FILED

U.S. Bankruptcy Appellate Panel

of the Tenth Circuit

February 2, 2015

Blaine F. Bates

Clerk PUBLISH

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL

OF THE TENTH CIRCUIT

IN RE JAMES A. FUNDERBURGH,

also known as Jim Funderburgh, also

known as Jim’s Maintenance, and

JOYCE FUNDERBURGH,

Debtors.

BAP No. WO-14-023

SUSAN MANCHESTER, Trustee,

Plaintiff – Appellee,

Bankr. No. 07-10192

Adv. No. 07-01144

 Chapter 7

v. OPINION

JAMES A. FUNDERBURGH and

JOYCE FUNDERBURGH,

Defendants – Appellants,

and

DAVID R. BELL and ED MUNOZ,

Defendants.

IN RE JAMES A. FUNDERBURGH,

also known as Jim Funderburgh, also

known as Jim’s Maintenance, and

JOYCE FUNDERBURGH,

Debtors.

BAP No. WO-14-024

JAMES A. FUNDERBURGH and

JOYCE FUNDERBURGH,

Appellants,

Bankr. No. 07-10192 

 Chapter 7

v.

SUSAN MANCHESTER, Trustee,

Appellee.

BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 1 of 21
Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the Western District of Oklahoma

Submitted on the briefs:*

Philip A. Hurtt of Branch & Hurtt Law Firm P.C., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for

Appellants.

Susan Manchester, pro se.

Before MICHAEL, ROMERO, and JACOBVITZ, Bankruptcy Judges.

MICHAEL, Bankruptcy Judge.

Rules make wonderful servants and terrible masters.

In the American system of justice, a litigant is entitled to his or her day in

court. This rather unremarkable phrase lies at the center of the appeal presently

before us. Our debtors were found to have committed acts of fraud sufficient to

prohibit the entry of a discharge. The order denying their discharge was entered

after all parties were given a full and fair opportunity to litigate the relevant

issues. On appeal, debtors do not dispute the factual underpinnings that support

the decision to deny their discharge. Instead, they contend that a poor choice of

words by the bankruptcy trustee prohibited litigation upon the merits of the

trustee’s claim, and that the bankruptcy court committed reversible error by

granting the trustee relief from her misstep. Debtors also posit that a bankruptcy

trustee does not have the right to distribute any of the estate’s assets to creditors

prior to the conclusion of the bankruptcy case. These positions are meritless.

* The parties did not request oral argument, and after examining the briefs

and appellate record, the Court has determined unanimously that oral argument

would not materially assist in the determination of these appeals. See Fed. R.

Bankr. P. 8012, rescinded Nov. 30, 2014 (now codified at Fed. R. Bankr. P.

8019(b)(3), effective December 1, 2014). The cases are therefore ordered

submitted without oral argument.

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 2 of 21
I. BACKGROUND1

James and Joyce Funderburgh (“Debtors”) owned a cleaning business

incorporated in the 1990’s as Jim’s Maintenance and Sons, Inc. (“Jim’s

Maintenance”), with each of them holding 50% of the stock. In 2000, Debtors

formed Jim’s Commercial Cleaning LTD (“Jim’s Commercial”), again with each

owning 50% of the corporation’s stock. In 2001, Jim’s Maintenance and/or Jim’s

Commercial entered into contracts with Target Corporation to provide cleaning

services to 68 stores located in six states.2

 The Target contracts were summarily

terminated in May 2006, effectively putting Debtors’ cleaning companies out of

business.

Debtors and/or their corporations then became defendants in five different

legal actions. Former employees of the cleaning business filed two lawsuits in

Texas federal district courts alleging violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act. 

Creditor Arvest Bank instituted two lawsuits in Oklahoma district court for failure

to make timely payments pursuant to a commercial credit card agreement and

were granted judgment in both.3

 Secured creditor JP Morgan Chase Bank filed a

lawsuit in Oklahoma district court to recover payments due under four notes and

to foreclose a mortgage.

Debtors sought Chapter 7 relief on February 27, 2007. Susan Manchester

was appointed as Chapter 7 trustee (“Trustee”). Debtors’ schedules listed assets

1 Unless otherwise indicated, this factual description is taken from the

bankruptcy court’s Order Avoiding Fraudulent Transfers Pursuant to 11 U.S.C.

§ 548 and Denying Debtors’ Discharge Pursuant to § 727(a)(2)(A) and (a)(5)

(“Order Denying Discharge”), in (Amended) Appendix of Appellants filed in

WO-14-023 (“Appellants’ App.”) at 84.

2 According to the bankruptcy court, “[a]lthough the Target contracts reflect

the names of both Jim’s Maintenance and Sons, Inc., and Jim’s Commercial

Cleaning LTD and Target used the names interchangeably, the company’s official

name at the time the parties executed the contracts was Jim’s Commercial

Cleaning LTD.” Order Denying Discharge at 3 n.4, in Appellants’ App. at 86.

3 Id. at 4-5, in Appellants’ App. at 87-88.

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 3 of 21
of approximately $114,000 and liabilities in excess of $2,000,000. Debtors

claimed virtually all of their assets as exempt.

A. The Adversary Proceeding

On July 18, 2007, Trustee filed an adversary proceeding seeking to avoid

and recover fraudulent transfers for the benefit of the estate and to deny Debtors a

discharge (“Complaint”). Due to technological difficulties with electronic filing,

Trustee’s Complaint was erroneously filed twice, and therefore docketed as two

separate adversary proceedings numbered #07-1143 and #07-1144. Summons

were issued in proceeding #07-1144.4

 The following day, the duplicate filing was

brought to the Trustee’s attention by the clerk of the bankruptcy court. In

response, the Trustee’s office attempted to remedy the situation by filing a

dismissal of proceeding #07-1143 (“Dismissal”), which stated in its entirety,

“COMES NOW Susan Manchester, Trustee, and hereby dismisses the above

styled Adversary Proceeding with prejudice since it was filed in duplicate.”5

On August 17, 2007, Debtors filed a motion to quash service in proceeding

#07-1144 and dismiss Trustee’s Complaint (“Motion to Dismiss”). Relying on

principles of res judicata, collateral estoppel, and retraxit, Debtors argued

Trustee’s Dismissal of proceeding #07-1143 terminated the bankruptcy court’s

jurisdiction and precluded Trustee from pursuing the same claims against the

same parties in proceeding #07-1144.6

 None of the other defendants (the

recipients of the allegedly fraudulent transfers) joined in the Motion to Dismiss. 

The Trustee responded by asking the bankruptcy court to set aside the Dismissal

4 Complaint to Avoid Fraudulent Transfers and for Turnover of Property of

the Estate and Complaint to Deny the Debtors’ Discharge (“Complaint”), in

Appellants’ App. at 48.

5 Dismissal with Prejudice, in Appellants’ App. at 15 (emphasis added).

6 Special Appearance [Motion to Quash Service and Dismiss Complaint], in

Appellants’ App. at 59.

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 4 of 21
on equitable grounds (“Motion to Set Aside Dismissal”).7

 On November 27,

2007, the bankruptcy court entered an order granting Trustee’s Motion to Set

Aside Dismissal (“Order Setting Aside Dismissal”).8

In the Order Setting Aside Dismissal, the bankruptcy court described the

circumstances that led to the filing of the Dismissal:

According to Trustee, on July 18, 2007, her assistant was in

the process of electronically filing an adversary complaint against

[Debtors] when the CM/ECF website quit responding. Trustee’s

assistant “had no idea the . . . Adversary Complaint had been filed

because the website did not respond.” She closed the website then

logged in again and started the filing procedure anew, with the same

adversary complaint. The next day, Deputy Court Clerk Penny

Wallis contacted Trustee’s assistant, informing her that duplicate

adversary proceedings had been electronically filed. The case

numbers for these proceedings were 07-1143 and 07-1144. That

same day, Trustee’s assistant electronically filed a Dismissal With

Prejudice in case number 07-1143, “since it was filed in duplicate.”9

The bankruptcy court found it “abundantly clear from the pleadings, affidavits,

and circumstances, that what is involved here is simply a computer glitch,

compounded, perhaps, by operator panic.”10 The bankruptcy court concluded that

“it would be wholly inequitable to require Trustee to be bound by her Dismissal

With Prejudice, when it is patently obvious that the sole intent was to correct a

duplicate filing.”11 The bankruptcy court denied the Motion to Dismiss, allowing

the adversary proceeding to proceed to trial. Debtors then filed a motion to

reconsider, which the bankruptcy court rejected, noting that “denying Trustee the

right to pursue her several causes of action would be manifestly unjust and

7 Trustee’s Response to Motion to Dismiss and Motion to Set Aside Dismissal

on Equitable Grounds (“Motion to Set Aside Dismissal”), in Appellee’s App. at 1.

8 Order Granting Trustee’s Motion to Set Aside Dismissal (“Order Setting

Aside Dismissal”), in Appellants’ App. at 67.

9 Id. at 2, in Appellants’ App. at 68 (citations omitted).

10 Id. at 3, in Appellants’ App. at 69.

11 Id. at 4, in Appellants’ App. at 70.

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 5 of 21
conflict with the purpose of the Bankruptcy Code.”12 Debtors attempted to appeal

the bankruptcy court’s Order Setting Aside Dismissal to this Court, but the appeal

was dismissed as interlocutory.13

Trial of the adversary proceeding was held in November 2010. Trustee

sought to avoid the following transfers made by Debtors and/or their corporations

as fraudulent and to recover the property for the benefit of the estate: 1) a 2001

Chevrolet Corvette to their son Bryan Funderburgh; 2) two 2006 Toyota trucks to

employees of the cleaning business; 3) corporate assets including cleaning

contracts, accounts receivable, equipment, and supplies to a new corporate entity,

JMSI, LLC, created in August 2006 and owned by Bryan Funderburgh; 4) five

acres of real property located in Choctaw, Oklahoma to Bryan Funderburgh;

5) five acres of real property located in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma to Bryan

Funderburgh; and 6) a Pearson cruiser houseboat located in Key West, Florida to

their son James Funderburgh.

Trustee also asked the bankruptcy court to deny Debtors a discharge

pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A) and (a)(5),14 alleging they transferred or

concealed assets with the intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors. Among the

assets not disclosed were: 1) a Rolex watch; 2) an ownership in Funderburgh

Horton LLC which paid dividends of $27,435 after the Chapter 7 petition was

filed that were not turned over to Trustee; 3) season tickets to the University of

Oklahoma football games; 4) valuable University of Oklahoma football

memorabilia; 5) office furniture; and 6) jewelry.

12 Order Denying Defendant’s Motion to Reconsider at 6, in Appellants’ App.

at 77.

13 See Notice of Appeal filed September 18, 2009, in Appellants’ App. at 79;

Order Dismissing Appeal as Interlocutory, BAP No. WO-09-054 (Oct. 29, 2009),

in Appellants’ App. at 81.

14 Unless otherwise indicated, all future statutory references in text are to the

Bankruptcy Code, Title 11 of the United States Code.

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 6 of 21
During the trial, Trustee reached a settlement with Debtors’ son, Bryan

Funderburgh, who turned over all of the stock and assets in JMSI, LLC, as well as

the part of the Oklahoma County real property that had not been previously sold.15

Additionally, the 2001 Corvette was sold and the proceeds therefrom were used

by Debtors to partially fund a settlement that resolved objections by Trustee and

creditors to Debtors’ exemption of their houseboat as homestead.16

The bankruptcy court entered its order and judgment in the adversary

proceeding on May 28, 2014, denying Debtors a discharge (“Order Denying

Discharge”). The bankruptcy court found Debtors were insolvent as of May 25,

2006, and had litigation pending against them when the property transfers in

question were made. The bankruptcy court concluded the transfers of the

Corvette and the Oklahoma County real property to Bryan Funderburgh were

fraudulent and avoided them. The bankruptcy court further concluded that

Debtors’ transfers of property and concealment of assets warranted denying them

a discharge pursuant to § 727(a)(2)(A) and (a)(5).17

B. The Interim Distribution

On March 17, 2014, while the bankruptcy court’s decision in the adversary

proceeding was under advisement, Trustee filed a motion for authority to make an

interim distribution to creditors (“Motion to Distribute”).18 In the Motion to

Distribute, the Trustee stated that the majority of the estate’s assets had been

collected and reduced to cash, and that she was holding approximately $139,000. 

15 Order Denying Discharge at 15, in Appellants’ App. at 98.

16 Id. at 10, in Appellants’ App. at 93.

17 Id. at 39-40, in Appellants’ App. at 122-23.

18 Trustee’s Motion for Authority to Make Interim Distribution to Creditors

Combined with Brief in Support and Notice for Opportunity for Hearing (“Motion

to Distribute”), in (Second Amended) Appendix of Appellants filed in WO-14-

024 (“Appellants’ 14-024 App.”) at 41.

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 7 of 21
She also advised the bankruptcy court that the deadline for filing claims had

passed, that all filed claims had been examined, and all objections to claims had

been resolved. The Trustee proposed an interim distribution to creditors of

$41,766.

Debtors objected to the proposed interim distribution, arguing “[u]ntil the

[bankruptcy court] renders a decision in the pending Adversary, case no., 07-1144

[sic], ‘[i]nterim’ distribution may affect the Debtors’ ability to recover funds if

those funds have already been distributed to their creditors.”19 Debtors also

alleged that Trustee provided no valid reason for making interim distributions.20

Trustee responded that Debtors did not have standing to challenge her Motion to

Distribute, and also that making interim distributions, after establishing an

appropriate reserve, would be proper in this seven-year-old Chapter 7 bankruptcy

case.21 The bankruptcy court heard the matter on May 29, 2014,22 sought input

from the United States Trustee’s Office, and on June 4, 2014, entered an order

authorizing Trustee to make interim distributions (“Order Authorizing

Distribution”).23

Debtors timely filed notices appealing both of the bankruptcy court’s orders

on June 9, 2014.24 This Court issued an order to show cause (“Show Cause

19 Debtors’ Objection to Trustee’s Motion to Distribute at 1, in Appellants’

14-024 App. at 44.

20 Id.

21 Trustee’s Response to Debtors’ Objection to Trustee’s Motion to Distribute

at 1-2, in Appellee’s 14-024 App. at 34-35.

22 Docket No. 276 of Bankruptcy Docket Sheet, in Appellants’ 14-024 App. at

38.

23 Order Authorizing Distribution, in Appellants’ 14-024 App. at 47.

24 Debtors also filed a motion to stay the Order Authorizing Distribution

pending appeal, and Trustee objected. See Docket Nos. 283 and 285 of

Bankruptcy Docket Sheet, in Appellants’ 14-024 App. at 39-40. The bankruptcy

(continued...)

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 8 of 21
Order”) why Debtors’ appeal of the Order Authorizing Distribution should not be

dismissed for lack of standing. After the parties filed responses to the Show

Cause Order, a motions panel referred the issue of standing to this merits panel by

order dated July 16, 2014.25

II. APPELLATE JURISDICTION

This Court has jurisdiction to hear timely filed appeals from “final

judgments, orders, and decrees” of bankruptcy courts within the Tenth Circuit,

unless one of the parties elects to have the district court hear the appeal.26

Neither party elected to have this appeal heard by the United States District Court

for the Western District of Oklahoma. The parties have therefore consented to

appellate review by this Court.

A decision is considered final “if it ‘ends the litigation on the merits and

leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.’”27 Here, the

bankruptcy court’s Order Denying Discharge terminated the adversary

proceeding, and therefore is final for purposes of review. Although the

bankruptcy court’s Order Authorizing Distribution permits Trustee to make

“interim” distributions, we conclude it is final for purposes of appeal.28 In the

24 (...continued)

court denied the motion by order dated October 6, 2014. See Docket No. 288 of

Bankruptcy Docket Sheet in No. 07-10192.

25 Docket No. 24 in BAP Appeal No. WO-14-024.

26 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (b)(1), and (c)(1); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002, revised

Nov. 30, 3014 (now also at Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8005, effective Dec. 1, 2014); 10th

Cir. BAP L.R. 8001-3, rescinded Nov. 30, 2014 (now codified at 10th Cir. BAP

L.R. 8005-1, effective December 1, 2014).

27 Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706, 712 (1996) (quoting Catlin

v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233 (1945)).

28 When dealing with appeals arising out of bankruptcy cases, courts routinely

apply a flexible standard in determining finality. See, e.g., In re Bullard, 752

F.3d 483, 485-86 (1st Cir.), cert. granted, 135 S.Ct. 781 (2014) (bankruptcy cases

typically involve numerous controversies bearing only a slight relationship to

(continued...)

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 9 of 21
alternative, the Order Authorizing Distribution is appealable under the collateral

order doctrine.29 Once money has been transferred from the bankruptcy estate,

recovery of those funds is expensive and complicated at best and impossible at

worst.

III. ISSUES ON APPEAL AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

On appeal, Debtors do not challenge the bankruptcy court’s findings that

they fraudulently transferred property and concealed assets. Instead, Debtors

contest the bankruptcy court’s Order Setting Aside Dismissal. Debtors assert the

bankruptcy court erred in exercising jurisdiction over Trustee’s adversary

proceeding after Trustee voluntarily dismissed the duplicate adversary

proceeding. Debtors also contend the bankruptcy court erroneously considered

pre-petition acts taken in their capacities as corporate owners of the cleaning

businesses in determining they should be denied a discharge. With respect to the

Order Authorizing Distribution, Debtors assert the bankruptcy court erred because

“there is no provision in the bankruptcy code that allows for an interim

distribution.”30

For purposes of standard of review, decisions by trial courts are 

traditionally divided into three categories, denominated: 1) questions of law,

which are reviewable de novo; 2) questions of fact, which are reviewable for clear

28 (...continued)

each other so an order may be final even if it does not resolve all issues in the

case so long as it disposes of all issues pertaining to a discrete dispute).

29 See Personette v. Kennedy (In re Midgard Corp.), 204 B.R. 764, 768 (10th

Cir. BAP 1997) (order is final under collateral order doctrine if it (1) conclusively

determines a disputed question completely separate from the merits of the action,

(2) is effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment, and (3) is too

important to be denied review).

30 Appellant’s Opening Brief in WO-14-024 at 4.

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 10 of 21
error; and, 3) matters of discretion, which are reviewable for abuse of discretion.31

De novo review requires an independent determination of the issues, giving no

special weight to the bankruptcy court’s decision.32 A factual finding is “clearly

erroneous” when “‘it is without factual support in the record, or if the appellate

court, after reviewing all the evidence, is left with the definite and firm

conviction that a mistake has been made.’”33 “Under the abuse of discretion

standard: ‘a trial court’s decision will not be disturbed unless the appellate court

has a definite and firm conviction that the lower court made a clear error of

judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.’”34

We review the bankruptcy court’s Order Setting Aside Dismissal, which is

in the nature of postjudgment relief, for an abuse of discretion.35 We note that

“[a]n abuse of discretion occurs when the [trial] court bases its ruling on an

erroneous conclusion of law or relies on clearly erroneous fact findings.”36

Because Debtors do not challenge any of the bankruptcy court’s factual findings,

we review its application of law to the facts in the Order Denying Discharge de

31 Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 558 (1988); Fowler Bros. v. Young (In

re Young), 91 F.3d 1367, 1370 (10th Cir. 1996).

32 Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 238 (1991).

33 Las Vegas Ice & Cold Storage Co. v. Far W. Bank, 893 F.2d 1182, 1185

(10th Cir. 1990) (quoting LeMaire ex rel. LeMaire v. United States, 826 F. 2d

949, 953 (10th Cir. 1987)).

34 Moothart v. Bell, 21 F.3d 1499, 1504 (10th Cir. 1994) (quoting McEwen v.

City of Norman, 926 F.2d 1539, 1553-54 (10th Cir. 1991)).

35 Jennings v. Rivers, 394 F.3d 850, 854 (10th Cir. 2005) (appellate court

reviews trial court’s decision on postjudgment motions for abuse of discretion);

Warfield v. AlliedSignal TBS Holdings, Inc., 267 F.3d 538, 542 (6th Cir. 2001)

(courts have discretion to set aside voluntary dismissal with prejudice if it was

not a “free, calculated, and deliberate” choice).

36 Hackett v. Barnhart, 475 F.3d 1166, 1172 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting Kiowa

Indian Tribe of Okla. v. Hoover, 150 F.3d 1163, 1165 (10th Cir. 1998)).

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 11 of 21
novo.

37 If Debtors have standing to challenge the bankruptcy court’s Order

Authorizing Distribution, we review such order for an abuse of discretion.38

IV. ANALYSIS

A. Order Setting Aside Dismissal

On appeal, Debtors argue “it is uncontroverted that the Chapter 7 Trustee

filed a ‘voluntary dismissal with prejudice’ in which there are clearly identical

parties and identical issues. The voluntary dismissal with prejudice is a death

knell to the Chapter 7 Trustee’s action.”39 According to Debtors, the Dismissal of 

proceeding #07-1143 operates as res judicata and prevents Trustee from taking

further action in proceeding #07-1144.40 We disagree. The bankruptcy court

properly refused to attribute res judicata effect to the Dismissal. Therefore, entry

of the Order Setting Aside Dismissal was not an abuse of discretion.

In this case, after Trustee filed her Dismissal, Debtors filed their Motion to

Dismiss Trustee’s remaining Complaint on res judicata grounds. Trustee

responded with her Motion to Set Aside Dismissal on equitable grounds, and the

bankruptcy court entered its Order Setting Aside Dismissal. The bankruptcy court 

relied on its equitable powers pursuant to § 105 of the Bankruptcy Code to set

aside the Dismissal.41 However, Trustee’s Motion to Set Aside Dismissal is in the

37 In re Graves, 609 F.3d 1153, 1156 (10th Cir. 2010).

38 See Braunstein v. McCabe, 571 F.3d 108, 120 (1st Cir. 2009) (Congress

gave bankruptcy courts broad discretion in passing on a wide range of problems

relating to administration of bankruptcy estates); In re Kaiser Aluminum Corp., 456 F.3d 328, 340 (3d Cir. 2006) (bankruptcy courts have broad authority in

preventing injustice or unfairness in administration of bankruptcy estates).

39 Appellants’ Opening Brief in WO-14-023 at 4.

40 Id. at 5.

41 The bankruptcy court did not specifically reference § 105 in its Order

Setting Aside Dismissal but did so when it denied Debtor’s motion to reconsider. 

See Order Denying Defendants’ Motion to Reconsider at 5-6, in Appellants’ App.

at 76-77.

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nature of a Rule 60 motion for relief from a judgment or order because such relief

also has equitable underpinnings,42 and we will treat it as such. Even though a

bankruptcy court has discretion to grant Rule 60 relief as justice requires, “such

relief is extraordinary and may only be granted in exceptional circumstances.”43

We conclude the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion when it granted

relief from judgment and entered the Order Setting Aside Dismissal.

The doctrine of res judicata serves both private and public interests by

requiring disputes between parties and their privies to be resolved within the

context of a single litigation.44 The United States Supreme Court has observed

that res judicata “has the dual purpose of protecting litigants from the burden of

relitigating an identical issue with the same party or his privy and of promoting

judicial economy by preventing needless litigation.”45 In general, the rules of res

judicata apply only to adjudications that are final or on the merits.46 “A dismissal

with prejudice, unless the court has made some other provision, is subject to the

usual rules of res judicata and is effective not only on the immediate parties to the

action but also on their privies.”47 The United States Court of Appeals for the

42 See Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 542 (2005) (Rule 60(b)(6) provides

courts with authority to vacate judgments whenever such action is appropriate to

accomplish justice); White v. Nat’l Football League, 756 F.3d 585, 596 (8th Cir.

2014) (“[Rule 60] is designed to prevent injustice by allowing a court to set aside

the unjust results of litigation.”); In re Kirwan, 164 F.3d 1175, 1177 (8th Cir.

1999) (“This rule may be liberally construed to do substantial justice to allow

parties to air meritorious claims in the absence of fault or prejudice.”).

43 Servants of Paraclete v. Does, 204 F.3d 1005, 1009 (10th Cir. 2000)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

44 See 18 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris.

§ 4403 (2d ed.).

45 Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 326 (1979).

46 18 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris.

§ 4402 (2d ed.).

47 9 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ., § 2367

(continued...)

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Tenth Circuit (“Tenth Circuit”) has held that “[a] voluntary dismissal with

prejudice operates as a final adjudication on the merits . . . and thus is a final

judgment.”48 Thus, at first blush, Trustee’s Dismissal may potentially have res

judicata effect. However, the Tenth Circuit has also held that “like other final

judgments, a dismissal with prejudice under Rule 41(a)(1)(A)(i) can be set aside

or modified,”49 ordinarily by way of a Rule 60 motion on the basis of mistake.50

Once set aside, it is no longer a final judgment capable of having res judicata

effect.51

Debtors moved to dismiss Trustee’s surviving Complaint, arguing it was

prevented by rules of prior adjudication. The United States Supreme Court has

indicated that “[f]or the sake of repose, res judicata shields the fraud and the

cheat as well as the honest person. It therefore is to be invoked only after careful

inquiry.”52 But it has also cautioned that

The doctrine of res judicata serves vital public interests beyond any

individual judge’s ad hoc determination of the equities in a particular

case. There is simply “no principle of law or equity which sanctions

the rejection by a federal court of the salutary principle of res

47 (...continued)

(3d ed.).

48 Schmier v. McDonald’s LLC, 569 F.3d 1240, 1242 (10th Cir. 2009)

(quoting Warfield v. AlliedSignal TBS Holdings, Inc., 267 F.3d 538, 542 (6th Cir.

2001) and Randall v. Merrill Lynch, 820 F.2d 1317, 1320 (D.C. Cir. 1987)).

49 Schmier, 569 F.3d at 1242. See also White v. Nat’l Football League, 756

F.3d 585, 595 (8th Cir. 2014); Nelson v. Napolitano, 657 F.3d 586, 588 (7th Cir.

2011); Smith v. Phillips, 881 F.2d 902, 904 (10th Cir. 1989). For a rare exception

to this rule, see Netwig v. Ga.-Pac. Corp., 375 F.3d 1009 (10th Cir. 2004).

50 See, e.g., Warfield, 267 F.3d at 542 (courts have discretion to set aside

voluntary dismissal with prejudice if it was not a “free, calculated, and

deliberate” choice) (internal quotation marks omitted).

51 See comment f to Restatement (2d) of Judgments § 13 (a pending motion to

set aside a judgment does not render the judgment nonfinal, but the judgment

ceases to be final if it is in fact set aside by the trial court, as it would be upon the

granting of a motion for a new trial).

52 Brown v. Felsen, 442 U.S. 127, 132 (1979).

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BAP Appeal No. 14-23 Docket No. 37 Filed: 02/02/2015 Page: 14 of 21
judicata.”. . . . We have stressed that “[the] doctrine of res judicata

is not a mere matter of practice or procedure inherited from a more

technical time than ours. It is a rule of fundamental and substantial

justice, ‘of public policy and of private peace,’ which should be

cordially regarded and enforced by the courts[.]”53

Still, several courts of appeal have concluded that rare exceptions continue to

exist,54 and further that “[t]he doctrine of res judicata rests upon the bedrock

principle that, for claim preclusion to apply, a litigant first must have had a full

and fair opportunity to litigate his claim.”55 Apropos of the facts here, one New

York court counseled that we must “remain mindful that if applied too rigidly, res

judicata has the potential to work considerable injustice. In properly seeking to

deny a litigant ‘two days in court,’ courts must be careful not to deprive him of

one.”56

Here, the duplicate filing of the adversary proceeding is not the type of

“second action” res judicata rules seek to prevent. The “two proceedings” were

the result of technological difficulties, or as described by the bankruptcy court, “a

computer glitch, compounded, perhaps, by operator panic.”57 Setting aside the

Dismissal so that Trustee’s Complaint could proceed did not lead to piecemeal

litigation because Trustee had not had a full and fair opportunity to litigate her

53 Federated Dept. Stores, Inc. v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394, 401 (1981) (citations

omitted).

54 See Buck v. Thomas M. Cooley Law School, 597 F.3d 812, 819 (6th Cir.

2010) (“We have recognized an exception to preclusion principles when an

inflexible application would have violated an overriding public policy or resulted

in manifest injustice to a party.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Porn v.

Nat’l Grange Mut. Ins. Co., 93 F.3d 31, 37 (1st Cir. 1996) (“this court has

suggested that an occasional exception to claim preclusion may still exist in

instances of unusual hardship”) (internal quotation marks omitted). See also

Restatement (2d) of Judgments § 26(1)(f) and comment i.

55 Gonzalez v. Banco Cent. Corp., 27 F.3d 751, 758 (1st Cir. 1994).

56 Landau v. LaRossa, Mitchell & Ross, 892 N.E.2d 380, 383 (N.Y. 2008)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

57 Order Setting Aside Dismissal at 3, in Appellants’ App. at 69.

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claim. Neither have Debtors been harmed or prejudiced in any way by relying on

the Dismissal to their detriment. The words “dismissed with prejudice” were

modified by the explanation “since it was filed in duplicate.” It was patently

clear from the Dismissal that Trustee never intended to terminate or abandon her

§ 727 claim against Debtors, especially since an identical Complaint remained

pending. Applying the principle of res judicata on the facts of this case would

unfairly deprive Trustee of even one day in court.

Debtors should not be able to twist the principles of res judicata to contrive

a procedural impediment to Trustee’s claim based on a technological error

compounded by an ill-fated attempt to correct that error. Use of the words “since

it was filed in duplicate” in reference to a newly filed case in which claims will

be pursued is evidence that the intent of the notice was to dismiss the duplicate

filing without prejudice. Because there was no deliberate act to dismiss the case

with prejudice, we conclude Trustee’s office made a mistake or inadvertent

statement, which for the sake of equity, may be remedied by post-judgment relief

under Rule 60.58 That was the effect of the bankruptcy court’s Order Setting

Aside Dismissal.

The bankruptcy court’s decision is founded in equity and common sense. 

After being given a full and fair opportunity to litigate their claims, Debtors were

found to have committed fraud. They fraudulently transferred property. As a

58 There are several categories of Rule 60 relief that are potentially applicable

here. First, Rule 60(a) permits the court to grant relief from clerical mistakes,

oversights, or omissions. Further, on motion and just terms Rule 60(b)(1) permits

relief based on mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect, and Rule

60(b)(6) allows relief for “any other reason justifying relief.” The mistake with

legal consequences here is the voluntary dismissal with prejudice. But Trustee

never intended to terminate or suspend her adversary against Debtors, only to

remedy the earlier “clerical” type mistake resulting in duplicate filings. That

mistake was patently clear on the face of the Dismissal because the words “with

prejudice” were modified by the phrase “since it was filed in duplicate.” Relief

from the Dismissal under Rule 60(a) therefore seems the best fit, but the result

here would be the same regardless of which category of Rule 60 we view the

bankruptcy court’s relief as based on.

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result of their misconduct, the bankruptcy court found Debtors ineligible to

receive the benefits of a bankruptcy discharge. As discussed infra the record

amply supports the decision of the bankruptcy court to deny Debtors a discharge. 

Were this Court to grant Debtors the relief they seek, they would be relieved of

the consequences of their actions. These are not “honest but unfortunate”

debtors. They are not entitled to a discharge on the basis of two poorly chosen

words in a pleading that clearly evinces the intent of the Trustee to continue to

pursue claims for the benefit of this bankruptcy estate and the bankruptcy system

as a whole. The bankruptcy court’s Order Setting Aside Dismissal was in the

nature of granting Rule 60 relief to give the ambiguous statement “with prejudice

since it was filed in duplicate” its obviously intended meaning. The bankruptcy

court did not abuse its discretion in setting aside the Dismissal.

B. Order Denying Discharge

With respect to the Order Denying Discharge, Debtors argue that 

“[i]n deciding whether to grant Debtors a discharge, the

bankruptcy court inappropriately considered [ ] fraudulent transfers

that were made by the Debtors acting in their corporate officer

position. In other words, it would appear that the court pierced the

corporate veil even though the chapter 7 Trustee put on no evidence

whatsoever that the corporations were the alter egos of the

[Debtors].”59

Debtors misinterpret the bankruptcy court’s opinion. The Order Denying

Discharge is based on Debtors’ fraudulent transfers of personal property and

concealment of assets, not their transfers of corporate property. The bankruptcy

court explicitly stated it was considering Debtors’ corporate transfers “solely for

the purpose of establishing Debtors’ course of conduct for consideration in the

§ 727 analysis.”60 Drawing inferences from a course of conduct to establish

59 Debtors’ Opening Brief in WO-14-023 at 9-10.

60 Order Denying Discharge at 34, in Appellants’ App. at 117 (emphasis

added).

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fraudulent intent is permissible because a debtor rarely reveals his subjective

intent.61

Even if we assume the bankruptcy court erroneously considered transfers

made by Debtors in their capacity as corporate officers, any such error is

harmless. Debtors do not challenge the bankruptcy court’s findings that they

fraudulently transferred property in their individual capacities, i.e., the Corvette

and the Oklahoma County real property conveyed to their son Bryan Funderburgh. 

Nor do they challenge the bankruptcy court’s finding that they concealed personal

assets. As a result, it is irrelevant whether the bankruptcy court considered

Debtors’ transfers of corporate property for purposes of denying them a

discharge. Ignoring the corporate transfers in question, there remains more than

enough evidence to support the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that Debtors were

not entitled to a discharge. Therefore, the Order Denying Discharge is affirmed.

C. Order Authorizing Distribution

Debtors appealed the bankruptcy court’s Order Authorizing Distribution

and this Court entered its Show Cause Order seeking an explanation for why the

appeal should not be dismissed for lack of standing. We are required to address

the issue of standing even if the court below did not pass on it, and even if no

party has raised the issue.62 Parties seeking the exercise of jurisdiction in their

favor must “clearly [ ] allege facts demonstrating that [they are] proper part[ies]

to invoke judicial resolution of the dispute.”63 Debtors have not, and moreover,

cannot meet this burden.

 In their response to the Show Cause Order, Debtors rely on the definition

61 Mathai v. Warren (In re Warren), 512 F.3d 1241, 1249 (10th Cir. 2008).

62 FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas, 493 U.S. 215, 230-31 (1990), modified on

other grounds by City of Littleton v. Z.J. Gifts D-4, LLC, 541 U.S. 774, 781

(2004).

63 Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 518 (1975).

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of standing from Black’s Law Dictionary that “standing to sue” means “a party

has sufficient stake in an otherwise justiciable controversy to obtain judicial

resolution of that controversy.”64 But standing for bankruptcy appeal purposes is

narrower than Article III standing– it requires an aggrieved person to have a

pecuniary interest.65 This narrower test further limits standing to avoid “‘endless

appeals brought by a myriad of parties who are indirectly affected by every

bankruptcy court order.’”66 If a court’s order diminishes a person’s property,

increases his burdens, or impairs his rights, then such person is aggrieved.67 A

Chapter 7 debtor rarely meets this requirement with respect to asset distribution

because the manner in which a trustee disburses an estate’s assets does not

pecuniarily affect him.68 However, sometimes a debtor may demonstrate a

pecuniary interest, and therefore standing, if there is a possibility of an estate

surplus after satisfying all debts.69

On appeal, Debtors have not alleged the possibility of an estate surplus, but

according to Trustee, there will be no surplus as claims filed exceeded $1.3

million while assets held by Trustee were approximately $140,000.70 There is no

chance any of the money held by the Trustee will ever trickle down to Debtors. 

64 Appellants’ Response to Order to Show Cause at 2, Docket No. 16, in BAP

Appeal WO-14-024.

65 Atkinson v. Ernie Haire Ford, Inc. (In re Ernie Haire Ford, Inc.), 764 F.3d

1321, 1335-36 (11th Cir. 2014); In re Cult Awareness Network, Inc., 151 F.3d

605, 607 (7th Cir. 1998).

66 In re Am. Ready Mix, Inc., 14 F.3d 1497, 1500 (10th Cir. 1994) (quoting

Holmes v. Silver Wings Aviation, Inc., 881 F.2d 939, 940 (10th Cir. 1989)).

67 Id.

68 In re Peoples, 764 F.3d 817, 820 (8th Cir. 2014) (quoting In re Nangle, 288

B.R. 213, 216 (8th Cir. BAP), aff’d, 83 F. App’x 141 (8th Cir. 2003)).

69 Id.

70 Response Brief in WO-14-024 at 2.

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As a result, Debtors have no standing to contest the interim distribution.

Debtors assert that interim distributions by Trustee will be made from

property acquired by the estate from third parties as a result of the bankruptcy

court’s avoidance of fraudulent transfers. Accordingly, Debtors argue that

interim distributions will deprive them of a meaningful remedy in their appeal of

the bankruptcy court’s Order Denying Discharge. In other words, it appears

Debtors appeal the Order Authorizing Distribution to prevent their appeal of the

Order Denying Discharge from becoming moot.71 Debtors’ argument is meritless.

Although the Trustee combined her fraudulent transfer actions and the

complaint objecting to Debtors’ discharge in the same adversary proceeding, the

remedies are independent of one another. The majority of the fraudulent transfer

actions have been settled, and the Trustee has possession of the settlement funds. 

At least one of the settlements allowed Debtors to retain their homestead without

further litigation. If the Order Denying Discharge is affirmed, those settlements

remain intact. The avoided fraudulently transferred property belongs to the estate

and will be used to pay creditors. Reversing the denial of Debtors’ discharge

would not change that fact.

Even if this Court were to reverse the bankruptcy court’s avoidance of the

fraudulent transfers, Debtors have nothing to gain. The property would belong to

the third-party transferees. Debtors, therefore have no interest in the property at

issue, regardless of the outcome in their appeal of the Order Denying Discharge. 

As a result, we conclude Debtors have no standing and dismiss their appeal of the

Order Authorizing Distribution.

V. CONCLUSION

The decision of the bankruptcy court denying Debtors a discharge is

71 Debtors did not file a motion to stay the bankruptcy court’s Order Denying

Discharge pending appeal.

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affirmed in all respects. Debtors’ appeal of the bankruptcy court’s decision

authorizing Trustee to make interim distribution is dismissed for lack of standing.

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