of the Mars atmosphere, climate history, 

liquid water, and habitability. MAVEN will provide 

the first direct measurements ever taken to address 

key scientific questions about Mars’ evolution. The 

MAVEN mission is part of NASA’s Mars Scout 

program. Set to launch in 2013, the mission will 

explore the Mars upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and 

interactions with the Sun and solar wind. Scientists 

will use MAVEN data to determine the role that loss 

of volatile compounds (such as carbon dioxide, 

nitrogen dioxide, and water) from the Mars 

atmosphere to space has played through time, giving 

insight into the history of Mars’ atmosphere and 

climate, liquid water, and planetary habitability. As 

with all Mars Exploration program orbiters, MAVEN will also carry an Electra radio for communications 

with rovers on the Mars surface. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

PS-37
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION

Formulation Development Operations

PROJECT PARAMETERS

The MAVEN project will deliver science using three instrument packages: a standalone neutral gas and 

ion mass spectrometer, capable of measuring thermal neutrals and ions; a standalone imaging ultraviolet 

spectrometer; and the Particles and Fields package, consisting of six instruments measuring ionospheric 

properties, energetic ions, solar wind and solar energetic particles, magnetic fields, and solar extreme 

ultraviolet irradiance. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

MAVEN completed the Systems Integration Review (SIR) in June 2012, and NASA approved it to enter 

Phase D in September 2012. In August 2012, a few weeks ahead of schedule, the MAVEN observatory 

began assembly, test, and launch operations. The Electra UHF radio was delivered to the observatory on 

time in August 2012. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

MAVEN is currently in the assembly, test, and launch operations phase, as it readies for shipment to 

Kennedy Space Center. This will be followed by integration with the launch vehicle in advance of launch 

in November 2013. The scientific instruments are in final testing, calibration, and preparation to ship to 

the spacecraft in Denver. The observatory, the spacecraft with the Electra radio and science instruments 

integrated, is on schedule to ship to Kennedy in August 2013. The Mission Operations Review was held 

in November 2012, and Operational and Flight Readiness Reviews are on schedule for the end of FY 

2013. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

MAVEN is currently scheduled to launch in November 2013 after being shipped to the Kennedy Space 

Center late in FY 2013. MAVEN is expected to enter Mars orbit in FY 2015. 

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

Milestone Confirmation Baseline Date FY 2014 PB Request Date 

KDP-C Oct 2010 Oct 2010

CDR Jul 2011 Jul 2011

SIR Jun 2012 Jun 2012 

Launch Nov 2013 Nov 2013 

End of Prime Mission Oct 2015 Oct 2015

PS-38
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION

Formulation Development Operations

Project Schedule 

Development Cost and Schedule 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current 

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

2011 567.2 70 2013 550.5 -2.9% LRD Nov 2013 Nov 2013 0

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 

Development Cost Details 

Current Year 

Development Cost 

Estimate ($M) 

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M) 

Change from Base Year 

Element Estimate ($M) 

TOTAL: 567.2 550.5 -16.7

Aircraft/Spacecraft 146.0 167.3 

59.9 

21.3

Payloads 51.1 8.8

PS-39
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION

Formulation Development Operations

Systems I&T 23.0 26.9 3.9

Launch Vehicle 187.0 168.7 -18.3

Ground Systems 5.2 16.2 11.0

Science/Technology 2.2 2.9 0.7

Other Direct Project Costs 152.7 108.5 -44.2

Project Management & Commitments 

The MAVEN project is part of the Mars Exploration program managed for NASA by the Mars Program 

Office at JPL. The principal investigator for MAVEN is from the University of Colorado and has 

delegated the day-to-day management of the MAVEN project to NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center 

(GSFC). 

Change from 

Project Element Description Provider Baseline

Provider: Lockheed Martin 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Spacecraft

MRO heritage spacecraft 

bus and avionic suite, with 

cross strapping and 

monopropellant propulsion

N/A

Provider: ULA 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Centers: KSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Launch Vehicle Atlas V launch vehicle and 

related launch services N/A

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Neutral gas and ion 

mass spectrometer

Design, build, and deliver 

the instrument N/A

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Provider: University of Colorado, LASP 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Magnetometer

Design, build, and deliver 

(part of the MAVEN 

Particle and Fields 

Instrument package)

N/A

Imaging Ultraviolet 

Spectrometer

Design, build, and deliver 

remote sensing instrument 

package.

N/A

PS-40
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION

Formulation Development Operations

Provider: JPL 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Electra Design, build, and deliver 

UHF Data Relay payload N/A

Provider: SSL 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Supra Thermal Ion 

Composition

Design, build, and deliver 

(part of Particle and Fields 

Instrument package)

N/A

Provider: SSL 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Solar Energetic 

Particles

Design, build, and deliver 

UHF Data Relay payload N/A

Provider: SSL 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Solar Wind Electron 

Analyzer 

Design, build, and deliver 

UHF Data Relay payload N/A

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Solar Wind 

Analyzer

Ion Design, build, and deliver 

the NGIMS instrument N/A

Provider: SSL 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Lanamuir Probe and 

Waves and EUV

Design, build, and deliver 

UHF Data Relay payload N/A

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: Single point failures on the input of the HEPS 

card occur, 

The project and GSFC Mission Assurance Office are identifying and 

understanding HEPS-specific manufacturing techniques; identifying 

all point failures to inspect during assembly to mitigate against 

Then: Permanent loss of spacecraft electrical 

power will result. 

shorts; developing a plan for insight/oversight of the 2013 MAVENspecific HEPS card build; reviewing board requirements with an eye 

towards design robustness and remaining design requirements. 

PS-41
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

MARS ATMOSPHERE & VOLATILE EVOLUTION

Formulation Development Operations

Acquisition Strategy 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Spacecraft, flight system, integration 

and test, mission operations

Lockheed 

Company

Martin Space Systems Denver, CO

Launch vehicle and services United Launch Alliance Cape Canaveral, FL

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

MAVEN 

passed CDR 

and was 

approved to 

continue to the 

next phase 

Performance Standing Review 

Board (SRB) Jul 2011 Critical Design Review Late FY 2013

Performance SRB Jun 2012 SIR Review 

MAVEN 

passed SIR and 

was approved 

to continue to 

the next phase

Late FY 

2013

PS-42
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 341.4 -- 183.9 207.6 311.8 504.7 513.2

Mars Research and Analysis 19.3 -- 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5

Mars Technology 5.0 -- 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

Mars Mission Operations 1.8 -- 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

Mars Extended Operations 0.0 -- 0.0 82.3 91.3 97.3 93.3

Mars Future Missions 8.0 -- 10.7 54.7 166.1 360.0 376.4

Mars Program Management 23.4 -- 15.5 16.1 16.4 15.7 15.6

2011 Mars Science Lab 174.0 -- 47.1 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mars Odyssey 2001 13.3 -- 12.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mars Exploration Rover 2003 15.0 -- 14.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mars Express 2.1 -- 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2005 39.9 -- 30.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer 12.6 -- 20.0 20.0 10.0 5.0 1.0

2016 ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 27.1 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

ExoMars 0.0 -- 5.1 3.4 2.6 1.3 1.4

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -157.5

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -46.1 %

Mars Exploration Other Missions and Data Analysis currently includes five operating missions: 2001 

Mars Odyssey, 2003 Mars Exploration Rover/Opportunity, Mars Express, 2005 Mars Reconnaissance 

Orbiter (MRO), and the 2011 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) that successfully launched on November 

26, 2011, and landed on August 6, 2012. Six non-mission components are also included: Mars Research 

and Analysis, Mars Technology, Mars Mission Operations, Mars Extended Operations, Mars Future 

Missions, and Mars Program Management. Also included are the Mars Organics Molecule Analyzer 

(MOMA) instrument to fly on ESA’s 2018 ExoMars rover, and Electra radios flying on ESA’s 2016 

ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (EMTGO). 

PS-43
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Mission Planning and Other Projects 









MARS RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Mars Research and Analysis (R&A) provides funding for research and analysis of Mars mission data in 

order to understand how geologic, climatic, and other processes have worked to shape Mars and its 

environment over time, as well as how they interact today. Specific investments include: 

Mars Fundamental Research program, which funds fundamental research in laboratory studies, 

field studies, or theoretical studies that inform researchers about Mars; 

Mars Data Analysis, which analyzes archived data collected on Mars missions; 

Critical Data Products, which provides data for the safe arrival, aero-maneuver, entry, descent, 

and landing at Mars; and 

MRO and MSL Participating Scientists programs for the MRO and MSL missions. 

Data analysis through Mars R&A allows a much broader and objective analysis of the data and samples. 

It also allows research to continue for many years after the mission has been completed. Fundamental 

measurements and discoveries and testable hypotheses about the Martian environment are made through 

these programs. 

Recent Achievements 

The Mars R&A programs provided funding for more than 200 research projects, with more than 45 new 

awards in FY 2012, which included 3 new graduate student research fellowships. These projects increase 

our scientific understanding of Mars’ geology and environment, and the results are disseminated through 

publication in the scientific literature. Mars R&A funded work to identify potential hazards and landing 

sites for future missions, including human missions. 

MARS TECHNOLOGY

Mars Technology focuses on technological investments that lay the groundwork for successful future 

Mars missions, such as sample handling and processing technologies; entry, descent, and landing 

capabilities; and surface-to-orbit communications improvements (e.g. Electra).

PS-44
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements 

Mars Technology completed three industry studies in FY 2012. These defined options for acquiring core 

samples and transferring them to a cache. The studies focused on their adaptability to various sizes and 

configurations of potential future missions. 

MARS MISSION OPERATIONS

Mars Mission Operations provides management and leadership for the development and operation of 

Mars multi-mission systems for operations. Mars Mission Operations supports and provides common 

operational systems and capabilities at a lower cost and risk than having each Mars project produce 

systems individually. 

MARS EXTENDED OPERATIONS

Mars Extended Operations provides funding to Mars Exploration program missions that have concluded 

their primary mission phase, thereby allowing for continued science operations and discoveries as long as 

the spacecraft and its instruments are healthy. Funding for mission extensions is allocated based on the 

findings of an annual, competitive Senior Review Board process. The review of each mission enables the 

Board to make recommendations for the allocation of the extended operations budget based on scientific 

merit and communications relay infrastructure needs. 

MARS FUTURE MISSIONS

Mars Future Missions provides funds for the planning of future missions to Mars that build on scientific 

discoveries from past missions and incorporate the lessons learned from previous missions. The Mars 

Exploration program is working with the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate 

(HEOMD) to define future robotic missions that support science and exploration requirements in an 

integrated strategy. 

MARS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

Mars Program Management provides for the broad-based implementation and programmatic management 

of the Mars Exploration program. Mars Program Management also supports independent panel reviews, 

studies regarding planetary protection, advanced mission studies and program architecture, program 

science, and telecommunications coordination and integration. 

PS-45
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations 

PS-46

Operating Missions 

2001 MARS ODYSSEY

2001 Mars Odyssey, currently in its fifth extended mission 

operations phase, is still in orbit around Mars. It continues to 

send information to Earth about Martian geology, climate, and 

mineralogy. Measurements by Odyssey have enabled 

scientists to create maps of minerals and chemical elements 

and identify regions with buried water ice. Images that 

measure the surface temperature have provided spectacular 

views of Martian topography. Mars Odyssey will continue 

critical long-term longitudinal studies of the Martian climate. 

Odyssey has served as the primary means of communications 

for NASA Mars surface explorers over the past decade and 

will continue that role for the Curiosity rover. The Odyssey orbiter continues to provide a 

communications relay for the Mars Exploration Rover “Opportunity.” Transmitting over 95 percent of the 

data from the rover to Earth, Odyssey will support the rover throughout its extended mission. Just as they 

did for the 2003 rovers, scientists and engineers used the Mars Odyssey Spacecraft, as shown in the above 

image, to identify potential landing sites for the Curiosity rover. 

Recent Achievements 

2001 Mars Odyssey has become the longest lived Martian spacecraft in history (more than 11 years). 

Odyssey’s longevity enables continued science, including the monitoring of seasonal changes on Mars 

from year to year and the most detailed global maps ever made of the planet. Odyssey served as the 

primary communication relay for the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and continues to be a key 

communications link for Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity. 

2003 MARS EXPLORATION ROVER

2003 Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, which is 

currently on its eighth extended operations phase, 

continues to explore geological settings on the surface of 

Mars. It continues to expand understanding of the history 

and the geological processes that shaped Mars, particularly 

those involving water. Opportunity has trekked for 35 

kilometers, or 21 miles, across the Martian surface, 

conducting field geology, making atmospheric 

observations, finding evidence of ancient Martian 

environments where intermittently wet and habitable 

conditions existed, and sending back to Earth nearly 

175,000 spectacular, high-resolution images. 
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements

Study of sulfate-rich sands at Eagle and Endurance Craters revealed evidence of playa lakes that 

repeatedly formed and evaporated. The sands within the lakes were subsequently reworked by water and 

wind, solidified into rock, and soaked by groundwater. 

In August 2012, Opportunity achieved a significant milestone by arriving at Endeavour Crater, where the 

compositions of rocks vary in age from recent to ancient. 

MARS EXPRESS

In the depiction to the left, the Mars Express mission is 

shown exploring the atmosphere and surface of Mars from 

polar orbit. Mars Express, currently in its third extended 

mission operations phase, is a European Space Agency 

mission that provides an understanding of Mars as a 

“coupled” system—from the ionosphere and atmosphere 

down to the surface and sub-surface. This mission addresses 

the climatic and geological evolution of Mars as well as the 

potential for life on the planet. NASA contributed 

components for the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface 

and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) and ASPERA 

instruments aboard Mars Express and participates in the scientific analysis of mission data. Mars Express 

provides valuable context for the MAVEN mission by providing measurements of the upper Martian 

atmosphere and ionosphere during the solar maximum that occurs in FY 2013 to FY 2014. 

Recent Achievements 

This past year, the MARSIS instrument successfully observed the Northern Polar cap. These observations 

provided improved water estimates of water and enhanced understanding of the Martian ionosphere. This 

will provide valuable context for NASA’s MAVEN mission, which will be launched in a year and arrive 

at Mars in September 2014. These 

measurements provide more insights into how 

the Martian atmosphere and ionosphere 

interact with the solar wind and how Mars may 

have lost its atmosphere. 

2005 MARS RECONNAISSANCE 

ORBITER

2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), 

currently in its second extended operations 

phase, carries the most powerful camera ever 

PS-47
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

flown on a planetary exploration mission. While previous cameras on other Mars orbiters were able to 

identify objects no smaller than a table, this camera is able to spot something as small as a chair. This 

capability provides not only a more detailed view of the geology and structure of Mars, but helps identify 

obstacles that could jeopardize the safety of future landers and rovers. MRO also carries a sounder to find 

subsurface water, an important consideration in selecting scientifically worthy landing sites for future 

exploration. Other science instruments on this spacecraft identify surface minerals and study how dust 

and water are transported in the Martian atmosphere. A second camera acquires medium-resolution 

images that provide a broader geological and meteorological context for more detailed observations from 

higher-resolution instruments. MRO will follow up on recent discoveries to determine the extent of 

ancient aqueous environments, reveal the 3-D structure and content of the polar ice deposits, characterize 

the episodic nature of great dust storms, and detect seasonal flows of liquid (probably briny) water on 

Mars today. As depicted in the image on the previous page, MRO is capturing unique views of Mars with 

the most powerful telescopic camera ever to orbit another planet. MRO also serves as a major installment 

of an “interplanetary Internet,” a crucial service for future spacecraft to communicate back to Earth. 

Recent Achievements 

2005 MRO data reveals a growing collection of evidence indicating that the present surface of Mars is 

still geologically active. One of the most exciting discoveries is dark markings or streaks, 0.5 to 5 meters 

in width on steep slopes (greater than 25 degrees) that form and incrementally grow in late spring to 

summer, then fade or disappear in fall. They reform at nearly the same locations in multiple Mars years, 

extending down-slope from bedrock outcrops or rocky areas, and are often associated with small channels 

on equator-facing slopes in the southern hemisphere. The streaks grow in temperatures at which brines 

(waters that have high concentrations of dissolved minerals, largely salts) would be liquid. 

MARS SCIENCE LABORATORY/CURIOSITY (MSL) 

Mars Science Laboratory and its Curiosity rover, which 

successfully landed in August 2012, take a major step forward in 

Mars exploration, using a new entry, descent, and landing system; 

a long-duration rover; and ten payload instruments for definitive 

mineralogical and organics measurements. MSL is exploring and 

quantitatively assessing a local region on Mars as a potential 

habitat for life. MSL is twice as long and three times as heavy as 

the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. The Curiosity rover is 

collecting Martian soil and rock samples and analyzing them for 

organic compounds and environmental conditions that could have 

supported microbial life in the past or even now. MSL is the first 

planetary mission to use precision landing techniques, steering 

itself toward the Martian surface. This landing method enabled the 

rover to land in an area less than 20 kilometers in diameter, about 

one-sixth the size of previous landing zones on Mars. This 

international partnership mission uses components provided by the 

space agencies of Russia, Spain, and Canada. 

PS-48
Science: Planetary Science: Mars Exploration 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements 

Upon landing, Curiosity completed a series of automated sequences to validate that all systems are 

operating as expected. The rover made its first drive into the scientifically rich landing zone prior to 

heading off towards the base of Mount Sharp in the middle of Gale Crater. It has already made incredible 

discoveries that have changed our understanding of Mars, such as evidence of vigorous, flowing 

streambed deposits on Mars and evidence of atmospheric loss. 

PS-49
Science: Planetary Science 

OUTER PLANETS

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 122.1 -- 79.0 45.6 24.4 26.4 26.4

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -43.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -35.3 %

While the Cassini spacecraft was in Saturn's shadow, the 

cameras were turned toward Saturn and the sun so that 

the planet and rings are backlit. In addition to the visual 

splendor, this special, very-high-phase viewing geometry 

lets scientists study ring and atmosphere phenomena not 

easily seen at a lower phase. Taken when Cassini was 

closer to Saturn than a similar image in 2006, it shows 

more detail in the rings. 

The Outer Planets program enables science 

investigations spanning the diverse geography 

and disciplines of the outer solar system. The 

strategic missions in this portfolio investigate a 

broad array of science disciplines with more 

depth than is possible for smaller, tightly 

focused missions in the Discovery and New 

Frontiers programs. The science discoveries 

made by these strategic missions provide 

answers to long-held questions and theories 

about the origin and evolution of outer planets. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA added Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 

(JUICE; an ESA-led mission to Ganymede and 

the Jupiter system) as a program element, as 

identified in the FY 2012 Operating Plan. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The Europa Study Team submitted its final 

report in response to the recommendation by the 

decadal survey to immediately examine ways to reduce the cost of the mission. The report outlined three 

mission concepts covering the diversity of possible mission types, including a lander, an orbiter, and a 

fly-by mission. The budget, however, does not, and cannot, accommodate any of these mission concepts 

at this time. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, NASA and ESA are collaborating on JUICE payload recommendations. On February 21, 

2013, following consultation with ESA, NASA announced the selection of one U.S.-led science 

instrument, plus hardware contributions for two European instruments. The selected teams are already 

beginning to work with ESA. 

PS-50
Science: Planetary Science 

OUTER PLANETS

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

JUICE instruments development will continue based on the approved schedule. 

Cassini will observe seasonal and temporal change in the Saturn system to understand: (1) 

hemispherically asymmetric behavior on Titan, (2) the role of sunlight in Enceladus plume activity, and 

(3) the origin of surprising asymmetry in Saturnian polar circulation. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

JUPITER ICY MOONS EXPLORER (JUICE) 

NASA has committed to supporting US investigators and instruments on an ESA-led mission to 

Ganymede and the Jupiter system. Planned for launch in 2022, the mission has a tentative model payload 

of 11 scientific instruments, and will arrive at Jupiter in 2030. 

OUTER PLANETS FLAGSHIP

The Outer Planets Flagship project is not funded in FY 2014. NASA is not able to support development 

of an Outer Planets Flagship mission in the foreseeable future. Instead, as described in the Mars 

Exploration Program section, available funding supports a future Mars program that is consistent with the 

first priority of the National Academies' decadal survey for planetary research. 

OUTER PLANETS RESEARCH

Outer Planets Research increases the scientific return of current and past NASA outer planets missions, 

guides current mission operations (e.g., selecting Cassini imaging targets), and paves the way for future 

missions (e.g., refining landing sites on Titan, reconsidering the ice shell thickness on Europa). The 

competitive programs within the Outer Planets Research effort increase understanding of the origin and 

evolution of the outer solar system and broaden the science community’s participation in the analysis of 

data returned by Cassini, Galileo, New Horizons, and other missions. 

Operating Missions 

CASSINI

Cassini, in its extended operations phase, is a flagship mission in orbit around Saturn that has altered our 

understanding of the planet, its famous rings, magnetosphere, icy satellites, and particularly the moons 

Titan and Enceladus. It is exploring the Saturn system in detail, including its rings and moons. A major 

focus is Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, with its dense atmosphere, methane-based meteorology, and 

geologically active surface. The Solstice mission will observe seasonal and temporal change in the Saturn 

system, especially at Titan, to understand underlying processes and prepare for future missions. The 

PS-51
Science: Planetary Science 

OUTER PLANETS

Solstice mission will continue to operate and conduct data analysis through September 2015, at which 

time it will undergo competitive Senior Review with all other PSD operating missions. Pending 

successful Senior Review in 2015, the mission will conclude in 2018, after another 155 revolutions 

around the planet, 54 flybys of Titan, and 11 flybys of Enceladus. In 2017, an encounter with Titan will 

change its orbit in such a way that, at closest approach to Saturn, it will be only 3,000 kilometers above 

the planet’s cloud tops, and below the inner edge of the D ring. This sequence of approximately 15 

“proximal orbits” will provide an opportunity for an entirely different mission for the Cassini spacecraft, 

investigating science questions never anticipated at the time Cassini was launched. Cassini completed its 

prime mission in July 2008, completed its Equinox extended mission in July 2010, and began the Solstice 

extended mission in October 2010. The Cassini mission will end when another encounter with Titan will 

send the Cassini probe into Saturn’s atmosphere. 

Program Schedule 

PS-52
Science: Planetary Science 

OUTER PLANETS

Program Management & Commitments 

Management responsibility for Cassini resides at JPL. Scientific mission priorities for the program and 

the research efforts reside within the Science Mission Directorate’s Planetary Science Division. 

The Cassini mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the ESA, and the Italian Space Agency. 

Cassini is committed to continue delivery of science data until 2018, contingent upon health and status of 

the spacecraft. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: HQ

Lead Center: 

Performing Centers: Multiple 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Outer Planets Research

Provider: JPL 

Lead Center: JPL 

Performing Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: The Italian Space Agency provided Cassini’s high-gain 

communication antenna and the Huygens probe was built by ESA. 

Cassini

Acquisition Strategy 

Outer Planets Research is included in the annual Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences 

(ROSES) NASA Research Announcement (NRA). All major acquisitions and contracts for Cassini are in 

place. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review 

Feb 2013 

Review of the three 

Outer Planet (Europa) 

Flagship Mission 

concepts were found to 

have valuable science, 

acceptable 

implementation risks, 

and the costs were 

reduced in accordance 

with the Decadal 

survey 

recommendation. 

Quality Independent 

Review Board Mar 2012 

The Europa 

Lander was 

found to have 

excessive cost 

and technical 

risks and not 

recommended 

for 

development. 

PS-53
Science: Planetary Science 

TECHNOLOGY

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 161.9 -- 150.9 142.8 144.7 154.4 140.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -11.0

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -6.8 %

Curiosity took this self-portrait which shows its MultiMission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator or 

MMRTG, essentially a nuclear battery that reliably 

converts heat from the natural decay of the radioisotope into 

electricity. Instead of the solar panels used on Spirit and 

Opportunity, this power source was selected to provide 

greater mission flexibility in accessing difficult or remote 

terrain and enable continuous operation in the dusty 

Martian environment and throughout its winter season. The 

heat is also distributed internally to maintain effective 

operating temperatures for its instruments and systems. 

Planetary Science missions demand advances 

in both power and propulsion systems to 

enable successful trips to harsh environments, 

far distances from the Sun that cannot be 

easily solar powered, and missions with highly 

challenging trajectories and operations. To 

meet these needs, Planetary Science supports 

multi-mission capabilities and technology 

developments in key spacecraft systems, such 

as propulsion and power, and mission 

operations. The Planetary Science Technology 

program includes the In-Space Propulsion 

(ISP), Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS), 

Advanced Multi-Mission Operations System 

(AMMOS), and Plutonium projects. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

To sustain the necessary capacity to meet 

future missions’ power needs, the FY 2014 

NASA budget request includes an additional 

$50 million to support radioisotope power 

system production infrastructure at the 

Department of Energy (DOE). 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) program continued to advance the development of the Advanced 

Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG), completing the Delta Final Design Review process late in 2012. 

RPS made significant advances in alternate power sources for future missions. For example, the RPS 

program funded significant technology advances in advanced Stirling control systems and thermoelectric 

power conversion. The program also supported the first test of a heat-pipe cooled reactor for potential 

space applications, performed by Los Alamos National Lab with Stirling power converters supplied by 

NASA Glenn Research Center. 

PS-54
Science: Planetary Science 

TECHNOLOGY

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The ASRG project team continues to solve design challenges and will complete two flight units for a 

mission to be launched in 2016 or later. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, RPS will complete an extended performance testing of the ASRG engineering unit and 

complete the development of a flight qualification unit to enable delivery of two ASRG flight units for a 

future flight opportunity. RPS will continue the development of advanced radioisotope thermoelectric 

generator couples by validating lifetime and four-couple module power. RPS will also fund DOE safety 

testing to verify safety models for solid upper stages. 

The Technology program will assume responsibility for the funding of DOE’s program, including its base 

infrastructure (see Program Elements below). 

Program Elements 

IN-SPACE PROPULSION (ISP) 

ISP invests in high-priority technology areas such as the electric propulsion and aerocapture/Earth entry, 

descent, and landing technologies identified in the Planetary Science secadal survey. Main areas of 

emphasis include completing Earth Entry Vehicle heat shield micrometeoroid/orbital debris 

characteristics studies, preliminary design of a Multi-Mission Earth Entry Vehicle concept, and related 

technology developments; initiating thruster short-duration wear testing; and continuing other subsystem 

technology developments for the High Voltage Hall Accelerator thruster technology applicable to Earth 

Return Vehicles, transfer stages, and low-cost electric propulsion systems for Discovery-class missions. 

RADIOISOTOPE POWER SYSTEMS (RPS) 

The RPS program was chartered for implementation on March 24, 2011. The RPS program also funds 

crosscutting multi-mission activities to ensure that development, implementation, and approval of 

radioisotope power systems are ready when needed by the missions. This work includes the National 

Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) process development, multi-mission launch vehicle data book 

development, safety analysis, and testing. The program also assumes responsibility for performing RPS 

mission studies, sustaining needed RPS capabilities, and providing crosscutting launch approval 

activities. However, funds are not included within the RPS budget for the procurement of nuclear material 

required to support missions in formulation. RPS is structured to manage both the technology investments 

and systems development, such as the development and testing of the ASRG. The program transitions 

acquisition of flight units to a mission-specific user. 

PS-55
Science: Planetary Science 

TECHNOLOGY

DOE RADIOISOTOPE POWER SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE

A new project has been established to ensure that NASA supports the DOE radioisotope power system 

production infrastructure. Beginning in FY 2014, the DOE Space and Defense Infrastructure subprogram 

is transitioning to a full cost recovery funding model. Funding to support this infrastructure is now 

included in NASA’s budget request. NASA is currently the only user of radioisotope power systems. If 

additional users for radioisotope power systems emerge in future years, NASA will work with DOE to 

determine an equitable funding arrangement. NASA will review the currently available infrastructure at 

DOE, identify the capabilities needed, and provide those requirements to DOE. 

ADVANCED MULTI-MISSION OPERATION SYSTEM (AMMOS) 

AMMOS provides multi-mission operations, navigation, design, and training tools for Planetary Science 

flight missions and invests in improved communications and navigation technologies. The AMMOS 

project will continue to provide and develop multi-mission software tools for spacecraft navigation and 

mission planning throughout FY 2014. In addition, AMMOS will pursue complementary collaborations 

with the Agency’s crosscutting Space Technology program. 

PLUTONIUM

NASA and DOE have begun implementing a Plutonium (Pu-238) Supply Project to restart domestic 

production under a DOE Pu-238 production program. NASA continues to work with DOE to assess the 

need and schedule for plutonium supplies to respond to the diminishing inventory of Pu-238 available to 

NASA missions from past US production and material purchased from Russia. Based on the studies of the 

Planetary decadal survey mission set, NASA revalidated the need for Pu-238 production to support 

NASA missions, as current inventory will be exhausted by scheduled missions within the next decade. 

Program Schedule 

PS-56
Science: Planetary Science 

TECHNOLOGY

Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: GRC 

Lead Center: GRC 

Performing Centers: GRC, MSFC, JPL, LaRC, ARC, GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

ISP

Provider: GRC 

Lead Center: GRC 

Performing Center: GRC, JPL, KSC 

Cost Share Partners: Department of Energy 

RPS

Provider: JPL 

Lead Center: JPL 

Performing Center: JPL 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Provider: Department of Energy 

Lead Center: HQ 

Performing Center: GRC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

AMMOS

Plutonium

Provider: Department of Energy 

Lead Center: HQ 

Performing Center: HQ 

Cost Share Partners: None 

DOE RPS Infrastructure 

Acquisition Strategy 

Technology activities are solicited using the ROSES NASA Research Announcement, and selections are 

made using a competitive, peer-reviewed process. DOE completed an acquisition for ASRG flight system 

development: Lockheed Martin for RPS. Jet Propulsion Laboratory provides management and the 

navigation and space communication software tools. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Advanced Stirling Radioisotope 

Generator (ASRG)

Department of Energy

Lockheed Martin

Idaho National Laboratory, Los 

Alamos National Lab, Oak Ridge 

National Lab, Denver CO 

ATK 

Lockheed Martin 

Northrop Grumman 

Elkton, MD 

Denver, CO 

Los Angeles, CA 

Mars Ascent Vehicle

PS-57
Science: Planetary Science 

TECHNOLOGY

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Relevance National Academies Dec 2010 

Assessing the restart and 

sustainment of domestic 

production of 

radioisotope heat source 

material for deep space 

and other exploration 

missions. Assessing the 

development of and 

standards for flight 

certification of ASRG for 

flagship and other 

missions.

TBD 

Performance SRB/IPAO Sep 2010 Sep 2012 Program Implementation 

Review. 

Based on the 

program 

readiness and 

SRB 

recommendation, 

subsequent 

Agency approval 

was granted to 

the RPS program 

on Dec 9, 2010, 

by the Agency 

Program 

Management 

Council.

PS-58
Science 

ASTROPHYSICS

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 648.4 -- 642.3 670.0 686.8 692.7 727.1

Astrophysics Research 165.5 -- 147.6 170.6 192.3 207.2 218.5

Cosmic Origins 239.9 -- 228.0 216.5 193.1 196.7 194.1

Physics of the Cosmos 108.3 -- 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4

Exoplanet Exploration 50.8 -- 55.4 59.4 57.7 60.7 90.7

Astrophysics Explorer 83.9 -- 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4

Astrophysics 

ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH ................................................. ....... . ASTRO-2 

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................ ASTRO-7 

COSMIC ORIGINS .............................................................. ....... ASTRO-10

Hubble Space Telescope ........................................................................... ASTRO-13

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) 

[Development] ...................................................................................... ASTRO-16

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-24

PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS ................................................... ......... ASTRO-27

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-29

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION ................................................... ........ ASTRO-32

ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER ................................................... ......... ASTRO-37

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. ASTRO-38

ASTRO-1
Science: Astrophysics 

ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 165.5 -- 147.6 170.6 192.3 207.2 218.5

Astrophysics Research and Analysis 68.6 -- 65.7 68.3 70.2 71.5 71.5

Balloon Project 31.6 -- 32.9 32.8 34.2 34.3 34.3

Other Missions and Data Analysis 65.3 -- 49.1 69.4 87.9 101.3 112.7

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -17.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -10.8 %

A research balloon is inflated for launching a science 

payload in Antarctica. Large unpiloted helium balloons 

provide NASA with an inexpensive means to place 

payloads into a space environment. Scientific ballooning 

has contributed significantly to NASA’s science program, 

both directly with science coming from measurements 

made by balloon-borne instruments, and indirectly by 

serving as a test platform on which instruments have been 

developed that were subsequently flown on NASA space 

missions. 

The Astrophysics Research program analyzes 

the data from NASA missions to understand 

astronomical events such as the explosion of a 

star, the birth of a distant galaxy, or the nature 

of planets circling other stars. The program also 

enables the early development of new 

technologies for future missions, and suborbital 

flights of experimental payloads on balloons and 

sounding rockets. 

The program facilitates basic research for 

scientists to test their theories, and to understand 

how they can best use data from NASA 

missions to develop new knowledge about the 

cosmos. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The reduction from the FY 2013 request reflects 

the consolidation of STEM education funds 

within the Department of Education, the 

National Science Foundation, and the 

Smithsonian Institution as part of an 

Administration initiative. It also reflects the 

transfer of funding for Keck Single Aperture 

observations to the Keck Operations project in the Exoplanet Exploration program, to consolidate funding 

for Keck, without any reduction in content. Funding has also been allocated to other programs for the 

extension of nine selected operating missions, consistent with the 2012 Senior Review. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA chose a first cohort of fellows of the Nancy Grace Roman Technology Fellowship in FY 2012; 

proposals for a second cohort are now pending. This fellowship was created in 2011 in Astrophysics to 

ASTRO-2
Science: Astrophysics 

ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH

develop early career researchers, who could lead future astrophysics flight instruments, projects, and 

missions. 

Consistent with Decadal Survey recommendations, total funding for the competed research programs was 

increased roughly nine percent from the level in FY 2011. The program maintained its emphasis on 

suborbital payloads and on enhancing development of key technologies for use in future missions. 

The Balloon project offers inexpensive, high-altitude flight opportunities for scientists to conduct research 

and test new technologies prior to space flight application. NASA conducted nine scientific balloon 

launches during four campaigns from the United States, Sweden, and Antarctica. A successful test of an 

18.8 million cubic foot super-pressure balloon was carried out in Sweden; when fully developed this 

capability will allow months-long flights. Tests of an advanced pointing system and a high altitude 

student mission flew successfully. The student mission carried 11 payloads while involving 62 students 

from 11 institutions in 10 States and Puerto Rico. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

A robust competed research program is ongoing. NASA is introducing a new competed research program, 

the Theory and Computational Astrophysics Networks, as a joint program with the Astronomical 

Sciences Division of the National Science Foundation. The joint program will offer three-year awards for 

networked teams distributed across multiple distinct institutions, which address key challenges in 

theoretical astrophysics that are of a scale and complexity that require sustained, multi-institutional 

collaborations. This new program is in response to a recommendation in the 2010 Astrophysics Decadal 

Survey, which identified these key challenges: Why is the cosmic expansion accelerating? What were the 

first objects to light up the cosmos, and when did they do it? How do black holes grow? How do planets 

form? How does a star explode as a supernova? 

NASA launched three long-duration balloons from Antarctica in December 2012. The goal was to 

measure the cosmic rays that fill the Milky Way, to understand the origin of these, the most energetic 

particles in the universe, and to map the tiny fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background that give 

clues to how matter and energy were distributed at the earliest times, forming the seeds of the largest 

cosmic structures that we observe today. Data analysis from these missions is ongoing. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA will continue a robust competed astrophysics research program, with emphasis on suborbital 

payloads and on development of key technologies for use in future missions. NASA will also pursue new 

work to confirm the nature of Kepler exoplanet candidates and explore the nature of planets circling other 

stars. 

The Balloon project plans to support one domestic and two foreign campaigns, including the Long 

Duration Balloon Antarctic Campaign and many conventional flights from Fort Sumner, New Mexico. 

ASTRO-3
Science: Astrophysics 

ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH

Program Elements 

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

This project supports basic research, solicited through NASA’s annual Research Opportunities in Space 

and Earth Sciences (ROSES) announcements. NASA solicits investigations relevant to Astrophysics over 

the entire range of photon energies, gravitational waves, and particles of cosmic origin. Scientists and 

technologists from a mix of disciplines review proposals and provide findings that underlie NASA’s 

merit-based selections. 

Astrophysics Research and Analysis solicits detector and technology development for instruments that 

may be candidates for future space flight opportunities and science and technology investigations using 

sounding rockets, high-altitude balloons, and similar platforms. The first step in developing a novel 

technology for future NASA missions is to show that it can work in the laboratory. A new type of 

scientific instrument is often flown first on a stratospheric balloon mission or on a sounding rocket flight 

that takes it briefly outside Earth’s atmosphere. Instruments for balloons and sounding rockets are not as 

costly as those for an orbital mission, and experimenters can build them quickly to respond to unexpected 

opportunities. The experimenter usually retrieves the equipment after the flight, so that novel instruments 

can be tested, improved, and flown again. These suborbital flights are important for training the next 

generation of scientists and engineers to better compete and to maintain US leadership in science, 

engineering, and technology. The project also supports small experiments to be flown on the International 

Space Station, laboratory astrophysics, and limited ground-based observations. 

The Astrophysics Theory Program solicits basic theory investigations needed to interpret data from 

NASA’s space astrophysics missions and to develop the scientific basis for future missions. Astrophysics 

Theory topics include formation of stars and planets; supernova explosions and gamma-ray bursts; the 

birth of galaxies; dark matter, dark energy and the cosmic microwave background. 

BALLOON PROJECT

The Balloon project offers inexpensive, high-altitude flight opportunities for scientists to conduct research 

and test new technologies prior to space flight application. Balloon experiments cover a wide range of 

disciplines in astrophysics, solar, and heliospheric physics, as well as Earth upper-atmosphere chemistry. 

Observations from balloons have even detected echoes of the Big Bang and probed the earliest galaxies. 

The Balloon project continues to work to increase balloon size and enhance capabilities, including an 

accurate pointing system to allow high quality astronomical imaging and a super-pressure balloon that 

maintains the balloon’s integrity at a high altitude to allow much longer flights. 

ASTRO-4
Science: Astrophysics 

ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH

Program Schedule 

ASTRO-5

Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: All NASA Centers 

Lead Center: HQ (SMD) 

Performing Centers: All 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Research and Analysis Project 

Provider: WFF 

Lead Center: GSFC and WFF 

Performing Center: WFF, HQ, MSFC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Balloon Project 

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA issues solicitations for competed research awards each February through ROSES. Panels of 

scientists conduct peer reviews on all proposals. A Senior Review process reviews all missions in 

extended operations phase every two years, and all data archives every three years. 
Science: Astrophysics 

ASTROPHYSICS RESEARCH

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Palestine, TX and other balloon 

launch sites 

Physical Science Laboratory, New 

Mexico State University 

(managing Columbia Scientific 

Balloon Facility, which is a 

government owned, contractor 

operated facility) 

Balloon Management 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Quality Archives Senior 

Review Panel 2011

A comparative evaluation 

of Astrophysics data 

archives.

Recommended 

improvements in 

archives

2014

Quality

Astrophysics 

Research Program 

Review Panel

2011 Review of competed 

research projects.

panel praised 

scope and impact 

of programs

TBD 

2014, 2016, 

2018 Quality Mission Senior 

Review Panel 2012

A comparative evaluation 

of Astrophysics operating 

missions. 

ranking of 

missions, citing 

strengths and 

weaknesses

ASTRO-6
Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Research 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 65.3 -- 49.1 69.4 87.9 101.3 112.7

Astrophysics Directed Research & 0.0 -- 0.0 5.4 12.3 14.3 20.5

Technology

Keck Single Aperture 2.3 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Contract Administration, Audit, and 13.7 -- 13.9 14.0 14.5 14.5 14.5

Quality Assurance Services

Education and Public Outreach 12.9 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Astrophysics Senior Review 0.0 -- 0.0 13.9 24.5 35.8 41.0

Astrophysics Data Program 16.4 -- 17.0 17.0 17.6 17.6 17.6

Astrophysics Data Curation and Archival 20.0 -- 18.2 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1

Research

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -16.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -24.8 %

The Astrophysics Research program prepares for the next generation of missions through both theoretical 

research and applied technology investigations. This program uses data from current missions and 

suborbital science investigations to advance NASA’s science goals. One of these is to create new 

knowledge as explorers of the universe, and to use that knowledge for the benefit of all humankind. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

DIRECTED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

This project funds the civil service staff that will work on emerging Astrophysics projects, instruments 

and research. 

CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION, AUDIT AND QUALITY ASSURANCE SERVICES

This project provides critical safety and mission product inspections and contract audit services from the 

Defense Contract Management Agency and Defense Contract Audit Agency, respectively. It also 

provides for supplier contract assurance audits, assessments, and surveillance by the NASA Contract 

Assurance Services Program. 

ASTRO-7
Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Research 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

ASTROPHYSICS SENIOR REVIEW

The Astrophysics Senior Review project enables extension of the life of current operating missions. Every 

other year, the Astrophysics division conducts a senior review to do comparative evaluations of all 

operating missions that have successfully completed or are about to complete their prime mission 

operation phase. The senior review ratings help NASA determine which missions will receive funding for 

extended operations. Consistent with the 2012 Senior Review, NASA transferred funds previously held in 

this project to Spitzer, Planck, Chandra, Fermi, XMM, Kepler, Hubble Space Telescope, Swift, and 

Suzaku. The next senior review will take place in the spring of 2014. 

ASTROPHYSICS DATA ANALYSIS PROGRAM

The Astrophysics Data Analysis Program (ADAP) solicits research that emphasizes the analysis of NASA 

space astrophysics data archived in the public domain at one of NASA’s Astrophysics Data Centers. The 

size and scope of the archival astronomical data available to ADAP researchers grew dramatically, 

including data from such major strategic missions as Spitzer and Kepler. As these data are already bought 

and paid for, every dollar invested in archival research using this data brings additional value to the 

Nation’s investment in the NASA Mission. The steady increase in the program budget in coming years is 

designed to ensure continued, effective use of this scientific resource as data holdings continue to grow 

from current operating missions such as Kepler, Fermi, Hubble Space Telescope, and Chandra. 

Recent Achievements 

The number of proposals submitted to ADAP has tripled over the last several years, reflecting a dramatic 

increase in demand for the data from NASA’s space astrophysics missions. The increased utilization of 

these data supported by ADAP plays a crucial role in realizing the full scientific potential of NASA's 

missions. In 2012, the program received nearly 300 proposals in response to its annual solicitation. Of 

those, 90 proposals spanning the field of Astrophysics and exploiting the full range of NASA’s archival 

data holdings were ultimately selected for funding. Topics include: 











Continued analysis of the data from Kepler and Spitzer to study planets around other stars and 

around pairs of stars; 

Mining the data from the WISE infrared survey to search for variable stars and to explore the 

structure of our own Milky Way and of other galaxies; 

Combining Hubble Space Telescope images and X-ray observations to measure the dark matter 

content in massive clusters of galaxies; 

Using X-ray observations to study how one star in a close binary can pour gas onto another; and 

How material is "swallowed" by massive black holes at the centers of galaxies. 

ASTROPHYSICS DATA CURATION AND ARCHIVAL RESEARCH (ADCAR) 

The Astrophysics Data Centers constitute an ensemble of archives that receives processed data from 

individual missions and makes them accessible to the scientific community. After the completion of a 

ASTRO-8
Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Research 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

mission, the relevant, active, multi-mission archive takes over all data archiving activities. ADCAR 

covers the activities of the Astrophysics Data Centers and NASA’s participation in the Virtual 

Astronomical Observatory. Priorities from the FY 2011 Archival Senior Review have been implemented 

in FY 2012 and beyond. For example, the NASA Exoplanet Archive will provide value-added science to 

the Kepler mission by disseminating the Kepler data and serve as a clearinghouse for the follow-up 

ground-based observations required to confirm the nature of the Kepler exoplanet candidates. 

Recent Achievements 

The Astrophysics Data Centers are tackling challenges and opportunities presented by a tremendous 

growth of content. New analysis tools have been developed to support NASA's participation in Planck, 

the European Space Agency (ESA) mission that will make the most sensitive measurements yet of the 

cosmic microwave background. New tools for Spitzer have allowed observers to measure the light from 

planets around other stars and to infer their atmospheric composition and thermal profiles. Queries and 

data retrieval from the NASA Extragalactic Database (NED) grew by 10 to 25 percent over FY 2012, 

with server hits exceeding 6 million per month. The Astrophysics Data System project doubled its fulltext coverage of both the current and historical astronomy literature (now over 2.5 million papers). In 

summary, over one thousand refereed publications used data from all the Astrophysics archives in 2012. 

ASTRO-9
Science: Astrophysics 

COSMIC ORIGINS 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 239.9 -- 228.0 216.5 193.1 196.7 194.1

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) 98.3 -- 96.3 92.3 88.2 88.2 83.9

Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared 84.2 -- 87.4 87.3 85.2 85.1 86.2

Astronomy (SOFIA)

Other Missions And Data Analysis 57.4 -- 44.3 36.9 19.7 23.4 24.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -11.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -5.0 %

This Spitzer image of Messier 78 shows two nebulae 

carved out of dark dust clouds in Orion. Spitzer's infrared 

eyes penetrate the dust, revealing the glowing interiors of 

the two nebulae. A string of baby stars that have yet to 

burn their way through their natal shells can be seen as 

pinpoints on the outside of the nebula. 

Other Missions and Data Analysis supports the 

Spitzer Space Telescope, the scientific 

applications of which continue to expand, as 

well as NASA’s partnership with ESA on the 

groundbreaking Herschel mission. Spitzer was 

used to confirm the Hubble Constant, which 

relates a distant galaxy’s apparent velocity to its 

distance from Earth to within four percent. 

Herschel revealed the presence of large 

quantities of water in the proto-stellar disks from 

which new stars and planetary systems form. 

Many more discoveries are expected over the 

next several years as data from both 

observatories are analyzed. 

Mission Planning and Other 

Projects 

COSMIC ORIGINS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

Cosmic Origins program management provides programmatic, technical, and business management, as 

well as program science leadership and coordination for education and public outreach products and 

services. 

COSMIC ORIGINS STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY (SR&T) 

Cosmic Origins SR&T supports Hubble fellowships, program-specific research and advanced technology 

development efforts such as the Strategic Astrophysics Technology solicitation issued in FY 2012. In 

addition, funding supports the study of a future ultraviolet/optical space capability, and Hubble disposal 

mission planning. 

ASTRO-10
Science: Astrophysics 

COSMIC ORIGINS 

COSMIC ORIGINS FUTURE MISSIONS

This funds early concept studies (pre-Phase A) for future Cosmic Origins missions, in accordance with 

the NASA strategic plan. 

Operating Missions 

SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE

The Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003 as the final element of NASA’s series of Great 

Observatories, is now in extended operations. Spitzer is an infrared telescope using two channels of the 

Infrared Array Camera instrument to study exoplanet atmospheres, early clusters of galaxies, near-Earth 

asteroids, and a broad range of other phenomena. Spitzer completed its cryogenic mission in FY 2009, 

and warm operations have been extended through FY 2014. The 2014 Senior Review may recommend 

extending the mission beyond 2014. 

Recent Achievements 

During FY 2012, a team led by an astronomer from the Carnegie Observatories used Spitzer to confirm 

the expansion rate of the universe to within four percent. A team led by a Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology scientist reported the first measurement of the temperature of a rocky, Earth-like planet 

orbiting another star. Another team, led by an astronomer from Johns Hopkins University, used data from 

both Spitzer and Hubble to discover the most distant known galaxy, observed as it existed when the 

universe was only four percent of its current age. 

HERSCHEL SPACE OBSERVATORY

The Herschel Space Observatory is a collaborative mission with ESA that launched on May 14, 2009. 

Herschel can detect the coldest and dustiest objects in space, such as cool cocoons where stars form and 

dusty galaxies bulking up with new stars. It has the largest single mirror ever built for a space telescope 

and it collects long wavelength radiation from some of the coldest and most distant objects in the 

universe. NASA has contributed key technologies to two instruments onboard Herschel, and also hosts 

US astronomer access to data through the NASA Herschel Science Center. Herschel’s on-board supply of 

helium will expire in the middle of FY 2013, after which the focus of the mission will turn to analysis of 

the vast stores of data already obtained. 

Recent Achievements 

During FY 2012, the Herschel Space Observatory continued to have a major impact on a wide range of 

critical astronomical questions. Herschel provided data on filament-like structures in the interstellar 

medium, highlighting the role that these structures play in the formation of new stars and the evolution of 

galaxies. Spectroscopic data revealed the presence of large quantities of water in proto-stellar disks from 

which new stars and planetary systems form. Herschel data also supported the theory that the Earth's 

oceans may have originated from comets impacting Earth, early in the history of the solar system. 

ASTRO-11
Science: Astrophysics 

COSMIC ORIGINS 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

The FY 2014 budget request includes a $5.4 million increase from the FY 2013 estimate to extend Spitzer 

operations through 2015. 

ASTRO-12
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OPERATIONS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 98.3 -- 96.3 92.3 88.2 88.2 83.9

Change from FY 2012 

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

-2.0

-2.0%

Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3 recently captured 

this image of the interacting pair of galaxies Arp 

273 in the constellation Andromeda, roughly 300 

million light-years away from Earth. The shapes 

suggest that the smaller galaxy actually dived 

deep, but off-center, through the larger galaxy 

whose mass is about five times greater. Hubble 

discoveries have revolutionized nearly all areas of 

current astronomical research from planetary 

science to the origins of the universe. 

One of NASA's most successful and long-lasting 

science missions, the Hubble Space Telescope, has 

beamed hundreds of thousands of images back to 

Earth, shedding light on many of the great mysteries 

of astronomy. It has helped scientists determine the 

age of the universe, the identity of quasars, and the 

existence of dark energy. Hubble launched in 1990 

and is currently in an extended operations phase. The 

fourth servicing mission, completed in 2009, added 

new batteries, gyros, and instruments to extend its life 

even further into the future. 

The Cosmic Origins program is studying concepts to 

dispose of Hubble safely after its mission has 

concluded. The timing for the disposal mission will be 

determined by the status of the observatory and the 

orbital conditions that would lead to orbital decay and 

reentry. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 observed a new class 

of extra-solar planet, dubbed a "water world,” as 

spectral analysis showed that planet GJ1214b is enshrouded by a thick, steamy atmosphere. High 

precision observations of the motion of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) revealed that our own Milky Way 

galaxy and Andromeda are destined for a head-on collision in about four billion years. Three physicists, 

including one from the Space Telescope Science Institute, were presented with the Nobel Prize in 

December 2011 for the discovery of the recent acceleration in the expansion of the universe, a discovery 

to which Hubble made a key contribution. And finally, Hubble passed an exceptional milestone in 

December 2011 with the publication of the 10,000th peer-reviewed publication based on Hubble data. 

ASTRO-13
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OPERATIONS 

Formulation Development Operations

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013 and beyond, NASA will support mission operations, systems engineering, software 

maintenance, ground systems support, and guest observer science grants. Work continues on mission life 

extension initiatives, such as optimizing the use of the gyroscopes. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Cycle 22 science observations will be selected. Similar to other recent competitions for Hubble observing 

time, NASA expects requested observational orbits to outnumber the available orbits by a factor of six to 

one, indicating that Hubble remains one of the world's preeminent astronomical observatories. 

Project Management & Commitments 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Observatory 

Operation

Provides safe and efficient 

control and utilization of 

Hubble, maintenance and 

operation of its facilities and 

equipment, as well as 

creation, maintenance, and 

utilization of Hubble 

operations processes and 

procedures

Provider: Lockheed Martin

Lead Center: GSFC

Participating Centers: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: None

Provider: STScI/AURA 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Participating Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: ESA 

Evaluates proposals for 

telescope time and manages 

the science program. 

Science management 

Acquisition Strategy 

All new grant and research selections are made competitively. 

ASTRO-14
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OPERATIONS 

Formulation Development Operations

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Observatory Operation Lockheed Martin 

Space Telescope Science 

Institute/AURA 

Littleton, CO 

Science management Baltimore, MD 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review 

2014, 2016, 

2018 Performance Senior Review 2012

Determine if mission 

operations should be 

extended, and if 

approved, extend science 

operations

Approved to 

continue 

operations 

ASTRO-15
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 892.2 84.2 85.5 87.4 87.3 85.2 85.1 86.2 1506.1 2999.3

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 892.2 84.2 85.5 87.4 87.3 85.2 85.1 86.2 1506.1 2999.3

Formulation 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

13.5

73.8

0.0

0.0

85.2

0.0

0.0

85.1

0.0

0.0

86.2

0.0

0.0

1506.1

35.0

1127.8

1836.4

Development/Implementation 857.2 84.2 85.5 87.4

Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

3.2

3.8%

NASA is developing SOFIA as a world-class 

airborne observatory that will complement the 

Hubble, Spitzer, Herschel and the James Webb 

Space Telescope. SOFIA's ability to return to 

earth after each flight also makes it an 

outstanding laboratory for developing and testing 

new astronomical instrumentation and detector 

technology throughout its lifetime. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

SOFIA is a unique airborne astronomical observatory, 

capable of observing a wide variety of astronomical 

objects and phenomena. SOFIA will investigate star 

birth and death and the formation of new planetary 

systems; it will identify complex molecules in space; 

and it will observe planets, comets, and asteroids in our 

solar system, as well as nebulae and dust in galaxies. 

The infrared light of these objects is only partially 

visible from the ground due to water vapor in the 

Earth’s atmosphere. However, at high altitudes, the 

telescope is above most of the water vapor allowing 

better observation of these astronomical objects. 

During its 20-year expected lifetime, SOFIA will be 

capable of enabling "Great Observatory" class 

astronomical science. SOFIA’s reconfigurability and 

flexibility ensures the integration of cutting edge 

technology and the ability to address emerging 

scientific questions. SOFIA will soon be NASA’s only 

far-infrared mission, as Spitzer's cryogens have been 

depleted and Herschel’s cryogens will be exhausted by 

mid-FY 2013. It is the only mid-infrared mission until JWST becomes operational. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ASTRO-16
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY 

Formulation Development Operations

PROJECT PARAMETERS

SOFIA is designed as a highly modified Boeing 747SP aircraft with a large open-port cavity aft of the 

wings, housing a 2.5 meter telescope optimized for infrared/sub-millimeter wavelength astronomy. 

SOFIA will operate in flight at 41,000 feet, and at full operational capability will have four instruments, 

with additional instruments available later. At its peak operational tempo, SOFIA will conduct 960 

research hours per year. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

SOFIA's early science led directly to the publication of more than 30 scientific papers. The project made 

significant progress toward completion of comprehensive upgrades to the observatory, including 

improved telescope performance. The comprehensive upgrades included modernization of the cockpit 

avionics (including navigation systems, visual displays, and other systems), upgrades to the Mission 

Control and Communications System (power distribution system, data distribution and archiving systems, 

audio systems, etc.), improvements to the Cavity Environmental Control System, and modification of 

other critical platform elements. 

NASA selected the upgraded High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC+) as SOFIA’s 

second-generation instrument. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

SOFIA is implementing the final phases of observatory upgrades. In parallel, it is commissioning first 

generation instruments, while also performing observations in support of Cycle 1 science investigations, 

and initiating the development of a second generation instrument. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

SOFIA will continue to work toward demonstration of full operational capability, defined as full science 

operational capability with four instruments, which NASA has committed to achieve by December 2014. 

Cycle 1 science will be completed by December 2013; Cycle 2 science will begin soon thereafter; and 

Cycle 3 selections will occur late in FY 2014. In addition, NASA will initiate a series of maintenance 

tasks required to maintain the aircraft in safe and reliable operating condition. 

ASTRO-17
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY 

Formulation Development Operations

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

SOFIA began Early Science flights in 2011 and will reach full operational capability by December 2014. 

Project Schedule 

ASTRO-18

Development Cost and Schedule 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

2007 919.5 70 2013 1127.8 22.7 FOC Dec 2013 Dec 2014 12

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY 

Formulation Development Operations

Development Cost Details 

Additional funds were added to the development budget to preserve the new instrument selection 

schedule and science hours and to fund risk reduction activities. Risk reduction activities previously 

planned for operations were moved into development. The SOFIA milestone Full Operational Capability 

(FOC) has been redefined as the capability to provide full science operational capability with four 

available instruments. 

Current Year 

Development Cost 

Element Estimate ($M) 

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M)

Change from Base Year 

Estimate ($M) 

TOTAL: 919.5 1,127.8 208.3

Aircraft/Spacecraft 657.7 775.4 117.7

Science/Technology 199.6 227.4 27.8

Other Direct Project Costs 62.2 125.0 62.8

Project Management & Commitments 

The overall SOFIA project and SOFIA airborne system is managed by DFRC. SOFIA science is managed 

by ARC. 

Change from 

Project Element Description Provider Baseline 

Provider: DFRC/L3 

Lead Center: DFRC 

Performing Centers: DFRC 

Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI 

Refurbished Boeing 747SP 

modified to accommodate 

telescope 

Platform No

Science Operations 

Center 

Science operations center 

will schedule observations, 

and manage data 

acquisition and processing

Provider: ARC/USRA

Lead Center: ARC

Performing Centers: ARC

Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI

No

Provider: Germany-DLR/DSI 

Lead Center: DFRC 

Performing Centers: DFRC 

Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI 

Telescope 2.5 meter diameter, dual 

mirror No

ASTRO-19
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY 

Formulation Development Operations

Provider: DFRC/CSC DynCorp

Flight Operations Flight crew, maintenance, 

and fuel 

Lead Center: DFRC

Performing Centers: DFRC

No

Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI

High-speed 

Photometer for 

Occulations (HIPO)

Simultaneous high-speed 

time-resolved imaging 

photometry at two optical 

wavelengths

Provider: Lowell Observatory

Lead Center: ARC

Performing Centers: ARC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

No

First Light Infrared 

Test Experiment 

Camera 

(FLITECAM)

Large field-of-view, 

narrow-and broad-band 

photometric imaging and 

low-resolution 

spectroscopy from 1 to 5.5 

micrometers

Provider: UCLA

Lead Center: ARC

Performing Centers: ARC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

No

FORCAST

Large field-of-view, 

narrow-and broad-band 

photometric imaging and 

low-resolution 

spectroscopy from 1 to 5.5 

micrometer

Provider: Cornell University

Lead Center: ARC

Performing Centers: ARC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

No

Echellon-CrossEchelle 

Spectrograph 

(EXES)

Echelon spectrometer,5-28 

microns R=105,104, or 

3000

Provider: ARC 

Lead Center: ARC 

Performing Centers: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

No

High-resolution 

Airborne Wideband 

Camera (HAWC)

Far-infrared bolometer 

camera, 50-240 microns

Provider: University of Chicago 

Lead Center: ARC 

Performing Centers: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Yes (HAWC 

will be upgraded 

to HAWC+ 

before being 

delivered to 

SOFIA)

German Receiver 

for Astronomy at 

Terahertz 

Frequencies 

(GREAT)

Infrared heterodyne 

spectrometer 60 to 200 

microns

Provider: Germany - DLR/DSI 

Lead Center: ARC 

Performing Centers: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI, Max-PlankInstitute 

No

Field Imaging FarInfrared Line 

Spectrometer (FIFILS)

Imaging spectrometer 42 to 

210 microns 

Provider: Germany - DLR/DSI 

Lead Center: ARC 

Performing Centers: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: DLR/DSI, University of 

Stuttgart 

No

ASTRO-20
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY 

Formulation Development Operations

Upgraded Highresolution Airborne 

Wideband Camera 

(HAWC+)

HAWC far-infrared camera 

to be upgraded with the 

addition of polarimetry 

capability and new state-ofthe-art detectors

Provider: JPL, GSFC 

Lead Center: ARC 

Performing Centers: JPL, 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

GSFC 

Yes (new 

selection)

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: Telescope image quality goals cannot be met,

Then: Some planned science observations will 

not be possible.

Appointed the joint US- German SOFIA Pointing Optimization Team 

to study telescope pointing performance and make recommendations 

for improvements. Installed active mass dampers on telescope to 

reduce image jitter. Upgraded the Focal Plane Imager (guide camera) 

with new and significantly more sensitive detectors. 

Completed the move of the Mirror Coating Facility from the Science 

Operations Center (Moffett Field, CA) to Aircraft Operations Facility 

(Palmdale, CA). This will allow coating to take place at home base of 

Observatory. Also developed water and snow cleaning techniques to 

preserve telescope optical characteristics as long as possible without 

recoating. Implementing a contamination control program. 

If: Primary mirror is damaged due to handling 

mishaps, 

Then: Observatory will be inoperable during 

mirror repair and/or replacement. 

Acquisition Strategy 

All major contracts have been awarded. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Platform L3 Communications Waco, TX 

Cavity Door Drive System MPC Products Corporation Skokie, IL

Aircraft Maintenance Support CSC DynCorp El Segundo, CA 

Science Operations University Space Research 

Association Columbia, MD

ASTRO-21
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY 

Formulation Development Operations

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Operations 

Optimization 

Review Team 

(OORT) 

Evaluation

Operations 

Optimization 

Review Team

Nov 2011

Evaluate plans and 

processes for the 

operational phase and 

identify any means of 

improving efficiency

Program has 

implemented 

recommendations 

to improve 

scientific 

productivity, 

crew safety, and 

operational 

efficiency.

N/A

Program 

Implementatio

n Review 

(PIR)

SRB N/A

Assess program 

performance and review 

progress against Full 

Operational Capability 

milestone

N/A May 2013

May 2015

Program 

Implementatio

n Review 

(PIR) 

SRB May 2013

Evaluate Observatory 

performance against 

Level 1 requirements 

and instrument 

interfaces. Review 

overall operational 

efficiency of 

observatory 

N/A

CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 1203 OF NASA 2010

AUTHORIZATION ACT

SOFIA is an airborne observatory that will study the universe in the infrared spectrum. These infrared 

observations allow scientists to study the dust between stars, the formation of stars and new solar systems, 

the chemistry of the universe, and the deep universe where the most distance galaxies are seen in infrared 

light. SOFIA will host a complement of scientists, computer engineers, graduate students, and educators 

on nightlong research missions. SOFIA will be a major factor in the development of observational 

techniques and of new instrumentation and in the education of young scientists and teachers in the 

discipline of infrared astronomy. 

NASA and DLR, Germany’s Aerospace Research Center and Space Agency, are working together to 

construct SOFIA, a Boeing 747SP aircraft which was modified by L3 Communications Integrated 

Systems to accommodate a 2.5 meter reflecting telescope. SOFIA will be the largest airborne observatory 

in the world and will make observations that are impossible for even the largest and highest of groundbased telescopes. SOFIA will operate at 41,000 feet using U.S. and German instruments and flights will 

last, on average, six to eight hours. 

ASTRO-22
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

STRATOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY FOR INFRARED ASTRONOMY 

Formulation Development Operations

2010 Issues Corrective Action Plan 

Issue 1: Definition of Full Operational Capability

Current Status: The Full Operational Capability milestone 

requirements have been revised to emphasize science 

instrument observational capability (4 science 

instruments), the overall program has been replanned in 

terms of schedule (no change in Full Operational 

Capability date, however), and the NASA Agency Program 

Management Council has approved the replan.

Programmatic: Review of the definition of the Full 

Operational Capability milestone technical requirements 

by the independent Standing Review Board resulted in a 

finding that the original definition (800 flight hours per 

year) was an improper definition in that insufficient 

science emphasis was contained in the definition. 

Therefore, the definition of Full Operational Capability 

was revised to focus on science instrument capability (the 

requirement was revised to four available science 

instruments, consistent with the Major Program Annual 

Report definition), and the overall program was replanned 

around that definition. The replanned program plan was 

approved by the NASA Agency Program Management 

Council (APMC) on October 6, 2010. This did not cause a 

change in the externally-committed FOC date of December 

2014, but does emphasize science in the definition.

Issue 2: Late delivery of Cavity Door Drive System

Current Status: The cavity door drive system controller and 

actuator was delivered and integrated in the SOFIA 

observatory, and flight testing to clear the full flight 

envelope has been completed. This permits the 

continuation of SOFIA system testing, leading up to the 

first science flights in December 2010.

Programmatic: Late delivery of software that operates the 

telescope observation doors on the aircraft resulted in laterthan-planned initiation of open door flight testing and 

science observation. NASA stationed representatives at 

Woodward’s facility to support and oversee the vendor 

until delivery of the cavity controller and actuator.

ASTRO-23
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 57.4 -- 44.3 36.9 19.7 23.4 24.0

Cosmic Origins Program Management 4.1 -- 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

Cosmic Origins Supporting Research & 10.2 -- 12.8 13.1 13.3 18.6 19.2

Technology

Cosmic Origins Future Missions 1.0 -- 0.4 1.6 1.0 1.0 2.0

SIRTF/Spitzer 17.8 -- 16.3 14.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Herschel 24.3 -- 12.2 5.5 2.7 1.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -13.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -22.8 %

This Spitzer image of Messier 78 shows two nebulae 

carved out of dark dust clouds in Orion. Spitzer's infrared 

eyes penetrate the dust, revealing the glowing interiors of 

the two nebulae. A string of baby stars that have yet to 

burn their way through their natal shells can be seen as 

pinpoints on the outside of the nebula. 

Other Missions and Data Analysis supports the 

Spitzer Space Telescope, the scientific 

applications of which continue to expand, as 

well as NASA’s partnership with ESA on the 

groundbreaking Herschel mission. Spitzer was 

used to confirm the Hubble Constant, which 

relates a distant galaxy’s apparent velocity to its 

distance from Earth to within four percent. 

Herschel revealed the presence of large 

quantities of water in the proto-stellar disks from 

which new stars and planetary systems form. 

Many more discoveries are expected over the 

next several years as data from both 

observatories are analyzed. 

Mission Planning and Other 

Projects 

COSMIC ORIGINS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

Cosmic Origins program management provides programmatic, technical, and business management, as 

well as program science leadership and coordination for education and public outreach products and 

services. 

COSMIC ORIGINS STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY (SR&T) 

Cosmic Origins SR&T supports Hubble fellowships, program-specific research and advanced technology 

development efforts such as the Strategic Astrophysics Technology solicitation issued in FY 2012. In 

ASTRO-24
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

addition, funding supports the study of a future ultraviolet/optical space capability, and Hubble disposal 

mission planning. 

COSMIC ORIGINS FUTURE MISSIONS

This funds early concept studies (pre-Phase A) for future Cosmic Origins missions, in accordance with 

the NASA strategic plan. 

Operating Missions 

SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE

The Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003 as the final element of NASA’s series of Great 

Observatories, is now in extended operations. Spitzer is an infrared telescope using two channels of the 

Infrared Array Camera instrument to study exoplanet atmospheres, early clusters of galaxies, near-Earth 

asteroids, and a broad range of other phenomena. Spitzer completed its cryogenic mission in FY 2009, 

and warm operations have been extended through FY 2014. The 2014 Senior Review may recommend 

extending the mission beyond 2014. 

Recent Achievements 

During FY 2012, a team led by an astronomer from the Carnegie Observatories used Spitzer to confirm 

the expansion rate of the universe to within four percent. A team led by a Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology scientist reported the first measurement of the temperature of a rocky, Earth-like planet 

orbiting another star. Another team, led by an astronomer from Johns Hopkins University, used data from 

both Spitzer and Hubble to discover the most distant known galaxy, observed as it existed when the 

universe was only four percent of its current age. 

HERSCHEL SPACE OBSERVATORY

The Herschel Space Observatory is a collaborative mission with ESA that launched on May 14, 2009. 

Herschel can detect the coldest and dustiest objects in space, such as cool cocoons where stars form and 

dusty galaxies bulking up with new stars. It has the largest single mirror ever built for a space telescope 

and it collects long wavelength radiation from some of the coldest and most distant objects in the 

universe. NASA has contributed key technologies to two instruments onboard Herschel, and also hosts 

US astronomer access to data through the NASA Herschel Science Center. Herschel’s on-board supply of 

helium will expire in the middle of FY 2013, after which the focus of the mission will turn to analysis of 

the vast stores of data already obtained. 

Recent Achievements 

During FY 2012, the Herschel Space Observatory continued to have a major impact on a wide range of 

critical astronomical questions. Herschel provided data on filament-like structures in the interstellar 

medium, highlighting the role that these structures play in the formation of new stars and the evolution of 

ASTRO-25
Science: Astrophysics: Cosmic Origins 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

galaxies. Spectroscopic data revealed the presence of large quantities of water in proto-stellar disks from 

which new stars and planetary systems form. Herschel data also supported the theory that the Earth's 

oceans may have originated from comets impacting Earth, early in the history of the solar system. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

The FY 2014 budget request includes a $5.4 million increase from the FY 2013 estimate to extend Spitzer 

operations through 2015. 

ASTRO-26
Science: Astrophysics 

PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 108.3 -- 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 2.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 1.9 %

This diagram reveals changes in the rate of expansion since 

the universe’s birth 15 billion years ago. The discovery that 

the expansion of space is accelerating presents one of the 

most important scientific problems of our time. The 

implication that the universe is dominated by an unknown 

entity, now called "dark energy," that counters the 

attractive force of gravity, may revolutionize our 

understanding of cosmology and fundamental physics.

The universe can be viewed as a laboratory 

that enables scientists to study some of the 

most profound questions at the intersection of 

physics and astronomy. How did the universe 

begin? How do matter, energy, space, and 

time behave under the extraordinarily diverse 

conditions of the cosmos? The Physics of the 

Cosmos (PCOS) program incorporates 

cosmology, high-energy astrophysics, and 

fundamental physics projects that address 

central questions about the nature of complex 

astrophysical phenomena such as black holes, 

neutron stars, dark matter and dark energy, 

cosmic microwave background, and 

gravitational waves. 

The operating missions within the PCOS 

program are beginning to provide answers to 

the fundamental questions above. Scientists 

using data from the Fermi mission are trying 

to determine what composes mysterious dark 

matter, which will help explain how black 

holes accelerate immense jets of material to 

nearly the speed of light. The Planck mission is observing the earliest moments of the universe and is 

providing a high-resolution map of the cosmic microwave background. X-Ray Multi-Mirror Mission 

(XMM)-Newton has helped scientists solve cosmic mysteries, including enigmatic massive black holes. 

The Chandra mission continues to reveal new details of celestial X-ray phenomena, such as the collisions 

of clusters of galaxies that directly detect the presence of dark matter, and has unveiled a population of 

faint, obscured massive black holes that may provide the early seeds for galaxy formation and growth 

since the birth of the universe nearly 14 billion years ago. 

PCOS includes a vigorous program to develop of technologies necessary for the next generation of space 

missions to address the science questions of this program. 

For more information, see: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/physics-of-the-cosmos. 

ASTRO-27
Science: Astrophysics 

PHYSICS OF THE COSMOS 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The European Space Agency (ESA) selected Euclid, a dark energy mission, for implementation beginning 

in 2012 with a launch readiness date in 2020. NASA will provide the detector components for the infrared 

instrument in return for US membership on the Euclid Science Team, Euclid Consortium, and early 

access to Euclid data. 

The FY 2014 budget request is $ 110.4 million, an increase from the FY 2013 estimate. The increase 

supports NASA's participation in Euclid, and the extension of the Chandra and Planck missions per the 

2012 Senior Review of Operating Missions. 

The Fermi budget request is $10.2 million less than the FY 2013 estimate. This will be accommodated by 

eliminating the FY 2014 Guest Observer selections and taking advantage of operational efficiencies with 

minimal risk to spacecraft and data. 

ASTRO-28
Science: Astrophysics: Physics of the Cosmos 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 108.3 -- 110.4 107.5 100.0 82.8 86.4

Physics of the Cosmos Supporting 13.3 -- 15.3 14.9 16.4 19.3 20.8

Research & Technology

Physics of the Cosmos Program 3.0 -- 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0

Management

Physics of the Cosmos Future Missions 0.3 -- 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0

Euclid 1.0 -- 15.1 9.3 3.7 4.0 5.0

Planck 7.1 -- 6.2 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 25.3 -- 14.3 18.6 20.7 0.0 0.0

Chandra X-Ray Observatory 56.4 -- 55.0 55.8 55.4 55.6 55.6

XMM-Newton 2.1 -- 1.9 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 2.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 1.9 %

The FY 2014 budget supports NASA's participation in Euclid, and the extension of the Chandra and 

Planck missions per the 2012 Senior Review of Operating Missions. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

PCOS SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

PCOS Supporting Research and Technology supports Einstein Fellowships and program-specific research 

and early technology development efforts to prepare for the next generation of PCOS space missions. The 

Space Technology (ST)-7 project is developing enhanced thrusters, which are scheduled for launch in 

2015 on the ESA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) Pathfinder mission. These new thrusters 

will be able to apply thrust equivalent to the weight of a single grain of sand, enabling ESA to conduct the 

LISA gravitational experiment in a truly weightless environment. 

Recent Achievements 

The PCOS program released its inaugural Program Annual Technology Report. This report summarizes 

the status of technology development funded by the program in FY 2012 and describes the prioritization 

of future technology needs. A copy of the report can be found at: 

http://pcos.gsfc.nasa.gov/technology/2012_PCOS_PATR_Final_101612.pdf. 

ASTRO-29
Science: Astrophysics: Physics of the Cosmos 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

PCOS PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

PCOS program management provides programmatic, technical, and business management, as well as 

program science leadership. 

PCOS FUTURE MISSIONS

PCOS Future Missions funding supports future mission concept studies. 

EUCLID

NASA is collaborating on Euclid, an ESA mission selected as part of ESA’s Cosmic Visions program in 

June 2012 and scheduled for launch in 2020. Euclid seeks to investigate the accelerated expansion of the 

universe, the so-called “dark energy,” using a Visible Instrument (VIS) and a Near Infrared Spectrometer 

and Photometer (NISP) instrument, as well as ground-based data. Responsibility for developing the two 

instruments and the Science Data Centers rests with the Euclid Consortium, comprised of over 950 

scientists and engineers from over 50 institutes in Europe, the United States, and Canada. In the Euclid 

mission, NASA contributes flight detector subsystems for the NISP instrument in exchange for 

membership in the Euclid Science Team and Consortium and competed science opportunities for US 

investigators. 

Operating Missions 

PLANK

Planck’s objective is to analyze, with the highest accuracy ever achieved, the remnants of the radiation 

that filled the universe immediately after the Big Bang. Planck enables scientists to address fundamental 

questions, such as the initial conditions for the evolution in the universe, the overall geometry of space, 

the rate at which the universe is expanding, and the nature and amount of the constituents of the universe. 

Planck, launched in May 2009, is an ESA-led telescope with substantial NASA contributions. 

FERMI

The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has explored the most extreme environments in the universe 

from black holes to gamma-ray bursts and expanded knowledge of their high-energy properties. Fermi 

data are answering long-standing questions across a broad range of topics, including solar flares, the 

origin of cosmic rays, and the nature of dark matter. Fermi, a NASA mission with strong international and 

Department of Energy involvement, launched in June 2008. 

ASTRO-30
Science: Astrophysics: Physics of the Cosmos 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

CHANDRA

Launched in 1999, Chandra is transforming our view of the universe with its high quality X-ray images, 

providing unique insights into violent events and extreme conditions such as explosions of stars, 

collisions of galaxies, and matter around black holes. Chandra enables observations of the Bullet Cluster 

of galaxies that provide direct evidence for the existence of dark matter. In addition, studies of clusters of 

galaxies using Chandra data have greatly strengthened the case for the existence of dark energy. Chandra 

observations of the remains of exploded stars, or supernovas, have advanced our understanding of the 

behavior of matter and energy under extreme conditions. Chandra has also discovered and studied 

hundreds of supermassive black holes in the centers of distant galaxies. 

Recent Achievements 

Astronomers have used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to find evidence that the Milky Way galaxy 

is embedded in an enormous halo of hot gas that extends for hundreds of thousands of light years. The 

estimated mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of all the stars in the galaxy. 

XMM-NEWTON

XMM-Newton provides unique data for studies of the fundamental processes of black holes and neutron 

stars. It studies the evolution of chemical elements in galaxy clusters and the distribution of dark matter in 

galaxy clusters and elliptical galaxies. XMM-Newton, an ESA-led mission with substantial NASA 

contributions, launched in December 1999. NASA provides the U.S. Guest Observer Facility at GSFC. 

ASTRO-31
Science: Astrophysics 

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 50.8 -- 55.4 59.4 57.7 60.7 90.7

Exoplanet Exploration Strategic Research 18.4 -- 22.2 26.0 26.1 34.3 34.3

and Technology

Exoplanet Exploration Program 5.6 -- 4.6 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

Management

Exoplanet Exploration Future Missions 1.5 -- 1.2 2.0 1.2 14.2 44.4

Kepler 19.6 -- 18.7 18.0 18.3 0.0 0.0

Keck Operations 3.2 -- 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.2

Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer 2.0 -- 2.9 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.0

Keck Interferometer 0.4 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.6

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 9.1 %

Humankind stands on the threshold of a voyage of unprecedented scope and ambition, promising insight 

into some of the most timeless questions: Are we alone? Is Earth unique, or are planets like ours 

common? One of the most exciting new fields of research within the NASA Astrophysics portfolio is the 

search for planets, particularly Earth-like planets, around other stars. 

During the last 15 years, astronomers have discovered over 770 planets orbiting nearby stars. Many of 

these planets are gas giants, similar in size to the four outer planets in our solar system, and orbit much 

closer to their parent stars than do the giant planets in our system. NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration 

program is advancing along a path of discovery leading to a point where scientists can directly study the 

atmospheres and surface features of habitable, rocky planets, like Earth, around other stars in the solar 

neighborhood. 

The 2009 launch of the Kepler mission, NASA’s first mission dedicated to the study of extrasolar planets, 

ushered in a new chapter in the search for planets around other stars. From its unique vantage point of 

space, Kepler can detect much smaller planets than even the most powerful ground-based telescopes. 

Kepler provided data showing us that small planets are more abundant than giant planets. By the end of 

its mission, Kepler will establish how common habitable, Earth-sized planets are in the galaxy. 

NASA aims to develop systems that will allow scientists to take the pivotal step from identifying an 

exoplanet as Earth-sized, to determining whether it is truly Earth-like, and possibly even detecting if it 

bears the fingerprints of life. Such an ambitious goal includes significant technological challenges. An 

important component of the Exoplanet Exploration effort is a robust technology development program 

with the goal of enabling a future direct detection mission. 

ASTRO-32
Science: Astrophysics 

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION

The discovery of Kepler-35b and another 

twin sun planet, Kepler-34 b, was 

announced Jan. 11, 2012. The two 

discoveries represent a new class of 

circumbinary planets, and may help 

astronomers estimate how many of such 

binary stars possess planets. Scientists say 

the two planets are also extremely close to 

the habitable zones of their parent stars. 

This illustration shows Kepler-35 b, a 

Saturn-size planet, around its pair of sunsize stars. Credit: Lynette Cook 

For more information, see: http://exep.jpl.nasa.gov/.

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

Following the Senior Review of Astrophysics Missions in 

2012, NASA approved an extension of the Kepler mission 

through at least 2015. The extension will expand on and 

improve the statistical census of planetary sizes and orbits 

begun during the prime mission, in particular extending that 

census to obtain robust measurements of the frequency of 

Earth-sized, rocky planets in the habitable zones of Sun-like 

stars. 

The FY 2014 budget request is $55.4 million, a $13.8 

million increase from the FY 2013 estimate ($41.6 million), 

to support the Kepler extension as a result of senior review 

and an increase to Keck Operations as a result of Keck 

Single Aperture observations moving from research. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The Exoplanet program completed development of the 

Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI). The 

Kepler mission successfully completed its prime mission 

phase in November and has begun an extended mission that 

will add as many as four years to the lifetime of the 

mission. Scientists analyzing data from the Kepler mission 

announced the discovery of Kepler-47b and -47c, the first 

transiting circumbinary system, multiple planets orbiting 

two suns. Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology, NASA, and elsewhere have detected a planet that appears to be evaporating under the 

blistering heat of its parent star. The scientists infer that a long tail of debris, much like the tail of a comet, 

is following the planet, and that this tail may tell the story of the planet’s disintegration. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The Exoplanet Program continues to support competitively-selected technology development to advance 

key technologies that will enable a future space mission to separate the feeble reflected light of an 

exoplanet from the overwhelming glare of its parent star, and analyze that light for clues to the planet’s 

characteristics. Commissioning activities for LBTI continue, with the achievement of full operational 

capability anticipated in 2013. The program is standing up Science and Technology Definition Teams to 

develop a set of mission concepts for a potential future mission that would be executable within the 

program’s projected budget profile. 

ASTRO-33
Science: Astrophysics 

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer will begin regular operation with the first full year of key 

project observations. Operation of the Kepler mission will continue, creating the potential for the first 

detection of an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION STRATEGIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

Exoplanet Exploration Strategic Research and Technology supports the prestigious Sagan Postdoctoral 

Fellowships, program-specific scientific research, and technology development activities that support and 

enable future Exoplanet Exploration missions. 

In FY 2012, NASA supported approximately 15 competitively-selected technology development projects 

and 17 Sagan fellows. The selected technology development projects all focus on advancing technologies 

for separating the feeble reflected light of an exoplanet from the overwhelming glare of its parent star so 

that it can be analyzed for clues to the planet’s nature. Those technologies will one day enable the 

ultimate goal of NASA’s Exoplanet Exploration Program: a future mission capable of imaging and 

measuring the spectra of habitable, Earth-like exoplanets in the solar neighborhood. In 2013, NASA will 

continue to work on technologies for future telescopes. 

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

Exoplanet Exploration program management provides programmatic, technical, and business 

management, as well as program science leadership. The program management coordinates, supports and 

tracks the progress of the program’s numerous technology development tasks, and oversees the program’s 

diverse portfolio of projects, including LBTI, Kepler, and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. 

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION FUTURE MISSIONS

Exoplanet Exploration Future Missions funding supports the execution of the exoplanet mission science 

and technology definition teams, and ultimately the formulation, development, and implementation of a 

future Exoplanet Exploration flight mission. 

Operating Missions 

KEPLER

Kepler, launched in March 2009, is specifically designed to survey the distant stars in this region of the 

Milky Way galaxy to detect and characterize rocky planets in or near the "habitable zone" of their host 

ASTRO-34
Science: Astrophysics 

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION

star. The habitable zone encompasses the distances from a star where liquid water can exist on a planet’s 

surface. As time progresses, smaller planets with longer orbital periods emerge from the data. 

KECK OPERATIONS

Keck Operations is the NASA portion of the Keck Observatory partnership. NASA uses its share of 

observing time in support of all Astrophysics science programs. Observation time is competed, selected, 

and managed by the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. A significant portion of the observing time has 

been awarded to studies of potential planets identified by Kepler. 

NASA is transferring the budget for Keck Single Aperture (KSA) in the Research Program to Keck 

Operations within the Exoplanet Exploration program to consolidate all Keck funding. KSA manages 

NASA time on the 10-meter, ground-based Keck telescopes by issuing proposal solicitations, conducting 

peer reviews, communicating selections for investigations, and providing support to observers. KSA also 

manages the Keck archives for the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) and the Near Infrared 

Spectrometer (NIRSPEC) instruments. HIRES primarily measures the radial velocity data used to find 

and characterize exoplanets and NIRSPEC is a general-purpose near-infrared spectrometer widely used 

by Keck observers. 

LARGE BINOCULAR TELESCOPE INTERFEROMETER

The Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) is the NASA portion of the Large Binocular 

Telescope partnership. LBTI is designed to allow high contrast, high spatial resolution infrared imaging 

of the dust clouds around nearby stars. The system surveys nearby stars for dust and debris disks that may 

hamper the detection of planets around those stars. This information will be crucial for designing future 

space observatories capable of detecting and characterizing those planets. 

Program Schedule 

ASTRO-35
Science: Astrophysics 

EXOPLANET EXPLORATION

Program Management & Commitments 

JPL manages the Exoplanet Exploration Program. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: JPL 

Lead Center: ARC 

Performing Centers: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Kepler

Provider: Caltech and University of California 

Lead Center: JPL 

Performing Center: None 

Cost Share Partners: Various private entities 

Keck Observatory 

Provider: University of Arizona 

Lead Center: JPL 

Performing Center: None 

Cost Share Partners: University of Arizona 

LBTI

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA will make technology awards in response to annual NRAs released in ROSES-2013 solicitations. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Kepler Ball Aerospace Corp. Boulder, CO

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review 

2014, 2016, 

2018 Quality Senior Review 2012

Determine which mission 

operations should be 

extended 

Ranking of 

missions, citing 

strengths and 

weaknesses

ASTRO-36
Science: Astrophysics 

ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 83.9 -- 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4

Other Missions and Data Analysis 83.9 -- 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 17.0

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 20.3 %

A collection of galaxy specimens from the Widefield Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission 

showcases galaxies of several types. 

The Astrophysics Explorer program provides frequent 

flight opportunities for world-class astrophysics 

investigations using innovative and streamlined 

management approaches for spacecraft development 

and operations. The program is highly responsive to 

new knowledge, new technology, and updated 

scientific priorities by launching smaller missions that 

can be conceived and executed in a relatively short 

development cycle. Priorities are based on an open 

competition of concepts solicited from the scientific 

community. The program emphasizes missions that 

can be accomplished under the control of the scientific 

research community within constrained mission lifecycle costs. 

Standard Explorer missions cost up to $200 million in 

total, excluding launch services. Small Explorers 

(SMEX) may cost about half that, excluding launch 

services. Explorer missions of opportunity (MO) have 

a total NASA cost of under $60 million and may be of 

several types. The most common are partner MOs, 

investigations that are part of a non-NASA space mission. These missions are conducted on a noexchange-of-funds basis with the organization sponsoring the mission. Other possible types are new 

science missions using existing spacecraft and small complete missions. NASA intends to solicit 

proposals for missions of opportunity associated with each announcement of opportunity issued for 

Explorer and SMEX investigations, and perhaps more frequently. 

For more information on Explorer missions, see http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions.html. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA informed Congress in the FY 2012 Operating Plans that the Gravity and Extreme Magnetism 

Small Explorer (GEMS) mission was terminated prior to entering development because of projected cost 

growth. The decrease in the FY 2014 estimate, compared to the FY 2013 budget run out, reflects that 

termination. 

ASTRO-37
Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Explorer 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 83.9 -- 100.9 116.0 143.8 145.3 137.4

Astro-H 16.2 -- 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.0

Astrophysics Explorer Future Missions 2.7 -- 86.0 105.8 130.9 137.9 133.4

Astrophysics Explorer Program 5.6 -- 7.0 3.5 6.8 7.4 4.0

Management

Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer 4.5 -- 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SWIFT 4.3 -- 4.8 5.0 5.1 0.0 0.0

Suzaku 0.3 -- 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array 15.6 -- 1.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Galaxy Evolution Explorer 0.5 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Gravity and Extreme Magnetism 33.2 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Wilkinson Microwave Anistropy Probe 1.0 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 17.0

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 20.3 %

Astrophysics Explorers Other Missions and Data Analysis includes funding for small missions in 

development (Astro-H), operating missions (NuSTAR, Swift, Suzaku), and funding for future mission 

selections and program management functions. The Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer mission is no 

longer operational, and data archival activities will cease after FY 2014. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

ASTRO-H (SXS)

NASA is providing a High-Resolution Soft X-Ray Spectrometer (SXS) instrument to Japan, for a 2015 

launch onboard the Japanese Astro-H –IIA spacecraft. The SXS instrument is a cryogenically cooled 

high-resolution X-ray spectrometer that will allow the most detailed studies of a wide range of 

astronomical systems from nearby stars to distant active galaxies. Using this unprecedented capability, the 

mission will conduct a number of fundamental studies, including tracing the growth history of the largest 

structures in the universe, obtaining insights into the behavior of material in extreme gravitational fields, 

determining the spin of black holes, probing shock acceleration structures in clusters of galaxies, and 

investigating the detailed physics of black hole jets. 

ASTRO-38
Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Explorer 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER FUTURE MISSIONS

Astrophysics Explorer Future Missions funding supports future astrophysics Explorer missions and 

missions of opportunity through concept studies and selections. 

The four missions selected under the 2011 Announcement of Opportunity will undergo review and downselection in the spring of 2013. NASA will select one of the two Explorer missions: First Infrared 

Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer (FINESSE) or Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). 

NASA will select one of the two Missions of Opportunity: Galactic/Xgalactic Ultra long duration balloon 

Spectroscopic Stratospheric THz Observatory (GUSSTO) or Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR 

(NICER). 

ASTROPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 

Astrophysics Explorer program management provides programmatic, technical, and business 

management of ongoing missions in formulation and development. 

THE WIDE-FIELD INFRARED SURVEY EXPLORER (WISE) 

WISE is a Medium Explorer class mission that launched in December 2009. It has surveyed the entire sky 

in four mid-infrared bands and mapped it with better sensitivity than previous infrared all-sky surveys. 

During its mission, WISE identified the nearest and coolest stars, the origins of stellar and planetary 

systems, and the most luminous galaxies in the universe. Its legacy is a rich database that will enable 

astronomers to address questions posed by the Cosmic Origins program. WISE ended its prime mission in 

October 2010, after which NASA continued to use it for observing asteroids until February 2011, when 

the satellite was turned off and placed into dormant mode. Data analysis activities are funded through FY 

2014. 

Operating Missions 

SWIFT

Swift is a multi-wavelength space-based observatory that 

studies the position, brightness, and physical properties of 

gamma-ray bursts. Swift is a Medium Explorer class mission 

that launched in 2004 and is now in extended mission 

operations. 

The image to above shows the "white dwarf collision." The Swift Accretion Disk shows how material 

from a companion star accumulates in a disk around the black hole (blue) and how large amounts of highenergy radiation (green) are released when changes in the accretion state lead to a sudden flow of material 

ASTRO-39
Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Explorer 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

to the inner parts of the disk, marking the onset of an X-ray Nova. 

Recent Achievements 

Swift continues to observe gamma-ray bursts at a rate of around 90 per year, as well as non-gamma-ray 

burst targets. Swift studies using X-ray and ultraviolet observations provided new insights into the elusive 

origins of Type Ia supernovae. The lack of X-rays from a combined sample of 53 nearby supernovae Ia 

showed that supergiant stars, and even sun-like stars in a later red giant phase, likely aren't present in the 

host binaries. No ultraviolet emission was detected from the interaction of the outgoing supernovae shock 

with its companion, suggesting that the companion to the white dwarf is either a small star similar to our 

sun or another white dwarf. 

SUZAKU

Suzaku is Japan’s fifth X-ray astronomy mission, which 

launched in July 2005 and is now in extended mission 

operations. It was developed at the Institute of Space and 

Astronautical Science of Japan Aerospace Exploration 

Agency (ISAS/JAXA) in collaboration with US (NASA and 

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Japanese 

institutions. NASA provides software to analyze Suzaku data 

and operates a Guest Observer Facility for US observers. 

This image is an artist conception of the Suzaku X-ray 

Observatory in orbit. The universe holds an enormous 

number of extremely energetic objects like neutron stars, 

active and merging galaxies, black holes, and supernovae. 

Astronomers hope Suzaku will help answer several important questions: When and where are the 

chemical elements created? What happens when matter falls onto a black hole? How does nature heat gas 

to X-ray emitting temperatures? 

RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS

Using Suzaku's state-of-the-art X-ray imaging/spectroscopy instrumentation, scientists took the first-ever 

measurement of the Doppler shift of X-rays emitted by two clusters of galaxies in the process of merging 

into a single larger cluster, called Abell 2256. The direct observation of this process, which will take 

several hundred million years, provided valuable new information on the formation of structure in the 

universe, one of the most pressing scientific issues in present-day astrophysics. 

ASTRO-40
Science: Astrophysics: Astrophysics Explorer 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPIC TELESCOPE ARRAY 

(NUSTAR) 

The NuSTAR mission launched in June 2012 and has begun 

its two-year mission, which enables scientists to locate 

massive black holes in other galaxies, locate and examine the 

remnants of collapsed stars in our galaxy, observe selected 

gamma-ray sources, and observe any new supernovae in the 

local group of galaxies. NuSTAR’s key science products are 

sensitive X-ray survey maps of the celestial sky. NuSTAR 

offers opportunities for a broad range of science 

investigations, ranging from probing cosmic ray origins and 

studying the extreme physics around collapsed stars, to 

mapping micro flares on the surface of the Sun. NuSTAR also performs follow-up observations to 

discoveries made by Chandra and Spitzer scientists, and NuSTAR research teams collaborate with those 

using Fermi to make simultaneous observations. Initial science findings since launch include the X-ray 

observations of: in-falling matter into the 4 million solar mass black hole located at the center of the 

Milky Way galaxy (Sagittarius A*), charged particle dynamics in the interior of the Cassiopeia A 

supernova remnant located about 11,000 light-years away in our Milky Way galaxy, and two intermediate 

size black holes (i.e., black holes that are 10 times brighter than stellar-mass black holes) within another 

galaxy (IC342) that is 7 million light-years away. The NuSTAR mission will complete its prime mission 

in August 2014. 

NuSTAR has captured these first, focused views of the supermassive black hole, called Sagittarius A*, at 

the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. In the image above, taken in infrared light, the brightest white dot is 

the hottest material closest to the black hole. The series at right shows a flare caught by NuSTAR over 

two days in July. At the peak of the flare (middle panel) the black hole was consuming and heating matter 

to temperatures up to 100 million degrees Celsius (180 million degrees Fahrenheit). 

ASTRO-41
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 518.6 627.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9

James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE (JWST) ............................... ........... JWST-2 

JWST-1
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Formulation Development Operations









FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 3468.8 518.6 627.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 1112.5 8755.4

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 3528.9 530.6 627.6 658.2 645.4 620.0 569.4 534.9 1112.5 8827.5

Formulation 1800.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

645.4

0.0

0.0

620.0

0.0

0.0

569.4

0.0

0.0

534.9

0.0

0.0

275.5

837.0

1800.1

6190.4

837.0

Development/Implementation 1728.8 530.6 627.6 658.2

Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012 

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

139.6

26.9%

Note: The 2012 MPAR Project Cost Estimate includes $72.1 million for Construction of Facilities (CoF) funds in 

FY 2010 to FY 2012 which are budgeted in the CECR account. The life cycle cost (including CoF funds) is $8.828 

billion. 

The first six flight-ready James Webb Space Telescope 

primary mirror segments are prepped to begin final 

cryogenic testing at GSFC. A total of 18 segments will 

form the telescope’s primary mirror for space 

observations. Engineers began final cryogenic testing to 

confirm that the mirrors will respond as expected to the 

extreme temperatures of space prior to integration into the 

telescope's permanent housing structure. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a 

large, space-based astronomical observatory. The 

mission is a logical successor to the Hubble 

Space Telescope, extending beyond Hubble's 

discoveries by looking into the infrared spectrum, 

where the highly red-shifted early universe must 

be observed, where relatively cool objects like 

protostars and protoplanetary disks emit infrared 

light strongly, and where dust obscures shorter 

wavelengths. 

The four main science goals are: 

Search for the first galaxies or luminous 

objects formed after the Big Bang; 

Determine how galaxies evolved from 

their formation until now; 

Observe the formation of stars from the 

first stages to the formation of planetary 

systems; and 

Measure the physical and chemical properties of planetary systems and investigate the potential 

for life in those systems. 

While Hubble greatly improved knowledge about distant objects, its infrared coverage is limited. Light 

from distant galaxies is redshifted out of the visible part of the spectrum into the infrared by the expansion 

JWST-2
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Formulation Development Operations

of the universe. By examining light redshifted beyond Hubble’s sight, with more light-collecting area than 

Hubble and with near to mid-infrared-optimized instruments, JWST will observe objects farther away and 

further back in time. JWST will explore the poorly understood epoch when the first luminous objects in 

the universe came into being after the Big Bang. The focus of scientific study will include the first light of 

the universe, assembly of galaxies, origins of stars and planetary systems, and origins of the elements 

necessary for life. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

PROJECT PARAMETERS

JWST is an infrared optimized observatory that will conduct imaging and spectrographic observations in 

the 0.6 to 27 microns wavelength range and will be 100 times more capable than Hubble is. The 6.5-meter 

primary mirror consists of 18 actively controlled segments that, along with the rest of the telescope optics 

and instruments, are passively cooled to about 40 degrees Kelvin by a multilayer sunshield the size of a 

tennis court. JWST will launch from Kourou, French Guiana, on an Ariane 5 rocket supplied by the 

European Space Agency. JWST will operate in deep space about one million miles from Earth. 

JWST's instruments include the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec), 

Mid Infrared Instrument (MIRI), and the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS). 

NIRCam takes images with a large field of view and high resolution, over the wavelength range of 0.6 to 

5 micrometers. NIRCam also aligns and focuses the optical telescope. 

NIRSpec can obtain simultaneous spectra of more than 100 objects in a single exposure, over the 

wavelength range of 0.6 to 5 micrometers. 

MIRI takes wide-field images and narrow-field spectra, over the wavelength range of 5 to 28 

micrometers. MIRI operates at about seven degrees Kelvin, which an on-board cooling system makes 

possible. 

FGS is a camera that guides star acquisition and provides fine pointing control. The sensor operates over a 

wavelength range of 1 to 5 micrometers. 

For more information, go to http://www.jwst.nasa.gov.

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

As planned in the JWST rebaseline, the FGS and MIRI instruments were successfully tested in cryogenic 

vacuum conditions and qualified for spaceflight, and they arrived at NASA's Goddard Space Flight 

Center (GSFC). The project also successfully completed the following significant and technically 

JWST-3
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Formulation Development Operations

challenging developments and tests: 











Cryogenic vacuum testing on all flight primary mirrors to confirm precision optical shape under 

cryogenic conditions; 

Fabrication of the flight primary mirror backplane support structure, a very complex composite 

structure, to an exacting shape necessary to hold the primary mirrors ; 

The telescope tower, also a precision composite structure; 

Extensive modifications of the NASA Johnson Space Center Chamber A to add, for the first time, 

cryogenic testing capabilities; and 

Fabrication of the critical center of curvature optical assembly, a critical element of precision 

testing of the flight optical system in the NASA Johnson Space Center Chamber A. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, the NIRCam and NIRSpec instruments will arrive at GSFC. The project will integrate the 

FGS and MIRI instruments into the Integrated Science Instrument Module (ISIM); initiate the ISIM risk 

reduction cryogenic vacuum test; complete the aft optical assembly and the wing structure of the primary 

mirror backplane support structure; and complete Build 1.1 of the Wave Front Sensing & Control 

Software. Also, the project will continue the fabrication of the Optical Telescope Element (OTE) 

backplane support structure, initiated in FY 2012, hold the sunshield manufacturing readiness review, 

conduct reviews necessary before the ISIM risk reduction cryogenic test, and initiate work on build 3 of 

the common command and telemetry system. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The President’s FY 2014 budget request provides the full level of funding required to keep JWST on 

schedule for a 2018 launch. 

NASA will complete the critical design review of the spacecraft bus; initiate the second cryogenic 

vacuum test on the Integrated Science Instrument Module; complete modification of the primary mirror 

gear motors; and begin integration of the pathfinder secondary mirror support structure with the struts. 

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

NASA plans to launch JWST in October 2018 to begin a five-year prime mission. The following timeline 

shows the development agreement schedule per the rebaseline plan from September 2011. 

Milestone Confirmation Baseline Date FY 2014 PB Request Date 

KDP-C Jul 2008 Jul 2008

Mission CDR Mar 2010 Mar 2010

Rebaseline/KDP-C Amendment Sep 2011 Sep 2011

SIR Jul 2017 Jul 2017

Launch Oct 2018 Oct 2018

JWST-4
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Formulation Development Operations

Begin Phase E Apr 2019 Apr 2019

End of Prime Mission Apr 2024 Apr 2024

Project Schedule 

JWST-5

Development Cost and Schedule 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current 

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

2012 6,197.9 66 2013 6,190.4 -0.1% LRD Oct 2018 Oct 2018 0

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Formulation Development Operations

Development Cost Details 

Current Year 

Development Cost 

Element Estimate ($M) 

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M)

Change from Base Year 

Estimate ($M) 

TOTAL: 6,197.9 6,190.4 -7.5

Aircraft/Spacecraft 2,955.0 3,053.4 98.4

Payloads 695.1 752.7 57.6

Systems I&T 288.4 290.6 2.2

Launch Vehicle 

Ground Systems 

0.9 0.9 0.0

652.3 560.0 -92.3

Science/Technology 42.7 43.0 0.3

Other Direct Project Costs 1,563.5 1,490.0 -73.5

Project Management & Commitments 

NASA Headquarters is responsible for JWST program management. GSFC is responsible for JWST 

project management. 

Description Provider

Change from 

Project Element Baseline

Observatory

Includes Optical Telescope 

Element, spacecraft, 

sunshield, observatory 

assembly integration and 

testing, and commissioning. 

The observatory shall be 

designed for at least a five 

year lifetime. Northrop 

Grumman Aerospace 

Systems has the lead for the 

OTE, sunshield, spacecraft 

bus, and selected assembly, 

integration, and testing 

activities.

Provider: Northrop Grumman Aerospace 

Systems (NGAS) and GSFC 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

None

Mission 

management and 

system engineering

Includes management of all 

technical aspects of mission 

development, and system 

engineering of all 

components

Provider: GSFC

Lead Center: GSFC

Performing Centers: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: None

None

JWST-6
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Formulation Development Operations

Integrated Science 

Instrument Module 

(ISIM)

Contains the science 

instruments and FGS. 

Provides structural, 

thermal, power, command 

and data handling resources 

to the science instruments 

and FGS

Provider: GSFC

Lead Center: GSFC

Performing Centers: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: None

None

Near Infrared 

Camera (NIR Cam) 

Instrument

Operates over the 

wavelength range of 0.6 to 

5 microns, and optimized 

for finding first light 

sources

Provider: University of Arizona, Lockheed 

Martin 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

None

Near Infrared 

Spectrometer 

(NIRSpec)

Operates over the 

wavelength range 0.6 to 5 

microns with three 

observing modes 

Provider: ESA

Lead Center: ESA

Performing Centers: None

Cost Share Partners: ESA

None

Mid-Infrared 

Instrument (MIRI)

Operates over the 

wavelength range 5 to 27 

microns, providing 

imaging, coronagraphy, and 

spectroscopy

Provider: ESA, University of Arizona, JPL 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: JPL, ARC 

Cost Share Partners: ESA 

None

Fine Guidance 

Provides scientific target 

pointing information to the 

observatory's attitude 

control sub-system

Provider: CSA

Lead Center: CSA

Performing Centers: None

Cost Share Partners: CSA

None

Provider: ESA 

Lead Center: ESA 

Performing Centers: None 

Cost Share Partners: ESA 

Launch vehicle and 

launch operations

Ariane 5 Evolution 

Cryotechnique-Type A None

Ground control 

system and science 

operations and 

control center

Includes mission operations 

and science operations 

center

Provider: Space Telescope Science Institute 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: None 

Cost Share Partners: None 

None

JWST-7
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Formulation Development Operations

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: The spacecraft bus mass estimate is higher 

than the system allocation to the spacecraft bus,

The spacecraft bus developer (NGAS) will complete analysis and

design work to reduce spacecraft bus mass, prior to the spacecraft bus 

critical design review.

Then: Design changes would be required to

reduce spacecraft bus mass.

If: NIRCam and/or NIRSpec instrument delivery

changes schedule to a later date, The ISIM integration and test plan, flow, and schedule were adjusted

in October 2012 to accommodate the updated estimate delivery dates

for NIRCam and NIRSpec instruments. Then: Changes to the ISIM integration and test 

plan, flow and schedule will be required.

Acquisition Strategy 

All major contracts have been awarded. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Science and Operations Center Space Telescope Science Institute Baltimore, MD

NIRCam

University of Arizona;

Lockheed Martin

Tucson, AZ

Palo Alto, CA

Observatory

NGAS

Ball Aerospace

ITT

Alliant Techsystems

Redondo Beach, CA

Boulder, CO

Rochester, NY

Edina, MN

Near Infrared Detectors Teledyne Imaging Systems Camarillo, CA

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance

Standing Review

Board (SRB) Apr 2010 Critical Design review

Determined

mission design

is mature and

recommended a

more in depth

review of the

integration and

testing plan.

N/A

Quality Test Assessment 

Team

Aug 2010

Evaluate plans for 

integration and testing. See

the full report at 

http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/p

ublications.html

The team

recommended

several changes 

to test plan.

N/A

JWST-8
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Formulation Development Operations

Determine the causes of 

cost growth and schedule 

delay on JWST, and 

estimate the launch date 

and budget, including 

adequate reserves. 

Analysis of alternatives 

The report 

made 22 

recommendatio

ns covering 

several areas of 

management 

and 

performance 

Other

Independent 

comprehensive 

Review Panel

Oct 2010 N/A

Determined that 

JWST design 

was still the 

best value to 

achieve the 

primary 

scientific 

objectives of 

the mission. 

Other Aerospace Corp Apr 2011 N/A

The SRB 

proposed 

rebaselined 

project 

technical, cost, 

and schedule 

plans and made 

recommendatio

ns to Agency. 

Other SRB May 2011 Review technical, cost, and 

schedule plans N/A

NASA 

Headquarters 

Office of 

Evaluation 

A review 

assessed 

progress against 

replan. 

Performance Jun 2012 Replan assessment review N/A

Performance SRB N/A Spacecraft Critical Design 

Review Dec 2013

Performance SRB N/A Jun 2016 OTIS Pre-Environmental 

Review

Performance SRB N/A Spacecraft Element 

Readiness Review Apr 2016

Performance SRB N/A Systems Integration 

Review 

Flight Readiness Review 

Jul 2017

Performance SRB N/A Sep 2018

JWST-9
Science: James Webb Space Telescope: James Webb Space Telescope 

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 

Formulation Development Operations

CORRECTIVE ACTION PLAN AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 1203 OF NASA 2010

AUTHORIZATION ACT

NASA informed Congress by letters dated October 28, 2010, April 21, 2011, and October 24, 2011, that 

JWST had experienced a significant cost overrun and schedule delay. NASA has addressed the root 

causes of the overrun and delays vigorously, and has rebaselined the project with an executable budget 

and schedule. On April 21, 2011, NASA transmitted the final report of the Independent Comprehensive 

Review Panel (ICRP). NASA’s detailed response to the ICRP included recommendations to correct past 

problems, reduce the risk of future cost growth and schedule delays, and improve JWST performance. 

The current projected JWST launch readiness date is October 2018, the development cost estimate is 

$6.190 billion, and the life cycle cost estimate is $8.827 billion. The revised JWST cost and schedule 

incorporates 13 months of schedule reserve within the planned funding for development. 

The following table describes the issues that NASA addressed during the rebaseline of JWST in 2011. 

2010 Issues Corrective Action Plan 

Issue 1: Cost and schedule overrun 

Current Status: Revised cost and schedule baseline has 

been approved by the Agency and sent to Congress. 

Subsequent to the submission of the revised baseline to 

Congress, Congress approved the FY 2012 NASA 

appropriation and included the funding required to support 

the revised development cost and schedule baseline, and 

included language capping JWST formulation and 

development costs at $8 billion. 

Programmatic: NASA revised the program management 

structure, with the creation of a NASA Headquarters 

program office reporting programmatically to the NASA 

Associate Administrator. NASA also increased visibility 

and communication at both the Agency and Center levels. 

Technical: No action required 

Cost: Bottom-up review resulted in a revised life cycle cost 

estimate of $8.827 billion. This estimate is consistent with 

the 66 percent joint confidence level with a cost confidence 

level that is significantly higher than the 80 percent 

recommended by the ICRP. 

Schedule: Bottom-up review resulted in a revised 

development schedule, with launch in October 2018. The 

revised schedule incorporates 13 months of funded 

schedule reserve. 

Issue 2: Testing concerns

Current Status: Findings from the Independent Test 

Assessment Team have been incorporated into the plans 

for testing within the JWST integration and test phase and 

within the revised development cost and schedule baseline.

To address testing concerns from the mission CDR, NASA 

chartered an independent Test Assessment Team to 

conduct a review of plans for environmental and functional 

testing. The findings of this review have now been 

incorporated into the plans for testing within the JWST 

integration and test phase and the revised development cost 

and schedule baseline.

JWST-10
Science 

HELIOPHYSICS 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 644.9 -- 653.7 633.1 636.8 664.3 664.6

Heliophysics Research 166.7 -- 195.7 163.0 167.5 172.1 174.1

Living with a Star 196.3 -- 216.2 277.7 332.6 353.9 374.4

Solar Terrestrial Probes 216.0 -- 146.6 68.7 48.9 50.1 27.9

Heliophysics Explorer Program 65.8 -- 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2

Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH .................................................. ........... HELIO-3 

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-8 

LIVING WITH A STAR ........................................................... .......... HELIO-14

Solar Probe Plus [Formulation] ................................................................... HELIO-15

Solar Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) [Development] ..................................... HELIO-20

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-25

SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES ............................................. ........... HELIO-29

Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) [Development] .................................... HELIO-30

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-36

HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM ..................................................... HELIO-40

Other Missions and Data Analysis ............................................................. HELIO-42

HELIO-1
Science: Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 166.7 -- 195.7 163.0 167.5 172.1 174.1

Heliophysics Research and Analysis 32.9 -- 33.5 33.9 34.0 33.9 33.9

Sounding Rockets 52.4 -- 51.6 53.7 53.0 53.0 53.0

Research Range 20.1 -- 21.0 21.3 21.6 21.7 21.7

Other Missions and Data Analysis 61.3 -- 89.6 54.2 58.8 63.5 65.5

Subtotal 166.7 -- 195.7 163.0 167.5 172.1 174.1

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* 0 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 29.0

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 17.4 %

* Rescission of $0.026 million of prior-year unobligated balances in Sounding Rockets pursuant to P.L. 112-55, 

Division B, sec. 528(f). Amount rounds to $0.0 million in table above. 

Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) are billion-ton clouds of 

solar plasma ejected from the sun at speeds up to 3 million 

miles per hour. Newly reprocessed images from NASA's 

STEREO-A spacecraft allow scientists to trace the 

anatomy of the December 2008 CME as it moves from the 

Sun to the Earth (from right to left in the images) and 

changes on its journey (upper to lower panels). This work 

identifies the origin and structure of the material that 

impacted Earth, and it connects the image data directly 

with measurements on Earth at the time of impact. 

Heliophysics seeks to understand the Sun and its 

interactions with Earth and the solar system. The 

goal of the Heliophysics Research program is to 

understand the Sun, heliosphere, and planetary 

environments as a single connected system and to 

answer these fundamental questions about this 

system's behavior. 

What causes the Sun to vary? 

How do Earth and the heliosphere respond to the 

Sun’s changes? 

What are the impacts on humanity? 

The Heliophysics Research program advances 

knowledge of solar processes and also the 

interaction of solar plasma and radiation with 

Earth, the other planets and the Galaxy. By 

analyzing the connections between the Sun, solar 

wind, planetary space environments, and our 

place in the Galaxy, we are uncovering the 

fundamental physical processes that occur 

throughout the Universe. Understanding the 

connections between the Sun and its planets will 

allow us to improve predictions on the impacts of 

solar variability on humans, technological 

systems, and even the presence of life itself. For 

more information, go to: 

HELIO-2
Science: Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH 

http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/heliophysics-research/. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The request reflects the movement of the budgets for the operational Advanced Composition Explorer 

(ACE) and Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) missions to the 

Heliophysics Explorer program, which originally funded their development. The request also reflects 

movement of the budget for the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics 

(TIMED) mission to the Solar Terrestrial Probes program. These transfers increase the consistency of the 

budget structure, without affecting the projects in any way. A new Space Weather Research to Operations 

project has been created, consolidating several small ongoing efforts, totaling about $300K per year, 

which support non-NASA space weather operational forecasters. A new CubeSat project offers a low-cost 

option for enabling scientific discovery across the various themes and disciplines in the Science Mission 

Directorate. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Heliophysics research findings in FY 2012 have demonstrated that the Solar Terrestrial Relations 

Observatory (STEREO)-A spacecraft cameras are capable of taking images that could improve space 

weather predictions. Direct imaging of plasma clouds was very difficult, but the spacecraft's wide-angle 

cameras detect ordinary sunlight scattered by free-floating electrons in plasma clouds. Newly released 

processed images from cameras on the STEREO-A spacecraft reveal detailed features in a large Earthdirected coronal mass ejection in late 2008, connecting the original magnetized structure in the Sun's 

corona to the intricate anatomy of the interplanetary storm as it hit the planet three days later. These 

STEREO-A observations pinpointed not only the arrival time of the coronal mass ejection, but also its 

mass. The brightness of the cloud enabled researchers to calculate the cloud's gas density throughout the 

structure and compare it to direct measurements by other NASA spacecraft. When this technique is 

applied to future storms, forecasters will be able to say with confidence whether Earth is about to be hit 

by a small or large cloud, and where on the Sun the material originated. 

The Sounding Rocket project launched 21 sounding rockets, supporting eleven science investigations, 

three test vehicle and technology demonstrations, and two educational projects. Notable science 

achievements include the Anomalous Transport Experiment, which required 5 separate rockets to be 

launched 80 seconds apart to study the upper level jet stream on multiple scales. The jet stream is a region 

of significant electrical turbulence that adversely affects satellite and radio communications. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA is introducing a newly restructured competed research program in response to the National 

Research Council of the National Academies’ 2012 Decadal Survey. In direct response to the Diversify, 

Realize, Integrate, Venture, Educate (DRIVE) initiative in the Decadal Survey, the Heliophysics Grand 

Challenges program will in the future support large principle investigator-proposed team efforts that 

require a critical mass of expertise to make significant progress in understanding complex heliophysical 

processes with broad importance. The new Heliophysics Technology and Instrument Development for 

Science program will support development of new instrument concepts, and laboratory measurements of 

relevant atomic and plasma parameters for all of Heliophysics. One recent selection will conduct microHELIO-3
Science: Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH 

dust impact experiments in a vacuum chamber with surfaces resembling spacecraft hardware. This way 

the team will understand better the signals picked up by the STEREO antennas currently interpreted as 

stemming from dust impacts in space. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENT PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The budget request supports a flight program of up to 24 sounding rocket flights, with 1 to 2 campaign 

deployments. (Poker Flat, Norway and/or Australia are envisioned as potential locations for the 

deployments). The Peregrine motor design will be completed and verified in up to three test flights, for 

subsequent release to industry. 

In FY 2014, in response to solicitations in Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences 2013 

(ROSES-13) and ROSES-12, NASA anticipates awarding over 85 new 3-year investigations. 

Program Elements 

HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

This project supports basic research, solicited through NASA's annual ROSES announcements. NASA 

solicits investigations relevant to Heliophysics in several broad areas that include: 







Understanding the changing flow of energy and matter throughout the Sun, heliosphere, and 

planetary environments; 

Exploring the fundamental physical processes of space plasma systems; and 

Studying the solar wind. 

Geospace Science and Solar and Heliospheric Physics element solicits basic theory investigations needed 

to interpret data from NASA's heliophysics missions, and to develop the scientific basis for future 

missions. The Low Cost Access to Space element solicits investigations and new instrument concepts to 

be flown on sounding rockets or balloons, as well as preparation of payloads. 

Other research elements include Heliophysics Technology and Instrument Developments and 

Heliophysics Guest Investigators. 

NASA occasionally releases special solicitations to take advantage of research opportunities that arise 

from recent launches or other significant opportunities. Heliophysics Research and Analysis funds 

scientific investigations based on suborbital platforms such as balloons or sounding rockets, and 

maintains some of the vital communications infrastructure at Wallops Flight Facility. 

SOUNDING ROCKETS

The Sounding Rockets project provides low-cost, sub-orbital access to space in support of space and 

Earth sciences research and technology development sponsored by NASA and other users by providing 

payload development, launch vehicles, and mission engineering services.

HELIO-4
Science: Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH 

RESEARCH RANGE

The Research Range Services (RRS) project provides operations support, maintenance, and engineering 

for the Wallops Launch Range and instrumentation. The range and instrumentation support suborbital, 

orbital, and aircraft missions conducted on behalf of NASA and the Department of Defense at the 

Wallops Flight Facility and at remote sites around the world. New work includes support for Commercial 

Resupply Services missions, NASA technology missions, unmanned aerial vehicle flights, and 

commercial launch and flight projects. 

The range instrumentation includes meteorological, telemetry, radar, command, launch and range control 

centers, and optical systems. RRS mobile assets provide range services at other ranges and remote 

locations around the world. 

Program Schedule 

NASA implements the Heliophysics Research program via competitively selected research. Research 

solicitations are released each year in the Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences NASA 

Research Announcement (ROSES NRA), typically aiming to initiate research for about one-third of the 

program, given the selected projects are typically three-year awards. Therefore, NASA will allocate FY 

2014 funds to first year projects from ROSES-2013 selections, second year of projects from ROSES-2012 

selections, and third year of projects from ROSES-2011 selections. 

Date Significant Event

Q2 FY14 ROSES-2014 solicitation - February 2014 

Q3 FY14 Review of all Proposals Submitted to Heliophysics ROSES Elements 

Apr 2014 Senior Review of Data Archives 

Apr 2015 Senior Review of All Operating Missions 

Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: NASA/HQ 

Lead Center: SMD-Heliophysics Division 

Performing Centers: GSFC, MSFC, JPL, LaRC, JSC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Research and Analysis 

HELIO-5
Science: Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS RESEARCH 

Sounding Rockets and Research 

Range 

Provider: GSFC

Lead Center: SMD

Performing Center: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: None

Science Data and Computing 

Provider: GSFC

Lead Center: SMD

Performing Center: GSFC

Cost Share Partners: None

Heliophysics Operating Missions 

Provider: GSFC, JPL, MSFC 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Center: GSFC, JPL, 

Cost Share Partners: None 

MSFC 

Acquisition Strategy 

All new acquisitions are based on full and open competition. Proposals are peer-reviewed and selected 

from the annual NASA Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES) announcement. 

Universities, government research laboratories, and industry partners throughout the United States 

participate in research and analysis projects. The Heliophysics operating missions and instrument teams 

were previously selected from NASA Announcements of Opportunity. NASA evaluates the allocation of 

funding among the operating missions bi-annually through the Heliophysics Senior Review. Universities, 

government research labs, and industry partners throughout the United States participate in science data 

and computing technology research projects. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Sounding Rocket Operations Orbital Sciences Corp., Dulles VA Various

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Quality Mission Senior 

Review Panel Apr 2010

A comparative evaluation 

of Heliophysics operating 

missions. A report 

ranking the operating 

missions to be released

Report released 

in July 2010. 

Assessed 

missions singly, 

and as part of a 

greater whole

Apr 2013

HELIO-6
Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Research 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 61.3 -- 89.6 54.2 58.8 63.5 65.5

Science Planning and Research Support 5.7 -- 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8

Directed Research & Technology 13.5 -- 37.8 3.4 6.9 11.4 13.3

Space Weather Research to Operations 0.0 -- 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4

SOLAR Data Center 0.7 -- 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Data & Modeling Services 3.8 -- 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0

Space Physics Data Archive 1.4 -- 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Guest Investigator Program 10.4 -- 8.2 7.2 8.0 8.0 8.0

Community Coordinated Modeling Center 2.0 -- 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

Science Data & Computing 1.7 -- 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

Space Science Mission Ops Services 10.1 -- 11.0 11.3 11.6 11.7 11.7

CubeSat 0.0 -- 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

Voyager 5.3 -- 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.4 5.4

Solar and Heliospheric Obervatory 2.0 -- 2.2 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

WIND 2.0 -- 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

GEOTAIL 0.2 -- 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

CLUSTER-II 2.5 -- 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 28.3

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 46.2 %

NASA accumulates, archives, and distributes data collected by the Heliophysics System Observatory, a 

fleet of operating spacecraft. Combining the measurements from all of these observing platforms enables 

interdisciplinary science across the vast spatial scales of our solar system. This collective asset enables the 

data, expertise, and research results to directly contribute to fundamental research on solar and space 

plasma physics and to the national goal of real-time space weather prediction. NASA teams support dayto-day mission operations, a guest investigator program for data analysis and to advance the state of space 

science and space weather. NASA conducts community-based projects to provide evaluations of the 

ability of research models to forecast weather disturbance information of value to industry and 

government agencies, in preparation for transition to operations. Heliophysics data centers archive and 

distribute the collected science data from operating missions in the Living With a Star (LWS), Solar 

Terrestrial Probes (STP), and Explorers programs. 

Space observations spark space science progress, which also provides the “ground truth” to test 

simulations, models, and predictions. "Ground truth" has come to mean making the kinds of 

measurements that would validate a theory. It is essential to properly record, analyze, release, document, 

and rapidly turn space observations into scientific results. NASA funds projects that facilitate a smooth 

data flow: the Solar Data Center, Sun-Earth Connection Data and Modeling Services, the Space Physics 

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OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Data Archive, Science Data and Computing, and Space Science Mission Operations Services. These 

projects undergo a competitive senior review process with the level of support adjusted regularly, 

according to the anticipated scientific productivity and mission maintenance requirements. 

For more information, go to: http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smd-programs/heliophysics-research/. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

SCIENCE PLANNING AND RESEARCH SUPPORT 

This project supports NASA's participation in proposal peer review panels, decadal surveys and National 

Research Council studies. 

DIRECTED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

This project funds the civil service staff that will work on emerging science projects, instruments, and 

research. 

SOLAR DATA CENTER

The Solar Data Center provides mission and instrument expertise to enable high-quality analysis of solar 

physics mission data. It provides leadership for community-based, distributed development efforts to 

facilitate identifying and accessing solar physics data, including ground-based coordinated observations 

residing in the Virtual Solar Observatory. The center also provides a repository for software used to 

analyze these data. The Virtual Solar Observatory (VSO) is a software system linking together distributed 

archives of solar data into a unified whole, along with data search and analysis tools. 

DATA & MODELING SERVICES

This project supports missions in extended operations and missions transitioning to decommissioning to 

better prepare their data holdings for long-term archival curation. This project also provides for the 

creation of higher-level data products, which are of significant use to the science community and not 

funded during the prime mission. Higher level data products are data that combine results of multiple 

missions and/or instruments. This project is competed through the annual Research Opportunities in 

Space and Earth Science competitive announcement. 

SPACE PHYSICS DATA ARCHIVE

The Space Physics Data Facility ensures long-term data preservation and online access to non-solar 

heliophysics science data. It operates key infrastructure components for the Heliophysics Data 

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Environment including inventory and web service interfaces to systems and data. It also provides unique 

enabling science data services. 

GUEST INVESTIGATOR PROGRAM

The Guest Investigator program is intended to maximize the return from currently operating Heliophysics 

missions by supporting studies of the current science goals of these missions. These highly competitive 

research investigations use data from multiple spacecraft, as appropriate, and investigations addressing 

global system problems are strongly encouraged, as Heliophysics is, by its nature, the investigation of a 

large-scale, complex, connected system. 

COMMUNITY COORDINATED MODELING CENTER (CCMC) 

The Community Coordinated Modeling Center is a multi-agency partnership to enable, support, and 

perform the research and development for next-generation heliophysics and space weather models. The 

center provides the United States and international research community access to modern simulations to 

enable “runs on demand,” using models to study solar events in near-real time. This allows the 

comparison of observational data and model parameters during or shortly after solar activity, 

incorporating more precise boundary conditions into the models, thereby making them more accurate. 

This latter function has important implications for human space flight and the societal impacts of space 

weather phenomena. 

SCIENCE DATA AND COMPUTING

This project preserves NASA’s science data assets by working with all space science data archives, 

missions, and investigators. Science Data and Computing provides the space science community with 

stewardship, guidance, and support so that data made available to the research community is well 

documented to provide independent usability. As a repository making unique data and metadata available, 

Science Data and Computing participates in Virtual Observatory development efforts to assist in the 

practical evolution of those concepts. 

SPACE SCIENCE MISSION OPERATIONS SERVICES

Space Science Mission Operations Services manages the GSFC Space Science missions on-orbit 

operations. Services include consistent processes for missions operated at GSFC, Johns Hopkins 

University Applied Physics Laboratory, Orbital Sciences Corporation, Pennsylvania State University, 

University of California at Berkeley, and Bowie State University. Space Science Mission Operations 

Services also sustains an operational infrastructure for current and future missions. 

SPACE WEATHER RESEARCH TO OPERATIONS

NASA takes theoretical models produced from a variety of sources, and in conjunction with real data 

HELIO-9
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OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

from missions, assesses the accuracy of the models to be able to predict a space weather event. NASA 

provides the results of these tests to agencies that are responsible for operational predictions to the public. 

CUBESATS

A new CubeSat project offers a low-cost option for enabling scientific discovery across the various 

themes and disciplines in the Science Mission Directorate. CubeSats are very small spacecraft, as small as 

a few inches square, that can be launched as secondary ("tag-along") payloads, on either orbital or suborbital rockets. At costs that can be less than $1 to $2 million per satellite and with rapid development 

cycles, CubeSats are now a viable frequent flight opportunity for rapid innovation in science and 

technology. CubeSats will address space technology and exploration systems development needs, will 

extend important hands-on experience to undergraduate and graduate students, and will leverage 

exploratory and systematic science observations at a minimal cost. CubeSats have the potential to reduce 

technology risk in early stage TRL development before infusing these technologies into less risk-tolerant, 

more expensive, NASA missions. NASA plans to offer CubeSat Pilot-1 investigations as part of the SMD 

ROSES-13 announcement, and select multiple CubeSat investigations as part of the SMD award 

announcement in FY 2014. The CubeSats would be delivered approximately 24 months after award, and 

at least one CubeSat would be targeted to launch by 2016. 

Operating Missions 

VOYAGER

The Voyager Interstellar Mission is exploring the 

interaction of the heliosphere with the local interstellar 

medium. The Voyager Interstellar mission is making 

the first in situ observations of the region outside the 

heliosphere. Voyager 1 is about 120 astronomical units 

(AU), or 120 times Earth’s distance from the Sun, and 

traveling at a speed of 3.6 AU per year. Voyager 2 is 

about 100 AU from the Sun and traveling at a speed of 

about 3.3 AU per year. Spacecraft power is expected to 

be adequate for currently operating instruments through 2020; a subset of those instruments could operate 

through 2025. 

Recent Achievements 

Data obtained from Voyager 1 over the last year reveal that the wind of charged particles streaming out 

from the Sun has calmed, and the solar system's magnetic field has piled up, or increased in density at the 

heliospheric bow shock. Voyager has been measuring energetic particles that originate from inside and 

outside the solar system. The intensity of these energetic particles has been declining since Voyager 1 

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Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Research 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

moved into the region. The particles were found to be half as abundant or less as they were during the 

previous five years, with multiple sharp drops occurring in 2012. The image above reflects what Voyager 

1 observed. Voyager 1 has now entered, by direct measurement, a region of physical processes never 

observed before. 

SOLAR AND HELIOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY 

(SOHO)

SOHO combines remote sensing of the Sun and the 

consequences of solar activity with measurements of the 

space environment near the L1 Lagrangian point, about a 

million miles from Earth toward the Sun. SOHO is the main 

source of near-real time solar data for space weather 

predictions. The Large Angle and Spectrometic Coronagraph 

on SOHO is a unique instrument resource on the Sun-Earth 

line that is critically important to the Nation’s space weather 

architecture. This instrument helps scientists understand 

coronal mass ejections, which are large bursts of plasma 

from the Sun that can impact Earth, and their effect on 

interplanetary space. 

Recent Achievements 

On August 20, 2012, the Sun ejected a bulbous coronal mass ejection resembling a light bulb. This 

ejection had a thin outer edge and a bright, glowing core at its center. Scientists find this unusual shape of 

interest because it displayed rare magnetic field structure not often seen at such large scales and has not 

been seen in a number of years. The image to the left reflects what SOHO observed. 

WIND

The Wind spacecraft studies the solar wind and its impact on the near Earth environment. It addresses 

wave-particle interaction processes in the space environment, the evolution of solar transients in the 

heliosphere, and the geomagnetic impact of solar activity. Wind performs in situ studies using unique 

capabilities, such as three-dimensional particle distributions over a wide range of energies, and delivery at 

higher time resolution than available from any other mission. 

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OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements 

This year, new Wind observations provided evidence for anacceleration and heating mechanism in 

multiple space environments. Observations of space plasmas with a mix of fast and slow-moving particles 

have consistently shown evidence of relaxation, which means that the particle speeds become more 

uniform, even though the particles themselves do not collide to make this happen. For over 50 years, 

theorists have proposed that electromagnetic waves could replace collisions as a mechanism to increase 

the temperature of the system. Recent Wind spacecraft observations provide the first direct evidence of 

particle acceleration by electromagnetic waves. 

GEOTAIL

Geotail enables scientists to assess data on the interaction of the solar wind and the magnetosphere. July 

24, 2012 marked the 20th anniversary of the launch of Geotail, and its instruments continue to function, 

sending back crucial information about how aurora form, how energy from the Sun funnels through near 

Earth space, and the ways in which magnetic field lines move and rebound creating explosive bursts that 

rearrange the very shape of our magnetic environment. The Geotail mission is a collaborative project 

undertaken by the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science and NASA. 

CLUSTER-II

Cluster uses four spacecraft to make direct measurements of the particles trapped in Earth’s magnetic 

field. By varying spacecraft separations during repeated visits to regions, Cluster can measure the smallscale fluctuations in interplanetary space. One of the interactions studied is the acceleration of plasma in 

the magnetotail during substorms. The magnetotail is a large reservoir of both solar wind and ionospheric 

particles that, under some circumstances, releases a large quantity of particles towards Earth. Both 

mechanisms—particles entering the polar cusps and the substorms—produce aurorae when the 

participating particles, electrons and ions, hit the neutral gas of the atmosphere. When these particles are 

particularly energetic they can have a dramatic effect on human activities, disrupting electrical power and 

telecommunications or causing serious anomalies in the operation of satellites, especially those in 

geostationary orbit. 

Cluster is a joint European Space Agency and NASA project, part of ESA’s Horizons 2000 program. 

Recent Achievements 

In 2012, a new study showed that it is easier for the solar wind to penetrate Earth’s magnetic 

environment, or magnetosphere, than scientists had previously thought. For the first time, scientists 

directly observed the presence of waves in the solar wind, called Kelvin-Helmholtz waves, that can help 

transfer energy into near Earth space under circumstances that previous theories had predicted would not 

happen. 

HELIO-12
Science: Heliophysics 

LIVING WITH A STAR 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 196.3 -- 216.2 277.7 332.6 353.9 374.4

Solar Probe Plus 52.6 -- 104.8 137.1 229.3 213.5 329.7

Solar Orbiter Collaboration 19.7 -- 55.5 97.3 68.2 100.0 6.7

Other Missions and Data Analysis 124.0 -- 55.8 43.3 35.1 40.5 38.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 19.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 10.1 %

Sunspot AR1429 unleashed a powerful X5-class 

solar flare and propelled a massive CME toward 

Earth on March 7, 2012, starting off the "St. Patrick 

Day Storms." NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory 

recorded the flare at multiple extreme ultraviolent 

wavelengths. Solar flare strength is ranked using 

five categories: A, B, C, M and X, with X-class the 

most powerful. This system resembles the Richter 

scale in that each category is 10 times stronger than 

the one before it. The categories are broken into 

subsets from 1 to 9, but only X-class flares can go 

higher than 9. The most powerful solar flare on 

record occurred in 2003, estimated to be X28 on the 

solar flare scale. 

The Living with a Star program targets specific 

aspects of the coupled Sun-Earth-planetary system 

that affect life and society and enables robotic and 

human exploration of the solar system. LWS provides 

a predictive understanding of the Sun-Earth system, 

the linkages among the interconnected systems, and 

specifically of the space weather conditions at Earth 

and the interplanetary medium. LWS products 

measure and therefore may mitigate impacts to 

technology associated with space systems, 

communications and navigation, and ground systems 

such as power grids. Its products improve 

understanding of ionizing radiation, which has human 

health implications on the International Space Station 

and high-altitude aircraft flight, as well as operations 

of future space exploration with and without human 

presence. Its products improve the definition of solar 

radiation for global climate change, surface warming, 

and ozone depletion and recovery. 

For more information, go to: 

http://science.nasa.gov/about-us/smdprograms/living-with-a-star/. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

HELIO-13
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

SOLAR PROBE PLUS

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 52.6 -- 104.8 137.1 229.3 213.5 329.7

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 52.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 99.2%

To test the survivability of the high temperatures 

and intense particle fluxes they will encounter, the 

Thermal Protection System ceramic coating was 

subjected to 1600 degrees Celcius in a furnace 

setting and the expected mission solar flux using 

plasma lamps. This is to test the optical 

performance and survivability of the ceramic 

material on the carbon-carbon surface. In addition, 

the project has completed ion exposure using a 

linear accelerator at 150 percent of the expected 

mission radiation exposure. In all testing, the 

system survived with no problems.

PROJECT PURPOSE

Solar Probe Plus (SPP) will explore the Sun’s outer 

atmosphere, or corona, as it extends out into space. At 

3.7 million miles from the surface of the Sun, closer 

than any other spacecraft, SPP will repeatedly obtain 

direct in situ coronal magnetic field and plasma 

observations and white-light remote sensing 

observations in the region of the Sun that carries the 

solar wind and creates space weather. SPP's findings 

will revolutionize knowledge and understanding of 

coronal heating and of the origin and evolution of the 

solar wind, answering critical questions in 

heliophysics that have been ranked as the top priority 

by the last decadal survey. 

Its seven year prime mission lifetime will permit 

observations to be made over a significant portion of 

a solar cycle. SPP will enable direct sampling of 

plasma, enabling observations that could not 

previously be accomplished in any other way. These 

observations will allow heliophysicists to verify and 

discriminate between a broad range of theory and 

models that describe the Sun’s coronal magnetic field 

and the heating and acceleration of the solar wind. 

SPP will enable NASA to characterize and forecast 

the radiation environment in which future space 

explorers will work and live. 

For more information about SPP, go to: 

http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/solar-probe. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

HELIO-14
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

SOLAR PROBE PLUS

Formulation Development Operations

PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS

SPP’s first closest approach to the Sun occurs three months after launch, at a heliocentric distance of 35 

solar radii. Over the next several years, successive Venus gravitational assists will gradually lower the 

spacecraft’s closest approach to the Sun to less than 10 solar radii. July 2018 is the earliest possible 

launch date within funding guidelines and technology capability. After launch, SPP will orbit the Sun 24 

times, gradually "walking in" toward the Sun with each pass. The closest points of each orbit come well 

within the path of Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun. On the final three orbits, SPP will fly to within 

3.7 million miles of the Sun's surface. That is about seven times closer than the current record holder for a 

close solar pass, the Helios Spacecraft. SPP will sample the solar wind as it evolves with rising solar 

activity toward an increasingly complex structure 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The project successfully completed the Mission Design Review in November 2011 and proceeded into 

preliminary design. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The project will generate mission, instrument, and spacecraft requirements and designs, and hold system 

and sub-system requirements reviews during FY 2013. 

SPP is designing and fabricating hardware for the technical readiness level (TRL)-6 (near final version of 

new technology tested in real-life conditions) demonstrations of all technology items. Engineers are 

focusing on the thermal protection system and its support structure, the solar array cooling system, the 

high temperature portion of the solar array, and the solar limb sensors. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, SPP plans to complete a static firing of the STAR48GXV motor. This motor is a new 

development for the upper stage of the launch vehicle. The static firing will effectively demonstrate the 

motor concept and provide the engineering data necessary for follow-on work to develop the motor. 

SPP will conduct TRL-6 testing and analysis for all enabling technologies including the Thermal 

Protection System (TPS), the high temperature solar array and its cooling system. A series of subsystemlevel preliminary design reviews will follow these TRL-6 demonstrations. TRL-6 consists of a 

system/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment. In January of FY 2014, 

the SPP project will complete its mission-level Preliminary Design Review. In March of FY 2014, SPP 

will start its implementation phase. 

HELIO-15
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

SOLAR PROBE PLUS

Formulation Development Operations

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

Formulation Authorization 

Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request 

Formulation Authorization Dec 2009 

Feb 2012 

Dec 2009 

KDPB Feb 2012 

KDPC Jul 2014 Mar 2014

KDPD Mar 2016 Mar 2016

Launch Jul 2018 Jul 2018

Project Schedule 

HELIO-16
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

SOLAR PROBE PLUS

Formulation Development Operations

Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule 

Range Summary 

Lifecycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary 

design review. 

Estimated Life Cycle Cost 

Range ($M) 

Key Milestone Estimated 

KDP-B Date Key Milestone Date Range 

Jan 2012 1,233-1,439 Launch Readiness Jul 2018

Project Management & Commitments 

Goddard Space Flight Center provides program management and science management. The John Hopkins 

University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU-APL) manages the project. 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Provider: TBD 

Lead Center: JHU-APL 

Participating Centers: LSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Expendable Launch

Vehicle

Deliver the spacecraft to 

operational orbit None

Ground Systems 

Receive science and 

telemetry data from 

spacecraft, command 

spacecraft, and distribute 

science data to investigator 

teams

Provider: JHU-APL

Lead Center: N/A

Participating Centers: N/A

Cost Share Partners: N/A

None

Spacecraft

Transport instruments to 

science destination, operate 

instruments, and modify 

orbit, including several 

Venus gravity assists

Provider: JHU-APL

Lead Center: N/A

Participating Centers: N/A

Cost Share Partners: N/A

None

Provider: NASA funded investigators 

Lead Center: JHU-APL 

Participating Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Instruments

Provide in situ measurements 

and remote observations of 

the Sun

None

HELIO-17
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

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Formulation Development Operations

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: The thermal protection system (TPS) design 

does not meet launch load requirements,

Then: The mass may increase to accommodate 

loads, or a different design option may be 

required.

The SPP project is currently assessing an early coupled loads analysis 

that Kennedy Space Center provided in late October 2012. As 

expected, predicted launch loads dropped. The SPP project is 

currently assessing the impact of this result. Additionally, the SPP 

project is performing sub-scale testing and analysis in key areas. 

Results from these tests and analyses will influence the design. 

Management will consider the risk mitigated after testing of the fullscale prototype.

Acquisition Strategy 

Principal Investigators (PIs) selected through the announcement of opportunity will build science 

instruments. JHU-APL will build the spacecraft, and will competitively procure the spacecraft 

subassemblies, components, and parts. The ground system components will be defined during the 

formulation phase and requirements will be defined by the project. GSFC will manage the operations 

contracts. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Phase-B formulation JHU-APL Laurel, MD

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Successful, 

project moved to 

early design 

MDR SRB Nov 2011 Gate Review for KDP-B Jan 2014 

HELIO-18
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

SOLAR ORBITER COLLABORATION

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 19.7 -- 55.5 97.3 68.2 100.0 6.7

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 35.8

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 181.7%

Note: The KDP-C for this project was scheduled on March 28, 2013. Data is as of February 2013 

Solar Orbiter will venture closer to the Sun than 

any previous mission. The spacecraft will also carry 

advanced instrumentation that will help untangle 

how activity on the sun sends out radiation, particles 

and magnetic fields that can affect Earth's magnetic 

environment. This can cause aurora, or potentially 

damage satellites, interfere with GPS 

communications, or even Earth’s electrical power 

grids. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

The NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) Solar 

Orbiter Collaboration (SOC) mission will provide 

measurements that will give NASA better insight on 

the evolution of sunspots, active regions, coronal 

holes, and other solar features and phenomena. The 

instruments will explore the near Sun environment to 

improve the understanding of the origins of the solar 

wind streams and the heliospheric magnetic field, the 

sources, and acceleration mechanisms, and transport 

processes of solar energetic particles, and the 

evolution of coronal mass ejections in the inner 

heliosphere. To achieve these objectives, SOC will 

make in situ measurements of the solar wind plasma, 

fields, waves, and energetic particles and 

imaging/spectroscopic observations close enough to 

the Sun such that they are still relatively unprocessed. 

SOC will provide close-up views of the Sun’s polar 

regions and its far side. SOC will tune its orbit to the 

direction of the Sun’s rotation to allow the spacecraft 

to observe one specific area for much longer than 

currently possible. 

ESA provides the spacecraft and operations, the ESA 

member states provide the majority of the 

instruments, and NASA provides the launch vehicle and two science investigations/instruments: Solar and 

Heliospheric Imager and the Heavy Ion Sensor. In return for its contributions, NASA will have access to 

the entire science mission data set. 

For more information about SOC, go to: http://nasascience.nasa.gov/missions/solar-orbiter. 

HELIO-19
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Formulation Development Operations

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS

A NASA-provided launch vehicle will place the ESA-provided SOC spacecraft into an inner heliospheric 

orbit around the Sun, with its closest approach ranging from 0.23 to 0.38 astronomical units and the 

farthest distance from 0.73 to 0.88 astronomical units. In the first phase of mission operations, SOC will 

orbit around the Sun’s equator at about the same rate as the Sun’s rotation. In the second phase, it will 

perform a Venus gravity assist between each rotation around the Sun. Each gravity assist will increase the 

Solar Orbiter inclination with respect to the Sun’s equator so that the inclination will reach 27.5 degrees 

by the end of prime mission operations. This will enable the instruments to image the polar regions of the 

Sun clearly for the first time and make key measurements that will advance our understanding of the solar 

dynamo and the polarity reversal of the global magnetic field. The inclination will increase to 34 degrees 

by the end of the three-year extended mission allowing better insight into the polar regions. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The Solar-Heliospheric Imager instrument completed its preliminary design review in June 2012. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA has begun development of the Solar-Heliospheric Imager science instrument and the Heavy Ion 

Sensor, which will continue through FY 2013. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA will complete the majority of development in preparation for delivery of the instruments to ESA in 

FY 2015. 

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

Formulation Authorization 

Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request 

KDP-C Jan 2013 

Jan 2017 

Mar 2013

Launch Oct 2018

HELIO-20
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

SOLAR ORBITER COLLABORATION

Formulation Development Operations

Project Schedule 

Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule 

Range Summary 

Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary 

design review. 

Estimated Life Cycle Cost 

Range ($M) 

Key Milestone Estimated 

KDP-B Date Key Milestone Date Range 

Dec 2011 371-424 Launch Readiness Jan 2017-Oct 2018

Project Management & Commitments 

GSFC has program management responsibility for the Living With a Star program and the Solar Orbiter 

Collaboration project. All instruments provided by the United States are procured through an 

Announcement of Opportunity. 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Provider: Naval Research Lab 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Solar Orbiter 

Heliospheric Imager 

(SoloHi) 

Measures the solar wind 

formations, shock 

disturbance, and turbulence 

None

HELIO-21
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

SOLAR ORBITER COLLABORATION

Formulation Development Operations

Measures the range of heavy 

ion energies, charge states, 

masses, and elevation angles 

as part of the United 

Kingdom-provided Solar 

Wind Analyzer instrument 

suite 

Heavy Ion Sensor 

Provider: Southwest Research Institute 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: None 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

None

Expendable Launch 

Vehicle Launch vehicle 

Provider: TBD

Lead Center: N/A

Performing Centers: KSC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

None

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: Aggressive instrument delivery schedule is 

maintained by ESA,

Then: NASA will not be able to meet the 

planned delivery schedule.

New instrument delivery and integration dates will be negotiated with 

ESA and project management risk resources will be used to cover the 

period of delay. 

Monitor ESA’s progress during its hardware development and plan to 

cover ESA schedule overruns. 

If: ESA hardware delivery for launch is delayed,

Then: NASA launch vehicle and development 

costs will increase.

Acquisition Strategy 

The instruments and science investigations were selected from an Announcement of Opportunity. The 

launch vehicle is being competitively selected through the NLS-2 contract. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Launch Vehicle United Launch Alliance KSC, FL 

SoloHI Naval Research Lab Washington, DC 

Heavy Ion Sensor Southwest Research Institute Austin, TX 

HELIO-22
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SOLAR ORBITER COLLABORATION

Formulation Development Operations

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

All SRB Dec 2011 Assess readiness for 

KDP-B Successful N/A 

N/A 

Nov 2013 

Instrument SRB Oct 2012 Assess readiness for PDR 

Assess readiness for CDR 

Successful

All SRB N/A

HELIO-23
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OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 124.0 -- 55.8 43.3 35.1 40.5 38.0

Balloon Array for Radiation-Belt Relativ 1.6 -- 1.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

LWS Space Environment Testbeds 0.5 -- 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

LWS Science 15.0 -- 17.2 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5

LWS Program Management and Future 4.0 -- 8.7 7.5 8.1 13.4 10.9

Missions

Van Allen Probes 86.1 -- 13.8 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.0

Solar Dynamics Observatory 16.7 -- 14.1 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -68.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -55 %

The Living with a Star Other Missions and Data Analysis budget includes operating LWS missions, a 

science research program, program management, and limited funding for missions to be launched in the 

next decade. 

Future LWS missions are strategically defined and prioritized by the National Academies' Heliophysics 

Decadal Surveys, the last of which was issued in August 2012. 

For more information, go to the LWS program at: http://lws.gsfc.nasa.gov/.

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

THE BALLOON ARRAY FOR RBSP RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON LOSSES (BARREL) 

BARREL is a balloon-based mission of opportunity to augment the measurements of the Van Allen 

Probes, formerly Radiation Belt Storm Probes, or RBSP, mission. The balloon array will make its 

observations in conjunction with the Van Allen spacecraft, so that direct comparisons of data can be 

made. There are two campaigns of five to eight long-duration balloons aloft simultaneously (over one 

month) to provide measurements of the spatial extent of relativistic electron precipitation and to allow an 

estimate of the total electron loss from the radiation belts. The first campaign is scheduled for January of 

2013 and the second campaign is scheduled for January of 2014. 

Recent Achievements 

In FY 2012, BARREL completed the build of 25 balloon payloads in support of the first of the two 

campaigns, as well as the completion, test and verification of the ground system that will monitor and 

HELIO-24
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

control the balloons and payloads, and collect data for analysis. 

SPACE ENVIRONMENT TESTBEDS

The Space Environment Testbeds project will perform flight and ground investigations to characterize the 

space environment and its impact on hardware performance in space. It will fly as a piggyback payload on 

the US Air Force Deployable Structures Experiment (DSX) mission. DSX will be launched on the 

SpaceX Falcon Heavy Rocket in mid-2015. 

Recent Achievements 

Workmanship comprehensive performance testing was completed in June 2012, and DSX was put into 

storage until DMSP-19 is ready to launch. 

LWS SCIENCE

Understanding space weather and improving the capability to address problems, such as predicting 

geomagnetic storms, pose two major challenges for the research community. First, research must couple 

traditionally separate disciplines in NASA's Heliophysics division, such as solar-heliospheric and 

geospace physics. Second, to be truly successful, research must also demonstrate how results would 

enable an operational capability, such as the generation of forecasts for geomagnetic storms. LWS 

Science addresses these challenges. A community-based steering committee provides advice on priorities 

for future LWS Science investigations, and focus teams comprised of selected investigators in particular 

areas have been set up. The LWS Science team addresses these challenges through three main 

approaches: 

It builds infrastructure--The infrastructure component includes funding to train the next generation of 

heliophysics experts, to conduct a Heliophysics graduate-level summer school, to develop graduate course 

content, and to support a limited number of space weather postdoctoral positions at universities and 

government laboratories. 

It addresses scientific needs--Funds permit the LWS program to tackle large-scale problems that cross 

discipline and technique boundaries (e.g., data analysis, theory, modeling, etc.); and identify how this new 

understanding will have a direct impact on life and society. The aforementioned community-based 

steering committee provides advice on which areas should be focused on each year, and teams are 

assembled from peer-reviewed proposals, that individually address pieces of the problem but collectively, 

as a team, tackle the whole scientific need. 

It develops strategic capabilities--Funds allow areas of science focus that have reached level of maturity 

to be integrated into scientific and operational deliverables (e.g. models or tools) broadly useful to the 

larger community in Universities, Government laboratories, industry and the military. 

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Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements 

Recent LWS-supported research has shown that the Sun’s atmosphere, or corona, is full of magnetic 

waves generated by the boiling convection of the solar interior. Observing the motions of the ionized gas 

in the corona enables scientists to determine how much of the magnetic wave energy gets converted into 

heat. In open regions of the corona called coronal holes, the heated atmosphere boils into space in the 

form of high-speed solar wind streams. Such high-speed streams can cause aurorae and other space 

weather effects, even in the absence of large explosive events on the Sun. 

Another study used Solar Dynamics Observatory observations to predict when sunspots will emerge from 

inside the Sun. Yet another study using data from the observatory have shown a new "late phase" of solar 

flares, extending the duration and increasing the energy released in solar flares. These results are 

significant to understand the causes of space weather 

PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE MISSIONS

Program Management and Future Missions provide the resources required to manage the planning, 

formulation, and implementation of all Living With a Star missions. The office resolves technical and 

programmatic issues and risks, monitors and reports on progress, and is responsible for achieving overall 

LWS cost and schedule goals. Additionally, Future Missions supports the program's strategic planning for 

addressing the recommendations of the heliophysics decadal survey and the pre-formulation activities for 

missions that are not yet approved as projects. 

Operating Missions 

VAN ALLEN PROBES (FORMERLY RADIATION BELT STORM PROBES) 

The Van Allen Probes mission will help scientists understand the Sun's influence on Earth and near Earth 

space by studying Earth's radiation belts on various scales of space and time. The two spacecrafts' 

instruments will observe the fundamental processes that energize and transport radiation belt electrons 

and ions in Earth’s inner magnetosphere, the area in and around Earth’s radiation belts. These 

observations will provide new knowledge on the dynamics and extremes of the radiation belts that are 

important to all technological systems that fly in and through geospace. The mission will enable an 

understanding, ideally to the point of predictability, of how populations of relativistic electrons and 

penetrating ions in space form or change in response to variable inputs of energy from the Sun. 

Recent Achievements 

The twin spacecraft launched in August 2012, is meeting its science objectives to better understand 

Earth's radiation belts. 

HELIO-26
Science: Heliophysics: Living with a Star 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

SOLAR DYNAMICS OBSERVATORY (SDO)

Launched on February 11, 2010, the Solar Dynamics 

Observatory seeks to understand the Sun’s influence on 

Earth and near Earth space by studying the solar 

atmosphere on small scales of space and time and in 

many wavelengths simultaneously. The observatory 

enables scientists to determine how the Sun’s magnetic 

field is generated and structured and how stored 

magnetic energy is converted and released in the form of 

solar wind, energetic particles, and variations in the solar 

irradiance. It collects data to help elucidate how solar 

activity is created and how space weather emerges as a product of that activity. Measurements of the 

interior of the Sun, the Sun’s magnetic field, the hot plasma of the solar corona, and the irradiance that 

creates Earth’s ionosphere are the primary data products. Currently in its prime operations phase, SDO’s 

images and spectra are key sources of data at solar science conferences and further advances knowledge 

of the Sun. 

Recent Achievements 

On August 31, 2012, a long filament of solar material that had been hovering in the Sun's atmosphere, the 

corona erupted. The coronal mass ejection traveled at over 900 miles per second. The ejection did not 

travel directly toward Earth, but did connect with Earth's magnetic environment, or magnetosphere, with a 

glancing blow causing aurora to appear on the night of Monday, September 3. The observatory was able 

to detect the source of the cone and follow its path into the heliosphere, helping to further understanding 

of an important mechanism that transports energy from the Sun. The image above reflects SDO's 

observations. Four images of a filament on the Sun are shown in various wavelengths of light. Starting 

from the upper left and going clockwise, they represent light in the: 335,171,304 and 131 Angstrom 

wavelengths. Since each wavelength generally corresponds to solar material at a particular temperature, 

scientists can compare images like this to observe how the material moves during an eruption. 

HELIO-27
Science: Heliophysics 

SOLAR TERRESTRIAL PROBES 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 216.0 -- 146.6 68.7 48.9 50.1 27.9

Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) 194.6 -- 120.9 39.5 20.2 12.3 2.7

Other Missions and Data Analysis 21.4 -- 25.8 29.2 28.7 37.8 25.2

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -69.4

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -32.1 %

The Earth’s night-time ionosphere displaying spatial 

structures of various scales (caused by small and 

large-scale waves emanating upward from the 

troposphere). Such plasma bubbles and dropouts 

greatly affect communication and navigation. This 

program continues to make important contributions to 

the understanding of many of the processes that link 

the Earth’s upper atmosphere and ionosphere system.

Solar Terrestrial Probes focuses on understanding 

the fundamental physics of the space environment, 

from the Sun to Earth, other planets, and beyond to 

the interstellar medium. STP provides insight into 

the fundamental processes of plasmas (fluid of 

charged particles) inherent in all astrophysical 

systems. STP missions focus on processes such as 

the variability of the Sun, the responses of the 

planets to those variations, and the interaction of 

the Sun and solar system. STP missions are 

strategically defined and investigations are 

competitively selected. These missions allow the 

science community an opportunity to address 

important research focus areas and make significant 

progress in understanding fundamental physics. 

For more information, go to the STP program at: 

http://stp.gsfc.nasa.gov. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

There are no programmatic changes. The decrease 

in FY 2014 from the FY 2013 budget request 

reflects the restoration of funding to the 

Astrophysics Explorer program, as anticipated in 

the FY 2012 operating plan of June 20, 2012. The 

STP program now carries the budget for the 

Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Mesophere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission. This transfer 

increases the consistency of NASA's budget structure, without affecting the project in any way. 

HELIO-28
Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes 

MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS)

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 507.6 194.6 183.3 120.9 39.5 20.2 12.3 2.7 0.0 1081.1

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 507.6 194.6 183.3 120.9 39.5 20.2 12.3 2.7 0.0 1081.1

Formulation 172.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 172.9

Development/Implementation 334.7 194.6 183.3 120.9 23.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 856.8

Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.2 20.0 12.3 2.7 0.0 51.4

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -73.7

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -37.9%

An artist concept shows the MMS spacecraft flying 

through the dayside magnetic interaction region 

where the Sun’s and Earth’s magnetic fields come 

together. The four MMS spacecraft will fly in a 

tetrahedron formation, which enables the best 

possible measurements to identify the temporal and 

spatial energetic processes taking place. The 

scientific instruments carried onboard will rapidly 

measure the involved electric and magnetic fields 

and the tenuous, electrically charged gases or 

plasma. What is learned here will be extended to the 

Sun’s atmosphere and throughout the cosmos as 

scientists seek to understand particle heating and 

acceleration throughout space. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

The Magnetospheric MultiScale mission investigates 

how the Sun's and Earth's magnetic fields connect 

and disconnect, explosively transferring energy from 

one to the other, a process that occurs throughout the 

universe, known as magnetic reconnection. MMS 

will use Earth’s magnetosphere as a laboratory to 

study the microphysics of magnetic reconnection, a 

fundamental plasma-physical process that converts 

magnetic energy into heat and the kinetic energy of 

charged particles. In addition to seeking to solve the 

mystery of the small-scale physics of the 

reconnection process, MMS will also investigate 

how the energy conversion that occurs in magnetic 

reconnection accelerates particles to high energies 

and what role plasma turbulence plays in 

reconnection events. Magnetic reconnection, particle 

acceleration, and turbulence occur in all 

astrophysical plasma systems, but can be studied in 

situ only in the solar system and most efficiently in 

Earth’s magnetosphere, where these processes 

control the dynamics of the geospace environment 

and play an important role in the phenomena known 

as space weather. 

For more information about MMS, go to: 

http://science.nasa.gov/missions/mms/. 

HELIO-29
Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes 

MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS)

Formulation Development Operations

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The decrease in FY 2014 from the FY 2013 budget request reflects the restoration of funding to the 

Astrophysics Explorer program, as anticipated in the FY 2012 Operating Plan of June 20, 2012. 

PROJECT PARAMETERS

The MMS mission comprises four identically instrumented spacecraft that measure particles, fields, and 

plasmas. The MMS instrument payload will measure electric and magnetic fields and the plasmas found 

in the regions where magnetic reconnection occurs. Fast, multi-point measurements will enable 

dramatically revealing direct observations of these physical processes. A near-equatorial orbit will 

explore how Sun-Earth magnetic fields reconnect in Earth’s neighborhood. The four spacecraft will fly in 

a tetrahedron formation that allows them to observe the 3-D structure of magnetic reconnection. The 

separation between the observatories will be adjustable over a range of 10 to 400 kilometers during 

science operations in the area of interest. The mission design life is two years. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA conducted the Systems Integration Review in August 2012. The project passed its KDP-D 

milestone in September 2012. The project delivered the science instruments for the first observatory and 

built and assembled the first spacecraft in FY 2012. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Integration is underway for the first fully populated observatory, which includes spacecraft and 

instruments, is underway. The second spacecraft and science payload are being integrated. NASA will 

complete environmental testing of all four observatories and conduct vibration testing of the stack of four 

observatories. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA will complete environmental testing of all four observatories and conduct vibration testing of a 

stack of 3 observatories and one mass model. The project will pack and ship all four observatories to the 

Kennedy Space Center and start launch processing by the end of FY 2014. 

HELIO-30
Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes 

MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS)

Formulation Development Operations

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

The MMS mission will launch on the Atlas V 421 vehicle from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in 

Florida no later than March 2015. 

Milestone Confirmation Baseline Date FY 2014 PB Request Date 

KDP-C Jun 2009 Jun 2009 

CDR Aug 2010 Aug 2010

SIR Jan 2012 Aug 2012 

Launch Mar 2015 Mar 2015 

Start of Phase E Jul 2015 Jul 2015 

End of Prime Mission Jul 2017 Jul 2017 

Project Schedule 

HELIO-31
Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes 

MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS)

Formulation Development Operations

Development Cost and Schedule 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current 

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

Launch 2010 857.3 70 2013 856.8 -0.1 Mar 2015 Mar 2015 0 Readiness

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 

Development Cost Details 

Spacecraft costs increased due to increased requirements for personnel, increased parts costs, increased 

environmental test costs and the requirement for a clean room when the planned facilities were not 

available. Payload increases are attributed to a foreign partner decreasing its contribution to the Spinplane Double Probe electric field instrument, fluctuation in foreign exchange rate for purchase of a major 

instrument component, and cost growth for Fast Plasma Investigation, Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer, 

and Central Instrument Data Processor. NASA realized some savings due to reduced launch costs. The 

United Launch Alliance (ULA) team was able to reduce the cost of mission unique engineering by using 

fleet-wide system upgrades for MMS. Integration and Test (I&T) costs have been reduced by increasing 

the testing performed at the system and subsystem level prior to delivery to the Observatory and 

Constellation I&T activity. 

Current Year 

Development Cost 

Element Estimate ($M) 

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M)

Change from Base Year 

Estimate ($M) 

TOTAL: 857.4 856.8 -0.6

Aircraft/Spacecraft 169.0 244.1 75.1

Payloads 131.9 193.4 61.5

Systems I&T 55.3 46.0 -9.3

Launch Vehicle 

Ground Systems 

194.2 184.4 -9.8

19.1 29.3 10.2

Science/Technology 19.9 22.5 2.6

Other Direct Project Costs 268 137.2 -130.8

HELIO-32
Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes 

MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS)

Formulation Development Operations

Project Management & Commitments 

The STP Program Office at GSFC has program management responsibility for the MMS project. 

Change from 

Project Element Description Provider Baseline 

Provide measurements of 

electric fields (time 

resolution 1ms) and 

magnetic fields (time 

resolution 10ms) 

Provider:University of New Hampshire 

Lead Center:GSFC 

Performing Centers:GSFC 

Cost Share Partners:Austria 

Electric fields 

instrument None

Provider:GSFC 

Lead Center:GSFC 

Performing Centers:GSFC 

Cost Share Partners:Japan 

Fast Plasma 

Investigation

Provide plasma wave 

measurements (electric 

vector to 100 KHz)

None

Provider:JHU-APL 

Lead Center:GSFC 

Performing Centers:GSFC 

Cost Share Partners:None 

Energetic Particle 

Detectors 

Provide high-resolution 

measurement of energetic 

particles

None

Provider: SwRI 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Hot Plasma 

Composition 

Analyzers

Three-dimensional 

measurements of hot 

plasma composition (time 

resolution 10 seconds)

None

Provider: 

Lead Center: N/A 

Performing Centers: KSC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Launch Vehicle 

Deliver approximately 

4,000kg payload consisting 

of four observatories to a 

highly elliptical Earth orbit

None

Provide during operations 

minimum science data 

payback of four Gbits of 

data per observatory each 

day. 

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Ground Systems None

Provider: GSFC 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Four Spacecraft 

Deliver high-rate data from 

instruments to ground 

station with a high accuracy 

for two years

None

HELIO-33
Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes 

MAGNETOSPHERIC MULTISCALE (MMS)

Formulation Development Operations

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

Acquisition Strategy 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

HELIO-34

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

All SRB N/A Operations Readiness 

Review (ORR) TBD Mar 2014

All SRB Aug 2012 System Integration Review 

(SIR)

Successful 

Review N/A
Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request -- 25.8

-- 5.2

-- 9.5

-- 8.3

-- 2.7

-- -- 4.4

-- -- 20.6 %

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE MISSIONS

HELIO-35
Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

supports the STP program strategic planning for addressing the recommendations of the heliophysics 

decadal survey and the pre-formulation activities for STP missions not yet approved as projects. 

Coronal mass ejections were once thought to be 

initiated by solar flares. Although most are 

accompanied by flares, it is now understood that 

flares and mass ejections are related phenomena, but 

one does not cause the other. This has important 

implications for understanding and predicting the 

effects of solar activity on Earth and in space. If a 

coronal mass ejection collides with Earth, it can 

excite a geomagnetic storm. Large geomagnetic 

storms have, among other things, caused electrical 

power outages and damaged communications 

satellites. Therefore, to understand and predict 

space weather and the effect of solar activity on 

Earth, a detailed understanding of the processes 

underlying flares, mass ejections, and geomagnetic 

storms is required.

Operating Missions 

SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELATIONS 

OBSERVATORY (STEREO) 

STEREO enables studies of the origin of the Sun’s 

coronal mass ejections and their consequences for 

Earth. The mission consists of two spacecraft, one 

leading and the other lagging Earth in its orbit. 

STEREO’s instrumentation targets the fundamental 

process of energetic particle acceleration in the low 

solar corona and in interplanetary space. The mission 

is able to image the structure and evolution of solar 

storms as they leave the Sun and move through space 

toward Earth. The mission also provides the 

foundation for understanding space weather and 

developing predictive models. The models in turn 

will help identify and mitigate the risks associated 

with space weather events. Additionally, it will 

improve our space weather situational awareness not 

only for Earth and in low earth orbit, but throughout 

the solar system. 

Recent Achievements 

On July 23, 2012, a massive cloud of solar material 

erupted off the Sun's right side, zooming out into 

space, passing one of the STEREO spacecraft along 

the way. Using the STEREO data, scientists clocked 

this giant cloud, known as a coronal mass ejection as traveling between 1,800 and 2,200 miles per second 

as it left the Sun. Measuring a coronal mass ejection at this speed, traveling in a direction safely away 

from Earth, represents an unusual opportunity for researchers studying the Sun's effects. The event 

pushed a burst of fast protons out from the Sun. The number of charged particles near STEREO jumped 

100,000 times within an hour of the coronal mass ejection's start. When such bursts of solar particles 

interact with Earth's magnetic field they are referred to as a solar radiation storm, and they can block high 

frequency radio communications as used, for example, by airline pilots. Like the coronal mass ejection, 

this solar energetic particle event is also the most intense ever measured by STEREO. While the ejection 

was not directed toward Earth, the solar energetic particle did, at a much lower intensity than at STEREO, 

HELIO-36
Science: Heliophysics: Solar Terrestrial Probes 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

affect Earth, offering scientists a chance to study how such events can widen so dramatically as they 

travel through space. 

HINODE

Hinode is a Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical 

Science mission operating as a follow-on to the highly 

successful Japan, U.S., U.K. Yohkoh (Solar-A) 

collaboration. The mission consists of a coordinated set of 

optical, Extreme UltraViolet and x-ray instruments that are 

studying the basic heating mechanisms and dynamics of the 

active solar corona. By investigating the fundamental 

processes that connect the Sun’s magnetic field and the solar 

corona, Hinode is discovering how the Sun generates 

magnetic disturbances and the high-energy particle storms 

that propagate from the Sun to Earth. 

Recent Achievements 

Spectacular images from the Hinode spacecraft show the solar eclipse, which darkened the sky in parts of 

the Western United States and Southeast Asia on May 20, 2012. Hinode images of the eclipse enable 

scientists to develop an improved model of the telescope performance. This can be used to obtain 

significantly enhanced observations in high resolution of faint features of the solar corona. This will allow 

scientists to study the extended solar corona and the structure of the high temperature solar atmosphere. 

THERMOSPHERE, IONOSPHERE,

MESOSPHERE ENERGETICS AND 

DYNAMICS (TIMED) 

The TIMED mission characterizes and studies the 

physics, dynamics, energetics, thermal structure, 

and composition of the least well-understood 

region of Earth’s atmosphere, the mesospherelower thermosphere-ionosphere system. This 

region of interest, located between altitudes of approximately 60 to180 kilometers above the surface of 

Earth, is the interface between Earth’s lower atmosphere below and the magnetosphere above, and can be 

influenced by forcing from either of these regions. The mesosphere-lower thermosphere-ionosphere 

system can undergo rapid changes in character due to both natural and human-induced (anthropogenic) 

effects. 

HELIO-37
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OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements 

On March 8, 2012, TIMED observed the effects of gigawatts dumped into Earth's upper atmosphere from 

the first major solar storm of the year. A coronal mass ejection propelled in our direction by an X5-class 

solar flare hit Earth’s magnetosphere and triggered major geomagnetic storms. X-class flares are the most 

powerful kind of flares. Energetic particles rained down on the upper atmosphere, depositing their energy, 

producing spectacular auroras around the poles and significant upper atmospheric heating all around the 

globe. The image to the left reflects what TIMED observed. 

TIMED monitors infrared emissions from Earth’s upper atmosphere, in particular from carbon dioxide 

(CO2) and nitric oxide (NO), two substances that are the most efficient coolants in thermosphere and that 

play a key role in the energy balance of air hundreds of km above our planet’s surface. For a three-day 

period, the thermosphere absorbed 26 billion kilowatt hours of energy. TIMED observed how infrared 

radiation from CO2 and NO re-radiated 95 percent of that total back into space. During the heating 

impulse, the thermosphere puffed up like a marshmallow held over a campfire, temporarily increasing the 

drag on low-orbiting satellites as well as orbital debris. 

HELIO-38
Science: Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 65.8 -- 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2

Other Missions and Data Analysis 65.8 -- 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 29.4

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 44.7 %

NASA’s Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) 

satellite is a SMEX-class mission that remotely 

senses night-shining clouds in the mesosphere. 

These noctilucent clouds are made of ice crystals 

that form over the summer poles at an altitude too 

high and a temperature too cold for water-vapor 

clouds. Recent results from the mission have 

provided evidence of change in the behavior of these 

noctilucent clouds, with the data showing 

dramatically lower ice content. This is leading 

scientists to speculate about changes in weather 

conditions and pole-to-pole atmospheric circulation, 

and whether these changes are driven by the solar 

cycle. 

The Heliophysics Explorers Program provides 

frequent flight opportunities for world-class scientific 

investigations on focused and timely science topics. 

Explorers uses a suite of smaller, fully competed 

missions that address these topics to complement the 

science of strategic missions of the Living With a Star 

and Solar Terrestrial Probes (STP) programs. Highly 

competitive selection ensures that the most current and 

best strategic science will be accomplished. 

Full missions include Medium Explorers (MIDEX), 

Explorers (EX), and Small Explorers (SMEX). 

Missions of Opportunity (MO) are typically 

instruments flown as part of a non-NASA space 

mission. 

EX missions were introduced within the 2011 

Announcement of Opportunity. In response to the 

currently available expendable launch vehicles, EX 

missions were conceived. In September 2011 NASA 

selected three heliophysics EXs and three MOs for 

initial study. In Spring 2013, NASA will select one or 

two missions for implementation. 

The Explorers program selected IRIS in 2009. IRIS is 

a small explorer mission, currently in the development 

phase and scheduled for launch in FY 2013. 

Other Missions and Data Analysis supports numerous 

operating Heliophysics Explorer missions, as well as 

program management functions and funding for future 

mission selections. 

For more information on Explorer missions, go to: http://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/missions.html. 

HELIO-39
Science: Heliophysics 

HELIOPHYSICS EXPLORER PROGRAM 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

There are no programmatic changes. The Explorer program now carries the budget for the Advanced 

Composition Explorer and Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) missions. This 

transfer from Heliophysics Research to Explorer increases the consistency of our budget structure, 

without affecting the projects in any way. 

HELIO-40
Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 65.8 -- 95.2 123.7 87.9 88.2 88.2

Heliophysics Explorer Future Missions 3.8 -- 65.7 99.8 67.6 64.5 67.5

Heliophysics Explorer Program 4.7 -- 3.7 6.4 4.1 7.4 4.4

Management

Interface Region Imaging Spectogr (IRIS) 39.1 -- 8.4 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) 1.6 -- 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4

TWINS 1.0 -- 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

CINDI 1.0 -- 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Aeronomy of Ice in Mesophere (SMEX-9) 3.0 -- 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

Time History of Events and Macroscale In 6.0 -- 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2

ACE 3.7 -- 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0

RHESSI 1.9 -- 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.1

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 29.4

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 44.7 %

Explorer missions offer the ability to meet the full range of heliophysics science identified as being vital 

and urgent by the National Academies' decadal surveys. These missions are designed to be lower cost and 

have a short development cycle; they provide smaller, focused science investigations to supplement the 

larger strategic mission lines. 

The Heliophysics Explorers Other Missions and Data Analysis budget includes operating Explorer 

missions, program management, and funding for the mission currently in the competitive principal 

investigator-led mission procurement cycle. 

For more information, go to the Explorer program at: http://explorer.gsfc.nasa.gov/. 

Mission Planning and Other Projects 

EXPLORER FUTURE MISSIONS

Explorer Future Missions provides the resources required to manage the planning, formulation, and 

implementation of all Explorer missions. The program office ensures successful achievement of Explorer 

program cost and schedule goals, while managing cross-project dependencies, risks, issues, and 

requirements as projects progress through formal key decision points. Additionally, Future Missions 

supports the Explorer procurement activities, including the pre-formulation activities for missions not yet 

HELIO-41
Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

approved as projects. 

The Explorer program has selected six science proposals for evaluation as potential future science 

missions. Following detailed mission concept studies, one of the full mission concepts and/or one-ormore of the mission of opportunity concepts would be selected in April 2013 to proceed toward flight 

with launches potentially in 2016 and/or 2018. 

EXPLORER PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

Explorer Program Management encompasses the program office resources required to manage the 

formulation and implementation of all Explorer projects. The program office is responsible for providing 

support and guidance to projects in resolving technical and programmatic issues and risks, for monitoring 

and reporting technical and programmatic progress of the projects and for achieving Explorer cost, 

schedule and technical goals and requirements. 

INTERFACE REGION IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH (IRIS) 

The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph explorer is a SMEX mission selected in June 2009 and is 

expected to launch in June 2013. IRIS will enable scientists to understand how the solar atmosphere is 

energized. IRIS will provide significant new information to increase our understanding of energy 

transport into the corona and solar wind and provide an archetype for all stellar atmospheres. The unique 

instrument capabilities, coupled with state of the art 3-D modeling, will fill a large gap in knowledge of 

this dynamic region of the solar atmosphere. The mission will extend the scientific output of existing 

heliophysics spacecraft that follow the effects of energy release processes from the Sun to Earth. IRIS 

will provide key insights into all these processes, and thereby advance our understanding of the solar 

drivers of space weather from the corona to the far heliosphere, by combining high-resolution imaging 

and spectroscopy for the entire chromosphere and adjacent regions. IRIS will resolve in space, time, and 

wavelength the dynamic geometry from the chromosphere to the low-temperature corona to shed muchneeded light on the physics of this magnetic interface region. 

IRIS is a three-axis stabilized, sun-pointed mission that studies the chromosphere in the far ultraviolet and 

near ultraviolet with 0.33 arcsecond spatial resolution, 0.4 kilometers per second velocity resolution, and 

a field of view of 171 arcsecond. This two-year mission fills a critical observational data gap by providing 

simultaneous, co-spatial and comprehensive coverage from photosphere (about 4,500 kelvin) up to corona 

(less than or equal to 10 meters kelvin). IRIS consists of a 20-centimeter aperture telescope assembly that 

feeds an imaging spectrograph and a separate imaging camera system with wavelengths in the far 

ultraviolet and near ultraviolet. A spacecraft bus based upon heritage designs supports the science mission 

and provides pointing, power, and data communications for the mission. 

During FY 2013, IRIS will complete Observatory Integration and Test and is expected to complete PreShip Review in March and Flight Readiness Review in June of 2013. The current launch readiness date is 

scheduled in June 2013. After launch, IRIS will enter a 30-day commissioning period and begin science 

operations. 

HELIO-42
Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

Recent Achievements 

IRIS completed the design and development phase and entered into the integration and test phase in June 

2012. 

Operating Missions 

INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXPLORER 

(IBEX) 

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer is the first 

mission designed to detect the edge of the solar 

system. As the solar wind from the Sun flows out 

beyond Pluto, it collides with the material between 

the stars, forming a shock front. These interactions 

create energetic neutral atoms, particles with no 

charge that move very quickly. This region emits 

no light that can be collected by conventional 

telescopes, so IBEX measures the particles that happen to be traveling inward from the boundary instead. 

IBEX contains two detectors designed to collect and measure energetic neutral atoms, providing data 

about the mass, location, direction of origin, and energy of these particles. From this data, maps of the 

boundary are created. The mission's focused science objective is to discover the nature of the interactions 

between the solar wind and the interstellar medium at the edge of the solar system. This region is 

important because it shields a large percentage of harmful galactic cosmic rays from Earth and inner solar 

system. 

Recent Achievements 

IBEX provided unprecedented measurements of the interstellar flow speed and direction, revealing that 

the bow shock, widely accepted by researchers to precede the heliosphere, does not exist. A sonic boom 

made by a jet breaking the sound barrier is an earthly example of a bow shock. The revised speeds 

indicate that the heliosphere, the bubble surrounding the sun and solar system with solar wind, moves at 

about 52,000 miles per hour, roughly 7,000 miles per hour slower than previously thought, slow enough 

to create more of a bow "wave" than a shock. It is too early to say what this new data means for Earth's 

heliosphere, but there are likely implications for how galactic cosmic rays propagate around and enter the 

solar system, which is relevant for human space travel. The figure shows a schematic of the elongated 

heliosphere with its three boundaries, the Termination Shock, the Heliopause, and the Bow Wave. These 

observations also show that oxygen is roughly half as abundant in the local interstellar medium as in the 

solar system, which suggests that either a large amount of oxygen atoms are embedded in interstellar dust 

grains or our solar system was borne outside the local interstellar cloud. 

HELIO-43
Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

TWO WIDE-ANGLE IMAGING NEUTRAL ATOM SPECTROMETERS (TWINS) 

TWINS provides stereo imaging of Earth’s 

magnetosphere, the region surrounding the 

planet controlled by its magnetic field and 

containing the Van Allen radiation belts and 

other energetic charged particles. TWINS gives 

a three-dimensional global visualization of this 

region, which has led to a greatly enhanced understanding of the connections between different regions of 

the magnetosphere and their relation to solar variability. TWINS is a NASA-sponsored mission of 

opportunity that has been operational since 2008 and approved for extended operations until September 

2014. 

Recent Achievements 

For the first time, instrumentation aboard TWINS and IBEX observed the impact from inside and outside 

Earth's magnetosphere, respectively. The energetic neutral atom cameras aboard each spacecraft enabled 

global imaging of the magnetosphere as it compressed in response to sharply faster solar wind that 

resulted from a powerful solar storm. The IBEX images show an immediate compression of the 

magnetosphere as it was impacted by charged particles from the solar wind. Minutes later, one of the 

TWINS spacecraft, carrying identical energetic neutral atom sensors that provide stereoscopic imaging, 

observed changes in the inner magnetosphere. About 15 minutes after impact, the trapped particles in the 

Van Allen belts propagated down the field lines toward the poles and into Earth's atmosphere, where they 

produced additional energetic neutral atoms. The brief time delay in losing particles to the atmosphere 

suggests that internal magnetospheric processes take some time after compression from the initial impact. 

The image above reflects TWINS observations. 

THE COUPLED ION-NEUTRAL DYNAMICS INVESTIGATIONS (CINDI) 

CINDI is a mission to understand the dynamics of Earth’s ionosphere. This mission studies the behavior 

of equatorial ionospheric irregularities which can cause significant service interrupts for communications 

and navigation systems. CINDI data incorporated into state-of-the-art physics models is leading to 

advances in specification and prediction of space weather. CINDI is in extended phase until September 

2014. The mission consists of two instruments on the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast 

System satellite, a project of the US Air Force. 

HELIO-44
Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

AERONOMY OF ICE IN THE 

MESOSPHERE (AIM) 

The Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesophere is a 

mission to determine why polar mesospheric 

clouds form and why they vary. Polar mesospheric 

clouds, Earth’s highest-altitude clouds, form each 

summer in the coldest part of the atmosphere about 

50 miles above Polar Regions. These clouds are of 

particular interest, as the number of clouds in the 

middle atmosphere, or mesosphere, over Earth’s 

poles has been increasing over recent years, and they are thought to be related to climate change. The 

spacecraft launched on April 25, 2007, completed its prime mission in FY 2009, and is currently in 

extended phase until September 2014. 

Recent Achievements 

NASA’s AIM and TIMED spacecraft tracked the very last shuttle launch plume and found that the water 

vapor in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere spread much faster than expected. On July 8, 2011, the 

Space Shuttle Atlantis launched for the final time. At approximately 70 miles above the east coast of the 

United States, it released 350 tons of water vapor exhaust. As the plume of vapor spread and floated on 

air currents high in Earth's atmosphere, it crossed through the observation paths of seven separate sets of 

observations including data from AIM and TIMED. The AIM and TIMED teams found and that within 21 

hours, much of the water vapor collected near the arctic where it formed polar mesopheric clouds. Such 

information will help improve global circulation models of air movement in the upper atmosphere, and 

also help with ongoing studies of polar mesopheric clouds. Significantly, AIM observations showed a 

clear difference between typical polar mesopheric clouds and this shuttle-made one. Normally smaller 

particles exist at the top, with larger ones at the bottom. The shuttle plume polar mesopheric cloud 

showed a reversed configuration, with larger particles at the top, and smaller at the bottom, which offers a 

way to separate out such clouds in the historical record. The image above reflects observed mesopheric 

clouds. 

TIME HISTORY OF EVENTS AND MACROSCALE 

INTERACTIONS DURING SUBSTORMS (THEMIS)

AND ACCELERATIONS, RECONNECTION,

TURBULENCE, AND ELECTRODYNAMICS OF THE 

MOON'S INTERACTION WITH THE SUN 

(ARTEMIS) 

THEMIS is a Medium Class Explorers mission that launched 

on February 17, 2007, and is currently operating in extended 

phase until September 2014. Starting as a five-spacecraft 

HELIO-45
Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

mission, the three inner probes of THEMIS now focus on collecting data related to the onset and 

evolution of magnetospheric substorms, while the two outer probes (now referred to as ARTEMIS) have 

been repositioned into lunar orbits). Magnetospheric substorms are the explosive release of stored energy 

within the near Earth space environment leading to important space weather effects. The two ARTEMIS 

probes orbit the Moon’s surface at approximately one hundred miles altitude and provide new information 

about the Moon’s internal structure and its atmosphere. ARTEMIS provides two-point observations 

essential to characterizing the Moon’s plasma environment and hazardous lunar radiation. THEMIS and 

ARTEMIS, among others in the heliophysics portfolio, are examples of missions offering important 

dynamics knowledge useful for future human spaceflight. Radiation belts surrounding Earth were 

discovered over 50 years ago, but many mysteries surrounding these still exist today. Newly completed 

analysis of data taken by NASA’s Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms 

(THEMIS) constellation have shed light on the swelling and shrinking of the belts in response to 

incoming solar energy. One question is to determine if, when the belts shrink, do particles escape up and 

out into interplanetary space or down toward Earth. Now, a new study using multiple spacecraft 

simultaneously has tracked the particles and determined the escape direction for at least one event: up. 

This is crucial for protecting our many satellites that fly through the region. The image above reflects the 

swelling and shrinking of the belts. 

ADVANCED COMPOSITION EXPLORER (ACE) 

The Advanced Composition Explorer observes particles of 

solar, interplanetary, interstellar, and galactic origins, 

spanning the energy range from solar wind ions to galactic 

cosmic ray nuclei. ACE measures and enables comparisons of 

the composition of the solar corona, the solar wind, other 

interplanetary particle populations, the local interstellar 

medium, and galactic matter. Changing conditions over the 

solar cycle are presenting new opportunities, including 

forecast space weather 

Recent Achievements 

Solar wind comes in two distinct types, known simply as fast 

and slow wind, though they differ in other ways, such as composition. Their different compositions 

suggest that they originate from distinctly different places in the solar corona. The fast wind comes from 

coronal holes, regions of the solar atmosphere from which the magnetic field connects directly to 

interplanetary space. However the source of the slow solar wind remains contentious. Studies provided 

insights into the source of the slow wind using a combination of observations, theory, and computer 

modeling. This research found that slow wind comes from a region where the geometry of the magnetic 

field creates a froth of narrow corridors, dynamically opening and closing over time. This dynamic 

process creates a wide zone of relatively slow solar wind that is highly variable, mixing gases from closed 

coronal magnetic-field regions with different gases from coronal holes where the field is open to the 

heliosphere. The broad width and dynamic mixing match observations that were not explained by 

previous models. This work helps us to understand and ultimately predict the complex structure the solar 

HELIO-46
Science: Heliophysics: Heliophysics Explorer Program 

OTHER MISSIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS 

Formulation Development Operations

wind exhibits even during quiescent times. 

RAMATY HIGH ENERGY SOLAR SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGER (RHESSI) 

The Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager satellite focuses on the highest energy x-rays and 

gamma-rays produced by the Sun, helping to observe solar flares of all shapes and sizes. 

Recent Achievements 

The satellite is pointed toward the Sun, and constantly in rotation, which provides a serendipitous bit of 

side research. By monitoring the limb of the Sun on its four second rotation cycle, RHESSI’s Solar 

Aspect System (SAS) has produced ten-years' worth of precise measurements of the Sun's diameter. This 

has already provided scientists with one of the most accurate measurements of the oblateness of the Sun, 

which is the difference between the diameter from pole to pole and the equatorial diameter. With the new 

data obtained during the Venus Transit on June 5 through 6, 2012, the RHESSI team hopes to improve 

the knowledge of the exact shape of the Sun and provide a more accurate measure of the diameter than 

has previously been obtained. The precise diameter is of fundamental interest because there may be a 

relationship between the Sun's diameter and the amount of radiation it emits and therefore an effect on 

Earth and its climate. 

HELIO-47
 

AERONAUTICS 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 569.4 572.9 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7

Aviation Safety 80.1 -- 80.0 80.3 81.5 82.4 82.5

Airspace Systems 92.7 -- 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4

Fundamental Aeronautics 186.3 -- 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7

Aeronautics Test 79.4 -- 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8

Integrated Systems Research 104.2 -- 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4

Aeronautics Strategy and Management 27.2 -- 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9

AERONAUTICS

Aeronautics ..................................................................................... AERO-2 

AVIATION SAFETY .................................................................................. AERO-8 

AIRSPACE SYSTEMS .............................................................................. AERO-14

FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS ................................................................ AERO-20

AERONAUTICS TEST .............................................................................. AERO-27

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH ......................................................... AERO-32

AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT ......................................... AERO-39

AERO-1
 

AERONAUTICS

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 569.4 572.9 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7

Aviation Safety 80.1 -- 80.0 80.3 81.5 82.4 82.5

Airspace Systems 92.7 -- 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4

Fundamental Aeronautics 186.3 -- 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7

Aeronautics Test 79.4 -- 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8

Integrated Systems Research 104.2 -- 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4

Aeronautics Strategy and Management 27.2 -- 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9

Subtotal 569.9 573.4 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7 565.7

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -0.5 -0.5 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -3.7

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -0.6 %

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). 

** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Aeronautics Strategy and Management pursuant to P.L. 112-

55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

As part of a collaborative effort with the FAA Technical 

Center, NASA flew the Ikhana MQ-9, a large unmanned 

aircraft, equipped with Automatic Dependent 

Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) in FY2012. This 

demonstration was a critical step in the developing a new 

innovative way to safely immerse a flying unmanned 

aircraft in the national airspace system through virtual 

techniques. 

Air transportation is vital to the Nation’s 

economy. On a typical day during peak hours 

there are more than 5,000 planes carrying 

passengers and cargo throughout the United 

States. 

According to a 2011 report from the FAA, “The 

Economic Impact of Civil Aviation on the U.S. 

Economy”, civil aviation flies more than 800 

billion passenger miles, generates 10 million 

jobs, and contributes $1 trillion in US economic 

activity per year. It provides $436 billion in 

direct economic activity from the transport of 

cargo and passengers and consistently generates 

America’s largest manufacturing trade surplus. 

This is why NASA’s investment in aeronautics 

research is critically important to advance the 

Nation's global leadership in aviation, to grow 

the economy and increase jobs, and to continue 

to provide safe and efficient air travel to the 

flying public. From NASA’s decades-long 

contributions to aviation, successful transfers of 

AERO-2
 

AERONAUTICS

NASA technologies have formed the DNA of modern aircraft. NASA's Aeronautics Research Mission 

Directorate (ARMD) continues to work to solve the challenges in the Nation's air transportation system: 

air traffic congestion, safety, and environmental impacts. This year NASA is pursuing a new project to 

accelerate the development and certification of composite materials for use in aviation. 

ARMD develops revolutionary technologies that will bring breakthroughs for cleaner, safer, and more 

efficient aircraft and for the Nation’s transition to the Next Generation Air Transportation System, or 

NextGen. NextGen is a multi-agency effort, led by the Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation 

Administration (FAA), to transform America’s air traffic management system from an aging groundbased system to a satellite-based system. Combined with many other advanced levels of automated 

support technologies that NASA is developing, NextGen will shorten routes to enable time and fuel 

savings, reduce traffic delays, increase capacity, and permit controllers to monitor and manage aircraft 

more safely. 

ARMD brings innovation to aeronautics through the seedling fund; expands knowledge, and develops 

concepts, tools, and methods in the fundamental research programs; and assesses and matures the 

integrated benefits of the most promising technologies in the Integrated Systems Research Program. 

ARMD conducts this cutting-edge research through partnerships with academia, industry, and other 

government agencies. The partnerships foster a collaborative research environment across which multiple 

communities can exchange ideas and knowledge. These collaborations help ensure the future 

competitiveness of the Nation's aviation industry and strong future workforce. 

ARMD also engages with the aeronautics community to solicit community input through a variety of 

methods such as independent reviews by external subject matter experts, the NASA Advisory Council’s 

Aeronautics Committee, studies, and community roundtable meetings. The Aeronautics Research and 

Technology Roundtable (ARTR) is a particularly effective avenue to engage and collaborate with the 

aeronautics community. ARMD initiated the ARTR, which includes participation by senior-most 

representatives from government, industry, and universities, two years ago. Through the ARTR, the 

aviation community is defining and exploring critical issues related to the Nation's aeronautics research 

agenda that are of shared interest and exploring options for innovative public-private partnerships that 

could support rapid high confidence knowledge transfer. ARMD also charters studies in partnership with 

the National Academies to have in-depth analyses on important research subjects available for NASA and 

the community. The recently published National Research Council’s study, "Recapturing NASA's 

Aeronautics Flight Research Capabilities," confirms the central role of flight research in discovering 

complex aeronautical phenomena and advancing the maturity of key technologies. NASA will utilize the 

specific insights of the study in advancing its ongoing and future flight research activities. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014

The Advanced Composites Project was added to the Integrated Systems Research Program in FY 2014 to 

focus on reducing the timeline for development and certification of innovative composite materials and 

structures. This project will boost American industry and help maintain a U.S. global leadership in the 

field of composite materials which is a major element of all new aircraft development. 

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AERONAUTICS

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA developed and tested a new decision-support system called “Dynamic Weather Re-Route” that 

automatically finds alternative routes that help airlines save time and fuel for en-route aircraft. The 

biggest cause of airline flight delays is hazardous weather. Flight routes are based on predicted weather 

and established prior to aircraft departure. Because weather patterns and severity change over time, flight 

routes often become congested and inefficient which results in delays, wasted fuel, and sometimes 

hazardous conditions for aircraft and travelers. Flight dispatchers currently lack automation tools to 

generate new routes that could save time and fuel once the aircraft are airborne. NASA Researchers are 

now engaged with U.S. airlines to conduct field trials of this tool through 2013, which will demonstrate 

its payoffs under real-world air traffic management scenarios. 

NASA successfully conducted multiple integrated Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration 

#1 (ATD-1) simulations with active FAA controllers and airline pilots. These new technologies better 

manage scheduling and spacing of aircraft in congested terminal airspace to allow more precise spacing, 

greater arrival efficiencies, and operational cost savings. These simulations used Dallas/Ft. Worth and Los 

Angeles airport data sets providing additional information about ATD-1 efficiency and its benefits for 

aviation operations. Results from these studies are being used to refine the plan for additional ATD-1 

experiments in 2013 involving U.S air carriers and the FAA with field demonstrations in planning for 

2016-17. 

NASA completed analyses and detailed reports of ground-based tests that characterized the gaseous and 

particulate emissions of hydro-treated renewable jet (HRJ) fuel as a potential alternative, carbon-neutral 

aviation fuel. These tests measured emissions immediately downstream of a large transport aircraft jet 

engine operating on the ground. The results showed that HRJ fuel and their blends had substantially 

reduced particulate emissions, minor effects on gaseous emissions, and no measureable adverse effect on 

engine performance. 

NASA advanced the state of the art and reduced the technical barriers of safe and routine UAS integration 

in the NAS. As part of a collaborative effort with the FAA Technical Center, NASA achieved the first 

flight of an unmanned aircraft equipped with Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). 

ADS-B is a satellite-based aircraft tracking technology that provides detailed and accurate position, 

velocity, and altitude information to air traffic controllers and other ADS-B equipped aircraft. This 

demonstration was a critical step in the development of a Live Virtual Constructive – Distributive 

Environment (LVC-DE), an innovative way to safely immerse a flying unmanned aircraft in the NAS 

through virtual techniques. The LVC-DE will provide the backbone for eventual flight tests to validate the 

concepts and procedures developed by the project – these flight tests are scheduled for FY2015 and 

FY2016. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA will expand its work on characterization of emissions from alternative fuels with in-flight tests to 

measure gaseous and particulate emissions from aircraft engines burning HRJ fuel. This data will be 

obtained while the aircraft is in flight at high, cruise-relevant altitudes and will help establish HRJ fuel as 

a potentially carbon-neutral aviation fuel. These tests are a follow on to research from 2012 that 

characterized the gaseous and particulate emissions of HRJ fuel as a potential alternative, carbon-neutral 

aviation fuel. The results showed that HRJ fuel and their blends had substantially reduced particulate 

AERO-4
 

AERONAUTICS

emissions, minor effects on gaseous emissions, and no measureable adverse effect on engine 

performance. 

NASA will make progress on UAS integration through initial evaluations and risk reduction activities of 

the project’s operationally relevant environment. The relevant environment provides the infrastructure to 

enable the human-in- the-loop simulations and flight tests required to demonstrate integrated Separation 

Assurance, Human Systems Integration, and Communication efforts. In addition, NASA will conduct 

simulations that assess the performance of aircraft separation assurance methods as well as develop 

communication models for all classes of UAS. These validated communication models are required to 

provide confidence in simulation results. Finally, NASA will work to provide recommendations for riskrelated data collection to support development of UAS regulations. 

NASA will continue to address the development of an integrated national strategy for capability 

management with the DoD through the NPAT. In FY 2013, ATP will work with DoD to sponsor the 

NPAT Aeronautics Test Facility Users Meeting, a conference where NASA, DoD, and industry users of 

major National wind tunnels can discuss capabilities and provide feedback on future requirements and 

needed improvements.

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA’s Integrated Systems Research Program's Environmentally Responsible Aviation Project focuses 

on technologies that can simultaneously reduce aircraft fuel burn, noise, and emissions. Advanced “Ultra 

High Bypass Turbofan” is a technology that has the potential to dramatically reduce fuel burn and noise at 

the same time. The Ultra High Bypass engine is a much more fuel efficient version of the aircraft engine 

commonly used by airliners today. NASA will continue its investigation of Ultra High Bypass 

technologies by conducting a wind tunnel test of a Geared Turbo Fan model with advanced noise 

treatments installed. NASA will use this test to determine the effectiveness of those treatments and their 

impact on the performance of the engine. Data from the test will contribute to a comprehensive 

performance database for Modern Ultra High Bypass Propulsor Technologies that will be used by NASA 

and industry to update systems studies. 

NASA will also augment the FY 2012 ground-based tests on HRJ with in-flight tests to measure gaseous 

and particulate emissions from aircraft engines burning HRJ fuel. This data will be obtained while the 

aircraft is in flight at high, cruise-relevant altitudes and will help establish HRJ fuel as a potentially 

carbon-neutral aviation fuel. In the fixed wing research area, NASA will continue a flight test campaign 

in which gas and soot emissions from the use of hydro-treated renewable jet fuel will be measured. 

NASA will validate the ATD-1 Operational Concept through Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) simulation at 

the FAA Technical Center to enable entry of ATD-1 technology into the field for demonstration. This 

activity builds, installs and approves the operational procedures, ground and air automation tools, and 

avionics systems associated with the field demonstration at the FAA's William J. Hughes Technical 

Center (WJHTC). The NASA ATD-1 team working at the WJHTC with FAA personnel will conduct 

HITL simulations to assess the readiness of technologies to progress to the field for demonstration. A 

series of interactive simulations is anticipated using various simulation scenarios tested by current air 

traffic personnel and commercial flight crews. 

AERO-5
 

AERONAUTICS

NASA will evaluate concepts for separation assurance, sense and avoid, and ground control stations with 

communication system performance estimates through an Integrated HITL simulation in FY 2014 to 

provide data for further technology development. In addition, the Project will continue to mature and 

evaluate the Live Virtual Constructive – Distributed Environment that will be used to provide 

demonstrations of UAS integrated into the NAS. 

Programs 

AVIATION SAFETY PROGRAM (AVSP)

The Aviation Safety Program provides knowledge, concepts, and methods to the aviation community to 

manage increasing complexity in the design and operation of vehicles and the air transportation system. 

This includes advanced approaches to enable improved and cost effective verification and validation of 

flight critical systems. The program provides knowledge, concepts, and methods to avoid, detect, 

mitigate, and recover from hazardous flight conditions and maintain vehicle airworthiness and health. The 

program will investigate sources of risk and provide technology needed to help ensure safe flight in and 

around atmospheric hazards. 

AIRSPACE SYSTEMS PROGRAM (ASP) 

The Airspace Systems Program develops and explores fundamental concepts, algorithms, and 

technologies to increase throughput of the National Airspace System and achieve high resource 

efficiency. The program transitions key technologies from the laboratory to the field by integrating 

surface, terminal, transitional airspace, and en route capabilities. The FAA and U.S. carriers can then 

utilize the technologies to enable operational enhancements envisioned by NextGen. 

FUNDAMENTAL AERONAUTICS PROGRAM (FA) 

The Fundamental Aeronautics Program conducts fundamental research to improve aircraft performance 

and minimize environmental impacts from subsonic air vehicles and explores advanced capabilities and 

configurations for low boom supersonic aircraft. 

AERONAUTICS TEST PROGRAM (ATP) 

The Aeronautics Test Program ensures the strategic availability, accessibility, and capability of a critical 

suite of aeronautics ground test facilities and flight operations assets to meet Agency and national 

aeronautics testing needs. The ATP is responsible for the management and upkeep of NASA’s major 

active wind tunnels, as well as the Western Aeronautical Test Range and flight test support aircraft at the 

Dryden Flight Research Center. 

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AERONAUTICS

INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH PROGRAM (ISRP) 

The Integrated Systems Research Program conducts research on promising concepts and technologies at 

an integrated system level. The program explores, assesses, and demonstrates the benefits of these 

potential technologies in a relevant environment. The program research includes environmentally 

responsible aviation, unmanned system integration into the national airspace, and a new project focused 

on reducing the timeline for certification of advanced composite materials. 

AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT (ASM) 

The Aeronautics Strategy and Management program explores novel concepts and new processes in 

aeronautics, funds institutional expenses for the mission directorate, and supports NASA involvement 

with the NextGen Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO). 

AERO-7
Aeronautics: Aeronautics 

AVIATION SAFETY

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 80.1 -- 80.0 80.3 81.5 82.4 82.5

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -0.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -0.1 %







AERO-8

NASA is working with partners to develop an advanced 

aerodynamic model that will greatly enhance the 

capabilities of aircraft simulators used to train airline 

pilots. The new model will allow simulators to accurately 

represent a broader range of potentially hazardous flight 

conditions. 

The current US air transportation system is 

widely recognized to be among the safest in the 

world. Over the past 10 years, the commercial 

accident rate has continued to drop, a credit to 

industry and government working together to 

solve problems and proactively identify new 

risks. However, the FAA Aerospace Forecast 

projects steady growth in the next 20 years, and 

while NextGen will meet this demand by 

enabling efficient passage through the 

increasingly crowded skies, it will come with 

increased reliance on automation and operating 

complexity. Therefore, the aviation community 

must continue to be vigilant for the United States 

to meet the public expectations for safety in this 

complex, dynamic domain. To meet the 

challenge, the Aviation Safety Program develops 

cutting-edge technologies to improve the 

intrinsic safety of current and future aircraft that 

will operate in NextGen. The program's contributions range from providing fundamental research and 

technologies on known or emerging safety concerns, to working with partners in addressing new safety 

challenges for NextGen. The program has three primary objectives: 

Continue to improve aviation system-wide safety; 

Advance the state-of-the-art of aircraft systems and flight crew operations; and 

Address the inherent presence of atmospheric risks to aviation. 

The Aviation Safety Program has developed research plans with milestones and metrics in technology 

areas corresponding to these objectives. All areas emphasize innovative methods and use a systems 

analysis approach for identifying key issues and maintaining a research portfolio that addresses national 

aviation safety needs. 

For more information, go to: http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/programs_avsafe.htm. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

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AVIATION SAFETY

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA developed and tested a static-code analyzer that can automatically review large-scale software 

systems for errors without needing to run the software. This capability is part of an ongoing NASA 

research effort to reduce the time and cost associated with assuring the safety of complex, flight-critical 

systems. NASA’s tool reduced the analysis time from the three to four hours typical of a currently 

available commercial product down to several minutes. The NASA tool also achieved a false positive rate 

of five percent or less. 

NASA advanced its data mining algorithms that look for anomalous events occurring across thousands of 

flights that can represent precursors to aviation safety incidents. In a validation test, the latest algorithm 

successfully predicted the occurrence of known safety events with at least 10 percent more lead time than 

prior methods. Earlier recognition can be a good indicator of an algorithm's ability to reliably identify a 

wide range of potential safety concerns. NASA conducted these tests on real flight datasets of at least 10 

terabytes. In addition to detecting the known anomalies earlier, the algorithm also identified one 

previously unknown anomaly that was validated by a domain expert to be a legitimate safety concern. 

NASA provided the capabilities to the FAA and multiple airlines. 

NASA completed a concept of operations for an integrated vehicle health assurance system. In this 

concept, NASA provides its research approach for monitoring the health of aircraft systems during inflight and post-flight analyses and then using that knowledge to confidently predict system malfunctions 

before they occur. The concept integrates ground-based inspection and repair information with in-flight 

measurement data for airframe, propulsion, and avionics subsystems. This approach can eventually 

contribute to airline maintenance practices that rely more on the actual system health of an individual 

aircraft and less on fleet-wide reliability averages. 

NASA completed a first generation engine icing simulation code that predicts the adverse effects on 

engine performance due to high ice water content icing. Under these conditions, ice crystals from strong, 

high altitude thunderstorms can adhere to engine compressor blades, leading to power reduction or loss. 

NASA calibrated the simulation code with ground-test data from the National Research Council of 

Canada. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA will develop multidisciplinary technologies in support of an onboard capability to assess the 

instantaneous health state of an aircraft. This system, known as a “vehicle-level reasoner,” will analyze 

real-time operational data from an aircraft’s subsystems. It will then use data mining to isolate root-causes 

of adverse events, predict possible failures that could occur on future flights, and propose mitigation 

strategies as appropriate. The reasoner can support both on-board decision-making by pilots and early 

maintenance interventions for predicted failures. NASA plans to demonstrate the system’s monitoring, 

problem investigation, and decision support capabilities. 

NASA will conduct its first ground-based test of an engine operating in high ice water content icing 

conditions. During the test, NASA will use a real engine known to be susceptible to degraded 

performance under these conditions. Being able to replicate these flight conditions represents a significant 

enhancement to the Propulsion Systems Laboratory at Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, OH that has 

been under development for the past five years. The test will attempt to duplicate an actual high altitudeAERO-9
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AVIATION SAFETY

icing event that occurred in a similar engine. Over time, the high ice water content icing conditions 

simulated in Propulsion Systems Laboratory will be validated by more extensive atmospheric data that do 

not currently exist. NASA expects that engine manufacturers will eventually be able to conduct tests in 

the laboratory that will support new FAA certification requirements for engines operating under these 

icing conditions. 

NASA will conduct its second in a series of ground tests involving a transport aircraft engine operating 

under extreme environmental conditions. The Vehicle Integrated Propulsion Research (VIPR) tests are 

part of a partnership between NASA, the US Air Force, Pratt & Whitney, and other government and 

industry participants. The VIPR series will evaluate the ability of new systems to diagnose correctly a 

range of engine faults using advanced sensors capable of operating under high temperature, pressure, and 

vibration conditions. The second test will capture more data to validate experimental algorithms that form 

the foundation of the diagnostic capabilities. Future VIPR tests are expected to evaluate the sensors and 

diagnostic systems in an engine subjected to sufficient contaminants to cause complete shutdown. The 

VIPR series will provide essential data and technology validation for capabilities that can be used as part 

of an engine health management system. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA will conduct a ground-based demonstration of a wireless sensor which provides lightning 

protection and can also detect and diagnose damage in composite structures. This new technology will 

allow airframe designers to meet lightning strike protection requirements while also detecting and 

diagnosing damage scenarios such as delamination, punctures, and rips. In addition, the technology is 

anticipated to weigh less than common practice conductive mesh technologies currently used on 

composite aircraft. 

NASA will conduct an integrated, high-fidelity simulator demonstration of an aerodynamic model that 

supports flight crew training requirements for assuring safe aircraft control. This model will accurately 

represent the flight characteristics of a commercial aircraft under aerodynamic stall conditions, a 

capability that does not exist in current-day simulators. As part of a government-industry review of worldwide aviation accidents, the aviation community is looking carefully into enhanced training requirements 

for stall recognition and recovery. Improper pilot response under these conditions can contribute to a lossof-control accident. Over the past decade, in-flight loss of control is the most common cause of fatal 

aviation accidents worldwide. Augmenting a flight simulator with NASA’s aerodynamic model will allow 

pilots to recognize the conditions that can lead to a stall, and then respond correctly if a stall does occur. 

NASA’s will validate the model with subscale aircraft flight tests, as well as other available flight test and 

accident data. NASA is partnering with the Navy, The Boeing Company, FAA, National Transportation 

Safety Board, and the Commercial Aviation Safety Team on this activity. 

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Program Elements 

SYSTEM-WIDE SAFETY AND ASSURANCE TECHNOLOGIES

The goal of system-wide safety and assurance technologies research is to provide knowledge, concepts, 

and methods to proactively manage increasing complexity in the design and operation of vehicles in the 

air transportation system. To meet this goal, NASA is addressing the following challenges: 

















Safely incorporate technological advances in avionics, software, automation, and concepts of 

operation by developing verification and validation tools for manufacturers and certifiers to use to 

assure flight critical systems are safe in a rigorous and cost- and time-effective manner; 

Understand and predict system-wide safety concerns of the airspace system and vehicles by 

developing technologies that can use vehicle and system data to identify accurately precursors to 

potential incidents or accidents; 

Improve operator effectiveness within aviation systems by incorporating design elements that 

enhance human contributions to aviation safety; and 

Predict the life of complex systems by developing technologies that can reason under uncertainty 

about root causes, predict faults and remaining useful life across multiple systems, and aid 

decision making across multiple systems. 

VEHICLE SYSTEMS SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES

The goal of vehicle systems safety technologies research is to identify risks and provide knowledge 

needed to avoid, detect, mitigate, and recover from hazardous flight conditions, and to maintain vehicle 

airworthiness and health. To meet this goal, NASA is addressing the following challenges: 

Demonstrate new capabilities that enable pilots to better understand and respond safely to 

complex situations; 

Develop and demonstrate new integrated health management and failure prevention technologies 

to ensure the integrity of vehicle systems between major inspection intervals and maintain vehicle 

state awareness during flight; and 

Develop and evaluate integrated guidance, control, and system technologies that enable safe and 

effective crew and system aircraft control under hazardous conditions. 

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT SAFETY TECHNOLOGIES

The goal of atmospheric environment safety technologies research is to investigate sources of risk and 

provide technology needed to help ensure safe flight in and around atmospheric hazards. To meet this 

goal, NASA is addressing the following challenges: 

Address the atmospheric hazard of in-flight icing, of both engine and airframe, in cooperation 

with the icing community to characterize the various icing environments, develop remote sensors 

to detect conditions, understand and model the effects of ice accretion, and support the 

development of methods to mitigate the conditions; and 

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 Sense and mitigate risks associated with other atmospheric hazards that pose serious threats to 

aviation. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q1 FY14 

Q3 FY14 

Q3 FY14

Q3 FY14 

Q4 FY14 

Q3 FY15 

Demonstration of a wireless sensor that provides lightning protection and 

damage detection in composite aircraft 

Demonstrated use of an advanced software technique to verify the 

safety of a complex aircraft or ground automation software system 

Development of proficiency elements for manual handling skills in the 

automated flight deck 

Development and demonstration of a formal model that assesses safety by 

analyzing roles and responsibilities between humans and automated systems 

Integrated, high-fidelity simulator demonstration of an aerodynamic model 

that supports flight crew training requirements for assuring safe aircraft control 

Evaluation of methods to scale engine icing conditions from sea level to higher 

altitudes 

Program Management & Commitments 

The ARMD Associate Administrator has oversight responsibility for the program. The program director 

oversees program portfolio formulation, implementation, evaluation, and integration of results with other 

ARMD and NASA programs. 

Program Element Provider

System Wide Safety and Assurance 

Technologies 

Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC

Lead Center: ARC

Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC

Cost Share Partners: The Boeing Company, Commercial Aviation Safety Team 

(CAST), DoD, easyJet, FAA, Honeywell, , JPDO, ONERA, Southwest Airlines

Vehicle Systems Safety 

Technologies

Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LARC

Lead Center: LaRC

Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LARC

Cost Share Partners: A&P Technology, Alcoa Technical Center, American 

Airlines, ANSYS, The Boeing Company, CAST, Cessna Aircraft Co., DoD, 

DLR, FAA, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich, Honeywell, JPDO, 

Makel Engineering, Moog, National Aerospace Laboratory of the Netherlands, 

ONERA, Pratt and Whitney, United Technologies Corp., University of South 

Carolina, Wichita State University

Atmospheric Environmental Safety 

Technologies

Provider: DFRC, GRC, LARC

Lead Center: GRC

Performing Centers: DFRC, GRC, LARC

Cost Share Partners: The Boeing Company, CAST, DoD, Environment Canada,

FAA, Honeywell, INTA (Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aerospacial), JPDO, 

National Research Council Canada, ONERA

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Acquisition Strategy 

The program spans research and technology from foundational research to integrated system capabilities. 

This broad spectrum necessitates the use of a wide array of acquisition tools relevant to the appropriate 

work awarded externally through full and open competition. NASA encourages teaming among large 

companies, small businesses, and universities for all procurement actions. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts that are generally less than $5 million. 

They are widely distributed across academia and industry. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance Expert Review Nov 2012 

The 12-month review is a 

formal independent peer 

review. Experts from 

other government 

agencies report on their 

assessment of technical 

and programmatic risk 

and program strengths 

and weaknesses.

The projects are 

reviewed for 

relevance, 

quality and 

performance and 

receive 

recommendation

s from reviewers.

Dec 2013 

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FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 92.7 -- 91.5 91.5 91.9 92.4 92.4

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.3 %

An artist’s rendering of future integrated air and 

ground-based technologies developed by the 

Airspace Systems Program (ASP) to meet the vision 

for the nation’s aviation infrastructure and 

operations. ASP technologies aim to increase the 

efficiency of the national airspace by introducing 

advanced air transportation operations across new 

communication channels. 

The Airspace Systems Program creates technologies 

that will help transition to the Next Generation Air 

Transportation System (NextGen). NextGen is a 

multi-agency effort to overall our National Airspace 

System to make air travel more convenient and 

dependable, while ensuring flights are as safe, secure 

and hassle-free as possible. NextGen integrates new 

and existing technologies, policies and procedures to 

reduce delays, save fuel and lower aircraft exhaust 

emissions. The Airspace Systems Program, with the 

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and its other 

industry and academic partners, conceives and 

develops NextGen technologies that will provide 

advanced levels of automated support to air 

navigation service providers and aircraft operators for 

reduced travel times and travel-related delays both on 

the ground and in the sky. These advanced 

technologies provide shortened routes for time and 

fuel savings, with associated improvements in noise 

and emissions, and permit controllers to monitor and 

manage aircraft for greater safety in all weather 

conditions. As the predicted volume of air traffic 

climbs, this transformation aims to reduce gridlock, 

both in the sky and at airports. 

The associated economic impacts of these delays and 

inefficiencies are predicted to cost the Nation tens of 

billions of dollars annually. Delayed flights cost an 

already struggling airline industry nearly $20 billion 

in additional operating costs. Passengers affected by delayed flights lost time valued at more than $10 

billion. Other industries that rely on the airline industry suffered a loss as much as $10 billion as a result 

of delays. Jet fuel consumed as a result of delay cost more than $1.6 billion in 2007 leading to over 7 

million-metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions. This represents over $40 billion in adverse economic 

impact due to aviation delays in the United States. The Airspace Systems Program works to reduce these 

costs. (Source: Report by the Joint Economic Committee Majority Staff, “Your Flight Has Been Delayed 

Again: Flight Delays Cost Passengers, Airlines, and the U.S. Economy Billions,” Chairman, Sen. Charles 

E. Schumer, Vice Chair, Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney, May 2008.) 

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This research seeks to maximize flexibility and effectiveness in the use of airports and airspace while 

accommodating projected growth in air traffic, and aims to enable the seamless operation and utilization 

of the full potential capabilities of new aircraft types such as advanced rotorcraft, unmanned aerial 

systems, high-speed aircraft, and hybrid wing body aircraft. 

For more information, go to http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/programs_asp.htm.

None. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA transferred the results of its research to define and validate the Efficient Descent Advisor (EDA) 

concept to the FAA in FY 2012 for further evaluation and potential operational use. The concept helps air 

traffic controllers allow airliners of all sizes to more efficiently descend from cruising altitude to arrive at 

an airport using less engine power while maintaining a safe distance from other aircraft. As a result, 

airlines save money on fuel and aircraft release fewer emissions into the atmosphere and the workload of 

air traffic controllers is reduced (since automation is added to the process.) In fact, NASA simulations 

showed potential annual savings of $300 million in fuel. 

NASA also successfully simulated airport operations using an integrated set of software that better 

manages scheduling and spacing of aircraft in congested terminal airspace. The technologies, which 

include Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast, produced more precise aircraft spacing allowing 

for increased arrival rates and operational cost savings. NASA conducted the simulation with active FAA 

controllers, airline pilots, and data sets from the Dallas/Fort Worth and Los Angeles airports. In addition, 

NASA successfully simulated safe interval management procedures to a single airport with dependent 

parallel runways utilizing NextGen flight-deck technologies. Benefits analysis indicates that these 

technologies have the potential to save several percent of total operational fuel costs due to more efficient 

arrivals. Although dependent on the level of aircraft equipage, annual system-wide savings are estimated 

at between $200 million to $300 million. Results from these simulations are being used to refine the plans 

for a future technology demonstration. 

In addition, NASA developed weather translation models that provided an estimate of the weather’s 

impact (e.g., high surface winds, low visibility, etc.) on an airport’s capacity for 1 to 8 hours in the future 

over a 15-minute interval. These models incorporated forecasts from three state-of-the-art, airport-centric 

weather forecasts from the National Weather Service. On average, two of the models were able to predict 

the weather-impacted airport arrival rate (AAR) at 2 representative airports over a 1 to 8 hour look-ahead 

time horizon within 10 to 15 percent of the actual weather impacted AAR. The third model was able to 

estimate the weather-impacted AAR over a one hour look-ahead time horizon within five percent of the 

actual weather impacted AAR at three representative airports. This improvement in use of weather 

predictions will provide substantial increase in airport arrival throughput. 

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WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA will conduct human-in-the-loop simulations of advanced trajectory-based algorithms that reduce 

aircraft delays during taxi. Delays on the airport surface have been recognized as one of the major factors 

limiting the ability of airports to accommodate high levels of surface traffic throughput. These algorithms 

will include a more advanced surface movement planning horizon, of up to one hour, leading to reduced 

surface congestion. Benefits studies for several complex U.S. airports show a taxi delay reduction of 

between three to five minutes resulting in annualized fuel savings of $2.5 million to $7.5 million at each 

airport using these algorithms. Technology transition to FAA may occur as early as 2015. 

NASA is collaborating with FAA to explore the use of NASA’s Precision Departure Release Capability 

(PDRC) that couples advanced airspace flow management and airport surface traffic tools. PDRC allows 

precision scheduling of departing aircraft to allow for smooth integration into available slots in the highaltitude overhead streams. Missed departure slots in the overhead stream translate to departure delays and 

lost system capacity. The technology automates what is today an inefficient manual process for 

negotiating a take-off time between the control tower and en route control center. As compared to today’s 

process, take-off time conformance is expected to double in improvement, representing an estimated $20 

million in annual system-wide savings. NASA is working with FAA to support their plans to incorporate 

PDRC in a demonstration that begins in early 2013. 

Seventy percent of air traffic delays are caused by bad weather. Until now, airline dispatchers and FAA 

traffic managers did not have a way to continuously reevaluate the pre-departure weather avoidance 

routes for each flight. NASA's Dynamic Weather Rerouting (DWR) tool enables dynamic, ‘real-time’ 

adjustments to flight paths to avoid bad weather with minimum delay while also saving fuel. The tool 

integrates trajectory-based automation convective weather modeling that predicts the growth and 

movement of storms, and algorithms to automatically compute minimum-delay routes around bad 

weather. The tool shows the potential to provide significant operational savings to airlines. Researchers 

are now engaged with U.S. airlines to conduct field trials of the tool through 2013, which will 

demonstrate its payoffs under real-world air traffic management scenarios. Laboratory simulations and 

field tests of DWR conducted have shown potential average savings of 10 minutes or, in operating cost, 

an estimated $1,700 per flight impacted by severe weather. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA has initiated plans to demonstrate ground-based controller managed spacing of arriving flights 

combined with flight deck interval management technologies. These plans would enable fuel and timesavings along with increased capacity for early adopters of Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast 

equipage. In order to demonstrate user benefits of these concepts, NASA is jointly working with FAA to 

partner with airlines, aircraft manufacturers, avionics manufacturers, ground-based automation system 

integrators, and airports to test these technologies under practical conditions of arriving flights at a dense 

terminal of a busy commercial airport. Results from integrated technology simulations in 2013 are being 

used to refine the plan for the Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration #1 (ATD-1) system 

evaluation with FAA in 2014 and field demonstrations planned for 2015 to 2017. This complex and 

integrated set of ground-based and flight deck technologies will enable expanded terminal area capacity 

and reduced flight time and fuel consumption for arriving aircraft. Annual system-wide benefits are 

estimated at several hundred million dollars. 

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NASA will conduct a simulation of a surface decision support system called the Spot and Runway 

Departure Advisor that reduces stop-and-go activity on taxiways. This technology targets improved 

efficiency of airport surface operations from both air traffic control and airline operations points of view: 

Long departure queues and excessive fuel burn and emissions, that result in high operating cost for 

airlines and adverse impacts on the environment, would be reduced. The simulation will be conducted at 

NASA's Future Flight Central facility at NASA’s Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA using 

Charlotte International Airport operations data and will examine how the operations could be improved 

by better scheduling at various key points on the airport surface. The users of this technology include 

FAA tower controllers and airline ramp controllers. 

NASA will assess initial results of an innovative national airspace system modeling architecture that will 

use real-life, one-way feed of aircraft traffic and weather data and allow testing of advanced, gate-to-gate 

concepts in an integrated fashion to accelerate application of NextGen technologies. The architecture for 

this new capability will enable shadow-mode assessment of realistic technologies for NextGen. It will 

allow integrated impact assessment of multiple concepts and technologies, study interactions across 

different concepts, test competing alternatives, and uncover any potential unknowns related to national 

airspace system performance. This complex modeling and simulation capability will enable rapid 

evaluation of new airspace management concepts that cannot be evaluated in today’s national airspace. 

Program Elements 

NEXTGEN CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

By developing gate-to-gate concepts and technologies, this project helps to realize the NextGen air traffic 

management goals of enabling significant national airspace increases in capacity and efficiency while 

striving to lower the total cost of air transportation. The project studies the key future roles and 

responsibilities between humans and automation, whether they exist in ground-based air traffic control 

systems or on the flight deck of an aircraft. Included in project investigations are methods to optimize 

flight routes, as well as arrivals and departures, and to better coordinate surface and runway operations. 

Also under study are ways to mitigate the adverse effects of weather to insure the most advantageous use 

of the airspace system and reduce travel delays, and accommodate an expected growth in overall air 

travel. Successful investigations in these areas will require close, highly coordinated interaction with the 

NextGen System Analysis, Integration, and Evaluation Project. 

NEXTGEN SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, INTEGRATION, AND EVALUATION

The initial focus of this project is to ensure that NASA’s air traffic management concepts, technologies, 

and procedures are matured and tested in laboratory simulations to determine their NextGen viability. A 

subset will be further demonstrated and evaluated by field tests in relevant flight environment that 

integrate both air and ground capabilities. Ultimately, coordination with other Government organizations 

and industry stakeholders will ensure the appropriate NASA technologies are transitioned to system users 

and the FAA for their implementation consideration to realize NextGen benefits. Successful maturation 

and application of advanced NextGen technologies requires: 

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AIRSPACE YSTEMS S 

 Incorporating fast-time modeling and simulation and feedback results to validate research 

concepts and assess their collective technological impact; 

Determining the feasibility of integrated concepts and technologies using human-performance 

models and human-in-the-loop simulations; and 

Conducting collaborative field trials to evaluate the impact of integrated concepts and 

technologies for total operational cost savings important to users of the national airspace. 





Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q2 FY14

Q4 FY14

Q4 FY14

Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration #1, Operating Concepts 

Validation and system assessment 

Spot and Runway Departure Advisor evaluation for Charlotte International 

Airport 

Dynamic Weather Re-Route testing 

Q4 FY14 Initial instantiation of shadow-mode NextGen simulator 

Q1 FY15 

Q4 FY15 

Q4 FY16 

Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration #1, Simulation at the 

FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center 

Spot and Runway Departure Advisor operational field evaluation with an 

airline and airport partner 

Initial evaluation of one future scenario in the shadow-mode NextGen 

simulator 

Program Management & Commitments 

The ARMD Associate Administrator has oversight responsibility for the program. The Program Director 

oversees program portfolio formulation, implementation, evaluation, and integration of results with other 

ARMD and NASA programs. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: ARC, LaRC 

Lead Center: ARC 

Performing Centers: ARC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: FAA, JPDO, Boeing, General Electric, American Airlines, 

United Airlines, Rockwell Collins 

NextGen Concepts and Technology 

Development 

Provider: ARC, LARC 

Lead Center: ARC 

Performing Center: ARC, LARC 

Cost Share Partners: FAA, JPDO, Honeywell, General Electric, Boeing 

NextGen Systems Analysis, 

Integration, and Evaluation 

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Acquisition Strategy 

Airspace Systems Program spans research and technology from foundational research to integrated 

system capabilities. This broad spectrum necessitates the use of a wide array of acquisition tools relevant 

to the appropriate work awarded externally through full and open competition. Teaming among large 

companies, small businesses, and universities is highly encouraged for all procurement actions. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts that are generally less than $5 million. 

They are widely distributed across academia and industry. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance Expert Review Nov 2012 

The 12-month review is a 

formal independent peer 

review. Experts from 

other Government 

agencies report on their 

assessment of technical 

and programmatic risk 

and/or program 

weaknesses.

The projects are 

reviewed for 

relevance, 

quality and 

performance and 

receive 

recommendation

s from reviewers.

Nov 2013 

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FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 186.3 -- 168.0 166.9 163.4 160.1 159.7

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -18.3

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -9.8 %







As part of NASA’s Fundamental Aeronautics Program, 

researchers from California Polytechnic State University, 

San Luis Obispo, California, tested a 1/11th scale hybrid 

wing body aircraft concept known as AMELIA (Advanced 

Model for Extreme Lift and Improved Aeroacoustics), in 

the National Full Scale Aerodynamic Complex at Ames 

Research Center. For the first time, three aircraft design 

features that usually cause conflicts with each other were 

tested together: short take-off and landing, cruise 

efficiency, and reduced aircraft noise. As many as 30 

students, from summer interns to graduate students 

writing their masters' theses, participated in this research. 

AMELIA’s test results will be released to the aeronautical 

community in 2013. 

The Fundamental Aeronautics (FA) program 

develops knowledge, technologies, tools, and 

innovative concepts to enable new aircraft that 

will fly faster, cleaner, and quieter, and use fuel 

far more efficiently. These aircraft will be 

needed as the Nation transitions to NextGen. 

NASA research is inherent in every major 

modern U.S. aircraft, and the type of research 

performed by the FA program will prime the 

technology pipeline, enabling continued US 

leadership, competitiveness, and jobs in the 

future. Some of the key benefits of this work 

include: 

Dramatically reduced aircraft noise and 

emissions; 

Dramatically improved fuel efficiency; 

and 

Increased mobility and air travel 

flexibility. 

Research performed by the FA program impacts 

a wide variety of air vehicles from helicopters 

and commercial airliners to high-speed vehicles 

that can travel faster than the speed of sound. 

NASA’s work is focused on civil applications, 

however, there is significant coordination with the Department of Defense to help maximize the 

effectiveness and impact of NASA research. 

While NASA is focused on future vehicles, many of the tools and technologies that are developed have an 

immediate impact to industry. Ultimately, FA program research enables a future in which a variety of 

advanced air vehicles improve the flexibility, efficiency, and environmental impacts of the air 

transportation system. 

For more information, go to: http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/fap. 

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EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Several highlights follow from the many successful accomplishments of the Fundamental Aeronautics 

program. 

NASA completed analyses of ground-based tests that characterized the gaseous and particulate emissions 

of hydro-treated renewable jet fuel, an alternative aviation fuel. The results showed that hydro-treated 

renewable jet fuels and their blends had substantially reduced particulate emissions, minor effects on 

gaseous emissions, and no measureable adverse effect on engine performance. Understanding the effects 

of alternative fuels is important to industry and government agencies such as the Federal Aviation 

Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency to help ensure that aircraft can safely and 

efficiently use alternative fuels. Increased use of alternative jet fuels has the potential to reduce overall 

carbon emissions associated with aviation. In addition, these fuels can also decrease US dependence on 

foreign petroleum. 

To realize significant improvements in efficiency and reductions in the environmental impact of aviation, 

it may be necessary to develop new aircraft designs that have little resemblance to today’s tube-and-wing 

aircraft. Advanced computational tools are also needed to help develop, create, and test new concepts and 

designs. To help realize these new concepts and accompanying tools, NASA completed wind tunnel 

testing of a new concept that was very different from a tube-and-wing and demonstrated its reduced noise 

potential and improved short take-off and landing performance. Results from this test will be used to 

improve computational tools for a number of advanced aircraft configurations. 

In addition to improving the performance (e.g., efficiency and environmental impact) of vehicles, the FA 

program also made advances in making air travel even more flexible and convenient. For example, 

modern helicopters perform a number of unique missions including life saving operations and 

transportation to relatively isolated locations. Making helicopters quieter and more efficient will increase 

their ability to carry additional passengers and cargo for current and future missions. To support these 

improved capabilities, NASA made significant advances in rotary wing propulsion systems that included 

new types of engine compressors and new transmissions. 

People are always looking to spend less time traveling and more time at their destination. One way to help 

achieve this desire is faster air transportation. However, the noise associated with sonic booms has always 

been a limiting factor - although this may change thanks to NASA research. The FA program successfully 

completed wind tunnel tests that validated computational tools developed for designing and shaping 

supersonic aircraft to produce quieter sonic booms. NASA conducted the first tests in a new facility for 

simulating sonic boom noise as heard indoors as part of the Agency's efforts to understand how far sonic 

boom noise must be reduced to allow unrestricted overland flight. 

New computational design tools under development can greatly decrease the time needed for designing 

air vehicles and allow industry to explore new configurations. NASA completed the first generation of the 

Integrated Design and Engineering Analysis software tool, which enables the rapid and automated 

conceptual design of a hypersonic air-breathing vehicle. This new fully-automated software tool reduces 

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the time necessary to conduct a vehicle design and analysis from 3 months (with current methods) to less 

than 24 hours. 

NASA studied hypersonic planetary physics by obtaining unique Martian atmospheric pressures, heat 

shield temperatures and heat shield recession data (loss of mass due to the ablation of the heat shield) 

from the instrumentation installed on the Mars Science Laboratory carrying the Curiosity Rover. This 

highly unique data is being analyzed by researchers at NASA and universities to inform all future Mars 

landing missions to enable reduced vehicle mass or a larger, more capable scientific payload. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA will expand its work on characterization of emissions from alternative fuels with in-flight tests to 

measure gaseous and particulate emissions from aircraft engines burning alternative fuel. Researchers 

previously conducted tests on the ground but this will provide the first opportunity to collect key data in 

flight at high, cruise-relevant altitudes and will help establish hydro-treated renewable jet fuel as a 

potentially carbon-neutral aviation fuel. 

NASA will continue to explore new propulsion capabilities including a better understanding of the 

viability of widely variable speed transmissions using a unique test facility at Glenn Research Center in 

Cleveland. The ability to significantly change rotor speed can lead to rotorcraft that are both faster and 

more efficient. Even though several countries are trying to accomplish this, it is a technology that has not 

yet been developed for manned rotorcraft. In addition, NASA will also test new drag reduction 

technologies that will save a considerable amount of fuel. Prior testing indicated savings of up to 25 

percent, and testing in 2013 will continue to further explore this technology. 

NASA will deliver high fidelity tools for prediction of sonic boom and drag that are suitable for low sonic 

boom supersonic aircraft design. These tools are needed to determine the shape of aircraft that will 

produce low boom signatures. To verify that these tools are accurate, wind tunnel experiments will be 

completed to compare experimental data to predictions. In addition to improving the capability to design 

low-boom aircraft, NASA will continue to perform experiments to improve understanding of how this 

low-boom signature will be heard on the ground. This is an important step to ultimately changing 

regulations so that over-land supersonic flight is permitted. 

NASA will continue to press forward the development and improvement of computational tools that are 

critical for new vehicle design. These tools include computational fluid dynamics and aircraft drag 

prediction methods using the latest high-performance computers and advanced modeling of airflow, 

combustion, and noise generation physics. This will lead to improved aircraft, engine, and combustor 

modeling, which will ultimately allow industry to have more confidence in the ability to accurately 

predict the performance of new and unusual designs. This capability helps ensure that US industry 

maintains a competitive edge by exploring more advanced ideas than others and reducing the time it takes 

to develop new designs. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

To help demonstrate the benefits of new aircraft configurations and to understand the key challenges 

associated with these new concepts, NASA will conduct several investigations. To improve the efficiency 

of wings, NASA will conduct high-fidelity experimental and computational studies of a truss-braced wing 

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configuration; one in which very long, slender, and efficient wings are supported by an additional brace. 

These concepts have been considered by industry, but so far, no in-depth study of their strengths and 

challenges have been conducted. Research on these kinds of configurations may lead to reductions of fuel 

burn in transport aircraft. NASA will also test a coupled engine inlet and fan that is capable of high 

performance and operability while being part of an embedded engine system (engines buried within the 

aircraft body). This unusual approach is not found in today’s commercial aircraft, and it could lead to new 

designs with significant improvements in performance. 

NASA will assess the capability of new rotor control technologies by investigating three different 

concepts. Because it is rotating and creating a number of wakes, the rotor environment is one of the most 

difficult to understand compared to other air vehicles. New rotor control technologies have the potential 

to enable a significant leap ahead in modern rotor designs. To advance propulsion technologies, NASA 

will partner with the US Army to design a new type of engine turbine that uses variable speed in a fuelefficient manner. Both the active rotor research and the variable-speed turbine research are targeted to 

increase speed, enhance fuel efficiency, and reduce noise for both conventional and advanced rotorcraft 

configurations. 

The next critical steps in overcoming the barrier to overland supersonic flight are flight validation of 

advanced aircraft design tools and technologies combined with community overflight studies. The 

combination of these efforts would provide data to support the development of a noise-based standard to 

replace the current prohibition of civil overland supersonic flight. NASA’s high-speed effort will focus on 

ensuring the readiness of low-boom aircraft design tools for application in a flight demonstration project 

and on the validation of study methodologies, survey tools, and test protocols required for community 

overflight studies as described above. 

NASA research will advance the capabilities and use of ceramic matrix composites to push the envelope 

on this material’s ability to withstand high temperatures, while being strong and lightweight, which 

allows for the design of propulsion systems that are more efficient and effective. Work with government 

and industrial partners will demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating these ceramic matrix composites 

into future aircraft engines and accelerate the introduction of their performance benefits into the fleet. 

Program Elements 

FIXED WING

NASA fixed wing research explores and develops tools, technologies, and concepts to enable 

revolutionary advances in energy efficiency and environmental compatibility of future generations of 

transport aircraft. This research is necessary for the sustained growth of commercial aviation that is vital 

to the US economy. The scientific knowledge gained from this research, in the form of experiments, data, 

calculations, and analyses, is critical for conceiving and designing more efficient, quieter, and greener 

aircraft. Fixed wing research is focused on the future, with an eye towards the "N+3" generation; targeting 

vehicles that are three generations beyond the current state-of-the-art (generation N) and requiring mature 

technology solutions between 2025 and 2030. 

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ROTARY WING

Rotary wing research develops and validates tools, technologies, and concepts to overcome key barriers 

for rotorcraft vehicles. The research efforts advance technologies that increase rotorcraft speed, range, and 

payload, and decrease noise, vibration, fuel burn, and emissions. This research will enable improved 

computer-based prediction methods, technologies, and concepts for future high-speed, efficient rotorcraft 

able to operate as commercial vehicles in the national airspace system while enhancing their ability to do 

the missions that only rotorcraft can do. In FY 2014, NASA will explore options for the future of its 

rotary wing research. The goal is to ensure the critical research areas are continued while completing and 

phasing out lower priority areas. NASA will coordinate with its partners in industry and other government 

agencies to ensure that their research needs are fully considered throughout the process.

HIGH-SPEED

High-speed vehicle research includes tools, technologies, and knowledge that will help eliminate today’s 

technical barriers preventing practical, commercial supersonic flight. These barriers include: sonic boom; 

supersonic aircraft fuel efficiency; airport community noise; high altitude emissions; prediction of vehicle 

control, operation, and performance; and the ability to design future vehicles in an integrated, 

multidisciplinary manner. The high-speed research also includes expansion of foundational knowledge 

necessary for controlled, air-breathing hypersonic flight capability. 

AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES

Aeronautical Sciences will advance computer-based tools and models as well as scientific knowledge that 

will lead to significant improvements in the ability to understand and predict flight performance for a 

wide variety of air vehicles. Examples of this research include the development of new computational 

tools that are used to predict the airflow around vehicles ultimately leading to greater abilities to predict 

vehicle performance in flight. Another important area of research, applicable across a number of air 

vehicle types, is improving the understanding and development of new types of strong and lightweight 

materials that are important for aviation. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q2 FY14

Q4 FY14

Q4 FY14

Test and analysis completed for advanced rotor concepts 

Truss-braced wing evaluation via high fidelity test and analysis 

2700° Fahrenheit ceramic matrix composite fabricated 

Fuselage drag reduction assessment 

Characterize cruise-altitude gaseous and particulate emissions from alternative 

fuels via flight test and analysis 

Tools and technologies enabling the design of supersonic aircraft that achieve 

low sonic boom validated as ready for demonstration 

Demonstrate improved computational fluids prediction capabilities 

Q1 FY15

Q4 FY15

Q4 FY15 

Q4 FY15

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Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Lead Center: GRC 

Fixed Wing Project Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: US Air Force, Boeing, Pratt & Whitney, Northrop 

Grumman, General Electric Aviation, United Technologies Corporation, Rolls 

Royce/LibertyWorks, Honeywell, FAA, ONERA, DLR, JAXA, Lockheed 

Martin, Cessna, US Navy, US small businesses and universities. 

Provider: ARC, GRC, LaRC 

Lead Center: LaRC 

Rotary Wing Project Performing Center: ARC, GRC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: Boeing, United Technologies Research Center, US Army, 

Vertical Lift Consortium (VLC), Bell Helicopter Textron, Sikorsky Aircraft, 

Rolls Royce/LibertyWorks, GE, Pratt and Whitney, FAA, ONERA, DLR, NLR, 

US Navy, US small businesses and universities. 

Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Lead Center: LaRC 

High Speed Project Performing Center: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: Boeing, Pratt & Whitney, General Electric Aviation, 

Royce/Liberty Works, Gulfstream Aerospace, United Technologies 

Corporation, US Air Force, FAA, JAXA, Lockheed Martin, Aerion 

Corporation, US Navy, US small businesses and universities. 

Rolls 

Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Lead Center: GRC 

Aeronautical Sciences Project Performing Center: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: Boeing, Pratt & Whitney, General Electric Aviation, Rolls 

Royce/LibertyWorks, Gulfstream Aerospace, United Technologies Corporation, 

US Air Force, FAA, JAXA, Lockheed Martin, Aerion Corporation, US Navy, 

US small businesses and universities. 

Acquisition Strategy 

The Fundamental Aeronautics program spans research and technology from fundamental research to 

integrated system-level capabilities. This broad spectrum necessitates the use of a wide array of 

acquisition tools relevant to the appropriate work awarded externally through full and open competition. 

Teaming among large companies, small businesses, and universities is highly encouraged for all 

procurement actions. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts which are generally less than $5 million. 

They are widely distributed across academia and industry. 

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INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

The 12-month review is a 

formal independent peer 

review of the program. 

Experts from outside the 

Fundamental Aeronautics 

Program or from other 

government agencies will 

report on their assessment 

of technical and 

programmatic risk and 

program weaknesses. 

NASA receives 

recommendations in a 

timely fashion and 

develops a response no 

later than six months after 

the review. 

Performance Expert Review Nov 2012 

The projects are 

reviewed for 

relevance, 

quality and 

performance and 

receive 

recommendation

s from reviewers. 

Dec 2013 

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FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 79.4 -- 77.0 77.5 78.6 79.6 79.8

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -2.4

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -3.0 %

The Hybrid Wing Body (HWB) acoustics test in the 

LaRC 14x22’ Subsonic Tunnel for NASA’s Integrated 

Systems Research Program. Shown are the new 

phased microphone array, new acoustic treatment, 

traverse mechanism, and the HWB model pitched 

forward. The new acoustic capability is designed to 

evaluate the potential of the HWB to achieve noise 

reduction objectives and also to develop and validate 

noise prediction methods. 

US leadership in aerospace depends on ready access 

to technologically advanced, efficient, and affordable 

aeronautics test capabilities. These capabilities 

include major wind tunnels, propulsion test facilities, 

and flight test assets including the Western 

Aeronautical Test Range. The Federal Government 

owns the majority of these critical test capabilities in 

the United States, primarily through NASA and DoD. 

However, changes in the aerospace community, 

primarily the decrease in demand for wind tunnel 

testing over the last two decades, requires an 

overarching strategy for the management of these 

National assets. The Aeronautics Test Program's 

mission is to retain and invest in NASA aeronautics 

test capabilities considered strategically important to 

the Agency and the Nation, and establish a strong, 

high-level partnership to expand cooperation and 

cost-sharing between NASA and DoD, facilitating 

the establishment of an integrated national strategy 

for the management of their respective facilities. This 

national view is becoming more important, 

specifically in addressing the challenges NASA and 

the Nation are facing, in terms of managing and 

evolving this large, critical set of capabilities in a changing and increasingly demanding environment. The 

National Partnership for Aeronautical Testing is the high-level NASA and DoD council working to 

expand cooperation and the establishment of an integrated national strategy for capability management. 

Aeronautics Test Program facilities and assets are dispersed across the United States. The facilities and 

assets are located at the Ames Research and Dryden Flight Research Centers in California, Glenn 

Research Center in Ohio, and Langley Research Center in Virginia. These facilities and assets are able to 

perform tests covering the flight envelope from subsonic through hypersonic speeds and include unique 

capabilities ranging from simulating icing environments to modeling extreme dynamic situations. The 

program offers NASA, other Government agencies, the U.S. aerospace industry, and academic 

institutions unmatched research and experimental opportunities that reflect four generations of 

accumulated aerospace skill and experience. These capabilities encompass every aspect of aerospace 

ground and flight-testing and associated engineering. 

For more information, go to http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/atp. 

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EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA successfully executed more than 10,000 hours of ground testing and approximately 800 hours of 

flight test support for NASA and the Nation, achieving high overall customer satisfaction ratings and 

meeting facility availability and performance goals. Ground test examples include operations in the Glenn 

Research Center's 9 by 15-foot Low Speed Wind Tunnel for low speed aerodynamic, aeromechanical and 

aeroacoustic testing of a series of second generation, counter-rotating (open rotor) blade sets to determine 

the efficiency and noise characteristics for advanced ultra-high bypass engine applications. Flight test 

examples include the Waveform and Sonic Boom Perception and Response (WSPR) project at Dryden 

Flight Research Center, which involved gathering “first ever” qualitative data from supersonic flights of 

sonic boom impact and acceptability from a select group of more than 100 volunteer Edwards Air Force 

Base residents. 

NASA continued to address critical shortfalls identified in the 2012 National Aeronautics Research, 

Development, Test, and Evaluation Infrastructure Plan through efforts directed to engine icing research at 

the Propulsion Simulation Laboratory at Glenn Research Center and acoustic measurement at the 14 by 

22-foot Tunnel at Langley Research Center. Investments in test technology included advanced facility 

electronic systems required to meet modern research testing requirements and targeted investments in 

wind tunnel force measurement systems. 

NASA completed a project to modify an existing G-III subsonic research aircraft testbed at DFRC, which 

will result in new experimental flight test capability to assess emerging flight technologies. One of the 

first intended uses of the aircraft is to enable NASA to explore and mature alternative unconventional 

aircraft designs with the potential to meet simultaneous research goals for community noise, fuel burn, 

and nitrogen oxides emissions. 

NASA continued to address declining stakeholder advocacy and limited facility utilization through 

assessments of National infrastructure requirements and the identification of suitable capability 

alternatives across the government and U.S. industry. Assessments focused primarily on test capability 

and capacity, operational cost, facility condition, required upgrades, and projected demand. In 2012, 

NASA decided to close the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel and the 20-Inch Mach 6 CF4 Tunnel located at the 

Langley Research Center and to redirect funds that were used for these facilities to invest in the 

sustainment of NASA facilities required for current and future research.

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The program will provide an operational engine icing research capability at the Propulsion Simulation 

Laboratory. This new engine icing test capability will enable research of the high-altitude engine icing 

problem encountered by commercial aircraft and will help ensure that testing capabilities are available to 

support the research, development, test, and engineering milestones of NASA and National programs. 

The program will perform a condition assessment of the ground support facilities, systems, and 

equipment within the Flight Test Project portfolio. This assessment will provide knowledge of the 

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ground-based assets that provide support to critical flight-testing and will inform strategic investment 

decisions to ensure that testing capabilities continue to be available to support the research, development, 

test, and engineering milestones of NASA and DoD programs. 

The Aeronautics Test Program is aggressively addressing issues with data accuracy, data validation, and 

facility productivity at the National Transonic Facility. Through focused efforts, data acquisition and 

facility measurement and control systems are being scrutinized and improved so that high quality and 

repeatable research and testing data can be provided quickly and without interruption. This will ensure 

that high Reynolds Number testing capabilities are available and productive to NASA and national 

programs. 

The program will continue to address the development of an integrated national strategy for capability 

management with the DoD through the National Partnership for Aeronautical Testing. In FY 2013, ATP 

will work with DoD to sponsor the partnership Aeronautics Test Facility Users Meeting, a conference 

where NASA, DoD, and industry users of major National wind tunnels can discuss capabilities and 

experiences and provide feedback on future requirements and needed improvements. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Aeronautics Test Program will continue to address opportunities and challenges with respect to operating 

and sustaining NASA’s strategically important but aging test capabilities. In particular, the program will 

continue improving its approach to long-range forecasting of aeronautics test demand, identifying and 

acting on investment opportunities and determining the best approach to staying in step with emerging 

national research test requirements. In FY 2014, ATP will continue its emphasis on modernizing 

electronic systems for ground and flight testing to provide higher levels of performance (accuracy, 

repeatability, stability, and data acquisition and processing throughput). ATP will continue working with 

NASA Centers to develop and implement novel and cost effective ground and flight test operations 

models thereby providing the best possible match between test capability supply and demand. ATP will 

also continue to study opportunities to divest and consolidate testing infrastructure and assets across the 

national portfolio, implement the most equitable and cost effective test capability pricing strategies, and 

identify and invest in needed capability improvements and technology development to address emerging 

NASA and national aeronautics test requirements. 

Program Elements 

FLIGHT TEST

The Flight Test project is located at Dryden Flight Research Center and consists of an integrated set of 

capabilities that support aircraft operations and maintenance. Included in these elements are the Western 

Aeronautical Test Range, and the support and test bed aircraft required for research flight and mission 

support projects. The project capabilities also include the Simulation and Flight Loads Laboratories, a 

suite of ground-based laboratories that support research flight and mission operations. ATP provides up to 

50 percent of the fixed costs for these assets to ensure facility and staff availability. 

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GROUND TEST

The Ground Test Project includes subsonic, transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic wind tunnels and 

propulsion test facilities at Ames Research, Glenn, and Langley Research Centers. These facilities cover 

the flight envelope from subsonic through hypersonic speeds and include unique capabilities ranging from 

simulating icing environments to modeling extreme dynamic situations. As with the flight test 

capabilities, ATP provides up to 50 percent of the fixed costs for these assets to ensure facility and staff 

availability. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q2 FY14 Update and publish the Program Strategic Plan 

Q4 FY14 Upgrade data acquisition and control systems for the Glenn Research Center 

10 by 10 foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel 

Q4 FY14 Improvements to data measurement techniques and flow quality at the Langley 

Research Center National Transonic Facility 

Q4 FY14 

Develop and implement an updated Memorandum of Understanding with 

DOD for the National Partnership for Aeronautics Testing to improve the 

Council’s communication and focus on an integrated strategy for managing 

national aeronautics test infrastructure

Program Management & Commitments 

The ARMD Associate Administrator has oversight responsibility for ATP. The ATP Director oversees 

program portfolio formulation, implementation, evaluation, and integration of results with other ARMD 

and NASA programs. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: DFRC, LaRC 

Lead Center: DFRC 

Performing Centers: DFRC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: DoD 

Flight Test

Provider: ARC, GRC, LaRC 

Lead Center: GRC 

Performing Centers: ARC, GRC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: DoD 

Ground Test 

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Acquisition Strategy 

Acquisitions supporting ATP activities are performed at each of the test sites consistent with the Federal 

Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and the NASA FAR Supplement. Each Center is responsible for 

coordinating major acquisitions supporting ATP activities through the ATP Office as required by the ATP 

Director. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts that are generally less than $5 million. 

They are widely distributed across academia and industry. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Relevance Expert Panel Dec 12, 2012 

Periodic reviews are 

carried out by the US 

users of ATP facilities. 

The last major 

community outreach 

meeting was held in 

December 2012 with 

NASA, DoD, and US. 

aerospace industry users 

at ARC.

N/A May 2014 

Nov 2013 

Annual 

Project 

Review 

Independent Review 

Panel Nov 2012 

The primary purpose of 

the annual project review 

is to provide an 

independent assessment 

by subject matter experts 

of the project's relevance, 

technical quality, and 

performance.

The projects are 

reviewed for 

relevance, 

quality and 

performance and 

receive 

recommendation

s from reviewers.

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FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 104.2 -- 126.5 126.8 127.4 128.2 128.4

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 22.3

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 21.4 %

NASA research on future aircraft engine designs, such as 

the “Open Rotor”, aims to reduce the environmental 

impact of aviation. 

One of the greatest challenges that NASA faces 

in transitioning advanced technologies into 

future aeronautics systems is closing the gap 

caused by the difference between the maturity 

level of technologies developed through 

fundamental research and the maturity required 

for technologies to be infused into future air 

vehicles and operational systems. The 

Integrated Systems Research Program’s goal is 

to demonstrate integrated concepts and 

technologies to a maturity level sufficient to 

reduce risk of implementation for stakeholders 

in the aviation community. The research in this 

program is coordinated with ongoing, long-term 

fundamental research within the other three 

aeronautics research programs, as well as 

efforts of other government agencies. This 

helps to ensure the most promising research is 

transitioned between the fundamental research 

programs and ISRP. The program conducts integrated system-level research on those promising concepts 

and technologies to explore, assess, and demonstrate the benefits in an operationally relevant 

environment. The program matures and integrates technologies for accelerated transition to practical 

application. The Advanced Composites Project has been added to the ISRP portfolio in FY2014 to focus 

on reducing the timeline for development and certification of innovative composite materials and 

structures, which will help American industry retain their global competitive advantage in aircraft 

manufacturing. 

NASA will make significant technology advancements contributing to national aviation challenges 

through the ISRP portfolio. The portfolio consists of three projects, the Environmentally Responsible 

Aviation (ERA) Project, the Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration in the National Airspace System 

(UAS/NAS) Project and the Advanced Composites Project. 

One of the national challenges that ISRP is focused on is the impact of aviation on the environment. In 

2008, US major commercial carriers and Department of Defense burned 19.6 billion and 4.6 billion 

gallons, respectively. This fuel consumption released 250 million tons of carbon dioxide into the 

atmosphere. Additionally, aircraft noise, particularly in the vicinity of airports, continues to be regarded 

as the most significant hindrance to the National Airspace System capacity growth. The ERA Project goal 

is to reduce the impact of aviation on the environment through the development of vehicle concepts and 

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technologies that can simultaneously reduce aircraft fuel burn, noise and emissions. Using aircraft 

system-level assessments in addition to ground and flight tests, the project is evaluating promising vehicle 

configurations and airframe and propulsion system related technologies to assess the combined potential 

to simultaneously meet challenging fuel burn, emission and noise reduction goals. 

Another national challenge that the program is addressing is the routine access of unmanned aircraft 

systems into the National Airspace System for civil use. NASA has partnered with the FAA to determine 

how UAS research, expertise, and assets can be leveraged between the two agencies and duplication of 

effort can be minimized. The FAA is providing Subject Matter Experts to support NASA’s UAS 

Integration in the NAS Project to review research objectives and assumptions. The FAA and NASA have 

shared UAS research project plans and analysis results. FAA and NASA established an umbrella 

Interagency Agreement for UAS Research which will allow the FAA to centralize and focus its 

collaboration with NASA while leveraging expertise across all NASA research centers. 

Historically, UAS have supported military and security operations overseas, with training occurring 

primarily in the United States. In addition, UAS are utilized in US border and port surveillance by the 

Department of Homeland Security, scientific research and environmental monitoring by NASA and 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, public safety by law enforcement agencies, research 

by state universities, and various other uses by Government agencies. Interest is growing in civil uses, 

including commercial photography, aerial mapping, crop monitoring, advertising, communications and 

broadcasting. To address the increasing civil market and the desire by civilian operators to fly UAS, the 

FAA is developing new policies, procedures, and approval processes. The need for developing and 

implementing new standards, procedures and guidance to govern civil unmanned airspace systems 

operations in the National Airspace System in a timely manner has grown more important than ever. 

NASA’s Unmanned Airspace Systems Integration in the National Airspace Project will contribute 

capabilities that reduce technical barriers related to the safety and operational challenges associated with 

enabling routine civil UAS access to the National Airspace System. Advancing the state of the art is being 

accomplished through system-level integration of key concepts, technologies and/or procedures, and 

demonstrations of integrated capabilities in an operationally relevant environment. Close integration and 

continued validation with key stakeholders is a guiding tenet of the project. Those stakeholders include 

FAA, DoD, other Government agencies, and industry) 

The Advanced Composites Project will address the national challenge developing and maturing of tools 

and methods to reduce the development and certification timeline for new materials and structures. There 

is significant competitive pressure in the international community to accelerate the use of composites in 

aerospace vehicles because of the weight and lifecycle cost savings they provide. The lack of accepted 

analysis and test protocols and poor understanding of damage tolerance, production process variability, 

and long-term durability of composites can pose significant developmental risks. Assuring product safety 

therefore results in unacceptably high development costs and certification times. To mitigate these risks, 

developers must rely on time-consuming and costly testing procedures resulting in high development cost 

and certification times. Additionally, accelerating the development, verification, and regulatory 

acceptance of new composite materials, structural design methods, test, inspection, and manufacturing 

processes will enhance the competitiveness of US industry. The goal of Advanced Composites Project is 

to reduce the time for development, verification, and regulatory acceptance of new composite materials 

and design methods. NASA will meet this objective through the development and use of high fidelity and 

rigorous computational methods, new test protocols, and new inspection techniques. 

For more information, go to http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/programs_isrp.htm.

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EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA added the Advanced Composites project to the Integrated Systems Research Program in FY 2014 

to focus on reducing the timeline for development and certification of innovative composite materials and 

structures which will help American industry retain their global competitive advantage in aircraft 

manufacturing.

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Based on data obtained during extensive ground test campaigns, NASA completed an assessment of two 

types of highly fuel efficient jet engine concepts by comparing their performance in reducing the rate of 

fuel consumption and noise. One of the systems, referred to as “Open Rotor”, does not encase the engine 

fan blades in an engine housing as is typical in traditional jet engine designs. The second system, referred 

to as an “Ultra High Bypass Turbofan” is a much more fuel efficient version of the aircraft engine 

commonly used by airliners today. Research has validated that both engine concepts have the potential to 

dramatically reduce fuel burn. The Open Rotor shows greater potential for fuel burn reduction with a 36 

percent reduction versus a 27 percent reduction for the Ultra High Bypass Turbofan. However, the noise 

reduction is greater for the Ultra High Bypass Turbofan with a reduction of 24 decibels versus the 13 

decibel reduction for the Open Rotor. These results provide data to the aviation industry and regulatory 

community to make informed decisions on future aircraft propulsion systems, with a continual emphasis 

on reducing their impact on the environment. 

While closing out the technology development efforts of the first phase, the Environmentally Responsible 

Aviation project defined the Phase 2 technology portfolio. Through a series of reviews and assessments 

based on the potential benefit of the technologies to meet project goals, as well as the associated costs and 

risks, NASA selected eight, large-scale integrated technology demonstrations to advance Environmentally 

Responsible Aviation research through FY 2015. The integrated technology demonstrations build on 

work performed during the first phase of the project and will focus on five areas: aircraft drag reduction 

through innovative flow control concepts; weight reduction from advanced composite materials; fuel and 

noise reduction from advanced Ultra High Bypass engines; emissions reductions from advanced engine 

combustors; and fuel consumption and community noise reduction through innovative airframe and 

engine integration designs. 

As part of a collaborative effort with the FAA Technical Center, NASA conducted a flight test of a large 

(Ikhana MQ-9) unmanned aircraft equipped with Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast a 

satellite-based aircraft tracking technology that provides detailed and accurate position, velocity, and 

altitude information to air traffic controllers and other Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast 

equipped aircraft. This demonstration was a critical step in the development of a Live Virtual 

Constructive – Distributive Environment, an innovative way to safely immerse a flying unmanned aircraft 

in the national airspace system through virtual techniques. The Live Virtual Constructive – Distributive 

Environment will provide the backbone for eventual flight tests to validate the concepts and procedures 

developed by the project – these flight tests are scheduled for FY 2015 and FY 2016. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

FY 2013 is the start of Phase 2 for the Environmentally Responsible Aviation project. During FY 2013 

NASA will complete community noise assessments for advanced tube and wing, and hybrid wing body 

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INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH

aircraft configurations and engines. NASA will seek to demonstrate synergistic acoustic integration 

between advanced engines and airframe concepts that will enable the goal of 42 decibel cumulative noise 

reduction below Stage 4 in the 2020 timeframe. In addition, NASA will complete ground-based testing of 

a second generation Geared Turbofan propulsion technology (an Ultra High Bypass engine concept) in 

partnership with Pratt & Whitney. This assessment is expected to quantify increases in propulsive system 

efficiency and noise reduction available from this propulsion system technology. 

NASA will also continue to make progress on unmanned aircraft systems integration through initial 

evaluations and risk reduction activities of the project’s operationally relevant environment. The relevant 

environment provides the infrastructure to enable the human-in-the-loop simulations and flight tests 

required to demonstrate integrated separation assurance, human systems integration, and communication 

efforts. In addition, NASA will conduct simulations that assess the performance of aircraft separation 

assurance methods as well as develop communication models for all classes of unmanned aircraft 

systems. These validated communication models are required to provide confidence in simulation results. 

Finally, NASA will work to provide recommendations to the FAA for risk-related data collection to 

support development of unmanned aircraft systems regulations. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA plans to complete flight tests of a wing design equipped with adaptive compliant trailing edge 

technology. Integration of compliant structures in next generation aircraft will reduce weight and drag 

contributing to a reduction of fuel burn. The flight test will demonstrate and establish airworthiness for a 

compliant structure used as large primary control surface in a relevant flight environment and accelerate 

the infusion of this technology. In addition, NASA will continue to advance Ultra High Bypass 

technology through low speed ground tests of the geared turbofan performed in FY 2014. NASA will also 

complete low-speed performance and operability testing of an Ultra High Bypass engine integrated with a 

semi-span hybrid wing body model. This test, planned for FY 2014, will provide a low speed assessment 

of the interference effects between the propulsion system and airframe that could impact engine 

operation, aerodynamic characteristics, and drag (fuel burn). 

The Unmanned Aircraft Systems Integration in the National Airspace System project will evaluate 

concepts for separation assurance, sense and avoid, and ground control stations with communication 

system performance estimates through an integrated human-in-the-loop simulation in FY 2014 to provide 

data for further technology development. In addition, the project will continue to mature and evaluate the 

Live Virtual Constructive Distributed Environment that will be used to provide demonstrations of 

unmanned aircraft systems integrated in the National Airspace System. The demonstrations will utilize 

unique flight and simulation assets from geographically dispersed facilities by integrating NASA Centers, 

FAA facilities and other institutions through the Live Virtual Constructive Distributed Environment. 

FY 2014 will be the first year of execution for the Advanced Composites project. During FY 2014, the 

project will pursue partnerships with industry, academia and other government agencies to expedite 

validation of advanced production, test, and analysis methods. A collaborative FAA and NASA research 

effort will be established to ensure the Advanced Concepts project will addresses FAA needs. The project 

will also initiate small-scale material and structures tests to acquire data to validate new analysis methods 

and determine new test protocols that will be shared with our partners in industry, academia, FAA and 

other government agencies.

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INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH

Program Elements 

ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE AVIATION

NASA is addressing vehicle-related environmental concerns through system-level research and 

experiments of promising vehicle concepts and technologies that simultaneously reduce fuel burn, noise, 

and emissions. Research and development efforts are focused on understanding how advanced 

environmental technologies can best work in an integrated vehicle and aviation operations system. 

Through system-level analysis, promising advanced vehicle and propulsion concepts and technologies can 

be down-selected based on their potential benefit towards the stated national goals. Among the 

technologies to be explored are the following: 



















Advanced aircraft architectures that enable simultaneous reduction of noise, fuel burn, and 

environmentally harmful emissions; 

Advanced propulsion systems for low noise and reduced fuel burn; 

Lightweight, low drag wing and fuselage concepts for reduced fuel burn and noise; 

Fuel flexible, low nitrogen oxide combustor designs; and 

Optimized propulsion and airframe integration concepts for reduced fuel burn and noise. 

UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION IN THE NATIONAL AIRSPACE 

SYSTEM

NASA also focuses on technologies to enable routine civil operations for unmanned aircraft systems of all 

sizes and capabilities in the national airspace system. Current federal aviation regulations are built upon 

the condition of a pilot being in the aircraft; therefore many of those regulations are not directly 

applicable to unmanned aircraft systems. To date, the primary user of unmanned aircraft systems has been 

the military. As the unmanned aircraft systems user base expands, the technologies and procedures to 

enable seamless operation and integration of unmanned aircraft systems in the national airspace system 

need to be developed, validated, and employed by FAA through rule-making and policy development. 

Specifically, NASA is addressing technology development in several areas to reduce the technical barriers 

related to the safety and operational challenges. The technical barriers include: 

Robust separation assurance algorithms; 

Command and control, and air traffic control communication systems; 

Consistent standards to assess UAS ground control stations; and 

Airworthiness requirements for the full range of UAS size and performance. 

NASA will validate data and technology through a series of high fidelity human-in-the-loop simulations 

(i.e., where a human is part of the simulation and influences the outcome) and flight tests conducted in a 

relevant environment. Integrated test and evaluation will be conducted focusing on three technical 

challenges: separation assurance, performance standards and certification, and developing a relevant test 

environment. The project deliverables will help key decision makers in government and industry make 

informed decisions, leading towards routine unmanned aircraft systems access. 

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INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH

ADVANCED COMPOSITES PROJECT

NASA is addressing new test protocols and methods to reduce the development and certification timeline 

for new materials and structures. It is inevitable that composite structures will see increased application 

due to the pressure to develop more efficient, sustainable vehicles. The present approach for the 

development and certification of composites is largely based on testing. It is relatively slow, and fairly 

expensive, but does provide results that have been rigorously validated. NASA will focus on the 

development and use of high fidelity and rigorous computational methods, new test protocols, and new 

inspection techniques to shorten the timeline to bring innovative composite materials and structures to 

market. NASA will engage key players from government (e.g., FAA, Department of Defense), industry, 

and academia to mature and verify the methodology, to ensure effective transition to industry, and to 

assure it can be proven safe for use by certification authorities such as the FAA. To achieve the goal of 

reducing the current 10 to 20 year timeline for development and certification down to three to five years, 

NASA will: 







Develop validated test and analysis methods to enable faster certification of new composite 

materials, design methods, and production processes; 

Develop new analysis, test, and inspection protocols that will increase safety assurance by 

validating the durability and damage tolerance of composites; and 

Reduce the variability in production processes to allow for reduced design margins, leading to 

further weight reduction. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q2 2014

Q4 2014

Q4 2014

Q4 2014 

Q1 2015 

Q2 2015

Q4 2015 

Geared turbofan engine test 

Adaptive compliant trailing edge flight test 

Simulation of UAS operations with technologies for separation assurance 

Active flow control enhanced vertical tail flight test on Boeing 757 

Flap edge and landing gear noise reduction flight test on Gulfstream G550 

New concepts and technologies for UAS flight test 

Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure multi-bay pressure box 

demonstration 

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INTEGRATED SYSTEMS RESEARCH

Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Environmentally Responsible Lead Center: LaRC 

Aviation Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: Boeing, General Electric, Pratt & Whitney, Air Force 

Research Laboratory, FAA, Gulfstream, Goodrich, Rolls Royce Liberty Works 

Provider: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Unmanned Aircraft Systems Lead Center: DFRC 

Integration in the National Airspace 

System Performing Centers: ARC, DFRC, GRC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: Cost Share Partners: Rockwell Collins, FAA 

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA’s Integrated Systems Research Program develops and further matures promising technologies to 

the integrated system level. This necessitates the use of a wide array of acquisition tools relevant to the 

appropriate work awarded externally through full and open competition. Teaming among large 

companies, small businesses, and universities is highly encouraged for all procurement actions. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

NASA’s aeronautics programs award multiple smaller contracts which are generally less than $5 million. 

They are widely distributed across academia and industry. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

The 12-month review is a The projects are 

formal independent peer reviewed for 

review. Experts from relevance, 

Performance Review Panel Nov 2012 other government 

agencies report on their 

quality and 

performance and Nov 2013 

assessment of technical receive 

and programmatic risk recommendation

and program weaknesses. s from reviewers. 

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AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 26.7 -- 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9

Subtotal 27.2 -- 22.7 22.7 22.8 22.9 22.9

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -4.0

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -15.0 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

Through NASA’s Aeronautics Seedling Fund, 

researchers studied aerogel substrates for patch 

antennas. The number of antennas on a commercial 

aircraft could be reduced by two thirds with use of 

aerogel antennas. R&D Magazine recently recognized 

this research as a 2012 R&D 100 Winner. 

The Aeronautics Strategy and Management (ASM) 

program provides research and programmatic 

support that benefits each of the other five 

programs. The program efficiently manages 

directorate functions including: Innovative 

Concepts for Aviation, Outreach, and Cross 

Program Operations. 

Innovative Concepts for Aviation invests in new 

ideas to meet aeronautics challenges through an 

internal Seedling Fund and externally through the 

Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA 

fund. The Seedling Fund annually provides NASA 

civil servants the opportunity to perform research, 

analysis, and develop proof-of-concepts for ideas 

that have the potential to meet national aeronautics 

needs. This fund supports early-stage efforts not 

currently supported by ARMD programs and 

projects, with the goal of infusing promising 

concepts into the ARMD research portfolio or into 

NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research 

program for further development. The Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA fund is 

complementary to the Seedling Fund and has similar goals, but it invests in innovative ideas from outside 

NASA. Developing new ideas is critical part of NASA Aeronautics’ three-pronged approach of investing 

in new ideas, fundamental research, and integrated systems research. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The ARMD funding for Education has been transitioned out of ASM as part of the Administration’s 

STEM consolidation initiative to centralize STEM education activities across the Federal government. 

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AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Research began on twenty new ideas that were selected through NASA’s Aeronautics Seedling Fund. 

After the first year of research, NASA selected the most promising twelve projects for further research. 

The study of electromagnetic properties of aerogels for use in antennas is one example of research funded 

by this fund. A commercial aircraft can have as many as 100 antennas. Aerogel antennas could enable 

wider bandwidth, reduce the number of antennas on an aircraft by two-thirds, and reduce the mass of 

antennas to only 20 percent of today’s standard. Another example is the study of the use of computercontrolled laser ablation to condition titanium surfaces of aircraft components prior to adhesive bonding. 

Current surface treatments utilize harsh chemical etching or grit blasting that involve high facility 

maintenance costs and have quality control issues. 

NASA established a Leading Edge Aeronautics Research fund to provide non-NASA researchers an 

opportunity to conduct research into early-stage innovative ideas that meet aeronautics challenges. The 

fund announcement received over 180 innovative ideas from academia and industry. NASA selected the 

best 16 proposals and research efforts began in FY 2013. One example is research into the feasibility of 

using helicopter rotor blades to pressurize air centrifugally for a pneumatic rotor blade de-icing system. 

Helicopter rotors are more susceptible to icing than the rest of the fuselage. This concept may enable 

significantly safer and more efficient rotorcraft flight in icing conditions. Another example is the 

investigation of a preliminary hybrid wave-rotor electric aero-propulsion design. The design will 

optimally combine a wave rotor combustion turbine engine with an electrical drive. For subsonic regional 

jets, the design could enable 90 percent fuel cuts from current levels. 

NASA selected 25 students, from eighteen different universities across the country to receive the 

Aeronautics Scholarship for 2012. The recipients are both graduate and undergraduate students. They are 

studying a wide-variety of subjects within aeronautics. The aeronautics scholarships are competed and 

awarded annually. 

During a two-day event called “Ideas in Flight,” in July 2012, interns from NASA's Aeronautics 

Scholarship Program and Aeronautics Academies briefed NASA leadership on their experiences working 

with researchers over the summer at Ames Research Center, Dryden Flight Research Center, Glenn 

Research Center, and Langley Research Center. Presentation topics included aerodynamic research to 

lower drag, strategies for how to integrate unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace, 

advancements in aeroacoustics research, options for using speech recognition tools in an air traffic control 

setting, toolbox development for analysis of subscale aircraft, characteristics of synthetic jet fuels, 

intelligent aircraft engines for next generation air transportation, and more. The technologies had a 

common goal: To help the United States retain a leadership role in aviation by transforming the air 

transportation system, maintaining safety, and reducing aircraft noise, emissions and fuel use. This annual 

activity gives scholarship recipients an opportunity to present before a professional audience, which is 

something that real-life scientists do on a regular basis. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, Innovative Concepts for Aviation will select new recipients for research awards, and will 

conduct a “virtual technical seminar. This seminar will provide a forum for the researchers to present and 

discuss the results of their research with participants located across the country by using remote 

collaborative meeting technologies. The presentations will be available live over the Internet and 

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AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT

accessible to the public later via the NASA Web sites. The seminar will become a regularly scheduled 

activity, eventually occurring twice each year. 

NASA will select recipients for the annual aeronautics scholarships, and will invite the students to 

participate in the 2013 “Ideas in Flight” activities. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA will continue funding new research ideas through both the Aeronautics Seedling Fund and the 

Leading Edge Aeronautics Research fund. These fund both initial and follow-on phases of promising 

research for NASA employees and selected external proposals. The most promising ideas are evaluated 

for incorporation into the existing programs.

Program Elements 

INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS FOR AVIATION

Innovative Concepts for Aviation explores novel concepts and processes with the potential to create new 

capabilities in aeronautics research. The program’s goal is to mature the new concepts and incorporate 

them into the existing research programs or launch new avenues of aeronautics research. To meet this 

goal, NASA will target both internal and external aeronautics communities. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q1 FY13 Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA, Round 1 Awards 

Aeronautics Seedling Fund, Round 3 Awards 

Selection of Aeronautics Scholarship Recipients 

Q2 FY13 

Q3 FY13 

Q4 FY13 

Q4 FY13 

Q1 FY14 

Q1 FY14 

Q2 FY14 

Q2 FY14 

Aeronautics Seedling Fund, Round 2 Further Study Awards 

“Ideas in Flight” event with Aeronautics Scholars and Academy interns at 

NASA Headquarters 

Aeronautics Seedling Fund, Round 4 Awards 

Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA, Round 1 Further Study 

Awards 

Aeronautics Seedling Fund, Round 3 Further Study Awards 

Leading Edge Aeronautics Research for NASA, Round 2 Awards 

Program Management & Commitments 

The ARMD Associate Administrator has oversight responsibility for the program. 

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AERONAUTICS STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT

Acquisition Strategy 

The research conducted through Innovative Concepts for Aviation activities will use a wide array of 

acquisition tools relevant to the research objectives including external solicitations through full and open 

competitions. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

The Aeronautics Strategy Management program awards smaller contracts, which are generally less than 

$1 million. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Because this is a support program, NASA has not scheduled any independent reviews at this time. 

However, NASA has established an annual internal review for Innovative Concepts for Aviation. 

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SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 573.7 577.2 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6

Partnership Development & Strategic 29.5 -- 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6

Integration

SBIR and STTR 171.6 -- 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6

Crosscutting Space Technology 183.9 -- 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3

Development

Exploration Technology Development 190.0 -- 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0

SPACE TECHNOLOGY

Space Technology .......................................................................... TECH-2 

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGIC INTEGRATION ................... TECH-7 

SBIR AND STTR ................................................................................... TECH-13

CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ............................. TECH-19

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ........................................... TECH-33

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SPACE TECHNOLOGY

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 573.7 577.2 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6

Partnership Development & Strategic 29.5 -- 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6

Integration

SBIR and STTR 171.6 -- 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6

Crosscutting Space Technology 183.9 -- 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3

Development

Exploration Technology Development 190.0 -- 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0

Subtotal 575.0 578.5 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6 742.6

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -1.3 -1.3 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 168.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 29.4 %

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). 

** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Crosscutting Space Technology Development pursuant to 

P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

Using advanced composite manufacturing techniques, 

Space Technology fabricated a 2.4 meter diameter 

lightweight composite cryogenic propellant tank. The 

Boeing led team developed the largest out-of-autoclave 

composite tank fabricated to date. Using out-of-autoclave 

composite tanks for cryogenic propellants could 

significantly reduce the mass and fabrication costs of next 

generation space launch systems. 

Space Technology enables a new class of 

missions by drawing on talent from the NASA 

workforce, academia, small businesses, and the 

broader space enterprise to deliver innovative 

solutions that dramatically improve 

technological capabilities for NASA and the 

Nation. 

The rapid development and infusion of new 

technologies and capabilities is a critical 

component to advancing the Nation's future in 

space. This fuels an emerging aerospace 

economy and collaborates on the space 

technology needs of other government agencies 

and the overall aerospace enterprise. NASA 

supports these objectives and contributes to the 

demands of larger national technology goals by 

investing in Space Technology. 

Using a broad investment strategy, NASA's 

Space Technology investments address the 

identified range of technology areas found in 

NASA's Space Technology Roadmaps as 

prioritized by the National Academies. The Space Technology portfolio supports a combination of early 

TECH-2
 

SPACE TECHNOLOGY

stage conceptual studies, discovering entirely new technologies (technology readiness level (TRL) 1-3); 

rapid competitive development and ground-based testing (TRL 3-5) to determine feasibility; and flight 

demonstrations in a relevant environment to complete the final step to mission infusion (TRL 5-7). 

The Space Technology account supports the Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT) which coordinates 

the Agency’s overall technology portfolio to identify development needs, ensure synergy, and reduce 

duplication. By coordinating these efforts, along with other technology programs within NASA, the office 

facilitates integration of available and new technology into operational systems that support specific 

human-exploration missions, science missions, and aeronautics. The Chief Technologist also engages the 

larger aerospace community including other Government agencies, and, where there are mutual interests, 

develops partnerships to efficiently develop breakthrough capabilities. The office leads and enhances 

technology transfer and commercial partnerships opportunities through a wide range of users to ensure 

that the full value of these development efforts is realized. 

Under the direction of the Space Technology Mission Directorate, NASA funds the development of 

pioneering technologies that will increase the Nation's capability to perform space science, operate in 

space, and enable deep space exploration. Significant progress in technology areas such as in-space power 

systems, solar electric propulsion, radiation protection, next generation life-support, human robotic 

systems, cryogenic fluid handling, and entry, descent and landing capabilities, are essential for future 

science and human exploration missions. Developing these solutions will stimulate the growth of the 

Nation’s innovation economy by enabling new technology sectors in areas such as nanotechnology, 

robotics, advanced manufacturing and synthetic biology. 

Different strategies taken by Space Technology programs serve to develop the Nation's current and future 

technology workforce while gaining critical technology capabilities needed for future missions. By using 

varying funding mechanisms, including contracts, grants, fellowships, prize authority, and funded Space 

Act Agreements, NASA leverages and diversifies technology suppliers to include ideas from NASA 

Centers, other government agencies, industry, academia, small businesses, and individual entrepreneurs to 

meet National technology needs. To ensure continuous availability of transformative and crosscutting 

technology, NASA will continue a steady cadence of new solicitations. Openly competitive opportunities 

ensure the best ideas and talents from all sectors of the aerospace enterprise are brought to bear to solve 

future needs while maximizing the value of the Nation's investments. This technological diversity results 

in a sustainable pipeline of revolutionary concepts, and regularly engages NASA's workforce in cutting 

edge technology. Development and demonstration activities are openly shared to ensure consideration and 

dissemination by a wide range of potential users. 

Reaching NASA's future exploration objectives will require a strong commitment to advanced technology 

and innovation. American technological leadership is vital to our national security, our economic 

prosperity and our global standing. The United States continues to exemplify economic leadership, in 

part, due to the technological investments made in earlier years, through the work of the engineers, 

scientists, and elected officials who had the wisdom and foresight to make the investments required for 

our country to emerge as a global technological leader. That commitment accelerated the economy with 

the creation of new industries, products and services that yielded lasting benefits. NASA innovation 

serves as an inspiration for young people to pursue science, technology, engineering, and mathematics 

(STEM) education and career paths. A technology-driven NASA will continue to fuel our Nation's 

economic engine for decades to come. 

For more on Space Technology, go to: http://www.nasa.gov/spacetech. 

TECH-3
 

SPACE TECHNOLOGY

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014

The budget accelerates the development of a high-powered Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) system. SEP 

systems have broad applicability to science and human exploration missions, and several of the 

components (i.e. high-power solar arrays) are of potential benefit to the commercial satellite sector and 

other government agencies. NASA has identified a near-term infusion opportunity for this technology as 

propulsion for the robotic segment of a proposed asteroid retrieval mission. Space Technology will also 

increase its focus on technologies that enhance capabilities in asteroid detection, characterization, 

mitigation, proximity operations, and resource utilization. Additional changes arise due to the phasing 

profiles of on-going, high priority development efforts and support of the Congressionally mandated 

increases in the Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer Programs. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

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



Space Technology successfully demonstrated the feasibility of inflatable heat shields through the 

launch of the Inflatable Reentry Vehicle Experiment-3 (IRVE-3) from the Wallops Flight Facility 

in Virginia. Such heat shields offer the opportunity to significantly increase the landed mass and 

landing accuracy capabilities for future missions to other planets, such as Mars, and to provide 

significantly greater capability for return payloads to Earth. 

The Mars Curiosity rover mission was successful with the Mars Science Laboratory Entry, 

Descent and Landing Instrument (MEDLI) on board. MEDLI streamed real-time atmospheric and 

heating data from sensors imbedded within the vehicle's heatshield. Data from MEDLI will help 

engineers design safer, more efficient entry systems for future missions. MEDLI was joined on 

the trip to Mars by technologies from six Small Business Innovation Research companies 

(described further in the SBIR/STTR account), each with their own role to enhance Curiosity's 

primary mission. 

Space Technology involved Universities and academic institutions in its development objectives 

through more than 350 fellowships, direct competitive awards and partnerships with NASA 

Centers and commercial contractors for its technology developments and demonstrations. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) project, designed to deliver data rates that 

enable new classes of science and human exploration missions, is beginning ground validation 

activities of advanced laser communication systems. This mission targets dramatic increases in 

the communication capabilities of NASA's current Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System 

(TDRSS). 

Low Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) project, designed to enable precise landing of 

higher-mass payloads to the surface of planets, is conducting three critical full-scale tests of 

advanced ring-sail parachutes and supersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerators (SIADs) to 

validate their performance prior to supersonic-speed flight demonstrations. 

The Composite Cryogenic Propellant Tank project, which successfully fabricated a 2.4-meter 

cryogenic propellant tank in FY 2012, is scaling up and fabricating a 5.5-meter diameter tank that 

will yield lower mass rocket propellant tanks to meet future Space Launch System needs. 

TECH-4
 

SPACE TECHNOLOGY



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The PhoneSat mission is launching as a rideshare on the inaugural flight of the Orbital Sciences 

Corporation's Antares vehicle currently scheduled for early 2013. These three CubeSats equipped 

with smartphones will be used to demonstrate command and control capability of operational 

satellites using affordable, off the shelf components and built within a rapid development cycle. 

Game Changing Development is completing several high priority project elements which NASA 

initiated in FY 2012. Significant completions and deliverables include the fabrication, testing, and 

delivery of advanced components needed for next generation EVA suits (high energy density 

batteries, rapid cycle amine air processors (carbon dioxide removal system), and variable oxygen 

regulators), non-flow through fuel cells needed for long duration spaceflight; and key components 

for the potential Advanced Exploration Systems (AES ) RESOLVE mission (Neutron 

Spectrometer and Lunar Advanced Volatiles Analyzer). 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Space Technology's high priority projects, funded within Crosscutting Space Technology 

Development and Exploration Technology Development, will conduct three Critical Design 

Reviews and six ground or flight demonstrations, making significant progress toward spaceflight 

demonstrations targeted for FY 2015. 

Small Spacecraft Technologies will conduct a flight demonstration of the Edison Demonstration 

of Smallsat Networks (ESDN) spacecraft cluster of eight CubeSats. 

Approximately 25 Space Technology Research Fellows will graduate from American universities 

with advanced degrees, prepared to contribute to the economy by solving the nation's difficult 

technological challenges. 

Along with the 5.5-meter composite cryogenic propellant tank mentioned above, Game Changing 

Development is delivering key improvements to component technologies including an alternate 

water processer that reduces resupply requirements and recovers 85 percent more wastewater for 

use, and development of regenerative fuel cells that can convert water to energy, building on the 

FY 2013 non-flow through fuel cell work. 

Space Technology will continue a steady cadence of new solicitations to ensure the availability of 

advanced technologies, prioritizing technology gaps identified by the National Academies in the 

review of the Space Technology Roadmaps. 

Game Changing Development will test and deliver two competing approaches for large scale, 

deployable solar array systems, two power processing units, and advanced thrusters. These key 

developments enable the Solar Electric Propulsion system developed for the robotic segment of 

the asteroid retrieval mission. 

Programs 

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND STRATEGIC INTEGRATION

This program supports the Office of the Chief Technologist which provides the strategy, leadership, and 

coordination that guide NASA’s technology and innovation activities. OCT documents and analyzes 

NASA’s technology investments and tracks progress, aligning them with the Agency’s plan. OCT leads 

technology transfer and technology commercialization activities, extending the benefits of NASA’s 

TECH-5
 

SPACE TECHNOLOGY

technology investments to have a direct and measurable impact on daily life. The office employs 

principles that encourage partnerships, technology use, and commercialization; ensuring NASA 

technologies energize the commercial space sector, and provide the greatest benefit to the Nation. 

SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH (SBIR) AND SMALL BUSINESS 

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (STTR) 

SBIR and STTR continue to support early-stage research and mid-TRL development performed by small 

businesses through competitively awarded contracts. These programs produce innovations for both 

Government and commercial applications. SBIR and STTR provide the high-technology small business 

sector with opportunities to develop technology for NASA, and commercialize those technologies to 

provide goods and services that address other national needs based on the products of NASA innovation. 

CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (CSTD) 

Crosscutting Space Technology Development activities enable NASA to develop transformative, broadly 

applicable technologies and capabilities that are necessary for NASA’s future science and exploration 

missions and support the space needs of other U.S. Government agencies and the commercial space 

enterprise. To achieve these goals, NASA’s CSTD activities span early-stage conceptual studies through 

flight demonstrations, employing a variety of funding mechanisms, including grants, broad agency 

announcements, announcement of opportunities, and prize opportunities. Investment areas within this 

account include: Space Technology Research Grants, NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts, Center 

Innovation Fund, Centennial Challenges, Game Changing Development, Technology Demonstration 

Missions, Small Spacecraft Technology and Flight Opportunities. 

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Exploration Technology Development advances technologies required for humans to explore beyond low 

Earth orbit. The program leverages the existing technical strength of the NASA Centers and addresses 

known needs in support of future human exploration activities. Example projects include Composite 

Cryogenic Propellant Tanks, Solar Electric Propulsion, Green Propellant Infusion Mission, Cryogenic 

Propellant Storage and Transfer, Human-Robotic Systems, and Human Exploration Telerobotics. ETD 

technologies are higher risk investments that support architecture and systems development efforts within 

the Exploration account by maturing breakthrough technology prior to systems integration. 

TECH-6
Space Technology: Space Technology 

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 29.5 -- 34.1 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.6

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 15.6 %

This robot assistant, dubbed “a Mars rover in a 

hospital” by one of its developers, incorporates systems 

based on NASA–funded work at the Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology. The robot can now be found 

roaming the halls of hospitals, helping with everything 

from registering patients to logging vital signs. 

The Office of the Chief Technologist (OCT) serves 

as the NASA Administrator’s principal advisor on 

matters concerning Agency-wide technology 

policy and programs. OCT’s Partnership 

Development and Strategic Integration efforts 

provide the strategy and leadership that guide all of 

NASA’s technology and innovation activities. 

OCT helps NASA achieve a dual mandate. The 

first is to foster technology transfer, including 

infusion of technologies into NASA missions, and 

the second is to facilitate commercialization of 

technologies emerging from NASA research and 

development. OCT coordinates NASA internal and 

NASA external technology strategic planning and 

technology transfer. This office also documents, 

tracks, and analyzes NASA’s technology 

investments and technological innovations, 

ensuring they are consistent with the NASA 

technology needs and strategy. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

Increased funding supports implementation of the technology transfer plan developed in response to the 

President’s Memorandum on Technology Transfer and Commercialization of Federal Research. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA contractors and civil servants reported over 1,600 new innovations. Of this number, the majority 

are owned by small businesses with whom NASA has partnered. NASA filed 139 patents for 

government-owned inventions with commercial potential. The Agency also executed 25 licenses for 

patents in its intellectual property portfolio and nearly 700 software usage agreements. NASA also 

communicated the impact of Agency technology development by highlighting more than 40 innovations 

in its annual Spinoff report. In addition, NASA developed 12 significant partnerships with both the public 

and private sectors in FY 2012. The National Academies delivered the final report reviewing NASA's 

space technology roadmaps in February 2012. The National Academies recommendations were 

incorporated into the inaugural NASA Strategic Space Technology Investment Plan (SSTIP), a 

TECH-7
Space Technology: Space Technology 

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION

comprehensive strategic plan that prioritizes space technologies essential to the pursuit of NASA’s 

mission and achievement of national goals. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA is implementing a number of activities to improve technology transfer including: revision of 

Agency technology transfer policies to reflect best practices and federal regulations and conducting 

training to convey the importance of invention disclosure and technology transfer activities. In addition, 

NASA is exploring new technology transfer pilot efforts including an online licensing capability that will 

enable the public to access, license, and use NASA-developed technologies more readily. NASA is also 

finalizing a new Agency-level policy that will increase use of Cooperative Research and Development 

Agreements. NASA is expanding the use and capability of TechPort (a tool the agency uses to track and 

analyze its technology portfolio) to include broader access, enabling NASA to efficiently disseminate key 

information about its current technology investments for the public benefit. NASA is analyzing the value 

of and piloting new approaches to using innovative partnerships, prizes, and challenges to facilitate and 

accelerate innovation both within and outside the agency. Additionally, NASA is working with 

entrepreneurial space businesses to identify economic drivers of private and commercial space industry. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA will facilitate the transfer of Agency technology and engage in partnerships with other government 

Agencies, industry, and international entities to generate U.S. commercial activity and other public 

benefits. NASA will establish new cost-sharing partnerships and other forms of collaboration, and will 

participate in regional economic innovation clusters focused on the synergy between NASA technology 

and regional industry. 

NASA will implement revised technology transfer policies, conduct training for Agency personnel and 

will continue to explore innovative methods both for reaching new industry audiences and making the 

technologies available. 

The finalized NASA Strategic Space Technology Investment Plan will be used to prioritize NASA's 

investments in space technologies across the Agency. NASA will begin its biennial update of the 

Strategic Space Technology Investment Plan and will initiate an update of the Space Technology 

Roadmaps, expanding their scope to include information technologies and aeronautics. 

NASA will implement an initiative to enhance documentation of NASA-developed technology use by 

mission directorates and Centers. NASA will also work closely with other government agencies to 

crosswalk NASA investments to their technology efforts, gaining new synergies and enabling new 

opportunities for technology use. 

TECH-8
Space Technology: Space Technology 

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION

Program Elements 

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT

Partnership Development provides leadership for the Agency’s technology transfer and 

commercialization activities, and increases the exchange of ideas and technologies with external 

organizations. Through Partnership Development, NASA is responding to the legislative requirements 

and Administration priorities promoting technology transfer. Partnership Development offices at each 

NASA Center pursue applications for the NASA-developed technologies and use partnerships, licenses, 

and agreements to transfer the technologies from the laboratory to the marketplace. NASA’s technologies 

provide advanced capabilities, new tools, equipment, and solutions for industry. This spurs economic 

growth, creates new markets, and helps U.S. industry be competitive and maintain global technological 

leadership. 

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Partnership Development has four primary functions: 

Enabling Technology Transfer: Provides Agency-level management and oversight of NASAdeveloped and owned intellectual property, and manages transfer of these technologies to external 

entities. Activities include the capture of new inventions, management of intellectual property 

documents, creation and marketing of licenses, development of technology transfer-focused 

partnerships, and tracking and reporting a number of technology related products, including 

patents, licenses, and software use agreements. 

Facilitating Partnerships: Provides Agency-level coordination, negotiation, and development of 

partnership agreements that expand and strengthen NASA's transfer, commercialization, and use 

of externally developed technologies. Activities include development of non-traditional 

partnerships to systematic engagements with regional, state, and local partners. 

Utilizing Prizes and Challenges: Provides Agency-level leadership and coordination of NASA’s 

organizations that conduct prizes and challenges to spur innovation and increase the number and 

type of individuals participating in innovation activities. NASA uses prizes and competitions to 

provide technology breakthroughs that lower mission costs, and strengthen expertise to develop 

solutions for tomorrow. 

Emerging Space: Provides analytical support to Agency decision makers concerning the rapid 

growth of national and international entrepreneurial space communities, their technology needs, 

and opportunities for NASA to develop or transfer technologies that will facilitate their growth. 

Activities include monitoring commercial activities, evaluating historical trends, investigating 

current technology needs, coordinating collaboration discussions, and fostering activities that 

benefit these new markets and the fullest use of space for commercial purposes. 

STRATEGIC INTEGRATION

Strategic Integration develops policy, requirements, and strategy for NASA’s technology development 

activities in support of the Chief Technologist by coordinating with NASA mission directorates, other 

government agencies, and external organizations. These efforts help to identify priorities, needs, 

technology development opportunities, and activities that assist NASA in achieving its goals and enable 

NASA to benefit from cross-agency technological advancements. 

TECH-9
Space Technology: Space Technology 

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION

Strategic Integration performs an Agency-level technology coordination role to assist NASA in meeting 

mission requirements while filling technology gaps, anticipating future needs, and avoiding duplication of 

effort, through mechanisms such as the Space Technology Roadmaps. To facilitate technology 

coordination, Strategic Integration manages the execution of the NASA Technology Executive Council, a 

decision body, and the Center Technology Council, a recommendation council. Both councils are 

designed to ensure full-Agency participation in technology planning and decision-making activities. The 

NASA Technology Executive Council works to align the Agency’s technology investments with the 

current priorities, minimize duplication, and ensure that needed capabilities are developed. The Center 

Technology Council provides advice to the Office of the Chief Technologist and the NASA Technology 

Executive Council on major issues that relate to technologies of importance to NASA, with a focus on 

agency-wide NASA technology policies and programs. 

Additionally, to facilitate strategic planning of Agency technology development, NASA developed the 

Technology Portfolio System (TechPort). This web-based tool captures, tracks, and supports analysis of 

NASA’s technology investment portfolio in an efficient and coordinated manner. NASA uses the system 

to document and track technology investments, comparing the portfolio against the strategic plan and 

utilizing the NASA Technology Executive Council to make appropriate adjustments. Strategic Integration 

identifies opportunities to use NASA-developed technology in future NASA missions and supports 

documentation and communication of the societal impact of NASA technology investments. 

Program Schedule 

TECH-10
Space Technology: Space Technology 

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION

Program Element Provider

Provider: N/A 

Lead Center: NASA Headquarters 

Partnership Development Performing Centers: Each NASA Center has a technology transfer lead. 

NASA Ames runs Emerging Space Office 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Provider: N/A 

Lead Center: NASA Headquarters 

Strategic Integration Performing Center: Chief Technologists at each Center. TechPort operation 

representatives at each Center. 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Program Management & Commitments 

Acquisition Strategy 

This organization does not participate in a substantial amount of procurement activity. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type 

Next 

Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Review 

Other National Academies Feb 2012 Final report reviewing 

NASA’s draft Space 

Technology Roadmaps.

Report identified 

key technologies 

that furthered 

development of 

space capabilities 

for the nation’s 

aerospace industry. 

NASA finalized 

the roadmaps and 

implemented the 

Strategic Space 

Technology 

Implementation 

Plan development 

in response to 

these 

recommendations.

Q1 FY14

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Space Technology: Space Technology 

PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT & STRATEGIC INTEGRATION

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

Technology transfer efforts at NASA result in spinoff technologies that create new industries, provide 

jobs, and address national needs through technology advancements that impact life on Earth. Below, the 

graphic shows the variety of mechanisms used by a subset of NASA technologies to go from the Agency 

to outside entities to be commercialized. 

TECH-12
Space Technology: Space Technology 

SBIR AND STTR 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 171.6 -- 186.4 192.0 200.4 211.6 211.6

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 14.8

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 8.6 %

Supporting the Mars Curiosity Rover’s mission, Honeybee 

Robotics (an SBIR company with just over 35 employees) 

developed the dust removal tool which is used to 

determine the characteristics of various rock formations 

and their suitability for drilling and further analysis. This 

small company also designed the sample manipulation 

system, which plays an integral role in delivering Marian 

surface samples to the analytical instruments within the 

Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument package. 

NASA’s Small Business Innovation Research 

(SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer 

(STTR) programs fulfill a statutory requirement 

to support early-stage research and development. 

The programs provide the small business sector 

with an opportunity to compete for funding to 

develop technology for NASA and to 

commercialize that technology to spur economic 

growth. Research and technologies funded by 

competitively-awarded SBIR and STTR 

contracts have made important contributions to 

numerous NASA programs and projects. The 

Agency is actively working to increase the 

number of NASA-funded SBIR and STTR 

technologies used in NASA’s missions and 

projects. Some high-profile programs benefiting 

directly from SBIR technologies include the 

Next Generation Air Transportation System; 

smart sensors that assess launch vehicle 

structural health, three-dimensional flash-Lidar 

technologies to assist with collision avoidance 

and navigation for space applications, and endof-arm tooling on Mars surface rovers and 

landers. 

NASA issues annual program solicitations for the SBIR and STTR programs that set forth a substantial 

number of topic areas. Both the list and description of topics are sufficiently comprehensive to provide a 

wide range of opportunities for small business concerns to participate in NASA’s research and 

development programs. 

Phase I awards give small businesses the opportunity to establish the scientific, technical and commercial 

merit, and feasibility of the proposed innovation in fulfillment of NASA needs. Phase II awards focus on 

the development, demonstration, and delivery of the proposed innovation. The most promising Phase I 

projects are awarded Phase II contracts through a competitive selection based on scientific and technical 

merit, expected value to NASA, and commercial potential. Phase II Enhancement (II-E) is an incentive 

for cost share to extend the research and development efforts of the current Phase II contract. Phase III is 

the commercialization of innovative technologies, products and services resulting from a Phase II 

contract. This includes further development of technologies for transition into NASA programs, other 

TECH-13
Space Technology: Space Technology 

SBIR AND STTR 

Government agencies, or the private sector. Phase III contracts are funded from sources other than the 

SBIR and STTR programs and may be awarded without further competition. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The SBIR and STTR program reauthorization annually increases the required rate of investment for each 

program relative to extramural Agency Research and Development beginning in FY 2012 and continuing 

through FY 2017. In accordance with the law, NASA will increase the SBIR investment by 0.1 percent to 

2.8 percent, and increase the STTR investment by 0.05 percent, to 0.40 percent of Agency Research and 

Development. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

SBIR and STTR awarded 298 Phase I SBIR and STTR contracts and 102 Phase II SBIR and STTR 

contracts in FY 2012. In addition, NASA funded small businesses saw success with technology infusion, 

bringing significant contributions to the Mars Science Laboratory: 

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



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GrammaTech, Inc. of Ithaca, New York developed software for eliminating defects in missioncritical and embedded software applications directing rover operations 

Starsys Research, Inc. of Louisville, Colorado developed planetary gearboxes for the articulated 

robotic arm and the descent braking mechanism for controlling rate of descent to planetary 

surface 

Creare, Inc. of Hanover, New York developed a space-qualified vacuum pump for the Sample 

Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument package 

Yardney Technical Products, Inc. of Pawcatuk, Connecticut developed lithium ion batteries that 

enable the power system to meet peak power demands or rover activities 

Honeybee Robotics, Inc of New York, New York created a dust removal tool used to remove the 

dust layer from rock surfaces and to clean the rover’s observation tray and designed the sample 

manipulation system for the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument package 

inXitu,Inc. Of Mountain View, CA had features of their automated sample handling system 

implemented in the Chemistry and Mineralogy experiment instrument 

Similarly, three SBIR/STTR contractors established partnerships with the Space Launch System (SLS) 

program to support critical modeling and simulation requirements for SLS development: 

Streamline Numerics, Inc. of Gainesville, Florida for the development of an effective fluid-flow 

design tool that can be used in the design process by engineers for modeling full 3-D geometries 

with unsteady flow analysis. Specific areas of interest include combusting flows in injectors and 

cavitating flows in turbomachinery components with real-fluids. 

AI Signal Research of Huntsville, Alabama for high frequency data diagnostics tools to modify 

and validate PC-Signal software as well as expand analysis and environment prediction 

capabilities for current and future propulsion components. 

Tetra Research Corporation of West Princeton, Illinois for the development of advanced flow 

analysis tools for solid rocket motor simulation for accurate simulation of motor pressure and 

thrust as a function of time. 

TECH-14
Space Technology: Space Technology 

SBIR AND STTR 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Space Technology selected 39 small business proposals for SBIR Phase II contract awards. The selected 

projects have a total value of approximately $27 million. NASA awarded the contracts to small high 

technology firms in 17 states. Technologies awarded seek to address aviation safety and aircraft 

efficiency, provide new optics technology for detecting extra-solar planets, and potentially mitigate the 

harmful effects of space radiation. In addition to meeting NASA's needs, the proposals also provide 

innovative research in areas that have other commercial applications. Further, NASA has 35 Phase II-E 

projects currently under negotiation with 29 companies. These projects will leverage approximately $4.5 

million of SBIR funds with approximately $7.6 million in non-SBIR funds to further advance 

technologies of interest to NASA and non-NASA users. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The SBIR and STTR program will continue addressing NASA’s core competencies through a solicitation 

that is aligned with Space Technology roadmaps and the National Aeronautics Research and 

Development Plan. The STTR budget will support awards associated with the solicitation released in fall 

of 2013. 

Program Elements 

SBIR 

The SBIR program was established by statute in 1982 and reauthorized in 2011 to increase research and 

development opportunities for small business concerns. The program stimulates U.S. technological 

innovation, employs small businesses to meet Federal research and development needs, increases private 

sector commercialization of innovations derived from Federal research and development, and encourages 

and facilitates participation by socially disadvantaged businesses. 

In FY 2014, the SBIR program is supported at a level of 2.8 percent of NASA’s extramural research and 

development budget. In FY 2014, the maximum value for an SBIR Phase I contract will be $200,000 for a 

period of performance of six months. For Phase II, the maximum total value of an SBIR award is 

$1,500,000 over a 24-month period of performance. The number and size of awards are based on the 

quality of proposals received. 

STTR

The STTR program, established by statute in 1992, and reauthorized in 2011 to award contracts to small 

business concerns for cooperative research and development with a non-profit research institution, like a 

university. NASA’s STTR program facilitates transfer of technology developed by a research institution 

through the entrepreneurship of a small business, resulting in technology to meet NASA’s core 

competency needs in support of its mission programs. Modeled after the SBIR program, STTR is funded 

separately with funding set at 0.40 percent of the NASA extramural research and development budget. In 

FY 2014, the maximum value for an STTR Phase I contract is $125,000 for a period of performance of 

TECH-15
Space Technology: Space Technology 

SBIR AND STTR 

twelve months. For Phase II, the maximum total value of an STTR award is $750,000 over a 24-month 

period of performance. The number and size of awards are based on the quality of proposals received. 

Program Schedule 

SBIR and STTR Program Year 2013 solicitation and award schedule is below. 

TECH-16

Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: Various Small Businesses and their research partners 

Lead Center: NASA HQ; Level 2: ARC 

Performing Centers: All Centers play a project management and implementing 

role. 

Cost Share Partners: SBIR Phase II Enhancement (2-E) matches cost share 

funding with SBIR and STTR up to $250,000 of non-SBIR and non-STTR 

investment(s) from a NASA project, NASA contractor, or third party 

commercial investor to extend an existing Phase II project to perform additional 

research. 

SBIR and STTR 
Space Technology: Space Technology 

SBIR AND STTR 

Acquisition Strategy 

SBIR and STTR program management, in conjunction with NASA Center Chief Technologists and a 

mission directorate steering council, work collaboratively during the SBIR and STTR acquisition process 

(from topic development and proposal review and ranking) in support of final selection. Mission 

directorate and NASA Center personnel interact with SBIR and STTR award winners to maximize 

alignment and infusion of the SBIR and STTR products into NASA’s future missions and systems. 

Topics and subtopics are written to address NASA’s core competencies and are aligned with Space 

Technology roadmaps. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

In addition to the 298 Phase I SBIR and STTR contracts and 102 Phase II SBIR and STTR contracts 

mentioned above, the NASA SBIR/STTR Program awarded 18 Phase II-E contracts in FY 2012. The 

Phase II Enhancement (II-E) matches cost share funding with SBIR and STTR funds up to $250,000 of 

non-SBIR and non-STTR investment(s) from a NASA project, NASA contractor, or third-party 

commercial investor to extend an existing Phase II project to perform additional research. Phase II-E 

contracts in FY 2012 were worth a total of $2.1 million from the SBIR/STTR Program, along with $2.4 

million in non-SBIR matching contributions. These were amongst a total of 78 Phase III awards tracked 

by the SBIR/STTR Program in FY 2012, bringing a total of $17.1 million in non-SBIR funding to NASA 

SBIR/STTR contractors to further develop or commercialize their technologies. 

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Santa Fe, NM 

Barnstable, MA 

Cambridge, MA 

Ann Arbor, MI 

Santa Fe, NM 

Boulder, CO 

Cary,IN 

SBIR Phase II E awards Vista Photonics, Inc. (2 awards) 

Remote Sensing Solutions, Inc. 

The DNA Medicine Institute 

Michigan Engineering Servicing, LLC 

Plasma Processes, LLC 

Whittinghill Aerospace, LLC 

SPEC, Inc 

Horizon Performance 

Honeybee Robotics, Ltd. 

Busek Company, Inc. 

Parabon Computation, Inc. 

NxGen Electronics, Inc. 

Am Biotechnologies, LLC 

Fibertek, Inc. 

CFD Research Corporation (2 awards) 

Austin Satellite Design 

Camarillo, CA 

New York, NY 

Natick, MA 

Herndon, VA 

San Diego, CA 

Reston, VA 

Houston, TX 

Huntsville, AL 

Austin, TX 

TECH-17
Space Technology: Space Technology 

SBIR AND STTR 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Performance National Academies Ongoing Assessment of the SBIR 

program. 

TBD FY 2014

Performance GAO Nov 2012 The GAO has been tasked 

to assess all SBIR/STTR 

programs for their 

performance in 

combating Waste, Fraud, 

and Abuse. 

GAO found no 

concerns to 

address. 

Ongoing

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

FY 2012 selections represented by geographic location. 

TECH-18
Space Technology: Space Technology 

CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 182.7 -- 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3

Subtotal 183.9 -- 277.6 256.2 213.2 241.0 244.3

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -1.3 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 94.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 51.9 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

As the rocket-powered sled accelerated down the fourmile-long track at speeds of several hundred miles an 

hour, the Supersonic Inflatable aerodynamic decelerator 

experienced loads 25 percent greater than it will face 

during an actual atmospheric entry at Mars. The 

inflatable decelerator, a balloon-like ring inflated around 

the perimeter of an entry vehicle, is intended to increase 

its diameter and surface area to aid in aerodynamically 

slowing the vehicle as it plunges through the atmosphere. 

NASA invests in crosscutting technologies with 

the objective of leveraging the development of 

key technologies that enable or significantly 

advance the space missions for multiple 

customers. In addition, NASA is developing a 

pipeline of technology investments to ensure the 

emergence of new ideas and the infusion of 

advanced capabilities into actual missions. 

Maturing technologies from idea and concept 

inception all the way through demonstration in a 

relevant environment is a significant challenge, 

and comes with inherent technical and 

programmatic risk. The program effectively and 

efficiently manages technology development 

with focus on relevance and takes advantage of 

expected challenges in the maturation process. 

By supporting projects at all technology 

readiness levels, Crosscutting Space Technology 

Development creates a technology cascade, 

resulting in mature, ready-to-infuse technologies 

that increase the nation’s in-space capabilities. 

In the process of creating these new 

technologies, NASA supports training and 

inspires the next generation of inventors, scientists, and engineers. 

Crosscutting Space Technology Development (CSTD) funds these crosscutting efforts within eight of 

Space Technology's nine investment areas, conducting Early Stage Innovation (includes Space 

Technology Research Grants, NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts, Center Innovation Fund and 

Centennial Challenges) Game Changing Development, Technology Demonstration Missions, Small 

Spacecraft Technology, and Flight Opportunities. 

This program also supports NASA's role in the National Nanotechnology Initiative, the Advanced 

Manufacturing Partnership, and the Materials Genome Initiative. These efforts enable NASA to develop 

TECH-19
Space Technology: Space Technology 

CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

and advance technological capabilities in support of Agency mission directorates, enable collaborations 

with other Government agencies, and support private industry through an expansion of the Nation's 

technology-base. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

Space Technology has combined Edison and Franklin programs into the Small Spacecraft Technology 

program. Increased funding supports early stage concepts and technologies useful for asteroid detection, 

characterization, proximity operations, mitigation, and resource utilization. 

Program Elements 

EARLY STAGE INNOVATION

NASA sponsors advanced aerospace system concept studies and foundational technology development 

efforts on a wide range of topics such as asteroid detection, characterization, proximity operations, 

mitigation, and resource utilization, as well as autonomous robotics, and radiation mitigation. As an entry 

point of NASA's pipeline of revolutionary concepts and early stage technologies, Space Technology 

supports early-stage development under the following investment areas: 

Space Technology Research Grants accelerates the development of high risk/high payoff, low TRL 

technologies to support the future space science and exploration needs of NASA, other government 

agencies and the commercial space sector through two competitively awarded components: NASA Space 

Technology Research Fellowships and Space Technology Research Opportunities. The first component 

awards fellowships for graduate student research (Master's and Doctoral degree) on space technologies 

with significant potential to impact future national aerospace needs. Selected students perform research on 

their respective campuses and spend time at NASA Centers and/or not-for-profit research and 

development laboratories. The second component funds groundbreaking research in space technology via 

grants to university-based research teams. Both components target early-stage research and development 

within technology topic areas that are a high priority to the Agency and where the Nation’s academic 

institutions can play a critical leading role. 

NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) solicits early studies of visionary concepts in support of 

NASA’s future missions and broader aerospace enterprise needs. NIAC executes annual solicitations 

seeking exciting, unexplored, technically credible new approaches that could one day change the possible 

in space and aeronautics. NIAC efforts improve the Nation’s leadership in key research areas, enable farterm capabilities, and spawn disruptive innovations that make aeronautics, science, and space exploration 

more effective, affordable, and sustainable. The NIAC core program supports research through two 

phases of study. Phase I awards are typically nine-month efforts (up to $100,000) to explore the overall 

viability and advance the technology readiness level of visionary concepts. A follow-on Phase II develops 

the most promising Phase I concepts for up to two years (about $500,000) and explores infusion paths 

within NASA and beyond. Candidate studies may be selected from multiple sources: educational 

institutions, commercial and not-for-profit organizations, research laboratories, federal agencies, and 

NASA Centers (including the Jet Propulsion Laboratory). 

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Space Technology: Space Technology 

CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Center Innovation Fund stimulates aerospace creativity and innovation at the NASA Centers. The 

activities fall within the scope of NASA’s space technology roadmaps, or enhance capabilities that 

contribute to NASA strategic goals and/or significant national needs. NASA distributes the funds among 

the Centers to support emerging technologies and creative initiatives that leverage Center talent and 

capabilities. NASA scientists and engineers lead individual tasks and activities, but partnerships with 

academia, private industry, individual innovators as well as other NASA Centers and government labs are 

encouraged. The individual Centers have full discretion on the use of these funds. Each Center Chief 

Technologist coordinates a competitive process at his or her Center for the selection of activities. Centers 

report on progress periodically and the program office at NASA Headquarters evaluates the Center efforts 

on an annual basis. 

Centennial Challenges uses partnerships to host prize competitions aimed at finding solutions to 

technical challenges that support NASA’s missions in aeronautics and space. NASA provides the prize 

purse, and partners with private non-profit entities to manage the competitions at no cost to NASA. The 

program has been successful at engaging non-traditional participants such as independent inventors, nongovernment funded entities, and educational institutions, thus expanding the pool of innovators available 

to achieve the Nation’s challenging technology goals. Active challenges include the Sample Return Robot 

challenge, hosted by Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The Night Rover Challenge, hosted by Cleantech 

Open, seeks to advance energy storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, and demonstrates their 

ability to meet performance goals while enduring the extreme temperatures and vacuum conditions seen 

in space. In addition, Centennial Challenges is partnering with the Aeronautics Research Mission 

Directorate to conduct the Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Airspace Operations Challenge (AOC). 

The AOC seeks to demonstrate how to overcome the key technological barriers related to sense and avoid 

for safe separation and autonomous interactions within a congested airspace. This request sets aside $5 

million to announce new Centennial Challenges starting in FY 2014, including the creation of a seed fund 

to encourage prize competitions across the agency, and to pilot varying types of prize competitions. 

Achievements in FY 2012 

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Space Technology Research Grants funded research at 57 universities in 29 states and 1 U.S. 

territory including: selection of 48 new Space Technology Research Fellowships and continuation 

of 74 students from 2011 selections. Among the 2012 students selected, Charles Amos from the 

University of Texas at Austin is conducting research in high-performance energy storage. Space 

Technology Research Grants also selected 10 early career faculty researchers to receive grants for 

research in high-priority technology areas including: (1) communications and navigation, (2) 

human health, life support and habitation systems, (3) human exploration destination systems, 

and (4) materials, structures, mechanical systems, and manufacturing. In addition, awards were 

made for 10 university-led proposals for study of innovative, early-stage space technologies 

designed to improve space radiation monitoring and protection, spacecraft and system thermal 

management, and optical space science observation systems. 

NIAC completed 29 Phase I studies from 2011 with five patents pending. Through its FY 2012 

solicitation, NIAC selected 18 new Phase I, and 10 new Phase II studies, continuing the most 

promising 2011 efforts. NIAC projects have generated over 200 national and international media 

articles. Selections for Phase II included research into asteroid threat mitigation, cave-hopping 

robots to explore planetary skylights, and innovative manufacturing approaches such as printable 

spacecraft and contour crafting (robotic construction using in-situ resources). 

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

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The Center Innovation Fund saw approximately 170 activities funded at NASA Centers, and 

several technologies found infusion paths to other NASA missions including: woven thermal 

protection systems (Orion Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle), altitude compensating nozzle 

(Aeronautics), Miniature Exercise Device (Exploration), and electrically-controlled 

extinguishable solid propellant (Small Business Innovative Research). 

Work in Progress in FY 2013 

Space Technology Research Grants will announce selections of additional research fellowships 

for the Fall 2013 class, and issue a solicitation for new university-based grants in late 2013; 

announce 2013 Phase I NIAC awards, and select promising Phase I concepts for Phase II NIAC 

studies; and support additional Center Innovation Fund activities. 

Centennial Challenges will initiate at least two new challenges in late FY 2013 depending on 

outcome of early FY 2013 activities, which include the second Sample Return Robot Challenge 

and the initial Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Airspace Operations Challenge. 

Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 

Space Technology Research Grants will continue supporting the technology development 

pipeline through new space technology graduate fellows and university research grants through 

continued support of previous years’ awards and the competitive selection of new efforts in both 

components and continue to gain breakthrough ideas from the Nation's top talent. Approximately 

25 Space Technology research fellows will graduate from American universities with advanced 

degrees, prepared to contribute to the economy by solving the Nation's difficult technological 

challenges. 

NASA will initiate new Phase I NIAC awards and further develop the most promising concepts 

for Phase II NIAC studies. Center Innovation Fund efforts will continue with the completion of 

previous year awards and the selection of new awards. 

Initiate at least two new Centennial Challenges, including one relevant to near Earth asteroid 

detection, characterization and mitigation efforts. 

GAME-CHANGING DEVELOPMENT (CROSSCUTTING) 

Within Game Changing Development, NASA focuses on maturing transformational technologies across 

the critical gap between early stage innovation and flight demonstration of a new technology. NASA will 

measure the success of the Game Changing Development investments as a whole, rather than expecting 

each project to produce breakthrough or revolutionary results. NASA expects that, over time, the dramatic 

advances in transformative space technology, such as crosscutting efforts funded here, will enable entirely 

new NASA missions, and lead to solutions for a wide variety of society's technological challenges. 

Within this area, NASA funds fixed duration investments identified as high priorities by NASA Mission 

Directorates. A subset of these projects is described below: 

Advanced Manufacturing Technologies supports innovation in low-cost manufacturing 

processes and products to include metallic joining, and various manufacturing techniques, such as 

additive, composites and digital manufacturing. This project looks for opportunities to improve 

the manufacturing technologies, processes, and products prevalent in the aerospace industry. 

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Initial investments have supported additive manufacturing for rocket engines and in-space 

manufacturing. Future investments will focus on advancing composite manufacturing processes, 

identifying ideal material mixtures, and developing in situ resource construction techniques. This 

project supports NASA’s interface with the President’s Advanced Manufacturing Partnership, 

including the Agency's role in the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation. This initiative 

brings together government agencies to collaborate toward modernization of manufacturing, and 

supports direct investments in small businesses and training for the high-skilled manufacturing 

workforce. 

Nanotechnology advances nanotechnology research and applications for space technology 

focused primarily on reducing vehicle mass and improving reliability through the development of 

carbon nanotube based, ultra-high strength structural reinforcements, and nanotechnology derived 

sensors. This project supports NASA’s participation and interface with the National 

Nanotechnology Initiative. 

Space Synthetic Biology leverages the efficiency of life in using its surrounding resources and 

turning those resources into habitats, materials and forms that perform a wide range of functions 

efficiently. This project element researches a range of genomics and synthetic biology approaches 

for the design of organisms that can utilize materials found in space to support future human and 

robotic exploration activities. 

Soldier-Warfighter Operationally Responsive Deployer for Space (SWORDS) is a joint 

effort with the U.S. Army and NASA to develop a three-stage expendable launch vehicle capable 

of lifting 100 kilogram payload to a 750 kilometer circular orbit with a target production cost of 

approximately $1 million per launch vehicle. The vehicle development strategy employs low cost 

manufacturing procedures used in the automotive and like industries to create nano-launch 

vehicles for much less than one-tenth the cost of equivalent traditional launchers. To address the 

critical impediment of lack of affordable avionics, NASA is also working to develop a prototype 

suite of inter-connectable common avionics modules that are physically and electrically suitable 

for packaging into nano-launchers or nano-sats and able to perform all of the navigation, 

guidance, control and communications functions. 

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As projects complete their life cycle, additional game changing technologies will be selected through 

broad Agency announcements as well as funded Space Act agreements open to industry, academia, and 

the NASA Centers, or brought up from successful efforts with Space Technology Research Grants, Center 

Innovation Fund, NIAC, and SBIR/STTR. 

Achievements in FY 2012 

Advanced Manufacturing Technologies partnered with Pratt Whitney Rocketdyne to develop 

an additively manufactured sub-scale RL-10 injector using selective laser melting which will be 

tested by Glenn Research Center. If successful, the additively manufactured injector can be 

produced at a fraction of the cost and save 15 months of manufacturing time. 

Synthetic Biology developed the first successful “Bio Brick,” a composite material that can be 

used for construction purposes. The brick uses soil and a biopolymer following development of 

prototype molding systems and test articles produced, which permits high-volume production of 

test articles. 

NASA Centers (Marshall, Langley, Ames and Kennedy) formulated an integrated team to begin 

design analysis for SWORDS. Integrated Product Teams across NASA are actively working with 

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

interagency partners, Space Florida and the MidAtlantic Spaceport in Virginia to change the 

paradigm regarding how rocket vehicles and their components are manufactured and assembled. 

Nanotechnology initiated modeling studies to understand behavior of carbon nanotube materials 

under applied mechanical loads and determined effects of processing and post-processing 

treatments on tensile properties of nanotube sheets, tapes, and yarns. In addition, NASA 

developed new multi-axis micro-scale testing capability for carbon nanotube materials. 

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Work in Progress in FY 2013 

Advanced Manufacturing Technologies is testing and demonstrating high-quality, spaceworthy aerospace parts using additive manufacturing systems, a process which could reduce cost 

of acquiring parts with limited availability or demand. NASA participated in a pilot institute with 

the Department of Defense, Department of Energy, NIST, and the National Science Foundation 

(Institute for Manufacturing Innovation in Additive Manufacturing) and supported preliminary 

design efforts for the National Network of Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI). Space Technology 

is hosting a technical interchange meeting to review NASA's advanced manufacturing portfolio 

and develop a three to five-year investment strategy. 

The Barrier Infrared Detector completed development of an advanced sensor system that can 

operate in space at higher temperatures, which reduces or eliminates the active cooling 

requirements associated with current sensor systems. This benefit, combined with the use of 

cheaper sensor materials, results in a tenfold reduction in system mass, a five times reduction in 

power requirements and a 40 times cost reduction when compared to the current state of the art 

infrared sensors for Earth observing missions. 

For SWORDS, NASA analysis informed vehicle design and configuration and is leading 

development of a common avionics system that will significantly reduce cost for the system. 

Following preliminary design review, the Agency will support structural and engine testing, 

provide vehicle and system analysis, and conducted high speed wind tunnel testing to finalize 

vehicle design as it is developed for its 2014 suborbital and orbital launches. The launch system is 

on track to maintain its aggressive schedule with the primary focus on meeting a low cost 

objective over performance. 

Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 

Advanced Manufacturing Technologies guided by the strategic planning efforts in FY 2013, 

NASA will focus on advancing composite manufacturing processes, identify and mature ideal 

material mixtures of interest to the aerospace community and develop in situ resource 

construction techniques. The Agency will continue identifying additional engine/stage 

components where additive manufacturing techniques could significantly reduce part cost and 

build time. 

Nanotechnology will demonstrate the use of structural nanocomposites in the payload fairing of 

a suborbital launch vehicle. The launch will demonstrate reduced structural weight over 

conventional materials and a reduced vibration environment in the payload bay due to the 

inherent energy dissipation capacity of nanocomposite materials. 

Space Synthetic Biology will produce a prototype bio-electrochemical system for air and/or 

water processing that provides improved performance over current systems for CO2 management 

for air revitalization or wastewater treatment for water recovery, or an integration of both. 

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

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NASA will integrate the common avionics system, conduct vehicle performance analysis during 

hot fire testing, and provide ground processing support for SWORDS prior to and during its 2014 

suborbital and orbital launches. At a launch vehicle cost of below $1 million, realizing this 

system will open the vastly expanding market demand for a lost cost and quickly available launch 

system for nano-satellites. 

TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION MISSIONS (CROSSCUTTING) 

Through crosscutting Technology Demonstration Missions (TDM), NASA demonstrates technologies 

already matured through the proof-of-concept, initial validation and ground testing phases in a relevant 

flight environment, prior to integration in future missions. Focused areas for these demonstration missions 

address needs that not only support future NASA missions, but also respond to the capability demands of 

other government agencies and the commercial space sector. To remain affordable, flight demonstrations 

of mature technologies are supported primarily through hosted payloads, rideshares and secondary 

payloads. Further, the portfolio of demonstration projects will be managed under strict cost and schedule 

guidelines, particularly after they transition from formulation to implementation. The current portfolio of 

crosscutting Technology Demonstration Missions is described below: 

Low Density Supersonic Decelerators demonstrates new entry descent and landing (EDL) 

technologies capable of increasing the landed mass and landing precision over current baseline 

systems. NASA has been using Viking era parachutes for decades and has reached the upper limit 

of their utility. Space Technology is developing and testing a variety of decelerators systems to 

support future Mars missions. The project is designing, developing and testing a ring-sail 

parachute as well as a pair of supersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerator systems. The 

inflatable decelerators are being put through a series of tests utilizing wind tunnels, rocket sleds, 

and rocket-powered, flight demonstrations at sub-orbital altitudes. In addition, advanced 

parachute demonstrations will be conducted in the thin air found in the Earth's stratosphere, and is 

funded, in part, through a partnership with the Planetary Division of the Science Mission 

Directorate. Once proven, these technologies are expected to infuse into future science missions 

with potential application to future robotic and human missions to Mars. The larger ring-sail 

parachute, in particular, is under consideration for infusion on the Mars 2020 mission. 

Laser Communications Relay Demonstration will perform an in-space demonstration of a 

reliable, capable, and cost-effective optical communications technology that will provide data 

rates up to 100-times higher than today’s radio frequency communication systems. These higher 

bandwidth capabilities will prove necessary for future human and robotic space missions. The 

project intends to demonstrate two-way and relay laser communications between two, earth-based 

ground stations and a satellite in geostationary orbit. The technology is directly applicable for 

infusion into the next generation of NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). 

The resulting technologies will improve bandwidth for space operations. The flight demonstration 

will be supported through a hosted payload on a future Loral Space and Communications launch 

and is funded in partnership with Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Division within 

Human Operations and Exploration Mission Directorate. 

Deep Space Atomic Clock validates a miniaturized mercury-ion atomic clock that is 100 times 

more accurate than today’s non-atomic clocks used for spacecraft navigation systems. This 

project element will demonstrate ultra-precision timing in space and its benefits for one-way 

radio-based navigation. It will free precious deep space communications bandwidth to perform 

greater science data return instead of receiving and transmitting navigation updates. Precision 

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

timing and navigation is critical to the performance of a wide range of future deep space science 

missions and has the potential to improve the Nation’s next generation GPS system. The 

demonstration is planned for launch via rideshare and is funded in a partnership with SCaN. 

Sunjammer Solar Sail Demonstration will deploy and operate a solar sail with an area seven 

times larger than ever flown in space. It is potentially applicable to a wide range of future space 

missions, including serving as an advanced space weather warning system to provide more timely 

and accurate notice of solar flare activity. This technology also will allow for propellantless deep 

space exploration missions. NOAA is collaborating with NASA and L'Garde Inc. on the 

demonstration. The National Research Council's Committee on a Decadal Strategy for Solar and 

Space Physics recently identified the tremendous potential of solar sails in supporting future 

heliophysics missions. The flight demonstration will be supported by a rideshare. 

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Achievements in FY 2012 

Low Density Supersonic Decelerators conducted sled tests using a newly developed rocket sled 

platform to perform initial inflation and stability testing of a full-scale inflatable decelerator at 

equivalent dynamic pressure conditions for an actual planetary entry. These tests are a first step in 

proving the feasibility of using supersonic inflatable decelerators for future entry, decent and 

landing systems. 

Both Solar Sail and Deep Space Atomic Clock progressed through mission design and system 

requirements reviews, and moved into the concept and technology development phase. Both met 

these key milestones on schedule to meet FY 2015 launch dates. 

Work in Progress in FY 2013 

Low Density Supersonic Decelerators passed their preliminary design review and moved into 

the implementation phase. Last fall, the project conducted two ring-sail parachute development 

verification test campaigns and conducted subscale parachute testing on eleven designs to down 

select a final design for the 30 meter, supersonic parachute in spring 2013. 

Laser Communications Relay Demonstration continued ground development activities for the 

optical space terminal and optical ground station designs to support system requirements. The 

project will proceed to preliminary design review by the third quarter of FY 2013 and remains on 

track to demonstrate a comprehensive space communications transformation. 

Deep Space Atomic Clock will design the ultra-stable oscillator, global positioning system 

receiver and clock and hold its system preliminary design review in mid-2013 moving from the 

design phase toward project implementation. 

Solar Sail recently completed a series of deployment tests of their 89-foot prototype boom, the 

structural support for the solar sail once unfurled. This deployment test focused on the spreader 

system which increases the strength of the solar sail boom and is particularly important for larger 

solar sails. NASA held its preliminary design review in early FY 2013, moving the project into 

the implementation phase. Later this year, NASA will hold a critical design review. 

Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 

Low Density Supersonic Decelerators will conduct its final sled tests for both the ring-sail 

parachute and the larger of the two supersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerator test articles, 

and conduct the first high-speed, high-altitude flight demonstration to simulate Mars Atmospheric 

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

entry/descent conditions for the world's largest planetary parachute, and the world's first 

supersonic inflatable decelerators. 

Deep Space Atomic Clock will complete its critical design review and fabricate the global 

positioning system receiver and clock ultra-stable oscillator, and conduct final payload integration 

and testing prior to the flight readiness review in early FY 2015. 

Solar Sail will be entering its final design and fabrication phase progressing toward system 

integration and flight readiness review in FY 2014 as it prepares for an early FY 2015 launch. 

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SMALL SPACECRAFT TECHNOLOGY

Small Spacecraft Technology develops and demonstrates technologies to enable new small spacecraft 

capabilities applicable for NASA’s missions in science, exploration and utility by other government 

agencies, the commercial aerospace enterprise and the academic space sector. Small spacecraft can 

provide a low-cost platform for rapid in-space testing of new technologies and innovations. Small 

spacecraft can also perform unique missions that would not be possible with conventional spacecraft, 

such as simultaneous space weather observations from dozens of small satellites distributed around the 

globe. All small spacecraft demonstrations are delivered to space through rideshares or as hosted payloads 

aboard other vehicles going to appropriate destinations. NASA will share the results of the program’s 

development and demonstrations with the national space community to provide opportunities for infusion 

into ongoing or planned missions. 

Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks will fly a group of eight small satellites to 

demonstrate their utility as low-cost platforms for coordinated space science observations and 

other applications. Each satellite carries an instrument for measuring the space radiation 

environment and the information from all satellites will be collected through a single ground 

station. 

Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna for High Bandwidth CubeSat, a three-unit 

CubeSat that will demonstrate a radio frequency communication system that dramatically boosts 

the amount of data that the small satellite can transmit by using the back of its solar array as a 

reflector for the antenna. 

Optical Communications and Sensor Demonstration will demonstrate a laser communication 

system for sending large amounts of information from a satellite to Earth and also demonstrate 

low-cost radar and optical sensors for helping a pair of 1.5-unit CubeSats maneuver near each 

other. The mission is expected to take two years to develop and launch. 

CubeSat Proximity Operations Demonstration will use two three-unit CubeSats to 

demonstrate rendezvous and mechanical docking of small spacecraft in orbit. This project is 

expected to take three years to develop, launch, and operate. 

Achievements in FY 2012 

Small Spacecraft Technology competitively selected three projects to advance technologies for small 

spacecraft in the areas of communications, proximity operations, rendezvous and docking. Technology 

demonstration flights will take place from 2014 to 2016. In addition, Small Spacecraft Technology 

completed a preliminary design review of the Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks spacecraft 

cluster and finalized preparations for the launch of the PhoneSat mission. 

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Work in Progress in FY 2013 

The PhoneSat mission will send three CubeSats into space as a rideshare on the inaugural launch of the 

Orbital Science Corporation's Antares vehicle currently scheduled for early 2013. The PhoneSat 

spacecraft are expected to be the lowest-cost spacecraft ever launched by NASA and they employ an offthe-shelf mobile telephone as the on-board computer and control system. This flight will demonstrate the 

potential utility of such satellites as extremely low-cost platforms for science, exploration and commercial 

ventures in space. 

Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 

The Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks spacecraft cluster of eight small satellites is expected to 

launch in late 2013. NASA is partnering with the Operationally Responsive Space Office for a launch on 

the Super Strypi launch vehicle. NASA is also providing a unit for dispensing multiple satellites for this 

launch. The Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna is planning for a launch in 2014, and the 

Integrated Optical Communications and Proximity Sensors for CubeSats missions will be preparing for 

launch in early 2015. 

FLIGHT OPPORTUNITIES

Flight Opportunities matures technologies by providing affordable access to space environments while 

also facilitating the development of the commercial reusable suborbital transportation industry. The 

project also procures commercial parabolic flights to test technologies in environments that simulate 

microgravity and the reduced gravity environments. Flight Opportunities has seven companies on contract 

to provide integration and flight services aboard commercial reusable sub-orbital vehicles. In addition, the 

Zero G Corporation is on contract through NASA’s Reduced Gravity Office for parabolic flights. These 

vehicles carry payloads in reduced gravity and near the boundary of space. The program supports flights 

for unfunded payloads selected though Announcements of Flight Opportunities and funded payloads 

selected through FY 2012 and FY 2013 NASA Research Announcements. In addition, the program is 

collaborating with Science Mission Directorate and other NASA programs to make space available for 

technologies appropriate for the available platforms within the Flight Opportunities program. 

Achievements in FY 2012 

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Selected 14 advanced payloads for technology development and subsequent suborbital flights; 

through Announcements of Opportunities, selected 26 advanced space technology payloads for 

parabolic and suborbital flights. 

Conducted 3 parabolic flight campaigns and 4 reusable suborbital flight campaigns flying 30 

technology payloads in relevant flight environments. 

Conducted a series of suborbital, reusable launch vehicle flights through Masten Space Systems 

to demonstrate the ability of the GENIE system to simulate a planetary descent and landing 

achieving full closed-loop control on a trajectory 50 meters in altitude and 50 meters downrange. 

Launched on a UP Aerospace Inc. SpaceLoftTM vehicle with the Suborbital Flight Environment 

Monitor. This compact, self-contained payload monitors and records on-board environmental 

parameters of interest during flight using commercially available instruments. 

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Work in Progress in FY 2013 

Flight Opportunities plans to utilize four of eight flight providers to host payloads supported by the Space 

Technology program on multiple flights. The program conducted one parabolic flight campaign and three 

suborbital flight campaigns in late 2012 and is scheduled to conduct two parabolic flight campaigns (with 

approximately 10 payloads) and at least five suborbital campaigns through the remainder of FY 2013. The 

program will continue solicit and select payloads through an Announcement of Opportunities for both 

parabolic and reusable suborbital flights. By the end of FY 2013, the program also expects to release its 

second Broad Area Announcement to solicit and select payload technology developments and flight 

services. By the end of FY 2013, the program expects to have nearly 100 payloads in its payload pipeline 

and will have flown 24 flights on four different platforms, to accommodate approximately 85 payload 

flights. The suborbital, reusable platforms are generating business outside of Space Technology. For 

example, Masten Space Systems is supporting landing demonstrations for JPL and has advertised flights 

available. In addition, UP Aerospace has conducted several launches for, for Department of Defense and 

education customers. 

Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 

Flight Opportunities expects two additional providers to be utilized for the first time in FY 2014 and will 

schedule multiple flight campaigns based on payload demand using all eligible flight providers. With a 

demand of approximately 150 payload flights expected, Space Technology will support additional flights 

on suborbital reusable platforms, conducting approximately 30 flights. 

Program Schedule 

Specific timelines for deliverables and achievement major milestones vary from project to project, and 

depend on successful demonstration of experimental capabilities. 

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Program Management & Commitments 

Program Element Provider

Provider: U.S. Universities 

Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive 

Performing Centers: GRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive 

Performing Center: Various 

Cost Share Partners: Cost Sharing is Encouraged 

Provider: NASA Centers 

Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive 

Performing Center: All 

Cost Share Partners: Cost Sharing is Encouraged 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive 

Performing Center: MSFC 

Cost Share Partners: External partners fund competition events; NASA supplies 

prize money 

Space Technology Research Grants 

NASA Innovative Advanced 

Concepts 

Center Innovation Fund 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive 

Performing Center: LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: Various 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: NASA HQ Program Executive 

Performing Center: MSFC 

Cost Share Partners: Other NASA programs; NOAA 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: NASA HQ program executive 

Performing Centers: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: Various 

Provider: Various 

Lead Center: NASA HQ program executive 

Performing Center: DFRC 

Cost Share Partners: Various 

Centennial Challenges 

 Game Changing Development 

Technology Demonstration Missions 

Small Spacecraft 

Flight Opportunities

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CROSSCUTTING SPACE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Acquisition Strategy 

Crosscutting Space Technology Development is implemented through a blended acquisition approach, 

using both open competitive and strategically guided processes. All solicitations are open to the broad 

aerospace community to ensure engagement with the best sources of new and innovative technology. As 

such, CSTD efforts are performed by the Nation’s highly skilled workforce in industry, academia, across 

all NASA Centers, and in collaboration with other Government agencies. Awards are made based on 

technical merit, cost, and impact to the Nation’s future space activities. NASA uses acquisition 

mechanisms such as broad agency announcements, NASA research announcements, Space Act 

agreements, requests for proposals and prize competitions, with awards guided by priorities cited in the 

space technology roadmaps and by NASA mission directorates. Future solicitations particularly within 

Game Changing Development, Flight Opportunities, and Small Spacecraft Technologies will endeavor to 

use funded Space Act agreements where these approaches are likely to yield more efficient acquisitions. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Technology Demonstration 

Missions 

Laser Communications Relay 

Demonstration 

David Israel, Principal Investigator, 

GSFC Greenbelt, MD 

Todd Ely, Principal Investigator 

California Institute of Technology, 

JPL 

Deep Space Atomic Clock Pasadena, CA 

Solar Sail Nathan Barnes, Principal Investigator

L'Garde, Inc. Tustin, CA 

Low Density Supersonic Decelerator 

Mark Adler, Project Manager, 

California Institute of Technology, 

JPL

California Institute of Technology, 

JPL 

Small Spacecraft Technology 

"Integrated Solar Array and 

Reflectarray Antenna (ISARA) for 

High Bandwidth CubeSat Laboratory, 

Pasadena, Calif., partnering with 

Pumpkin Inc. of San Francisco. 

Richard Hodges, JPL

Pumpkin Inc.

Pasadena, CA 

San Francisco, CA 

SST: "Integrated Optical 

Communications and Proximity 

Sensors for Cubesats," Siegfried 

Janson, Aerospace Corporation of El 

Segundo, Calif. 

Siegfried Janson, Aerospace 

Corporation El Segundo, CA 

Orange, CA 

Columbia, MD 

Bozeman, MT 

San Luis Obispo, CA 

SST: "Proximity Operations NanoSatellite Flight Demonstration," 

Partners on the project include.

Charles MacGillivray, Tyvak NanoSatellite Systems LLC

Applied Defense Solutions Inc

406 Aerospace LLC 

California Polytechnic State 

University

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HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

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EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 190.0 -- 244.5 260.1 294.6 255.5 252.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 54.5

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 28.7 %

ATK's MegaFlexTM solar array is one of two concepts 

NASA is maturing to support the development of next 

generation solar arrays capable of generating more than 

twice the power for the same mass and using only 1/3 the 

packing volume relative to current systems. NASA is 

developing these advanced arrays primarily to support 

advanced Solar Electric Propulsion (an essential capability 

to provide efficient human exploration beyond cis-lunar 

space), however the technology is also a critical next step 

for all future satellites, such as communications satellites, 

requiring high-power. 

The capabilities NASA pursues within 

Exploration Technology Development (ETD) 

provide the long-range, enabling technologies 

required to conduct future human exploration 

missions beyond low Earth orbit. Space 

Technology develops and demonstrates these 

critical technologies to permit affordable and 

reliable human exploration missions for 

destinations that include the Moon, Lagrange 

points, near Earth asteroids, and Mars. Through 

ETD, Space Technology conducts technology 

development and testing in laboratories and 

ground facilities, as well as technology 

demonstrations in relevant flight environments. 

Exploration Technology Development focuses 

on the highest priority human spaceflight 

technology gaps as identified in NASA’s Space 

Technology Roadmaps, and is guided by the 

technology prioritization studies performed by 

Exploration’s human spaceflight architecture 

studies. Technology development is closely 

coordinated with the system capability 

demonstrations pursued within NASA 

Exploration, particularly within the Advanced 

Exploration Systems (AES) Program. 

Among the priorities identified, the following space technology projects are supported within Game 

Changing Development's ETD work: Solar Electric Propulsion technologies, Human-Robotics Systems, 

Next Generation Life Support, In-Situ Resource Utilization, Composite Cryogenic Propellant Tanks, and 

Entry Systems Technologies. These technologies harness the power of the Sun for in-space propulsion, 

provide robotic assistance for routine and/or risky in-space operations, move toward closed-loop mission 

capabilities for long duration missions, improve spacecraft efficiency on launch, and enhance landing 

capabilities for entry on planets with atmosphere. Game Changing Development (GCD) pursues proof of 

concept development and testing of these technologies to either provide direct infusion into future 

exploration missions, or feed systems demonstrations into Technology Demonstration Missions or 

Advanced Exploration Systems. 

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EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

NASA is also funding the following Technology Demonstration Missions within Exploration Technology 

Development: Solar Electric Propulsion, Human Exploration Telerobotics, Cryogenic Propellant Storage 

and Transfer, and Green Propellant Infusion Mission. These technologies test increasingly complicated 

robotic operations as they are controlled from ground stations to space-based assets, provide dramatically 

improved in-space cryogenic storage and transfer capabilities, and develop a greener and cheaper 

alternative for hazardous hydrazine fuel. After successful maturation and demonstration of these critical 

technologies, Space Technology will infuse them directly into future human exploration architecture and 

the aerospace community. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA will accelerate development of a Solar Electric Propulsion demonstration effort within Technology 

Demonstration Missions. This demonstration is critical to enable infusion of this capability into multiple 

applications, and will be a key system to enable the robotic segment of NASA's proposed asteroid 

retrieval mission that would be conducted in cooperation with Human Exploration and Operations and 

Science mission directorates. 

Program Elements 

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GAME-CHANGING DEVELOPMENT (EXPLORATION) 

Within ETD, FY 2013 program activities and FY 2014 plans have been organized into several human 

exploration-specific Game Changing Development projects. 

Solar Electric Propulsion Technologies: For the purpose of future human missions beyond low Earth 

orbit, and to support the robotic segment of the proposed asteroid retrieval mission, one of the highest 

priority technology development needs is high power (approximately 300 kilowatts) Solar Electric 

Propulsion. While NASA has used solar electric propulsion for science missions and the commercial 

space community has used it for communications satellites, current system components, such as solar 

arrays, are not scalable to handle power and thrust levels needed deep space human exploration missions. 

Game Changing Development has several interrelated project elements in place to advance technologies 

that will feed into a Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) demonstration to be conducted by Technology 

Demonstration Missions. Specific supported SEP technologies include: 

Electric Propulsion Thrusters: Leveraging work by the Department of Defense and NASA, these 

Hall affect electric thrusters will increase individual thruster power from 5 kilowatts to15 

kilowatts. With development nearing completion, NASA will conduct ground testing of the 

thrusters to identify any risk for nozzle erosion, a significant concern in application for 

continuous long duration operations. 

Solar Array Systems: Following selection of two solar array system development contractors 

(ATK and Deployable Space Systems), this project makes viable Solar Electric Propulsion 

systems in excess of 300 kilowatts, while concurrently revolutionizing the power available for 

commercial geostationary communications satellites and other spacecraft demanding high power. 

The primary way to rate the efficiency or effectiveness of a solar array is by the amount of power 

TECH-34
Space Technology: Space Technology 

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

that it can produce compared to its mass. Another essential parameter for space-based solar arrays 

is the stowed volume that they require for a given power requirement. In fact, despite a need for 

solar arrays with ever greater power levels, current arrays have hit an upper limit of 

approximately 25 kilowatts per satellite because launch vehicle shrouds cannot accommodate 

greater volumes. The advanced solar arrays under development within this activity are intended to 

increase the efficiency of solar arrays by a least a fact or two and reduce the equivalent stowed 

volume threefold relative to existing arrays. 

Power processing units: Transferring and processing power between solar cells and Hall effect 

thrusters requires the careful design of efficient power management and distribution systems as 

well as power processing units. Current Game Changing investigations involve two, competing, 

high voltage (300 Volt) power processing unit design approaches. 



Next-Generation Life Support develops next-generation life support systems technologies, including 

water recovery, thermal control, and spacesuit component technologies. In collaboration with AES, this 

project is developing portable life-support system technologies to integrate into the next generation 

Extravehicular Mobility Unit. The project element also develops and demonstrates an alternative water 

processor that can recover water more efficiently and reduce resupply requirements in comparison to 

today's current system. 

Human-Robotic Systems develops advanced robotics technologies to amplify human productivity and 

reduce mission risks by improving human-robot interaction, developing robotic assistance, improving 

robotic planetary rovers and providing in-space servicing, manipulation and mobility systems. Specific 

technology items include: improved jetpacks and robotically supported spacesuit gloves for 

extravehicular activities; hardware capabilities for Robonaut 2, a humanoid robot undergoing testing on 

the International Space Station; and an exoskeleton system, a wearable robot which could be used as an 

exercise device, a mobility assistant and a joint and muscle health monitor for astronauts. As development 

activities progress on the ground, International Space Station crews will be provided hardware and 

software including updates to Robonaut 2, to enable new tasks on the International Space Station. Human 

Robotics Systems technology also supports the Agency’s role in the National Robotics Initiative. The 

activities supported under this initiative support the development and use of robots for space exploration, 

manufacturers and businesses. 

Composite Cryogenic Propellant Tanks uses advanced composite materials to develop very large, 

lightweight propellant tanks using out-of-autoclave manufacturing techniques. Current autoclave 

processes for composites require use of a complex, high pressure, high temperature vessel that is 

expensive to operate, particularly when accommodating larger articles such as propellant tanks. Upon 

successful validation, the composite tanks will be applicable to future NASA human exploration 

architecture elements including the Space Launch System and its upper stage. In addition, NASA will 

have contributed to improving upon currently costly aerospace manufacturing processes used for either 

metallic or composite manufacturing, potentially drastically reducing the cost and time required to 

manufacture very large aerospace structures. 

Entry Systems Technologies designs, analyzes, and tests architectures, component systems, and thermal 

protection technologies needed for planetary entry missions. Spacecraft experience extreme heating as 

they use a planet’s atmosphere to slow the spacecraft during entry. Advances in these technologies will 

enable improved atmospheric entry capability at Venus, Earth, Mars, Titan, and the Giant Planets. 

Specific innovations and concepts under development and validation include mechanical deployable 

aeroshells and a new generation of flexible ablative thermal protection materials. The activity also funds 

TECH-35
Space Technology: Space Technology 

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

advanced analytical capabilities for hypersonic flight including aerothermodynamics and material thermal 

response analyses. This project successfully demonstrated the Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic 

Decelerators through deployment from a sounding rocket. This technology could significantly increase 

the landed mass and landing accuracy capabilities for future missions to other planets such as Mars. Also, 

within this project, NASA will deliver a remarkable material system breakthrough, woven thermal 

protection system, to Exploration for the potential use on the Orion crew vehicle and for future use on 

missions targeting a variety of planetary destinations. Woven Thermal Protection System uses carbon 

fiber, infused with resin that is then woven in three dimensional layers. By using lightweight, readily 

available materials and adjusting the weave pattern and density, this cost effective system is fully 

customizable, providing thermal protection for a wide variety of atmospheric entry conditions. 

Advanced In-Space Power develops next generation, high efficiency solar cells, where work focuses on 

improving reliability and affordability. The activity also develops advanced lithium-ion batteries through 

the exploration of new anodes, cathodes, and electrolyte chemistries, resulting in batteries capable of 

more than double the specific energy of the best current batteries. Maturing batteries with high energy 

density is considered critical for future extravehicular activity suits. Additionally, the project element 

advances regenerative non-flow through fuel cell technology, resulting in high power fuel cells that do not 

require consumables and are highly reliable. 

In addition to the key technologies mentioned above, Game Changing Development is supporting the 

maturation of the following technologies: 











Nuclear Systems tests power conversion and thermal management technologies for future inspace nuclear power systems. 

Autonomous Systems develops and demonstrates integrated autonomous systems capable of 

simplifying and managing complex ground and in-space operations to reduce workload and the 

dependence upon ground support staff and flight operations centers impacted by long distance 

related communication time delays. This includes autonomous cryogenic loading operations for 

mission operations, and habitation automation software for deep space habitats. 

Lightweight Materials and Structures develops advanced space structures and material systems 

as well as modeling and testing to support these capabilities. Structural systems include 

inflatables for habitats and other space based applications, as well as deployables, rigidizables 

and tension frames. 

In-Situ Resource Utilization enables sustainable human exploration through use of resources 

found at future exploration destinations. Concepts explore the production of fuel, oxygen, and 

water from the soil and atmosphere of celestial bodies. Game Changing activities focus on the 

development of instrumentation to identify potential resources, including neutron and near 

infrared spectrometers and a lunar advanced volatile analysis instrument in support of the AES 

RESOLVE project. 

Advanced Radiation Protection assesses and matures transformative technologies to improve 

the radiation protection capabilities of future deep space exploration vehicles and habitats. This 

element focuses on radiation modeling and analysis as well as forecast modeling of space weather 

to complement AES work on radiation protection. 

TECH-36
Space Technology: Space Technology 

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Achievements in FY 2012 

In addition to the successful Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator demonstration and the 

Composite Cryogenic Propellant Tank mentioned in the overview, Space Technology achieved the 

following: 



















Game Changing awarded two industry-led teams, through a competitive research announcement, 

to develop advanced Solar Array Systems. ATK and Deployable Space Systems are concurrently 

developing robust solar arrays deployment systems required for high powered Solar Electric 

Propulsion. Developing highly efficient and compactly packaged solar array technology is also a 

key enabler for future high-power commercial communications satellites. 

Human Robotic Systems developed and initiated final ground testing of dexterous legs for use 

by Robonaut 2. These legs allow the humanoid robot to achieve mobility through use of the 

Space Station hand rails allowing the robot to better support a variety of routine chores. In 

addition, NASA worked with the Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC) of 

Pensacola, and Oceaneering Space Systems of Houston, Texas to develop a robotic exoskeleton 

called X1. The 57-pound device is a robot that an astronaut could wear over his or her body either 

to assist or inhibit movement in leg joints. 

Advanced In-Space Power developed new electrolyte chemistries, cathodes and anodes that 

increase energy density and efficiency in lithium-ion batteries. The outcome of this development 

will produce batteries that can support longer extravehicular activities, lasting up to eight hours, 

while improving power stability and increased safety. NASA Glenn Research Center utilized its 

fuel cell expertise, in partnership with the Cleveland Regional Transit Authority, to provide 

hydrogen gas sensor technology and instruments for Cleveland's new hydrogen fuel cell powered 

bus and Ohio's only hydrogen refueling station. 

Work in Progress in FY 2013 

Advanced In-Space Power Fabricated and tested fuel cells for integration into the Advanced 

Exploration Systems Scarab Rover. The project will also complete a 3-kilowatt, non-flow through 

fuel cell, which reduces fuel cell system mass and eliminates the primary cause of system failure 

by replacing pumps with a passive wicking system. 

Human-Robotic Systems is completing functional testing of the next generation “jet pack” 

prototype for use on future extravehicular activities and Exoskeleton continues to enhance 

capabilities to further support astronaut fitness and joint monitoring. In addition, robotic legs will 

be delivered to the International Space Station to provide greater mobility for Robonaut 2. 

Lightweight Materials and Structures is finalizing prototype design and testing of a complete 

multi-layer insulation material system critical for cryogenic fluid storage, with potential for 

infusion into the Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer Technology Demonstration Mission 

project. 

Entry Systems Technologies performed arcjet tests of Woven Thermal Protection Systems 

demonstrating their performance for application as Orion compression pads. 

In Situ Resource Utilization is conducting final fabrication and testing efforts of neutron 

spectrometers and volatile analysis instruments in preparation for the delivery of these 

components to Advanced Exploration Systems and the RESOLVE project. 

Solar Electric Propulsion will conduct ground testing of high power Hall thrusters, comparing 

the results with computational models to verify their ability to endure long-duration use. 

TECH-37
Space Technology: Space Technology 

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 













Solar Electric Propulsion ATK and Deployable Space Systems will complete the development, 

analysis and ground testing of candidate systems maturing two options for deployment systems. 

NASA will select one of these advanced solar array designs for inclusion into its planned highpower solar electric propulsion demonstration. 

Following critical design review and delivery of the 2.4-meter tank to Marshall Space Flight 

Center in late 2013, a 5.5-meter Composite Cryogenic Propellant Tank will be manufactured 

and pressure tested to ensure it can hold extremely cold cryogenics propellant. If successful, these 

tanks have the potential to significantly reduce the cost and weight for heavy-lift launch vehicles 

including the Space Launch System and its future cryogenic propulsive stage. 

Next Generation Life Support expects to deliver an alternative water processor for evaluation 

by the AES Water Recovery Project, and the portable life support system components will be 

delivered for infusion into the Extra Vehicular Activity project element under AES. 

TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION MISSION (EXPLORATION) 

NASA will continue development of exploration-specific Technology Demonstration Missions that 

directly enable future human exploration missions as well as provide mature capabilities for U.S. 

Government agencies, and the overall space industry. This investment area brings technologies up from 

the proof-of-concept, initial validation and ground demonstration phases, and demonstrates their 

capabilities within integrated systems in a relevant flight environment, prior to their infusion in future 

missions. The current portfolio of exploration-specific Technology Demonstration Missions is described 

below: 

Space Technology will accelerate development of a Solar Electric Propulsion capability. The 

system will use solar array systems, Hall thrusters and power processing technologies matured 

and tested under Game Changing Development. NASA will leverage internal and external 

expertise and industry partners to develop a cost effective Solar Electric Propulsion 

demonstration system. This SEP system will utilize 30 to 50 kilowatt advanced solar arrays, 5 to 

15 kilowatt Hall thrusters and high voltage advanced power processing units. This full-scale flight 

demonstration may be leveraged to provide propulsion for the asteroid retrieval mission. Once 

proven, high-powered solar electric propulsion will have wide application in commercial 

communications satellites as well as other government agencies and is critical for future robotic 

and human NASA missions outside the Earth-moon system. 

Human Exploration Telerobotics demonstrates continued and progressively challenging 

operations for Robonaut 2 and Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental 

Satellites (SPHERES) on the International Space Station, as well as the demonstration of remote 

robotic operations, where robots on Earth are operated from the International Space Station to 

simulate similar operations of robots at planetary destinations from crewed vehicles. 

Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer demonstrates the capability of in-space long-term 

storage and transfer of cryogenic propellants (liquid oxygen and hydrogen), essential for 

transportation on deep-space exploration missions. Cryogenic propellant storage and transfer is 

considered a very high priority for NASA and was further identified in the National Academies' 

Space Technology Roadmap as a critical capability. Beyond the Orion capsule and Space Launch 

System, the development of an in-space cryogenic propulsion stage is considered the next critical 

element of a deep space human exploration architecture. The cryogenic propulsion stage must be 

TECH-38
Space Technology: Space Technology 

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

capable of performing long-term storage as well as propellant transfer in a zero-g environment. 

The same capabilities are also sought for multiple crosscutting applications, including propellant 

depots. 

Green Propellant Infusion Mission seeks to find an alternate to hydrazine fuel, which has been 

extensively used since the 1960’s for space systems. Although highly reliable, hydrazine is highly 

corrosive and toxic, complicating transportation, handling and ground and flight operations. 

Green propellant alternatives are actively sought by spacecraft developers as in-space mono-prop 

replacements for hydrazine. Higher performing and safer green propellant alternatives are at a 

tipping point. Once demonstrated within the context of an in-space application, rapid infusion 

will occur into a variety of spacecraft. NASA selected Ball Aerospace to demonstrate the 

capabilities of AF-M315E. This innovative, low-toxicity propellant is expected to improve 

overall vehicle performance. It boasts a higher density than hydrazine, meaning more of it can be 

stored in containers of the same volume; it delivers a higher specific impulse, or thrust delivered 

per given quantity of fuel; and it has a lower freezing point, requiring less spacecraft power to 

maintain its temperature. This fuel also has the potential to improve processing efficiency and 

decrease operational costs by reducing health and environmental hazards. Ball Aerospace joins 

NASA, Department of Defense, and Aerojet to develop a spaceflight payload to demonstrate a 

green propellant subsystem for a small to medium-size spacecraft, resulting in a highly safe and 

functional green propellant system ready for use by commercial and government customers. 

NASA is in the process of securing a rideshare opportunity for an FY 2015 technology 

demonstration. 









Achievements in FY 2012 

As noted in the overview, MEDLI successfully collected pressure, temperature, and thermal protection 

system recession data as MSL entered the Martian atmosphere. Initial analysis of the data received is 

already informing future Mars missions. In addition, under Human Exploration Telerobotics, 

Robonaut 2 demonstrated its capabilities in support of numerous housekeeping tasks on the International 

Space Station by taking environment readings, conducting simulated repairs and handrail cleaning with 

the hope to offload these tasks from the crew in the future. Space Technology selected a team led by Ball 

Aerospace & Technologies Corporation of Boulder, Colorado, for a technology demonstration of a high 

performance "green" propellant alternative to the highly toxic fuel hydrazine. Finally, Cryogenic 

Propellant Storage and Transfer progressed through mission concept review. 

Work in Progress in FY 2013 

Within Technology Demonstration Missions, NASA is developing technology demonstrations to: 

Conduct challenging Human Exploration Telerobotics demonstrations including, the command 

and control (both locally and from the ground) of Robonaut 2 to autonomously perform functions 

aboard the International Space Station, as well as command and control of K10 robot from ISS. 

Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer is completing key technology developments ahead 

of designing the flight demonstration system, including test of the active cooling system with 

one-third reduction in liquid hydrogen boil off. 

Green Propellant Infusion Mission conducted a system requirements review and will complete 

preliminary design review near the end of the fiscal year. Green propellant thruster development 

and testing is progressing toward the development of flight-weight thrusters. 

TECH-39
Space Technology: Space Technology 

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Key Achievements Planned for FY 2014 

 Green Propellant Infusion Mission will conduct hardware testing and complete critical design 

review in preparation for the flight demonstration in 2015. 

Human Exploration Telerobotics will complete all currently planned Robonaut 2, SPHERES 

and remote telerobotic operations testing on ISS. 

TDM will be working closely with Game Changing to accelerate technology development of 

solar arrays, Hall effects thrusters and power processing units to ready them for inclusion into the 

solar electric propulsion system. 





Program Schedule 

Both Game Changing Development and Technology Demonstration Missions are composed of sets of 

uncoupled project elements. Each project element pursues independent timelines to achieve technology 

milestones, technology deliveries, and/or programmatic decision points. Specific timelines for 

deliverables and milestones vary from project to project, and are widely dependent on the results of 

design, development, fabrication, analyses, and testing. 

Program Management & Commitments 

NASA is implementing an integrated management approach to ETD and CSTD projects to capitalize on 

technical and management synergies. The two main projects under the ETD program, exploration-specific 

Game Changing Development and exploration-specific Technology Demonstration Missions, each have a 

Level 1 Headquarters program executive and Center managed Level 2 project office (shared with CSTD). 

Program Element Provider

Provider: HQ program executive 

Lead Center: LaRC 

Performing Centers: All 

Cost Share Partners: Varies 

Provider: NASA HQ program executive 

Lead Center: MSFC 

Performing Center: All 

Cost Share Partners: Varies 

Game Changing Development 

Technology Demonstration Missions 

TECH-40
Space Technology: Space Technology 

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Acquisition Strategy 

Additional competitively selected project elements will augment those openly selected or created as 

guided activities in FY 2013 or earlier. The focused technology areas for additional competitive project 

elements are determined by the priorities established within the Exploration program architecture studies 

as well as the NASA technology roadmapping and the Strategic Technology Investment Portfolio Plan. 

To the extent possible and advantageous to the government, future Game Changing Development 

procurements will use funded Space Act Agreements in place of Cost Plus Fixed Fee or Fixed Price 

contracts. Technology Demonstration Missions will use both open competition Broad Area 

Announcements, and directed activities in critical near term areas. Technology Demonstration Missions 

proposers are strongly encouraged to partner and cost share with non-NASA entities. Space Technology 

draws on proposals from industry, academia, NASA Centers, and other government agencies, to assemble 

a portfolio of high-value complementary or gap areas technology demonstrations. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

GCD-Human Robotics Systems Rob Ambrose, Principal Investigator, 

JSC Houston, TX 

GCD-Solar Array Systems Deployable Space Structures and 

ATK 

Goleta, CA 

Commerce, CA 

TDM-Solar Electric Propulsion Margaret Nazario, Project Manager, 

GRC; JPL 

Cleveland, OH

Pasadena, CA

TDM-Cryogenic Propellant Storage 

and Transfer

Susan Motil, Project Manager, GRC; 

MSFC, GSFC, KSC, ARC 

Cleveland, OH; Huntsville, AL, 

Greenbelt, MD; Cape Canaveral, FL, 

Moffett Field, CA 

TDM-Human Exploration 

Telerobotics Terry Fong, Project Manager, ARC Moffett Field, CA 

TDM Green Propellant 

Ball Aerospace (Prime); Aerojet 

Corporation; U.S. Air Force Research 

Laboratory; U.S. Air Force Space and 

Missile Systems Center 

Boulder, CO; Redmond, WA; 

Edwards, CA; Albuquerque, NM 

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

The following technology investment overview identifies a subset of active Space Technology 

development efforts, illustrating their core technology areas (aligned with the Space Technology 

roadmaps) and anticipated technology maturation through the life cycle of the project as awarded. These 

efforts were primarily initiated in previous fiscal years by other NASA organizations and transferred to 

Space Technology. All the projects listed below are on track to mature and deliver technology 

advancements in the timeframe specified. 

TECH-41
Space Technology: Space Technology 

EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

TECH-42
 

HUMAN EXPLORATION AND OPERATIONS

Actual

FY 2015

Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 7877.2 8023.8 7798.4 7966.9

3952.0

4014.9

7966.9

3970.7

3996.2

7966.9

3799.0

4167.9

7966.9

3589.3

4377.6

Exploration

Space Operations

3707.3

4184.0

3790.1

4247.8

3915.5

3882.9

HUMAN EXPLORATION AND OPERATIONS

Human Exploration and Operations .............................................. HEO-2 

HEO-1
 

HUMAN EXPLORATION AND OPERATIONS

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 7877.2 8023.8 7798.4 7966.9 7966.9 7966.9 7966.9

Exploration 3707.3 3790.1 3915.5 3952.0 3970.7 3799.0 3589.3

Space Operations 4184.0 4247.8 3882.9 4014.9 3996.2 4167.9 4377.6

Subtotal 7891.3 8037.9 7798.4 7966.9 7966.9 7966.9 7966.9

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -14.1 -14.1 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -78.8

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.0 %

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). 

** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Exploration and Space Operations pursuant to P.L. 112-55, 

Division B, sec. 528(f). 

NASA has entered a new era in human spaceflight, increasing our reliance on the private sector for low 

Earth orbit operations and reaching beyond low Earth orbit to expand presence into the boundless expanse 

of space. The Human Exploration and Operations (HEO) budget supports a portfolio of development and 

operational programs, interwoven to engage private industry, expand international partnerships, and 

extend the boundaries of scientific and technical knowledge to expand human exploration of space.

Capability Driven Exploration: Enabling Multiple Destinations 

In this new era, NASA will implement a multiple destination exploration strategy, using a capabilitydriven approach. Though the horizon destination is Mars, the President has directed the Agency’s next 

major step to be a mission to an asteroid in 2025. Other potential destinations beyond low Earth orbit, 

include the Moon and the expanse of space surrounding the Earth and Moon, known as cis-lunar space. 

Spaceflight Cornerstone: International Space Station 

NASA and its partners from around the globe are using the unique capabilities of the International Space 

Station (ISS) to build experience and lay the groundwork for future space activities with technology 

demonstrations, tests, and experiments essential to mission success now and in the future. NASA’s ISS 

research is also critical to advancing capabilities like autonomous rendezvous and docking, advanced 

communications systems, and human health and behavioral research.

ISS is a unique platform for scientific research, including a major astrophysics experiment designed to 

uncover the nature of dark matter in the universe, and three Earth science experiments slated to fly 

beginning in 2014. The internationally developed Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer particle physics detector 

was launched and attached to ISS in May 2011. ISS provides these instruments a stable space-based 

platform with independent power, data and thermal control. 

HEO-2
 

HUMAN EXPLORATION AND OPERATIONS

In addition, ISS is a means to explore the feasibility of commercial research activities in low Earth orbit. 

This National Laboratory in space is accessible to a wide range of researchers and entrepreneurs, ready to 

develop groundbreaking technologies and products. The ISS is funded within the Operations account, 

while research and development efforts can be found in both the Operations and Exploration budgets. 

Affordable American Access to Low Earth Orbit: Commercial Spaceflight 

In an effort to reduce reliance on foreign providers and help develop an affordable American capability, 

NASA is leveraging partnerships with US commercial enterprises to provide cargo and eventually crew 

transport services to low Earth orbit. Rather than building, owning, and operating the necessary systems, 

this approach allows NASA to reduce costs, improve affordability and sustainability, and stimulate the 

US space transportation industry. Commercial systems development is part of the Exploration budget, 

while the purchase of commercial transportation services for ISS resides in the Operations account. 

Exploration Beyond Low Earth Orbit: Space Launch System/Orion Multi-Purpose Crew 

Vehicle 

Exploring deep space requires the capability to transport cargo and crew beyond low earth orbit. NASA is 

developing a new transportation system that includes a crew capsule, a heavy-lift launch vehicle, and 

supporting ground facilities and systems. The new launch vehicle, called the Space Launch System, 

leverages previous NASA systems such as the Space Shuttle main engines and solid rocket boosters, and 

will evolve from an initial 70-metric ton lift capacity to 130-metric tons, reducing the number of launches 

needed to conduct the most challenging human exploration missions. The Orion MPCV program is 

developing the vehicle that will carry a crew of four to orbit, provide emergency abort capability, sustain 

the crew while in space, and provide safe reentry from deep space return speeds. 

Extensive ground operations development is in work to support the new transportation system. Major 

development and technology efforts are funded within HEO’s Exploration account; test and launch 

support as well as ground operations services can be found in both the Exploration and Operations 

accounts. Once the system is operational, communications services will be funded through the Operations 

budget. 

Near-Earth Asteroid: The Next Destination for Human Exploration 

The Agency is currently working to align activities across the Human Exploration and Operations, Space 

Technology, and Science Mission Directorates to affordably pursue the Administration’s goal of a human 

visit to an asteroid. NASA is studying a robotic mission to capture and bring a small asteroid into a stable 

orbit in cislunar space. That mission would be followed by a rendezvous with and sampling of the 

asteroid with a crewed spaceflight mission. NASA will plan and begin design of these activities in 2013 

and progress will continue conditional on its feasibility and affordability. HEO will work with SMD to 

collect the data necessary to identify an appropriate near earth asteroid target. HEO will lead development 

of a potential asteroid retrieval mission, while leveraging the work of Space Technology on cutting edge 

in-space propulsion. These steps would make this small captured asteroid accessible as an early 

destination for crews exploring beyond low Earth orbit with the Orion MPCV and Space Launch System. 

HEO-3
 

EXPLORATION

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 3707.3 3790.1 3915.5 3952.0 3970.7 3799.0 3589.3

Exploration Systems Development 3002.0 -- 2730.0 2789.8 2801.5 2818.3 2819.5

Commercial Spaceflight 406.0 -- 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0

Exploration Research and Development 303.0 -- 364.2 340.8 347.8 390.7 398.7

Exploration 

EXPLORATION ........................................................................................ EXP-2 

Exploration Systems and Development 

Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle ........................................................ EXP-6 

Crew Vehicle [Formulation] ....................................................................... EXP-8 

Space Launch System .......................................................................... EXP-15

Launch Vehicles [Formulation] .................................................................. EXP-17

Exploration Ground Systems ................................................................ EXP-25

Commercial Spaceflight 

Commercial Crew .................................................................................. EXP-31

Exploration Research and Development 

Human Research Program ................................................................... EXP-38

Advanced Exploration Systems ............................................................ EXP-45

EXP-1
 

EXPLORATION

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 3707.3 3790.1 3915.5 3952.0 3970.7 3799.0 3589.3

Exploration Systems Development 3002.0 -- 2730.0 2789.8 2801.5 2818.3 2819.5

Commercial Spaceflight 406.0 -- 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0

Exploration Research and Development 303.0 -- 364.2 340.8 347.8 390.7 398.7

Subtotal 3711.0 3793.9 3915.5 3952.0 3970.7 3799.0 3589.3

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -3.7 -3.7 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 208.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 5.6 %

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). 

** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Exploration Systems Development pursuant to P.L. 112-55, 

Division B, sec. 528(f). 

As NASA shapes the future of human space exploration, the Agency has developed a unique, multidestination strategy using a capability-driven approach. Human Exploration and Operations (HEO) 

programs are developing a core set of evolving capabilities, within the Exploration budget that are 

intended to ensure that the Nation's space program is robust, affordable, sustainable, and flexible. Rather 

than creating specialized, destination-specific hardware, this will provide the Agency adequate flexibility 

to carry out increasingly complex missions to a range of destinations over time. 

HEO’s Exploration Systems Development programs are developing the first pieces of this capabilitydriven architecture for human exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit, the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew 

Vehicle (MPCV) and the Space Launch System (SLS). HEO’s Advanced Exploration Systems (AES), in 

collaboration with Space Technology’s solar electric propulsion demonstration project and the Science 

Mission Directorate’s Planetary Science Program, is examining the feasibility of a precursor robotic 

mission that would approach, characterize, capture, and redirect a small near-Earth asteroid to a stable 

orbit in cis-lunar space. The SLS and MCV could then bring astronauts to the asteroid, providing a unique 

opportunity to both test the new deep space human exploration systems and return large asteroid samples 

to the Earth for study, and achieving the goal of a human visit to an asteroid in a more cost-effective 

manner. 

In an effort to reduce reliance on foreign providers and help develop an affordable American capability, 

NASA is engaging in partnerships with U.S. the private sector to develop commercial systems to provide 

crew and cargo transportation services to and from low Earth orbit. 

Expanding human presence into deep space requires that NASA expand its technical and scientific 

knowledge to tackle complex problems and devise creative new solutions to meet demands never before 

encountered by humans or machines. NASA's study of long-term human exposure to space has revealed 

unanticipated effects that must be addressed, and complex future missions may well depend on 

technologies not yet developed. This research is underway in Exploration Research and Development. 

EXP-2
 

EXPLORATION

For more programmatic information, go to: http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/home/index.html. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014

The Orion MPCV program rephased the vehicle test campaign sequence, shifting the ascent abort test 

from 2015 to 2018. In addition, NASA entered into an international agreement whereby the European 

Space Agency will design and develop the Orion MPCV service module for the first Exploration Mission 

(EM-1), scheduled for 2017. 

To support the development of an asteroid mission in the coming years, Advanced Exploration Systems 

will develop an asteroid capture mechanism, investigate spacecraft control algorithms for capturing and 

redirecting an asteroid, and demonstrate concepts for astronaut extravehicular activity on the asteroid's 

surface. Long lead items in support of the overall asteroid retrieval mission may need to be acquired. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The Space Launch System (SLS) program completed a major system requirements and definition review 

in July 2012, clearing the way for manufacture and test of key hardware elements. This includes 

production of a spacecraft docking and berthing mechanism that will fly on Exploration Flight Test-1 

(EFT-1) in 2014. In addition, the J-2X engine for the Block 2 upper stage underwent rigorous testing at 

Stennis Space Center, reaching full power in a fraction of the time achieved by previous highperformance engines. 

Early in FY 2012, the Agency added EFT-1 to the Orion MPCV program. This flight test, scheduled for 

the last quarter of FY 2014, will validate the vehicle's design to support Critical Design Review in 2015. 

In addition, the vehicle completed a battery of tests, including acoustic and vibration, water impact, and 

various parachute tests. 

In August 2012, following a fully competitive process, the Commercial Crew program signed Space Act 

Agreements with Blue Origin, Sierra Nevada Corporation, Boeing, and Space Exploration Technologies 

(SpaceX). The initiative runs through May 2014, supporting commercial design and development efforts. 

All three providers have completed preliminary milestones providing system and program reviews and 

are well underway and on schedule for performing the remainder of the CCiCap milestones. Alliant 

Techsystems, Inc. (ATK), United Launch Alliance (ULA), and Excalibur Almaz Incorporated completed 

all of their unfunded CCDev2 milestones in FY 2012. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The final vertical weld on the first production Orion MPCV stage was successfully completed in January 

2013. In preparation for core stage testing in 2016, restoration work continues on the B-2 test stand at 

Stennis Space Center (SSC). Additionally, teams are preparing the Michoud Assembly Facility for 

production of SLS testing and flight articles. 

Orion MPCV teams performed proof pressure testing of the first flight test crew module structure, which 

demonstrated that the primary structure (with hatches, windows, and wiring) is properly designed to hold 

EXP-3
 

EXPLORATION

an atmosphere for a crew. During the test, three structural ribs had minor cracking at a test pressure level 

above that ever seen in flight but below the maximum level they should be able to hold. The structure did 

not lose pressure but the test was stopped. Orion has now repaired this structure for this test flight and 

will use these test results to make design modifications to future primary structures to remove this issue. 

Boeing and SpaceX will complete integrated critical design of their Crew Transportation Systems, and 

perform significant development and risk reduction testing. Sierra Nevada Corporation will advance their 

system toward critical design, while focusing on safety analysis and subsystem technology maturation 

and risk reduction. 

NASA is currently studying concepts for each segment of an asteroid mission—asteroid detection, 

characterization, and selection; robotic capture and redirection of an asteroid; and crewed rendezvous and 

return of samples from the asteroid. NASA plans a Mission Concept Review in the summer of 2013 to 

assess the technical feasibility and risk management approach to assure the affordability and success of 

such a mission within NASA’s budget. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In the Exploration Systems Development (ESD) area, SLS will conduct critical design reviews for the 

booster and core stage elements. The SLS-designed Orion MPCV spacecraft adapter will fly for the first 

time on uncrewed EFT-1 in 2014. This will be the first test flight of hardware designed and built by the 

SLS program. 

Orion MPCV will complete EFT-1 test flight preparations. The launch window for EFT-1 begins in 

September of 2014 and extends into the first quarter of FY 2015. Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) will 

continue modernizing facilities to support the EM-1 launch, and enter the implementation phase of its life 

cycle, where final designs and initial fabrication take place. 

The Commercial Crew program will continue to work towards US-crewed flight to ISS by 2017. SpaceX 

plans to perform a pad abort test, which will demonstrate the effectiveness of the Dragon spacecraft's 

launch abort system, and is a key design driver. Sierra Nevada plans to complete risk reduction and 

technical readiness testing to mature major vehicle systems, such as life support, thermal control, and 

crew. Boeing will perform a pilot-in-the-loop demonstration to test control hardware and software. 

Themes 

EXPLORATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

Programs within the ESD Theme are developing the core capabilities required to implement NASA's 

multi-destination strategy. The SLS program is developing the heavy lift vehicle that will launch the crew 

vehicle, other modules, and cargo for deep space missions. The Orion MPCV program is developing the 

vehicle that will carry the crew to orbit, provide emergency abort capability, sustain the crew while in 

space, and provide safe reentry from deep space return speeds. The EGS program is working to develop 

the necessary launch site infrastructure to prepare, assemble, test, launch, and recover the SLS and Orion 

MPCV flight systems. NASA Headquarters is integrating programs, to streamline decision making 

processes and enable an affordable long term human exploration program. 

EXP-4
 

EXPLORATION

COMMERCIAL SPACEFLIGHT

In order to reduce reliance on foreign providers and help develop an affordable American capability, 

NASA is looking to the US private sector to develop and operate safe, reliable, and affordable crew 

transportation to low Earth orbit. 

Via the Commercial Crew program, NASA provides technical and financial assistance to industry 

partners during the development phase of their crew transportation systems. The program measures 

progress against fixed-price milestones proposed by the commercial partners and negotiated with NASA. 

Once these capabilities matured, NASA will purchase services from the private sector to transport crew to 

the International Space Station. This commercial approach will end U.S. reliance on foreign providers for 

crew transportation, and stimulate a new space transportation industry. Together with the capabilities to 

explore deep space provided by SLS and the Orion MPCV, NASA's commercial partnerships will help to 

assure the Nation's position as the global leader in human space flight. 

EXPLORATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Exploration Research and Development (ERD) leads the charge in human space exploration research and 

development for activities beyond low Earth orbit. ERD consists of two programs, Advanced Exploration 

Systems (AES) and Human Research Program (HRP), which map directly to the US Space Exploration 

Policy and the NASA Authorization Act of 2010. AES is working to develop exploration systems to 

reduce risk, lower lifecycle cost, and validate operational concepts for future human missions to deep 

space, such as the asteroid rendezvous and capture mission, currently under study. HRP uses research 

findings to develop procedures that lessen the effects of the space environment on human health and 

performance while working in the hostile space environment. The program utilizes ground research 

facilities, the ISS, and analog environments to develop these procedures and further research in areas 

unique to the Moon, Mars, and future missions. 

EXP-5
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

ORION MULTI-PURPOSE CREW VEHICLE 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1200.0 -- 1026.8 1024.9 1027.1 1027.1 1028.3

Crew Vehicle Development 1159.8 -- 993.5 997.8 1001.8 1001.3 1002.6

MPCV Program Integration and Support 40.2 -- 33.4 27.1 25.3 25.8 25.8

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -173.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -14.4 %

A full-scale model of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew 

Vehicle begins a 25,000 foot drop from an Air Force C-17 

above the skies over Arizona in February, 2012. This drop 

test examined how the spacecraft’s wake (disturbance of 

the air flow) affects the performance of the parachute 

system. This was the latest in a series of parachute drop 

tests conducted by NASA at the U.S. Army’s Proving 

Grounds in Yuma, Arizona, and the first to utilize an 

Orion model to create a realistic wake. 

For the first time since Apollo, astronauts will 

once again venture beyond low Earth orbit 

beginning in 2021, this time aboard the Orion 

Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), ensuring 

US leadership in space for decades to come. The 

program has incorporated dozens of technology 

advancements and innovations into the 

spacecraft's subsystems and components. The 

vehicle includes crew and service modules, a 

spacecraft adapter, and a revolutionary launch 

abort system that will significantly increase crew 

safety. Its unique life support, propulsion, thermal 

protection and avionics systems are designed to 

enable extended duration missions into deep 

space. 

With uncrewed test flights planned for 2014 and 

2017, Orion MPCV will be ready for crewed 

flights in 2021. Orion MPCV's modular design 

will enable integration of new technical 

innovations as they become available. An early 

use of the Orion MPCV and Space Launch 

System (SLS) may be to rendezvous with a nearEarth asteroid redirected to a stable orbit in the Earth-Moon system, and to extract and return samples 

from it to Earth. 

For further programmatic information, go to: http://www.nasa.gov/orion. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

For FY 2014, the program rephased the Orion MPCV development test campaign sequence; the ascent 

abort test (AA-2) previously scheduled for 2015 is now slated to occur in 2018. The AA-2 flight test 

rephasing provides additional preparatory time to assure range safety readiness. This flight test will 

evaluate the launch abort system's ability to separate and maneuver the crew module out of the path of the 

launch vehicle during the initial ascent phase and is key to assuring range safety. 

EXP-6
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

ORION MULTI-PURPOSE CREW VEHICLE 

In December 2012, NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) entered into an agreement for ESA to 

design and develop the Orion MPCV service module for the first uncrewed exploration mission test flight 

(EM-1) in 2017. This agreement builds on NASA’s existing strong cooperative relationship with ESA on 

International Space Station (ISS) and other activities. 

Projects 

ORION MPCV PROGRAM INTEGRATION AND SUPPORT

The Orion MPCV program funds integration and support activity to manage the interfaces that comprise 

NASA's exploration systems development, including the SLS and EGS. Orion MPCV-specific integration 

ensures that all necessary cross-program activities occur. This effort is critical to making sure that the 

system's technical performance meets technical and safety specifications, and supports the programmatic 

assessment that results in an integrated technical, cost and schedule management. In addition, Orion 

MPCV integration effort is key to managing interfaces with other HEO activities, including strategic and 

feasibility studies and small scale research tasks that feed into future human exploration. This ensures 

coordination and timely integration to avoid potential design and cost issues. 

CREW VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT

See the Crew Vehicle Development section. 

EXP-7
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 

CREW VEHICLE

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1159.8 -- 993.5 997.8 1001.8 1001.3 1002.6

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -166.3

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -14.3%

The Orion Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) crew module 

undergoes proof pressure testing in the operations and 

checkout facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. 

During the test, technicians incrementally pressurize the 

spacecraft with breathing air to demonstrate weld 

strength capability and structural performance at 

maximum flight operating pressures. When EFT-1 flies in 

2014, the uncrewed Orion will return to Earth at a speed 

of 25,000 miles per hour and endure temperatures up to 

4,000 degrees Fahrenheit. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

With retirement of the Space Shuttle and growth 

of commercial transportation to the International 

Space Station (ISS), NASA is expanding its 

focus for human spaceflight from low Earth 

orbit to destinations across the Solar System. 

The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 

(MPCV) will carry astronauts on deep space 

missions for the first time since Apollo. 

For further programmatic information, go to: 

http://www.nasa.gov/orion. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

For FY 2014, the program rephased the Orion 

MPCV development test campaign sequence; 

the ascent abort test scheduled for 2015 will now 

occur in 2018. The ascent abort flight test 

rephasing provides additional preparatory time 

to assure range safety readiness, ahead of the 

first crewed flight of Orion MPCV in 2021. This 

flight test will evaluate the launch abort system's ability to separate and maneuver the crew module out of 

the path of the launch vehicle during the initial ascent phase and is key to assuring range safety. 

In December 2012, NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) entered into an agreement for ESA to 

design and develop the Orion MPCV service module for the first Exploration Mission (EM-1) in 2017. 

This agreement builds on NASA’s existing strong cooperative relationship with ESA on ISS and other 

activities. 

PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS

Orion MPCV will carry a crew of four astronauts beyond Earth orbit for 21 days, or longer if paired with 

a potential future deep-space habitat. The spacecraft's three components include the crew module, service 

EXP-8
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 

CREW VEHICLE

Formulation Development Operations

module, and launch abort system, with a separate adapter to connect the crew and launch vehicles. The 

crew module is a familiar capsule shape on the outside, but inside it contains advanced, state-of-the-art in 

crew systems. During a mission, Orion MPCV houses the crew, providing a safe environment within 

which to live and work. Its advanced heat shield protects the crew from the reentry heating of a highspeed return from beyond Earth orbit. The service module is comprised of a crew module adapter and an 

ESA-developed service module that together provide in-space services to the crew module, including 

power, propulsion, and other life support systems. On a tower atop the crew module, sits the launch abort 

system, which, in the event of an emergency during launch or climb to orbit, will activate within 

milliseconds to propel the crew module to safety. This system also protects the crew module from 

dangerous atmospheric loads and heating, then is jettisoned once the Orion MPCV is out of the 

atmosphere and safely on its way to orbit. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Orion MPCV delivered the first flight test crew module structure to the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for 

assembly and integration, in preparation for an Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1) in 2014. During this 

uncrewed test mission, the module will orbit the Earth twice and then return in a high-energy reentry. 

EFT-1 will provide NASA with critical vehicle performance data needed to confirm more detailed Orion 

MPCV spacecraft designs prior to its uncrewed flight with the SLS in 2017. 

Early in FY 2012, the Agency added EFT-1 to the program. This decision was made in order to quickly 

validate the vehicle's innovative, space systems designed to support the Orion MPCV Critical Design 

Review in 2015. This flight test will validate heat shield performance at approximately 80 percent of 

lunar return velocity. The heat shield design is one of the key elements of the Orion MPCV design and 

proper design is needed to develop the lightest and most effective designs. Critical data from this test will 

be used in support of CDR in 2015. In addition, the vehicle completed a battery of tests, including 

acoustic and vibration, water impact, and various parachute tests. In conjunction with NASA’s Ground 

Launch Development and SLS programs, the test mission will also demonstrate spacecraft post-landing 

recovery procedures, and support launch vehicle adapter development. This adapter will be used on the 

uncrewed flight in 2017, and first crewed flights beginning in 2021. 

In addition, the Orion MPCV program completed significant acoustic and vibration testing in the 

contractor's Denver facilities, water impact tests at Langley Research Center (LaRC), and parachute tests 

in various configurations at the Yuma Proving Grounds. The parachute and water impact tests are single 

system tests of the landing sequence that build towards integrated test of all the landing systems on EFT-1. 

These tests are part of the program's risk mitigation efforts, intended to build confidence in the launch and 

landing systems leading up to EFT-1. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

During FY 2013, the first flight test crew module underwent proof pressure testing. This testing 

demonstrated that the primary structure, with hatches, windows, and wiring, is properly designed to hold 

an atmosphere for the crew. During the test, three structural ribs had minor cracking at a test pressure 

EXP-9
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 

CREW VEHICLE

Formulation Development Operations

level above that previously seen in flight, but below the maximum level they should be able to hold. The 

structure did not lose pressure but the test was stopped. Orion has now repaired the structure for this test 

flight, and will use the results to make design modifications to future primary structures to eliminate this 

issue. The program is also engaged in crew and service module manufacturing, impact and parachute 

testing, and detailed design work for the 2017 Orion MPCV flight article. In addition, detailed EFT-1 

mission planning with the Johnson Space Center's (JSC) Mission Operations Directorate will continue 

throughout the year.

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Orion MPCV will finalize EFT-1 flight preparations, with the crew and service modules integrated and 

flight ready by spring of 2014. By summer, the Delta IV launch vehicle will be ready for flight, and 

integration of all flight test components, including the launch abort system, will begin. The EFT-1 launch 

window at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station opens in September 2014 and extends into the first quarter 

of FY 2015. 

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

Formulation Authorization 

Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request 

Key Decision Point A (KDP-A), 

Formulation Authorization Feb 2012 Feb 2012 

System Requirements Review (SRR) Mar 2007

System Definition Review (SDR) Aug 2007 

Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Aug 2009 

Resynchronization Review Jul 2012

Key Decision Point B (KDP-B) Q1 FY13 Jan 2013 

Q3 FY14 

4th Quarter FY 2014 

“Delta” Preliminary Design Review Q4 FY13 

EFT-1 Launch 

Key Decision Point C (KDP-C), 

Project Confirmation FY15 Q1 FY15 

Q3 FY15 (under review) 

Dec 2017 

Aug 2021 

Critical Design Review (CDR) 

EM-1 Launch 

EM-2 Launch 

Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule 

Range Summary 

At Key Decision Point B, the proposed mission and system architecture was deemed credible and 

responsive to program requirements and constraints, including resources. Additionally, the maturity of the 

project’s mission and system definition and associated plans was sufficient to begin Phase B. The mission 

EXP-10
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 

CREW VEHICLE

Formulation Development Operations

can likely be achieved within available resources with acceptable risk. 

Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C in Q1/FY 2015), which follows a non-advocate review 

and/or preliminary design review. 

KDP-B Date

Estimated Life Cycle Cost 

Range ($M)

Key Milestone Estimated 

Key Milestone Date Range

Jan 2013 $8,534.1 to $10,288.6 EM-2 Launch, plus one 

quarter EM-2 Launch: August 2021

Project Management & Commitments 

The Johnson Space Center manages Orion MPCV crew vehicle development, supported by many of the 

other NASA centers as shown in the table below. 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Crew Module 

The crew module is the 

transportation capsule that 

provides a safe habitat for the 

crew as well as storage for 

consumables and research 

instruments, and serves as 

the docking port for crew 

transfers.

Provider: JSC 

Lead Center: JSC 

Participating Centers: ARC, GRC, JSC, 

LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

None

Provider: JSC 

Lead Center: JSC 

Participating Centers: ARC, GRC, JSC, 

LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Provider: JSC 

Lead Center: LaRC 

Participating Centers: JSC, LaRC, MSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Service Module 

The service module supports 

the crew module from launch 

through separation prior to 

reentry.

None

Launch Abort System 

The launch abort system is 

used to propel the crew 

module to safety in the event 

of an emergency during 

launch or climb to orbit.

None

EXP-11
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 

CREW VEHICLE

Formulation Development Operations

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: The mass of the Orion MPCV is not 

effectively reduced during the design analysis 

cycles (DACs),

Then: Content might be deferred from EM-1 to 

EM-2 to afford more time for design 

refinements.

Orion MPCV is executing a mass reduction plan over the next two 

DACs. Additional mass reduction opportunities will be identified 

using the results of the EFT-1 flight test.

If: The Orion MPCV test and verification plan is 

not finalized,

Then: There will be uncertainty in the schedule 

and objective for the EM-1 test flight.

Orion MPCV will continue to refine its test and verification plan in 

FY 2013 as part of ongoing work to develop the Orion MPCV and 

SLS flight test plan. 

To mitigate the schedule, the heat shield design had to be finalized. 

To finalize the design, additional testing of the avcoat heat shield skin 

material has been conducted to better characterize the re-entry 

heating conditions that might cause minor material cracking. 

If: The EFT-1 heat shield, which is on the 

critical path in the EFT-1 manufacturing 

schedule, experiences delays, 

Then: Orion MPCV would need to use 

remaining schedule margin. 

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA is using a competitively awarded contract for Orion MPCV design development, test, and 

evaluation with Lockheed Martin Corporation. This contract was awarded in 2006 and reaffirmed in 2011 

as part of reformulating Orion as the Orion MPCV program. An affordability initiative is central to 

reformulation of the Orion MPCV acquisition strategy. This initiative continuously seeks out and 

implements innovative development cost savings and schedule acceleration, such as streamlining 

oversight, furthering incremental building of test vehicles, reducing unneeded deliverables, consolidating 

test labs, and reusing test articles. 

NASA is implementing EFT-1 as an acquisition of flight test data for risk mitigation, through the 

Lockheed Martin Corporation contract. The primary deliverable is the Orion MPCV flight test data and 

engineering evaluation of the test results against NASA's formal flight test objectives. As this is a data 

buy, the flight vehicle itself is not being delivered to NASA. Rather, NASA-unique functions, including 

mission operations and ground operations, will support the Lockheed-led test activity with oversight 

provided by NASA personnel in the Orion MPCV program. This innovative teaming arrangement is an 

extension of the ongoing Orion MPCV program initiative to enable the government and industry team to 

operate more efficiently within affordability constraints, in addition to reducing technical risks prior to the 

development effort. 

NASA signed an International Agreement with the European Space Agency (ESA) to provide a service 

module for the Orion MPCV spacecraft's Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) in 2017. ESA will provide the 

service module and significant aspects of its design, which will fulfill its cost-sharing responsibility to 

operate the International Space Station, and compensate NASA for additional ISS supporting services. 

NASA has the option to collaborate with ESA on a service module for Exploration Mission-2 in 2021. 

EXP-12
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 

CREW VEHICLE

Formulation Development Operations

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

MPCV Design and Development Lockheed Martin Littleton, CO

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

To evaluate whether 

program functional and 

performance requirements 

are properly formulated 

and correlated with Agency 

and Mission Directorate 

strategic objectives; to 

assess the credibility of the 

program’s estimated budget 

and schedule 

System 

Requirements 

Review

SRB Mar 2007

Program cleared 

to proceed to 

next phase.

N/A

To evaluate proposed 

program requirements and 

architecture and allocation 

of requirements to initial 

projects; to assess the 

adequacy of project preformulation efforts; to 

determine whether the 

maturity of the program’s 

definition and associated 

plans are sufficient to begin 

implementation. 

System 

Definition 

Review

SRB Aug 2007 

Program cleared 

to proceed to 

next phase.

N/A

Preliminary 

Design 

Review

SRB 2009

To evaluate completeness 

and consistency of the 

program’s preliminary 

design, including its 

projects, in meeting all 

requirements with 

appropriate margins, 

acceptable risk and within 

cost and schedule 

constraints; and to 

determine the program’s 

readiness to proceed with 

the detailed design phase of 

the program. 

Program cleared 

to proceed to 

next phase.

N/A

EXP-13
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 

CREW VEHICLE

Formulation Development Operations

Resynchroniz

ation Review SRB Jul 2012

To resynchronize the 

program’s preliminary 

design to the requirements 

of Exploration system 

development. NASA 

procedures allow that a 

program’s management 

agreement may be changed 

in response to internal and 

external events. A 

significant divergence from 

must be accompanied by an 

amendment to the decision 

memorandum signed at the 

KDP subsequent to the 

preliminary design review.

Program cleared 

to proceed to 

next phase.

N/A

“Delta” 

Preliminary 

Design 

Review

SRB

Spring 2014

(under 

review)

To update the program’s 

preliminary design, to 

ensure completeness and 

consistency; to determine 

the program’s readiness 

to proceed with the 

detailed design phase of 

the program.

TBD TBD

Critical 

Design 

Review

SRB

Spring 2015 

(under 

review)

To evaluate the integrity of 

the program integrated 

design, including its 

projects and ground 

systems, to meet mission 

requirements with 

appropriate margins and 

acceptable risk, within cost 

and schedule constraints; to 

determine if the integrated 

design is appropriately 

mature to continue with the 

final design and fabrication 

phase.

TBD TBD

EXP-14
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 14 Request in FY 12 Budget 1872.6 -- 1845.4 1764.9 1774.4 1791.2 1791.2 Structure

Prog. CoF in CECR Account 71.0 -- 142.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Exploration Ground Systems 304.5 -- 318.2 408.4 414.2 436.8 445.8

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1497.1 -- 1384.9 1356.5 1360.2 1354.4 1345.4

Launch Vehicle Development 1450.5 -- 1339.8 1312.9 1312.5 1277.6 1268.7

SLS Program Integration and Support 47.0 -- 45.1 43.6 47.7 76.7 76.7

Subtotal 1497.5 -- 1384.9 1356.5 1360.2 1354.4 1345.4

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.4 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -112.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -7.5 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Launch Vehicle Development pursuant to P.L. 112-55, 

Division B, sec. 528(f). 

Two J-2X engines and a power pack developed for NASA 

by Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne undergo post-test 

inspections and instrumentation at the Stennis Space 

Center in Mississippi. The J-2X is a highly efficient rocket 

engine that will power the upper stage of NASA's Space 

Launch System. Fueled by liquid oxygen and liquid 

hydrogen, the engine builds on heritage designs and nearly 

a half-century of NASA spaceflight experience, along with 

technological and manufacturing advances to deliver up to 

294,000 pounds of thrust. The J-2X is the first new liquid 

oxygen and liquid hydrogen rocket engine developed in 40 

years, and will power exploration to destinations in our 

solar system. 

The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 directed 

the Agency to develop a heavy-lift rocket that 

will allow human exploration beyond low Earth 

orbit for the first time since the last flight of the 

Saturn V rocket in 1973. The Space Launch 

System (SLS) will enable crews and their 

equipment to travel thousands, and eventually 

millions, of times farther into deep space than is 

currently possible. This will open the solar 

system to crewed missions such as exploring 

mineral-rich asteroids, and eventually the 

mountains and canyons of Mars. An early test of 

the SLS and Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 

(MPCV) may be to rendezvous with a nearEarth asteroid redirected to a stable orbit in the 

Earth-Moon system, and to extract and return 

samples from it to Earth. 

Through its lifetime, SLS capability will evolve 

using a block upgrade approach, driven by 

mission requirements. In the near-term, SLS 

will achieve a 70-metric ton Block 1 capability 

that will enable early system demonstrations 

such as test flights near the Moon. The followon Block 1A upgrade will use advanced 

boosters to improve vehicle performance to 105 

EXP-15
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM 

metric tons, significantly expanding deep space mission capability. The Block 2 upgrade adds an 

advanced upper stage, enabling performance up to 130 metric tons. 

SLS development is an example of the Agency's commitment to fiscal responsibility and budget 

discipline. With Saturn and the Space Shuttle, NASA has half a century of experience with heavy lift 

launch vehicles. Leveraging this experience, combined with advances in technology and manufacturing, 

will allow NASA to build and operate SLS at less cost than previous heavy lift designs. NASA is 

leveraging a half-century of experience with heavy-lift vehicles like Saturn and the Space Shuttle, along 

with advances in technology and manufacturing practices, to build and operate SLS at less cost than 

previous heavy lift designs. NASA is committed to building SLS on schedule and on budget, with a first 

uncrewed test flight in 2017. 

For further programmatic information, go to: http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/index.html.

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

Projects 

SLS PROGRAM INTEGRATION AND SUPPORT

The SLS program funds integration and support activity to manage the interfaces between programs that 

comprise NASA's exploration systems development, including the Orion MPCV and Exploration Ground 

Systems (EGS). SLS-specific integration ensures that all necessary cross-program activities occur. This 

effort is critical to making sure that the system's technical performance meets technical and safety 

specifications, and supports the programmatic assessment that results in an integrated technical, cost and 

schedule management. In addition, the SLS integration effort is key to managing interfaces with other 

HEO activities, including strategic studies, feasibility studies, and small scale research tasks that feed into 

future human exploration. This ensures coordination and timely integration to avoid potential design and 

cost issues 

LAUNCH VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT

See Launch Vehicle Development section. 

EXP-16
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Space Launch System 

LAUNCH VEHICLES

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1450.7 -- 1339.8 1312.9 1312.5 1277.6 1268.7

Subtotal 1451.1 -- 1339.8 1312.9 1312.5 1277.6 1268.7

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.4 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -110.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -7.6 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

Engineers use a state-of-the-art vertical welding tool at the 

Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama to 

movea "pathfinder" version of the adapter design that will 

connect the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) 

to NASA's new Space Launch System. In 2014, the 

adapter will be used to mate the Orion MPCV to a Delta 

IV heavy-lift rocket for Exploration Flight Test-1.The 

"pathfinder" is an early version of the hardware that is 

not intended to fly, but to prove the concept and feasibility 

of manufacturing the design. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

With the retirement of the Space Shuttle and 

growth of commercial transportation to the 

International Space Station (ISS), NASA is 

expanding its focus for human spaceflight from 

low Earth orbit to destinations across the solar 

system. The Launch Vehicle Development 

project enables human deep space exploration 

with development of the Space Launch System 

(SLS),which will have a lift capability more 

than two and half times that of any launch 

vehicle currently in operation. For the first time 

since the Apollo program nearly fifty years ago, 

American astronauts will be able to explore 

space beyond low Earth orbit. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

PROJECT PRELIMINARY 

PARAMETERS

Initially, the SLS launch vehicle will provide a Block 1 capability of 70 metric tons lifted to low Earth 

orbit. Following successful Block 1 implementation, which will occur between 2017 and 2023, planned 

upgrades will allow SLS to nearly double its initial capacity, based on evolving mission requirements. 

These upgrades will increase life capability to approximately 105 metric tons, ultimately leading to a 

Block 2 capability beyond 2030 that increases lift to 130 metric tons. Launch Vehicle Development will 

achieve initial cost, schedule, and performance goals by utilizing hardware designed for previous projects, 

EXP-17
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Space Launch System 

LAUNCH VEHICLES

Formulation Development Operations

including Space Shuttle main engines, five-segment solid rocket boosters from the Constellation program, 

and the interim cryogenic propulsion stage, based on Delta-IV design. 

SLS development leverages a half-century of experience liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen heavy-lift 

vehicles, like Saturn and the Space Shuttle, along with advances in technology and manufacturing 

practices. 

EXP-18

As illustrated above, the SLS is designed to be flexible and evolvable. It shares the same basic core stage 

to allow for different crew and cargo flights as needed, promoting efficiency, time and cost savings. SLS 

will enable exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit, support travel to asteroids, Mars and other 

destinations within our solar system. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The Space Launch System program posted numerous achievements in FY 2012. After its official program 

start, SLS completed system design review and completed all Agency requirements associated with Key 

Decision Point B in July 2012. These milestones serve to validate that system performance details are 
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Space Launch System 

LAUNCH VEHICLES

Formulation Development Operations

well defined, and component and system designs are underway. The successful review also initiated the 

manufacture and testing of key hardware elements, including a large adapter mechanism that will fly with 

the Orion MPCV test flight EFT-1 in 2014 and future crew vehicle flights on SLS. Meanwhile, the J-2X 

engine slated for the upper stage of SLS Block 2 continued a rigorous testing campaign at the Stennis 

Space Center in Mississippi. Combined with progress in refocusing previous program development 

efforts, wind tunnel testing, design analysis cycles, major tooling installation, and hundreds of other FY 

2012 achievements both large and small, SLS launch vehicle development is on track for first launch in 

2017. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The final vertical weld on the first production Orion MPCV stage adapter was successfully completed on 

January 23, 2013. During FY 2013, major SLS contracts will also be finalized. In preparation for core 

stage test in the first quarter of 2016, restoration and facility buildup work on the B-2 test stand at Stennis 

will continue. Additionally, Michoud Assembly Facility is being prepared for production of SLS testing 

and flight articles. The Michoud Facility began demolition, tool installation, Liquid Hydrogen 2 proof test 

construction, and roof repairs. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, SLS will conduct critical design reviews for the booster and core stage elements. This review 

is a major design milestone and the point at which the program assesses hardware elements to determine 

if the design is mature enough to continue with final flight hardware design and fabrication. The SLSdesigned Orion MPCV spacecraft adapter will fly for the first time on Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) 

in late FY 2014. This will be the first test flight of hardware designed and built by the SLS program. The 

adapter will mate the Orion MPCV to the launch vehicle. The same design being used for Orion MPCV's 

flight on a Delta IV launch vehicle in 2014 will be used for the first Orion MPCV/SLS flight in 2017. 

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

Nov 2011 

Formulation Authorization 

Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request 

Formulation Authorization Nov 2011 

SRR/SDR Q2 FY12 Q3 FY12 

KDP-B Q4 FY12 Q4 FY12 

PDR Q1 FY14 Q1 FY14 

Q1 FY14 

Q2 FY15 

KDP-C Q1 FY14 

CDR Q2 FY15 

KDP-D Q1 FY16 Q3 FY17 

EM-1 Launch Dec 2017 Dec 2017 

EM-2 Launch Aug 2021 Aug 2021 

EXP-19
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Space Launch System 

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Formulation Development Operations

Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule 

Range Summary 

At Key Decision Point B the proposed mission and system architecture was deemed credible and 

responsive to program requirements and constraints, including resources. Additionally, the maturity of the 

project’s mission and system definition and associated plans was sufficient to begin Phase B. NASA 

believes the 2017 test flight can likely be achieved within available resources with acceptable risk. 

The cost and schedule ranges and confidence levels generated as part of the SLS KDP-B review were 

based on the technical and programmatic (cost, schedule, and risk) content required to perform design, 

development, test, and evaluation activities associated with the SLS Block 1 configuration and capability 

leading to the first test flight in 2017, plus a quarter for post-flight data analysis. 

Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary 

design review. The table below does not include Exploration Ground Systems costs of $2,492-2,804 

million through the same time period 

KDP-B Date 

Estimated Life Cycle Cost 

Range ($M)

Key Milestone Estimated 

Key Milestone Date Range 

Jul 2012 7,653-8,587 EM-1 Launch plus one 

quarter Mar 2018

Project Management & Commitments 

The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama is responsible for managing SLS. The 

Program Manager, based at Marshall, reports to the Deputy Associate Administrator for Exploration 

Systems Development within the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate at NASA 

Headquarters. SLS has extensive partnerships with multiple NASA Centers; Kennedy Space Center 

provides ground operations, Stennis Space Center engine testing, Johnson Space Center Orion MPCV 

integration, Glenn Research Center (GRC) fairing design, and Langley Research Center and Ames 

Research Center (ARC) provide analytics and wind tunnel testing. SLS is also partnering with the US Air 

Force to pursue areas of common interest that may be applicable to future SLS block upgrades. 

EXP-20
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Space Launch System 

LAUNCH VEHICLES

Formulation Development Operations

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Responsible for 

development, testing, 

production, and support for 

the five-segment solid rocket 

motor to be used on initial 

capability flights 

Provider: MSFC 

Lead Center: MSFC 

Participating Centers: MSFC, SSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Booster None

Responsible for development 

and/or testing, production, 

and support for both core 

stage (RS-25) and upper 

stage (J-2X) liquid engines. 

Provider: MSFC 

Lead Center: MSFC 

Participating Centers: MSFC, SSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Engines None

Responsible for 

development, testing, 

production, and support of 

both the core and upper 

stages, including liquid 

engine and avionics 

integration. 

Provider: MSFC 

Lead Center: MSFC 

Participating Centers: MSFC, SSC, KSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Stages None

Responsible for 

development, testing, 

production, and support of 

hardware elements for 

integrating the Orion MPCV 

and payloads onto SLS, 

including the interim 

cryogenic propulsion stage, 

Orion MPCV stage adapter, 

launch vehicle stage adapter, 

and payload fairings. 

Provider: MSFC 

Lead Center: MSFC 

Participating Centers: MSFC, SSC, KSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Spacecraft Payloads 

and Integration None

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: Significant design modifications are required The launch vehicle project will complete Interim Cryogenic 

to increase performance, increase structural Propulsion Stage preliminary design in FY 2013, at which point SLS 

margins, and/or human-rate the Interim will identify any modifications that may need to be made to the ICPS, 

Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS), as well as any cost impacts. 

Then: ICPS costs could increase and/or the 

development schedule could slip. 

EXP-21
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Space Launch System 

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Formulation Development Operations

If: SLS variants beyond Block 1 require 

unanticipated modifications to the Block 1 core 

stage design, 

Then: SLS evolution may incur core stage 

redesign costs to enable SLS commonality 

beyond the Block 1 variant. 

The SLS preliminary design review will include performance, 

margin, and loads analyses that will envelope both Block 1 and 

planned upgrades. The preliminary design review follows NASA best 

practices of utilizing various Ground Rule and Assumption to provide 

mass and performance margins for factors such as crew safety, 

booster performance variability, propellant loading uncertainty, 

engine performance variations, proper orbital disposal of stages, and 

in-space performance. In addition, prudent design practice requires 

payload reserves to be carried in the development of systems to allow 

for mass growth from obsolesce to modern manufacturing to 

unknown integrated system interaction.

Acquisition Strategy 

Procurement for SLS launch vehicle development is structured to meet the Agency’s requirement to 

provide an affordable and evolvable vehicle, within a schedule that supports various mission 

requirements. Procurements will include use of existing assets to expedite development, as well as further 

development of technologies and future competitions for advanced systems and key technology areas 

specific to SLS evolved vehicle needs. NASA is in negotiations with the element vendors to finalize 

contracts in FY 2013. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Boosters (qualification motors and 

first two test flights) ATK Launch Systems Magna, UT 

Core Stage Engine (RS-25) Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, Inc. Desoto Park, CA 

Upper Stage Engine (J-2X) Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, Inc. Desoto Park, CA 

Core and Upper Stages Boeing Aerospace Huntsville, AL

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Independent reviews will be performed as required by NASA Procedural Requirement (NPR) 7120.5. 

NASA has established an independent Standing Review Board (SRB) to review the SLS program and 

launch vehicle project. 

EXP-22
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Space Launch System 

LAUNCH VEHICLES

Formulation Development Operations

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

The purpose of the SRR 

is to evaluate whether the 

functional and 

performance requirements 

defined for the system are 

responsive to the 

program’s requirements 

on the project and 

represent achievable 

capabilities. 

The purpose of the SDR 

is to evaluate the 

credibility and 

responsiveness of the 

proposed mission/system 

architecture to the 

program requirements 

and constraints, including 

available resources. To 

determine whether the 

maturity of the project’s 

mission/system definition 

and associated plans are 

sufficient to begin Phase 

B.

The SLS program 

combined the SRR and 

SDR into a single key 

decision point B review, 

as allowed by NASA 

NPR 7120.5 

The SRB found 

the SLS program 

system 

architecture 

approach 

credible and 

responsive to 

program 

requirements and 

constraints, 

including 

resources. The 

maturity of the 

project’s system 

definition and 

associated plans 

is sufficient to 

begin Phase B. 

The 2017 test 

flight can likely 

be achieved 

within available 

resources with 

acceptable risk. 

Systems 

Requirements 

Review / 

Systems 

Definition 

Review

(SRR/SDR)

SRB Jun 2012 N/A

Preliminary 

Design 

Review 

(PDR)

SRB N/A

The purpose of the PDR 

is to evaluate the 

completeness/ 

consistency of the 

planning, technical, cost, 

and schedule baselines 

developed during 

formulation. Assess 

compliance of the 

preliminary design with 

applicable requirements 

and to determine if the 

project is sufficiently 

mature to begin Phase C. 

TBD Aug 2013

EXP-23
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development: Space Launch System 

LAUNCH VEHICLES

Formulation Development Operations

The purpose of the CDR 

is to evaluate the integrity 

of the project design and 

its ability to meet mission 

requirements with 

appropriate margins and 

acceptable risk within 

defined project 

constraints, including 

available resources. To 

determine if the design is 

appropriately mature to 

continue with the final 

design and fabrication 

phase. 

Critical 

Design 

Review 

(CDR)

SRB N/A N/A Mar 2015

EXP-24
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

EXPLORATION GROUND SYSTEMS

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 304.5 -- 318.2 408.4 414.2 436.8 445.8

Subtotal 304.5 -- 318.2 408.4 414.2 436.8 445.8

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 13.7

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.5 %

Note: * Rescission of $0.050 million prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 

528(f). Amount rounds to $0.0 million in table above. 

With the removal of shuttle launch support structures, 

lightning towers dominate launch complex 39-B at the 

Kennedy Space Center in Florida. As NASA prepares to 

expand human space exploration beyond low Earth orbit 

with the Space Launch System, infrastructure 

modifications, repairs and upgrades are critical. Once the 

custom heritage structures and systems are removed, a 

mobile launcher will provide greater flexibility for users. 

Additional upgrades include the lightning protection 

system, fiber optic vs. Apollo-era cabling, and higher 

efficiency “green” systems. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

As NASA enters a new era in human space 

exploration, space operations at the Kennedy 

Space Center (KSC) are evolving to support 

Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion MultiPurpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) integration and 

launch. The Exploration Ground Systems 

(EGS) program is making necessary facility 

and ground support equipment modifications at 

KSC to enable assembly, test, launch and 

recovery of the SLS and Orion MPCV flight 

elements, as well as modernizing 

communication and control systems. Upon 

completion, the KSC launch site will provide a 

more flexible, affordable, and responsive 

national launch capability. 

For more programmatic information, go to: 

http://go.nasa.gov/groundsystems. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS

The EGS program's primary components are vehicle integration and launch, offline processing, and 

command, control and communication. The vehicle integration and launch component will complete 

facility modifications and upgrades to ground support equipment in support of launch vehicle stacking, 

EXP-25
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

EXPLORATION GROUND SYSTEMS

Formulation Development Operations

launch vehicle and spacecraft integration, rollout, and pre-launch and launch operations at the pad. 

Planned infrastructure upgrades include those affecting the mobile launcher, Launch Complex 39B (LC39B), the crawler transporter, and the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). Offline processing will 

complete required modifications to the Multi-Payload Processing Facility (MPPF), which will host 

payload processing, manufacturing, testing, servicing and hazardous operations, and recovery in support 

of Orion MPCV. Command, control and communications enhancements will secure a future capability for 

command and control, weather, telemetry and tracking, communications, and customer interface systems. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Exploration Ground Systems made extensive progress toward transforming the launch infrastructure at 

KSC to support Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1); NASA's first planned 2017 uncrewed test flight of the 

integrated SLS and Orion MPCV. The Agency awarded a design contract for the mobile launcher 

structure and facility support system, to ensure that the launcher is structurally sound and outfitted to 

support SLS and Orion MPCV requirements both to and on the launch pad. The program finished 

refurbishing LC-39B systems, including Pad B instrumentation and ground support equipment 

development. The program also finalized firing room 1 command and control hardware installation, and 

implemented initial voice, video, and data infrastructure. The first phase of modifications to the MPPF is 

complete, and facility work to enable Orion MPCV hazardous payload processing is now on contract. 

This phase of construction consisted of two new 300 ton chillers, a new 40 ton chiller, three chilled water 

pumps, two new make-up air units, and associated electrical, ducting, insulation and controls. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

With mobile launcher designs complete, NASA will award structural modification and ground support 

equipment installation design contracts in FY 2013, allowing construction activity to ensure that the 

launcher is ready for ground support equipment outfitting. Design work is also ongoing for various 

mobile launcher-to-SLS access points and umbilical sites. High bay 3 demolition in the VAB continues, 

and by the end of the year, platforms and other remaining systems will be gone. Replacement designs for 

the VAB pneumatics system, environmental control system, 175-ton crane controls, ground cooling 

system, and fire suppression system upgrades will near completion in FY 2013. 

In the launch equipment test facility where most ground testing is performed, NASA will fabricate and 

install a second vehicle motion simulator and supporting systems. This will eliminate the testing 

bottleneck that could delay launch systems validation. The program will also select and begin design 

work for the LC-39B emergency egress system concept. At Pad B, work is underway to select operations 

concepts for optimal liquid hydrogen system storage capacity. Communications systems design for the 

mobile launcher, Pad B, VAB high bays 1 and 3, and MPPF continues to mature, while testing and 

operations of initial recovery communication capability for Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1) will be 

completed during FY 2013. In addition, EGS will support phase-in of the KSC -awarded test and 

operations support contract, enabling all ground processing for SLS and Orion MPCV. 

EXP-26
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

EXPLORATION GROUND SYSTEMS

Formulation Development Operations

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Modernization and compatibility efforts will continue in FY 2014 to support the EM-1 launch, targeted 

for late 2017. The program will enter the implementation phase of its life cycle where final designs and 

initial fabrication take place. Major infrastructure enhancements will continue on the LC-39B flame 

trench, the flame deflector the ignition overpressure, and sound suppression systems. The ML will 

undergo ground support equipment and umbilical outfitting on the upper stage, core stage and crew access 

arm. Orion MPCV in-transit environmental control systems will be installed on the crawler transporter to 

ensure that it meets transport requirements. In the Vehicle Assembly Building, where vertical stacking of 

the SLS and Orion MPCV will occur, installation of adjustable platforms will continue to allow 

maximum vehicle and spacecraft access. 

Exploration Ground Systems will also recover the crew module for the EFT-1 mission, while ongoing 

landing and recovery planning and design are underway in support of EM-1. End-to-end spaceport 

command and control system applications and displays will be in work, along with transmission, imagery, 

and voice communication. Integrated verification and validation will commence in order to guarantee 

mission success and seamless integration and launch site processing during EM-1. 

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

Formulation Authorization 

Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request 

Formulation Authorization Nov 2011 Nov 2011

KDP-A Q2 FY12 Jan 2012 

SRR/SDR N/A Aug 2012 

KDP-B Q4 FY12 Nov 2012 

PDR N/A Jan 2014 

KDP-C Q3 FY14 Feb 2014 

CDR N/A May 2015 

KDP-D TBD Jun 2017 

EM-1 Launch Dec 2017 Dec 2017 

EM-2 Launch Aug 2021 Aug 2021 

Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule 

Range Summary 

At Key Decision Point B (KDP B), the proposed mission/system architecture was deemed credible and 

responsive to program requirements and constraints, including resources. Additionally, the maturity of the 

project’s mission/system definition and associated plans was sufficient to begin Phase B, and the mission 

can likely be achieved within available resources with acceptable risk. 

EXP-27
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

EXPLORATION GROUND SYSTEMS

Formulation Development Operations

The cost and schedule ranges and confidence levels generated for EGS KDP B were based on the 

technical and programmatic (cost, schedule, and risk) content required to support the first Exploration 

Mission flight (EM-1) in 2017, plus a quarter for post-flight data analysis. 

Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary 

design review. 

Estimated Life Cycle Cost 

Range ($M) 

Key Milestone Estimated 

KDP-B Date Key Milestone Date Range 

Dec 2012 2,492- 2,804 EM-1 launch (Dec 2017) Dec 2017-Mar 2018

Project Management & Commitments 

The Ground Systems Development and Operations program office (GSDO) manages infrastructure 

development for both Exploration Ground Systems development and 21st Century Space Launch 

Complex (21CSLC) activities. This single program approach to managing both the 21CSLC content 

under the Space Operations appropriation, and the EGS content under the Exploration appropriation 

provides cost-effective synergy between SLS and Orion MPCV requirements, and multi-user customer 

requirements. 

The following diagram shows the distinct break out of 21CSLC and EGS content, as managed under the 

GSDO Program. 

EXP-28

Note: SO = Space Operations account. ES = Exploration account. 
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

EXPLORATION GROUND SYSTEMS

Formulation Development Operations

The following table addresses the various elements within EGS, responsible and participating centers, and 

any cost share partners. 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Vertical Integration 

and Launch

Performs facility 

modifications and upgrades 

to ground support equipment 

in support of launch vehicle 

stacking, launch vehicle and 

spacecraft integration, 

rollout, and pre-launch and 

launch operations at the pad 

Provider: KSC 

Lead Center: KSC 

Participating Center: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

N/A

Enables payload processing 

activity, manufacturing, 

testing, servicing and 

hazardous operations, and 

recovery in support of Orion 

MPCV 

Provider: KSC 

Lead Center: KSC 

Participating Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Offline Processing N/A

Provides end-to-end 

command and control, 

weather, telemetry and 

tracking, communications, 

and customer interface 

systems 

Provider: KSC 

Lead Center: KSC 

Participating Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Command, Control, 

and communication N/A

Includes project 

management, safety and 

mission assurance, logistics, 

systems engineering, utilities 

and facility operations and 

maintenance 

Provider: KSC 

Lead Center: KSC 

Participating Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Project Management N/A

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: There is a lack of approved emergency egress 

system requirements from stakeholders,

Then: There is a possibility that the baselined 

ground system concept will not provide an 

integrated solution that meets the overall egress 

requirements encompassing initiation of egress 

through rescue.

GSDO will develop a draft set of requirements for an emergency 

egress system. The program will begin coordinating those with 

partnered programs. Once requirements and assumptions are agreed 

upon by various stakeholders, a Concept of Operations will be 

defined and a safety analysis will be conducted. This analysis will be 

shared at the GSDO and ESD Control Boards to seek final approval 

to proceed to design. A Concept of Operations will then be selected, 

allowing design, followed by construction, to begin.

EXP-29
Exploration: Exploration Systems Development 

EXPLORATION GROUND SYSTEMS

Formulation Development Operations

If: There is insufficient time allotted to perform

integrated testing activities at Vehicle Assembly 

Buildingand pad B

Then: There is a possibility that the scheduled 

GSDO Operational Readiness Date (ORD) ready 

will not be met.

The ML to Pad element integration team will conduct roundtable 

meetings to develop coordinated approaches to address the issue, and 

integrate a timeline and task list. Other system activation lessons 

learned documentation, from sources such as Wallops Island ground 

systems, will be assessed for application to mitigating this risk. Once 

a timeline is final, systems integration and test will integrate schedule 

products to optimize vehicle integration and launch development and 

systems integration and test schedule activity. This will likely require 

several iterations.

Acquisition Strategy 

To retain flexibility and maximize affordability, GSDO serves as its own prime contractor for Exploration 

Ground Systems. GSDO executes SLS and Orion MPCV ground infrastructure and processing 

requirements by leveraging center and programmatic contracts. GSDO also uses pre-qualified indefinite 

delivery indefinite quantity contractors for more routine work, while exercising full and open competition 

for larger or more specialized projects such as the mobile launcher structural and facility systems 

construction contract, and associated ground support equipment fabrication firm-fixed-price contracts. 

The fixed-price contracting approach is used whenever possible, as it provides maximum incentive for the 

contractor to control costs, since the contractor is subject to any losses incurred. In addition, it imposes a 

minimal administrative burden upon the contracting parties. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Exploration Ground Systems is managed by the GSDO Program Manager, and will encompass projects of 

varying content and size. Many of these are consistent with the type of architecture and engineering, 

construction, and programmatic support available within the scope of existing center and program support 

contracts. Should the project size or scope fall outside that of existing center capabilities, then 

competitively bid firm-fixed-price contracts will be used. Contracts are provided below. 

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Mobile Launcher Structural and 

Facility Support Modification 

Contract 

TBD Kennedy Space Center 

Kennedy Space Center Vehicle Assembly Building High Bay

Platform Construction 

TBD (under NASA's Construction 

and Environmental Compliance and 

Restoration appropriation)

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

All Standing Review 

Board 

Q1 FY13 Provide an independent 

assessment of the 

program's technical plan, 

cost estimates, schedules, 

and risks at KDP B 

TBD N/A

EXP-30
Exploration: Commercial Spaceflight 

COMMERCIAL CREW

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 392.0 -- 821.4 821.4 821.4 590.0 371.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 429.4

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 109.5 %

Note: The FY 2012 enacted total for Commercial Crew was $406 million. NASA reprogrammed $14 million to 

Commercial Cargo, and Commercial Crew was paid back using prior year funds with no change in total budget 

authority. 

Crew system engineers and NASA astronauts evaluate the 

layout of the Dragon crew capsule on the factory floor at 

the Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) facility in 

Hawthorne, California. The new spacecraft is based on the 

Dragon cargo vehicle that successfully demonstrated its 

capability to carry cargo and experiments to and from the 

International Space Station. 

With an eye to the future of human spaceflight, 

NASA is looking to the US private sector to 

develop and operate safe, reliable, and 

affordable crew transportation to low Earth 

orbit, including the International Space Station 

(ISS). Partnering with the commercial space 

industry for access to low Earth orbit and the 

ISS will reduce our current reliance on foreign 

providers for this service and help stimulate 

American industry. As the commercial crew 

providers focus on low earth orbit, NASA is 

able to increase focus on developing systems 

that will expand our deep space exploration 

capabilities. 

Through the Commercial Crew program, 

NASA is providing technical and financial 

support to industry partners during the 

development phase of their crew transportation 

systems. Progress is measured against 

milestones that were proposed by the 

commercial partners and negotiated with 

NASA before Space Act Agreements were 

awarded in a fully competitive process. Milestones are fixed-price and based on performance of agreed 

upon entrance and success criteria. Although they vary in content, milestones are designed as events that 

mature the partners’ progress. Examples include risk reduction testing, design reviews, and partner 

investment reviews. If the partners fail to complete a milestone, the government owes nothing. 

Once these commercial capabilities are matured and certified for use by NASA, the ISS program will 

purchase services from the private sector to transport NASA crew to and from the ISS. This innovative 

approach will end the outsourcing of human space transportation currently purchased from foreign 

providers and enable US private sector capability to access low Earth orbit and ISS. These activities 

stimulate development of a new space transportation industry available to all potential customers, 

including the US government. NASA’s efforts will strengthen America's space industrial base, providing 

a catalyst for future business ventures to capitalize on affordable, globally competitive, US space access. 

EXP-31
Exploration: Commercial Spaceflight 

COMMERCIAL CREW

Commercial space transportation is vital to the future of human space exploration and will enable NASA 

to focus on exploration beyond Earth orbit with the Space Launch System and Orion MPCV. 

For more programmatic information, go to: http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov or 

http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

During FY 2012, NASA's industry partners made significant progress toward developing viable 

commercial crew transportation systems. NASA began the Commercial Crew Development Round 2 

(CCDev2) initiative in FY 2011. This initiative is nearly complete. Space Exploration Technologies 

(SpaceX) completed all 10 of their milestones by June 2012. By the end of FY 2012, Sierra Nevada 

Corporation (SNC) completed 12 of 13 milestones, Boeing completed 13 of 14, and Blue Origin 

completed 8 of 10 milestones. NASA's unfunded partners, Alliant Techsystems, United Launch Alliance 

and Excalibur Almaz, Inc. all successfully completed their agreements. 

On August 3, 2012, NASA signed agreements with three companies for the follow-on initiative, 

Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCAP): Boeing for $460 million; SpaceX for $440 million; 

and Sierra Nevada Corporation for $212.5 million. This initiative is expected to run through May 2014, 

and will help advance the partners’ commercial design and development efforts, bringing the US closer to 

its goal of flying American astronauts to and from low Earth orbit and ISS, thereby ending NASA's 

reliance on foreign governments for this service. 

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COMMERCIAL CREW

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Progression of Commercial Crew Development Efforts: 

EXP-33

NASA’s industry partners are currently on track to complete all remaining CCDev2 milestones in early 

FY 2013. Also, Blue Origin extended its CCDev2 agreement with NASA on an unfunded basis. Under 

CCiCAP, Boeing and SpaceX will complete integrated critical design of their Crew Transportation 

System (CTS), as well as perform significant development and risk reduction testing. Sierra Nevada 

Corporation will advance their CTS toward critical design, while focusing on safety analysis and 

subsystem technology maturation and risk reduction. NASA is also moving forward with CTS 

certification activities to mitigate technical risks and cost or schedule impacts. NASA awarded three 

Federal Acquisition Regulation based fixed-price Certification Products Contracts (CPC). The scope of 

the contracts is limited to submittal and technical disposition of specific, early lifecycle certification 

products. The contract period of performance is January 22, 2013 through May 30, 2014, and individual 

awards are between $9.5 and $10.0 million each. The total value of all CPC awards is under $30 million. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, Commercial Crew industry teams plan to achieve significant milestones as part of their 

CCiCap agreements. SpaceX will perform a pad abort test, in which an abort is initiated while the capsule 

is still on the launch pad. This test demonstrates the effectiveness of the Dragon's launch abort system and 

is a key design driver; it also reduces risk for the later planned in-flight abort test. SNC will complete risk 

reduction and technical readiness testing to mature Dream Chaser systems, such as environmental control 

and life support systems, thermal control systems, and crew systems. Elements from these tests will 

satisfy certification requirements in the SNC certification plan. Boeing will perform a pilot-in-the-loop 
Exploration: Commercial Spaceflight 

COMMERCIAL CREW

demonstration, which tests hardware and software associated with controlling the vehicle, and will 

include human crew operators as a part of the simulated flight activities. 

In addition to the base planned milestones, NASA reserves the right to execute previously negotiated 

optional milestones on a case-by-case basis when it is in the interest of the Government. Successfully 

meeting FY 2014 milestones will enable the commercial partners to continue to mature their capabilities 

towards the Commercial Crew program's goal of having US crew transportation capability to low Earth 

orbit and ISS by 2017. 

Also in FY 2014, the first phase of CPC will be accomplished, with the NASA review of the partner 

designs as compared with NASA safety requirements. Specifically, NASA will review four products from 

each partner: alternative standards; hazard reports; verification and validation plan; and certification 

plans. Performance on the second phase of CPC is targeted to begin in mid-2014 and will initiate the final 

development, testing, and verification necessary to allow crewed demonstration flight to ISS by 2017. 

Program Schedule 

Refer to above graphic titled “Work in Progress for FY 2013”. 

Program Management & Commitments 

The Human Exploration and Operations team at NASA Headquarters performs strategic management and 

oversight of Commercial Spaceflight, and Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has responsibility for 

Commercial Crew program management, in collaboration with the Johnson Space Center. The 

Commercial Crew program has partnered with industry, utilizing a combination of Space Act Agreements 

and Federal Acquisition Regulation-based fixed-price contracts to stimulate efforts to develop and 

demonstrate crew transportation capabilities. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corporation, SpaceX 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Centers: All 

Cost Share Partners: Industry Partners (providers above) 

Commercial Crew Program 

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COMMERCIAL CREW

Acquisition Strategy 

The Commercial Crew program facilitates the development of a US commercial crew space 

transportation capability with the goal of achieving safe, reliable, and cost effective access to and from 

low Earth orbit and ISS. In the early lifecycle stages, CCDev activities focused on stimulating industry 

efforts that successfully matured subsystems and elements of commercial crew spaceflight concepts, 

enabling technologies and capabilities. For this, NASA utilized Space Act Agreements, which provided 

maximum flexibility to the provider and maximum affordability to the government. Because of the 

flexible design of the agreements, NASA was able to efficiently leverage less than expected funds to 

accomplish significant development work from the partners. Subsequently, NASA continued this effort 

with CCDev2 to address new concepts to mature the design and development of primary elements, such 

as launch vehicle or spacecraft. 

The current stage of the acquisition lifecycle includes the CCiCap Space Act Agreements, designed to 

provide a cost-effective approach by which partners can be innovative, creative, and flexible in their 

design solutions to develop an integrated commercial CTS capability, while still maintaining competition 

for future stages of the program. 

The next stage of the acquisition plan shifts to Federal Acquisition Regulation-based fixed-price contracts 

for certification and services. In parallel with ongoing CCiCap activities, NASA announced that it will 

begin competitive acquisition for NASA CTS certification, in two phases. Phase 1 (CPC selection) was 

awarded in December 2012. The scope of these contracts includes alternative standards, hazard analyses, 

a certification plan, and a verification and validation plan. CPC activities will not include design, 

development, test, or evaluation activities. At the conclusion of the contracts, NASA anticipates that more 

than one commercial provider will have achieved the technical maturity of an integrated design state to 

enable Phase 2 competition for the CTS certification contract. 

NASA will release a separate formal request for proposal for the Phase 2 CTS certification contract. This 

will include award criteria that require proof of a credible integrated design maturity to achieve successful 

development, test, evaluation, and final NASA certification as well as a demonstration of at least one 

crewed ISS mission by 2017. Under NASA's planned strategy, the scope of the CTS certification contract 

will include development, test, evaluation, and certification activities enabling NASA to approve one or 

more CTS for performing ISS crew transportation services. During this phase, the Agency will verify 

whether partners are in compliance with NASA requirements to ensure NASA mission and safety 

objectives are achievable. NASA believes that having multiple contractors through Phase 2 would provide 

significant advantages for insuring a safe and affordable CTS through competition. The ultimate number 

of awards will be driven by technical maturity, funding availability, and mission needs. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

CCiCap Boeing Houston, TX 

CCiCap Sierra Nevada Corporation Sparks, NV 

CCiCap SpaceX Hawthorne, CA 

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Exploration: Commercial Spaceflight 

COMMERCIAL CREW

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Other NASA Advisory 

Council Nov 2012 

To provide independent 

guidance for the NASA 

Administrator 

The Council 

recommended 

that NASA 

revisit its nearterm human 

capital planning 

to include 

specific new 

hires with 

significant 

outside business 

experience to 

enhance 

implementation 

of the Agency's 

TBD

vision of space 

commercializatio

n. 

The Council had 

a finding that 

there is an 

increasing 

acceptance of 

commercial 

approaches 

across NASA.

Other Aerospace Safety 

Advisory Panel Jan 2013 

To provide independent 

assessments of safety to 

the NASA Administrator 

Recommended 

that NASA 

should develop 

philosophical 

approach to the 

certification 

process; 

specifically, 

a 

TBD

when NASA 

certification is 

required and 

when it is not.

Other Booz Allen Oct 2012 -

Feb 2013

To provide an 

independent cost 

assessment

Findings to be 

published by 

early April 2013.

N/A

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HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

3

4 4

7 7

5

4 4

9 2

3

4

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HUMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 157.7 -- 165.1 164.6 169.5 175.4 180.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 7.4

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.7 %

European Space Agency astronaut André Kuipers (ESA), 

Expedition 30/31 flight engineer, exercises using the 

advanced resistive exercise device (ARED) aboard the 

International Space Station. This apparatus has distinct 

advantages over previous space exercise machines in that 

it allows for more consistent load bearing and a wider 

range of movements. The Human Research Program 

recently published results demonstrating that current 

crew exercise prescriptions using the ARED combined 

with appropriate nutrition is an effective countermeasure 

against bone and muscle loss. 

Of all the critical systems involved with sending 

astronauts into space, the most complex is the 

human system. While NASA has amassed more 

than fifty years of crew experience in low Earth 

orbit, researchers are still unraveling the 

mysteries of how the space environment affects 

the human body. The Human Research Program 

(HRP) is charged with understanding and 

mitigating the highest risks to astronaut health 

and performance, including physiological effects 

from radiation, low gravity, and planetary 

environments, as well as the unique challenges 

of providing medical treatment, human factors, 

and behavioral health support, to explorers in a 

space environment. To ensure that crews remain 

healthy and productive during long duration 

exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit, 

HRP is working to develop countermeasures and 

technologies that will allow astronauts to 

complete their high-risk missions and preserve 

lifelong health. 

Scientists have studied the effects of low gravity 

on the human body for decades, but some very 

significant changes have been detected only 

since the International Space Station (ISS) test bed has enabled crews to experience long-duration 

weightlessness. Such effects as muscle atrophy, bone loss, and motion sickness are widely known, but 

what goes on inside the heart or the skull? Researchers have learned that the heart seems to shrink and 

reduce its ability to fill completely in space, which could compromise exercise or temperature control. In 

addition, the discovery of increased intracranial pressure that can reshape the optic nerve in male 

astronauts is resulting in vision changes that may or may not be permanent. 

Understanding these effects on astronauts’ physiological systems is critical for the mission planners and 

system developers charged with implementing NASA's vision for human space exploration. As is the case 

with many space-based medical investigations however, this research may also lead to significant 

advancements in treating patients on Earth. 

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EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

HRP published flight research results demonstrating for the first time that current exercise prescriptions 

using the ISS advanced resistive exercise device and appropriate crew nutrition are effective 

countermeasures against bone and muscle loss. This reflects a major success, as maintaining bone density 

and muscle mass is critical to enabling long-duration ISS missions and human exploration beyond low 

Earth orbit. 

In addition, the HRP implemented high-fidelity ISS biomedical imaging using the Ultrasound 2, a 

modified version of a commercially available device that provides high-resolution ultrasound images of 

target areas in the human body. The unit works in conjunction with a video power converter that provides 

real-time ultrasound video downlink, enabling ground personnel to obtain the best possible images for use 

by investigators or medical personnel. This high resolution imaging capability will enhance high priority 

biomedical research on visual impairment and intracranial pressure. 

Launched aboard NASA's Curiosity rover in November 2011, the Radiation Assessment Detector 

developed by Advanced Explorations Systems, has collected valuable radiation data both during the 

spacecraft's transit to Mars, and on the planet’s surface. In 2012 and beyond, HRP will use this data to 

better understand the risks of deep space radiation to humans, and update its radiation risk models to 

support future exploration missions. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

HRP continues to work on the highest health risks associated with human exploration missions, 

emphasizing involvement of the external national biomedical research community. In FY 2013, the 

program is enhancing integration of international partners and US and Russian human research activities 

on the ISS to address these health risks, including a full year US and Russian mission. The program is 

already working with the ISS program, Crew Health and Safety project, and our other international 

partners to understand the visual impairment and intracranial pressure and other risks. By working with 

our Russian partners, HRP will also be able to incorporate data from cosmonauts into current US research 

on these critical health issues, increasing the amount of available data and enabling the program to more 

quickly develop mitigation strategies. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Extended future missions in isolated, extreme and confined environments, increase the opportunity for 

stress-related behavioral conditions to develop. In FY 2014, HRP will complete and test a prototype 

individualized stress detection system, which will track physiological signals (heart rate and rate 

variability) and behavioral signals (sleep-wake patterns) to detect chronic stress, high anxiety, and 

insomnia during space missions. If initial assessment proves successful, analog tests on Earth will follow 

using people subjected to similar stressful conditions, such as confinement studies, underwater missions, 

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Exploration: Exploration Research and Development 

HUMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM

or the extreme environment of Antarctica. The ultimate goal is to use the system on ISS and future space 

missions to aid in developing methods to help relieve stress. 

Another key activity we expect to implement is the new pressure swing adsorption technology. If an 

astronaut on a long-duration mission has a medical emergency and goes into shock, or contracts an illness 

such as pneumonia, additional oxygen would be required. Portable concentrators currently available are 

too large and require too much power for use on a spacecraft. Using computer simulations and component 

testing, the program's researchers plan to improve pressure swing adsorption efficiency with a capability 

that is smaller, lighter and uses less power. Once this technology is developed, NASA will create a 

version for potential use on ISS and/or future spacecraft. 

Program Elements 

EXPLORATION MEDICAL CAPABILITY

As NASA makes plans to extend human exploration beyond low Earth orbit, identifying and testing nextgeneration medical care and crew health maintenance technologies is vital. Available health care options 

evolve based on past experience, anticipated needs, and input from flight surgeons and crew offices. 

Teams in this area draft requirements for medical equipment and clinical care capabilities, develop remote 

medical technologies, and assess medical requirements unique to long-duration space missions. 

HUMAN HEALTH COUNTERMEASURES

Biomedical expertise is necessary to identify and assess medical, vehicle and spacesuit standards dictated 

by human physiological needs, and to develop countermeasures that ensure crew health. Researchers 

define health and medical standards, validate human health prescriptions and exercise system 

requirements, develop extravehicular activity injury and decompression sickness prevention standards, 

integrate physiological countermeasures, and establish criteria for NASA fitness for duty, as well as crew 

selection and performance standards. 

BEHAVIORAL HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE

Just as the space environment poses physiological risks to crewmembers, the unique stresses and 

challenges of space flight can also affect cognitive and mental performance. NASA must assess the 

impact of space travel on human behavioral health and develop interventions and countermeasures to 

ensure optimal crew member health and performance. Researchers in this element make extensive use of 

analogs, which are experimental environments created to simulate certain aspects of space travel. By 

duplicating space conditions, such as altered day and night cycles, heavy workloads, social isolation, and 

close living quarters, scientists gain insight into the impact of these circumstances on human behavior and 

performance and develop countermeasures, equipment, and other interventions to minimize the risks 

associated with these variables. 

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HUMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM

SPACE HUMAN FACTORS AND HABITABILITY

Crew performance and well-being can be affected by where they live, what they eat, and even what they 

wear. Considering external factors is essential when designing a spacecraft, a habitat or even a spacesuit. 

Human factors experts develop new equipment, procedures, and technologies designed to make the space 

environment more livable. Food scientists work to create nutritious and palatable meals that can withstand 

the rigors of spaceflight and still be prepared easily, generating minimal waste. Other areas of study 

necessary for living and working in space include assessing the impact of and establishing exposure limits 

for environmental factors, such as chemicals, bacteria, fungi, and lunar dust. 

SPACE RADIATION

As NASA expands human presence through the solar system, it is critical that crews are able to safely live 

and work in a space radiation environment without exceeding exposure limits. Space radiation researchers 

determine standards for radiation health, habitability, and environments, and define requirements for 

radiation protection. They also develop tools to assess and predict risks due to space radiation exposure, 

and strategies to mitigate exposure effects. 

ISS MEDICAL PROJECTS

The ISS provides a unique test bed for HRP activities. The medical projects team plans, integrates, and 

implements approved biomedical flight experiments on the ISS, as well as research studies that use 

ground analogs to accomplish program objectives. This includes pre and post-flight activities, 

coordinating flight or analog resources with our international partners, maintaining ISS biomedical 

research racks and flight hardware, and developing crew training for both flight and analog investigations. 

This requires operating the telescience support center, which provides real-time operations and data 

services to all HRP flight experiments. Strong interfaces with external implementing organizations, such 

as the ISS payloads office, analog coordination offices, and international partners are critical to 

maintaining a robust research program. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Nov 2013 Recommendations on Microbiology Requirements 

Technology for Spaceflight Medical Oxygen Concentrators 

Acute Radiation Permissible Exposure Limits Recommendations 

2014 Investigator’s Workshop 

Dec 2013

Jan 2014 

Feb 2014

Feb 2014 Release 2014 NASA Research Announcement in Space Radiation 

2013 NASA/NSBRI Research Announcement Selections 

Complete 2014 Mission X: Train Like an Astronaut Fitness Challenge 

Apr 2014

May 2014

Jun 2014

Jun 2014

Individualized Stress Detection System Prototype 

Nutrition Supplemental Medical Objective Complete 

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Aug 2014 2014 NASA/NSBRI NASA Research Announcement Release

Sep 2014 Selections 2014 NASA Research Announcement in Space Radiation

Sep 2014 Distributed System for Spaceflight Biomedical Support

Program Management & Commitments 

The Human Research program is managed by a program office located at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) 

with support from Ames Research Center (ARC), Glenn Research Center (GRC), Langley Research 

Center and Kennedy Space Center. 

The HEO Associate Administrator has delegated the authority, responsibility, and accountability of the 

Human Research Program manager to the Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications 

Division at NASA Headquarters. Working closely with the Office of the Chief Scientist and the Office of 

the Chief Health and Medical Officer, this division establishes the overall direction and scope, budget, 

and resource allocation for the program, which is then implemented by the NASA centers. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: JSC 

Lead Center: JSC 

Performing Centers: GRC, ARC, and LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Exploration Medical Capability 

Provider: JSC 

Lead Center: JSC 

Performing Centers: ARC, GRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Human Health Countermeasures 

Provider: JSC 

Lead Center: JSC 

Performing Centers: ARC, GRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Behavioral Health and Performance 

Provider: JSC 

Lead Center: JSC 

Performing Center: ARC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Provider: JSC 

Lead Center: JSC 

Performing Centers: ARC, LaRC 

Cost Share Partners: Department of Energy 

Space Human Factors and 

Habitability 

Space Radiation 

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Provider: JSC 

Lead Center: JSC 

Performing Centers: ARC, KSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

ISS Medical Project 

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA awards contracts and grants in HRP to further efforts in mitigating risks to crew health and 

performance by providing essential biomedical research and technologies for human space exploration, 

based upon National Academies studies and Agency roadmaps. 

Peer review is utilized to assure a high-quality research program. Engagement of leading members of the 

research community to competitively assess the merits of submitted proposals is essential to assuring the 

productivity and quality of research. HRP uses NASA Research Announcements to provide scientists 

selected by peer review the opportunity to develop complete flight experiments and allow universities to 

participate in flight research by involving their scientists and engineering schools. HRP plans to announce 

two NASA Research Announcements s in 2014, one of which will be in conjunction with the National 

Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI). In FY 2014, a NASA Advisory Council Subcommittee on 

Life and Physical Sciences will also be in place to provide independent guidance and prioritization for 

Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications Division (SLPSRA) science. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Program Management NSBRI JSC

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Quality Peer Review Panel Feb 2012 Peer review of NASA 

Research Announcement Selected grantees Feb 2013 

Quality

Standing Review 

Board/External 

Independent Review

Feb 2012 Review of research 

projects, gaps and tasks

Verifies project 

prioritization/ 

reprioritization

Feb 2014 

Quality National Academies Jun 2012 

Review of "NASA 

Research on Human 

Health Risks" 

Verifies project 

prioritization/rep

rioritization

Jun 2013 

Quality National Academies Jun 2012 

Review of Scientific 

Merit Assessment 

Processes

Verifies program 

review process TBD

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Verifies 

adherence to 

NASA Program 

Management 

Policies 

Independent 

Program 

Assessment Office 

Review of Program 

Management Policies and 

Practices 

Quality Sep 2012 Sep 2014 

Decadal survey of life 

and physical sciences in 

microgravity 

Establish a guide 

for research in 

the next decade. 

Quality National Academies Jul 2011 Jul 2021

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

The Human Research Program has made significant progress in addressing the biomedical challenges 

associated with human spaceflight and future space exploration. In FY 2012, the program published a 

cover article in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (2012) documenting or the first time that 

exercise prescriptions and proper nutrition can mitigate bone loss in crewmembers on the typical longduration spaceflight missions of 180 days. HRP also recently identified and rapidly developed a research 

program to address the mission and long-term health risk of microgravity-induced visual impairment and 

elevated intracranial pressure. Finally, on the leading risk of space radiation health effects, the program 

has updated its cancer risk and acute radiation exposure models to better protect crew health and safety. 

EXP-44
Exploration: Exploration Research and Development 

ADVANCED EXPLORATION SYSTEMS

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 142.0 -- 199.0 176.2 178.3 215.3 218.7

Subtotal 145.3 -- 199.0 176.2 178.3 215.3 218.7

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -3.3 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 57.0

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 40.1 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to 

P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

While the spacesuits currently used for 

extravehicular activity on the 

International Space Station are fine for 

floating in space, they are too heavy and 

do not provide the leg mobility needed for 

walking on the Moon, an asteroid, or 

Mars. The next generation Z-2 spacesuit 

will provide astronauts go-anywhere garb 

that features more flexible joints, 

radiation protection for long stays in 

space, and a unique access hatch on the 

back. The hatch will allow the suit to 

dock with a spacecraft or rover, so an 

astronaut can crawl through without 

letting dust in or air out. 

Advanced Exploration Systems (AES) represents an innovative 

approach to developing foundational technologies that will 

become the building blocks for future space missions. Using 

focused in-house activities to develop and test prototype 

systems rapidly, AES is pioneering ways to drive a rapid pace 

of progress, streamline management, and more effectively 

utilize the NASA workforce as we transition to enabling 

human spaceflight beyond low-Earth orbit. Teams of NASA 

engineers and technologists across the country are engaged in 

small-scale development activities, gaining valuable hands-on 

experience with hardware and mastering the skills necessary 

for future space missions. Early integration and testing of 

technology will reduce risk and improve affordability of future 

exploration missions. 

AES activities focus on crewed systems for deep space, and 

robotic precursor missions that gather critical knowledge about 

potential destinations in advance of crewed missions. Major 

products include systems development for reliable life support, 

asteroid capture mechanisms, deep space habitats, crew 

mobility systems, advanced space suits (including concepts for 

astronaut extravehicular activity with an asteroid), and 

autonomous space operations. AES will also collaborate with 

the Science Mission Directorate to explore innovative 

partnerships to advance Near Earth Object observation and 

target identification. 

As prototype systems are developed, they are tested using 

NASA ground-based facilities or as flight experiments on the 

International Space Station. NASA's Space Technology 

Mission Directorate also contributes to the HEO effort: AES 

infuses new Space Technology Mission Directorate-developed 

technologies into exploration missions, as components 

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ADVANCED EXPLORATION SYSTEMS

integrated into prototype systems. AES also works closely with NASA's Science Mission Directorate on a 

joint robotic precursor activity to develop instruments, support research and analysis efforts, and plan and 

conduct precursor missions. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

AES will start studying alternatives for developing an asteroid capture mechanism, investigating 

spacecraft control algorithms for capturing and redirecting an asteroid, and demonstrating concepts for 

astronaut extra-vehicular activity (EVA) with an asteroid's surface. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In FY 2012, AES achieved significant milestones that improved understanding of the risks to future 

human explorers in space. Annual milestones for each activity measure performance and drive rapid 

progress through major fabrication, system integration, and test events. Of 56 milestones, AES 

accomplished 49, for an 88 percent completion rate. Utilizing both flight and simulated test experiments, 

NASA gained valuable data and technical insight essential to developing technologies critical to space 

exploration. 

Integrated on the Mars Science Laboratory aboard NASA's Curiosity rover, the Radiation Assessment 

Detector developed by AES successfully obtained the first radiation measurements from the surface of 

Mars, providing crucial data for future human space exploration. This data will help NASA evaluate the 

health risks associated with humans traveling to space, and assist in developing technologies that will 

reduce astronaut exposure to radiation. The detector will continue to take measurements for the duration 

of the mission. 

As part of a joint effort with the Canadian Space Agency, NASA conducted a prototype lunar ice 

prospecting experiment in Hawaii to determine whether ice in lunar soil can produce propellants and 

oxygen. The results indicate that this technology can lead to a significant reduction of consumables would 

need to be launched from Earth to support human missions, which will impact the development of future 

human exploration architectures. This collaboration will have implications for the manufacture of 

propellants from embedded ices throughout the inner solar system, including on asteroids and the surface 

of Mars. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

As NASA works to extend human space exploration beyond low Earth orbit, AES is developing two 

experiments for the Exploration Flight Test-1 mission, planned for launch in FY 2014. The first includes 

solid-state radiation detectors that will measure the radiation environment inside the Orion Multi-Purpose 

Crew Vehicle when it passes through the Earth's radiation belts. The second experiment, in conjunction 

with the radiation detectors, is an advanced caution and warning system that will monitor the health of 

critical vehicle systems by using data transmitted to the ground. If successful, these tests will allow 

NASA to develop compatible sensors and systems for Orion as well as for other vehicles Additional 

habitat systems research is underway to further study how crew accommodations, life support, power and 

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Exploration: Exploration Research and Development 

ADVANCED EXPLORATION SYSTEMS

avionics subsystems will work on future missions. As part of this study, AES is outfitting a mock-up 

prototype deep space habitat that will integrate the two radiation systems for testing. 

AES has contracted with Bigelow Aerospace on a newly planned addition to ISS that will use the orbiting 

laboratory to test expandable space habitat technology; the module is scheduled to arrive at ISS in 2015 

for a two-year technology demonstration. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

AES will begin addressing the technical barriers to successfully deploying an asteroid capture 

mechanism, which will include development of several potential design concepts, an analysis of 

alternatives, and downselect to an option for proof-of-concept ground demonstrations, including structural 

integrity testing. These efforts will be done in collaboration with the Space Technology and Science 

Mission Directorates in support of a potential integrated mission to redirect and explore an asteroid. 

Spacesuit fabrication will begin on an improved suit that will be lightweight, more flexible, and powered 

by an advanced battery system. In addition, work will continue on a new portable life support system for 

the next generation suit, which will provide protection from temperature extremes, supply oxygen, and 

remove carbon dioxide and contaminants from the air. 

Due to mass and power constraints, it will not be possible to launch and carry the supplies needed to 

support crew on long-duration missions beyond low Earth orbit. Extended missions will require new 

logistics approaches. In FY 2014, ISS crew will test a cascade distillation system to recycle wastewater, 

and demonstrate extended wear clothing that will reduce the weight of supplies to be launched from 

Earth. To improve launch vehicle thrust, NASA is also planning to complete tests of high temperature 

reactor fuel element materials for nuclear thermal propulsion systems. Nuclear propulsion is more 

efficient, more powerful, and will reduce the trip time for human missions to Mars. 

Testing of autonomous mission operations software will also take place on the ISS. When humans 

explore deep space, astronauts and flight controllers will not be able to relay messages and commands 

back and forth in a matter of seconds. By the time contact is made with Mission Control, the crew may 

already need to be working on a solution to a problem, or performing independent operations during a 

time-critical mission phase. By allowing the crew to develop plans and procedures, this software testing 

will help reduce the crew's dependence on ground-based mission control. 

Program Elements 

Five technology elements called "domains" drive the AES activity. Each domain focuses on a specific 

exploration technology required for future human exploration. 

HABITAT SYSTEMS

The focus of the Habitat Systems domain is enabling the crew to live and work safely in deep space. 

These include developing a deep space habitat, reliable life support systems, logistics reduction, radiation 

EXP-47
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ADVANCED EXPLORATION SYSTEMS

measurements and protection, and experiments to understand how fire spreads in microgravity to improve 

spacecraft fire safety. 

VEHICLE SYSTEMS

Within the Vehicle Systems domain are efforts to develop technologies needed for advanced in-space 

propulsion stages and small robotic landers. Current initiatives underway include studies of reactor fuel 

elements and engine concepts for nuclear thermal propulsion systems, modular power systems for 

multiple exploration vehicles and systems, and a small lander test bed to demonstrate autonomous 

precision landing. 

OPERATIONS

Included in the Operations domain are mission simulations to test systems and operational concepts, 

developing software for autonomous mission operations, advanced ground systems to automate propellant 

handling, next generation autonomous networking technology, and common avionics and software for use 

in multiple systems. These technologies will make mission and ground operations more efficient and cost 

effective. 

ROBOTIC PRECURSOR ACTIVITIES

Robotic Precursor activities focus on developing robotic missions and instruments to provide strategic 

knowledge about potential destinations for human missions. Current projects include a ground-based 

radar to image near-Earth asteroids, risk reduction for an asteroid capture mechanism, a detector to 

measure the radiation environment on the Mars surface, and a lunar ice prospecting experiment. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Jan 2013 Complete critical design review for the radiation environment monitor 

scheduled for the first flight test of Orion MPCV in 2014 

Mar 2013 Complete initial safety review for the Bigelow inflatable module scheduled to 

fly on ISS 

Jul 2013 Demonstrate autonomous landing and hazard avoidance in flight test of 

Morpheus lander 

Sep 2013 Complete mission concept review for lunar ice prospecting mission scheduled 

for flight in 2017 

Mar 2014 Test cascade distillation system to recycle wastewater 

Apr 2014 Demonstrate software for autonomous mission operations on ISS 

Jun 2014 Fabricate second generation Z-2 spacesuit 

Jul 2014 Test advanced spacesuit battery 

Jul 2014 Demonstrate EVA asteroid exploration capabilities in a ground test 

Complete testing and down selection of reactor fuel element materials for 

nuclear thermal propulsion Aug 2014

EXP-48
Exploration: Exploration Research and Development 

ADVANCED EXPLORATION SYSTEMS

Sep 2014 Complete asteroid capture mechanism down-select to an option for proof-ofconcept ground demonstrations and complete mission definition

Program Management & Commitments 

The Human Exploration Operations Mission Directorate executes AES activities and the mission 

directorate’s associate administrator has delegated the management authority, responsibility, and 

accountability to the AES Division at NASA Headquarters. The AES Division establishes overall 

direction and scope, budget, and resource allocation for activities implemented by the NASA centers. 

Managers at the centers are accountable for executing AES activities; centers having the required 

competencies are responsible for each activity and other NASA centers provide support. The managers 

develop plans and work with the supporting NASA centers to allocate budget, workforce, and schedule to 

various tasks. The managers report directly to the AES Division at NASA Headquarters. 

AES and the Planetary Science Division within the Science Mission Directorate jointly fund the Joint 

Robotic Precursor Activities (JRPA), developing instruments for inclusion on NASA science and 

international missions. AES has overall management responsibility for this effort, and coordinates with 

the Science Mission Directorate on JRPA planning and execution. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: NASA Centers 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Centers: JSC, GRC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Crew Mobility Systems 

Provider: NASA Centers 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Centers: MSFC, JPL 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Habitat Systems

Provider: NASA Centers 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Centers: GRC, JSC, MSFC 

Cost Share Partners: Department of Energy 

Vehicle Systems 

Provider: NASA Centers 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Centers: ARC, JSC, KSC, MSFC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Operations

Provider: NASA Centers 

Lead Center: HQ

Performing Centers: ARC, JPL, KSC 

Cost Share Partners: Science Mission Directorate, Canadian Space Agency 

Robotic Precursor Activities 

EXP-49
Exploration: Exploration Research and Development 

ADVANCED EXPLORATION SYSTEMS

Acquisition Strategy 

AES selected initial activities via a competitive process in which the NASA centers submitted proposals 

in specific requested areas. Each year, AES terminates activities that do not demonstrate adequate 

progress, and adds new activities to the portfolio as appropriate. Teams are provided limited procurement 

funding to purchase materials, equipment, and test facilities. In addition, activities may utilize a small 

amount of contractor workforce in areas where NASA can cost effectively leverage their skills and 

knowledge. To limit this, AES strives to enhance these specialized skills within the civil service 

workforce. In addition, particular activities may issue competitive solicitations or leverage existing 

contracts for hardware development. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Crew Mobility Systems: Space Suit ILC Dover JSC

Habitat Systems: Life Support System 

Components Hamilton Sundstrand MSFC, JSC 

Habitat Systems: Inflatable Module Bigelow Aerospace JSC

Vehicle Systems: Reactor Fuel 

Elements Department of Energy MSFC

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

The NASA Independent Program Assessment Office will conduct independent assessments of the AES 

activities every three years. In 2015, the Assessment Office will assess the relevance, quality and 

performance of the AES effort. Periodically, representatives from the Office of Chief Engineer, the Office 

of Safety and Mission Assurance, and the Office of Chief Financial Officer will assess the program 

performance during Agency-level Baseline Performance Reviews. 

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

NASA Independent 

Program 

Assessment Office 

Assessment of program 

relevance, quality, and 

performance 

All N/A N/A 2015

EXP-50
 

SPACE OPERATIONS

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 4184.0 4249.1 3882.9 4014.9 3996.2 4167.9 4377.6

Space Shuttle 599.3 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

International Space Station 2789.9 -- 3049.1 3169.8 3182.4 3389.6 3598.3

Space and Flight Support 805.2 -- 833.8 845.1 813.8 778.3 779.3

Space Operations 

SPACE OPERATIONS .............................................................................. SO-2 

International Space Station (ISS) ............................................................... SO-5 

ISS Systems Operations and Maintenance ......................................... SO-7 

ISS Research ....................................................................................... SO-13

ISS Crew and Cargo Transportation .................................................... SO-21

SPACE AND FLIGHT SUPPORT (SFS) 

21st Century Space Launch Complex ........................................................ SO-27

Space Communications and Navigation (SCAN) ....................................... SO-34

Space Communications Networks ....................................................... SO-36

Space Networks Ground Segment Sustainment [Formulation] ............ SO-42

Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) [Development] .................. SO-47

Space Communication Support ........................................................... SO-52

Human Space Flight Operations ................................................................ SO-56

Launch Services ......................................................................................... SO-61

Rocket Propulsion Test (RPT) .................................................................... SO-67

SO-1
 

SPACE OPERATIONS

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 4184.0 4249.1 3882.9 4014.9 3996.2 4167.9 4377.6

Space Shuttle 599.3 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

International Space Station 2789.9 -- 3049.1 3169.8 3182.4 3389.6 3598.3

Space and Flight Support 805.2 -- 833.8 845.1 813.8 778.3 779.3

Subtotal 4194.4 4259.4 3882.9 4014.9 3996.2 4167.9 4377.6

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -10.4 -10.4 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -301.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -7.2 %

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). 

** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Space Shuttle and Space and Flight Support pursuant to P.L. 

112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

The International Space Station is a microgravity 

laboratory capable of research in a multitude of physical 

and biological science disciplines. Inhabited continuously 

for over a decade and supported by a partnership of 15 

nations, the Station currently supports a crew of six 

astronauts. 

As the Nation moves forward into the next 

chapter of human spaceflight, Space Operations 

remain critical to the Human Exploration and 

Operations (HEO) mission. 

After the retirement of the Space Shuttle, HEO 

shifted its operational focus to the full utilization 

of the International Space Station (ISS) for 

conducting research. Operations activity also 

provides safe and reliable access to space; 

manages rocket propulsion test facilities; 

maintains secure and dependable 

communications to ground stations and between 

platforms across the solar system; and assures the 

mission readiness of America's astronaut corps. 

For further programmatic information, go to: 

http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/home/index.html. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014

None. 

SO-2
 

SPACE OPERATIONS

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

On May 25, 2012, Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) made history when its Dragon spacecraft 

became the first commercially-owned vehicle to successfully attach to the ISS. Previously, only four 

government entities (the United States, Russia, Japan, and the European Space Agency) had achieved this 

challenging technical feat. The milestone heralded a new phase in ISS operations and utilization, as 

private industry is positioned to assume the role of providing resupply services (i.e., transporting cargo 

and experiments) to and from this National Laboratory in space. 

In addition, the Space Shuttle program continued its program retirement activities, highlighted by the 

delivery of the orbiters Discovery and Endeavour to the Smithsonian Institution and the California 

Science Center, respectively. Bolted to the back of the NASA 747 en route to their final homes, each 

vehicle made a low-altitude, farewell pass over towns and cities across America. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In early FY 2013, NASA began to replace its aging Tracking and Data Relay Satellites (TDRS), with the 

deployment of TDRS-K in January. These next generation satellites will assure continuity of reliable 

space network tracking, data, voice, and video services to NASA, as well as other US government 

agencies and commercial launch providers. The Space Shuttle program will complete transition and 

retirement activities to divest its remaining property by the end of FY 2013. This included the delivery of 

Atlantis to the Kennedy Space Center Visitors Center in November 2012. 

In March 2013 Space X successfully launched a Dragon capsule that berthed to the International Space 

Station, delivering over 1,000 pounds of supplies for the space station crew and for experiments being 

conducted aboard the orbiting laboratory, and then safely returning completed research experiments to the 

ground. 

NASA continues to maintain and expand ISS utilization as a research platform for scientific, 

technological, and educational purposes. Other continued operations include delivering mission-critical 

communication and navigation services, providing support and training for astronauts preparing for ISS, 

and ensuring technical and safety expertise for future human space systems development. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA plans to launch TDRS-L in February 2014, and carry out on-orbit testing to confirm that the 

spacecraft is performing as designed. Once testing is complete, the satellite will become an operational 

element of the space network, relaying data and commands to and from customer science missions and 

the ISS. The Agency also plans to launch the RapidScat instrument to the ISS, to measure ocean-surface 

wind speed and direction. This externally mounted instrument will help improve weather forecasts, 

including hurricane monitoring, and the understanding of how ocean-atmosphere interactions influence 

the Earth's climate. 

NASA will conduct rocket propulsion testing of key Space Launch System components at Stennis Space 

Center, including the J-2X engine, which will be integrated into the launch vehicle's second stage. 

SO-3
 

SPACE OPERATIONS

Flight plans for ISS include approximately four Soyuz launches carrying a total of six US on-orbit 

segment crew members to ISS, and Commercial Resupply Services flights to deliver research and 

logistics hardware. 

Themes 

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

The International Space Station is a unique technological achievement, the result of an international effort 

to conceive, plan, build, operate, and utilize a research platform in space. It is the latest step in the human 

endeavor to explore and live in space by providing a laboratory and crew in low Earth orbit to conduct 

research and advance technology development in biology and biotechnology, materials and physical 

science, and the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the human body. 

Among other benefits, these efforts enable future exploration into deep space by allowing researchers to 

develop and test countermeasures to reduce risk to crew. The results of the research completed on ISS 

advance many areas of science, enabling down to Earth benefits and giving humankind the experience 

and increased understanding necessary to journey to other worlds. Many of these advances hold the 

promise of next-generation technologies in fields such as health and medicine, robotics, manufacturing, 

and propulsion. 

SPACE AND FLIGHT SUPPORT

Space and Flight Support consists of multiple programs providing Agency-level capabilities critical to the 

success of NASA missions and goals. The Space Communications and Navigation program operates an 

extensive network of ground-based and orbiting communications nodes, as well as the associated 

hardware and software needed to collect the data generated by NASA’s crewed vehicles and robotic 

spacecraft. Assuring access to space is the mission of the Launch Services program, which provides 

leadership, expertise and cost-effective expendable launch vehicle services for NASA missions. The 

Rocket Propulsion Test program maintains a wide variety of test facilities that enable NASA, other 

agencies, and commercial partners to advance their rocket development efforts in a cost-effective manner. 

The Human Space Flight Operations program ensures that NASA’s astronauts are fully prepared to safely 

carry out current and future missions. 

SO-4
Space Operations: International Space Station 

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION PROGRAM 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 2789.9 -- 3049.1 3169.8 3182.4 3389.6 3598.3

ISS Systems Operations and Maintenance 1378.7 -- 1318.9 1258.7 1259.2 1330.3 1329.1

ISS Research 225.5 -- 226.4 229.3 236.4 239.6 249.6

ISS Crew and Cargo Transportation 1185.7 -- 1503.8 1681.9 1686.7 1819.7 2019.6

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 259.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 9.3 %

The Earth and a portion of the International Space 

Station's (ISS) solar array panels provide the backdrop as 

tiny CubeSats are sent into space outside Japan’s Kibo 

laboratory in October, 2012. Using an orbital mechanism 

attached to the module's robotic arm, this technology 

demonstration of small satellite deployment from the 

station could help save costs over launching from Earth. 

The culmination of efforts of the United States 

and its Canadian, European, Japanese, and 

Russian partners, the International Space Station 

(ISS) is a highly complex facility that provides 

an unparalleled capability for human, spacebased research. A crew of six aboard the 

International Space Station, three on the US onorbit segment, and three on the Russian 

segment, orbits the Earth about every 90 

minutes. The US on-orbit segment is the portion 

of ISS operated by US and its Canadian, 

European, and Japanese partners. The Russian 

on-orbit segment is operated by Russia. 

Including its solar arrays, ISS spans the area of 

a US football field (with end zones) and weighs 

over 860,000 pounds, not including visiting 

vehicles. Orbiting Earth 16 times per day at a 

speed of 17,500 miles per hour, ISS maintains 

an altitude that ranges from 230 to 286 miles. 

The complex has more livable room than a 

conventional five-bedroom house, with two 

bathrooms, a fitness center, a 360-degree bay 

window, and state of the art scientific research facilities. In addition to external test beds, ISS houses three 

major science laboratories (US Destiny, European Columbus, and Japanese Kibo). 

As the world's only space-based multinational research and technology testbed, ISS is critical to the future 

of human space activities. The facility enables scientists to identify and quantify risks to human health 

and performance and to develop and test countermeasures and technologies to protect astronauts during 

extended human space exploration. It is also a perfect testbed for evolving critical technologies needed to 

venture farther into space, such as long-duration life support, navigation systems, advanced lightweight 

structures, propulsion, and power generation and storage. 

ISS offers unique opportunities for research and development, allowing scientists to investigate biological 

and physical processes in an environment very different from that on Earth. Observing from and 

SO-5
Space Operations: International Space Station 

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION PROGRAM 

experimenting on the ISS provides the chance to learn about Earth, life, and the solar system from a very 

different frame of reference. NASA and its partners have used the unique “reference point” of ISS to 

advance science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) efforts to inspire youth to pursue 

those fields. The results of the research completed on ISS can be applied to many areas of science, 

improving life on this planet, and furthering the experience and increased understanding necessary to 

journey to other worlds. 

The ISS international partnership is transforming space exploration from an effort for the advancement of 

individual nations, to an endeavor that seeks to advance humankind. ISS aims to provide direct research 

benefits to the public through its operations, research, and technology development activities. The 

designation of ISS as a National Laboratory enables partners in government, academia, and industry to 

use the unique environment and advanced facilities aboard ISS to perform investigations. Ultimately, ISS 

activities may result in health solutions, or lead to technologies that improve our capabilities in space and 

on Earth. Additionally, ISS supports NASA’s effort to develop a low Earth orbit space economy, as the 

demand for ISS access provides a customer base for commercial crew and cargo system providers. 

For additional information on the ISS program, go to: 

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html. 

For specific information on the many experiments conducted on ISS, go to: 

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments_category.html.

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

SO-6
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS SYSTEMS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1378.7 -- 1318.9 1258.7 1259.2 1330.3 1329.1

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -60.9 -- -- -- --

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -4.4% -- -- -- --

 During this spacewalk in September 2012, Expedition 32 

Flight Engineer Sunita Williams installed a camera on the 

Canadarm2 robotic arm and completed installation of a 

Main Bus Switching Unit. In so doing, Williams surpassed 

the women’s world record for time spent in extravehicular 

activity, with a total in excess of 44 hours. This 252nd 

spacewalk by US astronauts was the 165th in support of 

International Space Station assembly and maintenance. 

The International Space Station (ISS) is a 

complex research facility and human outpost in 

low Earth orbit, developed in a collaborative, 

multinational effort to advance exploration of 

the solar system, enable unique scientific 

research, and promote commerce in space. 

Safely operating ISS in the severe conditions of 

space and ensuring that the crew always has a 

sufficient supply of food, water and oxygen 

available requires precise planning and logistics. 

Much like a home, ISS requires routine 

maintenance and is subject to unexpected 

mechanical failures. However, the systems on 

ISS are much more complex than those in an 

average home. Repairs can be challenging, often 

requiring the crew to make repairs in space, with 

support from ground teams on Earth. The 

astronauts cannot go to the local hardware store 

to buy materials; as with water and oxygen, 

support teams on Earth monitor and 

painstakingly plan replacement parts and 

"consumables" such as filters, to make sure they are available when needed. The ISS Systems Operations 

and Maintenance project is responsible for ensuring that ISS is fully operational and available to perform 

its research mission. 

The planning and support needed to allow crew to live and work comfortably requires intensive Earthbased mission operations. Ground teams continually monitor ISS performance, provide necessary vehicle 

commands, and communicate with crew. Even before the astronauts leave Earth, the Systems Operations 

and Maintenance project provides crew training to prepare them for their stay aboard ISS. 

When developing operations plans to meet ISS program objectives, all aspects of the mission are 

considered. These include scheduling crew time, coordinating docking and undocking of visiting crew 

and supply ships, evaluating consumables supply, and managing stowage issues. 

SO-7
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS SYSTEMS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 

Formulation Development Operations

The Systems Operations and Maintenance project also funds immediate, emergency services and analyses 

conducted by mission control teams on Earth. In NASA terminology, this is classified as vehicle and 

program anomaly resolution. Engineers and operators diagnose system failures and develop solutions, 

while program specialists respond to changing program needs and priorities through replanning efforts. 

This was the case in October 2012, when NASA had to plan an extravehicular activity to isolate an 

external thermal control fluid leak, which was in danger of shutting down a portion of the Station’s power 

system. Safety and mission assurance personnel provide evaluations to ensure that safety is never 

compromised. Without anomaly resolution capability, the ISS cannot function as a safe, human-occupied, 

Earth-orbiting research facility. 

Because ISS is an international partnership, program decisions are not made in isolation, but require 

coordination with multiple countries to ensure that all technical, schedule, and resources supply 

considerations are taken into account. The experience that NASA is gaining through integration with its 

ISS partners is helping the Agency better prepare for future partnerships in human exploration endeavors. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Throughout the year, NASA ground teams continued to monitor overall vehicle health, and oversee 

general maintenance and performance of all ISS vehicle systems, including command and data handling; 

communication and tracking; crew health care; environmental control and life support; electrical power; 

extravehicular activity (EVA); extravehicular robotics; flight crew equipment; guidance navigation and 

control; propulsion, structures and mechanisms; and thermal control. 

In FY 2012, while some systems experienced anomalies, all had acceptable performance with no impact 

to ISS operations. Overall, system reliability exceeded original predictions. For example, batteries are an 

essential component of the electrical power system and were originally designed to last over six years. 

The first two battery sets, installed in December 2000, lasted more than eight and nine years respectively, 

exceeding the planned design life by over 32 percent. Current batteries on orbit (installed September 2006 

and February 2009) are also continuing to outperform their planned life. 

Beyond normal operations, the ISS team supported activities during four EVAs: two from the US joint 

airlock, and two from the Russian segment. As part of satellite servicing activity, the Robotic Refueling 

Mission demonstrated a gas fitting removal task where robot teleoperators at Johnson Space Center 

directed Dextre (the Canadian Space Agency’s robotic handyman aboard ISS) to retrieve tools and 

perform the tasks required to cut safety wires and remove representative fittings located on the module 

aboard ISS. This was a valuable exercise, since many spacecraft use these fittings to fill fluids and gases 

prior to launch. 

SO-8
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS SYSTEMS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 

Formulation Development Operations

The ISS program met all of its FY 2012 NASA Performance Goals, including maintaining a six-crew 

member capability, flying all planned resupply flights, and providing 100 percent of the resources needed 

to support research. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The ISS Systems Operations and Maintenance project continues to maintain resources (on-orbit and on 

the ground) to operate and utilize ISS. NASA expects continued success in providing all necessary 

resources (including power, data, crew time, logistics, and accommodations) needed to support research, 

while operating safely with a crew of six astronauts. Four crew rotation and seven cargo resupply 

missions are planned in FY 2013, including both international partner and US commercial cargo flights. 

The team has supported one US EVA to date, and will support three additional EVAs from the Russian 

segment. In addition, the Robotic Refueling Mission will demonstrate additional refueling tasks, 

including a fluid transfer. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, the Systems Operations and Maintenance program will work with the international partners 

to maintain a continuous six crew member capability on ISS by coordinating and managing resources, 

logistics, systems, and operational procedures. The program will continue to manage requirements and 

changes in ISS resources, including vehicle traffic, cargo logistics, stowage, and crew time. In addition to 

planning and real-time support for all ISS activities such as EVA and visiting vehicles, the team will 

provide anomaly resolution and failure investigation activities as needed. Robotic refueling mission 

operations and data analysis will proceed as NASA continues to engage private industry and other 

government agencies to determine their interest in these capabilities. 

Project Schedule 

The table below provides a schedule for potential EVAs. However, ISS conducts near term, real-time 

assessments of EVA demands along with other program objectives, to efficiently plan all required ISS 

activities. NASA remains postured to conduct EVAs on short notice in response to specific contingency 

scenarios. In addition, routine maintenance EVAs are planned when the list of tasks fulfills an EVA and 

the activity can be accommodated within the program objectives for the increment, while maintaining 

focus on utilization and research. 

Date Significant Event

Nov 2012 US EVA 20 

Apr 2013 Russian EVA 32

Jun 2013 Russian EVA 33 

Jul 2013 US EVAs 21 and 22 

Aug 2013 Russian EVAs 34 and 35 

Oct 2013 Russian EVA 36 

SO-9
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS SYSTEMS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 

Formulation Development Operations

Dec 2013 Russian EVA 37 

Jan 2014 Russian EVAs 38 and 39 

Apr 2014 Russian EVAs 40, 41, and 42

Jun 2014

Aug 2014 

Russian EVAs 43,44, and 45 

Russian EVA 46 

Project Management & Commitments 

While NASA maintains the integrator role for the entire ISS, each partner has primary authority for 

managing and operating the hardware and elements they provide. Within NASA, the Johnson Space 

Center in Houston, Texas leads project management of ISS Systems Operations and Maintenance. 

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA extended the Boeing US on-orbit segment sustaining engineering contract until September 30, 

2015. It is a cost plus award fee contract that provides sustaining engineering support, end-to-end 

subsystem management, and post production hardware support. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance)

Johnson Space Center US on-orbit segment Sustaining 

Engineering Contract The Boeing Company 

SO-10
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS SYSTEMS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 

Formulation Development Operations

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Assess the program’s 

ability to safely operate 

and maintain the ISS 

vehicle and to provide for 

a continuous human 

presence on-orbit. In 

addition, the Program 

Integration Review will 

assess ISS utilization 

activities across agency 

programs and the 

National Laboratory. 

Program 

Implementatio

n Review

Standing Review 

Board N/A TBD May 2013

NASA Aerospace 

Safety Advisory 

Panel 

Provides independent 

assessments of safety to 

the NASA Administrator. 

No formal 

recommendation

s or findings. 

Other Jan 25, 2013 TBD

Other NASA Advisory 

Council

Nov 28-30,

2012 

Provides independent 

guidance for the NASA 

Administrator. 

No formal 

recommendation

s or findings.

TBD

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

The table below provides the historical health assessment of each ISS system in FY 2012. As the table 

indicates, all systems were acceptable for the year with the exception of the electrical power system, due 

to an ammonia leak in a photovoltaic radiator. On November 1, 2012, astronauts conducted a spacewalk 

to reroute the ammonia flow through a spare radiator so the photovoltaic thermal control system could 

continue operation. 

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 

SUBSYSTEM 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012 2012

Command and Data G G G G G G G G G G G G Handline (C&DH)

Communications & G G G G G G G G G G G G Tracking (C&T)

Crew Health Systems G G G G G G G G G G G G (CHeCS)

Environments & Life G G G G G G G G G G G G Support (ECLSS)

Electrical Power G G G G G G G G G G G Y System (EPS)

Extra-vehicular G G G G G G G G G G G G Activity (EVA)

Extra-vehicular G G G G G G G G G G G G Robotics (EVR)

Flight Crew G G G G G G G G G G G G Equipment (FCE)

Guidance & G G G G G G G G G G G G Navigation (GN&C)

Propulsion G G G G G G G G G G G G

SO-11
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS SYSTEMS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 

Formulation Development Operations

Structures & G G G G G G G G G G G G Mechanisms (S&M)

Thermal Systems G G G G G G G G G G G G (TCS)

Payload Facilities G G G G G G G G G G G G

The Electrical Power System is yellow in September 2012 due to an ammonia leak in the photovoltaic radiator on 

the P6 truss. On November 1, 2012, astronauts conducted a spacewalk to reroute the ammonia flow through a spare 

radiator so the photovoltaic thermal control system (PVTCS) could continue operation. 

Purpose: To provide a sense of the availability and functional status of the on orbit systems 

Definitions: 

(G) Acceptable performance. Degraded performance of any subsystem may be deemed acceptable, 

dependent on other mitigating factors such as redundancy, spares availability, or criticality level. 

(Y) Degraded system performance with some operations being impacted. 

(R) System performance is degraded and there is a significant impact to operations 

SO-12
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS RESEARCH 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 225.5 -- 226.4 229.3 236.4 239.6 249.6

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 0.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 0.4 %

Don Pettit, ISS Expedition 30 flight engineer, works with 

colloidal particles in the microgravity sciences glovebox in 

March of 2012, studying interactions between particle 

surfaces and solvents. Results of this experiment will 

enable scientists to create models and processes to better 

preserve food and chemicals, evenly distribute ingredients 

to produce glues, jellies and gelatins, and control light 

movement in optical devices and materials. 

The International Space Station (ISS) is an 

orbiting platform that provides an unparalleled 

capability for space-based research as well as a 

unique venue for developing technologies for 

future human space exploration. As a research 

and development facility, ISS enables scientific 

investigation of physical processes in an 

environment very different from that of Earth. A 

range of science laboratories, external testbeds, 

and observatory sites are available aboard the 

ISS, enabling astronauts to conduct a wide 

variety of experiments in the unique 

environment of low Earth orbit. 

ISS supports research across a diverse array of 

disciplines, including physics, Earth science, 

space science, biology and biotechnology, 

human physiology, agricultural science, 

chemistry and materials science. In addition, ISS 

is a platform for educational activities that allow 

the public to connect with NASA and inspire 

students to excel in science, technology, 

engineering, and mathematics academic 

disciplines. 

As NASA’s only long-duration flight testbed, ISS is critical to developing plans to extend human space 

exploration beyond low Earth orbit. Aboard ISS, researchers study the effects of long-duration exposure 

to the space environment, devising and testing countermeasures that can offset risks to crew. 

ISS also serves as a testbed for next generation exploration technologies. The critical power supply for 

NASA's Mars Science Laboratory aboard the Curiosity rover uses a coating that was first tested on ISS. 

Material durability data, gathered from tests performed on ISS, have helped spacecraft designers shorten 

the development time for satellite hardware components. 

Research and development conducted aboard ISS also holds the promise of next-generation technologies 

in health and medicine, robotics, manufacturing, and propulsion. 

SO-13
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS RESEARCH 

Formulation Development Operations

In December 2012, NASA contracted Bigelow Aerospace to develop an expandable habitat for ISS. The 

Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) will be used to prove inflatable technology for future 

human spaceflight and exploration activities. It is planned to launch in May 2015. 

As the name implies, the International Space Station is not strictly a NASA endeavor, but a collaborative 

venture with our international partners, including the Canadian, European, Japanese, and Russian space 

agencies. Although each partner has distinct national goals for ISS research, all participating agencies 

share a unified goal to extend the resulting knowledge for future exploration and to benefit humanity. 

Within NASA, mission directorates prioritize their research investments based on decadal studies from 

the National Academies and Agency roadmaps. 

The ISS Research project funds fundamental research in biological and physical sciences to enable future 

human exploration and to add to our existing body of knowledge. Also funded is multi-user systems 

support, which provides strategic, tactical, and operational support to all NASA sponsored and nonNASA sponsored payloads (including those of the five international partners), as well as operation of onorbit research facilities. ISS research enabling activities are included, as well as support to the Center for 

the Advancement in Space (CASIS), a non-profit management organization that determines commercial 

and other non-NASA research priorities for the ISS National Laboratory. 

With the conclusion of Expedition 32 in October 2012, more than 1,400 principal investigators from 63 

countries around the world have performed approximately 1,500 research investigations utilizing ISS; 

over 500 research and development results have been published in scientific journals and magazines. ISS 

will continue to provide research opportunities to scientists, engineers, and technologists through at least 

2020. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Scientific accomplishments on ISS continue to increase, as do the quantity of data returned from 

automated research instruments, and the astronaut crew time dedicated to research. 

As NASA looks forward to expanding human exploration of the solar system, work aboard ISS continued 

efforts to enable long-duration space flight. This year, studies revealed that high-intensity resistive 

exercise combined with Vitamin D can help preserve bone mass density without the need for 

pharmaceuticals. While critical to astronaut health, these results may also be relevant to treatments for the 

estimated 44 million Americans affected by osteoporosis. 

Apart from the field of medicine, fluids experiments provided the most refined engineering data yet for 

design of effective liquid storage devices on spacecraft, critical for future exploration and Earth 

applications including ground water transportation and heat pipes. In addition, combustion studies 

SO-14
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS RESEARCH 

Formulation Development Operations

enhanced understanding of “cool flames,” which are low-temperature flames ignited by chemical 

reactions of fuel vapor and air. On Earth, these flames are difficult to observe, but they are responsible for 

“engine knock” in internal combustion engines. These research results could aid in diesel engine 

performance and overall combustion safety. 

Educational activities aboard ISS have inspired millions of students worldwide, involving them in 

research, and demonstrating the science and engineering principles behind space exploration. In FY 2012, 

NASA moved beyond the traditional classroom by incorporating social media and supporting student 

experiments on ISS. These activities involved over 42 million students and 2.8 million teachers across 44 

countries. NASA selected fifteen student experiments, on topics ranging from liver cells to antibacterial 

resistance from 779 student proposals assembled by 3,500 students in the United States, and are now 

operating on ISS. Bill Nye “the Science Guy” announced the winners of the YouTube Space Lab student 

experiment in March 2012. The competition received over 2,000 video proposal submissions from 

students around the world. The two winning experiments, from the United States and Egypt, were flown 

aboard ISS and streamed to Earth in September. Such competitions provide students a hands-on 

opportunity to design experiments and simple demonstrations that can be performed in the classroom and 

by astronauts aboard ISS. 

As manager of ISS National Laboratory utilization, CASIS identified research pathways and announced 

research solicitations for protein crystal growth, Earth observation, and materials testing. CASIS also 

announced an agreement with the global pharmaceutical company, Merck Research Laboratories to 

collaborate on flight experiments with engineered proteins that could ultimately lead to development of 

new drugs and therapies to treat human immunological diseases. 

For a more comprehensive list of research achievements on the ISS, go to: 

http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/index.html. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

On October 5, 2012, NASA announced a twelve-month study to investigate the effects of long-term stays 

in space on bone density, muscle mass, strength, vision and human physiology. Although ISS crew visits 

are currently limited to six months, two astronauts will remain aboard for a full year of research, starting 

in spring 2015. While critical for future exploration missions, NASA anticipates that this study and other 

investigations will also have application on Earth. As a growing senior population faces a myriad of agerelated health concerns, NASA's research advances knowledge of bone and muscle health, immunology, 

and innovative diagnostic systems, all of which hold promise for medical treatments on Earth. 

The ISS research project continues to develop hardware that supports research such as a large plant 

chamber planned for deployment in 2015. This facility is key to studying what happens to plants in space, 

and to determine whether humans can successfully grow food in microgravity during long-duration 

exploration missions. Plants are not only a source of food, but they provide oxygen, building material, 

and water recycling. This research will also allow people on Earth to grow more food using less land, and 

to regenerate lost forest areas more quickly. 

SO-15
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS RESEARCH 

Formulation Development Operations

As we move closer to the reality of extended space habitation, there is growing scientific interest in how 

different gravitational states influence humans. NASA is building hardware to study the effects of gravity 

on physiology and biology. Since osteoporosis appears to accelerate in space, this same hardware will 

enable CASIS and commercial partners to focus on potential remedies. 

In addition, the ISS multi-user systems support payload integration function will support 300 on-orbit 

payload investigations and 500 investigators in FY 2013. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, new hardware will be used to perform plant research and investigate gravity effects on 

physiology and biology. The first phase of a new fruit fly lab will launch in FY 2014, enabling study of 

micro- and fractional-gravity effects on humans. The fruit fly is a complex organism that has been 

extensively studied on Earth. At first glance, fruit flies do not seem to be a good analog for humans, but 

on the molecular level, we share many of the same basic genes and signal transactions. Research on 

insects is opening up new avenues for development of prevention and therapy against infections, cancer, 

and inflammatory disease. The new fruit fly lab could also enable greater knowledge of human genetic 

responses to long-term stays in space. 

Externally mounted payloads will be delivered to ISS to study Earth’s atmosphere, cosmic rays, high 

energy astrophysics, and the origin of the universe. One of these is the Cloud-Aerosol Transport System 

(CATS), which uses a Lidar remote sensing instrument to provide measurements of atmospheric clouds 

and aerosols such as pollution, dust, and smoke. The investigation will perform long duration 

observations of up to three years beginning in 2014, providing continuity in data acquired on previous 

missions. Observations of Earth’s changing atmosphere enable researchers to understand formative and 

ongoing processes, and ultimately model and predict future climate changes. The orbit of ISS is 

particularly suited to measurements of this kind because of the geographic areas it passes over, and 

because it permits study of day-to-night changes, which other Earth science satellites cannot offer, due to 

their orbits. 

Reusing hardware originally built to test parts of NASA's QuikScat satellite, the Agency will launch the 

ISS-RapidScat instrument to ISS in 2014 to measure ocean-surface wind speed and direction. As an 

autonomous externally mounted payload to the Columbus laboratory, the ISS-RapidScat instrument will 

help improve weather forecasts, including hurricane monitoring, and understanding of how oceanatmosphere interactions influence Earth's climate. ISS-RapidScat will help fill the data gap created when 

QuikScat, which was designed to last two years but operated for 10, stopped collecting ocean wind data in 

late 2009. Current scatterometer orbits pass the same point on Earth at approximately the same time every 

day. Since the Station's orbit intersects the orbits of each of these satellites about once every hour, ISSRapidScat can serve as a calibration standard and help scientists stitch together the ocean-surface wind 

data from multiple sources into a long-term consistent record. A SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft will 

deliver the instrument, and the instrument is expected to operate for two years. 

The ISS program will begin work to support hardware development such as a new Cold Atom Laboratory 

that will take advantage of the microgravity environment to create the coldest matter in the universe, 

which is just a trillionth of a degree above absolute zero. At these temperatures, individual atoms, 

SO-16
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS RESEARCH 

Formulation Development Operations

following the laws of quantum mechanics, approach fractions of a millimeter in effective size and making 

it possible to visually observe the quantum interactions of clouds of atoms. In 2014, the Cold Atom 

Laboratory is scheduled to complete the critical design review phase, in preparation for delivery to ISS in 

2016. The laboratory could enable significant discoveries in atomic physics, which could have 

applicability to next generation communications, navigation, timekeeping, and computing. 

Project Schedule 

An increment is defined as a period of time for ISS operations that spans from one Soyuz undock to the 

next Soyuz undock. There are four increments per year that consist of cargo ship arrivals and departures, 

as well as activities performed on board, including the research performed. The table below outlines start 

dates of the upcoming increments to ISS. 

Date Significant Event

Mar 2013 Increment 35

May 2013 Increment 36

Sep 2013 Increment 37

Nov 2013 Increment 38

Mar 2014 Increment 39

May 2014 Increment 40

Sep 2014 Increment 41

Project Management & Commitments 

The Space, Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications Division (SLPSRAD) at NASA 

Headquarters manages biological and physical sciences research. The division, working closely with the 

Office of the Chief Scientist, establishes the overall direction and scope, budget, and resource allocation 

for the project, which is then implemented by the NASA centers and acts as the liaison with CASIS. 

Other ISS Research activities such as multi-user systems support and National Laboratory enabling 

activities are managed by the ISS Program Office. 

SO-17
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS RESEARCH 

Formulation Development Operations

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Provider: NASA Centers, contractors, and 

principal investigators 

Lead Center: HQ 

Participating Centers: ARC, GRC, JPL, 

MSFC, JSC 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Biological and 

Physical Sciences

This element includes all

NASA-sponsored biological 

and physical research.

N/A

Multi-user systems 

support (includes 

National Laboratory 

enabling activities)

Multi-user systems support

activities support all research 

on ISS, both NASA 

sponsored and non-NASA 

sponsored.

Provider: ISS program and contractors

Lead Center: JSC

Participating Center: MSFC

Cost Share Partners: N/A

N/A

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA awards contracts and grants for the conduct of ISS Research. NASA-sponsored biological and 

physical research is managed by SLPSRAD; NASA selected CASIS to manage non-NASA ISS Research 

activities. This independent non-profit will further develop national uses of ISS. 

Peer review is the means to assure a high-quality research program. Engagement of leading members of 

the research community to competitively assess the merits of submitted proposals is essential to assuring 

the productivity and quality of ISS Research. SLPSRAD uses NASA research announcements to provide 

scientists selected by peer-review the opportunity to develop complete flight experiments and allow 

universities to participate in flight research by involving their scientists and engineering schools. ISS 

Research plans to announce two to four biological and physical sciences NASA research announcement 

opportunities in 2013. 

NASA prioritizes research based on National Academies' decadal studies and Agency roadmaps. In FY 

2014, a NASA Advisory Council Subcommittee on Life and Physical Sciences will be in place to provide 

independent guidance and prioritization for NASA-sponsored biological and physical research. Major 

technology demonstrations require significant cooperative funding, and NASA is developing an approach 

for cross-Agency prioritization of ISS technology initiatives. 

SO-18
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS RESEARCH 

Formulation Development Operations

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Vehicle Sustaining Engineering 

Contract The Boeing Company Houston, TX 

Huntsville Operations Support Center COLSA Corporation Huntsville, AL 

Tallahassee, FL ISS National Laboratory Management 

Entity CASIS

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Quality Peer Review Panel Jul 2012

Peer review of space 

biology NASA research 

announcement

Selection of 

grantees Nov 2012 

Quality Peer Review Panel Nov 2011 

Peer review of physical

sciences NASA research 

announcement

Selection of 

grantees May 2012 

Quality National Academies Jul 2011

Decadal survey of life 

and physical sciences in 

microgravity

Establish a guide 

for research in

the next decade.

Jul 2021

Assess the ISS program’s 

ability to safely operate 

and maintain the ISS e 

and to provide for a 

continuous human 

presence on orbit. In 

addition, the Program 

Implementation Review 

will assess ISS utilization 

activities across Agency 

programs and the 

National Laboratory. 

Program 

Implementatio

n Review

Standing Review 

Board N/A TBD May 2013

Other

NASA Aerospace 

Safety Advisory 

Panel 

Jan 2013 

Provides independent 

assessments of safety to 

the NASA Administrator. 

No formal 

recommendation

s or findings.

TBD

Other NASA Advisory 

Council Nov 2012 

Provides independent 

guidance for the NASA 

Administrator. 

No formal 

recommendation

s or findings.

TBD

SO-19
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS RESEARCH 

Formulation Development Operations

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

NASA estimates that over 275 research and technology investigations were performed on ISS in FY 

2012. The chart below displays historical data by partner agency for research investigations performed on 

ISS since 1998. 

SO-20
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS CREW AND CARGO TRANSPORTATION 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 1185.7 -- 1503.8 1681.8 1686.7 1819.7 2019.6

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 318.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 26.8 %

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency astronaut Aki 

Hoshide and NASA astronaut Sunita Williams capture 

the Space Exploration Technologies Corporation 

(SpaceX) Dragon commercial cargo spacecraft. Using the 

Canadarm2 robotic armto berth Dragon to the 

International Space Station, the crew marked the 

beginning of NASA's first contracted cargo delivery to 

the Station. 

Maintaining ISS requires an international fleet of 

vehicles and launch locations to: rotate crew 

members; replenish propellant; provide science 

experiments, critical supplies, and maintenance 

hardware; and dispose of waste. These deliveries 

sustain a constant supply line crucial to ISS 

operations and research. The ISS Crew and 

Cargo Transportation project funds 

transportation services provided by both 

international partners and domestic commercial 

providers. 

NASA purchases cargo delivery to ISS under 

commercial resupply services (CRS) contracts 

with Orbital Sciences Corporation (Orbital) and 

Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX). The 

FY 2014 budget supports these contracted 

flights, as well as future flights to provide for 

cargo transportation, including transportation for 

National Laboratory research payloads. 

The Russian Space Agency, Roscosmos, 

currently provides ISS crew transportation. NASA plans to purchase crew transportation services from a 

domestic capability as soon as one becomes available. 

The ISS Crew and Cargo Transportation project also funds work supporting visiting vehicles that provide 

transportation for ISS, such as the system to support crew communications and provide backup capability 

for the existing cargo transportation providers. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

SO-21
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS CREW AND CARGO TRANSPORTATION 

Formulation Development Operations

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In FY 2012, CRS contractors passed significant milestones towards achieving commercial cargo 

transportation services. SpaceX completed one Commercial Orbital Transportation System demonstration 

flight, and 11 milestones for performance on six commercial resupply flights, including one flown in 

October 2012. Under the CRS contract, NASA procured capability on the SpaceX demonstration flight, 

which delivered 1,014 pounds of supplies to ISS, including experiments, food, clothing and technology. 

On its return trip to Earth, the capsule carried science experiments back to researchers hoping to gain new 

insights provided by the unique microgravity environment in ISS laboratories. In addition to the 

experiments, Dragon returned a total of 1,367 pounds of hardware and cargo no longer needed. Orbital 

completed seven milestones for performance on five future commercial resupply flights. 

The Crew and Cargo Transportation project also supported four Russian Soyuz launches in FY 2012, 

providing crew transportation services to ISS for six US on-orbit segment crew members. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, the ISS Crew and Cargo Transportation project will continue to provide a stable cargo flight 

plan, which includes CRS flights to deliver research and logistics hardware to ISS. On October 28, 2012, 

SpaceX became the first domestic cargo supply and return service provider since the end of the Shuttle 

program. In March 2013, SpaceX completed their second CRS flight. In total in FY 2013, NASA expects 

SpaceX to launch two resupply flights, and complete 11 performance milestones on seven resupply 

flights. NASA expects Orbital to launch one Commercial Orbital Transportation System demonstration 

flight and one CRS flight, and complete six performance milestones for performance on six resupply 

flights. 

In FY 2013, the ISS Crew and Cargo Transportation project will also continue to provide a stable crew 

flight plan, which includes approximately four Soyuz launches carrying a total of six US on-orbit segment 

crew members to ISS. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The ISS Crew and Cargo Transportation project will enable continued research and technology 

development by providing a stable crew and cargo flight plan. These flight plans include approximately 

four Soyuz launches carrying a total of six US on-orbit segment crew members to ISS, and commercial 

resupply flights to deliver research and logistics hardware. NASA expects Orbital to launch two CRS 

flights, and complete 11 performance milestones on five flights. NASA also expects SpaceX to launch 

three commercial resupply flights and complete seven performance milestones on five flights. 

Project Schedule 

Maintaining a regular rate of cargo delivery on a mix of NASA and partner vehicles ensures that nominal 

operations and maintenance are sustained, while allowing the program to respond to any anomalies that 

SO-22
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS CREW AND CARGO TRANSPORTATION 

Formulation Development Operations

might occur. The table below shows the scheduled ISS flight plan for FY 2013 and FY 2014. NASA 

funds SpaceX, Orbital and Soyuz seats related to US on-orbit segment crew requirements. The planned 

spacing of the Soyuz crew rotation flights assures a continuous six-crew presence on ISS, as well as 

smooth transitions between crews. 

Date Significant Event

Oct 2012 SpX-1 

Oct 2012 Soyuz 32S 

Oct 2012 Progress 49P 

Dec 2012 Soyuz 33S 

Feb 2013 Progress 50P 

Mar 2013 SpX-2 

Mar 2013 Soyuz 34S 

Apr 2013 Progress 51P 

May 2013 Soyuz 35S 

Jun 2013 Orbital Commercial Orbital Transportation System Demonstration 

Jun 2013 ATV-4

Jul 2013 Progress 52P 

Aug 2013 HTV-4

Sep 2013 Orb-1 

Sep 2013 Soyuz 36S 

Oct 2013 Progress 53P 

Nov 2013 SpX-3 

Nov 2013 Soyuz 37S 

Dec 2013 Orb-2 (under review) 

Dec 2013 Russian Assembly Flight 3R (Multipurpose Laboratory Module) 

Feb 2014 Progress 54P 

Mar 2014 Soyuz 38S 

Apr 2014 SpX-4 

Apr 2014 Orb-3 (under review) 

Apr 2014 Progress 55P 

Apr 2014 ATV-5

May 2014 Soyuz 39S 

Jul 2014 HTV-5

Aug 2014 Progress 56P 

Aug 2014 SpX-5 

SO-23
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS CREW AND CARGO TRANSPORTATION 

Formulation Development Operations

Project Management & Commitments 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Crew transportation 

Roscosmos will provide crew 

transportation to ISS via the 

major contract described 

below until a domestic 

capability is available.

Provider: Roscosmos 

Lead Center: JSC 

Participating Centers: 

Cost Share Partners: CSA, ESA, and 

JAXA 

N/A

 Cargo transportation 

Orbital and SpaceX will 

provide cargo transportation 

to ISS via the major contracts 

described below. ESA and 

JAXA will provide 

additional cargo 

transportation as part of the 

ISS partnership. Roscosmos 

will also provide nominal 

cargo transportation via 

Soyuz purchased for crew 

transportation. 

Provider: Orbital, SpaceX, ESA, JAXA, 

and Roscosmos

Lead Center: JSC

Participating Centers: GSFC, KSC

Cost Share Partners: CSA, ESA, and 

JAXA

N/A

Johnson Space Center (JSC) is responsible for project management of ISS Crew and Cargo 

Transportation. 

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA competitively awarded CRS contracts to SpaceX and Orbital on December 23, 2008. These are 

milestone based fixed-price indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contracts. Cargo transportation 

services began in 2012, with the current contracts running through 2016. NASA plans to competitively 

procure any future cargo transportation services, excluding services obtained via barter with our 

international partners or nominal cargo transportation provided by Soyuz. 

In 2006, NASA modified the Roscosmos contract to include crew transportation, rescue, and related 

services. The contract is a sole source contract under FAR 6.302-1 (only one responsible source and no 

other supplies or services will satisfy Agency requirements). NASA has currently contracted with 

Roscosmos for crew launches through 2015, and crew rescue and return through early 2016. As domestic 

crew transportation services become available (planned for 2017), NASA will competitively procure 

those services. 

SO-24
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS CREW AND CARGO TRANSPORTATION 

Formulation Development Operations

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Crew transportation Roscosmos Moscow, Russia 

Cargo transportation Orbital Dulles, VA 

Cargo transportation SpaceX Hawthorne, CA 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Program 

Implementatio

n Review

Standing Review 

Board N/A

The Sustainment and 

Utilization Program 

Implementation Review 

will assess the ISS 

Program’s ability to 

safely operate and 

maintain the ISS and to 

provide for a continuous 

human presence on-orbit. 

In addition, the Program 

Implementation Review 

will assess ISS utilization 

activities across Agency 

programs and the 

National Laboratory. 

TBD May 2013 

Other

NASA Aerospace 

Safety Advisory 

Panel 

Jan 2013 

Provides independent 

assessments of safety to 

the NASA Administrator.

No formal 

recommendation

s or findings.

TBD

Other NASA Advisory 

Council Nov 2012 

Provides independent 

guidance for the NASA 

Administrator. 

No formal 

recommendation

s or findings

TBD

SO-25
Space Operations: International Space Station : International Space Station Program 

ISS CREW AND CARGO TRANSPORTATION 

Formulation Development Operations

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

Flights to ISS from Inception through March 2013 

Unsuccessful 

Vehicle Provider Number of Launches Successful Launches Launches 

Shuttle NASA 37 37 0

Soyuz Roscosmos 34 34 0

Progress Roscosmos 52 51 1

Proton Roscosmos 2 2 0

ATV ESA 3 3 0

HTV JAXA 3 3 0

Falcon9/Dragon SpaceX 3 3 0

Antares/Cygnus Orbital 0 0 0

SO-26
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

21ST CENTURY SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 123.5 -- 39.6 31.0 36.2 11.8 11.8

Subtotal 130.0 -- 39.6 31.0 36.2 11.8 11.8

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -6.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -83.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -67.9 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

 The flight termination system at Cape Canaveral Air 

Force Station supports all launches from the Cape and the 

Kennedy Space Center. It is part of the Eastern Range 

modernization effort funded by NASA’s 21st Century 

Launch Complex, in partnership with the Air Force. 

Upgrades will include a high rate remote data downlink, 

S-band radar uplink capability, and encrypted flight 

termination systems. Upon completion, the Range will 

provide a sophisticated launch network that enables faster 

transfer of data, making launch from the Eastern Range 

more beneficial to commercial and government customers. 

With the end of the Space Shuttle program, 

NASA has set about evolving its workforce and 

facilities to meet the needs of future exploration 

of the solar system, as well as new commercial 

opportunities in low Earth orbit. The Agency 

created the 21st Century Space Launch Complex 

(21CSLC) initiative to modernize and transform 

the Florida launch and range complex at 

Kennedy Space Center. Upgrades will continue 

through 2018 as required to meet customer 

needs, evolving the launch site into a more 

robust national launch capability for current and 

future NASA programs, other US government 

agencies, and commercial industry. 

For more information, go to: 

http://go.nasa.gov/groundsystems. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In FY 2012, the Agency began extensive infrastructure enhancements aimed at enabling the launch 

complex to support multiple users. Through 21CSLC, NASA provided new landing facility gates and 

fences to accommodate customers who require horizontal launch or landing in addition to crawlerway 

upgrades to support increased launch vehicle weight. NASA recently awarded contracts for re-rock, 

which entails removal and replacement of old rock to support vehicle rollouts, and transition work on 

crawlerway legs A and B. As part of range modernization efforts, 21CSLC acquired a 50 megahertz 

Doppler radar wind profiler and a multiple object tracking radar transmitter. 

SO-27
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

21ST CENTURY SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, NASA continues to establish and develop 21CSLC partnerships with government and 

commercial entities requiring ground processing, launch, recovery, and other KSC services. The Agency 

selects projects to maximize the number of potential users the launch site can accommodate. Projects 

planned for FY 2013 include the completion of the design for the Vehicle Assembly Building utility 

annex's critical system upgrade, a multi-user flame deflector design to protect for different vehicle 

configurations at Pad 39B, upgrades to interface with Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's new timing 

system, and functional fault modeling of the cryo testbed lab. Enhancing the landing facility infrastructure 

will continue in FY 2013, to enable horizontal launch and landing capabilities. A crawler transporter 20-

year life extension is underway, as are range autonomous flight safety support system and radio frequency 

detection, and installation of the gaseous nitrogen meter. Through 21CSLC, NASA will continue to 

maintain Pad 39A in support of commercial and Department of Defense customers. Additionally, design 

studies will be completed on the mobile launcher extensible column, multi-use launch mount interface, 

and medium class launch capability at Launch Complex 39. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

During FY 2014, KSC will perform environmental remediation and technology upgrades to the shoreline 

and the waste management facility. Mechanical and lighting in commercial facilities at the Eastern Range 

will be upgraded, and soil and groundwater assessments will be conducted at Pad A. NASA and the US 

Air Force will continue the combined range interface and control services modernization effort, including 

installation of a new Doppler radar wind profiler and improvement of the far field antenna range 

capability. The advanced ground systems and maintenance group will demonstrate and test interfaces with 

the end-to-end command and control system, while continuing designs to perfect fault isolation and 

anomaly detection on ground support equipment, facilities, and other flight hardware. These 

improvements will allow NASA to predict hardware failure and minimize repair cost and resulting launch 

delays. In addition, the design for the refurbishment of the flame trench at Launch Complex 39-B will 

also be completed during FY 2014. Such enhancements will help to ensure that the Nation has a robust 

launch capability. 

Program Elements 

21CSLC efforts focus on the life cycle of a launch complex as an integrated system to enable more 

efficient and cost effective ground processing, launch, and recovery operations for a variety of users. The 

primary product lines for 21CSLC are mission focused modernization, Florida launch modernization 

infrastructure, environmental remediation and technologies, offline manufacturing, processing and 

recovery systems, and range interface and control services. These product lines are set up to implement 

projects identified in support of commercial or Department of Defense initiatives through solicitations 

submitted to Kennedy Space Center. 

Project/Element Element Content

Offline Manufacturing, Processing and 

Recovery Systems 

Repair and upgrade systems and facilities associated with payload 

processing, servicing, hazardous operations, and recovery in support of 

commercial customers 

Range Interface and Control Services Develops capability for communications, range systems, customer 

interface systems, and advanced ground systems maintenance

SO-28
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

21ST CENTURY SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX

Mission Focused Modernization 

Florida Launch Modernization 

Infrastructure 

Provides multi-user facility capabilities to support a variety of vehicles, 

processed and launched in the horizontal or vertical configuration

Modernizes power, utility and facility systems, waste management 

systems, and safety and security systems throughout the KSC launch 

infrastructure so that it can maximize the number of potential users

Ensures energy conservation, environmental planning and regulatory 

requirements, natural resource mitigation, and environmental research, 

including materials replacement and technology development are being 

addressed 

Environmental Remediation and 

Technologies 

Program Schedule 

As a focused set of infrastructure investments, 21CSLC is not required by NASA policy to be managed to 

the same programmatic milestones as spacecraft projects. However, there are significant revitalization 

efforts occurring to modernize the Spaceport and attract as many users as possible. Research and 

development investments in 21CSLC will be completed no later than the end of FY 2018. Some of the 

major near-term activities are listed below. 

Date Significant Event

Sep 2013 Shuttle Landing Facility infrastructure extension design complete 

Oct 2013 Pad B Flame Trench refurbishment design complete 

Mar 2014 Environmental impact mitigation for Shuttle Landing Facility development 

complete 

May 2014 Eastern Range Lightning System upgrade complete 

Aug 2014 Advanced Ground System Maintenance Interface to End to End Command and 

Control System demonstration 

Apr 2015 50 megahertz Doppler project complete 

Crawler Transport jacking, equalization and leveling system cylinders 

complete Jun 2015 

Program Management & Commitments 

The Ground Systems Development and Operations Program Office (GSDO) manages infrastructure 

development for both Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) development and 21CSLC activities. This 

single-program approach to managing both the 21CSLC content under the Space Operations 

appropriation and the EGS content under the Exploration appropriation provides cost-effective synergy 

between the Space Launch System and Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle requirements, and the multiuser customer requirements. 

The following diagram shows the distinct break out of the 21CSLC content and the EGS content, as 

managed under the GSDO program. 

SO-29
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

21ST CENTURY SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX

GSDO Office Project 

Management

Mission 

Focused

Vertical 

Integration & 

Launch

Range 

Interface & 

Control

Control, 

Command, 

Comm, & 

Range

Environmental 

Remediation & 

Technologies

Office 

Manufacturing, 

Processing & 

Recovery

Florida 

Launch 

Modernization 

Infrastructure

Office 

Processing & 

Infrastructure

SO/21CSLC 

Appropriation

ES/EGS 

Appropriation

SO-30

The following table addresses the various elements within 21CSLC, lead and participating centers, and 

any cost share partners. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: 21CSLC 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Offline Manufacturing, Processing 

and Recovery Systems 

Provider: 21CSLC 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Center: ARC, JPL, GRC 

Cost Share Partners: US Air Force 

Range Interface and Control 

Services 

Provider: 21CSLC 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Mission Focused Modernization 

Provider: 21CSLC 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Florida Launch Modernization 

Infrastructure 

Provider: 21CSLC 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Environmental Remediation and 

Technologies 
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

21ST CENTURY SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX

Acquisition Strategy 

To retain flexibility and maximize affordability, GSDO serves as its own prime contractor for 21CSLC. 

The office executes customer ground infrastructure and processing requirements by leveraging center and 

programmatic contracts. It also uses pre-qualified indefinite delivery indefinite quantity contractors for 

routine work, while exercising full and open competition for larger or more specialized projects. The 

firm-fixed-price contracting approach is also used whenever possible because it provides maximum 

incentive for the contractor to control costs, since the contractor is subject to any losses incurred, and it 

imposes a minimum administrative burden upon the contracting parties. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

The 21CSLC is managed by the Ground Systems Development and Operations program manager and 

encompasses projects of varying content and size. Many of these are consistent with the type of 

architecture and engineering, construction, and programmatic support available within the scope of 

existing center and program support contracts. Should the project size or scope fall outside the scope of 

existing center capabilities, then competitively bid contracts will be used. Contracts are provided below. 

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

50 megahertz Doppler Radar Wind 

Profiler QinetiQ, North America KSC

Jacking, equalization and leveling 

cylinder (crawler transporter) QinetiQ, North America KSC

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

As a focused set of infrastructure investments, 21CSLC is not managed with the same formal independent 

reviews NASA requires for spacecraft projects. 

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

Over time, Kennedy Space Center has evolved to meet the changing needs of America's space program. 

Kennedy Space Center facilities are directly related to its mission of providing payload processing and 

integration, launch, and landing services for manned and unmanned missions. These facilities are now 

maturing under the 21st Century Launch Complex initiative to reconfigure from a Shuttle and 

International Space Station-centric complex to a robust spaceport, capable of supporting a multitude of 

commercial and government customers. The figures below illustrate this progression. 

SO-31
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

21ST CENTURY SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX

Historical Shuttle and International Space Station Utilization at KSC 

SO-32
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

21ST CENTURY SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX

Current 21st Century Launch Complex and Exploration Ground Systems Utilization at 

KSC 

SO-33

ARC Architectures Refinement Cycle

AFF Assembly & Refurbishment Facility (now BFF)

BFF Booster Fabrication Facility

CCAFS Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

CRF Canister Rotation Facility (now LASF)

CT Crawler Transporter

DoD Department of Defense

EPF Eastern Processing Facility

ET External Tank

GIOP Ground Integration and Operations Program 

(GSDO precursor)

GSDO Ground Systems Development and Operations

HB High Bay

HMF Hypergol Maintenance Facility

ISS International Space Station

KSC Kennedy Space Center

LASF Launch Abort System Facility (formerly CRF)

LB Low Bay

LC Launch Complex

LSP Launch Services Program

ML Mobile Launcher

MLP Mobile Launch Platform

MPCV Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle

MPPF Multi-Payload Processing Facility

NRO National Reconnaissance Office

O&C Operation & Checkout

OPF Orbiter Processing Facility

PCC Processing Control Center

PHSF Payload Hazardous Servicing Facility

PFR Parachute Refurbishment Facility

RPSF Rotation, Processing, and Surge Facility

SLC Space launch Complex

SLF Shuttle Landing Facility

SLS Space Launch System

SRB Solid Rocket Booster

SSPF Space Station Processing Facility

STS Space Transportation Program

TPSF Thermal Protection System Facility

U/R Under Review

USAF United States Air Force

VAB Vehicle Assembly Building
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS AND NAVIGATION 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 442.9 -- 554.5 562.7 521.4 506.5 507.5

Space Communications Networks** 355.6 -- 435.9 412.0 415.5 416.3 416.5

 Space Network Ground Systems Sust. 46.6 103.2 100.9 69.9 18.0 0.0

TDRS Replenishment 15.4 -- 41.2 71.2 28.6 0.0 0.0

Space Communications Support 72.3 -- 77.4 79.5 77.4 90.2 91.0

Subtotal 443.4 -- 554.5 562.7 521.4 506.5 507.5

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 111.6

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 25.2 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Space Communications Networks and Space 

Communications Support pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

** The amounts shown for the Space Communications Networks project include funding for Space Network Ground 

Segment Sustainment, which is described in more detail in a following section. 

Since 1994, the dish antennas of the second Tracking and 

Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) ground terminal in New 

Mexico have relayed critical science data and commands 

between the Earth and missions such as the International 

Space Station, Hubble, and Terra. Missions in low Earth 

orbit send signals to the tracking satellites in 

geosynchronous orbit, and they relay the signals to the 

ground terminal. Commands from Earth flow from the 

ground terminal to the TDRS, and then to the mission 

spacecraft. While the massive dish antennas are themost 

visible part of the ground terminal, doing the job also 

requires high-power electronics, digital switchgear, and 

support systems. 

The Space Communications and Navigation 

(SCaN) program provides mission-critical 

communications and navigation services that are 

required by all NASA space missions. SCaN 

retrieves science and spacecraft health data, 

uploads commands, and sends data to individual 

mission control centers. Navigation services 

accurately determine where a satellite is and 

where it is going, to enable plans for course 

changes, interpret science data, and position the 

spacecraft for the next communications 

opportunity. 

Without SCaN services to move data and 

commands between spacecraft and Earth, 

customer missions and space hardware worth 

tens of billions of dollars would be little more 

than orbital debris. A communications or 

navigation failure on the spacecraft or in SCaN 

network systems could result in complete loss of 

a mission. 

SCaN mission customers range from high 

altitude balloons at the edge of Earth’s 

atmosphere, through science satellites in low 

Earth orbit, to the most distant manmade object, Voyager 1,which is at the brink of the solar system, over 

SO-34
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS AND NAVIGATION 

11 billion miles from Earth. Other customers include the Hubble Space Telescope in Earth orbit, the 

Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars, and New Horizons on its way to Pluto. SCaN supports the 

International Space Station (ISS) as well as its commercial and international servicing vehicles, and will 

support commercial crew providers and NASA’s Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) when they 

launch in the future. SCaN also provides services to foreign, international, and non-NASA US missions 

on a reimbursable basis.

SCaN provides customer missions with the communications and navigation services they need, at the 

lowest practical cost. Customer mission requirements include the mission’s orbit, navigation needs, data 

rate, and how often communications opportunities occur. SCaN networks and the customer spacecraft 

must match technical parameters such as radio frequency, data coding, modulation scheme, polarization, 

and error correction. SCaN supports new spacecraft which are increasingly powerful, complex, and 

capable of acquiring ever increasing amounts of mission data, but also supports missions launched over 

30 years ago that are still returning valuable science data. 

SCaN provides communications and navigation services to customer missions through its three space 

communications networks. The Space Network communicates with missions in Earth orbit, and provides 

constant communication with ISS; it will also support future commercial crew and Orion MPCV 

missions. The Near Earth Network communicates with suborbital missions and missions in low Earth, 

highly elliptical Earth, and some lunar orbits. The Deep Space Network communicates with the most 

distant missions, such as inter-planetary probes. 

The three networks require maintenance, replenishment, modernization, and capacity expansion to ensure 

service for existing and planned missions. SCaN also purchases ground communications links from the 

NASA integrated services network to move data between SCaN ground stations, NASA centers, and 

mission operation and data centers. 

The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) Replenishment project is purchasing three thirdgeneration TDRS spacecraft for the Space Network. These spacecraft will ensure adequate Space 

Network services to customers into the early 2020s. 

The Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment project is replacing aging ground hardware and data 

systems in the Space Network. These ground systems operate the TDRS fleet and route customer mission 

data between TDRS and the ground. 

Space Communications Support provides several functions to efficiently integrate and plan current and 

future network capabilities to meet customer mission needs while reducing costs. These functions include 

systems engineering, architecture planning, communications data standards, technology development and 

testbeds for future capabilities, and radio frequency spectrum management. 

For more information, go to: https://www.spacecomm.nasa.gov/spacecomm/. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

SO-35
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 355.1 -- 435.9 412.0 415.5 416.3 416.5

Subtotal 355.6 -- 435.9 412.0 415.5 416.3 416.5

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 80.8

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 22.8 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

The 70-meter DSS-14 antenna is the largest and most 

sensitive antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space 

Communications Complex in California. Operational in 

1966 and upgraded in 1998, DSS-14 communicates with 

deep space missions such as New Horizons, which is on its 

way to Pluto and Charon. The three Deep Space Network 

sites- Goldstone; Canberra, Australia; and Madrid, Spaincurrently track, receive data from, and transmit 

commands to over 25 spacecraft, including Voyager 1, 

which is over 11 billion miles from earth. 

The Space Communication and Navigation 

(SCaN) program manages three space 

communications networks: the Space Network, 

the Near Earth Network, and the Deep Space 

Network. Each network has a different set of 

customer requirements for spacecraft orbit, 

signal strength, and real-time coverage. Each 

also requires maintenance, modernization, and 

capacity expansion. In addition, SCaN purchases 

ground-based services through the NASA 

integrated services network to move data 

between customers, mission ground sites, and 

space network ground terminals. 

The Space Network provides continuous global 

coverage to NASA missions in low Earth orbit, 

and also to launch vehicles. It is the primary US 

communications link to the International Space 

Station (ISS), and also provides communications 

links for ground and balloon research in remote 

locations such as the South Pole. The Space 

Network consists of the Tracking and Data 

Relay Satellite (TDRS) system of 

communications satellites in geosynchronous 

orbit, a set of space-to-ground link terminals at 

White Sands, New Mexico, and the Guam 

remote ground terminal. Customer missions 

communicate with the TDRS spacecraft in 

geosynchronous orbit, and the TDRS relay 

signals to and from the ground terminals. 

SO-36
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 

Formulation Development Operations

The Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment effort replaces outdated equipment and standardizes 

systems at the Space Network ground terminals. 

The Near Earth Network services missions in low Earth, geosynchronous, lunar, and highly elliptical 

Earth orbits, as well as certain suborbital launch locations. The network's ground stations are located at 

White Sands, New Mexico, the US McMurdo Antarctic Station, and Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. 

The network also purchases services from commercial providers in Alaska, Hawaii, Norway, Sweden, 

Australia, and Chile. 

The Deep Space Network services missions from beyond low Earth orbit to the edge of the solar system. 

The network's ground stations are spaced about 120 degrees apart on the globe in Spain, Australia, and 

California to maintain continuous communications to distant spacecraft as Earth rotates. NASA owns 

these stations, and the Deep Space Network Project Office at Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages 

operations, maintenance, and upgrades. 

The Deep Space Network Aperture Enhancement effort is aimed at modernizing and upgrading the Deep 

Space Network's ground stations to enhance capacity, improve flexibility to support customer missions, 

and reduce operations and maintenance costs. Much of the network's hardware is over 30 years old and 

has become difficult and costly to maintain. This is true of antenna structures, exotic electronics such as 

high-power transmitters, cryogenically-cooled low noise amplifiers, and support elements. Construction 

efforts, such as new 34-meter antennas, use Construction of Facilities funds appropriated in NASA's 

Construction and Environmental Compliance and Remediation account. 

The SCaN program purchases services from the NASA Integrated Services Network (NISN) to move 

information between the ground stations of the three space communications networks and NASA Centers 

and customer mission operations, and data centers. NISN is a centralized commercial service providing 

point-to-point communication services between ground sites and is managed by NASA’s Office of the 

Chief Information Officer and not by SCaN. 

For more information, go to: https://www.spacecomm.nasa.gov/spacecomm/. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

During FY 2012, the Space Network supported 25 customer missions with 176,141 hours of tracking over 

147,810 passes. The network also provided primary US communications link with the ISS throughout the 

year, and supported 13 launches, including NASA's Radiation Belt Storm Probes and two SpaceX Dragon 

launches to the ISS. Also this year, Space Network operators successfully decommissioned the aging 

TDRS-4 spacecraft and moved it to a disposal orbit. 

SO-37
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 

Formulation Development Operations

The Near Earth Network supported 27 missions with 35,011 hours of tracking over 45,124 passes, as well 

as launch and early orbit operations for the Radiation Belt Storm Probes. 

The Deep Space Network supported 36 missions with 95,956 hours of tracking over 18,128 passes. 

Highlights included entry, descent, landing, and early surface operations of the Curiosity Mars Science 

Laboratory, launch and lunar orbit insertion for GRAIL, and deep space maneuvers for the Juno mission. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

During the current fiscal year, the Space Network plans to support 25 to 30 missions, with over 175,000 

hours of tracking and more than 145,000 passes. The Space Network will accept TDRS-K as an 

operational asset after it completes on-orbit checkout following successful launch on January 30, 2013, 

and will continue to support the ISS. In addition, both the Space and Near Earth Networks will support 

the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph and Landsat Data Continuity missions. 

The Near Earth Network plans to support about 30 missions, with over 35,000 hours of tracking and more 

than 45,000 tracking passes. Customers will include commercial cargo resupply missions to the ISS. The 

Near Earth Network will also complete the new antenna at the Alaska Satellite Facility ground station, 

and perform acceptance testing. 

The Deep Space Network plans to support about 35 missions, providing over 100,000 hours of tracking 

spread over more than 18,000 passes. The network will support launch and lunar orbit insertion of the 

Lunar Aerosol and Dust Environment Explorer, wake-up and health check of New Horizons, and continue 

supporting Curiosity on the surface of Mars. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The three space communications networks will provide a level of service similar to those provided in FY 

2012 and FY 2013, which included over 208,000 tracking passes totaling more than 310,000 hours. 

Customer mission highlights in FY 2014 include Juno’s Earth flyby, launch of the Mars Atmosphere and 

Volatile Evolution mission, and the European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission when it wakes up from 

hibernation. The networks will support the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle’s Exploration Flight Test1, as well as ISS and its commercial cargo missions. 

NASA continues to replenish the networks to maintain mission-critical services for current and future 

missions. TDRS-L will launch and be accepted as an operational asset after on-orbit checkout. The new 

DSS-35 antenna at the Canberra, Australia ground station will become operational. 

Project Schedule 

NASA's space communications networks provide ongoing services to the Agency and customer missions, 

averaging about six hundred tracking passes a day. This routine, daily service provision is the key 

function of the three space communications networks. Without these services, customer missions like 

SO-38
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 

Formulation Development Operations

Voyager, Hubble, ISS, New Horizons, and Opportunity would fail. To continue this routine service 

provision, NASA is replenishing the space communications networks. Below are some key network 

replenishment events. 

Date Significant Event

Q3 FY13 TDRS-K accepted into the SN for operational use 

May 2014 TDRS-L accepted into the SN for operational use 

Q3 FY16 TDRS-M accepted into the SN for operational use

Dec 2014 DSS-35 antenna accepted into the DSN for operational use 

Mar 2016 SGSS upgrades accepted into the SN for operational use 

Q4 FY13 ASF-3 antenna accepted into the NEN for operational use 

Project Management & Commitments 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Space Network 

Communication and 

navigation services to 

customer missions in low 

earth orbit and launch 

vehicles

Provider: Space Network Project Office 

Lead Center: Goddard Space Flight Center 

(GSFC) 

Participating Centers: None 

Cost Share Partners: Non-NASA 

customers 

N/A

Communication and 

navigation services to 

customer missions in low 

Earth, highly elliptical, and 

lunar orbits 

Provider: Near Earth Network Project 

Office 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Participating Centers: None 

Cost Share Partners: Non-NASA 

customers 

Near Earth Network N/A

Deep Space Network 

Communication and 

navigation services to 

customer missions in deep 

space

Provider: Deep Space Network Project 

Office 

Lead Center: JPL 

Participating Centers: None 

Cost Share Partners: Non-NASA 

customers 

N/A

NASA Integrated 

Services Network

SCaN purchases ground 

communication services 

from NASA Integrated 

Services Network

Provider: NISN, through NASA Chief 

Information Officer 

Lead Center: NASA HQ 

Participating Centers: Marshall Space 

Flight Center and GSFC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

N/A

SO-39
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 

Formulation Development Operations

Acquisition Strategy 

The major acquisitions for the networks are in place. NASA uses reimbursable, international, and barter 

agreements; and competitive procurements. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory provides the Deep Space 

Network. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Deep Space Network JPL Pasadena, CA 

Space Network Operations 

Near Earth Network Operations 

ITT Excelis 

ITT Excelis 

McLean, VA 

McLean, VA 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Program 

Integrated 

Review

Standing Review 

Board Sep 2012 

Assess the goals, 

approach, and 

performance of the SCaN 

program, including space 

communications 

networks. 

Passed None

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

Past missions supported by SCaN include: 



















Mars rovers Sojourner and Spirit; 

Viking 1 and 2 Mars orbiters and landers; 

Pioneer 10 and 11 Jupiter flybys, Pioneer 11 Saturn flyby, and deep space missions for both 

spacecraft ; 

Magellan radar mapper of Venus; 

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) astronomy 

missions; 

Ulysses solar observatory; 

Earth observing missions including Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat); and 

Space Shuttle missions starting with STS-08 in 1983. 

Ongoing missions still supported by SCaN include: 

Voyager 1 and 2, from their outer planet flybys through the current extended mission as they find 

and exit the outer limits of the solar system; 

SO-40
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS 

Formulation Development Operations















Opportunity Mars rover, Phoenix Mars lander, and Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance 

Orbiter; 

Earth science missions such as Aqua, Aura, Terra, and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission; 

Hubble Space Telescope, Chandra X-ray observatory, and Spitzer Space Telescope; 

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter; 

Landsat series of earth imagers; 

Weather satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and 

International Space Station, beginning with Shuttle assembly missions and continuing through 

crewed operations. 

To keep supporting its mission customers, SCaN also has to replenish and refurbish the networks that 

provide the services. The SCaN program installed five modern 34-meter diameter beam waveguide 

antennas in 1996 and 1997 and a sixth in 2003. The program also launched three second-generation 

TDRS spacecraft, H, I, and J launched between 2000 and 2002. After these highly visible, critical items, 

SCaN repaired crumbling concrete and cracking steel in antenna structures, upgraded ground station 

electrical utility systems, and replaced exotic transmitter and receiver electronics. Without these efforts, 

the networks would become unusable, customer services would fail, and expensive space missions could 

be lost. 

SO-41
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE NETWORKS GROUND SEGMENT SUSTAINMENT

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 46.7 -- 103.2 100.9 69.9 18.0 0.0

Subtotal 46.8 -- 103.2 100.9

--

69.9

--

18.0

--

0.0

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.1 -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

56.5

121.0%

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

Technicians maintain and configure electronics in the 

ground control equipment room at the second Tracking 

and Data Relay Satellite ground terminal in White Sands, 

New Mexico. This equipment is part of the pathway that 

carries crucial data and commands to and from user 

missions via the tracking satellites of the space network. 

NASA will replace aging ground systems, including the 

equipment pictured, with modern systems that are more 

reliable and easier to maintain. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

NASA's science and human missions such as 

the Hubble Space Telescope, the International 

Space Station, and the future Orion MultiPurpose Crew Vehicle require communications 

and navigation services to move data to the 

ground, and commands to the spacecraft. 

NASA's Space Network provides these services 

with a fleet of Tracking and Data Relay 

Satellites (TDRS), and ground stations in New 

Mexico and Guam. Customer missions send 

data to the TDRS spacecraft in geosynchronous 

orbit, and the satellites relay the signals to the 

ground stations, which include a mix of 10 

meter, 18.3 meter, and 19 meter dish antennas; 

transmitters, receivers, amplifiers; and 

scheduling and control software to execute 

more than 145,000 mission passes per year. 

The Space Network's ground stations date to the 

1980s and are rapidly wearing out. 

Manufacturers no longer support much of the equipment and software currently in use. To keep some of 

the outdated equipment running, NASA has had to buy similar used parts on eBay, and modify them to 

work in the ground stations. Beyond the increased costs for maintenance and repair, the age and wear of 

the systems increase the risk that ground system failures will disrupt services to customers. If such 

disruptions occurred, customers could lose critical science data, or even a spacecraft. 

To maintain reliable communications services to customer missions, the Space Network Ground Segment 

Sustainment (SGSS) project is replacing outdated and expensive-to-maintain equipment and systems at 

the Space Network ground terminals. New equipment and software based on up-to-date technology will 

be more reliable and cost less to maintain and operate. 

SO-42
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE NETWORKS GROUND SEGMENT SUSTAINMENT

Formulation Development Operations

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

PROJECT PRELIMINARY PARAMETERS

SGSS will replace nearly all the electronics and software at Space Network ground stations. This includes 

high-power transmitters and receivers on the ground antennas, low-noise amplifiers, digital signal 

processors, TDRS fleet management software, tracking pass scheduling software, and numerous other 

components. Integrating the various exotic and high-power electronics, digital switchgear, and controlling 

software into a functional, reliable, and low-cost system is a major part of the project. Once the project is 

complete, any Space Network ground terminal will be able to support any first, second, or third 

generation TDRS. SGSS consists of development, sustainment, and deployment. The development phase 

involves meeting new requirements by procuring new hardware and software currently not supported in 

the Space Network, integrating them into a complete system, and then testing the complete system to 

ensure it meets the Space Network's requirements. The sustainment phase replaces aging hardware and 

software with modern components. The deployment phase deploys multiple copies to the Space Network 

ground stations and space-to-ground-link terminals. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

During FY 2012, NASA completed preliminary designs and element interfaces prior to technical 

preliminary design review in July. The review confirmed that project requirements and interface 

definitions between segments are complete and adequately detailed to begin hardware and software 

design and build. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA will confirm that the SGSS project is ready to proceed to development in FY 2013. Assuming that 

milestone is achieved, a critical design review will also occur in FY 2013, with the goal of confirming 

that SGSS is ready to proceed to detailed element design, development, and production. Following that, 

the contractor will complete the first hardware and software elements, integrate them, and begin systemlevel testing. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, the SGSS will finish hardware and software component integration at the contractor plant, 

and begin systems integration. In preparation for placement at ground station sites, the contractor will 

perform end-to-end testing of hardware and software elements. After successful testing, teams will begin 

deploying the tested systems to domestic and international Space Network ground station sites. 

SO-43
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE NETWORKS GROUND SEGMENT SUSTAINMENT

Formulation Development Operations

In 2014, the project will verify data communications and tracking using TDRS space segments. This is an 

important step towards achieving the new modernized Space Network, which will enable state-of-the-art 

communications capability with the ISS, Space Launch System, Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, and 

other orbiting spacecraft well into the 21st century.

ESTIMATED PROJECT SCHEDULE

Formulation Authorization 

Milestone Document FY 2014 PB Request 

Formulation Authorization 

(complete) Nov 2011 

Preliminary Design Review 

(complete) Jul 2012 Jul 2012

Key Decision Point-C Oct 2012 Mar 2013 

Deployment of first elements to Space 

Network ground stations begins N/A Oct 2014 

System-level integration and test of 

last elements complete N/A Mar 2015

Deployment at all ground stations 

complete N/A Apr 2017 

Sep 2017 

Full Operational Capability, Space 

Network Ground Segment 

Sustainment Complete 

Dec 2015 - Sep 2017 

Formulation Estimated Life Cycle Cost Range and Schedule 

Range Summary 

Life cycle cost estimates are preliminary. A baseline cost commitment does not occur until the project 

receives approval for implementation (KDP-C), which follows a non-advocate review and/or preliminary 

design review. 

Estimated Life Cycle Cost 

Range ($M) 

Key Milestone Estimated 

Date Range 

Dec 2015 to Sep 2017 

KDP-B Date Key Milestone 

Full Operational Capability, 

Space Network Ground 

Segment Sustainment 

complete 

February 2012 516.5 to 627.5 

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Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE NETWORKS GROUND SEGMENT SUSTAINMENT

Formulation Development Operations

Project Management & Commitments 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

Space Network 

Ground Segment 

Sustainment

Replace outdated and 

deteriorating ground systems 

at Space Network ground 

terminals

Provider: Space Network Ground Segment 

Sustainment Project Office

Lead Center: GSFC

Participating Centers: None

Cost Share Partners: Non-NASA US 

government partners

None

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment 

operational delivery is delayed,

Then: The Space Network will continue to use 

existing, high-risk ground systems that are costly 

to operate. The Deep Space and Near Earth 

Networks will be unable to use Space Network 

Ground Segment Sustainment elements to 

replace elements of their ground systems.

The SCaN program and SGSS project office will carefully manage 

effort to deliver Space Network products on time, balancing 

requirements, technical content, budget, and schedule. On-time 

delivery will allow the Space Network to replace aging and costly 

ground systems. The Deep Space and Near Earth Networks will be 

able to replace parts of their ground systems with Space Network 

Ground Segment Sustainment elements. 

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA used a full and open competition to select the Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment prime 

contractor in FY 2011. The contract is cost-plus-incentive-fee. No additional major awards are planned. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Space Network Ground Segment 

Sustainment General Dynamics C4 Systems Scottsdale, AZ

SO-45
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE NETWORKS GROUND SEGMENT SUSTAINMENT

Formulation Development Operations

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

NASA established a Standing Review Board to perform the independent reviews of the Space Network 

Ground Segment Sustainment project that are required by NPR 7120.5. 

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

System 

Requirements 

Review

Standing Review 

Board Aug 2011 

Determine if functional 

and performance 

requirements are properly 

formulated. Determine if 

estimated budget and 

schedule are credible.

Passed; 

recommended 

changes 

incorporated into 

new baseline

None

Key Decision 

Point-B

Standing Review 

Board Feb 2012 

Determine if 

requirements definition 

and associated plans are 

sufficient to begin project 

implementation

Complete None

Technical 

Preliminary 

Design 

Review

Standing Review 

Board Jul 2012

Determine if project is 

ready to proceed with 

detailed design of 

hardware and software 

elements

Complete None

Key Decision 

Point-C

Standing Review 

Board Mar 2013

Determine if project is 

ready to proceed with 

formal development

Pending None

Critical 

Design 

Review

Standing Review 

Board Aug 2013 

Determine if project is 

ready to proceed with 

production of hardware 

and software elements

SO-46
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

TDRS REPLENISHMENT 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual

FY 2015 FY 

Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) Prior FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 BTC Total

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 15.4 41.2 71.2 28.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

2014 MPAR LCC Estimate 405.9 7.2 13.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 426.5

241.9

184.6

0.0

Formulation 241.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Development/Implementation 164.0 7.2 13.4 0.0

Operations/Close-out 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

25.8

167.5%

Antennas furled and solar panels folded, TDRS-K stands 

ready to package and ship to Florida for launch in early 

2013. Its twin, TDRS-L, is undergoing preflight testing 

and will launch early in 2014. These spacecraft along with 

TDRS-M, which is in fabrication, will relay science data 

and commands to and from NASA customer missions like 

the ISS, Hubble, and Terra, as well as future missions like 

Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and commercial crew 

spacecraft. 

PROJECT PURPOSE

Successfully launching a satellite into orbit is a 

critical first step, but any satellite would be 

worthless without the ability to move data and 

commands between the spacecraft and Earth. 

NASA's Space Network provides continuous 

global tracking, data, voice, and video services 

to the International Space Station (ISS), space 

and Earth science missions, launch vehicles, and 

other government users. These services depend 

upon a complex system of space to ground 

terminals and a fleet of communication satellites 

called the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite 

(TDRS) system. A failure occurring in any part 

of the system could lead to the loss of critical 

mission data, or potentially, an entire mission. 

NASA’s current TDRS fleet consists of three 

first-generation satellites placed into orbit 18 to 

24 years ago, and three second-generation 

satellites that have provided services for a 

decade or more. The Agency has already retired 

two first-generation satellites, and the remaining 

three show signs of upcoming age-related 

battery and electronics failures. NASA analysis 

of probable TDRS lifetime indicates that, 

without new spacecraft, the network will not have sufficient TDRS capacity to service customer missions 

by 2016. 

SO-47
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

TDRS REPLENISHMENT 

Formulation Development Operations

To avoid a system failure or loss of critical capacity, NASA is buying new TDRS spacecraft to replace 

those that wear out and fail. The TDRS replenishment project is adding three new satellites to the fleet, 

with the purchase of TDRS-K, L, and M, which will provide sufficient capacity for the network into the 

2020s. The project is also working to modify existing Space Network ground facilities to operate these 

third generation satellites. 

For more information, go to: https://www.spacecomm.nasa.gov/spacecomm/programs/tdrss/default.cfm. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

PROJECT PARAMETERS

The TDRS Replenishment project is purchasing the third-generation satellites TDRS-K, L, and M for the 

Space Network, as well as making modifications to the existing Space Network ground stations. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

During FY 2012, NASA's TDRS replenishment contractor completed TDRS-K preflight testing and 

reviews. Engineers and technicians shook, baked, and froze TDRS-K and assessed its performance to 

make sure it could not only survive the rocket ride to orbit and the harsh environment of space, but would 

still function perfectly for years to come. After this testing, teams began to package TDRS-K for shipment 

to Cape Canaveral prior to a FY 2013 launch. In addition, the contractor completed TDRS-L assembly, 

and began the same preflight testing regimen TDRS-K completed. They also ordered 99 percent of the 

parts for TDRS-M, to prepare for assembly beginning in FY 2013. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA successfully launched TDRS-K on January 30, 2013. After launch, efforts began to check out the 

spacecraft on orbit. If TDRS-K performs as expected, NASA will accept the satellite as an operational 

part of the Space Network. Also this year, the contractor will complete preflight testing on TDRS-L, and 

begin preparing the spacecraft for launch in February 2014. In addition, they will conduct a production 

readiness review for TDRS-M, and begin assembling the spacecraft. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA will prepare TDRS-L for launch in February 2014 and, after launch, test the spacecraft’s 

performance on-orbit. Once accepted, TDRS-L will become an operational part of the Space Network, 

relaying data and commands to and from customer science missions and the ISS. Meanwhile, the 

contractor will finish TDRS-M assembly, and begin the same preflight testing regime that was performed 

on TDRS-K and L. Functional testing will verify that the spacecraft works as designed, while vibration 

and thermal-vacuum testing will confirm that the spacecraft can survive the stresses of launch, and 

SO-48
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

TDRS REPLENISHMENT 

Formulation Development Operations

function for years to come in the vacuum and alternating heat and cold of space. The sequential addition 

of TDRS-K (2013 launch), L (2014 launch), and M (2016 launch) to the Space Network will ensure 

continued service to customer missions such as ISS, even as the remaining first-generation TDRS 

spacecraft fail and are retired. Once all three spacecraft are accepted, the Space Network will have 

adequate capacity until the second-generation TDRS begin retiring in the early 2020s. 

SCHEDULE COMMITMENTS/KEY MILESTONES

Milestone Confirmation Baseline Date FY 2014 PB Request Date 

TDRS-K Launch Dec 2012 Q2 FY13 

TDRS-K Acceptance N/A Q3 FY13 

TDRS-L Launch Dec 2013 Feb 2014 

TDRS-L Acceptance N/A May 2014 

TDRS-M Launch Readiness N/A Jan 2016 

Development Cost and Schedule 

The cited development cost is for TDRS-K and L; TDRS-M is considered a production spacecraft with no 

associated development cost. 

Current 

Year 

Base Year DevelopDevelopment ment Base Current 

Cost Cost Cost Year Year Milestone 

Base Estimate JCL Current Estimate Change Key Milestone Milestone Change 

Year ($M) (%) Year ($M) (%) Milestone Data Data (mths)

TDRS-K Q2 FY 1 to 3 Launch Dec 2012 2013 months 2010 209.4 75 2013 184.6 -11.8

TDRS-L Dec 2013 Feb 2014 2 months Launch

Note: The confidence level estimates reported reflect an evolving process as NASA improves its probabilistic 

estimation techniques and processes. Estimate reflects the practices and policies at the time it was developed. 

Estimates that include combined cost and schedule risks are denoted as JCL (joint confidence level); all other CLs 

(confidence levels) reflect cost confidence without necessarily factoring the potential impacts of schedule changes 

on cost. 

SO-49
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

TDRS REPLENISHMENT 

Formulation Development Operations

Development Cost Details 

Current Year 

Element

Base Year Development 

Cost Estimate ($M)

Development Cost 

Estimate ($M)

Change from Base 

Estimate ($M)

Year 

TOTAL: 209.4 184.6 -24.8

Aircraft/Spacecraft 71.7 71.7 0.0

Payloads 0.0 0.0 0.0

Systems I&T 0.0 0.0 0.0

Launch Vehicle 0.0 0.0 0.0

Ground Systems 53.7 53.7 0.0

Science/Technology 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Direct Project Costs 84.0 59.2 -24.8

Project Management & Commitments 

The TDRS Replenishment Project Office at Goddard Space Flight Center manages the TDRS 

Replenishment project. 

Description Provider

Change from 

Project Element Baseline

Purchase third-generation 

TDRS-K, -L, and -M to 

maintain Space Network 

communications services to 

customer missions into the 

2020s 

Provider: Boeing Space Systems 

Lead Center: GSFC 

Performing Centers: N/A 

Cost Share Partners: Other US government 

agencies 

Development 

cost reduced. 

TDRS-M added 

to purchase. 

TDRS 

Replenishment 

Project Risks 

Risk Statement Mitigation

If: Existing TDRS spacecraft fail before TDRSK, L, and M launch, 

Then: The Space Network may not have 

adequate capacity to support customer missions. 

NASA will manage TDRS-K, L, and M so that launch readiness is as 

close as possible to planned dates. Actual launch dates will depend 

not only on TDRS and launch vehicle readiness, but also on the 

longevity of existing TDRS. 

SO-50
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

TDRS REPLENISHMENT 

Formulation Development Operations

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA awarded the major contract for TDRS replenishment to Boeing Space Systems in December 2007. 

The base contract is a fixed-price-plus-incentive-fee contract for TDRS-K and -L, and includes 

modifications to space network ground systems to support these third-generation spacecraft. In November 

2011, NASA exercised a fixed-price-plus-incentive-fee option on the contract to purchase TDRS-M.

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

TDRS Replenishment, including 

TDRS-K, -L, and -M; and 

modifications to Space Network 

ground systems to support these 

spacecraft. 

Boeing Space Systems El Segundo, CA 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Critical 

Design 

Review

Standing Review 

Board Jan 2010 

Assess whether the 

integrated design is mature 

enough to proceed with 

final design and fabrication

Passed None

SO-51
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 71.8 -- 77.4 79.5 77.4 90.2 91.0

Subtotal 72.3 -- 77.4 79.5 77.4 90.2 91.0

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 5.6

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 7.8 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

This flight optical module is part of the 

Lunar Laser Communications 

Demonstration that will fly on the Lunar 

Aerosol and Dust Environment Explorer in 

2013, to test optical (laser) communications 

between Earth and the Moon. Optical 

communication promises higher data rates 

with lower power and weight than 

traditional radio communications. This 

technology demonstration will be flown in 

2013, along with three science instruments 

on the Lunar Aerosol and Dust 

Environment Explorer mission. Once 

proven for space use, new NASA science 

missions will be able to send back more 

data and devote limited weight and power 

to science instruments rather than 

communications systems. 

Much like electricity from a utility company, Space 

Communications and Navigation (SCaN) services are there 

when the customer needs them. The SCaN program provides 

critical communication services to customers such as the 

International Space Station, the Hubble Space Telescope, and 

the Mars Curiosity rover. For them, a service outage is far 

more than an inconvenience. 

SCaN has a long history of service reliability, but that 

success does not come easily; it requires the planning, 

management, and technology efforts of the Space 

Communication Support project. Activities that contribute to 

SCaN's success include architecture planning and systems 

engineering, standards definition and management, spectrum 

management, and technology efforts. 

Architecture and systems engineering efforts ensure that 

communication and navigation capabilities are integrated, 

interoperable, and standardized. At the most basic level, this 

behind-the-scenes activity ensures that customer missions 

and SCaN networks work together by defining technical 

parameters, capacity, and performance. Beyond assuring 

seamless functionality, planning and standards efforts reduce 

costs by eliminating duplication across networks, reducing 

mission-unique requirements, and lowering development 

costs for customer missions by providing “off-the-shelf” 

communications solutions and standards. 

SCaN is the Agency’s lead for radio frequency spectrum 

management, and protects NASA's interests in national and 

international regulatory forums. Spectrum is the set of frequencies, or "channels," that a radio system uses 

to broadcast or receive signals. Spectrum management ensures that radio frequencies remain available for 

SO-52
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT 

Formulation Development Operations

communication with NASA missions, as well as radio astronomy and remote sensing applications. As 

spectrum demand increases around the world for commercial wireless devices and networks such as cell 

phones, WiFi, broadband, and direct broadcast television, users are moving more and more data. 

Everyone wants unlimited data and minutes, and no one wants a busy signal because all the frequencies 

are busy. New or reallocated spectrum assignments to meet this demand must be coordinated nationally 

and internationally so they do not interfere with other users. If NASA does not defend its radio spectrum 

assignments in regulatory forums, we could run the risk of terminating missions and losing science data to 

tweets and video downloads. 

Technology efforts led by SCaN have the promise of reducing costs, increasing the amount of data 

returned from science missions, and reducing science spacecraft weight and power. One technology under 

study is the use of disruption-tolerant networks, which allow communications to occur even when direct 

end-to-end links are not available. If your cell phone drops a call and the battery dies, you can still receive 

a message; the network will either find another way to get the message through, or hold it for later 

delivery. For SCaN, this capability will improve operational flexibility for customer missions and 

increase the amount of science data returned, without adding costly ground station capacity. 

For more information, go to: https://www.spacecomm.nasa.gov/spacecomm/. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In July, 2012 NASA's Japanese partners launched the SCaN testbed to the ISS, where it was installed and 

activated by the crew. The testbed is an advanced, integrated communications system and laboratory 

facility that allows researchers to develop, test and demonstrate new communications, networking and 

navigation capabilities in the actual space environment. Over the next several years, NASA will conduct a 

suite of experiments that will enable development of a new generation of space communications. 

Also in FY 2012, NASA led a technical evaluation leading to the US decision to protect GPS frequencies 

from likely interference from a proposed commercial mobile service using adjacent frequencies. 

Protecting these frequencies from interference prevents degradation of GPS accuracy and avoids 

expensive retrofit or replacement of existing receivers and systems. In addition, the Agency successfully 

protected uses in three radio frequency bands: 22.55 to 23.15 gigahertz for satellite communications 

uplinks, 37 to 38 gigahertz for research, and 275 to 3,000 gigahertz for passive sensing. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration payload launched aboard the Lunar Aerosol 

and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) science spacecraft. The experiment will test optical (laser) 

communications between the Earth and the Moon. Optical communications transmit data using nearinfrared light rather than radio waves. This would allow future missions to transmit at high data rates, and 

SO-53
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT 

Formulation Development Operations

be free of the encroachment and congestion plaguing radio frequencies. In addition, optical 

communications systems consume less mass, volume, and power, especially compared with similar radio 

frequency systems. As the technology evolves, transition to these types of systems will ultimately reduce 

mission costs and provide opportunities for new science payloads. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

During FY 2014, NASA will utilize the SCaN testbed aboard ISS to perform additional experiments with 

software-defined radios in an operational environment. In addition, NASA will evaluate the results of the 

Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration, and incorporate them into planning for an on-orbit optical 

communications relay demonstration. NASA will continue to develop disruption-tolerant network 

protocols and standards, and test them on ISS. Development work will also continue on a deep space 

atomic clock to improve navigation for deep space missions while using fewer resources on mission 

spacecraft and on the Deep Space Network. 

As communications technology and the needs of upcoming NASA missions continue to evolve, domestic 

and international demand for radio frequency spectrum continues to increase. The Agency’s ongoing 

systems engineering, standards, and spectrum management efforts will continue to respond to new issues. 

Working with other federal agencies, NASA will free up federal spectrum for domestic commercial use. 

In addition, preparation will be underway to participate in the 2015 international radio 

telecommunications regulatory forum to protect Agency radio spectrum uses. Issues include obtaining 

radio frequency spectrum allocations in the 7 gigahertz range for space communications uses, protecting 

Deep Space Network ground stations from interference, protecting NASA science uses in the 22 to 26 

gigahertz range, and obtaining a spectrum allocation to operate unmanned aerial vehicles. These efforts 

will protect NASA’s communications with its spacecraft and crewed missions, as well as science 

instruments using radio frequencies, from interference by domestic and international commercial users. If 

NASA’s radio frequency needs are not protected, existing spacecraft and instruments may have to be 

turned off, and future spacecraft could not operate.

Project Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q4 FY13 

Aug 2012

Jan 2013 

Begin Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration evaluation 

SCaN Testbed installed on ISS 

SCaN Testbed begins testing software-defined radios on ISS. 

Project Management & Commitments 

Space Communications Support functions are managed by the SCaN Program Office at NASA 

Headquarters. 

SO-54
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support: Space Communications and Navigation 

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SUPPORT 

Formulation Development Operations

Acquisition Strategy 

Space Communications Support functions use multiple, small contracted efforts, most of which are 

support services functions. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

There are no major contracts or awards. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Program 

Integrated

Review

Standing Review 

Board Sep 2012 

Assess the goals, 

approach, and 

performance of the SCaN 

program, including Space 

Communications Support 

functions.

Passed None

SO-55
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT OPERATIONS

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 106.9 -- 111.4 119.2 120.9 121.9 121.9

Subtotal 107.2 -- 111.4 119.2 120.9 121.9 121.9

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.3 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.5

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.2 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

NASA astronaut Sunita Williams, Expedition 32 flight 

engineer and Expedition 33 commander, attired in a 

training version of her extravehicular mobility unit 

spacesuit, awaits the start of a spacewalk training session 

in the neutral buoyancy laboratory near Johnson Space 

Center. 

At the core of human spaceflight is the crew. 

The physical presence of human beings actively 

involved in space exploration broadly expands 

the benefits and experience for people on Earth. 

The Human Space Flight Operations (HSFO) 

program supports the readiness and health of the 

human system, the crew that has been so integral 

to the success of the Space Shuttle and 

International Space Station (ISS) programs. 

As NASA is poised to embark on a new phase 

of human exploration beyond Earth's orbit, the 

Agency cannot focus only on developing a 

transportation system capable of reaching 

destinations throughout the solar system. NASA 

must also prepare the human system for living 

and working in a hostile space environment for 

extended periods of time. As astronauts travel 

into deep space, what health risks will they face, 

and how can NASA mitigate them? What kind 

of training will astronauts require to prepare for being too far from Earth to easily return should a 

technical anomaly or medical emergency occur? It is not too early to start answering these questions. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

HSFO supported pre-flight training and astronaut medical services for the crews of all flights to ISS, to 

ensure that the crews were healthy prior to, during, and after each mission. ISS crews completed four 

successful Expedition launches from Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan aboard the Soyuz. Upon 

SO-56
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT OPERATIONS

completion of their time aboard ISS, NASA's astronauts were back in the United States within 24 hours of 

Soyuz touchdown. 

The program met its goal of improving clinical and research data sharing between ISS partners, with the 

intent of better understanding the effects of exposure to the space flight environment on humans. In close 

collaboration with the Human Research Program (HRP), HSFO tailored pre-flight training, medical 

services, medical operations, and post-flight rehabilitation toward supporting space related clinical and 

medical research. 

Triggered by recent medical evaluations demonstrating vision changes in some crew members, HSFO 

convened a visual impairment/intra-cranial pressure (VIIP) syndrome panel, consisting of domestic and 

international experts including NASA's ISS and HRP to address this syndrome. The panel addressed how 

to evaluate the possible relationship between changes in pressure inside the skull due to shifting body 

fluids during spaceflight and vision changes. Early in FY 2012, the panel issued recommendations for 

assessing how the two are related, and how to mitigate vision changes. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

HSFO has planned astronaut training for four crew rotations annually to ISS, and completion of four 

expedition missions. The program is implementing new targeted solutions and monitoring strategies as 

recommended by the VIIP Panel Report to screen long-duration crew members, support real time medical 

operations aboard the ISS, and monitor and rehabilitate returning crews. Personnel are also developing 

modified medical standards for a 12-month mission scheduled for 2015. NASA has already adopted 

specific mission criteria to address radiation exposure limits and the VIIP syndrome. 

NASA plans to select a 2013 astronaut class, and training will begin in June 2013. Assuming a year and a 

half of astronaut candidate training, they will be eligible for flight assignment in early 2015. HSFO 

personnel will screen 2013 candidates to ensure that they meet NASA medical and behavioral health 

standards. They will also play a critical role in standardizing the pre-flight medical screening, real time 

medical operations, and post-flight monitoring and rehabilitation requirements of US orbital segment 

partners (i.e., the Canadian, European and Japanese space agencies), as well as those of the Russian Space 

Agency. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

HSFO will work closely with NASA’s Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer (OCHMO) and 

international counterparts to develop medical standards and criteria for long duration missions including 

prolonged radiation exposure. To accomplish this goal, HSFO will standardize medical and exposure data 

into a single integrated system for all international astronauts. This evolved information system will 

provide private and secure access for all international partners, which is needed to support crew clinical 

care and vital data management for the human research communities. 

Currently, HSFO and the OCHMO are discussing a possible 2014 study on the risk and implications of 

long-term exposure to space radiation with the Institute of Medicine Committee on Aerospace Medicine 

and Medicine of Extreme Environments. The National Council on Radiation Protection and 

Measurements will use this report as they reassess and advise NASA on its radiation standards. Experts 

SO-57
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT OPERATIONS

will review new methods of monitoring and mitigating long-term bone and muscle loss for effectiveness 

as they are applied to longer missions. 

HSFO is planning to reduce the size of the T-38 fleet, given projected astronauts training requirements. 

Program Elements 

SPACE FLIGHT CREW OPERATIONS (SFCO) 

SFCO provides trained astronauts for all NASA human space flight efforts. Project responsibilities 

include directing and managing flight crew activities, selecting and training astronaut candidates, 

determining flight crew training and flight crew simulation requirements, recommending flight crew 

assignments, and operating program support aircraft -- most notably a fleet of T-38 aircraft for high 

performance astronaut flight training. 

CREW HEALTH AND SAFETY (CHS) 

CHS enables healthy and productive crew during all phases of space flight missions, implements a 

comprehensive astronaut health care program, and works to prevent and mitigate negative long-term 

health consequences of space flight. The project works with the Human Research Program to transition 

research products that assure crew health and safety to operations, and medically assesses astronaut 

candidates as part of the selection process. As research continues on ISS through 2020, CHS actively 

seeks new ways of doing business, including collaborative opportunities with other Federal agencies and 

academia. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Q1- Apr 2014 Astronaut training for long duration flight 

Q1- Apr 2014 VIIP Analysis and Evaluation 

Q4 - CY14 Complete all T-38 cockpit longeron replacement 

Q1- Apr 2014 Institute of Medicine Study 

Q2- Apr 2014 Collaborate with the National Council of Radiation Protection and 

Measurement 

Q1- Apr 2015 Medical analysis of long duration flight 

Program Management & Commitments 

The SFCO program manager reports to the Johnson Space Center (JSC) Director. The CHS program 

manager reports to the director of the Space Life Science Directorate at JSC, who reports to the JSC 

SO-58
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT OPERATIONS

Director. The program is a delegated responsibility from the Human Exploration Operations Mission 

Directorate. 

Program Element Provider

SFCO will provide trained 

astronauts for all US human space 

flight endeavors and bring 

experienced astronauts expertise to 

help resolve operations or 

development issues.

Provider: SFCO

Lead Center: JSC

Performing Center: JSC

Cost Share Partners: None

CHS will assess and maintain the 

health of astronauts prior to, during, 

and post flight.

Provider: CHS

Lead Center: JSC

Performing Center: JSC

Cost Share Partners: None

Acquisition Strategy 

No major acquisitions are identified. The section below identifies the current contract(s) that support 

SFCO and CHS. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

Aircraft Maintenance and 

Modification Program

DynCorp International LLC of Ft. 

Worth, TX, 

Wyle Integrated Science and 

Engineering Group 

Fort Worth, TX 

Bioastronautics Contract Houston, TX 

SO-59
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT OPERATIONS

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Independent 

Assessment National Academies Sep 2011 

Evaluate plans relative to 

the role and size of SFCO 

activities following the 

Space Shuttle retirement 

and completion of the 

assembly of the ISS 

including the astronaut 

corps’ fleet of training 

aircraft. 

The NRC 

conclusions 

largely 

reinforced 

NASA decision 

making and 

approach to crew 

training.

N/A

Performance Institute of 

Medicine Jul 2012

At the request of NASA, 

an IOM committee 

reviewed NASA HRP’s 

Scientific Merit 

Assessment Processes for 

directed research. 

The IOM 

committee found 

that the scientific 

merit assessment 

process used by 

the HRP for 

directed research 

is scientifically 

rigorous and is 

similar to the 

processes and 

merit criteria 

used by many 

other Federal 

agencies and 

organizations.

N/A

SO-60
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

LAUNCH SERVICES

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 81.0 -- 80.5 84.9 87.6 90.0 90.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -0.5

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -0.6 %

With NASA's Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft 

sealed inside its payload fairing, the United Launch 

Alliance Atlas V rocket rides smoke and flames as it 

rises from the launch pad at Space Launch Complex-41 

on Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. The 

laboratory’s components include the car-sized Curiosity 

rover, which carries ten science instruments designed to 

search for signs of life. 

Without the Launch Services Program (LSP), 

NASA's robotic science spacecraft would never 

make it into space, and robotic probes such as the 

Mars Curiosity Rover, would never reach other 

planets. For the last 14 years, the Agency has 

relied on the program to provide space access for 

scientific and communication satellites, via 

commercially available domestic launch services. 

LSP serves the NASA community by contracting 

launch services to fully address mission needs, and 

ensure that pricing is consistent and fair. In 

addition, the program certifies the readiness of new 

launch vehicles to fly NASA's spacecraft, and 

conducts engineering analyses and other technical 

tasks that maximize launch success for every 

NASA robotic payload. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

LSP successfully launched four major science payloads from four different science disciplines: the 

National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Preparatory Project (NPP), the Mars 

Science Laboratory (MSL), the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), and the Radiation 

Belt Storm Probes (RBSP). 

SO-61
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

LAUNCH SERVICES

Launch Vehicle 

Date Mission Configuration Launch Site 

Oct 2011 NPP Delta 1 Vandenberg Air Force Base 

Nov 2011 MSL Atlas V Cape Canaveral Air Force 

Station

Jun 2012 NuSTAR Pegasus XL Kwajalein Atoll 

Aug 2012 RBSP Atlas V Cape Canaveral Air Force 

Station



The program was also successful in acquiring launch services for six science missions: the Geostationary 

Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES-R and S), the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS-1), and the 

Jason-3 spacecraft for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA), as well as 

NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2), and Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) missions. 

Launch Vehicle 

Mission Configuration Launch Provider Planned Launch 

United Launch Services 

(ULS), LLC of Centennial, 

CO

GOES-R and -S Atlas V Oct 2015 and Feb 2017 

OCO-2 Delta II ULS Jul 2014

SMAP Delta II ULS Oct 2014 

Nov 2016 

Dec 2014 

JPSS-1 Delta II ULS

Jason-3 Falcon 9 

Space Exploration 

Technologies (SpaceX) of 

Hawthorne, CA

In an effort to continually attract new launch providers and products, the NASA Launch Services (NLS) 

II contract awarded in September 2010 has a unique feature that offers an annual open window for new 

launch vehicle configurations to be added. In 2012, LSP added a new configuration of the Falcon 9 

launch vehicle from SpaceX and a new launch vehicle, the Antares, from Orbital Sciences Corporation 

(OSC). 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Many of LSP's ongoing activities focus on providing launch expertise and active launch mission 

management for approximately 35 to 40 robotic missions in various stages of development. Three of these 

missions are planned for launch in FY 2013. The Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-K) and 

Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM) both successfully launched aboard Atlas V rockets. The 

Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) is set to launch aboard a Pegasus XL in April. Launch 

Services activities include engineering, integration, and design and analysis support. Falcon 9 launch 

vehicle certification, in advance of the Jason-3 mission, will also require a significant LSP effort. In 

addition to the full launch service management the program provides for most missions, LSP also offers 

advisory support, expertise, and knowledge to NASA programs and projects utilizing launch services not 

managed by LSP. The program is currently providing these advisory services to several missions, 

including: 

The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) mission, which is launching on 

a US Air Force Minotaur V; 

SO-62
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

LAUNCH SERVICES







The International Space Station Commercial Resupply Services missions, which is launching on 

SpaceX's Falcon 9 and OSC's Antares; 

The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle Exploration Flight Test-1, which is using the ULS Delta 

IV Heavy launch vehicle; and 

The Commercial Crew Program that may utilize the Atlas V and/or Falcon 9 launch vehicle. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The Launch Services Program has three NASA launches planned: the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile 

Evolution (MAVEN) and TDRS-L, which are launching aboard Atlas V rockets, and OCO-2, which is 

launching aboard a Delta II launch vehicle. 

The program will also provide launch system advisory support to NASA’s Global Precipitation 

Measurement Core mission, an international NASA collaboration using a foreign launch vehicle, and to 

Exploration Flight Test-1. In addition, the program will continue to support development and certification 

of emerging launch providers, and to give launch-related support to approximately 40 NASA scientific 

spacecraft missions in various phases of development. 

Program Schedule 

Date Significant Event

Jan 2013 TDRS-K successfully launched aboard Atlas V Jan 30, 2013 

Feb 2013 LDCM successfully launched aboard Atlas V Feb 11, 2013 

Jun 2013 IRIS launch aboard Pegasus XL 

Aug 2013 LADEE launch aboard Minotaur V* 

Nov 2013 MAVEN launch aboard Atlas V 

Jan 2014 TDRS-L launch aboard Atlas V 

Feb 2014 GPM Core launch aboard H-IIA* 

Jul 2014 OCO-2 launch aboard Delta II 

*LSP in advisory role only 

SO-63
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

LAUNCH SERVICES

Program Management & Commitments 

Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is responsible for LSP program management. The Launch Services 

Program Manager reports to the Director of the Launch Services Office at Headquarters, who provides 

strategic guidance and oversight. 

Program Element Provider

Provider: ULS, OSC, SpaceX, Lockheed Martin Space Systems 

Lead Center: KSC 

Performing Center: KSC 

Cost Share Partners: None 

Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) 

Launch Services 

Acquisition Strategy 

In 2000, LSP put a unique acquisition strategy in place for procuring ELV launch services from 

commercial suppliers. To meet the needs of science customers who typically spend three to seven years 

developing a spacecraft mission, NASA required a contractual approach that covered small, medium, and 

intermediate-sized missions with an extended lifetime. The original NLS contracts that covered the 

needed mission sizes were firm-fixed-price, indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contracts, 

containing not-to-exceed prices, with an ordering period that expired in June 2010. NASA Launch 

Services II contracts are similarly constructed, with an ordering period expiring June 2020. To keep 

competition fresh and encourage new launch capability development on these 10-year contracts, NASA 

provides opportunities to US industry on a regular basis to add new commercial launch service providers 

and/or launch vehicles. 

In the year 2000, the US launch market was considerably different than today. As a result, there was a 

significant price increase in the intermediate launch service class for Atlas V when the NLS II contract 

was awarded in September 2010. 

To help stabilize the Atlas V industrial base, NASA signed an agreement with the US Air Force and 

National Reconnaissance Office, coordinating launch requirements to establish a more predictable 

production rate for Atlas V launch vehicles. Due to special terms in our NLS II contracts, any price 

reduction the US Air Force and National Reconnaissance Office may realize for Atlas V will also be 

available to NASA. 

In an effort to encourage competition, the Launch Service Program continues to offer mission success 

related advice to new entrant launch vehicle providers. In addition, the US Air Force, National 

Reconnaissance Office, and NASA have agreed to simplify the certification process and therefore 

encourage competition by minimizing the burden on new entrant providers. This agreement has 

established a single certification framework based on NASA’s launch-risk mitigation policy. In addition 

to the single framework, the organizations also agreed to share data, findings, and lessons learned from 

certification activities. A Government ELV Executive Board was established between the three 

signatories to implement both the acquisition and certification components of these agreements. 

LSP has also made efforts to provide a more complete launch service that includes payload processing at 

the launch site by procuring commercial payload processing facilities and services at the east and west 

SO-64
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

LAUNCH SERVICES

coast launch sites, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, and Vandenberg Air Force Base in 

California. The program has negotiated firm-fixed-price IDIQ contracts for commercial payload 

processing, with an ordering period expiring in December 2013. 

Civil service and contractor personnel make up the LSP workforce, while the ELV Integrated Support 

(ELVIS 2) contract provides contractor support. ELVIS 2 provides LSP with program management 

support; vehicle engineering and analysis; launch site support engineering; communications and 

telemetry; technical integration services; Launch Services programmatic safety, reliability and quality 

support; support at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California; information technology support; and special 

studies. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

Element Vendor Location (of work performance) 

NLS-I-L* ULS, LLC Centennial, CO 

NLS-II-A Lockheed Martin Space Systems Denver, CO 

NLS-II-U ULS, LLC Centennial, CO 

NLS-II-S SpaceX Hawthorne, CA 

NLS-II-O OSC Dulles, VA

Payload Processing Facility Astrotech Corporation Titusville, FL

Payload Processing Facility Astrotech Corporation Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA 

Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA 

Lanham, MD 

Integrated Processing Facility Spaceport Systems International 

ELVIS 2 a.iSolutions, Inc.

*ULS is the only remaining NLS Contractor with active awarded missions 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

No independent reviews currently planned. 

SO-65
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

LAUNCH SERVICES

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

LSP Managed ELV Missions from Inception through FY 2012 

Launch Vehicle 

Configuration 

Number of 

Launches 

Successful 

Launches 

Unsuccessful 

Provider Launches 

Athena Lockheed Martin/Alliant Techsystems 1 1 0

Atlas IIA Lockheed Martin 5 5 0

Atlas IIAS Lockheed Martin 1 1 0

Atlas V Lockheed Martin 

ULS 

2

5

2

5

0

0

Delta II Boeing Launch Services 

ULS 

26

13

26

13

0

0

Pegasus Hybrid OSC 1 1 0

Pegasus XL OSC 12 12 0

Taurus XL OSC 2 0 2

Titan II Lockheed Martin 3 3 0

SO-66
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

ROCKET PROPULSION TEST

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 43.6 -- 47.8 47.3 47.7 48.0 48.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 4.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 9.6 %

On July 13, 2012 NASA engineers conducted the fifteenth 

in a series of J-2X engine tests at the Stennis Space 

Center’s A-2 test stand. The upper stage engine is a key 

component of the Space Launch System, a new heavy-lift 

launch vehicle capable of carrying the Orion MultiPurpose Crew Vehicle with its crew, cargo, equipment and 

science experiments to destinations in deep space. This was 

the first flight-duration test of the engine's nozzle 

extension, a bell shaped device to increase engine 

performance. 

Developing rocket propulsion systems is an 

important aspect of working in space, but it is 

also a dangerous and costly undertaking. Whether 

the payload will ultimately be a robotic science 

experiment or a human-crewed mission, it is 

crucial that the propulsion system be safe, 

reliable, and accurate. Thus, a rigorous engine 

test program is a critical component of any rocket 

propulsion development activity. NASA's Rocket 

Propulsion Test (RPT) program maintains and 

manages a wide range of facilities capable of 

ground testing rocket engines and components 

under controlled conditions. 

With test facilities located throughout the 

country, RPT is able to maintain a world-class 

test infrastructure that provides a single entry 

point for users. The program retains a skilled 

workforce that is adaptable to increasingly 

complex rocket engine development and testing 

needs. RPT evaluates customer test requirements 

and desired outcomes, while striving to minimize 

test time and cost. By consolidating and 

streamlining NASA's rocket test facilities in this 

way, the program can efficiently manage usage and eliminate the need for duplicate facilities. 

As NASA's principal implementing authority for rocket propulsion testing, the program reviews, 

approves, and provides direction on test assignments, capital improvements, and test facility 

modernization and refurbishment. The program integrates multi-site test activities, identifies and protects 

core capabilities, and develops advanced testing technologies. 

RPT also represents NASA as a member of the National Rocket Propulsion Test Alliance, which is an 

inter-agency alliance between NASA and DoD, established to facilitate efficient and effective use of the 

federal government’s rocket propulsion test capabilities. The RPT Program Manager serves as the cochair of this alliance, which also coordinates government investment aimed at satisfying the Nation’s 

rocket propulsion developmental and operational testing needs, and is a member of the NRPTA Senior 

Steering Group. 

SO-67
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

ROCKET PROPULSION TEST

For additional programmatic information, go to: http://rockettest.nasa.gov/. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Possibly the most notable test activity was that of the J-2X engine. The first human-rated liquid oxygen 

and liquid hydrogen rocket engine to be developed in 40 years, the J-2X upper stage engine is vital to 

achieving full launch capability of the heavy-lift Space Launch System (SLS). This capability is critical to 

NASA's deep space exploration program development. RPT performed additional testing in support of 

Agency development projects, including a liquid methane, liquid oxygen engine that could one day carry 

cargo to the Moon. 

The Orbital Sciences Corporation and Aerojet conducted several test firings of the AJ-26 engine to clear 

the engines for use on the Antares first stage. These firings represented the final engine testing prior to 

shipping to Wallops Flight Facility, and integrating on test and flight launch vehicles. The engines will 

enable Commercial Orbital Transportation Services test and demonstration flights, as well as upcoming 

ISS resupply missions. 

NASA Advanced Exploration Systems developed a small lander testbed called Morpheus to demonstrate 

autonomous precision landing and liquid oxygen-methane propulsion, technologies key to landing on the 

Moon or Mars. These landing systems will improve safety by detecting hazards such as rocks and craters 

in the landing zone, and automatically maneuvering the lander to avoid them. Liquid oxygen- methane 

propulsion systems may be used on Mars missions, since crew could produce propellants for the return to 

Earth from the Martian atmosphere. 

In support of Space Shuttle transition and retirement, RPT conducted final preparations for 

decontamination, cleanup, and removal of hypergolic propellant at Johnson Space Center's White Sands 

Test Facility (WSTF) prior to shipping the vehicles to final display destinations in Dulles, Virginia and 

Los Angeles, California. Removing the hypergolic propellants was necessary because the propellant is 

highly corrosive and poses a health hazard. 

By the end of FY 2012, the program had safely performed over 118 tests, clocked over 300,000 seconds 

of test time, and neared 10,000 seconds of hot fire at various levels of thrust capacity. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, the Rocket Propulsion Test program continues to lead the Agency's rocket testing activities 

by providing world-class test facilities and highly skilled workforce needed to support not only NASA 

emerging engine technologies, but also non-NASA customers, both national and international. RPT 

utilizes all types and levels of engine capacity to ensure that both Federal and commercial rocket testing 

move forward. The program ensures that test-related facilities are maintained and modernized to meet the 

appropriate state of operational readiness. Specific customers planning to use RPT test facilities include 

SO-68
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

ROCKET PROPULSION TEST

NASA J-2X, NASA Morpheus, NASA SLS, Blue Origin, the Missile Defense Agency, Orbital Sciences 

Corporation, and other NASA, external reimbursable and international customers. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

RPT will test several components of the SLS using facilities located at Stennis Space Center. One of these 

components is the J-2X engine, which will be integrated into the second stage of the SLS launch vehicle. 

The program will continue to prepare for overall SLS integration testing. 

Other engine testing includes the RS-68 engine and the Orbital AJ-26 engine at Stennis Space Center and 

the Missile Defense Agency test article at Johnson Space Center's White Sands Test Facility. 

Program Schedule 

The following are customer funded testing schedules: 

Date Significant Event

FY 2012, 2013, end in 2014 J-2X testing 

Ongoing RS-68 testing 

FY 2012, 2013, end in 2014 AJ-26 testing (Orbital) 

FY 2012, through 2017 SLS testing 

FY 2013, FY 2014 Missile Defense Agency test article 

Program Management & Commitments 

RPT is committed to provide highly reliable test facilities and workforce at a competitive cost to both 

NASA and non-NASA customers. 

Program Element Provider

RPT is NASA's principal 

implementing authority for rocket 

propulsion testing. The program 

integrates multi-site test activities, 

identifies and protects core 

capabilities, and develops advanced 

testing technologies.

Provider: RPT

Lead Center: N/A

Performing Centers: SSC, JSC/WSTF, GRC Plum Brook Station, Marshall 

Space Flight Center, Kennedy Space Center

Cost Share Partners: Various other NASA programs, DoD, and commercial 

partners

SO-69
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

ROCKET PROPULSION TEST

Acquisition Strategy 

No major acquisitions are identified for FY 2014. 

MAJOR CONTRACTS/AWARDS

No major contracts or awards are planned for FY 2014. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

No reviews planned. 

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

The charts below show past, current, and planned test campaigns at the various rocket propulsion test 

facilities. The first campaign was at Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, and the second one was at White 

Sands Test Facility in New Mexico. The test facilities are listed at the left side of the table; “Small”, 

“Medium”, and “Large” at the far left of the Stennis Space Center chart refers to the thrust class of 

engines that the facility can test. The top of each chart shows time by quarter of fiscal year and calendar 

year, and the key to the status of each facility is at the bottom of each chart. 

Stennis Space Center Test Stand Utilization FY 2010-FY 2017 

SO-70
Space Operations: Space and Flight Support 

ROCKET PROPULSION TEST

White Sands Test Facility Test Stand Utilization FY 2010-FY 2017 

SO-71
 

EDUCATION

Actual Notional 

FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

136.9 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 

-- 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 

-- 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0

61.2 

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 136.1

Aerospace Research and Career 

Development (ARCD) 

58.4

STEM Education and Accountability 

(SEA)

80.0

EDUCATION

Education ........................................................................................ EDUC-2 

AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT (ARCD) ................ EDUC-8 

National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (Space Grant) .... EDUC-10

Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) ..... EDUC-16

STEM EDUCATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY ............................................... EDUC-20

Minority University Research and Education Program (MUREP) .............. EDUC-21

STEM Education and Accountability Projects ............................................ EDUC-27

EDUC-1
 

EDUCATION

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 136.1 136.9 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2

Aerospace Research and Career 58.4 -- 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0

Development (ARCD)

STEM Education and Accountability 80.0 -- 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2

(SEA)

Subtotal 138.4 139.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2 94.2

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -2.3 -2.3 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -41.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -30.8 %

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). 

** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Aerospace Research and Career Development pursuant to 

P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

A group of educators showing their enthusiasm at a 

hands-on STEM Research Workshop, posed in front of a 

34-meter antenna in the Deep Space Network at 

Goldstone, in California's Mojave Desert. NASA’s 

investment in educators teaching grades 4-12 provides 

immediate benefit to their classrooms, transferring the 

excitement of learning, as well as infusing new materials 

and strategies to inspire their students. 

In support of the Administration’s FY 2014 

Science, Technology, Engineering, and 

Mathematics (STEM) Education plan, the 

Agency’s education efforts will be fundamentally 

restructured into a consolidated education 

program funded through the Office of Education. 

The Office of Education will coordinate closely 

with the Department of Education, the National 

Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian 

Institution to achieve the Administration’s STEM 

goals under its wider consolidation strategy. This 

approach will utilize NASA’s expertise and 

resources to shape the Nation’s STEM education 

portfolio. The FY 2014 request for Education is 

$94.2 million, and an additional $15 million to 

support fellowships contained in the Space 

Technology Mission Directorate Account. 

NASA Education's vision is to advance high 

quality STEM education using NASA’s unique 

capabilities. NASA's education programs will 

continue to be deliberate in developing and 

executing strategic partnerships with 

intergovernmental, academic, industrial, entrepreneurial, and international communities to ensure NASA's 

education mission and vision are properly addressed. NASA Education activities will define specific 

EDUC-2
 

EDUCATION

benefits and outcomes from each partnership, develop a method to systematically manage partnerships, 

and leverage each organization's resources appropriately. 

In addition to the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program (Space Grant), Experimental 

Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) and Minority University Research and Education 

Project (MUREP), NASA will consolidate the education functions, assets and efforts of the mission 

directorates, offices and Centers, for example GLOBE, into a single coordinated STEM Education and 

Accountability Project. The assets are critical and unique components that NASA can make available to 

the National Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, and Department of Education as they facilitate 

federal STEM education activities. 

NASA will continue to improve STEM education through an internal competitive process that invests in 

NASA’s most effective education programs, and will remain in alignment with the America COMPETES 

Reauthorization Act of 2010. NASA’s education investments will also be aligned with the federal 

strategic plans of the Administration’s Committee on STEM (CoSTEM). NASA’s investments will 

include support for minority serving institutions and community colleges, which generally serve a high 

proportion of minority students, preparing them for study at a four-year institution.

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014

The Agency’s STEM education efforts will be fundamentally restructured into a consolidated education 

program within NASA Office of Education, and will coordinate closely with the Department of 

Education, the National Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution in leading and executing the 

Administration’s STEM education efforts. The Agency aims to increase both the use of NASA resources 

and the availability of opportunities to a diverse audience of educators and students, including women, 

minorities, and persons with disabilities. 

The Office of Education will utilize an evidence-based competitive process focusing on NASA’s most 

effective internal STEM education activities and assets. In addition to funding the best NASA STEM 

education assets, these funds will be used to ensure that on-going activities such as the Aeronautics 

Scholars and Fellows, Graduate Student Researcher Project Fellows, and educators funded through the 

Endeavor Science Teacher Certificate Program are not abruptly ended. NASA will also allocate funds to 

allow the Agency to support a data management system for performance measurement, analysis, 

evaluation, and reporting of NASA’s activities. 

NASA will allow offices such as the International Space Station Program Office to make available on 

orbit assets, open access to launch facilities for consolidated programs to develop STEM engagement 

efforts. 

The resources will support NASA’s ability to make its people, facilities, and flight platforms available for 

educational purposes. Identified are core costs necessary for NASA to support involvement with the 

STEM consolidation efforts. 

NASA’s expertise, passion and assets play a unique role in the Nation’s STEM education portfolio. In 

addition to Space Grant, EPSCoR, and MUREP, the STEM Education and Accountability Project will 

identify functions and assets as critical components that NASA can make available to the National 

Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, and Department of Education as they facilitate federal 

EDUC-3
 

EDUCATION

STEM education activities through the Administration’s Committee on STEM process for Agency 

coordination. 

Funding is focused on the most effective and highest priority activities. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA Interdisciplinary National Science Project Incorporating Research and Education Experience 

(INSPIRE) is a research based student pipeline activity designed for students in ninth to twelfth grade. 

The centerpiece of the INSPIRE activity is its Online Learning Community. NASA’s unique mission 

provides the content for the community with the intent to generate interest of students in NASA STEMrelated education and career opportunities. In FY 2012, NASA selected 2,054 students to participate in an 

online learning community, compared to 1,923 in 2011, an increase of 131 students (6.8 percent) from 

2011. The students represent 49 states, Guam and Puerto Rico. 

Based on survey data, 90 percent of the students who participated in INSPIRE report they want to take 

more STEM courses after participating. 

NASA Science, Engineering, Mathematics and Aerospace Academy (SEMAA) is a national education 

activity designed to increase the participation and retention of historically underserved and 

underrepresented K-12 youth in the areas of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). 

In FY 2012, the SEMAA project served a total of 70,384 students, parents/adult caregivers, teachers and 

outreach participants representing an overall 14 percent increase over the number of participants served in 

FY 2011. 

After participation in SEMAA, 88 percent of students surveyed expressed an interest in STEM. All of the 

teachers (1005) reported using NASA resources in their classroom after participating in NASA 

professional development, far exceeding the goal of 50 percent. 

NASA Undergraduate Student Research (USR) activity offers undergraduate students across the United 

States immersive research and engineering internship experiences at all ten NASA Field Centers and two 

NASA Research Facilities. In FY 2012, NASA provided 141 experiences for higher education students. 

Of that number, 28 interns represented an underserved race or ethnicity and 46 were female. In addition, 

NASA intern Kody Ensley was named Intern Student of the Year by the American Society of Engineering 

Educators Cooperative and Experiential Division. He has since joined the NASA workforce as a software 

engineer at Johnson Space Flight Center. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA continues to align its STEM education activities with the priorities identified in the five-year 

STEM Strategic Plan issued by CoSTEM. The Agency is consolidating the education activities from 

NASA’s mission directorates, offices, and Centers to ensure educational activities are thoroughly 

integrated with the proposed programs this account funds. 

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EDUCATION

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The NASA Office of Education will coordinate closely with the Department of Education, the National 

Science Foundation, and the Smithsonian Institution within the framework of the wider consolidated 

STEM education effort. The Agency aims to increase both the effectiveness and utilization of NASA 

resources to reach the Administration’s STEM education goals. 

STEM education resources within NASA will be focused within NASA’s Office of Education, which will 

employ an evidence-based competitive process to reach NASA’s most effective internal STEM education 

activities and assets across the Agency. NASA seeks to make available its unique assets, such as the 

International Space Station, open to STEM education programs government-wide on a reimbursable basis 

in order to enhance their effective reach to students and educators. In addition, the Office of Education 

will expand its evidence-collection activities, and deploy a data management system for performance 

measurement, analysis, evaluation, and reporting of NASA’s activities. 

NASA’s education portfolio will focus on the following four priorities, which will contribute toward the 

Administration’s goals for STEM education. 









STEM Engagement: Provide opportunities for participatory and experiential learning activities 

that connect learners to NASA-unique resources; 

NASA Internships, Fellowships, and Scholarships: Utilize NASA facilities and assets to provide 

work experiences, research opportunities to improve retention in STEM and prepare students for 

employment in STEM jobs; 

Educator Professional Development: Prepare STEM educators and leaders to deliver quality 

STEM instruction utilizing unique NASA assets; and 

Institutional Engagement: Improve the capacity of U.S. institutions to deliver effective STEM 

education. 

An overarching operating principle consistent throughout the portfolio is a focus on making opportunities 

available to a diverse audience of educators and learners, including women, minorities, and persons with 

disabilities. 

The diagram listed below describes a strategically focused portfolio that ensures scalability and 

flexibility, and enables NASA education to focus its efforts in areas of greatest national need. 

EDUC-5
 

EDUCATION

Agency's Design Strategies & Funding 

EDUC-6

Programs 

AEROSPACE RESEARCH & CAREER DEVELOPMENT (ARCD) 

The Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) program strengthens the research capabilities 

of the Nation's colleges and universities and provides opportunities; those attract and prepare an 

increasing numbers of students for NASA-related careers. These institutions conduct research that 

contributes to NASA's Mission Directorates' research needs and furthers the Nation's scientific and 

technology innovation agendas. The student programs serve as a major link in the pipeline for addressing 

NASA's human capital strategies. The programs build, sustain, and effectively deploy the skilled, 

knowledgeable, diverse, and high-performing workforce needed to meet the current and emerging needs 

of NASA and the Nation. 

The projects in the Aerospace Research and Career Development program are: National Space Grant 

College and Fellowship Program (Space Grant), and Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive 

Research (EPSCoR). 
 

EDUCATION

STEM EDUCATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY (SEA) 

The STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) program provides unique NASA assets, including its 

people, resources and facilities available in support of the Nation’s STEM education priorities. The 

program supports the professional development of interns, fellows and educators, while integrating 

NASA assets and content into programs designed by the Department of Education, National Science 

Foundation and the Smithsonian Institution. The program also enhances the research, academic, and 

technology capabilities of Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions, 

Tribal Colleges and Universities, and other Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs); provides targeted 

opportunities for underrepresented and underserved learners to participate in research and education 

opportunities through internships, scholarships, and fellowships; and provides opportunities for minority 

institutions to improve the quality of their faculty preparation programs and thereby improve the quality 

and diversity of future STEM leaders. 

The projects within the SEA Program are: Minority University Research and Education Project 

(MUREP), and STEM Education and Accountability Project. 

NASA invests in a shared Program Evaluation & Accountability effort across both ARCD and SEA 

programs. Managed from NASA Headquarters, it ensures alignment, and helps identify and eliminate 

potential duplication of effort across NASA’s education portfolio. NASA also actively participates in the 

National Science and Technology Council Committee on STEM, serving as the co-chair in the 

development of the Federal Strategic Plan for STEM Education. These two efforts ensure NASA’s 

investments are non-duplicative of other federal agencies, and are internally coordinated among the 

Office of Education, mission directorates and centers. These efforts are consistent with both a 

Government Accountability Office report (GAO-12-342SP) and CoSTEM reports on how to better 

coordinate STEM efforts across Federal agencies. CoSTEM coordinates Federal programs and activities 

in support of STEM education, pursuant to the requirements of Section 101 of the America COMPETES 

Reauthorization Act of 2010. 

For more information on CoSTEM reports, go to: 

http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/nstc/committees/costem. 

EDUC-7
Education: Education 

AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT 

(ARCD)

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 56.1 -- 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0

National Space Grant College and 40.0 -- 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0

Fellowship Project

Experimental Project To Stimulate 18.4 -- 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

Competitive Research (EPSCoR)

Subtotal 58.4 -- 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -2.3 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -23.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -41.2 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from NASA Space Grant and EPSCoR pursuant to P.L. 112-

55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

Promoting research that helps to advance its science and 

technical priorities, NASA partners with a variety of 

external organizations to engage faculty and research 

teams. Opportunities such as NASA’s Advanced Rocketry 

Workshops take participants through all aspects of NASA 

Student Launch Projects. 

Aerospace Research and Career Development 

(ARCD) supports national STEM efforts through 

the National Space Grant College and Fellowship 

Program (Space Grant) and the Experimental 

Program to Stimulate Competitive Research 

(EPSCoR). 

The NASA Authorization Act of 1988 

(P.L. 100-147) established Space Grant with a 

goal of enhancing the Nation's science enterprise 

by funding education, research, and public 

service projects through a national network of 

university-based Space Grant consortia. The 

NASA Authorization Act, FY 1992 (P.L. 102-

588) established EPSCoR to strengthen the 

research capability of jurisdictions that have not 

in the past participated equitably in competitive 

aerospace research activities. The goal of the 

NASA EPSCoR is to provide seed funding that 

will enable jurisdictions to develop an academic 

research enterprise directed toward long-term, self-sustaining, nationally competitive capabilities in 

aerospace and aerospace-related research. This capability will, in turn, contribute to the jurisdiction’s 

economic viability and expand the Nation’s base for aerospace research and development. 

These national projects enable NASA to advance more strategically STEM literacy by enhancing science 

and engineering education and research efforts in higher education, K-12, and informal education. In 

addition to education, ARCD promotes research and technology development opportunities for faculty 

and research teams that advance the Agency’s scientific and technical priorities. 

EDUC-8
Education: Education 

AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND CAREER DEVELOPMENT 

(ARCD)

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

See Explanation of Major Changes section of Education Account Overview. Funding is focused on the 

most effective and highest priority activities. 

EDUC-9
Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

NASA SPACE GRANT 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 38.9 -- 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0 24.0

Subtotal 40.0 -- 24.0 24.0

--

24.0

--

24.0

--

24.0

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -1.2 -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

-14.9

-38.3%

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

The best reinforcement for learning is doing. Through a 

series of design challenges for experiment payloads and 

launches, Space Grant provides students with hands-on 

experiences. Taking the knowledge and skills gained from 

these experiences back to the classroom helps to foster 

greater academic success. 

The National Space Grant College and 

Fellowship Program (Space Grant) is a 

competitive grant opportunity project, enabling 

the active involvement of the entire country in 

NASA activities through its national network of 

52 consortia in 50 states, the District of 

Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto 

Rico. Space Grant supports and enhances 

science and engineering education and research 

efforts for educators and learners, by leveraging 

the resource capabilities and technologies of 

over 1,000 affiliates from universities, colleges, 

industry, museums, science centers, and state 

and local agencies. Training grants with each 

consortium align their work with the Nation’s 

STEM education priorities and the annual 

performance goals of the Agency. 

Space Grant enables NASA to provide flight 

opportunities for students to access space to gain 

research and hands-on engineering experiences on a variety of authentic flight platforms, including highaltitude balloons, sounding rockets, aircraft, and space satellites. Space Grant leverages Agency 

investments in STEM education through collaborations with other national NASA education activities. 

Space Grant also supports student participants in internship experiences at NASA Centers. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

See Explanation of Major Changes section of Education Account Overview. Funding is focused on the 

most effective and highest priority activities. 

EDUC-10
Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

NASA SPACE GRANT 

Formulation Development Operations

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In FY 2012, over 24,000 Space Grant-supported undergraduate and graduate students participated in 

scholarships, fellowships, internships and authentic hands-on research and engineering challenges. 

Diversity is a key component within the Space Grant project, achieving a 23 percent participation of 

underrepresented students, and 34 percent participation of female students in Space Grant activities. 

Educators are an important target audience of Space Grant. This year over 19,000 educators participated 

in NASA education activities. Space Grant also targets elementary and secondary students through NASA 

instructional and enrichment activities, reaching over 164,000 precollege students. The Agency conducts 

longitudinal tracking of Higher Education students receiving significant investments. The table below 

shows the status of 3,869 students who were longitudinally tracked in 2012 after taking their “next step” 

from Space Grant. 

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The Space Grant consortia supported flight project activities led by teams of students. Those project 

activities included: 

Three payloads as part of the CubeSat Launch Initiative; 

The fifth Rock-On Workshop with representation from twelve universities; 

The third Rock-Sat-C launch with representation from ten universities; 
Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

NASA SPACE GRANT 

Formulation Development Operations

The second Rock-Sat-X launch with representation from four universities; and 

A flight of the High Altitude Student Platform (HASP) with 12 payloads from 14 universities. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

The currently open Space Grant solicitation directly addresses the need to improve retention rates in 

STEM majors during the first two years of undergraduate STEM education and to increase the number of 

pre-service K-12 educators qualified to teach in STEM fields. Additionally, the solicitation seeks to insure 

that participants are representative of the diversity of the United States. The Agency will award the 

cooperative agreements during the second quarter of FY 2013. The Space Grant team is currently 

preparing to solicit an organization to conduct an independent external evaluation to be completed in 

2014. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In 2014, the program budget will support the base awards for Year 5 of 5 for the 52 consortia which 

includes the following elements: 











Provide hands-on experiences for U.S. graduate and undergraduate students to prepare them for 

the future workforce and/or academic careers; 

Conduct programs and projects that align with the NASA Education priorities, missions and statespecific needs to build upon the education pipeline in pre-college, higher education, and informal 

education; 

Promote a strong STEM education base from elementary through secondary levels while 

preparing teachers in these grade levels to become more effective at improving student academic 

outcomes; 

Continue to build upon and maintain the existing national network of universities with interests 

and capabilities in aeronautics, space and related fields; and 

Leverage the opportunities emerging from the NASA Education strategy to develop high-impact, 

nationwide partnerships. 

Space Grant will assess the results of the completed independent external evaluation to determine possible 

changes to the program in conjunction with the NASA Education strategy and direction. The solicitation 

will reflect this new direction. 

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Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

NASA SPACE GRANT 

Formulation Development Operations

Project Schedule 

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Project Management & Commitments 

The Space Grant Project Manager at NASA Headquarters provides management responsibility for day-today Space Grant operations. Award selections by the 52 lead institutions are based on peer reviews by 

external panels that evaluate performance, and internal/external panels that assess performance, merit, and 

alignment to Agency education, research, and technology goals. Each consortium program or project must 

demonstrate alignment with NASA education objectives that align with NASA strategic goals. Civil 

servants at NASA centers actively engage with regional space grant consortia, providing direction, 

oversight, and integration with center and mission directorate activities. 
Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

NASA SPACE GRANT 

Formulation Development Operations

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA solicits Space Grants through full and open competition for proposals accepted from Space Grant 

consortia in each state, Washington D.C., and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Each consortium 

program or project must demonstrate alignment with NASA education objectives that align with NASA 

strategic goals. Awards are based on peer reviews by external panels that evaluate performance, and 

internal/external panels that assess performance, merit, and alignment to Agency education, research, and 

technology goals. Awards are typically for five years. 

Consortia must submit annual performance data, student profile and award information (for students who 

meet the longitudinal tracking threshold), project information, and other performance data. The Space 

Grant Program Office also performs comprehensive program reviews every five years. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

An independent review 

by an external 

organization to assess the 

accomplishments and 

strategy of the Space 

Grant program 

Independent/ 

External TBD N/A 2014

The Space Grant Program evaluation, which concluded in 2009, covered the five-year period 2003-2007 and 

focused on a merit review of the performance by each consortia in three primary areas: overall performance and 

results (Program Performance and Results), effectiveness in terms of key elements of grant management practices 

(Network Participation and Responsiveness), and feedback from the consortium members (Affiliate Opinion Survey). 

Individual consortium results fell into four categories: Pass, Pass with Weaknesses, Pass with Deficiencies, and 

Serious Deficiencies. Depending on the category, consortia with results other than "Pass" were required to address 

the areas cited. 

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

Between 2010 and 2012, Space Grant reached over 67,000 higher education participants, including 

12,626 individuals receiving significant education and research support. Consistent with the definition of 

all Office of Education higher education student participants, significant awardees receive greater than or 

equal to $5,000 in monetary support or participate in activities of greater than or equal to 160 hours in 

duration. Longitudinal tracking of significant student awardees indicates that typically 90 percent of 

Space Grant award recipients either obtain employment in STEM fields after graduation or matriculate 

into an advanced STEM degree program. The following graph illustrates student post-graduation 

employment in STEM career fields over the last three years. 

EDUC-14
Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

NASA SPACE GRANT 

Formulation Development Operations

EDUC-15
Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM TO STIMULATE COMPETITIVE 

RESEARCH (EPSCOR)

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 17.3 -- 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

Subtotal 18.4 -- 9.0 9.0

--

9.0

--

9.0

--

9.0

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -1.2 -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

-8.3

-48.0%

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

The Native American Research Laboratory (NARL) was 

established at the University of Montana for native scholar 

research in the natural and biological sciences. The 

EPSCoR Research Grant supports undergraduate, 

graduate, and high school students with significant 

research experiences in an interdisciplinary environment, 

as well as exciting inter-governmental and international 

internships. 

The Experimental Program to Stimulate 

Competitive Research (EPSCoR) is a 

competitive grant opportunity project that 

establishes partnerships between government, 

higher education, and industry and promotes 

lasting improvements in the R&D capacity of 

that state or region. By improving research 

infrastructure, a region will improve its national 

research and development competitiveness and 

economy. EPSCoR develops academic research 

projects to establish long-term, self-sustaining, 

and nationally competitive activities in states 

with modest research infrastructure so that they 

become more competitive in attracting nonEPSCoR funding. 

EPSCoR funds states and regions that have not 

historically participated equitably in Federal 

competitive aerospace and aerospace-related 

research activities. EPSCoR supports 

competitively funded awards in eligible states 

(as identified by the National Science 

Foundation) and provides research and technology development opportunities for faculty and research 

teams. NASA actively seeks to integrate the research conducted by EPSCoR jurisdictions with the 

scientific and technical priorities pursued by the Agency. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

See Explanation of Major Changes section of Education Account Overview. Funding is focused on the 

most effective and highest priority activities. 

EDUC-16
Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM TO STIMULATE COMPETITIVE 

RESEARCH (EPSCOR)

Formulation Development Operations

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA funded Year 1 (of 3) of the multi-year Research Infrastructure Development awards, representing 

all 29 eligible jurisdictions, with a net value of $3.6 million. These awards will be funded until FY 2014 

for a total funding of $10.9 million. NASA also received 57 proposals in response to its annual 

competitive call for research. NASA funded 17 proposals from 16 states and the U.S. Virgin Islands with 

a net value of $12.6 million over the 3-year term of the grants. The selected proposals represent research 

or technology development in NASA’s mission directorates. These awards expire at the end of FY 2015. 

Scientific and technical achievements by the research teams will be identified in the annual and final 

reports. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

EPSCoR will make new research awards in January 2013. Each funded proposal is expected to establish 

research activities that will make significant contributions to NASA’s strategic research and technology 

development priorities and contribute to the overall research infrastructure, science and technology 

capabilities, higher education, and economic development within the jurisdiction. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, NASA EPSCoR will issue a competitive call for extramural research awards and will support 

the third and last year of the Research Infrastructure Development awards. The new research solicitation 

will focus on priority research and the technology development needs of NASA’s mission directorates. 

Project Schedule 

EDUC-17
Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM TO STIMULATE COMPETITIVE 

RESEARCH (EPSCOR)

Formulation Development Operations

Project Management & Commitments 

The EPSCoR project manager based at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) provides management 

responsibility for day-to-day operations. Representatives from each of NASA’s mission directorates work 

closely with EPSCoR project management so that current and future research and engineering needs are 

reflected in EPSCoR solicitations. The mission directorate representatives serve as the proposal selection 

committee, further ensuring that the selected work contributes to NASA priorities. Technical monitors at 

the NASA Centers and Headquarters monitor and assess the progress of each award. They provide 

scientific guidance and technical advice throughout the year, as required, on the overall progress of the 

proposed effort, and review all progress reports. Additional involvement may occur, depending upon the 

nature of the collaboration already established or desired. This includes integrating the EPSCoR research 

into ongoing activities or research efforts, and increasing the principal investigator and his or her team’s 

awareness of other related or relevant research in NASA. 

NASA is a member of the Federal EPSCoR Interagency Coordinating Committee, chaired by the National 

Science Foundation. The committee works to improve the leveraging of Federal EPSCoR investments. 

Acquisition Strategy 

NASA solicits and awards EPSCoR through full and open competition among institutions from 

designated EPSCoR states. Each consortium proposal must demonstrate alignment with the goals of 

NASA’s education programs and the NASA Strategic Plan. Selections are based on peer reviews by 

external panels that evaluate technical merit and internal and external panels that assess content, merit, 

feasibility, and alignment to Agency education, research, and technology goals. Awards of up to three 

years may be made for research and awards of up to five years may be made for infrastructure 

development, depending on the availability of appropriated funds. Grantees are required to submit 

performance data annually. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Cross-agency evaluation 

of EPSCoR and other 

Federal EPSCoR-like 

programs and 

accomplishments per 

H.R. 5116 America 

Competes 

Reauthorization of 2010 

Independent National Academies N/A Successful 2013

EDUC-18
Education: Education: Aerospace Research and Career Development (ARCD) 

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM TO STIMULATE COMPETITIVE 

RESEARCH (EPSCOR)

Formulation Development Operations

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

The graph below shows overall statistics of the active research and infrastructure development awards 

from FY 2009 through FY 2011. 

The data elements monitored are consistent with the EPSCoR Interagency Coordinating Committee 

expectations to measure EPSCoR project performance and the elements of the federal-wide Research 

Performance Progress Report established by the National Science and Technology Council, Committee 

on Science, Research Business Models Working Group. 

As a consistent set of data are collected over time, EPSCoR anticipates being able to identify significant 

trends and make program adjustments as necessary. 

EDUC-19

Figure 1: EPSCoR 3-Year Historical Performance Trend Data 
Education: Education 

STEM EDUCATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY (SEA)

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 80.0 -- 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.2

Minority University Research Education 30.0 -- 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0

Project

STEM Education and Accountability 50.0 -- 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2

Projects

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -18.8

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -23.5 %

The T-shirt says it all! 

Administrator Bolden is engaged 

with students as they countdown 

for their rocket launches during 

a hands-on Summer of 

Innovation event in Columbia, 

South Carolina. Going to special 

camps and events, participating 

in activities that challenge and 

excite, and meeting role models 

from diverse disciplines helps 

motivate and encourage students 

to continue exploring their 

interests in STEM. 

The STEM Education and Accountability program makes unique 

NASA assets, including people, resources, and facilities available in 

support of the Nation’s STEM education priorities. The program 

supports professional development of interns, fellows, and educators, 

while integrating NASA assets and content into programs designed by 

the Department of Education, National Science Foundation, and the 

Smithsonian Institution. It connects NASA’s partners, including higher 

education institutions, minority-serving institutions, community 

colleges, NASA visitor centers, museums, and planetariums to the 

broad scientific discoveries, aeronautics research, and exploration 

missions of the Agency. 

Through the Minority University Research and Education Project, 

NASA supports the Nation’s Historically Black Colleges and 

Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions, and Tribal Colleges 

through multi-year research grants. Additionally, the project provides 

internships, scholarships, fellowships, mentoring, and tutoring for 

underserved and underrepresented learners in K-12, informal, and 

higher education settings, that includes community colleges, 

particularly those serving a high proportion of minority and 

underserved students, including persons with disabilities and women. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

See Explanation of Major Changes section of Education Account 

Overview. Funding is focused on the most effective and highest 

priority activities. 

EDUC-20
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

MINORITY UNIVERSITY RESEARCH EDUCATION PROGRAM 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 30.0 -- 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0

Change from FY 2012 

Percentage change from FY 2012 

-- --

-- --

0.0

0%

The Harriet G. Jenkins Pre-Doctoral Fellowship Project 

seeks to increase the number of graduate degrees awarded 

to women, minorities, and persons with disabilities. 

Graduate students benefit from research experiences and 

skills gained through this program, including public 

presentations of their research findings. 

NASA targets recruitment and retention of 

underrepresented and underserved students, 

including women and girls, and persons with 

disabilities. Participation in NASA projects and 

research stimulates increasing numbers of 

learners to continue their studies at all education 

levels and encourages students to earn advanced 

degrees in STEM fields critical to NASA and 

the Nation. NASA’s Minority University 

Research and Education Project enhances the 

research, academic, and technology capabilities 

of Historically Black Colleges and Universities 

(HBCUs), Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs), 

Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs), and 

other Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs); 

provides targeted opportunities for 

underrepresented and underserved learners to 

participate in research and education 

opportunities through internships, scholarships, 

and fellowships; and provides opportunities for 

minority institutions to improve the quality of their faculty preparation programs and thereby improve the 

quality and diversity of future STEM leaders. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Curriculum Improvement Partnership Award for the Integration of Research (CIPAIR) assisted two and 

four-year minority institutions with strengthening their science, technology, engineering and mathematics 

academic fields and technical programs. In FY 2012, there were 24 CIPAIR grantees, which included 8 

HBCUs, 8 HSIs, 4 TCUs, and 4 MSIs. 145 CIPAIR students engaged in NASA-related research where 

119 were underrepresented minority students in STEM. Thirty four percent of the total CIPAIR students 

engaged were females. 

EDUC-21
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

MINORITY UNIVERSITY RESEARCH EDUCATION PROGRAM 

Formulation Development Operations

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

EDUC-22
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

MINORITY UNIVERSITY RESEARCH EDUCATION PROGRAM 

Formulation Development Operations

Project Schedule 

Project Management & Commitments 

The MUREP project manager is located at NASA Headquarters and provides management and oversight 

for overall program operations. NASA Centers manage significant investments in project activity 

elements. In FY 2013, the current MUREP elements are as follows: 

Change from 

Formulation 

Element Description Provider Details Agreement 

URCs are multi-disciplinary 

research centers at Minority 

Serving Institutions (MSI) 

that are supported to expand 

the Nation’s base for 

aerospace research and 

development, and increase 

the production of 

underrepresented/underserve

d students who obtain 

degrees undergraduate and 

graduate degrees in NASArelated fields. 

Provider: All NASA Centers 

Lead Center: NASA DFRC 

Participating Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: N/A University Research 

Centers (URCs)

EDUC-23
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

MINORITY UNIVERSITY RESEARCH EDUCATION PROGRAM 

Formulation Development Operations

Curriculum 

Improvements 

Partnership Award 

for the Integration of 

Research (CIPAIR)

CIPAIR was designed to 

strengthen the curricula of 

MSIs and community 

colleges in order to attract 

more students into STEMbased academic programs, 

retain them, and prepare 

them for success when they 

take the next steps in their 

education or in their careers

Provider: All NASA Centers 

Lead Center: NASA HQ 

Participating Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

MUST increases the number 

of underrepresented/ 

underserved students in 

STEM disciplines. Each 

MUST participant receives 

three-years of support in the 

form of a scholarship, 

internships at a NASA 

Center, mentoring, and 

professional development. 

Provider: All NASA Centers 

Lead Center: NASA GRC 

Participating Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Motivating 

Undergraduates in 

Science and 

Technology (MUST)

Tribal Colleges and 

Universities Project 

(TCUP)

TCU activity supports the 

Nation’s Tribal Colleges 

through grants that provide 

funding for academic and 

research infrastructure 

development and support of 

STEM students at tribal 

colleges and universities. 

Provider: All NASA Centers 

Lead Center: NASA GSFC 

Participating Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

MUREP Small 

Projects (MSP)

MSA advances MUREP 

priorities by identifying gaps 

or areas where new projects 

will enhance NASA higher 

education portfolio and better 

meet Agency objectives. 

Achieving Competence in 

Computing, Engineering, and 

Space Service is an example 

of an MSA activity that now 

fills an identified 

programming gap (i.e., 

internships for students with 

disabilities). 

Provider: All NASA Centers 

Lead Center: NASA KSC 

Participating Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

JPF increases the number of 

underrepresented/ 

underserved STEM students 

at the graduate level. JPF 

provides three-years of 

support for each participant 

with a stipend, tuition off-set, 

a NASA internship, 

mentoring, and professional 

development. 

Provider: All NASA Centers 

Lead Center: NASA ARC 

Participating Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

Jenkins Pre-Doctoral 

Fellowship Project 

(JPFP)

EDUC-24
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

MINORITY UNIVERSITY RESEARCH EDUCATION PROGRAM 

Formulation Development Operations

NASA Science and 

Technology Institute 

for Minority 

Institutions (NSTIMI)

NSTI-MSI increases the 

research capacity of MSIs, 

increases the number of 

undergraduate STEM 

students, and supports 

Agency research objectives.

Provider: All NASA Centers 

Lead Center: NASA ARC 

Participating Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

NICE provides grants to 

MSIs to: enhance climate 

change education; improve 

the teaching and learning 

about climate change and 

Earth system science; 

increase the number of 

underrepresented and 

underserved K-12 teachers of 

math and science; and 

increase the number of 

students prepared for 

graduate study in climaterelated subjects. 

Provider: All NASA Centers 

Lead Center: NASA LaRC 

Participating Centers: All NASA Centers 

Cost Share Partners: N/A 

NASA Innovations in 

Climate Education 

(NICE) (Note: 

renamed from 

Innovations in Global 

Climate Change 

Education)

Acquisition Strategy 

MUREP solicits new and innovative education products, tools, and services from qualified MSIs and 

nonprofit organizations. This occurs in response to changes in STEM education trends, identified gaps or 

opportunities in the education portfolio of investments, a response to demonstrated customer need or 

demand, or when the Administration or Congress identifies new priorities. NASA awards education 

cooperative agreements, grants and contracts through full and open competition. Selections are based on 

peer reviews by external panels that evaluate educational merit and internal/external panels for content, 

merit, feasibility, and alignment to education goals. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

All MUREP activities document performance either through external evaluations or internal reviews 

conducted by NASA staff. For example, a Technical Review Committee, made up of NASA and industry 

engineers and scientists, reviews each University Research Centers grantee annually during the five-year 

performance period. All review reports are used as a part of the renewal package for the individual 

grantee. 

EDUC-25
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

MINORITY UNIVERSITY RESEARCH EDUCATION PROGRAM 

Formulation Development Operations

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE

The Harriett G. Jenkins Predoctoral Fellowship (JPF) seeks to increase the number of graduate degrees 

awarded to underrepresented and underserved persons (women, minorities and persons with disabilities) 

in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. The ultimate goal is to 

increase the U.S. talent pool by developing a more inclusive, multicultural and sustainable STEM 

workforce. Since its inception JPF has produced 54 M.S. graduates and 121 Ph.D. graduates. There are 

currently 34 students being supported by the activity as they work to obtain their degree. 

EDUC-26

Since its inception in 2001, JPF has supported 210 students as they obtained masters and doctoral degrees. 
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

STEM EDUCATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY PROJECTS 

Formulation Development Operations

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 50.0 -- 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2

Evaluation Performance Monitoring & 25.0 -- 25.0 24.8 24.5 24.3 24.1

Acct

Informal and Formal Education 15.0 -- 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8

Innovation In Education 10.0 -- 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -18.8

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -37.6 %

NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver talks with 

students at a NASA Educational Forum aimed at sharing 

the excitement of space exploration. Speakers encourage 

students to think about different careers and how science, 

technology, engineering and mathematics would help them 

pursue the career of their dreams. 

NASA will consolidate the education functions, 

assets, and efforts of the Aeronautics Research 

Mission Directorate, Science Mission 

Directorate and Human Exploration and 

Operations Mission Directorate into a single 

coordinated STEM Education and 

Accountability Project (SEAP). The project 

assets are critical and unique components that 

NASA can make available to the National 

Science Foundation, Smithsonian Institution, 

and Department of Education, as they facilitate 

federal STEM education activities through the 

Administration’s Committee on STEM process 

for Agency coordination. 

SEAP will enhance coordination with other 

agencies and will focus on those areas of STEM 

education where the Federal government can 

have maximum impact. The project will support 

innovations in performance monitoring, 

evaluation and formal and informal education. Through grants, cooperative agreements and other 

mechanisms, NASA will make its people, resources, facilities, and discoveries available to key 

stakeholders and strategic partners, such as Boys and Girls Clubs, Challenger Centers, NASA visitor 

centers, science museums, and planetariums. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES

See Explanation of Major Changes section of Education Account Overview. Funding is focused on the 

most effective and highest priority activities. 

SEAP will coordinate three distinct activities: 

EDUC-27
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

STEM EDUCATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY PROJECTS 

Formulation Development Operations















The Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) is a worldwide 

hands-on, primary, and secondary school-based science and education program. GLOBE's vision 

promotes and supports students, teachers, and scientists to collaborate on inquiry-based 

investigations of the environment and the Earth system working in close partnership with NASA, 

NOAA, and NSF Earth System Science Projects in study and research about the dynamics of 

Earth's environment. 

The Agency allocates funds through a coordinated competitive process to ensure the best 

application of NASA education assets to meet the goals of the Nation’s STEM education efforts, 

including engagement. The most meritorious existing scholarship, fellowships, and grants for 

graduate students and educators will be supported, as well as many other such experiences 

previously funded by the Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate, Science Mission Directorate, 

Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, NASA Centers and the Office of 

Education. 

NASA will implement a STEM interagency coordination effort, which will serve as the focal 

point for NASA to ensure that the Agency’s assets are put to use effectively in support of the 

STEM activities that will be directed by the National Science Foundation, the Smithsonian 

Institution, and the Department of Education. This includes the infrastructure necessary to support 

the rigorous collection, evaluation, and dissemination of evidence of NASA’s contributions 

towards the achievement of the wider STEM goals. 

Through previous consolidation efforts, NASA had planned to sunset many activities by FY 

2014. With a new focus on STEM reorganization across the federal government, NASA is 

terminating additional activities. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

The goal of SEAP is to engage learners, especially those from underserved and underrepresented 

populations, in evidence-based learning opportunities designed to increase their involvement and interest 

in STEM, educate them on the value of STEM in their lives or positively influence the perception of their 

ability to participate in STEM by connecting them to NASA-unique resources. During FY 2012, the 

number of elementary and secondary students participating in NASA instructional and enrichment 

activities was 1,184,786. The percentage of elementary and secondary students expressing interest in 

STEM careers following their involvement in NASA education programs was 84 percent, a positive 

indicator that STEM engagement is positively influencing students’ interest. In addition, the Summer of 

Innovation project launched in 2010 in response to the President’s Educate to Innovate campaign, 

engaged 38,949 students in grades four to eight. The majority of the students served by Summer of 

Innovation were from underserved/underrepresented populations, including: 

58 percent minority; 

50 percent female; and 

79 percent received free/reduced lunch. 

Exhibits, planetarium shows, and community-based programming are among 18 new grants NASA 

selected to receive Agency funding in 2012. The awarded institutions consist of 11 informal education 

EDUC-28
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

STEM EDUCATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY PROJECTS 

Formulation Development Operations

providers and 7 NASA visitor centers that are sharing $10 million resulting from the 63 proposals 

submitted through NASA Research Announcement, 2011 Competitive Program for Science Museums 

and Planetariums Plus Opportunities for NASA Visitor Centers and Other Informal Education 

Institutions. 

Nearly 9,000 undergraduate, graduate and high school students applied for NASA-unique formal 

education opportunities including internships, fellowship, and scholarships through the One Stop 

Shopping Initiative resulting in 1,173 students selected for support. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013

In FY 2013, NASA issued a NASA Research Announcement: Competitive Program for Science 

Museums, Planetariums, and NASA Visitor Centers Plus Other Opportunities that will operate through 

FY 2014. This investment in domestic assistance funding enables awardees to share NASA with the 

public, educators, and learners to provide opportunities to participate in NASA's Mission, foster 

innovation and contribute to a strong national economy. In FY 2012, NASA began a design review of the 

Summer of Innovation pilot focused on initial awardees and partners. The future of the project depends on 

the results of NASA’s evidenced-based competitive process.

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

SEAP will establish the structure to provide efficient coordination of education efforts throughout NASA, 

and with external partners. Through the Education Coordinating Council, it will ensure that the most 

effective NASA assets are made available to support the Nation’s STEM education priorities. In 

collaboration with federal partners, it will review GLOBE and other NASA activities to support the 

rigorous collection, evaluation, and dissemination of evidence of NASA’s contributions towards the 

achievement of the Nation’s wider STEM goals. 

Project Schedule 

Consistent with the status report on the National Science and Technology Council five-year Federal 

STEM education Strategic Plan, the STEM Education and Accountability projects will align its portfolio 

of activities over the next five years. 

In year one, NASA will work with the Committee on STEM to finalize criteria for success, develop 

common evidence standards, evaluation and research toolkits, and identify efficiency and productivity 

opportunities. 

In years two through five, the Agency will establish baselines and increase alignment with the adopted 

criteria. NASA will align its future evaluation strategy with the status report on the National Science and 

Technology Council five-year Federal STEM Education Strategic Plan. Successful STEM education 

practices and strategies identified through STEM education research studies and evaluations will be used 

to guide NASA investments in STEM education. 

EDUC-29
Education: Education: STEM Education and Accountability (SEA) 

STEM EDUCATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY PROJECTS 

Formulation Development Operations

Project Management & Commitments 

The STEM Education and Accountability project managers are located at NASA Headquarters and 

provide oversight for overall activities and operations. In 2013, NASA will be making new commitments 

when it selects awardees based on the competitive acquisition strategy described below. Other funds go to 

NASA Centers, Jet Propulsion Laboratory contractors or other awardees to support competitive 

commitments made in prior fiscal years. 

Acquisition Strategy 

SEAP solicits new and innovative education products, tools, and services from qualified organizations. 

This occurs in response to changes in STEM education trends, identified gaps, or opportunities in the 

education portfolio of investments, a response to demonstrated customer need or demand, or when the 

Administration or Congress identifies new priorities. NASA awards education cooperative agreements, 

grants and contracts through full and open competition. Selections are based on peer reviews by external 

panels that evaluate educational merit and internal/external panels for content, merit, feasibility, and 

alignment to education goals. The Education Coordinating Council will make recommendations to the 

Associate Administrator for Education on any funding allocated to activities implemented directly by 

NASA. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Independent review is responsive to both a Government Accountability Office report (GAO-12-342SP) 

and reports from the National Science and Technology Council Committee on STEM. NASA embeds 

evaluation and accountability requirements within SEA, and will integrate performance monitoring within 

all three activities and any legacy grant investments from prior fiscal years. 

External experts reviewed the Summer of Innovation Pilot as explained in the table below. 

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Program 

design review External experts May-Jun 2012

Identify preferred 

program models;

Identify new project 

requirements based on 

research evidence

New project 

requirements 

identified and 

implemented in 

2013

Nov-Dec 

2014

Evaluation 

design review External experts Aug 2012

Identify new evaluation 

design and develop highlevel evaluation plan to 

assess preferred program 

model

New evaluation 

plan developed 

and implemented 

by Abt 

Associates in 

2013 

Jan 2013 

Mar-Apr 

2014

EDUC-30
 

CROSS AGENCY SUPPORT

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 2993.9 3012.2 2850.3 2850.3 2850.3 2850.3 2850.3

Center Management and Operations 2204.1 -- 2089.7 2089.7 2089.7 2089.7 2089.7

Agency Management and Operations 789.9 -- 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6

CROSS AGENCY SUPPORT

Cross Agency Support ................................................................... CAS-2 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS ............................................... CAS-5 

AGENCY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS ............................................... CAS-12

Agency Management .................................................................................. CAS-14

Safety and Missions Success (SMS) ......................................................... CAS-18

Agency IT Services (AITS) ......................................................................... CAS-23

Strategic Capabilities Assets Program (SCAP) .......................................... CAS-28

HEADQUARTERS BUDGET BY OFFICE ...................................................... CAS-32

HEADQUARTERS TRAVEL BUDGET BY OFFICE .......................................... CAS-33

HEADQUARTERS WORKFORCE BY OFFICE ............................................... CAS-34

CAS-1
 

CROSS AGENCY SUPPORT

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 2993.9 3012.2 2850.3 2850.3 2850.3 2850.3 2850.3

Center Management and Operations 2204.1 -- 2089.7 2089.7 2089.7 2089.7 2089.7

Agency Management and Operations 789.9 -- 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6

Subtotal 2994.0 3012.3 2850.3 2850.3 2850.3 2850.3 2850.3

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -0.1 -0.1 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -143.6

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -4.8 %

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). 

** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Agency Management and Operations pursuant to P.L. 112-

55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

At NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the space 

shuttle Atlantis pauses during its 10-mile journey to the 

Kennedy Visitor Complex. NASA Administrator Charles 

Bolden, left, and Kennedy Director Bob Cabana hold the 

just signed document transferring title of Atlantis to the 

visitor complex. The Atlantis, and millions of other Shuttle 

Program items, required the expertise of the many 

disciplines within NASA’s institutional support 

organization, to effectively manage the final disposition of 

these assets at the Program’s conclusion. 

Cross Agency Support (CAS) manages the 

administration of the Agency, operates and 

maintains NASA Centers and facilities, 

including Headquarters, and provides oversight 

to reduce risk to life and mission for all NASA 

programs. 

CAS manages both institutional and program 

capabilities for the Agency. Institutional 

capabilities ensure that Agency operations are 

effective, efficient, and meet statutory, 

regulatory, and fiduciary responsibilities. 

Program capabilities ensure that technical skills 

and assets are ready and available to meet 

program and project milestones; that missions 

and research are technically and scientifically 

sound; and that Agency practices are safe and 

reliable. Together these capabilities sustain 

4,900 buildings and structures on 330,000 acres 

across the Agency's Centers and facilities. 

Missions rely on CAS program and institutional 

capabilities to accomplish their objectives. 

Engineering, systems engineering, and safety and mission assurance capabilities support technical 

activities. Information technology, infrastructure, and security capabilities support the productivity of 

NASA scientists and engineers. Human capital management, finance, procurement, occupational health 

and safety, equal employment opportunity and diversity, and small business programs contribute to the 

strategic and operational planning and management that ensure resources are available when needed. 

CAS-2
 

CROSS AGENCY SUPPORT

International and interagency relations, legislative and intergovernmental affairs, and strategic 

communications facilitate communications with a broad range of external communities. These program 

and institutional capabilities and related processes speak to the complexity of the support necessary for 

successful NASA missions and safe Agency and Center operations. 

NASA's CAS account includes two Themes: Center Management and Operations; and Agency 

Management and Operations. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014

NASA is implementing operational efficiencies for Center and Headquarters services, including facilities 

maintenance and repair and general IT services. This enables the Agency to maximize its investments on 

mission priorities and reallocates resources to increase Agency IT security activities.

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Cross Agency Support activities provide the workforce and facilities required to conduct NASA's 

missions. In FY 2012, Cross Agency Support programs: 













Developed a human capital framework designed to create a workforce culture that builds on 

innovation and was recognized by the Partnership for Public Service as the most innovative 

agency in government. 

Provided logistics management support to retire and transfer Space Shuttle orbiters and other 

artifacts to museums, schools, and universities; 

Completed the Strategic Sustainability Performance Plan to guide NASA strategies for 

greenhouse gas and petroleum use reduction, water use efficiency, pollution prevention, waste 

reduction, and sustainable acquisition. NASA received a green rating on its most recent OMB 

scorecard by achieving a 12 percent reduction in petroleum use in its entire vehicle fleet 

compared to 2005; 

Assessed the Agency's wind tunnels, airfields, rocket test facilities, and thermal vacuum chamber 

test capabilities against mission requirements and identified seven under-used facilities for 

disposition; and, 

Reduced Cross Agency Support administrative costs compared to FY 2010 levels. To accomplish 

this, NASA reduced printing and reproduction, travel, supplies and materials, in support of 

efficiency initiatives. Savings were used to offset increasing utilities and operational costs and 

were reinvested in facilities maintenance and other essential activities. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Cross Agency Support continues its cross-cutting support of the Agency's aeronautics and space 

activities. Key activities underway include: 

Assessment of the Agency's aircraft and flight simulator capabilities against mission requirements 

to identify any changes required to the NASA portfolio; and 

CAS-3
 

CROSS AGENCY SUPPORT









Continued consolidation of arc jet test capabilities at Ames Research Center (ARC). Work 

includes verification and activation of the test equipment already transferred from Johnson Space 

Center and final transfer of the remaining major test equipment to ARC. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

In FY 2014, Cross Agency Support programs will continue to enable program and institutional 

capabilities to conduct NASA's aeronautics and space activities. In addition to providing ongoing 

operations, CAS programs will: 

Fully deploy an enhanced agency-wide recruiting and hiring program targeting recent graduates 

with the intention of ensuring a robust, diverse pipeline of the next generation of scientists, 

engineers, and mission support professionals; 

Modernize the Information Technology security assessment and authorization process, define 

metrics for measuring risk reduction, create dashboards for visualizing and communicating the 

Agency’s cyber security posture, and expand the security operations efforts to provide early 

warning of cyber vulnerabilities; and 

Increase reliability-centered maintenance and conditioned-based monitoring activities at the 

Centers to provide early detection and correction of facility maintenance issues. 

Themes 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS

Center Management and Operations provides the ongoing management, operations, and maintenance of 

NASA Centers and component facilities in nine states. Missions rely on the Centers to provide the skilled 

staff and specialized infrastructure required to accomplish their objectives.

AGENCY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS

Agency Management and Operations (AMO) provides management and oversight of Agency missions 

and performance of NASA-wide mission support activities. AMO activities at NASA Headquarters 

ensure that core services are ready and available across the Agency for performing mission roles and 

responsibilities. 

CAS-4
Cross Agency Support 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 2204.1 -- 2089.7 2089.7 2089.7 2089.7 2089.7

Center Institutional Capabilities 1707.2 -- 1622.4 1622.4 1622.4 1622.4 1622.4

Center Programmatic Capabilities 496.9 -- 467.3 467.3 467.3 467.3 467.3

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -114.4

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -5.2 %

NASA work is performed at Headquarters in Washington, 

DC, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a federally funded 

research and development center operated under a 

contract with the California Institute of Technology and 

nine Centers: Ames Research Center and Dryden Flight 

Research Center both in CA, Glenn Research Center in 

OH, Goddard Space Flight Center in MD, Johnson Space 

Center in TX, Kennedy Space Center in FL, Langley 

Research Center in VA, Marshall Space Flight Center in 

AL, and Stennis Space Center in MS. 

NASA’s Center Management and Operations 

(CMO) budget funds the ongoing management, 

operations, and maintenance of nine Centers and 

three major component facilities in nine states. 

CMO includes two major activities: Center 

Institutional Capabilities and Center 

Programmatic Capabilities. 

Institutional capabilities provide the facilities, 

staff, and administrative support to ensure that 

Center operations are effective and efficient and 

that activities meet statutory, regulatory, and 

fiduciary responsibilities. Program capabilities 

support scientific and engineering activities at 

the Centers. These program capabilities ensure 

that technical skills and assets are ready and 

available to meet program and project 

milestones; that missions and research are 

technically and scientifically sound; and that 

center practices are safe and reliable. Missions 

rely on these program and institutional 

capabilities to provide the skilled staff and 

specialized infrastructure required to accomplish 

their objectives. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA has reduced administrative costs and implemented operational efficiencies for Center services, 

including facilities maintenance and repair and general Information Technology support. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Centers aligned their infrastructure to mission requirements and demolished and closed facilities no 

longer required for the mission. 

CAS-5
Cross Agency Support 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS

NASA reduced Center Management and Operations administrative costs in FY 2012 compared to FY 

2010 levels. To accomplish this, Centers reduced printing and reproduction, travel, supplies, and 

materials, in support of efficiency initiatives. NASA used the savings to offset increasing utilities and 

operational costs and reinvest in facilities maintenance. 

NASA reduced the total number of IT data centers by 31 percent. This initiative lowered energy 

consumption for data centers by an estimated two to three percent because of more efficient use of the 

existing conditioned spaces. It implemented best practices for room design, proper temperature settings, 

optimal rack and floor space densities, and lifecycle replacement of old and inefficient hardware. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Contractor labor and Center operations costs continue to grow. In FY 2013, NASA is offsetting these 

increased costs by reducing some services and by improving the efficiency of other Center services and 

implementing additional energy savings activities. For example, Glenn Research Center invested in 

mobile cooling towers to reduce water use during annual maintenance periods, and Ames Research 

Center awarded a Utilities Energy Contract to improve energy efficiency, lower greenhouse gas emissions 

from boilers, and improve system performance and reliability.

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Centers will provide the services, tools, and equipment to complete essential tasks, protect and maintain 

the security and integrity of information and assets, and ensure that personnel work under safe and 

healthy conditions. In FY 2014, Center Management and Operations will support: 



















Facility maintenance and operations, including utility and custodial support of approximately 

4900 buildings and structures with an average age of 38 years and current replacement value of 

$32 billion; 

IT activities for video, voice, network, IT security, and desktop support at centers; 

Institutional operational safety support to protect personnel and assets, aviation safety, emergency 

preparedness, nuclear safety, construction safety, and other safety services; 

Physical security, fire protection and response, emergency management, export control, and other 

basic and specialized protective services; 

Compliance with environmental regulations, executive orders, and related requirements to protect 

human health and the environment; 

Human resource management including recruitment, hiring, workforce planning, training, and 

performance management supporting approximately 17,700 civil servants at the Centers; 

Occupational and environmental health and medical support such as industrial hygiene, health 

physics, hearing conservation, and licensed and credentialed medical personnel and facilities to 

meet specialized mission requirements; 

Personal property management of more than 1.6 billion items, transportation management, mail 

management, and other logistical support; 

Duplicating and printing support, video production, audio/visual services, and publications and 

graphics (includes specialized support for the production and archiving of Scientific and 

Technical Information); 

CAS-6
Cross Agency Support 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS













Senior leadership and management of the Center, executive staff and administrative support, 

student programs, and developmental assignments; 

Routine public affairs activities, dissemination of information about NASA programs and projects 

to the general public, and responses to public inquiries; 

Administration and management of Center financial operations; 

Acquisition and contract management capabilities and practices supporting more than 51,000 

procurement actions each year; 

Engineering assessment and safety oversight pertaining to the technical readiness and execution 

of NASA programs and projects; and 

Analysis, design, research, test services, and fabrication capabilities to enable efficient 

implementation of the programs and projects. 

NASA will continue to seek and implement additional operational efficiencies to enable the Agency to 

conduct day-to-day technical and business operations. To reduce facility repair costs, Centers will 

increase reliability-centered maintenance and condition-based monitoring activities. These activities will 

provide for early detection and correction of facility maintenance issues before costly failures occur. 

Program Elements 

CENTER INSTITUTIONAL CAPABILITIES

Figure 1: Center Institutional Capabilities manage and sustain the Agency’s facilities and staff. 

CAS-7
Cross Agency Support 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS

Center Institutional Capabilities encompasses a diverse set of activities essential for safe and effective 

operations. These activities provide the ongoing operations of NASA Centers and major component 

facilities and ensure a safe, healthy, and environmentally responsible workplace. Included are essential 

operations such as Center security, environmental management and safety services, and facility 

maintenance and operations. To support the Agency’s Center-based workforce, Center Institutional 

Capabilities provide utilities, IT, legal, occupational health, equal employment opportunity, and human 

resources services. This capability manages and sustains Center staff, facilities, and operations as 

illustrated in Figure 1. This coordinated Center approach to institutional management is an essential 

element in preserving specialized national capabilities that NASA, industry, academia, and other 

government agencies rely on. 

CENTER PROGRAMMATIC CAPABILITIES

NASA’s Center Program Capabilities supports the Agency’s scientific and engineering activities by 

providing engineering assessment and safety oversight pertaining to the technical readiness and execution 

of NASA programs and projects. It also sustains NASA’s analysis, design, research, test services, and 

fabrication capabilities to enable efficient implementation of the programs and projects conducted at the 

Centers. 

A key component of NASA’s overall system of checks and balances is provided within Center 

Programmatic Capabilities. The engineering, safety and mission assurance, and health and medical 

organizations at the Centers support programs and projects in two ways: (1) they provide, support, and 

oversee the technical work of matrixed personnel with necessary technical expertise, and (2) these 

organizations provide formally delegated Engineering (Figure 2) and Safety and Mission Assurance 

Technical Authorities (Figure 3) at NASA Centers. These technical authorities provide independent 

oversight and review of programs and projects in support of safety and mission success. Cognizant 

technical authorities formally review and concur on technical and operational matters involving safety 

and mission success risk. Concurrence is based on the technical merits of each case and includes 

agreement that the risks are acceptable. This assures that NASA’s activities are implemented safely in 

accordance with accepted standards of professional practice and applicable NASA requirements. 

CAS-8
Cross Agency Support 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS

Engineering Technical Authorities 

($ in millions)

FY FY FY FY FY 

Center 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Ames Research Center 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6

Dryden Flight Research Center 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2

Glenn Research Center 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0

Goddard Space Flight Center 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6

Johnson Space Center 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8

Kennedy Space Center 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8

Langley Research Center 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5

Marshall Space Flight Center 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.7

Stennis Space Center 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3

Total 133.5 133.5 133.5 133.5 133.5

Figure 2: Engineering Technical Authorities provide for independently funded engineering assessment of programs. 

Safety and Mission Assurance Technical Authorities 

($ in millions)

FY FY FY FY FY 

Center 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Ames Research Center 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5

Dryden Flight Research Center 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6

Glenn Research Center 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2

Goddard Space Flight Center 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7

Johnson Space Center 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3

Kennedy Space Center 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1

Langley Research Center 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4

Marshall Space Flight Center 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3

Stennis Space Center 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Total 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6

CAS-9

Figure 3: Safety and Mission Assurance Technical Authorities provide for independently funded safety assessment of 

programs. 

HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE
Cross Agency Support 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS

history contributes to NASA’s successes but also its CMO challenges. These challenges include an 

infrastructure approaching an average age of 40 years for its constructed assets and a backlog of repair 

needs and deteriorating facility conditions. Recent efforts to address these challenges by renewing and 

reducing Center infrastructure and pursuing energy savings initiatives have begun to offset rising 

operating costs, but continued effort is required to fully meet the challenges of an aging facility base. For 

example, although NASA reduced energy usage by 17 percent since 1995, unit prices rose 54 percent 

during that same period (Figure 4). 

Unit Energy Costs vs. Consumption 

CAS-10

Figure 4. NASA continues to reduce energy consumption to help offset increasing energy costs. 

To establish a baseline for its maintenance liability, NASA annually estimates its Deferred Maintenance 

(DM), which is the total of essential, but unfunded, maintenance work necessary to bring all facilities up 

to required standards. DM is calculated with a parametric model based on a methodology that satisfies the 

Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board standards for Deferred Maintenance Reporting for Federal 

Facilities. It is designed to provide consistent, auditable DM estimates at the Agency and Center levels 

and to provide an assessment of the condition of NASA facilities at the system level. 

Facility maintenance activities have not kept pace with the Agency’s aging facility base as demonstrated 

by NASA’s DM estimate. In FY 2014, funding for facility maintenance is at approximately 67 percent of 

the amount required to meet minimum service levels as defined by the Agency’s 2010 Baseline Service 

Level Assessment. The Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR) account 

funds demolition and capital projects that help reduce DM. The FY 2014 request continues these efforts 

and increases reliability-centered maintenance and condition-based monitoring activities. These efforts 

will continue to reduce DM (Figure 5) but do not eliminate the Agency’s deferred maintenance liability. 
Cross Agency Support 

CENTER MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS

CAS-11

Figure 5. An aggressive recapitalization program has reduced Deferred Maintenance in recent years. 
Cross Agency Support 

AGENCY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 789.8 -- 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6

Agency Management 403.7 -- 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5

Safety and Mission Success 198.4 -- 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1

Agency IT Services 158.5 -- 168.4 168.4 168.4 168.4 168.4

Strategic Capabilities Assets Program 29.3 -- 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6

Subtotal 789.9 -- 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6 760.6

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -29.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -3.7 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Agency Management pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division 

B, sec. 528(f). 

The NASA Workmanship Program, sponsored by the 

Office of Safety and Mission Assurance, provides sound 

uniform engineering and technical requirements and 

training courses for processes, procedures, practices, and 

methods that have been endorsed for NASA programs and 

projects. The quality criteria and training results in high 

quality electrical interconnects critical to the performance 

and longevity of missions, such as work on this science 

instrument, the Neutral Mass Spectrometer for the 

LADEE mission. 

Agency Management and Operations (AMO) 

provides management and oversight of Agency 

missions and performance of NASA-wide 

mission support activities. AMO activities at 

NASA Headquarters ensure that core services 

are ready and available Agency-wide for 

performing mission roles and responsibilities; 

Agency operations are effective and efficient, 

and activities are conducted in accordance with 

all statutory, regulatory, and fiduciary 

requirements. 

NASA Headquarters develops policy and 

guidance for the Centers and provides strategic 

planning and leadership. Headquarters 

establishes Agency-wide requirements and 

capabilities that improve collaboration, 

efficiency, and effectiveness. Agency 

management leverages resources and capabilities 

to meet mission needs, eliminate excess 

capacity, and scale assets accordingly. 

AMO provides for policy-setting, executive 

management, and direction for all corporate 

functions. AMO supports the operational costs of the Headquarters installation. The AMO theme is 

divided into four programs: Agency Management, Safety and Mission Success, Agency Information 

Technology (IT) Services, and Strategic Capabilities Asset Program. 

CAS-12
Cross Agency Support 

AGENCY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA reduced administrative costs and implemented operational efficiencies of Headquarters services. 

This enables the Agency to maximize its investments in the mission and reallocate resources to increase 

Agency IT security activities. 

Programs 

AGENCY MANAGEMENT

Agency Management provides functional and administrative management oversight for the Agency and 

operational support for NASA Headquarters. Agency Management governance and oversight activities 

include finance, protective services, general counsel, public affairs, external relations, legislative affairs, 

training, human capital management, procurement, real property and infrastructure, budget management, 

systems support, internal controls, diversity, equal opportunity, independent program and cost evaluation, 

and small business programs. 

SAFETY AND MISSION SUCCESS 

Safety and Mission Success (SMS) programs protect the health and safety of the NASA workforce and 

improve the likelihood for safety and mission success for NASA’s programs, projects, and operations. 

SMS includes NASA Headquarters programs providing technical excellence, mission assurance, and 

technical authority. This includes the work managed by the Office of the Safety and Mission Assurance, 

Independent Verification and Validation Facility, the Office of Chief Engineer, and the Office of the 

Chief Health and Medical Officer. 

AGENCY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

Agency Information Technology Services (AITS) program is a critical enabling capability dedicated to IT 

excellence to ensure every mission can achieve success within NASA’s complex environment. The AITS 

mission improves management and security of IT systems while systematically improving the efficiency, 

collaboration capabilities, and streamlined service delivery and visibility for the entire Agency. 

STRATEGIC CAPABILITIES ASSETS PROGRAM 

The Strategic Capabilities Assets Program (SCAP) ensures test facilities identified as essential by the 

Agency are maintained in a state of readiness. SCAP maintains the skilled workforce and performs 

essential preventative maintenance to keep these facilities available to meet program requirements. Core 

capabilities supported within SCAP are thermal vacuum chambers, simulators, and the Arc Jet Facility. 

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FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 403.6 -- 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5

Subtotal 403.7 -- 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.1 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -14.1

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -3.5 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

NASA Headquarters in Washington D.C. provides overall 

planning and policy direction for Headquarters and the 

corporate management for all its Field Centers. NASAwide the workforce includes about 55,000 civil servants 

employees and on- and near-site contractors. 

Agency Management provides functional and 

administrative management oversight for the 

Agency and operational support for NASA 

Headquarters. This program primarily supports 

ongoing operations. Agency Management 

support reflects the activities required for being 

in business in the Federal sector and provides 

the capability to respond to legislation and 

other mandates. The Agency Management 

program supports over 35 discrete operations 

and mission support activities. 

Agency Management provides policies, 

controls, and oversight across a range of 

functional and administrative management 

service areas. Agency Management 

governance and oversight activities include 

finance, protective services, general counsel, 

public affairs, international and interagency 

relations, legislative affairs, training, human 

capital management, procurement, real 

property and infrastructure, budget 

management, systems support, internal 

controls, diversity, equal opportunity, 

evaluation, and small business programs. 

The Agency Management program supports operational activities of Headquarters as an installation. 

These activities include building lease costs, facility operations costs (such as physical security, 

maintenance, logistics, information technology hardware, and software costs), automated business 

systems implementation, and operations costs (such as internal control initiatives related to transparency 

and accountability in government). 

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EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA has reduced administrative costs and implemented operational efficiencies of Headquarters 

services. This enables the Agency to maximize its investments in the Agency's Missions. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA developed an overarching enhanced hiring initiative to refresh the Agency’s talent pool, 

capitalizing on Federal government-level efforts in this area. Key components of the program are the 

implementation of the Pathways program and the Federal student employment initiative. This initiative 

enables the Agency to address issues facing the current and future workforce and ensures the Agency has 

the innovative workforce and the workplace culture needed to accomplish the Agency's Missions. 

As part of the retirement of the Space Shuttle, Agency Management coordinated the transfer of orbiters 

and other artifacts. NASA retired and delivered Space Shuttle orbiters to the Smithsonian’s National Air 

& Space Museum Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia, the California Science Center in Los 

Angeles, California, the Kennedy Space Center Visitor’s Complex in Florida, and moved Enterprise to 

the Intrepid Sea, Air, & Space Museum in New York City, New York. Agency Management led activities 

to clear NASA inventories of 463,071 items of Space Shuttle personal property, screened 34,738 items of 

personal property as potential historic artifacts, and placed 3,754 items with eligible schools, libraries, and 

museums. In addition, this program supported Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics 

(STEM) training in schools by placing 4,049 Space Shuttle tiles and associated lesson plans in all 50 

states and territories. 

In FY 2012, the Agency received a clean audit opinion of its accounting and financial systems. 

The auditor's opinion of an unqualified financial statement asserts the Agency's financial statements 

accurately represent its financial position and operations. An unqualified opinion is the highest rating that 

may be received from an external auditor. 

NASA was recognized by the Partnership for Public Service as the "Number One" Best Place to Work in 

the Federal Government based on the 2012 Employee Viewpoint Survey results. The Agency results have 

been improving since the survey was first conducted in 2002, while the Government-wide average has 

fallen. NASA was recognized by the Partnership for Public Service as the most innovative agency in 

government, underscoring that innovation depends on the total environment that leaders create for 

employees. This survey was conducted by the Office of Personnel Management. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

As part of a renewed lease, the Headquarters office building is being renovated to be Leadership in 

Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver certified. This renovation will increase energy and 

workplace efficiency and create a more collaborative work environment. Energy efficiency will be 

achieved by the replacement of the HVAC system, transitioning to LEED lighting systems, and 

revamping floor plans that relocates offices away from the exterior walls allowing the heat pumps 

installed in the exterior walls to be integrated into an overall environmental management system. NASA's 

Headquarters office building will achieve LEED Silver certification by the end of FY 2014. 

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KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The Agency will complete an assessment of all of NASA’s facilities. The assessment provides an 

independent evaluation of the condition of NASA’s facilities and completes a reconciliation audit of the 

real property inventory, in accordance with Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board requirements. 

The assessment documents major changes in condition of NASA’s facilities. This information will be 

vital to support the efficient and effective maintenance of NASA’s critical facilities to focus limited 

funding on properly maintaining critical infrastructure. 

Program Elements 













HEADQUARTERS OPERATIONS

Headquarters Operations manage and sustain the Headquarters employees and contractors, facilities, and 

operations required for program and institutional execution. Areas include: 

Information Technology and communications infrastructure hardware and software acquisitions 

and maintenance, and contracted services for IT support of the Headquarters staff; 

Facility operations support, including physical security, custodial, and maintenance services; 

equipment; expendable supplies; mail services; printing and graphics; motor pool operations; 

logistics services; emergency preparedness; 

Human resources staffing; employee payroll and benefits processing; retirement services; 

employee training; employee occupational health, fitness, and medical services; and grants 

awards processing; and 

Headquarters operations, including support provided by GSFC for accounting and procurement 

operations; configuration maintenance; automated business and administrative systems; contract 

close-out services; and payments to the Office of Naval Research for grants management. 

MISSION SUPPORT

The Agency Management budget also provides functional leadership of administrative and mission 

support activities. This diverse set of activities is performed at Headquarters and Centers on behalf of the 

Agency. 

Mission Support activities include: 

 Execution and management of the Agency's financial and budget processes and systems. This 

includes strategic planning, budget and financial management and accountability practices, while 

providing timely, accurate, and reliable information, and enhancing internal controls; 

Leadership and management of NASA protective services operations. This includes policy 

formulation; oversight, coordination and management of protective services operations, including 

security, fire, emergency management, and emergency preparedness; support for Agency 

counterintelligence and counter-terrorism activities; implementation of the identity, credentials 

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and access management systems and other security systems, including communications; 

continuity of operations; and national intelligence community services; 

Technical expertise and oversight of the Agency infrastructure and management systems for: 

aircraft, environmental, real property, logistics, and strategic capabilities programs; and 

Leadership and management of the Agency's human capital resources, and Equal Employment 

Offices. These offices engage the Agency in proactive equal opportunity and diversity-inclusion 

initiatives workforce development and alternate dispute resolution services and complaint 

investigations. 





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FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 198.4 -- 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1 175.1

Safety and Mission Assurance 49.4 -- 49.9 49.9 49.9 49.9 49.9

Chief Engineer 105.2 -- 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6 89.6

Chief Health and Medical Officer 4.7 -- 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3

Independent Verification and Validation 39.1 -- 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3 31.3

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -23.3

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -11.7 %

Accurate measurement data is crucial to the safety and 

success of NASA missions. The Programmable 

Josephson-Voltage System provides NASA a capability 

to calibrate its Direct Current reference standards at 

accuracies equivalent to laboratories at the National 

Institute of Standards and Technology. This tool 

travels between Centers, providing NASA the highest 

level of accuracy at significantly reduced cost. 

Safety and Mission Success (SMS) programs 

protect the health and safety of the NASA 

workforce and improve the likelihood that 

NASA’s programs, projects, and operations will be 

completed safely and successfully. Safety and 

Mission Success includes programs that provide 

technical excellence, mission assurance, and 

technical authority. It also includes work managed 

by the Office of the Safety and Mission Assurance, 

including the NASA Safety Center and 

Independent Verification and Validation Facility 

(IV&V); the Office of Chief Engineer (OCE) 

including the NASA Engineering and Safety 

Center; and the Office of the Chief Health and 

Medical Officer (OCHMO). The elements of SMS 

reflect the recommendations outlined in many 

studies and by advisory boards and panels. These 

programs directly support NASA's core values and 

serve to improve the likelihood for safety and 

mission success for NASA's programs, projects, 

and operations while protecting the health and 

safety of NASA's workforce. 

Safety and Mission Success develops policy and 

procedural requirements. This program results in 

recommendations to the Administrator, mission 

directorates, Center Directors, and program managers who ultimately are responsible for the safety and 

mission success of all NASA activities and the safety and health of the workforce. SMS resources provide 

the foundation for NASA's system of checks and balances, enabling the effective application of the 

strategic management framework and the technical authorities defined in NASA's Strategic Management 

and Governance Handbook. SMS funds provide training and maintain a competent technical workforce 

within the disciplines of system engineering (including system safety, reliability, and quality) and space 

medicine. 

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SMS resources are essential for evaluating the implications on safety and mission success, including the 

health and medical aspects of new requirements and departures from existing requirements. With this 

funding, discipline experts analyze the criticality of the associated risks and evaluate the risks 

acceptability through an established process of independent reviews and assessments. The information 

and advice from these experts provide critical data that is used by the technical authorities to develop 

authoritative decisions related to application of requirements on programs and projects. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The NASA Independent Verification and Validation services are at a level that is consistent with current 

mission requirements. Additional resources have been reallocated to Safety and Mission Assurance to 

further implement the National Academies' Micrometeoroids and Orbital Debris findings. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

Safety and Mission Assurance instituted a number of advanced surveillance testing methodologies to 

ensure that the appropriate level of surveillance, inspection, or testing was applied based on the priority 

and criticality of the product or product attribute and the risk associated with the product failure. These 

methodologies include: 







Surveillance of research and development organizations which focuses on quality system 

elements of highest priority; 

Acceptance testing and inspection of commercial-off-the-shelf items which focus only on 

predetermined critical product attributes of highest risk; and 

Exempting mandatory Government inspections of critical items when statistical process controls 

that reduce process variation to acceptable limits are employed. 

In FY 2012, NASA IV&V provided systems and software expertise and review for 26 projects at 7 

NASA Centers. IV&V efforts started prior to Preliminary Design Review (PDR) on 100 percent of new 

IV&V efforts in FY 2012. This allowed IV&V to identify defects in the life cycle of these projects, 

enabling efforts to correct such defects at optimal timeframes, reducing costs and rework, and minimizing 

the potential for schedule delays. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

NASA will add a new capability to the NASA Engineering Network. This will increase the ability of 

engineering tool users to track local and Agency-wide usage of high value engineering software tools for 

further implementation of cost savings that result from using Enterprise License Agreements for software 

procurement. Using these Enterprise License Agreements has increased efficiency and demonstrated 

reduced cost for engineering tools. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The Safety and Mission Assurance program will include safety reviews and independent technical 

assessments of NASA missions, including any newly selected missions that may use nuclear systems. The 

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Office of the Chief Engineer will expand program planning and control activities extending and 

increasing the use and enhance the quality of Earned Value Management on NASA's projects. 

Program Elements 

SAFETY AND MISSION ASSURANCE

Safety and Mission Assurance establishes and maintains an acceptable level of technical excellence and 

competence in safety, reliability, maintainability, and quality engineering within the Agency. SMA 

assures that the risk presented by either the lack of safety requirements or from the lack of compliance 

with safety requirements is analyzed, assessed, communicated, and used for proper decision making and 

risk acceptance by the appropriate organizational leader. 

Fundamental to these responsibilities are the definition and execution of a robust and well-understood 

methodology and process for the application of the safety, reliability and quality in defining the level of 

risk. SMA conducts a schedule of reviews and assessments that focus on the life cycle decision 

milestones for crucial NASA programs and projects and safety, reliability, and quality processes. 

Embodied in this program is a structured development of methodology and investigation into system 

attributes that improve the probability of mission success. 

The NASA Safety Center is an important component of Safety and Mission Assurance and is responsible 

for consolidating Agency-wide SMA efforts in four key areas: SMA technical excellence, knowledge 

management, audits and assessments, and mishap investigation support. 

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF ENGINEER

The Office of the Chief Engineer promulgates policy and requirements for program and project 

management for the excellence of the Agency's engineering workforce, system-engineering methodology, 

and the Agency's system of engineering standards. The office manages the NASA Engineering and Safety 

Center which is responsible for enabling rapid, cross-Agency response to mission critical engineering, 

and safety issues at NASA and for improving the state of practice in critical engineering disciplines. 

Established in FY 2003 in response to the recommendations of the Space Shuttle Columbia Accident 

Investigation Board, NASA Engineering and Safety Center performs independent testing, analysis, and 

assessments of NASA's high-risk projects to ensure safety and mission success. SMS funding provides for 

the core NASA Engineering and Safety Center organization of senior engineering experts from across the 

Agency, including the NASA Technical Fellows, and technical discipline teams comprised of experts 

from NASA, industry, and academia. As an Agency-wide resource with a reporting path that is 

independent of the Mission Directorates and independent funding from the OCE, the NASA Engineering 

and Safety Center helps ensure safety and objective technical results for NASA. 

The Office of the Chief Engineer sponsors the Academy of Program/Project and Engineering Leadership 

to develop program and project management and systems engineering skills. This academy provides a 

formal training curriculum designed to address four career levels from recent college graduate to 

executive. The OCE training programs directly support project teams in the field through workshops, 

coaching, interactions with technical experts, training conferences, forums, and publications. The office 

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enables technical collaboration and information sharing through the NASA Engineering Network, an 

Agency-wide capability providing single point access to technical standards, communities of practice, and 

lessons learned in a secure operating environment. The engineering standards program maintains 

compliance with Office of Management and Budget Advisory Circular 119 and offers a centralized source 

of required engineering standards for NASA programs and projects at one-fourth the cost of a 

decentralized approach. In addition, Office of Chief Engineer manages the Space Act authorized 

Inventions and Contributions Board, which is chartered with recognizing and rewarding innovation within 

the Agency. 

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF HEALTH AND MEDICAL OFFICER

The Office of Chief Health Medical Officer promulgates Agency health and medical policy, standards, 

and requirements, assuring the medical technical excellence of the Agency. It assures the physical and 

mental health and well-being of the NASA workforce, and assures the safe and ethical conduct of NASAsponsored human and animal research. The office monitors the implementation of health and medical 

related requirements and standards in all developmental human space flight programs through designated 

discipline experts at NASA Centers. The office provides oversight of medical and health related activities 

in operational human space flight through Center-based discipline experts and clinical boards. Ongoing 

medical and health discipline professionalism and licensure are supported through annual certified 

continuing medical education activities and flight surgeon education. Clinical currency is maintained 

through sponsored, university-based physician training programs that are sponsored by OCHMO. NASA's 

biomedical research programs in support of human space flight are guided by NASA-developed health 

and medical standards. 

INDEPENDENT VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION

Independent Verification and Validation is a proven means of ensuring that safety and mission critical 

software works as desired and reducing the costs to develop the software. IV&V identifies software 

defects and risks as early as possible, enabling defects to be corrected at optimal timeframes, and 

minimizing costs and rework. IV&V efforts provide valuable data that serves as input to key lifecycle 

decisions. 

The NASA IV&V program provides software expertise, products, services, and resources to assure the 

safety and mission success for NASA's programs, missions, and operations. The IV&V program evaluates 

safety and mission critical software, independent of the developing organization, on NASA's most critical 

software systems to assure the safety and mission success of those systems. 

Throughout a project's system development life cycle, IV&V applies state-of-the-art analytical methods 

and techniques, complemented with effective software engineering tools and best practices, to confirm the 

existence of desired safety and mission critical software behaviors via evidence based assurance. 

The IV&V Board of Advisors selects projects for IV&V on an annual basis. The board takes into 

consideration an assessment of the criticality among candidate projects using input from the Mission 

Directorates, software development and categorization information contained in the OCE’s software 

inventory and criticality assessments from software assurance personnel at NASA Centers and at the 

IV&V Facility. The process is flexible and is used to determine the budget required to perform IV&V 

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work. NASA coordinates and implements the considerations of risk evaluation and minimum threshold 

for IV&V into a set of project selection guidelines to be used during the board's review process. 

INDEPENDENT REVIEWS

Review Type Performer Last Review Purpose Outcome Next Review

Safety

Aerospace Safety

Advisory Panel

January

2013

Evaluate NASA's safety

performance and advise

the Agency on ways to

improve that 

performance.

Recommendatio

ns to the NASA

Administrator 

and to Congress.

Annual reports 

located at:

http://oiir.hq.nas

a.gov/asap/

April 2013

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FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 158.5 -- 168.4 168.4 168.4 168.4 168.4

IT Management 14.6 -- 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.6

Applications 67.8 -- 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0 56.0

Infrastructure 76.0 -- 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 9.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 6.2 %

NASA's IT Infrastructure Integration Program (I3P) 

provides greater efficiencies and effectiveness of Agencywide management, integration, and delivery of 

information technology (IT) infrastructure services to 

support mission success. The scope of I3P is broad, 

entailing consolidation and central management of IT 

services in the areas of Tier 1 service desk and ordering, 

Web services and technologies, enterprise business and 

management applications, integrated network/ 

communications services, end user services, and data 

center services. 

The Agency Information Technology Services 

(AITS) program provides many of the Agency’s 

information technology services, including IT 

security policy and incident monitoring, Web 

services for the Agency’s Web sites, network 

management, enterprise business applications 

and end user services. The AITS program 

provides innovative IT solutions to assist 

NASA’s scientists, engineers and analysts 

achieve mission success. The program also 

improves citizen access to NASA scientific data 

and increases citizen participation in NASA 

activities. 

The AITS program is transforming the IT 

service model from a decentralized Center-based 

model to an enterprise model. To achieve this 

transformation, the AITS program implemented 

the IT Infrastructure Integration Program (I3P) 

to improve security, achieve cost efficiencies, 

and provide standardized services to all users 

across the Agency. AITS develops and 

maintains NASA’s current and target 

architectures and service optimization 

objectives. This program supports federal green 

IT and data center consolidation efforts. Core 

capabilities include the NASA Enterprise 

Application Competency Center, NASA Data 

Center, Security Operations Center, and the IT 

Discovery and Application Management Services. 

The AITS program manages NASA’s Web sites and services which facilitate the Agency’s statutory 

requirement to disseminate information concerning its activities and missions results. NASA Web 

services consolidates NASA’s Web infrastructure, enhance business and technical agility, eliminate 

vendor specific dependencies, drive down operational overhead for Web presence, drive down the cost of 

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custom Web/on-demand services for missions, programs, and projects, improve NASA IT security, 

explore shared services across NASA Centers, and improve online customer service delivery through 

innovative technology. The program also implements services to allow citizens, collaborators, and other 

partners to use existing social media and other applications to access NASA systems and information. 

Under the AITS program, the Agency continues to improve its network security with an enterprise 

approach to perimeter control and maintenance, including the use of Personal Identification Verification 

smartcards for both local and remote system access. In addition, AITS is consolidating several NASA 

Center-specific applications into enterprise-level services, leveraging cloud offerings where possible. 

The program recently began an initiative to enable NASA’s mobile workforce to work anytime, anywhere 

using NASA devices or personal devices while ensuring adequate security of NASA’s data and 

information. To ensure that NASA's workforce is secure while working away from the office, the Agency 

instituted the Data at Rest (DAR) initiative for NASA issued computers. This initiate provides whole disk 

encryption to help protect NASA data if a computer is lost or stolen. The current scope for DAR 

protection includes all laptops and any desktop containing Personally Identifiable Information or other 

sensitive data. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

NASA has increased its IT security activities to modernize and expand continuous monitoring, implement 

Personal Identification Verification (PIV) agency-wide, improve intrusion detection through utilization of 

Trusted Internet Connections (TICs), and increase Web application security scanning. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012 

NASA evaluated its cybersecurity program and developed a new Cyber Security Strategic Plan (CSSP) to 

enhance coordination across the Missions and Centers. Implementation of the CSSP will improve the 

governance, oversight, and functionality of cyber security activities. Additionally, NASA expanded the 

Web Application Security Program which identified critical vulnerabilities in external facing Web sites 

and reduced NASA’s attack surface. 

NASA has reduced the total number of data centers from the original 79 reported to 40. Our revised 

commitment indicates that we will reduce to approximately 22 data centers by 2015. 

Under the Agency Consolidated End-User Services (ACES) program, NASA began deployment to the 

Agency in a series of implementations beginning in November 2011 through March 2012. Over 45,000 

user desktops were transitioned and/or deployed. The establishment of the End User Service Office was 

completed in March 2012 and is located at Marshall Space Flight Center. Through negotiation with the 

ACES vendor, the Agency will realize over $15 million in credits or savings over the two years and an 

estimated 15 percent cost reduction from the previous contract. 

Over the past year the Enterprise Service Desk (ESD) supported the I3P initiative and NASA customers 

24 hours/day, 7 days/week, 365 days/year. ESD provides a central service desk, service request system, a 

self-service, Tier 0 Web portal, knowledge sharing capability, ability to centrally capture and provide 

notifications, and system status capabilities. Since ESD began operating in November 2011, metrics show 

the progress and success of the project whereby customer satisfaction is at 95 percent; calls answered 

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within 60 seconds is at 84 percent; abandonment rate at 5 percent; and first call resolution on Tier 1 

related items at 92 percent. Overall, 250,000 incidents and over 100,000 service requests have been 

processed. 

NASA’s IT Labs was named FedScoop’s Federal IT Program of the Year for 2012. With support from a 

diverse team of technical reviewers from across NASA, IT Labs has funded over 25 early-phase IT 

projects, many of which are now in late-phase prototypes and being prepared for operational deployment. 

Additional IT Labs products include a collaboration with industry that resulted in a modification to 

Federal Identity Credential and Access Management policy, the co-development of a Microsoft Labs 

technology for government repurposing, and the deployment of NASA’s first multi-tenant, multifunctional software-as-a-service collaboration system. IT Labs is an innovation platform to engage the 

brightest minds across the Agency to help guide NASA's IT strategy and investment decisions, and 

identify IT capabilities that best support NASA’s needs in a rapidly changing world. By soliciting 

proposals in an annual project call, IT Labs funds small-scale IT innovation projects that have Enterprise 

service potential. This stage-gate approach to IT funding ensures that highly feasible IT products can 

move into operations for a relatively low cost, and NASA can capture the lessons learned from these 

endeavors share them to ensure resource savings by reducing duplication of effort. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

As part of the cybersecurity transformation, NASA is evaluating the individual cybersecurity tools, 

solutions, and services offered by each of the missions and Centers. Leading capabilities will be included 

in the NASA cybersecurity services catalog and made available to all system owners. This catalog will 

improve efficiency and efficacy of the cybersecurity program as missions and Centers complete their 

Service Level Agreements. 

NASA has completed the laptop encryption effort for all computers containing personally identifiable 

information, and international traffic in arms regulations and export administrations regulations 

information. The installation of this encryption software is required before a laptop can be removed from 

a NASA facility. 

As the flagship initiative for the second version of NASA’s Open Government Plan, the Agency is taking 

a fresh look at its web architecture and processes to manage content in order to build an accessible, 

participatory and transparent Web environment based on open and interoperable standards. The goal of 

this effort will be to provide a consistent, capable, and agile cloud-based enterprise infrastructure for 

internal and external Web applications and a majority of the 1,590 external Web sites using an 

interoperable, standards-based, and secure environment. 

The Agency is working to re-architect NASA’s Wide Area Network to establish a defensible Agency 

network perimeter. This will greatly enhance NASA's security posture. On NASA’s mission network, the 

Agency will complete the replacement of all routers on the core mission backbone and has begun work on 

consolidating the mission and corporate networks, providing significant cost savings as well as increased 

security posture. 

NASA is replacing its antiquated and unsupported software package for Agency forms management. The 

updated system will manage over 5,000 forms, be compatible with newer software, enable digital 

certificate signatures, and comply with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act requirements. 

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











Federal e-Travel services are migrating to a new service provider under an alliance of CW Government 

Travel Incorporated of San Antonio, Texas, Electronic Data Systems Corporation of Fairfax, Virginia and 

Northrop Grumman Mission Systems of Fairfax, Virginia. The three companies were awarded the 10-year 

contract to provide Web-based, travel management services for the federal government. The NASA email 

system and infrastructure from Exchange 2007 to Exchange 2010 will be completed in March 2013. The 

modification includes providing end user customers with a one gigabyte mailbox size. This increase will 

allow storage of more email on the servers, which can be accessed from other mobile devices and 

leveraging the work from anytime and anywhere. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

NASA is increasing initiatives related to IT Security which include, but are not limited to: (1) 

modernizing and expand continuous monitoring; governance, risk, and compliance; and penetration 

testing, (2) deploying intrusion detection systems across mission, corporate, and research networks, (3) 

increasing Web application security scanning, (4) implementation of PIV on internal and remote access to 

network and mobile systems, and (5) implementing intrusion prevention systems at trusted Internet 

connection locations. These activities will improve NASA's IT security and address concerns from 

NASA's Inspector General, as well as aid NASA in meeting its Cross-Agency Priority (CAP) goals as 

defined by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). 

NASA will capitalize on its cybersecurity transformation by modernizing the risk management 

framework (to include Security Assessment and Authorization and continuous monitoring processes), 

defining metrics for measuring risk reduction, creating dashboards for visualizing and communicating the 

Agency’s cybersecurity posture, and expanding the security operations efforts to provide early warning of 

cyber vulnerabilities. Specifically, NASA will focus on: 

Improving detection and remediation of vulnerabilities and reducing the number of compromises 

to NASA Web sites via the enhanced training for application developers and systems owner; 

scheduled scans and penetration testing of the Agency’s IT infrastructure; 

Mitigating vulnerabilities and risks, defending against cyber-attacks, protecting users from 

malicious software (malware) delivered via email phishing, and better identifying and denying 

unauthorized exfiltration of data from NASA networks by developing an integrated security 

framework allowing detection and protection across the enterprise (versus from Center to Center); 

Expanding intrusion detection (on mission, corporate, and research networks), deploy and 

manage intrusion prevention capabilities that will result in near real-time adaptive security 

solutions to provide proactive incident mitigation and enhanced threat management for our 

dynamic networks; 

Completing all phases of the Identity Management PIV Access Implementation Plan. Goal is to 

enforce PIV on all user and machine objects by the end of FY 2014. 

Providing an integrated asset, configuration, and patch management solution to increase the 

confidence level of detected vulnerabilities, number and types of assets on our network and to 

automate remediation by implementing patches for confirmed vulnerabilities; and 

Providing an automated risk and compliance management solution that will enable security 

experts to quantify their overall security posture, assess security controls, identify critical risks, 

and validate that processes and capabilities are actively reducing the attack surface for threat 

actors. 

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AGENCY IT SERVICES

By focusing on transforming and modernizing its cybersecurity program through improved processes and 

capabilities focused on network defense, detection of abnormalities, configuration and asset management, 

and situational awareness, NASA will address Office of Inspector General and Government 

Accountability Office findings and recommendations for improving underlying and systemic IT security 

deficiencies and weaknesses. NASA has taken on the challenge to meet the Cross-Agency Priority goals 

defined by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and to achieve 95 percent use of the 

Administration’s priority cybersecurity capabilities on NASA information systems by end of FY 2014, 

including strong authentication, Trusted Internet Connections (TIC) and Continuous Monitoring. A plan 

of action to meet the target level for each CAP has been developed. 

CAS-27
Cross Agency Support: Agency Management and Operations 

STRATEGIC CAPABILITIES ASSETS PROGRAM

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 29.3 -- 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.7

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -5.8 %

The Center of Curvature Optical Assembly (CoCOA) test 

fixture for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is 

being prepared for testing at the X-Ray & Cryogenic 

Facility (XRCF), Marshall Space Flight Center, 

Huntsville, AL. The CoCOA contains mechanical and 

optical instruments that will allow the test team to identify, 

verify the optical performance, align and test JWST’s 18-

segment mirror. The XRCF includes a large Class 1,000 

(ISO 6) clean room, an optically clean vacuum chamber 75 

ft (22.9 meters) long and 24 ft (7.3 meters) in diameter, 

and a 1,700 ft (518 meter) vacuum tube connecting an xray source to the vacuum chamber. The vacuum 

chamber’s thermal control system simulates deep space 

environment cryogenic temperatures to -424 °F (20 

Kelvin) and maintains accurate thermal stability. The test 

capabilities of NASA’s unique facilities have enabled a 

long line of extremely successful missions. 

The Strategic Capabilities Assets Program 

(SCAP) ensures that test facilities identified as 

essential by the Agency are in a state of 

readiness. SCAP maintains the skilled 

workforce and performs essential preventative 

maintenance to keep these facilities available to 

meet program requirements. Core capabilities 

SCAP supports are thermal vacuum chambers, 

simulators, and the Arc Jet Facility. 

SCAP establishes alliances between all Centers 

with like assets, makes recommendations on the 

disposition of capabilities no longer required, 

identifies re-investment/re-capitalization 

requirements within and among classes of 

assets, and implements changes. SCAP reviews 

the Agency’s assets and capabilities each year 

to ensure that the requirements for the facilities 

continue to be valid. 

SCAP ensures maximum benefit across the 

Government by broadening its alliances outside 

the Agency for capabilities (e.g., thermal 

vacuum chambers). This is facilitated by a 

collaborative working group, the Space 

Environment Test Alliance Group, which 

includes NASA, Department of Defense (DoD), 

and other partner entities. The group members 

gain awareness of capabilities across agencies, 

academia, and industry; share best practices; 

provide technical support; and refer test programs to facilities best suited to meet test requirements. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

CAS-28
Cross Agency Support: Agency Management and Operations 

STRATEGIC CAPABILITIES ASSETS PROGRAM

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

SCAP continued to sustain and ensure that the test facilities identified as essential by the Agency were 

maintained in a state of readiness. SCAP maintained the skilled workforce and performed preventative 

maintenance necessary to keep these facilities available to meet current and future program requirements. 

SCAP’s specialized workforce supported the design and relocation of major test equipment from the 

Johnson Space Center (JSC) arc jet testing capability to the Ames Research Center (ARC). The relocation 

was completed in FY 2012. 

NASA assessed its thermal vacuum chamber testing capabilities across its field Centers. Four underutilized chambers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Kennedy Space Center (KSC), and Marshall 

Space Flight Center (MSFC) were identified for divestment and started the disposition process. 

SCAP provided design and final systems check-out and verification support to the upgrades of JSC 

Thermal Vacuum Chamber A. The Chamber A upgrades were completed and the chamber was verified 

and readied for James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) testing. The Chamber A upgrades will allow for 

simulation of deep space temperature conditions down to 12 degrees Kelvin (-438 degrees F). A new air 

flow management system was also added to maintain ISO Class 7 cleanliness levels to minimize 

contamination of sensitive hardware when this chamber is at ambient conditions. The combination of 

capabilities—Chamber A test conditions, maximum test article size, and adjacent clean room—were not 

available within NASA before the upgrades were performed. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

SCAP’s specialized workforce at the ARC arc jet will verify and activate the major test equipment 

received from the JSC Arc Jet Facility as part of the arc jet capability consolidation effort. In FY 2013, 

JSC arc jet testing capability will complete its testing obligations, cease operation, and begin final transfer 

of its remaining major test equipment to ARC. NASA anticipates annual operational cost savings of over 

$5 million per year to the missions through this consolidation effort. 

SCAP assets are supporting the development, testing, verification, and validation for NASA, DoD, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 

European Space Agency (ESA), and commercial test programs in the following areas: 







Simulators: air traffic management technology demonstration, Unmanned Aerial System 

airworthiness standards and guidelines, Large Civil Tilt Rotor Experiment, and other ongoing 

development and testing; 

Thermal vacuum and acoustic chambers: JWST instrument and optical calibration, Space 

Exploration Technologies (SpaceX) payload fairing testing for the Falcon 9, Commercial Crew 

and Cargo launch program testing, and other space environmental testing; and 

Arc jet: thermal protection materials and system development and qualification testing. 

CAS-29
Cross Agency Support: Agency Management and Operations 

STRATEGIC CAPABILITIES ASSETS PROGRAM

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

SCAP will continue to sustain the strategic technical capabilities needed by NASA to achieve successful 

missions. In addition, SCAP will continue to develop and implement disposition plans for assets no 

longer needed to achieve long-term health and sustainment of the remaining NASA assets. 

SCAP plans to review and identify conditions that present high risk to the thermal vacuum capability at 

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and JPL and the arc jet capability at ARC to assess the condition of 

these assets. 

Program Elements 

SCAP maintains the skilled workforce and performs maintenance required to keep essential NASA assets 

available to meet program requirements. 

SIMULATORS

Simulators are critical components of the success of NASA’s aeronautics research in the areas of 

fundamental aeronautics and aviation safety. These capabilities provide scientists and engineers with tools 

to explore, define, and resolve issues in both vehicle design and missions operations. 

This capability includes an array of research and development crewed flight simulator assets that are in 

the operations phase and includes: 





A Vertical Motion Simulator and its associated laboratories and equipment located at ARC; and 

A Cockpit Motion Facility and its supporting suite of simulators (the differential maneuvering 

simulator and the visual motion simulator) and central support facilities for aeronautics and 

spaceflight vehicle research located at Langley Research Center. 

THERMAL-VACUUM, VACUUM, AND ACOUSTIC CHAMBERS

This capability includes several assets located at NASA facilities (Glenn Research Center (GRC), GSFC, 

JPL, JSC, KSC, and MSFC) that simulate conditions during launch and in space environments. These 

assets have a minimum outline dimension of 10 feet by 10 feet and can accommodate a complete 

spacecraft. These chambers have the capability of producing pressures down to 0.01 torr or lower and 

thermal shrouds capable of liquid nitrogen temperatures (-321 degrees F) or lower. Acoustic chambers are 

capable of generating approximately 150 decibels at frequencies in the range of 25 to 1000 Hertz. 

These chambers are used to perform significant risk mitigation for most NASA payloads launched into 

space as well as many payloads in other government agencies, such as NOAA and DoD. Testing 

performed in these chambers ensures the assembled spacecraft will meet the strict requirements of harsh 

launch and space environments. Recent successful space vehicles tested in thermal vacuum and acoustic 

chambers include: Mars Science Laboratory, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites, and 

Ariane payload fairing separation. 

CAS-30
Cross Agency Support: Agency Management and Operations 

STRATEGIC CAPABILITIES ASSETS PROGRAM

ARC JET

This capability includes assets that provide simulated high-temperature, high-velocity environments and 

support the design, development, test, and evaluation activities of thermal protection materials, vehicle 

structures, aerothermodynamics, and hypersonic aerodynamics. A gas (typically air) is heated and 

accelerated to supersonic/hypersonic speeds using a continuous electrical arc. This high-temperature gas 

passes over a test sample and produces an approximation of the surface temperature and pressure 

environments experienced by a vehicle on atmospheric entry. 

Arc jet testing was critical in ensuring the safe return from orbit of space shuttles with tile damage and 

providing essential validation of materials for Mars entry missions, including the Mars Science 

Laboratory. The Dragon spacecraft, made by the commercial company SpaceX, also completed its heat 

shield development testing at NASA’s Arc Jet Facility. 

CAS-31
Cross Agency Support: Agency Management and Operations 

HEADQUARTERS BUDGET BY OFFICE

AGENCY MANAGEMENT BUDGET BY HEADQUARTERS OFFICE

Actual Notional

($ in millions in full cost)* FY 2012 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

Aeronautics Research 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7

Human Exploration and Operations 26.8 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0

Science 27.1 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4

Space Technology 0.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1

Mission Directorates 60.5 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2

Office of the Administrator 27.1 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7 25.7

Chief Engineer 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

Chief Financial Office 25.7 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4

Chief Health and Medical Office 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Chief Information Office 7.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8 8.8

Chief Scientist 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

Chief Technologist 5.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6

Communications 14.0 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7

Diversity and Equal Opportunity 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3

Education 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1

General Counsel 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4

International and Interagency Relations 12.3 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9

Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3

Safety and Mission Assurance 6.6 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2

Small Business Programs 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7

Staff Offices 125.9 120.6 120.6 120.6 120.6 120.6

NASA Management Office at JPL 6.3 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1

Human Capital Management 26.6 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2

Headquarters Operations 121.4 113.0 113.0 113.0 113.0 113.0

Strategic Infrastructure 19.9 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6

Internal Controls and Management Systems 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

Procurement 7.2 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

Mission Support Directorate Front Office 2.6 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1

NASA Shared Services Center 14.1 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7

Protective Services 17.3 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0

Mission Support 217.3 204.7 204.7 204.7 204.7 204.7

Total Agency Management 403.7 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5 389.5

CAS-32
Cross Agency Support: Agency Management and Operations 

HEADQUARTERS TRAVEL BUDGET BY OFFICE

HEADQUARTERS TRAVEL BUDGET BY OFFICE

Actual

($ in millions in full cost)* FY 2012 FY 2014 

Aeronautics Research* 0.6 0.6

Human Exploration and Operations* 3.0 2.7

Science* 2.0 2.0

Space Technology* 1.4 1.4

Mission Directorates 7.0 6.7

Office of the Administrator 1.3 1.1

Chief Engineer 1.0 1.1

Chief Financial Office 0.2 0.3

Chief Health and Medical Office 0.1 0.1

Chief Information Office 0.5 0.5

Chief Scientist 0.1 0.1

Chief Technologist** 0.0 0.0

Communications 0.2 0.2

Diversity and Equal Opportunity 0.1 0.1

Education* 0.5 0.5

General Counsel 0.1 0.1

International and Interagency Relations 0.6 0.6

Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs 0.0 0.0

Safety and Mission Assurance 0.2 0.3

Small Business Programs 0.1 0.1

Staff Offices 4.9 5.2

NASA Management Office at JPL 0.1 0.1

Human Capital Management 1.0 1.1

Headquarters Operations 0.1 0.1

Strategic Infrastructure 0.4 0.4

Internal Controls and Management Systems 0.0 0.1

Procurement 0.1 0.2

Mission Support Directorate Front Office 0.1 0.1

Protective Services 0.1 0.1

Mission Support 1.9 2.1

Total Agency Management 13.7 13.9

* Travel for the Mission Directorates and Education are funded from their respective appropriation accounts. This 

chart represents the total travel funding at Headquarters (not just in the CAS Agency Management program 

account). 

** Chief Technologist travel is embedded in the Space Technology travel budget.

CAS-33
Cross Agency Support: Agency Management and Operations 

HEADQUARTERS WORKFORCE BY OFFICE

HEADQUARTERS WORKFORCE BY OFFICE

Actual Notional

FY 2012 FY 2014

FTE SES

NonCareerContract 

WYE FTE SES

NonCareerContract 

WYE

Aeronautics Research 38 8 10 38 9 10

Human Exploration and Operations 154 13 76 147 16 76

Science 153 19 50 150 19 50

Space Technology* 23 3 0

Mission Directorates 345 40 0 136 358 47 0 136

Office of the Administrator 57 8 8 12 52 9 8 12

Chief Engineer 24 7 15 24 8 15

Chief Financial Office 99 8 1 35 98 9 1 35

Chief Health and Medical Office 9 1 4 10 1 4

Chief Information Office 45 7 26 49 8 27

Chief Scientist 4 1 5 3

Chief Technologist* 30 2 4 9 1 4

Communications 51 5 4 28 48 5 4 28

Diversity and Equal Opportunity 18 3 3 17 3 3

Education 16 3 22 17 5 22

General Counsel 41 5 1 40 6 1 0

International and Interagency 

Relations 

Legislative and Intergovernmental 

Affairs

54

27

8

3 4

6 50

24

8

4 4

6

Safety and Mission Assurance 35 6 19 33 6 19

Small Business Programs 5 1 3 5 1 3

Staff Offices 515 68 18 176 481 77 18 177

NASA Management Office at JPL 25 1 2 25 1 2

Human Capital Management 34 4 7 34 5 7

Headquarters Operations 105 4 304 111 4 293

Strategic Infrastructure

Internal Controls and Management 

Systems 

Procurement 

57

9 

34

4

4

16

1 

56

9 

32

6

4

16

1 

Mission Support Directorate Front 

Office 9 2 9 2

Protective Services 44 1 8 40 2 8

Mission Support 317 19 338 316 23 327

Total Agency Management 1,178 127 18 650 1,155 147 18 640

*FTEs were transferred from the Chief Technologist to the Space Technology Mission Directorate after it was 

established in FY 2013 

CAS-34
 

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND 

RESTORATION (CECR) 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 494.5 401.9 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9

Construction of Facilities 455.0 -- 533.9 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 45.0 -- 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND 

RESTORATION 

Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration . CECR-2 

CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES ............................................................... CECR-5 

Institutional Construction of Facilities ......................................................... CECR-8 

Exploration Construction of Facilities ......................................................... CECR-20

Space Operations Construction of Facilities .............................................. CECR-26

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND RESTORATION .................................. CECR-30

CECR-1
 

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND 

RESTORATION (CECR) 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 494.5 401.9 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9

Construction of Facilities 455.0 -- 533.9 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 45.0 -- 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5

Subtotal 500.0 407.4 609.4 440.9 440.9 440.9 440.9

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -5.5 -5.5 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 114.9

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 23.2 %

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). The FY 2013 

column for Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration also includes $15 million provided by the 

Disaster Relief Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-2) for Sandy storm recovery. 

** Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances from Construction of Facilities pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division 

B, sec. 528(f). 

The High Pressure Industrial Water (HPIW) system 

provides cooling water and fire protection for the five test 

stands in the A & B Complexes at SSC. Constructed in 

1965, recent analysis has determined that the system is 

nearing the end of its service life. Leaks and failures of the 

existing system will increase just as NASA begins testing 

the next generation of large thrust engines over the next 20 

years. NASA will completely replace the underground 

piping and valves serving test stand A1 & A2 and the B 

test complex. The white lines in the picture show the path 

of the existing HPIW underground piping. The dark lines 

show the planned new HPIW lines. 

NASA designs and implements construction of 

facilities projects, facility demolition projects, 

and environmental compliance and restoration 

activities through its Construction and 

Environmental Compliance and Restoration 

account. 

Construction of Facilities (CoF) makes capital 

repairs and improvements to NASA's 

infrastructure and provides NASA projects and 

programs with the test, research, and operational 

facilities required to accomplish their missions. 

About 82 percent of NASA’s infrastructure and 

facilities are beyond their constructed design 

life, thus posing elevated and rising risk to 

current and future missions. Aging, Apollo-era 

legacy infrastructure is inefficient and costly to 

maintain and operate, and assets over 40 years 

old pose a significant risk to NASA’s unique 

research and development mission. To address 

these challenges, NASA's CoF program focuses 

on reducing and modernizing NASA's 

infrastructure into fewer, more efficient and 

sustainable facilities. 

CECR-2
 

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND 

RESTORATION (CECR) 









Environmental Compliance and Restoration projects clean up pollutants released into the environment 

during past activities. NASA prioritizes these cleanups to protect human health and the environment, and 

preserve natural resources for future missions. 

Together, these construction and remediation activities help ensure that NASA's assets are ready, 

available, and appropriately sized to conduct NASA's missions. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES FOR FY 2014

The FY 2014 request for CoF includes funding to achieve Space Launch System, Orion Multi-Purpose 

Crew Vehicle, Exploration Grounds Systems, 21st Century Space Launch Complex, Space 

Communications and Navigation, and Launch Systems requirements. FY 2014 funds to support these 

programmatic construction requirements were moved from Exploration and Space Operations accounts. 

Funding associated with all program designs and out-year programmatic construction activities remains in 

program accounts. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

During FY 2012, NASA: 

Received final license termination for the decommissioning of the Plum Brook Reactor Facility, 

completing more than a decade of work at the site; 

Completed the Launch Facilities Protection project which stabilized the Wallops Island shoreline. 

During hurricane Sandy, the completed project protected launch assets from loss due to the storm; 

Began repairs to the B-2 Test Stand and Dock at Stennis Space Center to support mission 

requirements for the Space Launch System program. These upgrades to the existing facility will 

allow the program to meet emerging human exploration requirements; and 

Completed the demolition of 87 facilities at various sites. Demolition of inactive and obsolete 

facilities eliminates the cost of maintaining old, abandoned facilities in a safe and secure 

condition. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Exploration CoF activities in FY 2013 focus on meeting the requirements of the Space Launch System 

program. Projects include restoration of the B-2 test stand at Stennis Space Center, modifications at 

Michoud Assembly Facility and Kennedy Space Center, and construction of test stands at Marshall Space 

Flight Center. 

To support Space Operations activities, work continues on the 21st Century Launch Complex at Kennedy 

Space Center and the 34-meter antenna system at Canberra. 

Planned Institutional CoF projects will protect the Agency’s critical assets, improve mission assurance, 

reduce mission risk, and maintain mission essential capabilities. These include utility system repairs and 

CECR-3
 

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND 

RESTORATION (CECR) 

replacement of obsolete buildings, such as the administrative building at Kennedy Space Center. The 

Institutional CoF program will also employ Hurricane Sandy Disaster Relief funds to make much needed 

sand-related repair and restoration at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and Goddard Space Flight Center 

(GSFC) Wallops Flight Facility. 

In FY 2013, NASA’s ECR program plans cleanups at all NASA Centers, with priority given to protecting 

human health and the environment in balance with Environmental Protection Agency and state regulatory 

agreements and requirements. The continuation of interim soil cleanups at Santa Susana Field laboratory 

in coordination with the State of California reflects this Agency priority. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Construction activities planned include: 



















Major repair by replacement projects at Kennedy Space Center, Langley Research Center, 

Marshall Space Flight Center, and Glenn Research Center to reduce and renew infrastructure into 

smaller and more efficient facilities; 

Repairs and upgrades at all Centers to mitigate near-term risk to missions by revitalizing 

electrical, mechanical, life safety, and utility systems; 

Investments to reduce energy consumption and improve energy efficiency, including upgrades to 

more efficient lighting and cooling systems; 

Demolition of obsolete facilities; 

Construction for Space Operations activities to support Space Communication and Navigation 

and the 21st Century Space Launch Center; and 

Construction for Exploration activities to support Space Launch Systems, Exploration Ground 

Systems, and Launch Service Providers. 

Environmental Compliance and Restoration activities planned include: a cleanup of soil contamination 

and investigation of ground water contamination at Santa Susana Field Laboratory, and continued cleanup 

and investigation of soil and water contamination at White Sands Test Facility, Kennedy Space Center, 

Marshall Space Flight Center, and Ames Research Center. Additionally, NASA will: 

Operate and maintain systems to clean up contaminated drinking water emanating from the Jet 

Propulsion Laboratory; 

Continue operations of treatment systems and monitoring at Stennis Space Center, Wallops Flight 

Facility, and Dryden Flight Research Center; and 

Complete active cleanup activities and continue long-term monitoring at Glenn Research Center, 

Goddard Space Flight Center, Langley Research Center, and Johnson Space Center. 

CECR-4
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR) 

CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 449.7 -- 533.9 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4

Institutional CoF 315.1 -- 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4

Science CoF 12.0 -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Exploration CoF 71.0 -- 142.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Space Operations CoF 56.9 -- 26.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Subtotal 455.0 -- 533.9 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -5.3 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 84.2

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 18.7 %

KSC Replacement Shared Services and Office Building: 

The Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Shared Services and 

Office Building is the first phase of a ten-year plan to 

consolidate and right-size administrative, laboratory, and 

shared services facilities currently scattered across the 

industrial area of the KSC. The program will enable 

deconstruction of approximately 900,000 square feet of 

physical plant that will be between 50 to 60 years old by 

the time it is deactivated, and reduce KSC’s total square 

footage by approximately 450,000 square feet. The shared 

services and office building (Phase 1) will replace 

administrative and services space and consolidate 4 data 

centers across the center into an efficient, sustainable 

central data center, reducing KSC data management 

energy and operating costs. Phase 1 construction will total 

just over 200,000 square feet and will house approximately 

500 personnel. The project includes improvements to the 

utilities infrastructure, pedestrian walkways, and limited 

modifications to the surrounding roads and parking lots. 

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated 

balances from Institutional CoF, Science CoF, and 

Space Operations CoF pursuant to P.L. 112-55, 

Division B, sec. 528(f). 

NASA's CoF program includes programmatic 

and non-programmatic construction projects that 

reduce facility-related risk to mission success 

and increase sustainability. 

The Institutional CoF program designs and 

constructs non-programmatic facilities projects. 

Utility system repairs and replacements improve 

the reliability of NASA's infrastructure and 

reduce operational consumption of energy 

(steam, electricity, and gas). Refurbishment and 

repair by replacement projects replace 

inefficient, deteriorated buildings with efficient 

high performance facilities. Demolition projects 

eliminate facilities that are no longer needed. 

Together these activities help reduce operating 

costs and develop a sustainable and energy 

efficient infrastructure to enable NASA's 

missions. 

Programmatic CoF provides critical capabilities 

in testing and development that directly support 

NASA’s current missions. These projects 

modify NASA facilities to provide specific 

technical requirements to manufacture, test, 

process, or operate hardware for NASA 

programs. These projects are identified by 

CECR-5
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR) 

CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 

NASA flight and research programs as specific changes to NASA technical capabilities essential to the 

success of NASA programs. 

Projects with initial cost estimates between $1 and $10 million are included in the program as minor 

revitalization and construction projects. Projects with initial cost estimates of $10 million or greater are 

budgeted as discrete projects. Projects with initial cost estimates of $1 million or less are accomplished by 

routine day-to-day facility maintenance and repair activities provided for in program and Center 

Management and Operations budgets. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

The FY 2014 request for CoF includes funding to achieve Space Launch System, Orion Multi-Purpose 

Crew Vehicle, Exploration Grounds Systems, 21st Century Space Launch Complex, Space 

Communications and Navigation, and Launch Systems requirements. FY 2014 funds to support these 

programmatic construction requirements were transferred from Exploration and Space Operations 

accounts. Funding associated with all program designs and out-year programmatic construction activities 

remains in program accounts. 

Historical Performance 

About 82 percent of NASA’s infrastructure and facilities are beyond their constructed design life, thus 

posing elevated and rising risk to current and future missions. Aging Apollo-era legacy infrastructure is 

inefficient and costly to maintain and operate, and assets over 40 years old pose a significant risk to 

NASA’s unique research and development mission. To address these challenges, NASA is aggressively 

managing its facility portfolio to consolidate and modernize into fewer, more efficient and sustainable 

facilities. These efforts have begun to reverse prior growth patterns in the value of the Agency's 

constructed assets (Figure 1). This is critical because divesting assets of limited value to the Agency 

enables NASA to focus limited available resources on stewardship of constructed assets with the greatest 

value to its mission success. 

CECR-6
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR) 

CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 

CECR-7

Figure 1. A decade of portfolio management is reversing prior growth patterns in Constructed Asset Value. 

Note: The parallel bold line shows the value if the Moffett Field and Ammo plant acquisitions are included. The 

light line omits Moffett and the Ammo plant to provide a comparison to “like” content before these major 

acquisitions increased the asset value. 
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 





FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 310.6 -- 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4

Subtotal 315.1 -- 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4 365.4

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -4.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 54.8

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 17.6 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f).

This electrical transformer at Ames Research Center in 

Mountain View, CA, is an example of many electrical 

systems failing because of their age. In some cases, critical 

electrical components supporting major test facilities are 

not reliable and are impeding NASA’s ability to conduct 

testing. In 2014, NASA will make electrical reliability 

repairs at ARC, DFRC, GRC, GSFC, JPL, JSC, LaRC, 

and MSFC. These projects will improve electrical 

reliability and electrical safety. 

NASA's Institutional CoF program includes 

programmatic and non-programmatic projects 

supporting two overarching Agency goals: 

Reduce facility-related risks to mission 

success, property, and personnel. CoF 

projects include repairs and/or 

improvements to NASA’s existing 

facilities based on a prioritized system 

using a risk informed process; and 

Increase sustainability and 

environmental friendliness. These 

projects support NASA’s core 

capabilities within a smaller, more 

efficient footprint. Projects include 

replacement of old, obsolete, costly 

facilities with new, high performance 

facilities that consolidate core functions 

and improve flexibility over the life of 

the facilities. These replacement 

facilities incorporate new technologies 

and are designed with flexibility so 

they can address programmatic 

requirements, both known and still 

evolving over the next 40 years. 

NASA's demolition program eliminates obsolete, un-needed infrastructure to improve efficiency and 

eliminate safety and environmental risks. 

NASA's recent Institutional CoF program efforts are beginning to demonstrate the intended results. Since 

1995, NASA has reduced energy usage by 17 percent. In FY 2012 NASA's deferred maintenance, which 

is an estimate of the essential but unfunded maintenance work necessary to bring all facilities up to 

standards, decreased 5.7 percent from FY 2011 levels. 

CECR-8
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In FY 2012, NASA began construction of the following projects: 







Construction of the Integrated Services Building at Langley Research Center that consolidates 

activities from obsolete buildings into an efficient, sustainable facility; 

Renovation of the East Test Water Industrial Area at Marshall Space Flight Center that will 

replace the existing 30-inch steel distribution main and branches to various test stands and test 

facilities; and 

Replacement of the Potable Water System at Stennis Space Center that provides drinking water to 

the Center. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

In FY 2013, NASA plans to begin construction on projects to revitalize critical assets such as the Ames 

Research Center Arc Jet. This project will support consolidation and modernization of the Agency's arc 

jet capability. 

Utility system repairs and replacements will improve reliability throughout NASA's infrastructure and 

reduce the risk of utility caused failures. 

Construction will begin on the replacement of the administrative building at Kennedy Space Center. This 

project and other planned repair-by-replacement projects will replace old, inefficient buildings with 

smaller, more efficient buildings. 

Demolition projects are underway to dispose of unneeded facilities. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Planned CoF activities are detailed below. 

CECR-9
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

Institutional Discrete Construction of Facility Projects 

Discrete construction of facilities projects are those with initial cost estimates of $10 million or greater. 

REPLACE ASBESTOS SIDING (BUILDINGS 4755/4619) 

Location: Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $12.4 million 

Scope/Description 

This project will replace the exterior asbestos-transite siding on Building 4755 (Flight Hardware 

Development Facility) and Building 4619 (Structures, Dynamics & Thermal Vacuum Lab) with new 

insulated metal siding that will provide a safer, healthier and more energy efficient facilities. This project 

will be planned, designed, and constructed incorporating sustainable design principles to reduce lifecycle 

costs, implement pollution prevention, minimize impact on natural resources, and maximize occupant 

health, safety, and productivity to the maximum extent possible. 

Basis of Need 

Buildings 4755 and 4619 are ranked as "Critical" on the Mission Dependency Index. Recent asbestos 

siding failures have heightened the concern for the potential of more extensive failures. The aged siding 

on both B4619 and B4755 was designed in accordance with early 1960 design codes and has weakened 

over the years due to age. Current codes would require the siding to withstand a wind load that is over 25 

percent higher than those of the 1960’s. Failures in these critical facilities supporting multiple functions 

including environmental critical rooms and development areas would have a major impact on mission and 

program requirements. These buildings provide a strong Research and Development and manufacturing 

technology/innovation organization of skilled scientists and engineers with one-of-a-kind facilities in 

which to develop new technologies that are applicable to a broad spectrum of programs and projects. 

These buildings include more than 60 research cells. Due to the nature of the hardware that is handled in 

this area, the risk to property damage is extremely high should the siding fail. The recent damage to the 

B4619 asbestos siding was not caused by what would be considered very severe weather for this region. 

The wind speeds that damaged the building were recorded at 45 miles per hour. 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $0.7M Design 02/2012 02/2013

Related Equipment N/A Construction 03/2014 09/2015

Activation N/A Activation N/A N/A

CECR-10
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

CENTRAL CAMPUS PHASE 1 CONSTRUCT REPLACEMENT SHARED SERVICES AND 

OFFICE BUILDING AND KENNEDY DATA CENTER

Location: Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $39.0 million; Total Construction FY 2013 to FY 2014 is $84 million 

Scope/Description 

Central Campus Phase 1 provides for the design, construction, and outfitting of an administrative office 

building and a shared services facility, and the Kennedy Data Center (KDC). It is estimated to cost $84 

million and is budgeted over a two-year period ($45 million in FY 2013 and $39 million in FY 2014). 

The project will use a design-bid-build acquisition strategy. The new administrative building will be 

capable of easily adding future phases with minimal disruptions to occupants. Site improvements include 

upgrades to the utilities infrastructure and existing pedestrian walkways, and limited modifications to the 

surrounding roads and parking lots. All Central Campus facilities will strive to achieve platinum 

certification requirements of the United States Green Building Council Leadership in Energy and 

Environmental Design (LEED). This project is in alignment with the approved Agency Master Plan. 

Basis of Need 

Central Campus is a twelve-year approximately $300 million project to replace, consolidate and right-size 

administrative, laboratory, shared services facilities and data centers currently scattered across the 

industrial area of the Kennedy Space Center. The project will enable deconstruction of approximately 

900,000 square feet of physical plant that will be between 50 to 60 years old by the time it is deactivated 

and deconstructed. 

These facilities have obsolete, unreliable, and inefficient facility systems that frequently break down and 

disrupt operations. Most of these facilities do not have sprinkler systems and many of the fire alarms, 

smoke detection systems, and fire exits are not code compliant. These buildings typically have hazardous 

materials such as asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls ballasts, mercury thermostats, and lead, chromium, 

and cadmium based paints. These hazardous materials make major renovations and routine maintenance 

activities very costly. 

Central Campus replaces about fifty percent of the demolished square footage with modern, energy 

efficient and environmentally responsible facilities in a pedestrian friendly campus environment. Each 

phase of Central Campus will be a complete and usable segment of the overall plan and will not rely on 

future funding for its implementation. The plan is formulated to provide very flexible options for the 

future. Future phases will only be pursued in response to firm housing and technical requirements, and the 

plan can be easily modified to react to future funding availability. 

CECR-11
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $3.4M Design 

Build)

(Design-Bid- 08/2012 07/2013

Related Equipment $0.2M Construction 01/2014 06/2016

Activation $0.2M Activation 01/2015 12/2016

Other $1.4M

SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM RECAPITALIZATION

Location: Stennis Space Center, MS 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $10.0 million 

Scope/Description 

This project provides for refurbishments to the sanitary sewer system at Stennis Space Center, including 

the following items: 







Refurbishment of the South Lagoon to accommodate flow requirements and to increase retention 

time for proper sewage treatment; 

Replace and upgrade Energy Management and Control System, electrical and mechanical 

equipment as required; (c) Modify gravel access road as necessary; and 

Replacement of outdated lift stations and deteriorated sections of sewage piping. 

Basis of Need 

Existing piping and equipment is original construction, has exceeded life cycle, and has become 

unreliable and beyond economic repair. Replacement of equipment is required to provide continued 

reliability, accommodate current flows, maintain proper retention time, and prevent environmental 

excursions. Also, under the current configuration, retention time within the lagoon has been less than 

required through Environmental Protection Agency permitting on many occasions. There is loss of 

reliability with many lift stations because the old concrete and steel wells are deteriorating and need to be 

replaced with new fiberglass wells. Installation of EMCS capability for approximately 40 lift stations sitewide is needed to prevent excursions from high levels. Also, deterioration of piping has allowed for 

inflow and infiltration in the base gravity system allowing for excess storm water to be transferred into 

the lagoons. When excursions do occur, fines of $25,000 per day per excursion can be incurred and 

potential shutdown of entire system. 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $0.7M Design 

Build)

(Design-Bid- 01/2013 04/2013

Construction 05/2013 07/2015

CECR-12
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

B1194 RENOVATION: DATA CENTER AND HIGH DENSITY OFFICE SPACE

Location: Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $26 million 

Scope/Description 

This project will renovate the B1194 Floyd L. Thompson Technical Library into a mixed-use facility 

consisting of a consolidated center-wide data center and high-density office space. This three story 

structure totaling approximately 50,000 square feet, was originally constructed in 1942, and includes two 

additions executed between 1985 and 1990. The renovation will pursue U.S. Green Building Council 

LEED silver certification at a minimum. The plan includes modifications to maximize the usable space 

inside the existing building shell, including extending the second floor across the width of the building. 

Once completed this project will allow the colocation of numerous Center personnel in B1209 and 

B1268, and will relocate and consolidate the computer data centers currently housed in B1268. B1209 

will be demolished and the vacated space in B1268 will be repurposed. While the net yearly cost savings 

will be modest, only about $0.4 million net, the project will significantly reduce the Center footprint by 

67,500 square feet. 

Basis of Need 

In 2011 Langley Research Center (LaRC) commissioned a study of LaRC data centers focused on 

consolidation in support of the June 10, 2010 Presidential Memorandum, "Disposing of Unneeded Federal 

Real Estate”. 

The LaRC study identified 37 data centers, including the Science Mission Directorate’s Atmospheric 

Science Data Center that could be consolidated into a single location. Consolidation allows advanced 

monitoring systems and results in improved efficiencies in the areas of power consumption (decreasing 

the center’s Power Use Effectiveness from 3.0 to 1.6), cooling and humidity control requirements, 

reliability and capacity optimization. At present, there is no single facility at LaRC with the necessary 

infrastructure and 18,000 sq. ft. necessary to meet the full requirements for consolidation. Building 1194 

is the prime candidate for renovation in support of the data center consolidation effort as it is structurally 

sound, underutilized, and located within the Center’s core campus area. 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $1.0M Design 02/2013 01/2014

Outfitting $5.0M Construction 03/2014 12/2015

Activation N/A Activation 01/2016 03/2016

CECR-13
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

REPAIR BY REPLACEMENT OFFICE BUILDING 4221

Location: Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $39.4 million 

Scope/Description 

The Repair by Replacement Office Building 4221 is the second major replacement building in Marshall 

Space Flight Center’s (MSFC) Main Administrative Complex. This facility completes the northern end of 

the North Campus consistent with the Center Master Plan. Building 4221 will replace the 50 year old 

Building 4201 with an energy and operationally efficient office structure. The building will provide stateof-the-art office space for approximately 450 people. The facility will meet LEED Silver criteria, as well 

as the MSFC standard energy conservation requirements to ensure low operating costs for the life of the 

facility. This project will include the demolition of building 4201 in FY 2016, totaling approximately 

111,000 square feet and will eliminate over $4.5 million of deferred maintenance. 

Basis of Need 

The new building will replace a deteriorated, high-maintenance, high operating cost building. It will 

provide state-of-the art offices to allow the efficient consolidation and co-location of a multi-discipline 

work force that has been widely dispersed throughout MSFC thereby improving functional efficiency and 

coordination between the various operations. Building 4201 was originally constructed in 1964 and is not 

suitable for a renovation due to its advanced age, its configuration, the presence of friable asbestos, and 

code compliance issues. A replacement facility is a cost effective solution that will provide significant 

operating and energy cost savings, will eliminate numerous environmental and Americans with 

Disabilities Act (ADA) compliance problems, will provide a state-of-the-art office facility at MSFC, and 

will eliminate significant deferred maintenance. Construction of this new building at this location and the 

subsequent demolition of Building 4201 are both consistent with the MSFC Master Plan. 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $1.0M Design 02/2013 01/2014

Outfitting $5.0M Construction 03/2014 12/2015

Activation N/A Activation 01/2016 03/2016

CECR-14
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

REPAIR BY REPLACEMENT OF THE LOGISTICS AND MAINTENANCE BUILDING 351

PHASE 2 

Location: Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $12.2 million; Total Construction FY 2013 to FY 2014 is $19 million 

Scope/Description 

This project will replace the aging Maintenance and Repair Building 107. The project work scope 

includes the construction of approximately 43,100 square feet of maintenance, shop, office, warehouse, 

and laboratory space to be located in the Glenn Research Center (GRC) West Campus along Cryogenic 

Road. The project consists of building additions to the east and west sides of the Logistics and 

Maintenance Building 351. These additions include high-bay shop, warehouse and vehicle storage areas, 

maintenance areas, office and storage areas and laboratory facilities. Included in the project scope are site 

work, surface parking, and access for maintenance and employee vehicles, and the extension of 

underground utilities. The building additions will be designed to achieve a minimum LEED Gold rating 

and to comply with current Life Safety and ADA requirements. This project is phase two of an overall 

$19 million project. 

Basis of Need 

The Maintenance and Repair Building 107, constructed in 1963, is inefficient and beyond its useful life. 

This building houses maintenance employees and equipment but does not have a fire suppression system. 

The building is also plagued with drainage problems. In addition, the approved Glenn Research Center 

Master Plan places a high priority on the relocation of all facilities and operations currently located on the 

eastern property line. This property line is adjacent to the publicly accessible West Airport Hangar Road, 

and the facilities there create a security risk to GRC. Building 107 is located within a few feet of this 

public access road, which leaves GRC extremely vulnerable to threat. Demolition of Building 107 will 

mitigate the security and safety concerns posed by this situation and eliminate the backlog of maintenance 

and repair requirements. 

Funding for this project will advance the Master Plan goals of consolidating maintenance and 

warehousing operations into the West Area. It will allow for the replacement of inefficient buildings with 

new sustainable facilities. This repair by replacement project will also allow GRC to get closer to its goals 

related to the reduction of real property and infrastructure and advance the consolidation of research 

support functions to promote efficient Center Operations. 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $0.9M Design 09/2012 09/2013

Related Equipment N/A Construction 03/2014 04/2015

Activation $1.0M Activation 05/2015 08/2015

CECR-15
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

UPGRADE SYSTEMS, INDUSTRIAL AREA CHILLER PLANT (IACP) 

Location: Kennedy Space Center, FL 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $11.5 million 

Scope/Description 

This project provides upgrades for mechanical and electrical systems at the Industrial Area Chiller Plant 

(IACP). The scope consists of chilled water production upgrades including; replacing the three-celled 

O&C cooling tower B, replacing motor control centers and variable frequency drives, replacing 

refrigerant-22 chillers, performing safety modifications to the interconnecting primary pumps, adding 

additional facilities to the Industrial area loop, and building modifications to increase chilled water supply 

temperature. The project has an option to construct a 6.4 million gallon concrete chilled water thermal 

energy storage system that will reduce chilled water production cost. The additional chilled water storage 

will also provide emergency loop fill capability in the event of an unplanned water loss. 

The project will replace existing chillers with smaller and more efficient machines that will allow a more 

flexible operation that more accurately matches load profiles to reduce equipment wear and operational 

costs; replace cooling tower B with a larger and more efficient type, adding additional sustainable 

technologies such as drift eliminating louvers and variable speed drives; and increase reliability, reduce 

safety hazards, and reduce energy burdens on the center. 

Basis of Need 

This project is necessary to allow the continued operations of the KSC Industrial Area Chiller Plant to 

supply vital chilled water and compressed air to major Industrial Area Program direct processing, 

research labs and administrative facilities. The chiller plant currently serves approximately 3,800 

personnel in the following facilities: Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF), Operations and Checkout 

Facility (O&C), Headquarters, Communication and Instrumentation Facility, Payload Support Building, 

Training Auditorium, Engineering Development Laboratory, and the Occupational Health Facility. The 

new Central Campus and Kennedy Data Center (KDC) will receive chilled water for HVAC and dry 

compressed air for labs and workshops in its entirety from the Industrial Area Chiller Plant. Failure of the 

IACP would adversely affect processing of mission essential flight hardware in the SSPF and O&C, 

sensitive lab environments, and administrative facilities located throughout the Industrial Area. 

Originally constructed in 1964, Cooling Tower B supplies condenser water to the chiller plant’s six 

chillers. The existing cooling tower B structure and fill is fatigued with extensive spalling and cracking. 

Repeated sealing of the concrete has not successfully protected underlying rebar and full replacement is 

necessary to repair damaged columns. There is no full capacity back up, or redundancy, during peak 

operations. Tower B currently limits the plant’s overall redundancy due to its smaller capacity. Loss of a 

single cell impacts the plant’s cooling capabilities. Mechanical and electrical rotating equipment related to 

the cooling tower are severely deteriorated and unsupported by the manufacturer, requiring custom 

rebuilds by on-site shops. Equipment can only be re-built a finite number of times before requiring full 

replacement. 

CECR-16
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $1.5M Design 09/2012 09/2013

Related Equipment $0.2M Construction 12/2013 10/2015

Activation $0.1M Activation 09/2015 04/2016

Minor Revitalization and Construction of Facilities 

Minor revitalization and construction of facilities projects have initial cost estimates between $1 million 

and $10 million. These projects revitalize and construct facilities at NASA facility installations and 

government-owned industrial plants. Revitalization and modernization projects provide for the repair, 

modernization, and/or upgrade of facilities and collateral equipment. Repair projects restore facilities and 

components to a condition substantially equivalent to the originally intended and designed capability. 

Repair and modernization work includes the substantially equivalent replacement of utility systems and 

collateral equipment necessitated by incipient or actual breakdown. Modernization and upgrade projects 

include restoration of current functional capability and enhancement of the condition of a facility so that it 

can more effectively accomplish its designated purpose, increase its functional capability, or so that it can 

meet new building, fire, and accessibility codes. 

The FY 2014 request includes $20 million dollars for projects focused on investments to improve the 

energy efficiency of existing facilities and operations. 

The minor revitalization and construction projects that comprise this request are of the highest priority, 

based on relative urgency, and expected return on investment. During the year, some rearrangement of 

priorities may be necessary, which may cause a change in some of the items to be accomplished. 

Energy Savings Investments, $20 million 

Utility metering, primarily gas/steam, Various Centers

Energy efficiency improvements, Langley Research Center

Greening Building 1100, Stennis Space Center

Upgrade Building 24 plant controls, Goddard Space Flight Center

Lighting and Occupancy Sensors, Glenn Research Center

Water Treatment and Eliminating single-pass cooling, Marshall Space Flight Center

Retro-commissioning Buildings 4487 and 4610, Marshall Space Flight Center

CECR-17

Energy Savings Investments, $20 million 

Utility metering, primarily gas/steam, VariousCenters

Energy efficiency improvements, Langley Research Center

Greening Building 1100, Stennis Space Center

Upgrade Building 24 plant controls, Goddard Space Flight Center

Lighting and Occupancy Sensors, Glenn Research Center

Water Treatment and Eliminating single-pass cooling, Marshall Space Flight Center

Retro commissioning Buildings 4487 and 4610, Marshall Space Flight Center
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

Minor Revitalization and Construction Projects by Center, $141.5 million 

Ames Research Center (ARC), $25.5 million 

Restore Electrical Reliability for Multiple Facilities 

Restore Power Supply Reliability of Arc Jet Facility 

Reduce Seismic Risk to Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel Make Up Air System 

Restore Electrical Distribution System-High Voltage 

Dryden Flight Research Center (DFRC), $27.0 million 

Revitalize Radar & Telemetry Tracking Infrastructure 

Repair Research Aircraft Integration Facility Mechanical Systems 

Repair Aircraft Hangar Fire Protection Systems 

Repair by Replacement: Vehicle & Aircraft Ground Equipment Maintenance 

Glenn Research Center (GRC), $19.4 million 

Lewis Field Storm Sewer System Repair, Phase 1 

Repair Electrical Distribution Systems, Phase 2 

Repair Central Compressed Air Equipment, Phase 1 

Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), $20.2 million 

Modifications to Building X-75, Wallops Flight Facility 

Upgrades to Main Base Water Treatment System, Wallops Flight Facility 

Replace Island Primary Electrical Feeder, Wallops Flight Facility 

Replace Primary Electrical System Infrastructure, Greenbelt 

Replace Fire Island Station, Wallops Flight Facility 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), $4.5 million 

Upgrade/Repair Critical 16.5 KV Electrical Distribution System 

Johnson Space Center (JSC), $9.2 million 

Replace High Voltage Electrical Feeders and Switches, Site Utility Tunnel 

Replace Central Heating and Cooling Plant Boilers and Associated Blowdown Equipment (24) 

Langley Research Center (LaRC), $12.5 million 

Electrical Distribution System Upgrades

Repair by Renovation of the Sensor Systems Lab in B1200 

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), $15.0 million 

Revitalize Building Electrical System (4619) 

Revitalize Building Mechanical System (4755) 

Stennis Space Center, $8.2 million 

Refurbish Canal Lock Water Replenishment Pumping System 

Refurbish Hydrogen Generation System 

Repair Bascule Bridge 

CECR-18
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

INSTITUTIONAL COF 

Demolition of Facilities 

FY 2014 Estimate: $20.0 million 

NASA will use the requested funding to eliminate inactive and obsolete facilities that are no longer 

required for NASA’s mission. Abandoned facilities pose potential safety and environmental liabilities and 

are eyesores at the Centers. The Agency must maintain the these facilities at minimal levels to prevent 

increasing safety and environmental hazards and these recurring maintenance costs impose a drain on the 

limited maintenance dollars available at the Centers. Demolishing these abandoned facilities allows the 

Agency to avoid non-productive operating costs required to keep abandoned facilities safe and secure. 

Furthermore, demolition is the most cost-effective way to reduce the Agency deferred maintenance. 

NASA identifies facilities for the demolition program through special studies to determine if the facility is 

required for current or future missions. Facilities that are no longer needed are included in a five-year 

demolition plan that sets project schedules based on last need, annual costs avoided, potential liability, 

and project execution factors. Individual project schedules may be adjusted due to consultation with states 

on historic properties, changes in operational schedules, environmental remediation, funding profiles, 

local market forces, and the value of recycled materials. 

Facility Planning and Design 

FY 2014 Estimate: $33.4 million 

Facility planning and design funds provide for advance planning and design activities, special engineering 

studies, facility engineering research, preliminary engineering efforts required to initiate design-build 

projects, preparation of final designs, construction plans, specifications, and associated cost estimates 

associated with non-programmatic construction projects. This includes master planning; value 

engineering studies; design and construction management studies; facility operation and maintenance 

studies; facilities utilization analyses; engineering support for facilities management systems; and capital 

leveraging research activities. Funding also supports participation in facilities-related professional 

engineering associations and organizations. 

The facilities planning and design activity is crucial to the implementation of NASA recapitalization 

strategy. These recapitalization projects are necessary to make progress toward required sustainability, 

energy, and stewardship goals. 

CECR-19
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

EXPLORATION COF 







FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 71.0 -- 142.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 71.3

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 100.4 %

The “clean pad” design concept for Launch Complex-39B 

at KSC will improve NASA’s flexibility to support 

different classes of launch vehicles (LV) at the same 

launch complex. With less overall permanent 

infrastructure to operate and maintain, it requires a 

“mobile launcher” component where all prelaunch 

assembly and servicing of a LV and spacecraft occurs 

elsewhere and is then brought to the launch pad. Only 

propellant loading and final countdown operations happen 

at the pad, eliminating the need for large access and 

auxiliary service equipment. The Ares I mobile launcher, 

shown mounted at the pad, will be modified to support 

NASA’s Space Launch System and commercial launch 

vehicles. 

Exploration CoF provides construction required 

to achieve Space Launch System (SLS), Orion 

Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV), and 

Exploration Grounds Systems program activities. 

Funds required for the planning and design of 

out-year programmatic construction remain in 

the applicable program accounts. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

NASA demolished platforms in high bay 3 of the 

Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) that 

supported the Space Shuttle Program, paving the 

way for new platforms to be installed to support 

SLS vehicle integration. Additional Vehicle 

Assembly Building work included an upgrade of 

the 175-ton Transfer Aisle Crane controls and 

minor safety-related structural repairs. 

NASA demolished the Fixed Service System and 

Rotating Service System at Launch Complex 

39B (LC-39B). The demolition allows for a “clean pad” for use by the SLS and future commercial 

spacecraft. Additional work at LC-39B included: 

Repairs to the 300,000-gallon, 285-foot tall water tower; 

Roof repair and replacement of the fire extinguishing and water piping; and 

Design for the demolition of the Flame Deflector and Flame Trench Area. 

Modifications and upgrades to the Multi-Payload Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center to a Class 

100,000 clean room began, which will allow for processing of the Orion MPCV spacecraft at the Center. 

At Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF), modifications required to transition from legacy tooling and 

manufacturing of the Space Shuttle External Tank to tooling and manufacturing necessary for the SLS 

CECR-20
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

EXPLORATION COF 

Core Stage began. Initial modifications at the facility included the modifications to building 131 to 

support thermal protections systems application, as well as the cleaning and priming of liquid oxygen and 

liquid hydrogen tanks. NASA also modified Building 451 to support liquid hydrogen tank proof testing. 

Restoration of the B-2 Test Stand at Stennis Space Center to support SLS proto-flight testing began with 

the demolition of unsafe structures throughout the Test Stand. Funding for the first phase of this $168.0 

million discrete project was approved through two operating plan changes in FY 2012. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Much of the work started in FY 2012 on the B-2 Test Stand continues into FY 2013. The majority of the 

construction work will occur in FY 2013 and will include completion of necessary demolition work. The 

level 7 new rolling deck will be completely replaced, and the derrick crane, flame deflector bucket, thrust 

takeout, support structures, ancillary structures, propellant systems, piping systems, mechanical systems, 

electrical systems, and data systems will all be modified and refurbished. Finally, a new structure will be 

added to top of the test stand to accommodate the length of the SLS Core Stage. Funding for the proposed 

FY 2013 work was approved in December 2012. 

The modifications to LC-39B will continue to be a major effort at Kennedy Space Center with work on 

the flame deflector and flame trench area. Work at the Vehicle Assembly Building, Launch Control 

Complex, and Utility Annex will also continue in FY 2013 to prepare for SLS and other commercial 

customers. 

At MAF, modifications to existing facilities to support SLS Core Stage manufacturing will continue. This 

includes major structural changes to the main manufacturing building at MAF, building 103, and 

modifications to building 110 cells E and F for Core Stage tank cleaning. 

SLS will begin construction of two new Structural Test Stands at the Marshall Space Flight Center 

(MSFC). Test Stand 4693 will support testing of the SLS Core Stage liquid Hydrogen tank and Test Stand 

4697 will support testing of the SLS Core Stage liquid Oxygen tank. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Major work in FY 2014 includes the construction of the new platforms in VAB High Bay-3 to support the 

SLS vehicle. The project utilizes an adjustable platform concept for High Bay-3 instead of the traditional 

fixed platforms for a specific spacecraft. The new platforms will adjust in height to accommodate 

servicing the SLS or other vehicles, such as other commercial spacecraft. Additionally, chiller and boiler 

upgrades at the Utility Annex are also planned. 

Major work planned for the LC-39B complex includes the refreshment of the Environmental Control 

System and Ground Cooling Systems necessary to support SLS and other Commercial launch vehicles on 

the Pad. 

At Stennis Space Center, the final phase of the High Pressure Industrial Water piping replacement is 

planned. This phase will completely replace the large diameter underground piping and valves that 

provide fire protection and cooling water to the entire A-test complex at Stennis Space Center. 

CECR-21
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

EXPLORATION COF 

Discrete Projects 

Discrete projects are construction projects with initial cost estimates greater than $10 million. 

MODIFICATIONS TO LAUNCH COMPLEX 39-B 

Location: Kennedy Space Center, 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $13.9 million, Total Project FY 2010 to FY 2016 is $86.5 million 

Scope/Description 

The project modifies and upgrades Launch Complex 39 Area to support launching of the NASA SLS, 

Orion MPCV crew vehicle, and other launch vehicles. This project repairs and modifies selected facility 

systems at Launch Complex 39B to enable SLS and Orion processing and launch operations. Examples of 

project work elements include repairs to the pad surface and catacomb roof, modifications to the sound 

suppression system, modifications to replace the liquid oxygen vaporizer system, pad modifications to the 

interfaces with the new Mobile Launcher, replacement of fire and potable water piping systems, and 

refurbishment of the HVAC and control systems. Other planned work elements include modifications to 

the lightning protection and weather systems, refurbishment and modification of the flame trench, and 

replacement of the main flame deflector system. 

This is the third phase of a four-phased project budgeted at $86.5 million. This phase includes 

Modification of Ground Cooling System, Refurbishment of Environmental Control System and Upgrade 

Communication Infrastructure, LC-39B. 

As SLS technical requirements mature, NASA may add, delete, or substitute, individual work elements 

within the project. NASA will update the scope/description of the project in the President’s budget for 

each subsequent year if any such adjustments are made. 

Basis of Need 

The modifications and new construction are mandatory to transform the Launch Complex 39 from the 

Shuttle Program to meet the requirements for SLS, Orion MPCV, and other multi user launch vehicle 

operations and programs. Launch Complex 39 is over 40 years old and the deteriorated condition and 

inadequate configuration of many of the systems and infrastructure will not support use for the new 

launch program without the extensive repairs, modifications, and upgrades identified above. Failure to 

implement this project will seriously impact our ability to transition and sustain the use of this launch 

complex to support SLS and Orion MPCV. 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $8.0M Design 04/2009 06/2012

Related Equipment $0.5M Construction 04/2011 05/2012

Activation $3.5M Activation 04/2015 06/2016

CECR-22
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

EXPLORATION COF 

MODIFICATIONS TO VEHICLE ASSEMBLY BUILDING, LAUNCH CONTROL CENTER,

& VAB UTILITY ANNEX AREA

Location: Kennedy Space Center, 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $99.2 million, Total Project FY 2010 to FY 2016 is $138.9 million 

Scope/Description 

This project repairs and modifies selected facility systems in the VAB, Launch Control Center (LCC), 

and Vehicle Assembly Building Utility Annex area to enable SLS, Orion MPCV, and other customer’s 

processing and launch operations. Examples of project work elements in the VAB and LCC include 

demolition and removal of the existing Shuttle platforms and installation of a new platform system in 

High Bay 3, replacement of the fire suppression water supply distribution system supporting the VAB, 

refurbishment of the low voltage systems in Towers D & F of the VAB, repair of the VAB concrete 

ceiling, refurbishment of the VAB 175-ton bridge crane, repair and modification of the chilled/hot/potable 

water piping systems in the VAB, and a variety of other miscellaneous infrastructure and facility system 

repairs throughout the VAB and LCC complex including modification of the fire suppression water 

supply to the LCC. The project also includes system upgrades in the UA to improve energy efficiency, 

reduce operations and maintenance costs, and provide right-sized equipment capacity to support future 

program needs. 

This is the third of a 5-phased project currently budgeted at $138.9 million, including $13.3 million in FY 

2012, $15.7 million in FY 2013, $99.2 million in FY 2014, $5.7 million in FY 2015 and $5.0 million in 

FY 2016. This phase is to construct a re-configurable high bay facility to process, integrate and the 

assembly of the SLS launch vehicle and other future customers. 

As SLS technical requirements mature, NASA may add, delete, or substitute, individual work elements 

within the project. NASA will update the scope/description of the project in the President’s budget for 

each subsequent year if any such adjustments are made. 

Basis of Need 

The VAB is a 50-story building with multi-level access platforms and associated support infrastructure. 

Facility systems such as power, water, compressed gasses, communications, and fire suppression, are 

located inside the building to support rocket assembly operations. The Utility Annex supplies the Vehicle 

Assembly Building, LCC, and other facilities in the LC-39 area with hot water, chilled water, compressed 

air, and fire suppression water. Launch operations are controlled within the LCC, which is physically 

attached to the building. The repairs and modifications provided by this project must be completed in time 

to support future SLS and Orion MPCV launches because there are no other facilities that have the size or 

capabilities necessary to otherwise support SLS and Orion MPCV assembly operations. 

The VAB is uniquely designed to receive, assemble, integrate, process, and service large, complex launch 

vehicles. No other facility in the United States has this basic capability. The VAB must be reconfigured 

from the current Shuttle-support configuration to a configuration that can support the SLS, Orion MPCV, 

and other potential customers. This includes modifications of the supporting utility systems as well as the 

facility itself. In addition, the fire suppression system in the VAB is about 50 years old and the piping has 

CECR-23
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

EXPLORATION COF 

experienced significant internal corrosion, affecting the flow capacity and causing leaks that cumulatively 

amount to about 5,000 gallons per week. The system is no longer serviceable in its current state and 

NASA will restore it to meet National Fire Protection Association life-safety code standards. 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $9.0M Design 04/2011 02/2013

Related Equipment $1.0M Construction 06/2012 06/2016

Activation $4.0M Activation 05/2015 09/2016

HIGH PRESSURE INDUSTRIAL WATER PIPING REPLACEMENT

Location: Stennis Space Center, MS 

Estimated Costs: $22.0 million, Total Project FY 2012 to FY 2014 is $48.0 million 

Scope/Description 

This project will completely replace the High Pressure Industrial Water (HPIW) underground piping 

servicing the A and B Test Complexes. The B Test Complex piping system will be replaced including the 

96-inch valve/valve pit up to and including the B Test Stand manifold and risers. The A Test Complex 

piping system will be replaced, including the 75-inch valve and valve pit , the A2 isolation valve, A1 

isolation valve, and piping up to the base of the A1 and A2 Test Stands. This construction effort will be 

phased on a non-interference basis and will be performed over a 3-year period with minimal impact to 

testing activities in support of NASA’s mission. 

Basis of Need 

The HPIW system provides cooling water and fire protection for the five test stands in the A & B 

Complexes (A-1, A-2, A-3, B-1, and B-2), which are planned to conduct testing over the next 20 years 

and beyond. The HPIW system is a critical facility that was activated in 1965 and is necessary to support 

all of Stennis Space Center’s engine system static test stands in the A & B Complexes. Based on a recent 

analysis (2009), the life expectancy of the current HPIW system is expected to be approximately seven to 

eight years. 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $3.0M Design 08/2010 10/2012

Related Equipment N/A Construction B-Leg 02/2013 10/2014

Activation N/A Activation B-Leg 10/2014 10/2014

Other N/A Construction A-Leg 01/2015 08/2016

Activation A-Leg 08/2016 08/2016

CECR-24
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

EXPLORATION COF 

Exploration Minor Revitalization and Construction Projects, 

$7.2 million 

Construction projects with initial cost estimates between $1 million and $10 million are included as minor 

revitalization and construction projects. These projects provide for the repair, modernization, or upgrade 

of facilities and collateral equipment required by Exploration activities. Repair projects restore facilities 

and components to a condition substantially equivalent to the originally intended and designed capability. 

Repair and modernization work includes the substantially equivalent replacement of utility systems and 

collateral equipment necessitated by incipient or actual breakdown. Modernization and upgrade projects 

include both restoration of current functional capability and enhancement of the condition of a facility, so 

that it can more effectively accomplish its designated purpose, increase its functional capability, or so that 

it can meet new building, fire, and accessibility codes. Planned projects are: 









Replace Production Wastewater Process Tanks, Phase 2, MSFC/MAF; 

Rehab Chilled Water/Steam Distribution Piping, MSFC/MAF; 

Replace Containment Area Liners, MSFC/MAF; and 

Modifications LAS Facility, Phase II, KSC. 

CECR-25
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

SPACE OPERATIONS COF 

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 56.7 -- 26.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Subtotal 56.9 -- 26.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.2 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -30.5

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -53.8 %

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

High Bay 3 in the Vehicle Assembly Building 

(VAB) at KSC is being transformed into a state-ofthe-art vehicle integration facility to support future 

launch vehicles. Eight box-like support structures 

that surrounded the shuttles during stacking, like 

the ones pictured here, had to be removed and 

demolished. They will be replaced with new stands 

that can be configured to accommodate integration 

of a variety of new launch vehicles over the next 30 

years. This work is part of a five-year project to 

refurbish and modernize the VAB. 

Space Operations CoF provides construction to 

support 21st Century Space Launch Complex (21st

CSLC), Space Communications and Navigation 

(SCaN), and Launch Systems. Funds required for 

planning and design of out-year programmatic 

construction remain in the applicable program 

accounts. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

21st Century Improvements for the Kennedy Launch 

Complex included upgrades of lighting and 

mechanical systems at various facilities that reduce 

energy and operations costs. NASA awarded the 

contract for Modifications and Improvements to the 

48-year-old gravel path utilized for a special tracked 

vehicle to transport the mobile launcher, with the 

stacked rocket and spacecraft, from the VAB to the 

launch pad. Work will begin on this project in FY 

2013.Designs were completed to replace cooling 

towers and other major HVAC systems at the Booster 

Fabrication Facility. Many other designs were 

completed to improve the infrastructure along with 

environmental studies and assessments that will aid in 

the remediation of hazardous areas throughout the 

Center. 

CECR-26
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

SPACE OPERATIONS COF 

For SCaN, the new Canberra, Australia 34-meter antenna pedestal was completed and the azimuth track 

and pintle bearing were installed. At Goldstone, the HVAC Energy Savings Contract was completed, and 

the Site Wide Uninterruptible Power Supply became fully operational. In Madrid, the Fire Detection and 

Fire Protection projects were completed. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Much of the work started in FY 2012 continues into FY 2013. 

Other minor construction projects at the KSC will improve the KSC launch infrastructure to transition the 

center into the 21st Century. These include mechanical, electrical, and lighting upgrades throughout KSC. 

Work on the 34-meter antenna at Canberra will continue, as will fire protection upgrades for the Canberra 

complex. Work on the 80KW transceiver for the DSS-26 Facility in Goldstone will commence. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

The minor program will continue the effort to turn NASA’s former Space Shuttle launch facilities at the 

Kennedy Space Center into a 21st Century launch complex to efficiently and effectively support 

programs, such as SLS, Orion MPCV and other commercial operators. 

At Goldstone, the planned work is to replace the azimuth tracks for two 34-meter antennas, as well as 

repair the spur roads and parking lots. Construction will continue on facilities to support the new high 

power transmitter at one of the 34-meter antennas. At Madrid, construction will start on facilities to 

support the new high power transmitter at one 34-meter antenna. Additionally, a network-wide start to 

replace the 34-meter antenna chilled water systems is planned. 

Discrete Projects 

Discrete projects are construction projects with initial cost estimates greater than $10 million. 

CONSTRUCTION OF 34 METER BEAM WAVE GUIDE ANTENNAS

Location: Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex, Canberra, Australia 

FY 2014 Construction Estimate: $11.0 million, Total Project FY 2010 to FY 2017 is $79.8 million 

Scope/Description 

This project constructs two new 34-meter beam wave guide (BWG) antennas at the Canberra Deep Space 

Communications Complex (CDSCC) with an option to build a third. The basic contract provides for the 

initial construction two 34-meter BWG antennas, DSS-35 and DSS-36. The third antenna, DSS-33, will 

be an option to the contract. As DSS-33 is an option, actual location and approach to construction for this 

antenna are yet to be determined. 

CECR-27
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

SPACE OPERATIONS COF 

The project is divided into three contracts: excavation and roads, site infrastructure, and antenna related 

facilities. The funding for fiscal year 2014 is $11.0 million dollars of the total $79.8 million. 

The project includes the fabrication and installation of the antenna structures, panels, gearboxes, bearings, 

electric drives, encoders, beam waveguide mirrors, sub-reflectors and positioners, and related 

servomotors. The project also includes the construction of the pedestals, as well as all facilities in and 

around the antennas, including the paved access road, trenches, drainage, flood control devices, water 

main and distribution system, antenna apron, perimeter security fence, HVAC systems, electrical power 

distribution, fire detection and suppression system, and surveillance system assembly. 

Basis of Need 

The construction of these antennas is planned as Phase 1 of the SCaN 70-meter Antenna Replacement 

Project. Analysis of outer planet declinations reveals a growing bias toward the southern declination well 

into the 2020’s. It is projected that spacecraft mission needs in the southern hemisphere will begin to 

overload the capacity at the CDSCC by 2015. This project is necessary to allow beam wave guide 

antennas to add resilience in the southern hemisphere for the Deep Space Network. Additionally, the 70-

meter antennas at each Complex are reaching end of service. This project will support additional mission 

loading from projects currently under development and scheduled for launch in 2015 and beyond. 

Other Related Costs Amount Estimated Schedule Start Complete

Studies/Design $0.5M Design 09/2009 10/2010

Related Equipment N/A Construction, DSS-35 09/2010 10/2013

Activation N/A Activation, DSS-35 09/2014 09/2014

Other N/A Construction, DSS-36 10/2012 11/2015

Activation, DSS-36 12/2016 12/2016

Space Operations Minor Revitalization and Construction 

Projects, $15.2 million 

Construction projects with initial cost estimates between $1 million and $10 million are included as minor 

revitalization and construction projects. These projects provide for the repair, modernization, or upgrade 

of facilities and collateral equipment required by Space Operations activities. Repair projects restore 

facilities and components to a condition substantially equivalent to the originally intended and designed 

capability. Repair and modernization work includes the substantially equivalent replacement of utility 

systems and collateral equipment necessitated by incipient or actual breakdown. Modernization and 

upgrade projects include both restoration of current functional capability and enhancement of the 

condition of a facility, so that it can more effectively serve its designated purpose, increase its functional 

capability, or so that it can meet new building, fire, and accessibility codes. 

 Replace BWG Azimuth Tracks 34m Subnet, Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex 

(GDSCC) 

CECR-28
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR): Construction of 

Facilities 

SPACE OPERATIONS COF 

















Repair Road and Erosion Control, GDSCC 

DSS-26 Facilities for 80 kW TXR, GDSCC 

Replace BWG Chillers 34m Subnet, GDSCC 

Lighting Upgrades, KSC 

Mechanical Upgrades, KSC 

Waste Management/Reutilization, KSC 

21st CSLC Dune Restoration, KSC - Restore and repair of sand dunes along the shore line south 

of LC-39 

Repair of Interior Renovations/Bldg. 840 Restroom, VAB 

CECR-29
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR) 

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND RESTORATION

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 44.8 -- 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5

Subtotal 45.0 -- 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5 75.5

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances* -0.2 -- -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- 30.7

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- 68.5 %

NASA is working with the Los Angeles County Regional 

Water Quality Control Board to remove soil from the 

hillside areas at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory that 

was contaminated by DOD and NASA rocket engine 

testing in the 1950s and 1960s. This action prevents runoff 

of the soil into offsite creeks when it rains and keeps 

contaminants from leaching into the groundwater. Great 

care was taken to minimize disturbance to areas with 

sensitive habitats and to preserve trees. 

Note: * Rescission of prior-year unobligated balances 

pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, sec. 528(f). 

NASA’s Environmental Compliance and 

Restoration (ECR) program cleans up hazardous 

materials and wastes that have been released to 

the surface or groundwater at NASA installations, 

NASA-owned industrial plants supporting NASA 

activities, current or former sites where NASA 

operations have contributed to environmental 

problems, and other sites where the Agency is 

legally obligated to address hazardous pollutants. 

ECR program activities include projects, studies, 

assessments, investigations, sampling, plans, 

designs, construction, related engineering, 

program support, monitoring, and regulatory 

Agency oversight. Funding also covers land 

acquisitions necessary to ensure operation of 

remedial treatment processes and sites as part of 

remediation and cleanup measures. 

For additional information concerning NASA’s 

ECR program, go to: 

http://www.nasa.gov/offices/emd/home/ecr.html. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In FY 2012, NASA received final license termination from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for its 

recently completed Plum Brook Reactor Facility decommissioning project. This culminated thirteen years 

of work to safely remove and dispose of materials and structures that remained at the facility after the 

reactor was shut down in 1973. The decommissioning process at Plum Brook included demolishing the 

CECR-30
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR) 

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND RESTORATION

remaining buildings and structures and returning the site to green space (protected area of undeveloped 

landscape). 

As part of other cleanup activities in FY 2012, at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the ECR program: 

























Completed 90 percent of the soil characterization efforts for the site, which included close 

coordination with the State of California and five public technical meetings; 

Received closure approval from California for the former groundwater treatment systems; and 

Completed all biological surveys (flora, fauna, habitat, wetlands). 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

Major restoration project achievements planned for FY 2013 include: 

Continuation of interim soil cleanups and publication of the environmental impact statement for 

final soil cleanup at Santa Susana Field Laboratory; 

Implementation of soil and groundwater cleanup actions at MSFC; and 

Completion of source area investigations at White Sands Test Facility. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Key projects and achievements in the FY 2014 request include: 

$20.6 million for investigation and cleanup of contaminated groundwater, soils, and demolition at 

Santa Susana Field Laboratory in accordance with the consent order with the State of California; 

planned achievements include completion of the interim soil removal actions, completion of the 

Environmental Impact Statement, and begin implementing demolition of facilities; 

$12.5 million to operate and maintain systems to clean up contaminated groundwater emanating 

from Jet Propulsion Laboratory; achievements include installation of 2 new recovery wells, 

connection of existing backwash system to the treatment facility, and continued operations of the 

Lincoln Avenue and Monk Hill drinking water treatment systems; 

$9.8 million for continuing investigation and cleanup of groundwater and soil contamination at 

Kennedy Space Center in accordance with State of Florida requirements; key achievements 

planned include the installation of 3 new groundwater treatment systems, investigation of 5 

additional sites for potential contamination, continued sampling of over 400 monitoring wells, 

and continued operations of 10 groundwater cleanup systems; 

$11.6 million for continuing cleanup of ground water contamination and investigation of soil 

contamination at White Sands Test Facility, to comply with the facility permit issued by the State 

of New Mexico; key achievements include completion of closure activities at 5 sewage lagoons, 

implementation of the 400 Area Resource Conservation and Recovery Act facility investigation, 

and continued operation of the plume front and mid-plume ground water treatment systems; and 

$6.8 million to complete the cleanup of the peninsula solid waste disposal site at the Ames 

Research Center. 

$4.4 million for Functional leadership efforts, including environmental audits required by 

executive order and hazardous material replacement initiatives in support of NASA mission 

requirements. 

CECR-31
Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration (CECR) 

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND RESTORATION

 $8.3 million for continuation and completion of smaller soil and groundwater cleanup projects at 

multiple centers 

Program Elements 

RESTORATION

Restoration projects address cleanup liabilities at all NASA Centers and component facilities. As of the 

start of FY 2012, known liabilities totaled $1.048 billion with many of the individual cleanup projects 

estimated to take more than 25 years to complete. NASA policy is to address these liabilities using a 

“worst first” approach to ensure human health and the environment are protected and to facilitate mission 

readiness. Plans for FY 2014 are based on a prioritized, risk-based approach for incrementally addressing 

NASA’s cleanup portfolio. Projects are ranked according to the relative urgency and the potential health 

and safety hazards related to each individual cleanup. As studies, assessments, investigations, plans, 

regulatory approvals, and designs progress, and as new discoveries or regulatory requirements change, 

NASA expects that program priorities may change. 

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE & FUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP

These projects invest in environmental methods and risk reduction practices that ensure NASA may 

continue to carry out its scientific and engineering missions. This includes methodologies for sustainably 

reducing energy intensity and greenhouse gas emissions, and supporting operational activities by ensuring 

that advances in chemical risk management are incorporated early in mission design phases. For example, 

NASA is working with the European Space Agency on an international agreement to qualify citric acid 

for passivation of stainless steel, testing environmentally friendly corrosion coatings for launch structures, 

and qualifying solvent alternatives for precision cleaning processes. Citric acid is considered 

“environmentally friendly” and would replace more corrosive and hazardous materials, like nitric acid. 

CECR-32
 

Actual

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013

Notional

FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 38.3 38.2 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0

INSPECTOR GENERAL

Inspector General ........................................................................... IG-2

IG-1
 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL

FY 2014 Budget 

Actual Notional 

Budget Authority (in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013* FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 

FY 2014 President's Budget Request 38.3 38.2 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0

Subtotal 38.3 38.5 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0 37.0

Rescission of prior-year unob. balances** -- -0.3 -- -- -- -- --

Change from FY 2012 -- -- -1.3 -- -- -- --

Percentage change from FY 2012 -- -- -3.4% -- -- -- --

Note: * The FY 2013 appropriation for NASA was not enacted at the time that the FY 2014 Request was prepared; 

therefore, the amounts in the FY 2013 column reflect the annualized level provided by the Continuing Resolution 

plus the 0.612 percent across the board increase (pursuant to Section 101(a) and (c) of P.L. 112-175). 

** Rescission against unobligated American Recovery and Reinvestments Act balances (P.L. 111-203, the "DoddFrank Act") 

For FY 2014, the NASA Office of Inspector General (OIG) requests $37.0 million. This request will 

support the work of 195 auditors, investigators, analysts, specialists, lawyers, and support staff located at 

NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C. and 11 other locations throughout the United States 

The OIG conducts audits, reviews, and investigations of NASA programs to prevent and detect fraud, 

waste, abuse, and mismanagement and to assist NASA management in promoting economy, efficiency, 

and effectiveness. 

The OIG Office of Audits conducts independent and objective audits of NASA programs, projects, 

operations, and contractor activities. In addition, the Office of Audits oversees the work of the 

independent public accounting firm that conducts the annual audit of NASA’s financial statements. Office 

of Audits reviews target high-risk areas and Agency management challenges, responds to NASA’s 

changing needs and priorities, and provides measurable results that help NASA achieve its space 

exploration, scientific, and aeronautics research missions. 

The Office of Investigations pursues allegations of cybercrime, fraud, waste, abuse, and misconduct 

related to NASA programs, projects, operations, and resources. The Office of Investigations refers its 

findings to the Department of Justice for criminal prosecution and civil litigation or to NASA 

management for administrative action. Through its investigations, the Office of Investigations develops 

recommendations for NASA management to reduce the Agency’s vulnerability to criminal activity. Given 

that NASA spends approximately 85 percent of its budget on contracts and grants, the Office of 

Investigations targets its resources to maintaining the integrity of NASA’s procurement process and the 

safety of NASA’s missions and information systems. In the procurement area, the Office of 

Investigations' caseload includes investigations of suspected false claims submitted by NASA contractors, 

product substitution and counterfeit parts, and conflict of interest cases involving NASA employees who 

place private gain before public service. 

Finally, the Office of Investigations seeks to prevent and deter misconduct at NASA through an 

aggressive “lessons learned” approach with NASA management. To this end, the OIG works with NASA 

IG-2
 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL

officials to remedy vulnerabilities within their programs and operations that may have allowed 

misconduct to occur. 

EXPLANATION OF MAJOR CHANGES 

None. 

ACHIEVEMENTS IN FY 2012

In FY 2012, the Office of Audits issued 27 audit products, and identified $2.5 million in questioned costs 

and $32.8 million in funds that could have been put to use more effectively. 

The OIG’s audit products included reports on: 

















Cultural and programmatic challenges to meeting cost, schedule, and performance goals across 

NASA projects; 

NASA’s efforts to improve its computer security incident handling capability; 

NASA’s ability to transfer technology to the government and private sectors; and 

Oversight of NASA's purchase and travel card programs. 

In FY 2012, the Office of Investigations investigated a wide variety of criminal and administrative 

matters involving procurement fraud, theft, counterfeit parts, ethics violations, and computer intrusions, 

leading to more than $20 million in criminal, civil, and administrative penalties and settlements. More 

than $10.4 million of these funds were returned directly to NASA. Overall, Office of Investigations work 

resulted in 36 indictments, 22 convictions, 26 sentencings, 4 civil settlements, 40 administrative actions, 

and 7 suspensions and debarments. 

Examples of the Office of Investigations' work over the past year include: 

Sentences of 12 and 6 months imprisonment, 3 and 5 years’ probation, and over $390,000 in 

restitution for owners of a company that received more than $3 million in Small Business 

Innovative Research contracts from NASA; 

$3.3 million civil settlement on allegations that a company included unallowable costs in 

calculating overhead rates for NASA and national defense-related contracts; 

Indictments of six Estonian nationals and one Russian national in the Southern District of New 

York for their part in an international computer crime network that hijacked Internet Domain 

Name System (DNS) servers and manipulated Internet advertising to generate at least $14 million 

in illicit fees; and 

A sentence of 3 years’ probation for a business owner who pleaded guilty to making a false 

statement concerning space vehicle parts his business supplied to NASA for use on the 

International Space Station. 

WORK IN PROGRESS IN FY 2013 

During FY 2013, the OIG will continue to conduct audits, reviews, and investigations of NASA programs 

and operations to prevent and detect fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement and to assist NASA in 

IG-3
 

OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL

promoting economy, efficiency, and effectiveness. Ongoing Office of Audits work involves oversight of 

(1) current and future NASA infrastructure requirements, along with efforts to reduce underutilized 

technical facilities; (2) organizational barriers to implementation of an effective governance structure for 

Agency IT resources; and (3) NASA grant management programs, including efforts to reduce duplicative 

grants. Ongoing Office of Investigations work includes an initiative that proactively investigates highimpact matters affecting NASA, such as counterfeit parts, procurement fraud, and unlawful intrusions into 

NASA’s information systems. 

KEY ACHIEVEMENTS PLANNED FOR FY 2014 

Going forward, the OIG will focus its audit work in the areas identified by the OIG in November 2012 as 

NASA’s top management and performance challenges: 



















Future of U.S. Human Space Flight 

Project Management 

Infrastructure and Facilities Management 

Acquisition and Contract Management 

Information Technology Security and Governance 

In the longer term, the OIG expects to focus on a range of cross cutting topics, including the overall 

health and viability of the space system industrial base; the adequacy and effectiveness of NASA's cost 

estimating process for science and aeronautics programs; and the sufficiency of controls in place to 

support the facilities and technology assets for the Deep Space Network. In addition, the OIG will 

continue work assessing NASA’s information technology security and overseeing the work of the 

independent accounting firm that performs the audit of NASA’s financial statements. 

The FY 2014 request is $37.0 million. OIG will continue to identify opportunities to promote efficient 

and effective spending in accordance with the November 2011 Executive Order on “Promoting Efficient 

Spending” to meet the funding level. Specifically, the FY 2014 request includes: 

$31.0 million (84 percent) for personnel and related costs, including salaries, benefits, monetary 

awards, workers’ compensation, permanent change of station costs, and Government 

contributions for Social Security, Medicare, health and life insurance, retirement accounts, and 

Thrift Savings Plan accounts. Salaries include the required additional 25 percent law enforcement 

availability pay for criminal investigators. 

$1.0 million (3 percent) for travel, per diem at current rates, and related expenses. The OIG staff 

is located at 12 offices on or near NASA installations and contractor facilities. 

$2.8 million (7 percent) for the annual audit of the Agency’s financial statements. 

$2.2 million* (6 percent) for operations expenses, including equipment, training, government 

vehicles, special equipment for criminal investigators, transit subsidies, and information 

technology equipment unique to the OIG. 

*In accordance with Public Law 110-409, the Inspector General Reform Act of 2008, the Inspector General certifies 

that $0.4 million for staff training satisfies all known training requirements. 

IG-4
 

SUPPORTING DATA

SUPPORTING DATA

Funds Distribution by Installation ................................................. SD-2 

Civil Service Full-Time Equivalent Distribution ............................ SD-5 

Working Capital Fund ..................................................................... SD-7 

Budget by Object Class .................................................................. SD-10

Status of Unobligated Funds ......................................................... SD-11

Reimbursable Estimates ................................................................ SD-12

Enhanced Use Leasing ................................................................... SD-13

Budget for Microgravity Science ................................................... SD-16

Budget for Safety Oversight .......................................................... SD- 18

Physicians’ Comparability Allowance ........................................... SD- 20

Budget for Public Relations ........................................................... SD- 22

Consulting Services ....................................................................... SD- 23

E-Gov Initiatives and Benefits ....................................................... SD- 25

SD-1
Supporting Data 

FUNDS DISTRIBUTION BY INSTALLATION

FUNDS BY MISSION BY NASA CENTER

Budget Authority ($ in millions) FY 2014*

Science $177.0

Aeronautics Research $131.1

Space Technology $103.6

Exploration $58.5

Space Operations $19.0

Education $1.0

Cross-Agency Support $204.6

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration $37.8

Ames Research Center $732.5

Science $71.8

Aeronautics Research $61.2

Space Technology $25.4

Exploration $5.6

Space Operations $0.0

Education $0.8

Cross-Agency Support $65.1

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration $31.9

Dryden Flight Research Center $261.9

Science $20.2

Aeronautics Research $138.6

Space Technology $168.0

Exploration $50.2

Space Operations $53.5

Education $1.0

Cross-Agency Support $215.1

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration $37.3

Glenn Research Center $683.9

Science $2,172.1

Aeronautics Research $0.0

Space Technology $77.6

Exploration $3.5

Space Operations $259.3

Education $1.3

Cross-Agency Support $426.8

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration $31.3

Goddard Space Flight Center $2,971.9

SD-2
Supporting Data 

FUNDS DISTRIBUTION BY INSTALLATION

Science $881.2

Aeronautics Research $0.0

Space Technology 

Exploration

Space Operations 

Education

$61.2 

$7.4

$159.9 

$0.0

Cross-Agency Support

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

$18.9

$37.3 

$1,165.9

Science $20.6

Space Technology 

Exploration

Space Operations 

Education

$40.7 

$1,161.3

$2,877.8 

$1.5

Cross-Agency Support

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration 

Johnson Space Center

$367.2

$24.6 

$4,493.7

Science $393.8

Space Technology

Exploration 

Space Operations

Education 

$19.9 

$1,126.5

$187.3 

$0.9

Cross-Agency Support

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration 

Kennedy Space Center

$368.0

$192.3 

$2,288.7

Science $176.8

Aeronautics Research $210.5

Space Technology

Exploration 

Space Operations

Education 

$106.0

$39.7 

$0.5

$1.4 

Cross-Agency Support

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration 

Langley Research Center

$294.1

$46.1 

$875.1

SD-3
Supporting Data 

FUNDS DISTRIBUTION BY INSTALLATION

Science $122.2

Aeronautics Research $0.0

Space Technology

Exploration 

Space Operations 

Education

$58.6 

$1,321.2

$183.7 

$1.0

Cross-Agency Support

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration 

Marshall Space Flight Center

$386.5

$107.7 

$2,180.9

Science** $980.6

Aeronautics Research $24.3

Space Technology 

Exploration

Space Operations 

Education

$74.8 

$104.6

$108.0 

$84.8

Cross-Agency Support

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration 

Office of Inspector General

NASA Headquarters and IG

$448.8 

$15.9

$37.0 

$1,878.8

Science $1.6

Space Technology

Exploration 

Space Operations

Education 

$6.8 

$37.0

$33.9 

$0.6

Cross-Agency Support

Construction & Environmental Compliance & Restoration 

Stennis Space Center

$55.2

$47.3 

$182.3

Total $17,715.4

Note: *Totals may not add due to rounding. 

**Funds will not be fully distributed to Centers until after future acquisition decisions are made. Thus, Center FY 

2014 allocations should not be considered final or directly comparable to FY 2013 allocations. 

SD-4
 Supporting Data 

CIVIL SERVICE FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT DISTRIBUTION

The civil service staffing level proposed in the FY 2014 budget supports NASA’s traditional investments 

in space exploration, aeronautics research, space technology development, science investigation, and 

sharing the results of Agency activities with the public and educators. It includes scientists, engineers, 

researchers, managers, technicians, educators, and business operations workforce at all NASA Centers, 

Headquarters, and NASA-operated facilities. 

The Agency will apply its civil service capabilities to the range of mission, research, and technology work 

while continuing to reshape and realign workforce skills to adjust to changing requirements and a leaner 

fiscal environment. The Agency will adjust the mix of skills where appropriate. NASA anticipates 

offering buyouts in selected surplus skill areas, and is prepared to identify, recruit and retain employees 

who possess skills critical to the Agency. 

While a civil service workforce is critical for conducting mission-essential work in research and 

technology, some reduction to workforce levels is necessary. NASA will reduce the size of the civil 

service workforce by more than 250 full-time equivalents (FTE) from FY 2013 to FY 2014, stabilizing 

the workforce at approximately 17,700 FTE. This ceiling decline addresses workforce at several Centers 

affected by changes in the human spaceflight portfolio, and takes into account a hiring slowdown across 

most Centers in response to Agency budget reductions. 

CIVIL SERVICE FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT DISTRIBUTION BY CENTER

Actuals* FTE Estimates**

FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18

ARC 1,213 1,218 1,200 1,182 1,182 1,182 1,182 

DFRC 547 551 551 551 551 551 551 

GRC 1,635 1,628 1,595 1,571 1,571 1,571 1,571 

GSFC 3,318 3,366 3,331 3,292 3,292 3,292 3,292 

JSC 3,184 3,151 3,098 3,045 3,045 3,045 3,045 

KSC 2,085 2,050 2,025 2,001 2,001 2,001 2,001 

LaRC 1,908 1,911 1,881 1,853 1,853 1,853 1,853 

MSFC 2,435 2,446 2,407 2,372 2,372 2,372 2,372 

SSC 295 318 313 313 313 313 313 

HQ 1,181 1,190 1,155 1,133 1,133 1,133 1,133 

NSSC 141 145 142 139 139 139 139 

NASA Total 17,941 17,974 17,698 17,452 17,452 17,452 17,452 

OIG 204 213 213 213 213 213 213

*Includes 269 student FTE 

**Includes 285 student FTE each FY 

SD-5
 Supporting Data 

CIVIL SERVICE FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT DISTRIBUTION

FY 2014 FTE DISTRIBUTION BY ACCOUNT BY CENTER Science Aeronautics Space Technology Exploration Space Operations Education Cross Agency Support

Reimbursable / Working Capital Fund*NASA-Funded TotalAgency TOTAL

ARC 149 237 108 116 20 6 544 22 1,178 1,200

DFRC 99 165 27 15 0 5 225 15 536 551

GRC 81 367 143 220 155 7 619 3 1,592 1,595

GSFC 1,227 - 112 13 156 7 1,591 224 3,107 3,331

JSC 32 - 92 872 1,217 7 878 - 3,099 3,099

KSC 1 - 76 689 369 7 869 14 2,011 2,025

LaRC 209 513 165 133 3 8 840 10 1,871 1,881

MSFC 131 - 106 950 204 7 1,010 - 2,407 2,407

SSC 7 - 9 65 40 5 148 39 275 313

HQ - - - - - - 1,155 - 1,155 1,155

NSSC - - - - - - - 141 - 141 

NASA Total 1,936 1,282 838 3,074 2,163 59 7,879 467 17,231 17,698

OIG 213 

*Includes 146 FTE funded by Working Capital Fund and 321 FTE funded by reimbursable customers

SD-6
Supporting Data 

WORKING CAPITAL FUND

The NASA Working Capital Fund (WCF) was established to satisfy specific recurring needs for goods 

and services through use of a business-like buyer and seller approach under which NASA’s WCF entities 

provide goods or services pursuant to contracts and agreements with their customers. The overarching 

aim of WCF is to promote economy, efficiency, and accountability with fully reimbursed rates by 

focusing on streaming operations, extending resources, measuring performance, and improving customer 

satisfaction. 

NASA’s WCF is comprised of three entities: 







NASA Shared Services Center (NSSC); 

Solutions for Enterprise-Wide Procurement (SEWP) Government-Wide Acquisition Contract; 

and 

Information Technology (IT) Infrastructure Integration Program (I3P). 

WORKING CAPITAL FUNDS BUDGET SUMMARY

Spending Authority from Offsetting 

Collections ($ millions) 

Actual Estimate Request

FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 

NSSC 86 99 76

SEWP 10 11 10

I3P 181 307 302

Total Spending Authority 277 417 388

Unobligated Brought Forward, Oct. 1 5 7 16

Recoveries of Prior Yr. Unpaid Obligations 0 7 0

Total Budgetary Resources 282 431 404

NSSC 84 92 76

SEWP 10 10 11

I3P 181 305 303

Total Obligations 275 407 390

Unobligated Balance (end-of-year)* 7 24 14

*Unobligated balance end-of-year is budgetary resources less obligation 

SD-7
Supporting Data 

WORKING CAPITAL FUND

NASA SHARED SERVICES CENTER (NSSC) 

NSSC opened in March 2006 to provide centralized administrative processing services and customer 

contact center operations for support of human resources, procurement, financial management, Agency 

information technology (IT), and Agency business support services. NASA established NSSC, a function 

under the NASA Headquarters Mission Support Directorate, as a public/private partnership. NSSC has 

awarded its major business management and IT services contract to Computer Sciences Corporation. 

Typical expenditures are related to civil service workforce, support contractor, other direct procurements, 

and Agency training purchases. 

NSSC is located on the grounds of SSC and operates in a manner that provides for transparency and 

accountability of costs and services. NASA has reduced its administrative costs through centralized 

processing at NSSC. The work performed by NSSC frees Agency resources that can then be redirected to 

NASA’s mission of space exploration, scientific discovery, and aeronautics research. 

NSSC’s revenue streams include funding from the NASA Centers, mission directorates, and various 

NASA mission support offices. During FY 2014, NSSC will continue to offer similar services as in FY 

2013 with no significant scope changes anticipated. 

SOLUTIONS FOR ENTERPRISE-WIDE PROCUREMENT (SEWP) 

SEWP refers to operations related to the Government-Wide Acquisition Contract that was established 

under the authority of section 5112 of the Information Technology Management Reform Act (40 U.S.C. 

1412(e)) enacted in 1996, under which NASA is designated by the Office of Management and Budget as 

a Federal government Executive Agent for SEWP contracts. 

SEWP was established as a WCF entity to allow all Federal agencies use of a best value tool to purchase 

IT product solutions and services. Under this approach, the buying power of Federal Agencies is 

combined to acquire best value for IT products and services very efficiently. Typical acquisitions include 

a wide range of advanced technologies such as UNIX-Linux, and Windows-based desktops and servers, 

along with peripherals, network equipment, storage devices, security tools, software, and other IT 

products and product-based solutions. 

SEWP promotes aggressive pricing using online tools to obtain multiple, competitive quotes from 

vendors. On average for FY12, SEWP quotes have a 20 percent savings for any Federal customer using 

SEWP contracts. In addition, SEWP offers a low surcharge to recover NASA’s costs to operate the 

program with an average 0.37 percent fee as compared to the Government standard of 0.75 percent. 

SEWP revenue is generated solely from the surcharge fees on all transactions processed. For FY 2013, the 

Federal government is projected to save about $8 million in service fees (based on the difference between 

General Service Administration and SEWP surcharge fees) and $31 million in overall costs for IT product 

solutions and services using NASA SEWP contracts. 

IT INFRASTRUCTURE INTEGRATION PROGRAM (I3P) 

WCF operations supporting I3P began in early FY 2012. WCF enables I3P to improve the efficiency and 

economy in which contract services and management are provided to support NASA’s IT strategic 

SD-8
Supporting Data 

WORKING CAPITAL FUND

initiatives and to increase visibility into NASA’s IT budget and expenditures. Under I3P, NASA has 

consolidated 19 separately managed contracts into four centrally managed ones described as follows: 









The Enterprise Applications Service Technologies contract supports NASA Enterprise 

Applications Competency Center (NEACC) applications hosted by MSFC. The NEACC operates 

and maintains a broad spectrum of NASA’s enterprise applications, with an emphasis on fully 

integrating business process expertise with application and technical knowledge. A small team of 

civil servants and support contractors sustain operations, implement new applications and 

capabilities, and provide business readiness support to the stakeholders and end-users. 

The NASA Integrated Communications Services contract provides wide and local area network, 

telecommunications, video, and data services hosted at MSFC. 

The Web Enterprise Service Technologies contract will provide public Web site hosting, Web 

content management and integration, and search services. Services are planned to be hosted by 

GSFC and ARC. However, this contract is not yet awarded. 

The Agency Consolidated End-User Services contract provides program management, 

provisioning and support of desktops, laptops cell phones, personal digital assistants, office 

automation software, and video conferencing. Services are hosted by NSSC. 

I3P’s consolidated contracting approach benefits NASA by providing cost saving opportunities such as 

the reduction in administrative burden involved with the business management of contracts and a 

significant reduction in procurement request transaction volume. Other I3P benefits include: the 

streamlining of budgeting, funding, and costing I3P services; achieving transparency through the 

provision of detailed customer monthly billings; and providing consolidated, consistent reporting of 

Agency-wide consumption of I3P-related goods and services. 

I3P is unique in that revenue streams and expenditures are limited to contract costs for its four service 

contracts. Revenue streams include funding from the NASA Centers, NASA Mission Directorates, and 

various NASA mission support offices. In FY 2014, the I3P WCF will continue to offer similar services 

as in FY 2013, with no significant scope changes anticipated. Note that FY 2013 amounts are higher than 

FY 2012 due to the initial phase-in period of Centers across the different I3P contracts at different times 

throughout FY 2012. FY 2013 is the first full year of operations for the following I3P contracts: 

Enterprise Applications Service Technologies, NASA Integrated Communications Services, and Agency 

Consolidated End-User Services. FY 2014 is the first full year of operations for the Web Enterprise 

Services Technologies contract.

SD-9
Supporting Data 

BUDGET BY OBJECT CLASS

FY 2014 Estimated Direct Discretionary 

Obligations ($ millions) 

Code Object Class 

ScienceAeronauticsSpace TechnologyExplorationSpace OperationsEducationCross Agency Support

 & Environmental 

Compliance & RestorationOffice of Inspector GeneralNASA Total

11.1 Full-time permanent 224 142 97 349 250 6 893 0 Construction24 1,985

11.3 Other than full-time permanent 13 7 5 7 4 0 30 0 0 66

11.5 Other personnel compensation 2 0 1 1 1 0 30 0 0 35

11.8 Special personal service payments 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

11.9 Subtotal Personnel Compensation 239 149 103 357 255 6 954 0 24 2,087

12.1 Civilian personnel benefits 66 40 29 102 72 2

0

253 0 8 572

13 Benefits to former personnel

Total Personnel Compensation 

& Benefits

0

305

0

189

0

132

1

460

1

328 8

9

1216

0

0

0

32

11

2670

21 Travel & transport. Of persons 20 6 5 13 12 1 17 0 1 75

22 Transportation of things 3 1 1 1 1,024 0 5 0 0 1,035

23.1 Rental payments to GSA 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 0 34

23.2 Rental payments to others 2 0 0 0 2 0 3 0 0 7

23.3 Communications, utilities & misc. 4 7 0 8 5 0 79 0 0 103

24 Printing and reproduction 1 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 6

25.1 Advisory and assistance services 110 10 26 221 106 3 194 28 0 698

25.2 Other services 217 23 21 26 94 6 299 12 4 702

25.3 Other purchases of goods & 

services from Gov accounts 194 8 4 41 44 0 48 15 0 354

25.4 Operation and maint. of facilities 16 32 5 143 102 1 251 136 0 686

25.5 R and D contracts 3,413 194 496 2,809 1,869 6 162 40 0 8,989

25.6 Medical care 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 7

25.7 Operation and maint. of equip. 82 27 6 74 238 1 396 5 0 829

26.0 Supplies and materials 28 10 5 25 22 0 19 0 0 109

31.0 Equipment 35 24 7 18 15 0 38 1 0 138

32.0 Land and structures 6 5 0 5 8 0 58 295 0 377

41.0 Grants, subsidies, and contrib. 583 30 25 68 18 72 21 0 0 817

Other Object Classes 4,714 377 601 3,452 3,560 90 1,635 532 5 14,966

NASA Total, Direct 5,019 566 733 3,912 3,888 98 2,851 532 37 17,636

 

SD-10
Supporting Data 

STATUS OF UNOBLIGATED FUNDS

The table below displays actual and estimated unobligated balances of direct discretionary budget 

authority in each NASA appropriation account at the end of each fiscal year. Data is presented on a noncomparable basis (i.e., based solely on an appropriation account’s activity or projected activity, with no 

adjustment to the FY 2012 or FY 2013 amounts to make them comparable to the budget structure 

underlying the FY 2014 request). 

UNOBLIGATED FUNDS SUMMARY BY APPROPRIATIONS ACCOUNT

Estimated 

Unobligated 

Balances 

Sept. 30, 

2013 

Estimated 

Unobligated 

Balances 

Sept. 30, 

2014 

Unobligated 

Balances 

Sept. 30, 

Budget Authority ($ millions) 2012 

Science 64 64 63

Aeronautics 17 17 17

Space Technology 13 14 19

Exploration 91 93 96

Space Operations 62 62 57

Education 18 14 10

Cross-Agency Support 18 18 17

Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration 172 139 213

Science, Exploration, & Aeronautics 1 0 0

Office of Inspector General 1 1 0

Total NASA 439 422 496

Note: The end of FY 2014 unobligated balance estimates are based on historical performance of the account.

SD-11
Supporting Data 

REIMBURSABLE ESTIMATES

Reimbursable agreements are agreements where the NASA costs associated with the undertaking are 

borne by the non-NASA partner. NASA undertakes reimbursable agreements when it has equipment, 

facilities, and services that it can make available to others in a manner that does not interfere with NASA 

mission requirements. As most reimbursable requests to NASA do not occur until the year of execution, 

the FY 2013 to FY 2014 estimates are based on an annual survey of Centers’ anticipated reimbursable 

agreements. NASA separately budgets for and executed the 4 categories of reimbursable agreements 

listed below. Supporting data for Enhanced Use Leasing is provided on pages SD-13 to SD-15 of this 

section. 

REIMBURSABLE ESTIMATES BY APPROPRIATIONS ACCOUNT

Spending Authority from 

Offsetting Collections ($ millions)

Actual

FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014

Cross Agency Support (non-EUL) 2,555.6 2,625.0 2,654.7

Cross Agency Support (EUL) 6.6 8.7* 9.8

Office of Inspector General 0.9 1.8 1.8

Total 2,563.1 2,635.5 2,666.3

* Due to operations under the Continuing Resolution, anticipated spending authority from offsetting collections 

apportioned as of March 31, 2013 is reported here. An updated FY 2013 estimate will be provided in the Agency’s 

Annual Report on NASA’s Enhanced Use Leasing for FY 2012. 

SD-12
Supporting Data 

ENHANCED USE LEASING

In 2003, NASA Congress authorized NASA to demonstrate leasing authority and collections at two 

Centers. In 2007 and in 2008, Congress amended that authority such that NASA may enter into leasing 

arrangements at all Centers after December 2008. After deducting the costs of administering the leases, 

Centers are then permitted to retain 65 percent of net receipt revenue, and the balance is made available 

agency-wide for NASA. These funds are in addition to annual appropriations. To ensure annual oversight 

and review, the 2010 Consolidated Appropriations Act, P.L. 111-117 contains a provision that requires 

NASA to submit an estimate of gross receipts and collections and proposed use of all funds collected in 

the annual budget justification submission to Congress. There are no civil servants funded from Enhanced 

Use Leasing (EUL) income. The table below depicts the estimated FY 2014 EUL expenses and revenues. 

The amounts identified under Capital Asset Account Expenditures may be adjusted between projects 

listed based on actual contract award. 

SUMMARY OF FY 2014 EUL ACTIVITY

FY2014 EUL Expenses and 

Revenues ($ thousands) ARC GRC GSFC KSC MSFC SSC Agency Total

Base Rent 5,487.7 193.0 26.9 318.5 1,243.2 460.1 7,729.4 

Institutional Support Income 1,876.6 3.9 4.9 62.5 155.1 2,103.0 

Additional Reimbursable 

Demand Services Requested by 

Lessees (including overhead) 3591.4 0.0 0.0 31.7 74.9 0.0 0.0 3698.0

Total Lease Income 10,955.7 196.9 31.8 412.7 1,318.1 615.2 0.0 13,530.4

Institutional Support Costs (1,876.6) (3.9) (4.9) (62.5) (155.1) (2,103.0)

Lease Management and 

Administration

Tenant Building Maintenance 

and Repair (1,788.9) (117.1) (1,097.1) (3,003.1)

Cost to Fulfill Reimbursable 

Demand Services (including 

overhead) (3,591.4) (31.7) (74.9) (3,698.0)

Total Cost Associated with 

Leases (7,256.9) (121.0) (4.9) (94.2) (1,172.0) (155.1) (8,804.1)

Net Revenue from Lease 

Activity 3,698.8 75.9 26.9 318.5 146.1 460.1 4,726.3 

Beginning Balance, Capital 

Asset Account 1,326.7 35.4 5.3 48.7 12.3 2,156.2 3,584.6 

Net Revenue from Lease 

Activity Retained at Center 2,404.2 49.3 17.5 207.0 95.0 299.1 1,654.18 4,726.3 

Total Available, Capital 

Assets Account 3,730.9 49.3 52.9 212.3 143.7 311.4 3,810.4 8,310.9 

Planned Maintenance, Various 

Buildings 1,774.0 1,774.0 

Replace Roofs on Various 

Buildings 630.2 630.2 

GEWA Activities 17.5 17.5 

Replace Batteries, Sunwise 

Solar Battery Bank L7-0071 57.0 57.0 

Purchase/Install SafeTraxx Fall 

Protection K6-1996D 34.6 34.6 

Repair Deteriorated Culverts, 

10th St. 16.5 16.5 

Replace worn and damaged exit 

doors 1200, framework, OSB1 122.6 122.6 

SD-13
Supporting Data 

ENHANCED USE LEASING

Lead remediation building 9101 40.5 40.5 

Repair 1000' of sewage pipe 

building 9752 150.0 150.0 

Repair potable water leak 

building 9760 75.0 75.0 

Refurbish switchgear, secure all 

power feeds 33.5 33.5 

Energy and Sustainability 

Upgrades, Various Buildings 

(Various Centers) 2,500.0 2,500.0 

Unobligated Carryover To 

Complete Prior Year Projects

Capital Asset Account 

Expenditures 2,404.2 17.5 230.7 299.0 2,500.0 5,451.4 

Capital Asset Account Ending 

Balance 1,326.7 49.3 35.4 (18.4) 143.7 12.4 1,310.4 2,859.4 

Cost to Fulfill Reimbursable 

Demand Services (including 

overhead) (3,591.4) 0.0 0.0 (31.7) (74.9) 0.0 0.0 (3,698.0)

Net activity due to 

Reimbursable Demand 

Services

In Kind Activity 30.0 30.0 

SD-14
Supporting Data 

ENHANCED USE LEASING

DEFINITIONS

Base Rent 

Revenue collected from tenant for rent of land or buildings. 

Institutional Support Costs 

Cost for institutional shared services such as fire, security, first responder, communications, common 

grounds, road, and infrastructure maintenance, and routine administrative support and management 

oversight (i.e., environmental). 

Total Rental Income 

Total gross proceeds from EUL activities for expenses due to renting NASA property. 

In-Kind 

Consideration accepted in lieu of rent payment. (Only applies to selected leases signed prior to January 1, 

2009.) 

Reimbursable Demand Services 

Services such as janitorial, communications, and maintenance that solely benefit the tenant and provided 

for their convenience. There is no net income received by NASA, as these payments may only cover the 

costs of NASA and its vendors providing these services. 

Overhead 

General and administrative costs associated with management of the specified demand services.

SD-15
Supporting Data 

BUDGET FOR MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES

BUDGET FOR INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION RESEARCH

The Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate supports research which takes advantage of 

the unique environment of reduced gravity on International Space Station (ISS). Research is conducted in 

two broad categories of Exploration ISS Research and Non-Exploration ISS Research. 

BUDGET SUMMARY

Actual

Budget Authority ($ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

Exploration ISS Research 137 144 131 127 134 136 138

Non-Exploration ISS Research 131 135 139 146 147 149 155

Total 269 279 270 272 281 285 293

% of Non-Exploration to Total 49% 48% 52% 53% 52% 52% 53%

Note: The FY 2012 figure reflects actual budget authority, FY 2013 estimates are based on a full year Continuing 

Resolution, and FY 2015 through FY 2018 are notional. 

Non-Profit Organization 

Having launched the U.S. and international partner elements, and established six-person crew capability, 

the ISS program focus is now primarily on research. During FY 2012, NASA awarded a cooperative 

agreement to an independent non-profit organization (NPO) with responsibility to further develop 

national uses of the ISS. The NPO will oversee all research involving organizations other than NASA, 

and transfer current NASA biological and physical research to the NPO in future years. Space Operations 

oversight of existing research projects will be phased out and NPO will co-select/manage new peerreviewed projects. As on-going work within the NASA research project offices is completed in future 

years, extension/renewal decisions should be made by the NPO. 

Through the management partnership, research opportunities will be expanded to conduct research in life 

sciences, material sciences, biotechnologies, condensed matter physics and thermal sciences (e.g., fluid 

mechanics, thermodynamics, heat transfer and combustion). NASA will continue to support research to 

meet NASA requirements for exploration including astronaut health and serve as a test bed for the 

development and demonstration of technology for future space exploration missions. 

Exploration ISS Research 

Exploration ISS Research supports the Agency’s need for improved knowledge about working and living 

in space to enable future long-duration human exploration missions. 

The Human Research Program provides research results which reduce risks to crew health and 

performance that stem from prolonged exposure to reduced gravity, space radiation, and isolation during 

exploration missions. Risk mitigation is being achieved by conducting ISS research in human health 

countermeasures, space human factors and habitability, behavioral health and performance, and 

exploration medicine, tools, and technologies. 

SD-16
Supporting Data 

BUDGET FOR MICROGRAVITY SCIENCES

ISS Research investigates the underlying gravity-dependent phenomena in the following areas: fire 

prevention, detection, and suppression; boiling; multiphase flow of fluids; and capillary driven flow. 

These applied research investigations will provide needed data that is useful in the future design of the 

following space technology areas: life support systems; propellant storage; power generation; thermal 

control; and advanced environmental monitoring and control. 

Funding for the Multi-User System Support (MUSS), which supports Exploration ISS Research, is 

included in the table above. The MUSS function is responsible for all payload physical, analytical and 

operations integration activities; projecting available utilization resources and accommodations; tactical 

planning; and execution of the day-to-day ISS integrated research plan for all payloads, including NASA, 

international partners, and non-NASA users. 

Non-Exploration ISS Research 

NASA allocates at least 15 percent of the funds budgeted for ISS research to ground-based, free-flyer, and 

ISS life and physical science research that is not directly related to supporting the human space 

exploration program, in accordance with Section 204 of the NASA Authorization Act of 2005. The 

purpose is to ensure the capacity to support ground-based research leading to space-based basic and 

applied scientific research in a variety of disciplines with potential direct national benefits and 

applications that can be advanced significantly from the uniqueness of microgravity and the space 

environment. Additionally, this allocation allows basic ISS research in fields including physiological 

research, basic fluid physics, combustion science, cellular biotechnology, low-temperature physics, 

cellular research, materials science, and plant research to be carried out to the maximum extent possible. 

This research helps to sustain existing U.S. scientific expertise and capability in microgravity research. 

The Non-Exploration ISS Research line the above table also includes the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 

(AMS), and costs for MUSS support. The AMS is a particle physics and astrophysics experiment, 

planned for the ISS, which is searching for dark matter, anti-matter, and strange matter. 

Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) 

The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), the organization selected to manage the 

non-NASA use of the ISS National Laboratory in conformance with direction in the 2010 NASA 

Authorization Act, made important progress in establishing building an organization capable of 

formulating a strategic vision for expanding participation in space research. A new Board of Directors has 

been established that includes international leaders in scientific research and university presidents. A 

scientific advisory board has reviewed the results of past space experiments for probable value from a 

non-NASA and commercial perspective, and has made priority recommendations that have been reviewed 

and approved by the new Board. The first solicitation for research based on the priority recommendations 

has already been completed, with three projects selected. CASIS continues to explore new opportunities 

to develop new research concepts for the ISS, and to implement a value-driven utilization program that 

brings new users to the ISS research community.

SD-17
Supporting Data 

BUDGET FOR SAFETY OVERSIGHT

The following table provides the safety and mission assurance budget estimates. This includes the 

agency-wide safety oversight functions as well as the estimated project specific safety, reliability, 

maintainability and quality assurance elements embedded within individual projects. NASA does not 

have a single safety oversight budget line item, but instead estimates are embedded in program, project, 

and mission support budgets. 

BUDGET SUMMARY FOR SAFETY OVERSIGHT

Budget Authority ($ millions) FY2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

Safety and Mission Assurance (AMO) 49.4 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0

Institutional Operational Safety

(CMO) 30.6 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0

SMA Technical Authority (CMO) 50.0 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6 52.6

Agency-wide Safety Oversight 130.0 132.6 132.6 132.6 132.6 132.6

Program Specific 295.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0

NASA Total, Safety 425.0 432.6 432.6 432.6 432.6 432.6

DEFINITIONS

Agency-Wide Safety Oversight 

Agency level programs and activities that support the overarching NASA Safety and Mission Success 

program. 

Safety and Mission Assurance 

The Safety and Mission Assurance program administers and refines the pertinent policies, procedural 

requirements, and technical safety standards. The program participate in forums that provide advice to the 

Administrator, Mission Directorates, Program Managers and Center Directors who are ultimately 

accountable for the safety and mission success of all NASA programs, projects, and operations. Specific 

program responsibility include, among other activities, managing NASA’s Orbital Debris program, 

NASA’s Electronic Parts program and the NASA Safety Center. 

Institutional Operational Safety 

NASA’s institutional operational safety program is driven by OSHA 29 CFR 1960, OSHA Standards, 

NPR 8715.1, NASA Safety and Health Handbook Occupational Safety and Health Programs, NPR 

8715.3, and NASA’s general safety program requirements. The program includes construction safety, 

mishap prevention program including reporting and investigations, safety training, safety awareness, the 

voluntary protection program, safety metrics and trend analysis, contractor insight/oversight, support to 

safety boards and committees, support to emergency preparedness and fire safety program, aviation 

safety, explosives and propellants safety, nuclear safety requirements, radiation safety protection, 

confined space entry, fall protection, lifting devices, pressure vessel safety, hazard reporting and 

abatement systems, cryogenic safety, electrical safety requirements (lock out/tag out), facility systems 

SD-18
Supporting Data 

BUDGET FOR SAFETY OVERSIGHT

safety, risk management, institutional safety policy development, visitor and public safety, and 

institutional safety engineering. The institutional operational safety program requires significant federal 

state and local coordination. 

S&MA Technical Authority and S&MA Support 

The S&MA technical authority program includes travel and labor only for all S&MA supervisors, branch 

chiefs or above and designated deputies. In addition, where the principal job function of a nonsupervisory S&MA person consists of rendering authoritative decisions on S&MA requirements matters 

relating to the design or operation of a program or project, that person’s salary is included. These 

positions often are the lead S&MA manager positions for large programs where the decision making 

process is nearly a full time demand. This category does not include salary for those whose work only 

occasionally falls as an authority task. This includes travel funds in direct support of these individuals. 

S&MA is mission support, including administrative support, which cannot be directly charged to a 

program. This budget includes policy development across the programs, range safety, payload safety 

(ground processing), independent assessments, metrology and calibration (for center), reliability and 

maintainability policy, center wide S&MA program integration and analysis, business and administrative 

support to S&MA Directorates, and quality assurance for facilities and ground support hardware. 

Program Specific 

Project specific safety and mission assurance costs are included in individual project budgets. These costs 

include the technical and management efforts of directing and controlling the safety and mission 

assurance elements of the project. This incorporates the design, development, review, and verification of 

practices and procedures and mission success criteria intended to assure that the delivered spacecraft, 

ground systems, mission operations, and payload(s) meet performance requirements and function for their 

intended lifetimes. This element excludes mission and product assurance efforts directed at partners and 

subcontractors other than a review/oversight function, and the direct costs of environmental testing.

SD-19
Supporting Data 

PHYSICIAN’S COMPARABILITY ALLOWANCE

The Physicians’ Comparability Program permits agencies to provide allowances to certain Federal 

physicians who enter into service agreements with their agencies to address recruitment and retention 

problems. Physicians’ comparability allowances (PCAs) are critical to NASA’s ability to retain flight 

surgeons and physicians, as well as support NASA’s goal of maintaining a stable, high quality physician 

workforce. NASA’s physicians are required to acquire and maintain specialized experience vital to 

supporting the Agency’s missions on the ISS. JSC, NASA’s primary user of PCAs is located in Houston, 

Texas and competes with some of the best medical facilities in the country. The following report 

summarizes NASA’s use of this authority. 

PCA DATA SUMMARY

Actual Estimates

PY 2012 CY 2013 BY 2014*

1) Number of Physicians Receiving PCAs 29 26 26

2) Number of Physicians with One-Year PCA Agreements 29 26 26

3) Number of Physicians with Multi-Year PCA Agreements

4) Average Annual PCA Physician Pay (without PCA payment) $155,568 $155,082 $155,406

5) Average Annual PCA Payment $17,049 $20,377 $20,429

6) Number of Physicians 

Receiving PCAs by Category 

(non-add)

Category I Clinical Position 26 23 23

Category II Research Position

Category III Occupational Health 1 1 1

Category IV-A Disability Evaluation 

Category IV-B Health and Medical Admin. 2 2 2

Note: FY 2014 data will be approved during the FY 2015 Budget cycle. 

MAXIMUM ANNUAL PCA AMOUNT PAID TO EACH CATEGORY OF PHYSICIAN

The allowance amount authorized will be the minimum amount necessary to address the recruitment or 

retention problem and will be determined by considering the factors listed in 5 CFR 595.105(a). 

Allowance amounts may not exceed: 







$14,000 per annum if the employee has served as a Government physician for 24 months or less; 

$24,000 per annum if the employee has served as a Government physician for 24-48 months; or 

$30,000 per annum if the employee has served as a Government physician for more than 48 

months. 

SD-20
Supporting Data 

PHYSICIAN’S COMPARABILITY ALLOWANCE

RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION ISSUES

Category 1 Clinical Positions 

There are a number of recruitment and retention challenges at JSC in Houston, TX. 











The Houston area has world-renowned medical facilities with considerably higher physician 

salaries than NASA is able to offer at JSC. 

Time and effort to train a new physician to fully support a mission is approximately two years. 

JSC’s pre-PCA attrition rate was 9 percent with many physicians terminating employment with 

less than three years of service. 

JSC’s current need for clinical physicians continues to be re-evaluated in the post-Space Shuttle era. 

Active astronauts who retire from NASA convert to the Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut 

Health Program which is managed by the JSC physician staff. Therefore, although active 

astronaut numbers are decreasing, the patient population in the program increases. 

JSC is in the process of selecting new astronauts, with 9-12 selections expected by the end of CY 

2012. 

JSC filled two clinical positions in FY 2012 and the ability to offer PCA was an important factor in the 

candidates’ accepting the employment offers. One candidate who was offered a physician position 

declined because JSC was not able to match a private sector employment offer. 

Category IV-B Occupational Health 

This position is at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and is in the Occupational Medicine field, which 

is in high demand. In the Washington, DC/Baltimore area, the salary range for experienced private sector 

physicians in Occupational Medicine is $190-$210 thousand. The maximum GS-15 salary of $155,500 is 

well below private sector salaries. 

Category IV-B Health and Medical Administration 

NASA currently has two physicians receiving PCA at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and PCA has been 

an effective retention tool. 

HOW PCA ALLEVIATES RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION PROBLEMS

PCA has been very effective at NASA. The attrition rate at JSC for FY 2011 was 7 percent (two losses 

including one death); for FY 2012 it was 11.5 percent (three losses including two transfers and one 

retirement). JSC was able to fill two critical physician positions in FY 2012 by using PCA to compete 

with higher compensation in the private sector. 

KSC in not currently experiencing retention issues due to the use of PCA. KSC plans to continue the 

current PCA amounts in FY 2013 and decrease them in FY 2014 when it will not have a negative impact 

on the net income of the two physicians.

SD-21
Supporting Data 

BUDGET FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS

The NASA budget for Public Affairs is funded within Cross-Agency Support under Center Management 

and Operations and Agency Management and Operations. All the Installations listed below, except for 

Headquarters, are in the Center Management and Operations account and the Headquarters budget is in 

the Agency Management and Operations account. 

These budgets include dissemination of information to the news media and the general public concerning 

NASA programs. Content includes support for public affairs/public relations, Center newsletters, internal 

communications, guest operations (including bus transportation), public inquiries, NASA TV, the 

http://www.nasa.gov portal, and other multimedia support. 

NASA PAO BUDGET SUMMARY, BY CENTER

Actual Estimate Notional

Budget Authority ($ millions) FY2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018

Ames Research Center 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7

Dryden Flight Research Center 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4

Glenn Research Center 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1

Goddard Space Flight Center 6.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

Headquarters 13.0 14.8 14.7 14.7 14.7 14.7 14.7

Johnson Space Center 7.7 7.3 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8

Kennedy Space Center 5.1 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7

Langley Research Center 3.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5

Marshall Space Flight Center 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

Stennis Space Center 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

NASA Total 48.2 48.9 48.6 48.6 48.6 48.6 48.6

Note: Public Affairs per baseline service level definition, as part of the Cross Agency Support Budget

SD-22
Supporting Data 

CONSULTING SERVICES

NASA uses paid experts and consultants to provide advice and expertise beyond that which is available 

from its in-house civil service workforce. Management controls ensure that there is ample justification for 

consulting services before these services are obtained. Much of the Agency’s expert and consultant 

support is for the NASA Advisory Council and the Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel. NASA uses experts 

and consultants to provide expertise on the selection of experiments for future space missions. The use of 

these experts and consultants provides the Agency with an independent view that assures the selection of 

experiments likely to have the greatest scientific merit. Other individuals provide independent views of 

technical and functional problems in order to provide senior management with the widest possible range 

of information to support making major decisions. 

NASA CONSULTING SERVICES BUDGET SUMMARY

Actual Estimate

Expert/Consultants ($ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014

Number of Paid Experts and Consultants 32.0 32.0 32.0

Annual FTE Usage 5.0 5.0 5.0

Salaries 0.2 0.2 0.2

Total Salary and Benefits Costs 0.2 0.2 0.2

Travel Costs 0.2 0.2 0.2

Total Costs 0.4 0.4 0.4

Note: FY 2012 represents actual obligations. FY 2013 and FY 2014 are estimated Budget Authority 

A broader definition of consulting services could include the total object class “Advising and Assistance 

Services” as shown in the Supporting Data Budget by Object Class section of this volume. 

Actual Estimate

(Cost in $ millions) FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014

Advisory and Assistance Services 749.0 670.0 670.0

DEFINITIONS* 

Consultant 

A person who can provide valuable and pertinent advice generally drawn from a high degree of broad 

administrative, professional, or technical knowledge or experience. When an agency requires public 

advisory participation, a consultant also may be a person who is affected by a particular program and can 

provide useful views from personal experience. 

Expert 

A person who is specially qualified by education and experience to perform difficult and challenging 

tasks in a particular field beyond the usual range of achievement of competent persons in that field. An 

SD-23
Supporting Data 

CONSULTING SERVICES

expert is regarded by other persons in the field as an authority or practitioner of unusual competence and 

skill in a professional, scientific, technical, or other activity. 

* These definitions are located under 5 CFR 304.102. The appointments are made under 5 U.S.C. 3109, and the use 

of this authority is reported annually to Office of Personnel Management (OPM).

SD-24
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS

E-GOVERNMENT FUNDING CONTRIBUTIONS AND SERVICE FEES BY INITIATIVE

NASA is providing funding contributions in FY 2014 for each of the following E-Government initiatives: 

Initiative

2014 Contributions 

(Includes In-Kind)

($ millions)

2014 Service Fees*

($ millions)

E-Rulemaking 026-999990060 10,000

Grants.gov 026-999990160 155,066 10,000

Grants Management LoB (Research.gov) 026-999991300 275,000

E-Training 026-999991217 1,500,000

Recruitment One-Stop 026-999991218 121,150

Enterprise HR Integration 026-999991219 308,800

E-Payroll 026-9999991221 4,132,100

E-Travel 026-999990220 2,563,428

Integrated Acquisition Environment (IAE) 026-999990230 1,729,154 50,000

IAE-Loans and Grants 026-999994300 105,000

Financial Management LoB 026-999991100 124,236

Human Resources Management LoB 026-999991200 65,217 500,000

Geospatial LoB 026-999993100 15,000

Budget Formulation and Execution LoB 026-999993200 105,000

Performance Management LoB** $87,000

NASA Total 2,298,673 9,470,478

Note: *Service fees are estimates as provided by the E-Government initiative managing partners 

**Final FY 2014 funding sources, commitments, and details regarding the shared solution will be determined by a 

Performance Management LoB Executive Steering Committee 

After submission of the budget, NASA will post FY 2014 Exhibit 300 IT business cases on the IT 

Dashboard, located at: http://it.usaspending.gov/. 

The E-Government initiatives serve citizens, businesses, and federal employees by delivering high quality 

services more efficiently at a lower price. Instead of expensive “stove-piped” operations, agencies work 

together to develop common solutions that achieve mission requirements at reduced cost, thereby making 

resources available for higher priority needs. Benefits realized through the use of these initiatives for 

NASA in FY 2014 are described in the following. 

eRulemaking (Managing Partner EPA) FY 2014 Benefits 

NASA’s benefits for the eRulemaking initiative are largely focused on public benefits by providing onestop access to NASA and other federal agency information on rulemakings and non-rulemaking activities 

on Regulations.gov. 

SD-25
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS

In addition to the process benefits the eRulemaking solution offers, it is estimated to provide cost 

avoidance benefits over traditional baseline paper processes to a level of $30 million over five years. The 

electronic docket solution selected by eRulemaking governance bodies is a centralized architecture that is 

configurable for each participating entity allowing role-based access to develop workflow and 

collaboration processes to manage their content. This centrally managed solution is estimated to save a 

range of $106 – $129 million over five years as compared to other alternatives that seek the same benefits 

but are based on decentralized architectures. These figures were calculated in the summer of 2007 by an 

independent economist hired by the eRulemaking Program to develop a Cost-Benefit Model. 

NASA benefits through its participation and reliance on FDMS and Regulations.gov. NASA reaps 

substantial benefits by improving the transparency of its rulemaking actions while increasing public 

participation in the regulatory process. Direct budget cost savings and cost avoidance result from NASA’s 

transition to Federal Document Management System and Regulations.gov, enabling the Agency to 

discontinue efforts to develop, deploy, and operate specific individual online docket and public comment 

systems. Over a five-year period, NASA is estimated to save over $700,000 over alternative options that 

would provide similar services. 

Grants.gov (Managing Partner HHS) FY 2014 Benefits 

The Grants.gov initiative benefits NASA and its grant programs by providing a single location with 

broader exposure to publish grant (funding) opportunities and application packages, making the process 

easier for applicants to apply to multiple agencies. All 26 major Federal grant making agencies posted 

100 percent of their synopses for discretionary funding opportunity announcements on Grants.gov. 

In addition, Grants.gov provides a single site for the grantee community to apply for grants using a 

standard set of forms, processes and systems giving greater access and ability to apply for Federal 

funding. Through the use of Grants.gov, NASA is able to reduce operating costs associated with online 

posting and application of grants. Additionally, the Agency is able to improve operational effectiveness 

through the use of Grants.gov by increasing data accuracy and reducing processing cycle times. 

Grants Management LoB (Managing Partner NSF) FY 2014 Benefits 

The Grants Management LoB provides NASA with a centralized location for the research community to 

track awards to closeout, locate policy, news and events, and results of research. NASA and the grantee 

community have benefited from participation in the Grants Management LoB by having greater visibility 

into the research efforts awarded by NASA. Implementation of the Research Performance Progress 

Reports and other standard post-award reports will help to decrease the number of unique agency-specific 

reporting requirements. 

In addition, the Grants Management LoB Consortium lead agencies will spread the operations and 

maintenance costs, and development, modernization, and enhancement costs across agencies, decreasing 

the burden that any one agency must bear. 

e-Training (Managing Partner OPM) FY 2014 Benefits 

The e-Training initiative provides access to premier electronic training systems and tools that support the 

training and development of the Federal workforce. The initiative advanced the accomplishment of 

SD-26
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS

agency missions through simplified and one-stop access to e-Training products and services. The 

availability of an electronic training environment enhances the ability of the Federal government and 

NASA to attract, retain, manage, and educate the highly skilled professionals needed for a flexible and 

high-performing government workforce. 

The e-Training initiative benefits NASA by reducing redundancies and achieving economies of scale in 

the purchase and/or development of e-learning content and in the purchase of learning technology 

infrastructure. In 2006, NASA streamlined three online training systems into one centralized, learning 

management system: SATERN, a “one-stop” approach offering Web-based training and career 

development resources. This centralized approach allows NASA to reduce and leverage training costs 

through the elimination of unique systems and standardization of training processes. 

Through SATERN, employees can view required training, launch online content, view training history, 

and self-register for approved courses and conferences. In addition, the system allows NASA officials to 

identify groups and individuals who have not met basic training requirements and ensure accountability 

for mission critical and federally mandated training and development. SATERN also offers employees 

access to career planning tools, individual development plans, and competency management assistance. 

Currently SATERN offers learners access to more than 2,000 online courses and 10,000 online books and 

training videos. SATERN is available at all times and can be accessed from work or at home. 

Recruitment One-Stop (Managing Partner OPM) FY 2014 Benefits 

USAJOBS simplifies the Federal Job Search Process for Job Seekers and Agencies. The USAJOBS.gov 

website provides a place where citizens can search for employment opportunities throughout the Federal 

Government. USAJOBS is a fully operational, state of the art recruitment system that simplifies the 

Federal job search process for job seekers and agencies. Through USAJOBS.gov users have access to: 













A centralized repository for all competitive service 

Job vacancies; 

A resume repository used by agencies to identify critical skills; 

A standardized online recruitment tool and services; 

A standard application Process; and 

Intuitive job searches including e-mail notifications for jobs of interest. 

Integration with Recruitment One-Stop allows NASA to better attract individuals who can accomplish the 

Agency’s mission. The USAJOBS interface allows job seekers to view and apply for all NASA 

employment opportunities, as well as those from other federal agencies. On average, USAJOBS.gov has 

over 400,000 visitors per day (the online portal serviced over 21 million applications during FY 2010) 

and over 500,000 resumes are created monthly. 

NASA adopted the USAJOBS resume as the basic application document for all NASA positions, except 

for astronaut positions (in 2005). To date NASA has not identified any specific savings, either in terms of 

budgeted savings or cost avoidance. Although the Agency believes that implementation of Recruitment 

One-Stop has resulted in significant intangible benefits in terms of providing better vacancy information 

to applicants, it has not resulted in any specific cost savings to NASA. However, the numerous intangible 

benefits Recruitment One-Stop provides to NASA and other agencies include: 

SD-27
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS













Decreasing hiring time for managers; 

Providing an integrated solution to agency applicant assessment systems; 

Providing a cost effective marketing and recruitment tool; 

Realizing cost savings over commercial job posting boards; 

Reducing the delay associated with filling critical agency vacancies; and 

Enhancing competition with the private sector for the best and brightest talent for Federal service. 

Enterprise HR Integration (Managing Partner OPM) FY 2014 Benefits 

The Enterprise HR Integration (EHRI) Program supports the strategic management of human capital by 

providing agency customers with access to timely and accurate federal workforce data. In support of this 

objective, EHRI has the following goals: 1) Streamline and automate the exchange of federal employee 

human resources (HR) information Government wide; 2) Provide comprehensive knowledge management 

and workforce analysis, forecasting, and reporting across the Executive Branch; 3) Maximize cost savings 

captured through automation; and 4) Enhance retirement processing throughout the Executive Branch. 

A key initiative of EHRI is the electronic Official Personnel Folder (eOPF), a web-based application 

capable of storing, processing, and displaying the OPFs of all current, separated, and retired Federal 

Employees. When fully implemented, the eOPF will cover the entire Executive Branch as well as other 

Federal and Local Governments with a total user population of more than 1.9M. The system will replace 

the existing manual process by automating the Federal Government’s HR processes and thereby creating 

a streamlined Federal HR system for all Federal Employees. The initiative is achieving cost savings that 

are recognized on a per-folder basis. The total cost avoidance per folder is estimated at $55.56. 

Specific EHRI/eOPF benefits to NASA include improved convenience in searching, better security and 

safety to electronic files, more economical, streamlined business processes, and the ability to have a 

central repository of OPF records for the Agency. During FY 2010, NASA also deployed the eOPF 

capability of electronic transfer of eOPFs between agencies. Specific NASA employee benefits include 

secure online access to OPFs, automatic notification when documents are added, exchange of retirement 

and HR data across agencies and systems, and the elimination of duplicate and repetitive personnel data 

in personnel folders. NASA completed its implementation to eOPF in March 2008, and transitioned 

personnel actions processing to the NASA Shared Service Center. 

E-Payroll (Managing Partner OPM) FY 2014 Benefits 

The E-Payroll Initiative standardizes and consolidates government-wide federal civilian payroll services 

and processes by simplifying and standardizing human resources (HR)/payroll policies and procedures 

and better integrating payroll, HR, and finance functions. Prior to beginning the initiative, 26 federal 

agencies provided payroll services. Four providers were selected to furnish payroll services for the 

Executive branch. 

In 2004, the Department of Interior began serving as NASA's payroll provider, using their system, the 

Federal Personnel and Payroll System, to process NASA's human resources and payroll transactions and 

supply all key delivery aspects of its payroll operation functions. The E-Payroll initiative benefits NASA 

by permitting the Agency to focus on its mission related activities, rather than on administrative payroll 

functions. Payroll processing costs are reduced through economies of scale and avoiding the cost of 

SD-28
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS

duplicative capital system modernization activities. The initiative also promotes standardization of 

business processes and practices and unified service delivery. 

E-Travel (Managing Partner GSA) FY 2014 Benefits 

The E-Gov Travel Service (ETS) is a government-wide web-based service that provides standardized 

travel management practices to consolidate federal travel, minimize cost and produce customer 

satisfaction. From travel planning and authorization to the review and approval of post-travel 

reimbursement, this end-to-end service streamlines travel management and will enable the government to 

capture real-time visibility into the buying choices of travelers and assist agencies in optimizing their 

travel budgets while saving taxpayers money. 

The benefits of the ETS include: 











Increased cost savings associated with overall reduction in Travel Management Center 

transaction service fees; 

Improved strategic source pricing through cross-government purchasing agreements; 

Improved business process functionality as a result of streamlined travel policies and processes; 

Enhanced security and privacy controls for the protection of government and personal data; and 

Improved agency oversight and audit capabilities. 

As the ETS is a fully integrated, end-to-end travel solution, program cost avoidance is realized by a 

reduction of traveler and manager time for planning, arranging, authorizing, approving and post-travel 

reimbursement processing. Travelers also benefit from ETS’ increased efficiency in the end-to-end 

electronic solution as their reimbursements are expedited. Additional initiative savings are realized from 

the elimination of costly paper-based systems, the decommissioning of legacy travel systems and the 

reduction of agency overhead by consolidating the number of travel contracts. 

NASA completed migration of its travel services to HP Enterprise Services (formerly Electronic Data 

Systems Corporation), one of the three designated E-Travel service providers, in mid-2009. Completing 

this migration has allowed NASA to provide more efficient and effective travel management services. 

Potential benefits include cost savings associated with cross-government purchasing agreements and 

improved functionality through streamlined travel policies and processes, strict security and privacy 

controls, and enhanced Agency oversight and audit capabilities. NASA employees are also benefitting 

through more efficient travel planning, authorization, and reimbursement processes. Prior to ETS, the 

estimated overall government-wide on-line adoption rate for travel reservations was approximately 6 

percent. To date, the on-line booking engine adoption rate is over 64 percent resulting in dramatic cost 

savings as a result of lowering travel agent service fees. 

Integrated Acquisition Environment (Managing Partner GSA) FY 2014 Benefits 

The Integrated Acquisition Environment (IAE) initiative is designed to streamline the process of reporting 

on subcontracting plans and provide agencies with access to analytical data on subcontracting 

performance. Use of the IAE common services allows agencies to focus on agency-specific needs such as 

strategy, operations, and management while leveraging shared services for common functions. 

Furthermore, use of a government-wide business focused service environment reduces funding and 

SD-29
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS

resources for technical services and support for acquisition systems originally housed by individual 

agencies. 

IAE facilitates and supports cost-effective acquisition of goods and services by agencies. The IAE 

initiative provides common acquisition functions and shared services that benefit all agencies, such as the 

maintenance of information about business-partner organizations (e.g., banking, certifications, business 

types, capabilities, performance). IAE provides benefits to the government and business-partner 

organizations by improving cross-agency coordination that helps to improve the government’s buying 

power, while providing business partners maximum visibility and transparency into the process. IAE 

provides various services, tools and capabilities that can be leveraged by the acquisition community 

including buyers, sellers, and the public to conduct business across the federal government space. 

Government buyers can: 



































Search for commercial and government sources 

Post synopses and solicitations 

Securely post sensitive solicitation documents 

Access reports on vendors’ performance 

Retrieve vendor data validated by SBA and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 

Identify excluded parties 

Report contract awards 

Business suppliers can: 

Search business opportunities by product, service, agency, or location 

Receive e-mail notification of solicitations based on specific criteria 

Register to do business with the federal government 

Enter representations and certifications one time 

Revalidate registration data annually 

Report subcontracting accomplishments 

Citizens can: 

Retrieve data on contract awards 

Track federal spending 

Search to find registered businesses 

Monitor business opportunities 

Through adoption of the tools and services provided by IAE, NASA improves its ability to make 

informed and efficient purchasing decisions and allows it to replace manual processes. If NASA did not 

use IAE systems, the Agency would need to build and maintain separate systems to record vendor and 

contract information, and to post procurement opportunities. Agency purchasing officials would not have 

access to databases of important information from other agencies on vendor performance and could not 

use systems to replace paper-based and labor-intensive work efforts. 

SD-30
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS

Integrated Acquisition Environment – Loans & Grants FY 2014 Benefits 

All agencies participating in the posting and/or awarding of Contracts and Grants & Loans are required by 

the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act (FFATA) of 2006 as well as the American 

Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) reporting requirements to disclose award information 

on a publicly accessible website. FFATA requires OMB to lead the development of a single, searchable 

website through which the public can readily access information about grants and contracts provided by 

Federal government agencies1.

Based on the recommendations of the Transparency Act Taskforce, the website leverages functionality 

provided by the Integrated Acquisition Environment (IAE) initiative to provide Data Universal 

Numbering System (DUNS) numbers as the unique identifier. An existing IAE Dun and Bradstreet 

(D&B) transaction-based contract for the contract community was expanded to provide government-wide 

D&B services for the Grants & Loans community. These services include parent linkage, help desk 

support, world database lookup, business validation and linkage monitoring, matching services, as well as 

the use of DUNS numbers. The enterprise D&B contract provides substantial savings to the participating 

agencies over their previous agency transaction-based D&B contracts. 

On December 14, 2007, OMB launched www.USASpending.gov to meet the Federal Funding 

Accountability and Transparency Act (FFATA) statutory requirements, ahead of schedule. Since that 

launch, OMB has and will continue to work with agencies to improve the quality, timeliness, and 

accuracy of their data submissions and has released a series of enhancements to the site. 

USASpending.gov complements other websites providing the public Federal program performance 

information (e.g., USA.gov, Results.gov and ExpectMore.gov). 

USASpending.gov provides: 











 

The name of the entity receiving the award; 

The amount of the award; 

Information on the award including transaction type, funding agency, etc.; 

The location of the entity receiving the award; 

A unique identifier of the entity receiving the award. 

All agencies participating in the posting and/or awarding of Contracts and Grants & Loans are required by 

the FFATA as well as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) reporting 

requirements to disclose award information on a publicly accessible website. Cross government 

cooperation with OMB’s Integrated Acquisition Environment initiative allows agencies and contributing 

bureaus to meet the requirements of the FFATA by assigning a unique identifier, determining corporate 

hierarchy, and validating and cleaning up incorrect or incomplete data. 

The FY 2014 funding requirements as it relates to the IAE – Loans and Grants funding line supports the 

FFATA for the relationship with D&B and DUNS support services. In addition to provision of DUNS 

numbers, D&B is now providing business and linkage data seamlessly, and the business arrangement 

1

 More information on the development of this website can be found at: http://www.federalspending.gov. 

SD-31
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS

supports the quality of data by real-time updates. NASA and other agencies will leverage the linkages to 

corporate organizational rollups based on parental and subsidiary relationships. 

LINES OF BUSINESS

Financial Management LoB (Managing Partners DOE and DOL) FY 2014 Benefits 

The Financial Management Line of Business (FM LoB) leverages shared service solutions that improve 

the quality of federal financial data and decrease known inefficiencies—and costs—that are typical of 

redundant financial management systems. FM LoB’s Shared Services Providers (SSPs) offer participating 

agencies the economies of scale and expertise in IT and financial reporting not always available within a 

single agency. An emphasis is being placed on greater standardization, transparency and business process 

improvements as opposed to solely technology improvements. 

The FM LoB initiative uses standard business practices and meets federal accounting standards for 

financial reporting. This level of standardization across all federal agencies would provide executive 

decision makers with accurate information from which to assess program performance and risks, evaluate 

costs, and improve stewardship across the Federal government. 

Current OMB FM LoB policy requires agencies to conduct a competition among Federal and Commercial 

Shared Services Providers (SSPs) before attempting to modernize financial systems. Commercial SSPs 

have not yet been designated to support the same range of services provided by Federal SSPs. NASA has 

expressed an interest in becoming an SSP, but awaits OMB direction on the future of the FM LoB. 

Human Resources Management LoB (Managing Partner OPM) FY 2014 Benefits 

The HR LoB vision is to create government-wide, modern, cost-effective, standardized, and interoperable 

HR solutions to provide common core functionality to support the strategic management of Human 

Resources through the establishment of Shared Service Centers (SSCs). Driven from a business 

perspective, the solutions will address distinct business improvements enhancing the government’s 

performance of HR and payroll services in support of agency missions delivering services to citizens. The 

HR LoB concept of operations calls for agencies to receive core services from an HR LoB provider. 

These core services are defined as personnel action processing, compensation management (payroll) and 

benefits management. Leveraging shared services solutions will allow the HR LoB to significantly 

improve HR and payroll service delivery, save taxpayer dollars, and reduce administrative burdens. 

NASA works in partnership with one of the approved service providers, the Department of Interior's 

National Business Center. Through this partnership, NASA shares and receives "best-in-class" HR 

solutions. The National Business Center delivers NASA-developed solutions to their customer agencies, 

enabling improved efficiencies and system integrations at a fraction of the cost and delivery time than 

similar solutions could have been produced by National Business Center. NASA achieves the benefits of 

"best-in-class" HR solutions through implementation and integration of National Business Center and 

NASA-developed HR solutions. NASA’s participation in HR LoB allows the agency to participate in the 

implementation of modern HR solutions and benefit from best practices and government-wide strategic 

HR management. 

SD-32
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS

Geospatial LoB (Managing Partner DOL) FY 2014 Benefits 

The Geospatial LoB will better serve the agencies’ missions and the Nation’s interests developing a more 

strategic, coordinated, and leveraged approach to producing, maintaining, and using geospatial data and 

services across the Federal government. Specific goals of the Geospatial LoB include establishing a 

collaborative governance mechanism, coordinating a government-wide planning and investment strategy, 

and optimizing and standardizing geospatial data and services. 

Contributing agencies and bureaus will receive value from the development of the LoB primarily through 

improved business performance and cost savings. Enhanced governance processes, improved business 

planning and investment strategies, and optimization and standardization of geospatial business data and 

services will produce the following results: 











Collaborative management of geospatial investments will be made more adaptable, proactive and 

inclusive; 

Enterprise business needs and agency core mission requirements will be identified, planned, 

budgeted, and exploited in a geospatial context; 

Long-term costs of geo-information delivery and access will be reduced while minimizing 

duplicative development efforts; 

Effective, yet less costly commercial off the shelf systems and contractual business support 

operations will replace legacy geospatial applications; and 

Business processes will be optimized and knowledge management capabilities will exist for 

locating geospatial data and obtaining services. 

As a science agency, the work of NASA’s science and mission professionals is inherently different from 

duties and functions performed by operational agencies. These differences lead NASA to organize and 

manage data to best facilitate science activities rather than a central focus of data dissemination. Scientific 

inquiry often leads scientist to use different schemas for analyzing data and information produced from 

remote sensing data (e.g. a common grid or projection). NASA will continue to apply the elements of 

Federal Geographic Data Committee standards where these are appropriate. In FY 2008, NASA signed an 

MOU with the Department of Labor to continue its active participation in the Geospatial LOB. 

Budget Formulation & Execution LOB (Managing Partner Education) FY 2014 Benefits 

The Budget Formulation and Execution LoB (BFELoB) provides benefits to NASA and other partner 

agencies by encouraging best practices crossing all aspects of Federal budgeting -- from budget 

formulation and execution to performance to human capital needs. To benefit all agencies, BFELoB 

continues to support the idea of shared service budget systems. The Agency has not chosen to move to a 

new budget system; however, NASA is looking into some of the BFELoB components, such as MAX 

Collect and Analytics to complement its current budgeting tools. 

BFELoB’s “MAX Federal Community”, a secure government-only collaborative website, provides 

significant benefits for collaboration across and within agencies, as well as knowledge management. The 

Community site is commonly used for sharing information, collaboratively drafting documents (including 

the direct-editing of documents posted on the site), supporting workgroups, submitting central reports, 

and much more. NASA currently has well over 900 users that are registered and eligible to take advantage 

SD-33
Supporting Data 

E-GOV INITIATIVES AND BENEFITS

of the MAX Federal Community. During FY 2010 year end planning, NASA made extensive use of the 

MAX Wiki capability to facilitate work group collaborations and document reviews. 

The BFELoB released MAX Collect to facilitate the rapid collection and reporting of agency information. 

In November 2010, NASA successfully completed its first Agency-wide MAX Collect exercise. Among 

the benefits NASA derived from the exercise were reduced errors, and reduced time spent manually 

consolidating and publishing data by using MAX Collect’s data collection capabilities. NASA also 

benefited from using MAX Collect and its publishing capabilities to collect, store, process and publish 

information from multiple sources in an extremely efficient and effective manner, producing professional 

quality output. Additionally, to enhance decision-making within its organization, NASA can benefit from 

using MAX Analytics’ data visualization tools. 

In Oct, 2009, the Budgeting Capabilities Self-Assessment Tool was published, providing agency budget 

managers and their staff with a simple survey-like method to assess and gain perspective on how their 

current operations and processes compare against best practices in a broad range of budgeting capability 

categories, allowing managers to strategically focus improvement efforts on areas of highest value to their 

particular organization's activities. NASA will be exploring the benefit from using the tool to assess 

organizational practices and develop strategic plans to address areas of need. 

BFELoB’s Human Capital Federal Budget Core Competency Framework is a resource for NASA to use 

in their internal workforce planning initiatives. BFELoB is working toward adding proficiency levels to 

each Core Competency as well as aligning training with competencies and proficiencies to assist budget 

professionals in determining a training roadmap for development. During FY 2010, the BFELoB released 

a self-paced Budget Formulation video training course to users of the MAX Community. In addition, the 

BFELoB Human Capital work group offers multiple technical and developmental training opportunities 

throughout the year. NASA staff have benefitted substantially from these BFELoB sponsored training 

opportunities, as well as through participation in BFELoB work groups. 

SD-34
Supporting Data 

COMPARABILITY ADJUSTMENT TABLES

EXPLANATION OF COMPARABILITY TABLES

As requested by Congress in House Report 112-284, the FY 2012 actual and FY 2013 estimates have 

been adjusted to display their budgets in a presentation that is “comparable” to the content of items 

proposed in the FY 2014 budget. This presentation allows direct comparability of yearly budget data 

associated with an investment, regardless of the account (or theme, program, etc.) in which it was, or is 

currently being, executed. 

At the time of budget publication, NASA was operating under a Continuing Resolution (CR), and 

executing FY 2013 in the FY 2012 budget structure. The FY 2013 figures in all tables represent budget 

authority provided by the CR at the full-year rate for operations (amounts per section 101 of P.L. 112-

175), the Agency $15 million appropriation provided by the Disaster Relief Act, 2013 (P.L. 113-2), and 

the $0.3 million rescission of remaining American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) 

unobligated balances required by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (P.L. 

111-203). 

The following pages provide detailed crosswalks of non-comparable FY 2012 actual and FY 2013 

estimates to their comparable amounts. The following guidelines will assist in interpreting the tables. 











The gray title box in the upper left hand corner indicates the fiscal year in which budget and 

accounts are being addressed. 

The budget structure running on top of the table is the FY 2014 structure that is used in the rest of 

this volume. The layers in the structure from the top down are for the account, theme, program, 

and reporting attribute. Note that when theme, program or reporting attribute titles are identical 

they are combined to simplify the display. The amounts displayed under this budget structure 

“block” are comparable (adjusted) amounts for the reporting attribute you see in the tables in the 

rest of this volume. 

The budget structure running on the left side of the table is that fiscal year’s operating plan 

budget structure. Note that when titles are identical they were often combined to simplify the 

display. The amounts to the right of the structure are the unadjusted amounts from the fiscal 

year’s operating plan with the proposed allocation of the Public Law 112-55 rescission displayed 

separately for FY 2012. The rescission of unobligated ARRA funds applied to the Office of the 

Inspector General, per section 1306 of the Dodd-Frank act is presented in the same fashion. 

The amounts in the matrix are the adjustments to the unadjusted amounts used to derive the 

comparable budget presentation you see in the tables in the rest of this volume. 

No table for the Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration account was 

prepared because there are no adjustments related to that account. 

COMP-1
APPLIED SCIENCE

S

$36.4

Earth Science Research & 

Ana;ysis

Computing & Management

Global Precipitation 

Measurement

Ice, Cloud & Land Elevation 

Satellite (ICE SAT-II)

Soil Moisture Active & Passive GRACE FO

Other Missions &

Data Analysis

2,3

OCO-2

Venture Class Missions

Other Missions &

Data Analysis

2

Pathways

Planetary Science Research

& Analysis

Education & Directorate 

Management

333.3 107.7 87.9 130.5 214.2 42.3 404.9 93.4 53.6 36.3 168.6 51.2 36.4 122.3 4.0 

Pre-Resc.

Level Rescission

Current

Op Plan1

SCIENCE 5,079.0 (5.2) 5,073.8EARTH SCIENCE 1,765.7 (5.2) 1,760.5

Earth Science Research 441.1 441.1

Earth Science Research and Analysis............ 333.3 333.3 333.3 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Computing and Management......................... 107.7 107.7 -------- 107.7 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Earth Systematic Missions 880.9 (1.1) 879.8

Global Precip. Measurement (GPM)............... 87.9 87.9 -------- -------- 87.9 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Landsat Data Cont. Mission (LDCM).............. 123.5 123.5 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 123.5 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP).............. 6.0 6.0 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 6.0 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Ice, Cloud & Land Elev. Sat. (ICESat-II)......... 130.5 130.5 -------- -------- -------- 130.5 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Soil Moisture Active & Passive (SMAP)......... 214.2 214.2 -------- -------- -------- -------- 214.2 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Other Missions and Data Analysis.................. 318.8 (1.1) 317.7 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 42.3 275.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Earth System Science Pathfinder 187.4 (4.1) 183.3

Aquarius......................................................... 4.2 (4.1) 0.1 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 0.1 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

OCO-2........................................................... 93.4 93.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 93.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Other Missions and Data Analysis.................. 36.2 36.2 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 36.2 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Venture Class Missions.................................. 53.6 53.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 53.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Earth Science Multi-Mission Ops 168.6 0.0 168.6

Earth Science Multi-Mission Operations......... 168.6 168.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 168.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Earth Science Technology 51.2 0.0 51.2

Earth Science Technology............................. 51.2 51.2 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 51.2 -------- -------- -------- -

Applied Sciences 36.4 0.0 36.4

Pathways....................................................... 36.4 36.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 36.4 -------- -------- -

PLANETARY SCIENCE 1,501.4 0.0 1,501.4

Planetary Science Research 174.1 174.1

Planetary Science Research and Analysis..... 122.3 122.3 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 122.3 -------- -

Education and Directorate Management........ 4.0 4.0 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 4.0 -

Near Earth Object Observations..................... 20.4 20.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 

Other Missions and Data Analysis.................. 27.4 27.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Lunar Quest Program 140.0 0.0 140.0

Lunar Science................................................ 66.8 66.8 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer 70.4 70.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

International Lunar Network........................... 2.8 2.8 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Discovery 172.6 0.0 172.6

GRAIL............................................................ 29.8 29.8 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Other Missions and Data Analysis.................. 142.8 142.8 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

New Frontiers 143.7 0.0 143.7

Juno............................................................... 14.4 14.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Other Missions and Data Analysis.................. 129.4 129.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Mars Exploration 587.0 0.0 587.0

2009 Mars Science Lab.................................. 174.0 174.0 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

MAVEN.......................................................... 245.7 245.7 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Other Missions and Data Analysis.................. 167.4 167.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Outer Planets 122.1 0.0 122.1 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

Technology 161.9 0.0 161.9 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -

FY 2012 Current Operating Plan

1

 in FY 2012 Structure

FY 2012 Operating Plan 

Recast to FY 2014 Structure:

Science

Budget Authority

($ millions)

EARTH SYSTEMATIC MISSIONS

$879.8

EARTH SCIENCE

$1,760.5

EARTH SCIENCE 

RESEARCH

$441.1

Recast FY 2012 Amounts

SCIENCE -- $5,073

FY 2012 Current Operating Plan, in FY 2014 Stru

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE 

PATHFINDER

$183.3

EARTH SCIENCE MULTI-MISSION OPERATIONS

EARTH SCIENCE TECHNOLOGYPLANETARY SCIE

$174

1Current operating plan in effect as of publication (April 10, 2013). 2Recast reflects the movement of a project and associated dollars from an independently reported “in development” budget line to an “Other Missions and Data Analysis” budget line. This typically reflects movement of mission into the “operations” stage after successful laun

3Recast reflects the movement of a project and associated dollars from “pre-formulation” in “Other Missions and Data Analysis” or other R&A program to an independent reportable item. (Grace FO, InSight, OSIRIS-Rex)
PHYSICS OF THE 

COSMOS

$108.3

EXOPLANET 

EXPLORATION

$50.8

ASTRO EXPLORER

$83.9

Astrophysics Research

& Analysis

Balloon Project

Other Missions &

Data Analysis

Hubble Space Telescope

Stratospheric Observatory

for Infrared Astronomy

Other Missions &

Data Analysis

Other Missions &

Data Analysis

Other Missions &

Data Analysis

Other Missions &

Data Analysis

2,4

Heliophysics Research & 

68.6 31.6 65.3 98.3 84.2 57.4 108.3 50.8 83.9 518.6 3

Pre-Resc.

Level Rescission

Current

Op Plan1

SCIENCE 5,079.0 (5.2) 5,073.8ASTROPHYSICS 648.4 0.0 648.4

Astrophysics Research 165.5 0.0 165.5

Astrophysics Research and Analysis.......... 68.6 68.6 68.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Balloon Project............................................ 31.6 31.6 -------- 31.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Other Missions and Data Analysis.............. 65.3 65.3 -------- -------- 65.3 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Cosmic Origins 239.9 0.0 239.9

Hubble Space Telescope............................ 98.3 98.3 -------- -------- -------- 98.3 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Strat. Obs. for IR Astronomy (SOFIA)......... 84.2 84.2 -------- -------- -------- -------- 84.2 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Other Missions and Data Analysis.............. 57.4 57.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 57.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Physics of the Cosmos 108.3 0.0 108.3 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 108.3 -------- -------- -------- ------

Exoplanet Exploration 50.8 0.0 50.8 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 50.8 -------- -------- ------

Astrophysics Explorer 83.9 0.0 83.9

Nuclear Spec.Telescope Array (NuStar)..... 15.6 15.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 15.6 -------- ------

Gravity & Extreme Magnetism (GEMS)...... 33.2 33.2 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 33.2 -------- ------

Other Missions and Data Analysis.............. 35.1 35.1 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 35.1 -------- ------

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE 518.6 0.0 518.6

James Webb Space Telescope 518.6 0.0 518.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 518.6 ------

HELIOPHYSICS 644.8 0.0 644.8

Heliophysics Research 175.2 175.2

Heliophysics Research and Analysis.......... 32.9 32.9 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- 3

Sounding Rockets....................................... 52.4 52.4 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Research Range.......................................... 20.1 20.1 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Other Missions and Data Analysis.............. 69.9 69.9 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Living with a Star 196.3 0.0 196.3

Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP)......... 86.1 86.1 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Solar Probe Plus.......................................... 52.6 52.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Other Missions and Data Analysis.............. 57.5 57.5 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Solar Terrestrial Probes 213.0 0.0 213.0

Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) 194.6 194.6 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Other Missions and Data Analysis 18.5 18.5 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Heliophysics Explorer Program 60.2 0.0 60.2

IRIS............................................................. 39.1 39.1 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

Other Missions and Data Analysis.............. 21.1 21.1 -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------

SCIENCE -

FY 2012 Current Operating Plan, in FY 20

FY 2012 Current Operating Plan

1

 in FY 2012 Structure

ASTROPHYSICS

RESESARCH

$165.5

COSMIC ORIGINS

$239.9

FY 2012 Operating Plan 

Recast to FY 2014 Structure:

Science

Budget Authority

($ millions)

ASTROPHYSICS

$648.4

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE $518.6

Recast FY 2012 Amounts

1Current operating plan in effect as of publication (April 10, 2013).2Recast reflects the movement of a project and associated dollars from an independently reported “in development” budget line to an “Other Missions and Data Analysis” budget line. This typically reflects movement of mission 3Recast reflects the movement of a project and associated dollars from “pre-formulation” in “Other Missions and Data Analysis” or other R&A program to an independent reportable item. (SOC)

4Recasts the GEMS budget line to “Other Missions and Data Analysis” due to project termination.

5Recast reflects movement of project and associated dollars from Heliophysics Research program to other programs in the Science Heliophysics theme.

6Recast reflects realignment of IRIS mission from an independently reported project in development to a small project in development under “Other Missions and Data Analysis”.
COM.

SPACE.

Crew Vehicle Development

MPCV Program Integration

& Support

Launch Vehicle Development

SLS Program Integration & Support

SPOC Pension Liability

Program Integration Flight & Ground Ops. Flight Harware ISS Systems O&M ISS Research ISS Crew &

Cargo Transport.

Space Communications

Networks

Space Communications 

Support TDRS

Replenishment

1,159.8 40.2 1,450.7 46.4 304.5 406.0 157.7 142.0 515.0 57.4 19.0 4.8 1,378.7 225.5 1,185.7 123.5 355.4 72.0 15.4 106.9 81

Pre-Resc.

Level Rescission

Current

Op Plan1

3,718.8 (3.7) 3,715.1

HUMAN EXPLORATION CAPABILITIES 3,007.6 0.0 3,007.6

Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle.................... 1,200.0 0.0 1,200.0

 Crew Vehicle Development................................ 1,159.8 1,159.8 1,159.8 ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

 MPCV Program Integration & Support............... 40.2 40.2 ----------- 40.2 ----------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------Space Launch System........................................ 1,802.0 (0.4) 1,801.6

 Launch Vehicle Development............................ 1,451.1 (0.4) 1,450.7 ----------- ----------- 1,450.7 ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

 SLS Program Integration & Support................... 46.4 46.4 ----------- ---------------------- 46.4 -------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- Ground Systems Development & Operations.... 304.5 304.5 ----------- ---------------------- ----------- 304.5 --------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

COMMERCIAL SPACE FLIGHT 406.0 0.0 406.0

Commercial Crew 392.0 392.0 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- 392.0 ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------

Commercial Cargo3 14.0 14.0 14.0

EXPLORATION RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT 310.8 (3.3) 307.5

Human Research Program 157.7 157.7 ----------- ---------------------- --------------------------------- 157.7 ----------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

Advanced Exploration Systems2 153.1 (3.3) 149.8 ----------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------- 142.0 ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

SNOITAREPO ECAPS 8.391,4)4.01(2.402,4

ELTTUHS ECAPS 2.655)1.3(3.955

margorP elttuhS ecapS 3.995 (3.1) 596.2

 SPOC Pension Liability...................................... 515.0 515.0 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- 515.0 -------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

 Program Integration........................................... 60.5 (3.1) 57.4 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ----------- 57.4 --------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

 Flight & Gound Operations................................ 19.0 19.0 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 19.0 ---------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- Flight Hardware.................................................. 4.8 4.8 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- 4.8 ----------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) 2,789.9 0.0 2,789.9

Interational Space Station Program 2,789.9 0.0 2,789.9

 ISS Systems Operations & Maintenance........... 1,378.7 1,378.7 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- 1,378.7 ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

 ISS Research..................................................... 225.5 225.5 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- 225.5 ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ISS Crew & Cargo Transportation...................... 1,185.7 1,185.7 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ----------- 1,185.7 --------------------------------------------------------------

SPACE & FLIGHT SUPPORT 815.0 (7.3) 807.7

21st Century Space Launch Complex 130.0 (6.5) 123.5 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- 123.5 ---------------------------------------------------

Space Communications & Navigation 443.4 (0.5) 442.9

 Space Communications Networks..................... 355.6 (0.2) 355.4 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ----------- 355.4 ----------------------------------------

 Space Communications Support....................... 72.3 (0.3) 72.0 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- 72.0 ----------------------------- TDRS Replenishment........................................ 15.4 15.4 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------- 15.4 ------------------Human Spaceflight Operations 107.2 (0.3) 106.9 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------- 106.9 -------

secivreS hcnuaL 0.18 0.0 81.0 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- 81

tseT noisluporP tekcoR 6.34 0.0 43.6 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

Space Technology2 9.8 0.0 9.8 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

YGOLONHCET ECAPS 2.745)3.1(5.845YGOLONHCET ECAPS 2.745)3.1(5.845

RTTS & RIBS 4.561 165.4 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

Partnerships Devel. & Strategic Integration 26.4 26.4 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------Crosscutting Space Tech. Development 176.7 (1.3) 175.4 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

Exploration Technology Development 180.0 180.0 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

CROSS AGENCY SUPPORT 3,002.9 (0.1) 3,002.8CENTER MANAGEMENT & OPERATIONS 2,204.1 0.0 2,204.1

Center Management & Operations 2,204.1 2,204.1

 Center Institutional Capabilities......................... 1,707.2 1,707.2 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

 Center Programmatic Capabilities..................... 496.9 496.9 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

AGENCY MANAGEMENT & OPERATIONS 798.8 (0.1) 798.7

tnemeganaM ycnegA 7.304 (0.1) 403.6 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

Safety & Mission Success 198.4 0.0 198.4

 Safety and Mission Assurance.......................... 49.4 49.4 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

 Chief Engineer................................................... 105.2 105.2 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- Chief Health and Medical Officer....................... 4.7 4.7 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

 Independent Verification and Validation............ 39.1 39.1 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

secivreS TI ycnegA 5.851 0.0 158.4

 IT Management.................................................. 14.6 14.6 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

 Applications....................................................... 67.8 67.8 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- Infrastructure...................................................... 76.0 76.0 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

Innovative Partnerships Program2 8.9 0.0 8.9 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

Strategic Capabilities Assets 29.3 0.0 29.3 ----------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

LAUNCH

SERVICES

ADVANCED EXPLORATION SYSTEMSSPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM $1,497.1

Recast FY 2012 Amounts

SPACE SHUTTLE

$596.2

HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT

OPERATIONS

INTERNATIONAL SPACE 

STATION (ISS)

$2,789.9

21ST CENTURY SPACE LAUNCH COMPLEX

EXPLORATION

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS

& NAVIGATION

$442.9

HUMAN RESEARCH PROGRAM

FY 2012 Current Operating Plan

1

 in FY 2012 Structure

FY 2012 Operating Plan 

Recast to FY 2014 Structure:

Exploration,

Space Operations,

Space Technology,

&

Cross Agency Support

Accounts

Budget Authority

($ millions)

MULTI-PURPOSE

CREW VEHICLE

$1,200.0

EXPLORATION GROUND SYSTEMS

COMMERCIAL CREW

3

FY 2012 Current Operating Plan, in FY 2014 Structure, Adj

SPACE & FLIGHT SUPPORT

$797.9

EXPLORATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

$ 3,001.6

EXPLORATION

R&D - $299.7

EXPLORATION -- $3,707.3 SPACE OPERATIONS -- $4,184.0

1Current operating plan in effect as of publication (April 10, 2013).

2Recast reflects realignment of programmatic content and associated dollars to Space Technology account.

3Recast reflects consolidation of Commercial Cargo content and associated dollars into Commercial Crew program.
SPACE TECHNOLOGY

SPACE OPERATIONS

2

577.2 4,249.1

Pre-Resc. 

Level Rescission

Current

Op Plan

SPACE TECHNOLOGY 578.5 0.0 578.5 577.2 1.3

SPACE OPERATIONS 4,259.5 (11.7) 4,247.8 ---------- 4,247.8

FY 2013 to FY 2014 

COMPARABILITY ADJUSTMENTS1

Budget Authority

($ millions)

Recast FY 2013 Amounts

FY 2013 Current Operating Plan 

Recast to FY 2014 Structure, 

Adjusted for Rescission

FY 2013 Operating Plan, 

Unadjusted

COMP-6

1

The FY 2013 top-level operating structure for the Agency remains unchanged for FY 2014.

2

Reflects partial rescoring ($1.3M) of rescission pursuant to P.L. 112-55, Division B, Sec. 528(f) from Space Operations 

account to Space Technology.
FY 2014 PROPOSED APPROPRIATIONS LANGUAGE

SCIENCE

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, in the conduct and support of science research and 

development activities, including research, development, operations, support, and services; maintenance 

and repair, facility planning and design; space flight, spacecraft control, and communications activities; 

program management; personnel and related costs, including uniforms or allowances therefor, as 

authorized by 5 U.S.C. 5901-5902; travel expenses; purchase and hire of passenger motor vehicles; and 

purchase, lease, charter, maintenance, and operation of mission and administrative aircraft, 

[$4,911,200,000]$5,017,800,000, to remain available until September 30, [2014]2015[, of which up to 

$14,500,000 shall be available for a reimbursable agreement with the Department of Energy for the 

purpose of re-establishing facilities to produce fuel required for radioisotope thermoelectric generators to 

enable future missions]. Note.--A full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the 

time the budget was prepared; therefore, this account is operating under a continuing resolution (P.L. 

112-175). The amounts included for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing 

resolution.

AERONAUTICS

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, in the conduct and support of aeronautics research 

and development activities, including research, development, operations, support, and services; 

maintenance and repair, facility planning and design; space flight, spacecraft control, and 

communications activities; program management; personnel and related costs, including uniforms or 

allowances therefor, as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 5901-5902; travel expenses; purchase and hire of 

passenger motor vehicles; and purchase, lease, charter, maintenance, and operation of mission and 

administrative aircraft, [$551,500,000]$565,690,000, to remain available until September 30, 

[2014]2015. Note.--A full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the time the 

budget was prepared; therefore, this account is operating under a continuing resolution (P.L. 112-175). 

The amounts included for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing resolution.

SPACE TECHNOLOGY

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, in the conduct and support of space research and 

technology development activities, including research, development, operations, support, and services; 

maintenance and repair, facility planning and design; space flight, spacecraft control, and 

communications activities; program management; personnel and related costs, including uniforms or 

allowances therefor, as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 5901-5902; travel expenses; purchase and hire of 

passenger motor vehicles; and purchase, lease, charter, maintenance, and operation of mission and 

administrative aircraft, [$699,000,000]$742,600,000, to remain available until September 30, [2014]2015. 

Note.--A full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the time the budget was 

prepared; therefore, this account is operating under a continuing resolution (P.L. 112-175). The amounts 

included for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing resolution.

PAL-1
FY 2014 PROPOSED APPROPRIATIONS LANGUAGE

EXPLORATION

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, in the conduct and support of exploration research 

and development activities, including research, development, operations, support, and services; 

maintenance and repair, facility planning and design; space flight, spacecraft control, and 

communications activities; program management; personnel and related costs, including uniforms or 

allowances therefor, as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 5901-5902; travel expenses; purchase and hire of 

passenger motor vehicles; and purchase, lease, charter, maintenance, and operation of mission and 

administrative aircraft, [$3,932,800,000]$3,915,500,000, to remain available until September 30, 

[2014]2015. Note.--A full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the time the budget 

was prepared; therefore, this account is operating under a continuing resolution (P.L. 112-175). The 

amounts included for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing resolution.

SPACE OPERATIONS

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, in the conduct and support of space operations 

research and development activities, including research, development, operations, support and services; 

space flight, spacecraft control and communications activities, including operations, production, and 

services; maintenance and repair, facility planning and design; program management; personnel and 

related costs, including uniforms or allowances therefor, as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 5901-5902; travel 

expenses; purchase and hire of passenger motor vehicles; and purchase, lease, charter, maintenance and 

operation of mission and administrative aircraft, [$4,013,200,000]$3,882,900,000, to remain available 

until September 30, [2014]2015. Note.--A full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not enacted 

at the time the budget was prepared; therefore, this account is operating under a continuing resolution 

(P.L. 112-175). The amounts included for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing 

resolution.

EDUCATION

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, in carrying out aerospace and aeronautical education 

research and development activities, including research, development, operations, support, and services; 

planning and interagency coordination of education activities; program management; personnel and 

related costs, including uniforms or allowances therefor, as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 5901-5902; travel 

expenses; purchase and hire of passenger motor vehicles; and purchase, lease, charter, maintenance, and 

operation of mission and administrative aircraft, [$100,000,000]$94,200,000, to remain available until 

September 30, [2014]2015. Note.--A full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the 

time the budget was prepared; therefore, this account is operating under a continuing resolution (P.L. 

112-175). The amounts included for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing 

resolution.

PAL-2
FY 2014 PROPOSED APPROPRIATIONS LANGUAGE

CROSS AGENCY SUPPORT

For necessary expenses, not otherwise provided for, in the conduct and support of science, aeronautics, 

exploration, space operations and education research and development activities, including research, 

development, operations, support, and services; maintenance and repair, facility planning and design; 

space flight, spacecraft control, and communications activities; program management; personnel and 

related costs, including uniforms or allowances therefor, as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 5901-5902; travel 

expenses; purchase and hire of passenger motor vehicles; not to exceed $63,000 for official reception and 

representation expenses; and purchase, lease, charter, maintenance, and operation of mission and 

administrative aircraft, [$2,847,500,000]$2,850,300,000, to remain available until September 30, 

[2014]2015. Note.--A full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the time the budget 

was prepared; therefore, this account is operating under a continuing resolution (P.L. 112-175). The 

amounts included for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing resolution.

CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND RESTORATION

For necessary expenses for construction of facilities including repair, rehabilitation, revitalization, and 

modification of facilities, construction of new facilities and additions to existing facilities, facility 

planning and design, and restoration, and acquisition or condemnation of real property, as authorized by 

law, and environmental compliance and restoration, [$619,200,000]$609,400,000, to remain available 

until September 30, [2018]2019: Provided, That hereafter, notwithstanding section 315 of the National 

Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 ( 51 U.S.C. 20145) and Public Law 112-55, all proceeds from leases 

entered into under that section shall be deposited into this account and shall be available for a period of 5 

years: [Provided further, That such proceeds referred to in the previous proviso shall be available for 

obligation for fiscal year 2013 in an amount not to exceed $3,791,000:] Provided further, That each 

annual budget request shall include an annual estimate of gross receipts and collections and proposed use 

of all funds collected pursuant to section 315 of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 ( 51 

U.S.C. 20145). Note.--A full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the time the 

budget was prepared; therefore, this account is operating under a continuing resolution (P.L. 112-175). 

The amounts included for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing resolution.

OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL

For necessary expenses of the Office of Inspector General in carrying out the Inspector General Act of 

1978, $37,000,000, of which $500,000 shall remain available until September 30, [2014]2015. Note.--A 

full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not enacted at the time the budget was prepared; 

therefore, this account is operating under a continuing resolution (P.L. 112-175). The amounts included 

for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the continuing resolution. 

PAL-3
FY 2014 PROPOSED APPROPRIATIONS LANGUAGE

ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS

Funds for announced prizes otherwise authorized shall remain available, without fiscal year limitation, 

until [the] a prize is claimed or the offer is withdrawn. 

Not to exceed 5 percent of any appropriation made available for the current fiscal year for the National 

Aeronautics and Space Administration in this Act may be transferred between such appropriations, but no 

such appropriation, except as otherwise specifically provided, shall be increased by more than 10 percent 

by any such transfers: Provided, That any funds transferred to "Construction and Environmental 

Compliance and Restoration" for construction activities shall not increase that account by more than 20 

percent: Provided further, That balances so transferred shall be merged with and available for the same 

purposes and the same time period as the appropriations to which transferred : Provided further, That any 

transfer pursuant to this provision shall be treated as a reprogramming of funds under section 505 of this 

Act and shall not be available for obligation except in compliance with the procedures set forth in that 

section. 

Section 30102(c) of title 51 of the United States Code, is amended by striking "and" at the end of 

paragraph (2) and inserting before the period at the end: "; and (4) refunds or rebates received on an ongoing basis from a credit card services provider under the National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration's credit card programs." Note.--A full-year 2013 appropriation for this account was not 

enacted at the time the budget was prepared; therefore, this account is operating under a continuing 

resolution (P.L. 112-175). The amounts included for 2013 reflect the annualized level provided by the 

continuing resolution.

PAL-4
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

21CSLC 21st Century Space Launch Complex

AA Associate Administrator

AA-# Designation of ascent abort test 

AAAC Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee

AAR Airport arrival rate

ACC Accelerometer

ACCESS Advanced Collaborative Connections for Earth System Science

ACE Advanced Colloids Experiment

ACE Advanced Composition Explorer

ACE Aerosol cloud ecosystems

ACES Agency Consolidated End-User Services IT contract

ACRIMSat Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Satellite

ACS Advanced Camera for Surveys (Hubble Space Telescope instrument)

ACSI American Customer Satisfaction Index

ACT Advanced component technology

ACT Atacama Cosmology Telescope

ADA Americans with Disabilities Act

ADAP Astrophysics Data Analysis Program

ADCAR Astrophysics Data Curation and Archival Research program

ADS Astrophysics Data System

ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast

AES Advanced Exploration Systems program

AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research

AFRL Air Force Research Laboratory 

AHP Anti-Harassment Program

AIM Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere

AirMOSS Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface

AIRS Advanced Infrared Sounder

AIST Advanced Information Systems Technology program

AITS Agency Information Technology Services

ALHAT Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology

ALI Advanced Land Imager

AMELIA Advanced Model for Extreme Lift and Improved Aeroacoustics

AMMOS Advanced Multi-Mission Operations System

AMMP Aircraft Maintenance and Modification Program

AMO Agency Management and Operations

AMS Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

AMSR-E Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System

AMSU Advance Microwave Sounding Unit

AO Announcement of Opportunity (type of solicitation)

REF-1
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AOC Airspace Operations Challenge

APG Annual performance goal

APL Applied Physics Laboratory (Johns Hopkins University)

APMC Agency Program Management Council

APP Annual Performance Plan

APPEL Academy of Program/Project and Engineering Leadership

APRET Astrophysics Research and Enabling Technology program (replaces APRA)

APR Annual Performance Report

APRA Astrophysics Research and Analysis

APS Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor

ARC Ames Research Center 

ARCD Aerospace Research and Career Development program

ARED Advanced Resistive Exercise Device

ARMD Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate

ARTEMIS Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s 

Interaction with the Sun

ASAP Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel

ASCENDS Active Sensing of Carbon dioxide Emissions over Nights, Days and Seasons

ASEB Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board of the National Academies

ASP Airspace Systems Program

ASPERA-3 Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms-3

ASM Aeronautics Strategy and Management

ASRG Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator

ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer

ATD Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration

ATI Advanced technology initiatives

ATK Alliant Techsystems Inc.

ATLAS Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System

ATLO Assembly, test, launch operations 

ATMS Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (NPOESS Preparatory Project 

instrument)

ATP Aeronautics Test Program

ATP Astrophysics Theory Program

ATTREX Airborne Tropical Tropopause Experiment

ATV Automated Transfer Vehicle

AU Astronomical units (distance measurement)

AURA Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy

AVIRIS NASA’s Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

AvSP Aviation Safety Program

BA Budget authority

BAA Broad Agency Announcement (type of solicitation)

REF-2
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BARREL Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Losses

BATC Ball Aerospace and Technology Corporation

BCAT Binary Colloidal Alloy Test

BHP Behavioral Health and Performance program

BIRA Belgian Space Agency

BIRD Barrier Infrared Detector

BMAR Back-log maintenance and repair

BPR Baseline Performance Review

BR Budget request

BRIC Biological Research In Canisters

BTA Boilerplate test article

BWB Blended wing body

BWG Beam wave guide

C.F.R Code of Federal Regulations

C.R.. Continuing Resolution

C&DH Command and Data Handline (instrument)

C&T Communications and tracking

C2NOC Consolidated Corporated Network Operations Center

C3S Command, Control, and Communication Segment

CADRe Cost analysis data requirement

CALIOP Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization

CALIPSO Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations

CAP Cross-agency priority goals

CARA California Association for Research in Astronomy 

CARVE Carbon in Arctic Reservoirs Vulnerability Experiment

CAS Cross-Agency Support

CASIS Center for the Advancement of Science in Space

CAST Commercial Aviation Safety Team

CATS Cloud-Aerosol Transport System

CC Centennial Challenges Program

CCAFS Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

CCDev Commercial Crew Development

CCiCap Commercial Crew integrated Capability

CCLC 21st Century Community Learning Centers (Department of Education)

CCMC Community Coordinated Modeling Center

CCP Commercial Crew Program

CCS Cuts, Consolidations, and Savings (volume of the Federal budget)

CCSP Climate Change Science Program 

CDC Centers for Disease Control 

CDR Critical Design Review

REF-3
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CDSCC Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex

CECR Construction and Environmental Compliance and Restoration

CEOS Committee on Earth Observation Satellites

CERES Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System

CESR Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements Mars exploration 

CEVIS Cycle Ergometer with Vibration Isolation and Stabilization

CFD Computational fluid dynamics

CFE Capillary Flow Experiment

CFI Claes-Fornell International Group

CFO Chief Financial Officer

CHeCS Crew Health Systems program

ChemCam Chemistry Camera

CHS Crew Health and Safety program

CIDP Central Instrument Data Processor

CIF Center Innovation Fund program

CINDI Coupled Ion Neutral Dynamics Investigation

CIO Chief Information Officer

CIPAIR Curriculum Improvements Partnership Award for the Integration of Research

CJ Congressional Justification (Budget)

CL Confidence level

CLARREO Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory

CLSRB Current Launch Schedule Review Board

CMAP Center’s Merged Analysis of Precipitation

CMC Ceramic matrix composites

CME Coronal mass ejection

CMO Center Management Operations

CMP Conflict Management Program

CMS Carbon Monitoring System

CNES Centre Nationale D’Etudes Spatiale (French Space Agency) 

CO2 Carbon dioxide

CoCOA Center of Curvature Optical Assembly

CoF Construction of Facilities

CONAE Argentina’s National Committee of Space Activities

CoNNeCT Communications, Navigation, and Networking reConfigurable Test Bed

CoSTEM OSTP interagency Committee on STEM Education

COTS Commercial Orbital Transportation Services

CPC Certification Products Contract

CPS Cryogenic propulsion stage

CPST Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer project

CPT Comprehensive performance test

REF-4
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CPU Computer processing units

CRF Capability reliance framework

CRI Center for Rotorcraft Innovation

CRS Commercial Resupply Services program

CrIS Cross-track Infrared Sounder (NPOESS Preparatory Project instrument)

CRYOSTAT Cryogenic Propellant Storage And Transfer

CSA Canadian Space Agency

CSC Computer Sciences Corporation

CSSP Cyber Security Strategic Plan

CSTD Crosscutting Space Technology Development

CT Crawler Transporter

CTC Chief Technologist Council

CTS Crew Transportation System

CxP Constellation Program

CY Calendar Year 

CYGNSS Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System

CSPE Colorimetric Solid Phase Extraction

D&I Diversity and inclusion

DAAC Distributed Active Archive Centers 

DAEP DSN Aperture Enhancement Project

DAN Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons

DAR Data at Rest (DAR) cybersecurity initiative

DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 

dB Decibel (unit of sound measurement)

DCAA Defense Contract Audit Agency

DCMA Defense Contract Management Agency

DDT&E Design, development, test, and evaluation

DESDynI Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of Ice

DFRC Dryden Flight Research Center

DISCOVERAQDeriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved 

Observations Relevant to Air Quality

DIXI Deep Impact Extended Investigation

DLR Deutches Zentrum für Luft- Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center)

DM Deferred maintenance

DME Development, modernization, and enhancement (of IT investments)

DoD Department of Defense 

DOE Department of Energy 

DOI Department of Interior

DORIS Doppler Orbitography by Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (Ocean Surface 

Topography Mission instrument)

DOT Department of Transportation

REF-5
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

DPMC Directorate Program Management Council

DPR Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (Global Precipitation Measurement instrument)

DR Decommissioning Review

DRS Disturbance Reduction System

DSAC Deep Space Atomic Clock

DSCOVR Deep Space Climate Observatory

DSI Deutsches SOFIA Institut

DSN Deep Space Network 

DSS Deep Space Station

DSS Dual Spacecraft System

DSX Deployable Structures Experiment

DTN Disruption tolerant networking

DWR Dynamic weather rerouting

E/PO Education and public outreach

EAI Excalibur Almaz, Inc.

EAST Enterprise Applications (IT service under I3P)

EC Executive Council

ECLIPSE Environment for Cyber-Learning Integrating Problem Solving Experiences

ECLSS Environmental Control and Life Support System

ECR Environmental Compliance and Restoration

ECT Energetic Particle, Composition and Thermal Plasma 

ED Department of Education

ED NASA Education

EDA Efficient Descent Advisor

EDL Entry, descent, and landing 

EDLT Entry, Descent and Landing Technologies project

EDR Environmental data record

EDSN Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Networks project

EEE Evolution of EOSDIS Elements

EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle

EEO Equal employment opportunities

EEOC U.S. Equal Opportunity Commission

EFB Earth flyby

EFW Electric Field and Waves Instrument

EFT Exploration Flight Test

EGS Exploration Ground Systems program

EHRS Electronic Health Records System

ELC ExPRESS Logistics Carrier

ELV Expendable launch vehicle

ELVIS ELV Integrated Support contract

EM Engineering model

REF-6
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

EM Exploration Mission

EM2 Electronics Box Engineering Model 2

EMCS Energy Management and Control System

EMFISIS Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science

EMTGO ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 

EMU Extravehicular mobility unit

ENSO El Niño–Southern Oscillation

EO Equal opportunity

EO Earth Observing mission series

EONS Education Opportunities in NASA STEM (solicitation)

EOS Earth Observing System

EOSDIS Earth Observing System Data and Information System 

EMC Electromagnetic capability

EMI Electromagnetic interference

EMTGO ExoMars Trace Gas Orbitor

ENA Energetic neutral atom

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

EPOCh Extrasolar Planet Observations and Characterization

EPOXI Extrasolar Planet Observation and Deep Impact Extended Investigation

EPS Electrical power system 

EPS Energy per storm

EPSCoR Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research project

ERA Environmentally Responsible Aviation project

ERD Exploration Research and Development program

EROS Earth Resources and Science Center

ERV Earth Return Vehicle

ES Exploration account

ESA European Space Agency 

ESD Earth Science Division

ESD Enterprise Service Desk (IT service under I3P)

ESD Exploration Systems Development

ESDN Edison Demonstration of Smallsat Network project

ESDR Earth system data records

ESM Earth Systematic Missions

ESMP Earth Systematic Missions Program

ESS Earth Science Subcommittee (of the NASA Advisory Committee)

ESSP Earth System Science Pathfinder program

ESTO Earth Science Technology Office

ESTP Earth Science Technology Program 

ETD Exploration Technology Development program

REF-7
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ETDD Enabling Technology Development and Demonstration

ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus

ETU Engineering Test Unit

eTS (Federal) e-Travel Services, to migrate to a new service provider (eTS2)

EUL Enhanced use lease

EUMETSAT European Meterological Satellite

EUV Extreme ultraviolet variability

EV Earth Venture

EVA Extravehicular activity 

EVE EUV Variability Experiment

EVI Earth (Science) Venture Class Instruments 

EVR Extra-vehicular robotics

EVS Employee Viewpoint Survey

EVM Earth Venture (small) Missions

EVS Earth (Science) Venture Class Sub-orbital projects

EX Explorer Missions

ExEP Exoplanet Exploration Program

EXES Echelon-Cross-Echelle Spectrograph

ExMC Exploration Medical Capability

EXPRESS EXpedite PRocessing of Experiments to the Space Station

FA Fundamental Aeronautics

FAA Federal Aviation Administration 

FAP Fundamental Aeronautics Program

FAR Federal Acquisition Regulation

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FCE Flight crew equipment

FCF Fluids and Combustion Facility (ISS)

FDCCI Federal Data Center Consolidation Initiative

FGM Fluxgate Magnetometer (Thermal Emission Imaging System instrument)

FGS Fine Guidance Sensor

FGS-TF Fine Guidance Sensor - Tunable Filter 

FIFI LS Field Imaging Far-Infrared Line Spectrometer

FINESSE First Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer

FIRST For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology (student robotics 

competition)

FLEX FLame Extinguishment EXperiment

FLITECAM First Light Infrared Test Experiment Camera

FMI Finnish Meteorological Institute

FO Flight Opportunities Program

FO Follow on (to a mission)

FOC Full operational capability

REF-8
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

FOIA Freedom of Information Act

FOR Flight Operations Review

FORCAST Faint Object InfrRed CAmera for the SOFIA Telescope

FPA Focal plane array

FPB Flight Planning Board

FPD Flight Projects Directorate

FPI Fast Plasma Investigation

FRR Flight Readiness Review

FTE Full time equivalency

FUV Far ultraviolet

FY Fiscal year 

GALEX Galaxy Evolution Explorer 

GAO Government Accountability Office

GCD Game Changing Development program

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GE General Electric

GEMS Gravity and Extreme Magnetism

GENIE Guidance Embedded Navigator Integration Environment

GEO Geostationary Earth orbit

GEO-CAPE GEOstationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events

GES DAAC GSFC Earth Science Distributed Active Archive Center

GeV Gigaelectron volt (unit of measurement)

GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences

GHz Gigahertz (unit of measurement)

GLAS Geoscience Laser Altimeter System

GLAST Gamma–ray Large Area Space Telescope (now Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope)

GLOBE Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (education project)

GMI GPM Microwave Imager (Global Precipitation Measurement instrument)

GN&C Guidance and navigation

GNSS Global Navigation and Satellite Systems

GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GPCP Global Precipitation Climatology Project

GPM Global Precipitation Measurement

GPRA Government Performance and Results Act

GPRA-MA Government Performance and Results Act Modernization Act of 2010.

GPS Global Positioning System 

GRACE Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment

GRAIL Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory

GRC Glenn Research Center

GRC-PBS Glenn Research Center–Plum Brook Station

REF-9
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

GREAT German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz

GRGT Guam Remote Ground Terminal

GRIP Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes

GSDO Ground Systems Development and Operations

GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center 

GTA Ground test article

GUSSTO Galactic/Xgalactic Ultra long duration balloon Spectroscopic Stratospheric THz 

Observatory

GWAC Government wide acquisition Contracts

H.R. House of Representatives (bill)

HASP High Altitude Student Platform

HAVT Hypersonic air-breathing vehicle technologies

HAWC High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera

HB High bay

HBCU Historically Black Colleges and Universities

HCPA Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer

HEC Human Exploration Capability (former theme in Exploration)

HECC High End Computing Capability

HEO Human Exploration and Operations

HEOMD Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate

HEPS High Efficiency Power Supply (MAVEN)

HET Human Exploration Telerobotics

HgCdTe Mercury-Cadmium-Telluride (type of array used in many instruments)

HH&P Human Health & Performance

HHC Health and Human Countermeasures

HIAD Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator

HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

HIPO High-speed Imaging Photometer for Occultation

HIRDLS High Resolution Dynamic Limb Sounder

HIRES High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer

HIRS High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder

HIS Heavy Ion Sensor

HiTL Human-in-the-loop 

HiVHAc High Voltage Hall Accelerator

HLV Heavy lift vehicle

HOPE Hands-on Project Experience

HP3 Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package

HPIW High pressure industrial water

HPPG High priority performance goal

HQ NASA Headquarters 

REF-10
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

HRJ Hydro-treated Renewable Jet fuel

HRP Human Research Program

HSF Human Space Flight program

HSFO Human Space Flight Operations program

HSI Hispanic Serving Institution

HSPD Homeland Security Presidential Directive

HST Hubble Space Telescope 

HTV H-II Transfer Vehicle

HVAC Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning

HWB Hybrid wing body

HyspIRI Hyperspectral Infrared Imager

I&T Integration and test

I3P Information Technology Infrastructure Integration Program

IAA International Academy of Astronautics

IACP Industrial Area Chiller Plant

IASI Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer

IBEX Interstellar Boundary Explorer

IBPD Integrated Budget and Performance Document

ICA Innovative Concepts for Aviation

IceBridge NASA Science Airborne mission

ICD Interface Control Documentation

ICESat Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite

ICESCAPE Impacts of Climate change on the Eco-Systems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific 

Environment

ICPS Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage

ICRP Independent Comprehensive Review Panel

IDEA Integrated Design and Engineering Analysis software

IDIQ Indefinite date/indefinite quantity contract type

IDPS Interface Data Processing Segment

IE Innovations in Education (NASA, Education)

IG Inspector General

IHMC Institute for Human and Machine Cognition

IIP Instrument Incubator project

IIR Imaging Infrared Radiometer

ILN International Lunar Network

INPE Brazilian Institute for Space Research

InSight Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport

INSPIRE Interdisciplinary National Science Project Incorporating Research and Education 

Experience (education project)

INTA Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aerospacial

INTEGRAL International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory

REF-11
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

IOC Initial operational capability

IOM Institute of Medicine

IPWG Interagency Partnerships Working Group

IPAC Infrared Processing and Analysis Center

IPAO Independent Program Assessment Office 

IPCC International Panel on Climate Change

IPO Integrated Program Office

IPP Innovative Partnerships Program

IPWG Interagency Partnerships Working Group

IR Infrared

IRAC Integrated Resilient Aircraft Controls

IRIS Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph

IRR Investigation Readiness Reviews

IRSA NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive

IRT Independent review team 

IRVE Inflatable Reentry Vehicle Experiment

ISAS Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

ISIM Integrated Science Instrument Module

ISO International Organization for Standardization (management standard)

ISP In space propulsion

ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation

ISRP Integrated Systems Research Program

ISRU In-situ resource utilization

ISS International Space Station 

ISSMP International Space Station Medical Project

ISTP International Solar Terrestrial Physics program 

iSWA Integrated Space Weather Analysis system

IT Information technology

ITIL Information Technology Infrastructure Library

ITT ITT Exelis Corp.

IUVS Imaging UltraViolet Spectrometer

IV Intravenous

IV&V Independent verification and validation 

IXO International X-ray Observatory

J-2X Upper Stage Engine (Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, Inc)

JADE Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment

JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

JCL Joint confidence level (cost and schedule) 

JDEM Joint Dark Energy Mission

JEDI Jupiter Energetic particle Detector Instrument

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Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

JHU John Hopkins University 

JHU-APL Johns Hopkins University–Applied Physics Laboratory

JOI Jupiter orbit insertion

JPDO Joint Planning and Development Office

JPFP Jenkins Pre-Doctoral Fellowship Project

JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory

JPSS Joint Polar Satellite System

JSC Johnson Space Center

JRPA Joint Robotic Precursor Activities project

JUICE Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer

JWST James Webb Space Telescope

$K Dollars in thousands

K-12 Elementary and secondary (education)

KDC Kennedy Data Center 

KDP Key Decision Point (review)

Kg Kilogram (unit of measurement)

KHz Kilohertz (unit of measurement)

KI Keck Interferometer

KSA Keck Single Aperture

KSC Kennedy Space Center

KuPR K-band precipitation radar

L2 Second Sun-Earth libration, or Lagrange point

L3 L-3 Communications Corporation 

LADEE Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer

LANCE Land Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS

LaRC Langley Research Center

LASCO Large Angle and Spectrometic Coronagraph

LASER Lunar Advanced Science and Exploration Research

LASP Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (University of Colorado, Boulder)

LBT Large Binocular Telescope 

LBTI Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer 

LC Launch complex

LCAS Low-cost access to space

LCC Launch Control Center

LCC Life cycle cost

LCCE Life cycle cost estimate

LCPSO Land Cover Project Science Office

LCRD Laser Communications Relay Demonstration

LDEX Lunar Dust EXperiment

LDCM Landsat Data Continuity Mission

LDSD Low Density Supersonic Decelerators

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Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

LDT Long duration test

LEED Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (building efficiency designation)

LEO Low Earth orbit

LH2 Liquid Hydrogen

LIO Low Inclination Observatory

LISA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna 

LL Lincoln Laboratory

LLC Limited liability company

LLCD Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration

LM Lockheed Martin

LoB Line of business

LOX Liquid Oxygen

LPW Lunamuir Probe and Waves

LQP Lunar Quest Program

LRD Launch Readiness Date

LRO Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

LRR Launch Readiness Review

LSAH Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health

LSM Land Surface Model

LSP Launch Services Program

LTO LTO NOx subsonic

LV Launch vehicle

LVC Live, virtual, constructive (description of software)

LVC-DE Live Virtual Constructive-Distributive Environment (description of software)

LWS Living with a Star 

$M Dollars in millions

M.S. Master of Science

M3 Moon Mineralogy Mapper

MA Multiple access

MACPEX Mid-latitude Airborne Cirrus Properties Experiment 

MAF Michoud Assembly Facility (NASA, managed by MSFC)

MagEIS Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer instruments

MAGNET Manufacturing Advocacy and Growth Network

MARSIS Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding

MAV Mars Assent Vehicle

MAVEN Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN 

HAZMAT Hazardous materials

MCR Mission Concept Review 

MD Mission directorate

MDR Mission Definition Review

REF-14
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

MDSA Multi-sensor Data Synergy Advisor

MEaSUREs Making Earth System data records for Use in Research Environments

MEDLI Mars Science Laboratory Entry, Descent, and Landing Instrument

MER Mars Exploration Rover

MERRA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis For Research And Applications

MESSENGER Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging

METI Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry (Japan)

MEX Mars Express

MI Minority serving institutions

MIB Mishap Investigation Board

MICINN Spanish Space Agency

MIDAS-FAST Machine Integration Design and Analysis System–Function Allocation Simulation 

Tool

MIDEX Medium-Class Explorer 

MIRI Mid-Infrared Instrument (James Webb Space Telescope instrument)

MISSE-X Materials International Space Station Experiment-X

MISR Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

MLM Multipurpose Laboratory Module

MLS Microwave Limb Sounder

MMEEV Multi-Mission Earth Entry Vehicle

MMO Mars Mission Operations

MMOD Micrometeoroid and orbital debris

MMRTG Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator

MMS Magnetospheric Multiscale 

MMSEV Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle

MO Missions of Opportunity (solicitation)

MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

MOE Mission Operations Element

MOMA Mars Organics Molecule Analyzer

MOPITT Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere

MOR Mission Operations Review

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MPAR Major Program Annual Report

MPCV Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, called Orion MPCV

MPLM Multi-Purpose Logistics Module

MPPF Multi-Payload Processing Facility

MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRO Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 

MRR Mission requirement request

REF-15
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

MSA MUREP Small Activities

MSC Mission Support Council

MSFC Marshall Space Flight Center

MSG Microgravity Science Glovebox

MSI Minority serving institution

MSL Mars Science Laboratory 

MSP MUREP Small Projects

MUREP Minority University Research and Education Project

MUSS Multi-User Systems and Support 

MUST Motivating Undergraduates in Science and Technology (education project)

MWI Microwave Instrument

MWR Microwave Radiometer

N+3 Three generations beyond the current state-of-the-art (generation N)

N/A Not applicable

NAC NASA Advisory Committee 

NACA National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics

NAR Non-Advocacy Review

NARL Native American Research Laboratories

NAS National Airspace System 

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASDA National Space Development Agency of Japan 

NCAS NASA Contract Assurance Services

NC2MS NICS Consolidated Configuration Management System

NCI National Cancer Institute (National Institutes of Health)

NCMS NICS Configuration Management System

NEA Near-Earth asteroid

NEACC NASA Enterprise Applications Competency Center

NEBULA NASA's Cloud Computing Platform

NED NASA Extragalactic Database

NEEMO NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations

NEN Near Earth Network

NEO Near-Earth object

NEOO Near-Earth Object Observations program

NEOWISE Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NES NASA Explorer Schools (education project)

NESC NASA Engineering and Safety Center

NESSF NASA Earth System Science Fellowships

NETS NASA Educational Technology Services (education project)

NextGen Next Generation Air Transportation System

REF-16
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

NEXT NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster

NExScI NASA Exoplanet Science Institute

NF New Frontiers Future Missions solicitation

NFS National Forest System

NGAS Northrup Grumman Aerospace Systems

NGIMS Neutral Gas and Ion Mass Spectrometer

NGO Non-governmental organization

NGST Northrop Grumman Space Technology

NH Northern hemisphere

NIAC NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts

NICE NASA Innovations in Climate Education (education project)

NICER Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR

NICS NASA Information Configuration Services

NICSNetworkingCommunications (IT service under I3P)

NIH National Institute for Health

NIP New Investigator Program

NIR Near-infrared

NIRCam Near-Infrared Camera

NIRSpec Near-Infrared Spectrometer

NISN NASA Integrated Services Network

NISP Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NISTAR National Institute of Standards and Technology Advanced Radiometer

NIVR Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs

NLR National Aerospace Laboratory of the Netherlands

NLS NASA Launch Services contract

NLSI NASA Lunar Science Institute

NMS Neutral Mass Spectrometer

NMSU New Mexico State University

NNMI National Network of Manufacturing Innovation

NO Nitric oxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

NOx Nitrogen oxide

NPAT National Partnership for Aeronautic alTesting

NPD NASA Policy Directive

NPO Non-profit organization

NPOESS National Polar–orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System 

NPP Suomi National Polar orbiting Partnership (new name for NPOESS)

REF-17
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

NPR NASA Procedural Requirement 

NPS National Park Service

NRA NASA Research Announcement (solicitation type)

NRC National Research Council 

NRCC National Research Council Canada

NRL Naval Research Laboratory

NRO National Reconnaissance Office

NRPTA National Rocket Propulsion Test Alliance

NSBRI National Space Biomedical Research Institute

NSC NASA Safety Center

NSF National Science Foundation 

NSPD National Space Policy Directive

NSSC NASA Shared Services Center 

NSSDC National Space Science Data Center

NSTC National Science and Technology Council

NSTI-MI NASA Science and Technology Institute for Minority Institutions (education project)

NSWPC National Space Weather Program Council 

NTC NASA technical capabilities

NTDC NASA Technical Capabilities Database

NTEC NASA Technology Executive Council

NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

NuSTAR Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array

NUV Near ultraviolet 

NWP Numerical weather prediction

NWS National Weather Service

O2 Oxygen

O&C Operations and Checkout Facility

OA Office of Audits (in Office of Inspector General)

OCAMS OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite

OCE Office of the Chief Engineer

OCFO Office of Chief Financial Officer

OCHMO Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer

OCIO Office of Chief Information Officer

OCO Orbiting Carbon Observatory 

OCT Office of the Chief Technologist

ODEO Office of Diversity and Equal Opportunity

OGC Office of General Counsel

OH Hydroxide ion, a proxy for water on Mars

OHCM Office of Human Capital Management

REF-18
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

OI Office of Investigations (in Office of Inspector General)

OIG Office of Inspector General 

OIIR Office of International and Interagency Relations

OLA OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter

OLI Operational Land Imager (Landsat Data Continuity Mission instrument)

OLS Operational Linescan System

OMB Office of Management and Budget 

OMC Operations Management Council

OM&DA Other Mission and Data Analysis project

OMEGA Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae

OMI Ozone Monitoring Instrument

OMPS Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (NPOESS Preparatory Project instrument)

ONERA Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales

OORT Operations Optimization Review Team

OPF Orbital Processing Facility

OPM Office of Personnel Management

ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory

ORD Operational Readiness Date

ORR Operations Readiness Review

OSC Orbital Sciences Corporation

OSCAT Indian Space Agency's scatterometer instrument

OSHA Occupational and Safety and Health Administration

OSI Office of Strategic Infrastructure

OSIRIS-REx Origins-Spectral Interpretation-Resource Identification-Security-Regolith Explorer

OSMA Office of Safety and Mission Assurance

OSP Orbital/Suborbital Program (of the US Air Force) 

OSSI One Stop Shopping Initiative for NASA Internships, Fellowships, and Scholarships

(education)

OSTM Ocean Surface Topography Mission

OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy

OSTST Ocean Surface Topography Science Team 

OTE Optical Telescope Element

OTES OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer

OTIS Optical Telescope Element/ Integrated Science Module 

OVIRS OSIRIS-REx Visible and Infrared Spectrometer

OVWST Ocean Vector Winds Science Team

P.L. Public law

P&F Particles and fields

PACE Pre-Aerosols, Carbon and Ecosystems

Pan-STARRS USAF Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Reporting System

REF-19
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

PAR Performance and Accountability Report

PAR Program Acceptance Review

PARASOL Polarization & Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with 

Observations from a Lidar

PART Program Assessment Rating Tool 

PB President’s Budget

PBR President’s Budget Request

PBS President’s Budget Submit 

PCA Physicians’ Comparability Allowance

PCAD Propulsion Cryogenics Advanced Development

PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCOS Physics of the Cosmos program

PDR Preliminary Design Review 

PDRC Precision departure release capability

PDS Planetary Data System

PECASE Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers

PER Pre-Environmental Review

Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy

PI Principal investigator 

PICS Partnerships, Innovation and Commercial Space

PIP Payload Interface Processor

PIR Program Implementation Review

PIV Personal Identification Verification

PLAR Post Launch Assessment Review

PLSS Portable life support system

PMA President's Management Agenda

PMC Program Management Council

PNAR Preliminary Non-Advocate Review

PNT Positioning, navigation, and timing

POES Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites

POLDER POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances

POWER Protecting Our Workers and Ensuring Reemployment (national initiative)

PPS Precipitation Processing System

PR Precipitation radar

PRSEUS Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure

PSBR Proton Spectrometer Belt Research

PSC Polar Stratospheric Cloud

PSD Planetary Science Division

PSL Propulsion Systems Laboratory

Pu-238 Plutonium isotope used as a heat source in radioisotope thermoelectric generators

PVTCS Photovoltaic Thermal Control System

REF-20
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

PWC Price Waterhouse Coopers

PWR Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne

Q, or QTR Quarter

QM Qualification motor

QuikSCAT Quick SCATerometer

R&A Research and analysis

R&D Research and development

R2 Robonaut 2

RAD Radiation Assessment Detector

RAP Robotics Alliance Project (education)

RATS Desert Research and Technology Studies

RBA Reflector Boom Assembly

RBSP Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission, now called Van Allen Probes

RBSPICE Radiation Belt Science of Protons, Ions, Composition, and Electrons

RCA Rapid cycle amine

READI Real-time Earthquake Analysis for Disaster Mitigation

RELM Regional earthquake likelihood models

RESOLVE Regolith & Environment Science and Oxygen & Lunar Volatile Extraction

REU Research Experience for Undergraduates (education)

RF Radio frequency

RFI Request for information

RFP Request for proposal

RHESSI Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager 

RISE Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment

RMP Risk Mitigation Phase

Roscosmos Russian Federal Space Agency

ROSES Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Science (solicitation type in Science)

RPS Radioisotope Power System

RPS Relativistic Proton Spectrometer

RpK Rocketplane-Kistler

RPT Rocket Propulsion Test program

RR Readiness Review

RS-25d Core stage engine (Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, Inc)

RS Russian Segment

RSAS Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems

RSDO Rapid Spacecraft Development Office

RSP Research Scanning Polarimeter

RSRB Reusable Solid Rocket Booster

RSRM Reusable Solid Rocket Motor 

RTAX A field programmable gate array on RSBP

REF-21
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

RTEMS Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems

RTMM Real Time Mission Monitor

RTT Research transition teams

RVT Reference vehicle design

RWA Reaction wheel assemblies

RXTE Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer

S. Senate (bill)

S/A Solar array

S&M Structures and Mechanisms

S&MA Safety and Mission Assurance 

S, R and Q Safety, reliability, and quality

SA Single access

SA/SPaH Sample Acquisition, Processing, and Handling (drill for MSL)

SAA Space Act Agreement

SAC-D Satellite de Aplicaciones Cientificas–D (Argentina)

SADA Solar Array Drive Assembly

SAGE Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment 

SALMON Stand Alone Missions of Opportunity (solicitation type)

SAM Sample Analysis at Mars

SAM Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement

SAO Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory

SAP NASA’s core financial system

SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar 

SAS Solar Aspect System

SAT Strategic Astrophysics Technology program

SAU Strategic airspace usage 

SBC Single board computer

SBIR Small Business Innovative Research 

SBRS Santa Barbara Remote Sensing (Division of Raytheon)

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

SCAMP Supersonics Caustic Analysis and Measurement Program

SCaN Space Communications and Navigation program

SCAP Shared Capability Assets Program

SCEM "The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon," NRC Planetary Science report

SCNS Space Communications Network Services

SDO Solar Dynamics Observatory 

SDP Spin-plane Double Probe

SDR System Definition Review

SE&I System engineering and integration

SEA STEM Education and Accountability program

REF-22
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

SEAC4RS Southeast Asia Composition, Cloud, Climate Coupling Regional Study

SEAO STEM Education and Accountability Project

SeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor 

SEIS Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure

SEMAA Science Engineering Mathematics Aerospace Academy

SEP Solar energetic particles

SEP Solar electric propulsion

SERENA Search for Esospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances

SES Senior Executive Service

SET Space Environment Testbeds

SETAG Space Environment Test Alliance Group

SEWP Solutions for Enterprise-Wide Procurement (Government-wide acquisition contract)

SFCO Space Flight Crew Operations

SFS Space and Flight Support 

SFW Subsonic fixed wing

SGSS Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment

SH Southern hemisphere

SGLT Space-to-Ground Link Terminals

SGSS Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment

SFEM Suborbital Flight Environment Monitor

SI Strategic Integration

SIAD Supersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerator

SIM Space Interferometry Mission

SIR System Integration Review

SKG Strategic knowledge gap

SKILL Scientific Knowledge for Indian Learning and Leadership (education project)

SLICE Structure and Liftoff In Combustion Experiment

SLPSRA Space, Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications

SLPSRAD Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications Division

SLS Space Launch System

SMA Safety and Mission Assurance

SMAP Soil Moisture Active/Passive

SMART-OP Stress Management And Resilience Training for Optimal Performance (on long 

duration missions)

SMC Strategic Management Council

SMC/TEL Space and Mission Command/Test and Evaluation Directorate

SMD Science Mission Directorate

SMEX Small Explorer 

SMS Safety and Mission Success

SN Space Network

REF-23
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

SNC Sierra Nevada Corporation

SNGG Space Network Ground Segment Sustainment

SoI Summer of Innovation (education project)

SOC Security Operations Center

SOC Solar Orbiter Collaboration

SOFIA Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy 

SOHO Solar Heliospheric Observer 

Sol Martian day

SoloHI Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager

SORCE Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment 

SOST Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology

SpaceX Space Exploration and Technology Corp.

SPARC Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate

SPF Space Power Facility

SPHERES Synchronized Position Hold, Engage, Reorient, Experimental Satellites

SPOC Space Program Operations Contract

SPoRT Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center

SPP Solar Probe Plus

SR Senior Review

SR Space radiation

SR&T Supporting research and technology

SRB Senior Review Board

SRB Standing Review Board

SRC Sample Return Capsule

SRG Stirling Radioisotope Generator

SRM Solid rocket motor

SRR System Requirement Review 

SRW Subsonic rotary wing

SSPF Space Station Processing Facility

SSC Stennis Space Center 

SSD Solar Sail Demonstration

SSL Space Sciences Laboratory

SSME Space Shuttle Main Engines 

SSP Space Shuttle Program 

SSS Sea surface salinity

SST Small Spacecraft Technology Program

SSTIP Strategic Space Technology Investment Plan

ST Space Technology

ST7 Space Technology 7 mission

STD Standard technical design

REF-24
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (a discipline of education)

STEREO Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory 

STI Scientific and technical information

STP Solar Terrestrial Probes

STP Space Technology Program

STRG Space Technology Research Grants Program

STS Space Transportation System 

STScI Space Telescope Science Institute 

STTR Small Business Technology Transfer Program 

Suomi NPP Suomi National Polar orbiting Partnership, formerly the NPOESS Preparatory 

Project or NPP

SWEA Solar Wind Electron Analyzer

SWIA Solar Wind Ion Analyzer

SWIR Short wave infrared

SWORDS Soldier-Warfighter Operationally Responsive Deployer for Space project

SWOT Surface Water and Ocean Topography

SwRI Southwest Research Institute 

SXS High-Resolution Soft X-Ray Spectrometer

T&R Transition and retirement (space shuttle activity)

TAT Test Assessment Team (JWST)

TBD To be determined

TCS Thermal systems

TCU Tribal colleges and universities

TCUP Tribal Colleges and Universities Project

TDEM Technology Development for Exoplanet Missions

TDM Technology Demonstration Mission

TDRS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

TDRSS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

TEMPO Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution

TES Transform Spectrometer

TESS Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

TES Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer

THEMIS Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms 

TIC Trusted Internet connections

TIM Total Irradiance Monitor

TIMED Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics 

TIMS Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner

TIRS Thermal Infrared Sensor 

TMI TRMM Microwave Imager

TOF Time of flight

REF-25
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

TOPS Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System

TPS Thermal Protection System

TRACE Transition Region and Coronal Explorer

TRL Technology readiness level 

TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 

TSDIS TRMM Science Data and Information System

TSI Total solar irradiance 

TSIS Total Solar Irradiance Sensor

TT&C Tracking telemetry and command (flight)

T-TSAFE Terminal-Tactical Separation Assured Flight Environment

TWINS Two Wide–angle Imaging Neutral–atom Spectrometers 

TXR Targeted x-ray

U.K. United Kingdom

U.S. United States

U.S.C. United States Code

UA Utility Annex (at KSC)

UAS Unmanned Aircraft Systems

UAV Unmanned aerial vehicle

UAVSAR Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar

UCLA University of California at Los Angeles

UCT Universal coordinated time

UHB Ultra high bypass

UHF Ultra high frequency

ULA United Launch Alliance

ULS United Launch Services

URC University Research Centers

USA United Space Alliance

USAF United States Air Force 

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development

USDA United States Department of Agriculture 

USE Upper Stage Engine

USFWS US Fish and Wildlife Service

USGBC U.S. Green Building Council

USGCRP U.S. Global Change Research Program

USGS United States Geological Survey 

USGS-EDC United States Geological Survey EROS Data Center

USOS U.S. On-orbit Segment (ISS)

USPI U.S. Participating Investigators (Explorer)

USR Undergraduate student research

USRA Universities Space Research Association 

REF-26
Reference

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

UV Ultraviolet

UVS UV spectrometer

V&V Verification and validation

VAB Vehicle Assembly Building

VAFB Vandenberg Air Force Base

VAO Virtual Astronomical Observatory

VCL Vegetation Canopy Lidar

VGA Venus Gravity Assist

VIIP Visual Impairment/Intra-cranial Pressure (VIIP) Syndrome

VIIRS Visible-Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (Suomi NPP instrument)

VIPR Vehicle Integrated Propulsion Research

VIS Visible Instrument

VLC Vertical Lift Consortium

VLRS Vehicle-Level Reasoning System

VOR Variable Oxygen Regulator

W-TPS Woven Thermal Protection System

WCF Working Capital Fund

WCRP World Climate Research Programme

WEST Web services (IT service under I3P)

WFC Wide Field Camera

WFF Wallops Flight Facility (NASA, managed by GSFC)

WFIRST Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope

WIMP Weakly interacting massive particle

WISE Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer

WMAP Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

WMS Web Mapping Service

WRP Wide Range Pump

WRF-Chem Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry

WSC White Sands Complex

WSPR Waveform and Sonic Boom Perception and Response

WSTF White Sands Test Facility, (NASA, managed by JSC)

XCVR Transceiver

XMM X-ray Multi-mirror Mission (Newton Observatory)

XPI X-ray Polarimeter Instrument

REF-27