NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

Relevant Technical 

Requirements

Vehicle Hatches

OCHMO-TB-028

Rev B

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2, Rev D

[V2 4102] Functional Anthropometric 

Accommodation

[V2 4104] Crew Operational Loads

[V2 4105] Withstand Crew Loads

[V2 6012] Crew Health Environmental Limits

[V2 6020] Atmospheric Data Recording

[V2 8014] Emergency Escape Paths

[V2 8022] Hatches and Door Operation 

Without Tools

[V2 8023] Unlatching Hatches

[V2 8024] Hatch and Door Operating Times

[V2 8025] Hatch and Door Operating Force

[V2 8027] Hatchway Size and Shape

[V2 8028] Pressure Equalization across the 

Hatch

[V2 8029] Visibility across the Hatch

[V2 8030] Hatch, Hatch Cover and Door 

Interference

[V2 8031] Hatch Closure and Latching Status 

Indication

[V2 8032] Hatch Pressure Indication

[V2 8040] Mobility Aid for Assisted Ingress 

and Egress

[V2 8041] Unassisted Ingress, Egress, and 

Escape Mobility Aids

[V2 8043] Window Provisioning

[V2 8045] Window Optical Properties 

[V2 8053] Emergency Lighting

[V2 12006] Volume Accommodation

Executive Summary

Hatch: An opening with an operable, sealable 

cover that ensures the isolation of adjoining

environments and allows passage of people 

and cargo/equipment from one environment 

to the other. A hatch is composed of two 

components: a hatchway (the opening itself) 

and a hatch cover (the piece that closes the 

hatchway). A pressure hatch is one in which 

the atmosphere on one side of the hatch can 

be different from that on the opposite side of 

the hatch when the hatch cover is closed. 
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Background

Capsule Hatch Types

11/29/2023

Rev B 2

Side hatches are used for vehicle ingress, 

egress in nominal/land landings, and egress 

for water landings in low sea state

Overhead hatch is 

used to transfer 

into vehicle postdocking (e.g., 

Gateway), or as 

alternate egress 

path post-landing 

such as water 

landing with high 

sea states

Side Hatch

Overhead (Docking) Hatch

Astronaut training for water egress

Boeing Starliner/Atlas V Launch Complex

Side hatch access for crew ingress from Launch 

Pad White Room

Orion Capsule
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Background

ISS Hatch Placement

3

1. United States Orbital Segment (USOS) 

Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) hatch 

connects all USOS modules.

2. Androgynous Peripheral Attach System 

(APAS) hatch connects Pressurized Mating 

adapter (PMA) to USOS or Russian module 

and are also used for US Commercial 

Vehicles.

3. The Vestibule refers to the volume 

between hatches where two modules (or a 

module and a vehicle or two vehicles) are 

connected. The vestibule must be 

pressurized prior to crew members opening 

the hatches. 

View through Lab forward Node 2 (N2) aft hatches 

looking forward. Note N2 forward hatch and PMA-2 

visible in center of image.

SpaceX Dragon docked to PMA. Crew translates through 

Dragon overhead hatch and PMA APAS hatch into ISS.

Node longitudinal hatch (USOS type). Radial 

hatches visible around circumference.

11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Background

4

ISS Hatch Specifications associated with NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2, Revision D

[V2 8024] Hatch Cover and Door Operating Times For nominal operations, hatches and doors shall be 

operable by a single crewmember in no more than 60 seconds, from both sides of the hatch. 

[V2 4104] Crew Operational Loads The system shall be operable by crew during all phases of flight, 

including prelaunch, ascent, orbit, entry, and postlanding, with the lowest anticipated strength as defined in 

E, Physical Characteristics and Capabilities, Section E.7.

[V2 4102] Functional Anthropometric Accommodation The system shall ensure the range of potential 

crewmembers can fit, reach, view, and operate the human systems interfaces by accommodating 

crewmembers with the anthropometric dimensions and ranges of motion as defined in data sets in 

Appendix E, Physical Characteristics and Capabilities, Sections E.2 and E.3. 

[V2 8025] Hatch Cover and Door Operating Force The forces required to operate each crew interface for 

the hatch covers and doors shall be within the crewmember strength defined by requirement [V2 4104] 

Crew Operational Loads for the worst-case pressure differential and anticipated encumbering equipment 

and clothing. 

[V2 8022] Hatches, Hatch Covers, and Door Operation without Tools Hatches, hatch covers, and doors 

shall be operable on either side by a single crewmember without the use of tools in expected gravity 

conditions, orientations, suit configurations, and operational configurations. 

[V2 8023] Unlatching Hatch Covers Hatch shall require two distinct and sequential operations to unlatch.

[V2 8029] Visibility across the Hatch The system shall provide a window for direct, non-electronic visual 

observation of the environment on the opposite side of the hatch.

[V2 8028] Pressure Equalization across the Hatch Each side of each hatch shall have manual pressure 

equalization capability with its opposite side, achievable from that side of the pressure hatch by a suited or 

unsuited crewmember.

11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Background

5

ISS Hatch Opening Procedure

ISS Hatch Opening ISS Hatch Assembly

• Prior to opening a hatch, crew views through window to ensure no hazardous conditions are present.

• The crew must equalize pressure by opening the Manual Pressure Equalization Valve (MPEV).

• [V2 8028] Pressure Equalization across the Hatch Each side of each hatch shall have manual pressure 

equalization capability with its opposite side, achievable from that side of the pressure hatch by a 

suited or unsuited crewmember. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D 

• The Crank Assembly actuates the latch drive mechanism which seats and unseats the hatch on the 

bulkhead and pre-loads hatch seals.

• [V2 8032] Pressure hatches shall indicate, viewable from both sides of the hatch, pressure differential 

across the hatch. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D 

• Once pressure is confirmed the crank handle is pulled upright and put in engaged position.

• The crew opens hatch by turning crank counterclockwise on the IVA side or clockwise on the EVA side 

of hatch.

• [V2 4105] Withstand Crew Loads Strength data developed in accordance with section 4.1, Physical 

Data Sets, in NASA-STD-3001, Volume 2 shall be applied to the design of all elements of the system, 

hardware, and equipment with which the crew interfaces to ensure that crew tasks can be efficiently 

and effectively performed without injury to the crew and that hardware can be used by all 

crewmembers within the upper and lower ranges of anticipated strength without sustaining damage. 

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D

• The crew selects unlatch on hatch crank handle and turns crank to release latch from bulkhead.

• The crank is moved to the stowed position prior to opening the hatch in order to avoid potential 

mechanical interference as the hatch is opened. 

• The hatch is physically opened, and the hatch door is moved to stowed position.

11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Background

6

Hatch Windows

The hatch window is designed to:

• Provide the crew with a view through the hatch and ability to see conditions present on the other side of 

the hatch.

• Protect crew from harmful ultraviolet and infrared radiation, environmental degradation, and debris hits.

• [V2 8029] Visibility across the Hatch The hatch window assembly is required to provide the crew with 

direct, non-electronic visual observation of the environment on the opposite side of the hatch. NASASTD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D

• Hatch window composition varies with different vehicles. All hatch windows must address needs of 

strength (being able to withstand pressure and vacuum environments), thermal environments, and 

debris protection while providing optical properties sufficient for crew viewing and high-resolution 

imagery if needed. 

• ISS hatch windows consist of two pressure panes of glass which meet all hatch window requirements but 

have increased risk of structural and degradation issues as well as increased weight and cost when 

compared to some newer window alternatives. 

• The Orion hatch windows are designed with multiple panes consisting of glass and acrylic which provide 

strength and clarity of view, while avoiding degradation and structure issues of entirely glass windows. 

The acrylic panes also decrease weight and associated costs.

• [V2 8045] Window Optical Properties System windows shall have optical properties commensurate with 

their tasking in accordance with 66320 Optical Property Requirements for Glasses, Ceramics, and plastics 

in Spacecraft Window Systems. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D 

Astronaut James Dutton looking through ISS hatch window Orion Hatch Window Testing

Hatch Window Reference Documents:

• JSC 65828 Rev. B, change 1 Structural Design Requirements And Factors of Safety For Spaceflight Hardware. 

• JSC 66320 Optical Property Requirements For Glasses, Ceramics, and Plastics in Spacecraft Window Systems. 

• NASA-STD-5018, Strength Design and Verification Criteria for Glass, Ceramics and Windows in Human Space Flight 

Applications.

11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Background

7

Pressure Equalization Valves

Positive Pressure Equalization Valve (PPEV)

• The PPEV is designed to regulate pressure during launch and limit the pressure differential across a 

module during transit to orbit.

• The PPEV drives the hatch closed while the Negative Pressure Relief Valve (NPRV) protects against 

overpressure that can push the hatch open. 

• The PPEV is located inside the module and allows cabin air to exit in the event of over pressurization.

• When the pressure drops back to the acceptable level then the PPEV closes, maintaining the contents 

of the environment. The PPEV also allows sampling of the module atmosphere prior to change out. 

• The PPEV will be mounted to the hatch until the module is mated, at which time a manual pressure 

equalization valve will replace it. 

• [V2 8028] Pressure Equalization across the Hatch Each side of each hatch shall have manual pressure 

equalization capability with its opposite side, achievable from that side of the pressure hatch by a 

suited or unsuited crewmember. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D 

Positive Pressure 

Equalization Valve

Manual Pressure Equalization Valve

Manual Pressure 

Equalization Valve

Manual Pressure Equalization Valve (MPEV) 

• Allows air from either side of the hatch to mix with air on the other side, thus equalizing the pressure 

on both sides. This ensures that the hatch can be safely opened. 

• Allows manual sampling of the air on the other side of the hatch to ensure that it is pure enough for 

human occupancy, especially after a contingency contamination scenario.

• Assists with monitoring and proper depress of the vestibule area.

• [V2 8032] Hatch Pressure Indication Pressure hatches shall indicate, viewable from both sides of the 

hatch, pressure differential across the hatch. NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D 

Operational Note – When the hatch is closed against a vacuum for a length of time, the space between 

the seal beads can bleed down to the vacuum. This can make it more difficult for the crew to open the 

hatch after opening the MPEV, as the MPEV on ISS does not vent the interstitial cavity between beads. 

The Orion hatch MPEV was modified to vent this volume when the MPEV is opened. 

11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Hatch Mishaps

Mercury Liberty Bell 7 (07/21/1961) 

Gus Grissom

8

• The Mercury Liberty Bell 7 flew the second crewed 

suborbital flight.

• It was designed with a new explosive hatch release 

that would allow an astronaut to exit the spacecraft 

quickly in the event of an emergency.

• Emergency personnel could also trigger the explosive 

hatch from outside the spacecraft by pulling on an 

external lanyard. 

• The flight went smoothly, but after splashdown the 

hatch blew prematurely and caused the capsule to take 

on water, endangering the commander’s life. 

• Gus Grissom was able to safely exit the vehicle, but the 

recovery helicopters were unable to lift the vehicle due 

to excessive weight of the additional water and it was 

lost. 

• The incident resulted in a change of procedures which 

required the firing safety pin to remain in place until 

after the helicopter hook was attached and tension 

applied to the recovery cable.

• The capsule was salvaged through a Discovery Channel 

recovery project in 1999. 

Liberty Bell recovered in 1999

Navy helicopter was able to rescue Gus Grissom but unable to lift the Liberty 7 capsule due to excessive water weight.

[V2 8023] Unlatching Hatch Covers Hatch shall require two distinct and sequential operations to 

unlatch.

From: NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2, Rev D

11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Hatch Mishaps

Apollo 1 (01/27/1967) 

Roger Chaffee, Ed White, & Gus Grissom

9

[V2 6003] O2 Partial Pressure Range for Crew Exposure; [V2 8014] Emergency Escape Paths; [V2 8015] 

Assisted Ingress and Egress Translation Path; [V2 8022] Hatches, Hatch Covers, and Door Operation 

without Tools; [V2 8024] Hatch Cover and Door Operating Times; [V2 8028] Pressure Equalization 

across the Hatch; [V2 9027] Protection; [V2 9028] Isolation of Crew from Spacecraft Equipment 

From: NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2, Rev D

• A spark, believed to be caused by an electrical short, combined with the 100% oxygen environment at 

elevated pressure, created a fire which spread rapidly. 

• This increased pressure upon the hatch caused it to seal tightly and prevented it from being opened 

from the inside of the vehicle.

• The hatch could not be easily opened from the exterior by emergency personnel and did not have a 

pyrotechnic automatic opening system. 

• Rescue personnel were equipped with gas masks designed for protection against toxic vapors. They had 

no heat-protective garments and were unable to assist crew. The crew was unable to escape the 

vehicle and perished in the fire.

• Cause of death of the Apollo 1 Crew was determined to be asphyxia from inhalation of toxic gases due 

to the fire. Contributory cause of death was thermal burns. 

11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Application

Hatch Mishaps

STS-80 Columbia (11/19/1996)

Kenneth Cockrell, Kent Rominger, Story Musgrave, Thomas Jones, & Tamara Jernigan

10

• During the STS-80 mission, two planned extravehicular (EVA) spacewalks were cancelled when 

astronauts were unable to open the outer airlock hatch.

• Investigation found that a small screw had come loose from the internal assembly and lodged in the 

planetary gears of the hatch actuator. 

• Investigative findings determined additional contributing factors:

• One of the fasteners had backed out and was lodged between a planetary gear and the ring gear 

within the actuator gearbox.

• A second fastener was partially backed out and loose.

• The design requirements called for a locking threaded insert, but the incorrect non-locking type 

had been used.

• Mishap resulted in loss of EVA and associated objectives, including evaluation of tools to be used for 

ISS construction and maintenance. 

11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Back-Up

11 11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Major Changes Between Revisions

12

Rev A  Rev B

• Updated information to reflect the revisions to language 

throughout both volumes of NASA-STD-3001.

• Updated/added website links due to new NASA website launch

Original  Rev A

• Updated information to be consistent with NASA-STD-3001 Volume 

1 Rev B and Volume 2 Rev C.

11/29/2023

Rev B
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D

[V2 4102] Functional Anthropometric Accommodation The system shall ensure the range of potential 

crewmembers can fit, reach, view, and operate the human systems interfaces by accommodating 

crewmembers with the anthropometric dimensions and ranges of motion as defined in data sets in 

Appendix E, Physical Characteristics and Capabilities, Sections E.2 and E.3. 

[V2 4104] Crew Operational Loads The system shall be operable by crew during all phases of flight, 

including prelaunch, ascent, orbit, entry, and postlanding, with the lowest anticipated strength as defined 

in E, Physical Characteristics and Capabilities, Section E.7. 

[V2 4105] Withstand Crew Loads The system shall withstand forces imparted by the crew during all 

phases of flight, including but not limited to prelaunch, ascent, orbit, entry, and postlanding, as defined in 

Appendix E, Physical Characteristics and Capabilities, Section E.7 without sustaining damage. 

[V2 6012] Crew Health Environmental Limits The system shall maintain levels of cabin humidity and 

temperature within the boundaries of the Operating Limits as shown in Figure 6.2-2—Crew Health 

Environmental Limits, to protect for crew health during pressurized operations when crew occupies the 

cabin, excluding suited operations, ascent, entry, landing, and post landing. 

[V2 6020] Atmospheric Data Recording For each isolatable, habitable compartment, the system shall 

automatically record pressure, humidity, temperature, ppO2, and ppCO2 data continuously. 

[V2 8014] Emergency Escape Paths The system shall provide unimpeded and visible emergency escape 

routes commensurate with the hazard analyses and response concepts. 

[V2 8022] Hatches and Door Operation Without Tools Hatches and doors shall be operable on either side 

by a single crewmember without the use of tools in expected gravity conditions, orientations, suit 

configurations, and operational configurations. 

[V2 8023] Unlatching Hatches Hatches shall require two distinct and sequential operations to unlatch.

[V2 8024] Hatch and Door Operating Times For nominal operations, hatches and doors shall be operable 

by a single crewmember in no more than 60 seconds, from both sides of the hatch. 

[V2 8025] Hatch and Door Operating Force The forces required to operate each crew interface for the 

hatches and doors shall be within the crewmember strength defined by requirement [V2 4104] Crew 

Operational Loads for the worst-case pressure differential and anticipated encumbering equipment and 

clothing.

[V2 8027] Hatchway Size and Shape Hatchways and doorways shall be sized and shaped to accommodate 

all planned translations, including unrestricted passage of a suited crewmember and crewmembers 

carrying cargo or equipment.

[V2 8028] Pressure Equalization across the Hatch Each side of each hatch shall have manual pressure 

equalization capability with its opposite side, achievable from that side of the pressure hatch by a suited 

or unsuited crewmember.

Referenced Technical Requirements

13 11/29/2023

Rev B

View the current versions of NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 & Volume 2 on the 

OCHMO Standards website
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

NASA-STD-3001 Volume 2 Revision D

[V2 8029] Visibility across the Hatch The system shall provide a window for direct, non-electronic visual 

observation of the environment on the opposite side of the hatch.

[V2 8030] Hatch, Hatch Cover and Door Interference When opened, hatches, hatch covers and doors 

shall allow for unrestricted flow of traffic.

[V2 8031] Hatch Closure and Latching Status Indication Pressure hatches shall indicate closure and 

latching status on both sides of the hatch.

[V2 8032] Hatch Pressure Indication Pressure hatches shall indicate, viewable from both sides of the 

hatch, pressure differential across the hatch.

[V2 8040] Mobility Aid for Assisted Ingress and Egress Mobility aids shall be provided for the assisted 

ingress and egress of suited or unsuited crewmembers.

[V2 8041] Unassisted Ingress, Egress, and Escape Mobility Aids Mobility aids shall be provided for 

ingress, egress, and escape of crewmembers without assistance from other crew or ground personnel.

[V2 8043] Window Provisioning The system shall provide windows with unobstructed fields of view for 

expected crew operations.

[V2 8045] Window Optical Properties System windows shall have optical properties commensurate with 

crew task needs.

[V2 8053] Emergency Lighting The system shall provide emergency lighting for crew egress and/or 

operational recovery in the event of a general power failure.

[V2 12006] Volume Accommodation The system shall provide the volume necessary for the ground 

support personnel to perform all ground processing tasks using the required tools and equipment.

Referenced Technical Requirements

14 11/29/2023

Rev B

View the current versions of NASA-STD3001 Volume 1 & Volume 2 on the 

OCHMO Standards website
NASA-STD-3001 Technical Brief

OCHMO-TB-028

Vehicle Hatches

NASA Office of the Chief Health & Medical Officer (OCHMO)

This Technical Brief is derived from NASA-STD-3001 and is for reference only.

It does not supersede or waive existing Agency, Program, or Contract requirements.

Reference List

1. NASA Reference guide to the International Space Station. November 2010. 

https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/508318main_ISS_ref_guide_nov2010.pdf

2. Oberg J. (2006). Space station benefits from a wide opening. NBC News. 

https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13755857

3. Lockhart L & Griffin A. (2018). A Window to Space. NASA Article. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/awindow-to-space

4. Melody, Sean, Campion, Mike, Dubuisson, Chris, Goetter, Chris, “USOS Boeing Standard Hatch System 

Brief” May 14, 2002.

5. Nicholas S. (2012). So Close Yet So Far: The Jammed Airlock Hatch of STS-80. NASA Case Study SCSC-R0113. https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/740020main_SCSC-R-0113%20Basic.pdf

6. Shuttle Orbiter Airlock Hatch Failure Caused By Loose Screw On STS-80 Prevented Two Planned 

Mission EVAs. August 2010. NASA Lessons Learned. https://llis.nasa.gov/lesson/4417

7. “Report of Apollo 204 Review Board, to the administrator National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration” United States. Apollo 204 Review Board. National Aeronautics and Space 

Administration, 1967.

8. NASA-Standards-3001, Volume 2. (2019). https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/ochmo/nasa-std-3001-

vol-2. 

9. Lockaart, Leejay, Griffin, Amanda. A Window to Space.

April 2https://www.nasa.gov/feature/a- window-to-space0,2018. 

10. Roberts, Jason, Orion Windows Provide New Outlook for Spacecraft’s Future. Aug 7,2017

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/orion-windows-provide-new-outlook-for-spacecraft-s- future.

15 11/29/2023

Rev B