PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT 

ROBERTA FOLKS,

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.

STATE FARM MUTUAL 

AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE 

COMPANY, an Illinois corporation,

Defendant - Appellee.

No. 13-1446 

 

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO 

(D.C. No. 1:04-CV-00243-REB-BNB)

John M. DeStefano, Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro, LLP, Phoenix, Arizona (Robert B. 

Carey, Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro, LLP, Phoenix, Arizona; and Leif Garrison, 

Hagens Berman Sobol Shapiro, LLP, Colorado Springs, Colorado, with him on the 

briefs), appearing for Appellant. 

Marie E. Williams (Michael S. McCarthy and Jennifer K. Harrison, with her on the 

briefs), Faegre Baker Daniels LLP, Denver, Colorado, appearing for Appellee. 

Before MATHESON, SEYMOUR, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges. 

MATHESON, Circuit Judge. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

April 28, 2015

Elisabeth A. Shumaker 

Clerk of Court

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 On April 4, 1998, a driver hit pedestrian Roberta Folks with the side mirror of his 

vehicle and injured her. State Farm, the driver’s insurer, informed Ms. Folks she could 

receive basic personal injury protection (“PIP”) benefits under the driver’s policy. She 

received $104,000 in medical expenses and essential services. On July 11, 2002, State 

Farm told her she had exhausted the benefits available to her under the policy. 

Ms. Folks joined a lawsuit seeking additional PIP benefits in 2004. Over the 

course of the litigation, Ms. Folks unsuccessfully sought to certify a class on three 

occasions.1

 In response to her last attempt in 2011, the district court determined she 

failed to satisfy the requirements of Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(2) and denied class 

certification. A jury proceeded to hear Ms. Folks’s individual claims and found in her 

favor in 2012. The district court amended the judgment in 2013 to correct errors in the 

calculation of damages. 

 1

 Before and during Ms. Folks’s litigation against State Farm, another suit brought 

in 2000—Clark v. State Farm—also sought to certify a class of injured pedestrians who 

sought additional PIP benefits. In 2008, this court determined the pendency of the class 

claims in Clark tolled the three-year statute of limitations for Ms. Folks’s individual 

claims, allowing her to bring suit in 2004 despite being injured in 1998. See Folks v. 

State Farm Mut. Ins. Co., 299 F. App’x 748 (10th Cir. 2008) (unpublished); see also 

Crown, Cork & Seal Co., Inc. v. Parker, 462 U.S. 345, 350 (1983); Am. Pipe & Constr. 

Co. v. Utah, 414 U.S. 538, 552-53 (1974). The parties make arguments in this appeal 

about tolling, but we do not reach them because we determine Ms. Folks has not 

preserved her arguments for class-wide relief. 

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On appeal, Ms. Folks asks us to reverse the district court’s denial of class 

certification and remand the case for reconsideration of her claim for class-wide relief.2

 

She also argues the district court miscalculated the treble damages and statutory prejudgment interest to which she is entitled. 

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the district court. 

I. BACKGROUND 

A. Factual History 

In 1973, Colorado enacted the Colorado Auto Accident Reparations Act 

(“CAARA”).3

 Among its provisions, CAARA required all automobile insurance 

providers in Colorado to include in their policies minimum PIP benefits for (1) the named 

insured, (2) household relatives of the named insured, (3) passengers of the vehicle, and 

(4) pedestrians injured by the covered vehicle. See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-707(1) 

(repealed 2003).4

 CAARA also required that insurance companies offer all policyholders 

the opportunity to select enhanced PIP benefits, which did not place time or dollar 

 2

 Ms. Folks has obtained the individual relief she seeks, but we retain jurisdiction 

over this matter because of our relaxed standards for mootness in the class certification 

context. See Clark v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. (Clark V), 590 F.3d 1134, 1138 

(10th Cir. 2009) (“[I]f the named plaintiff’s claim becomes moot during the pendency of 

an appeal challenging the district court’s denial of class certification, the appellate court 

is not divested of jurisdiction.”). 

3

 CAARA is also known as the “No Fault Act.” 

4

 CAARA was repealed effective July 1, 2003, but it applies to the events at issue 

in this litigation. See 1997 Colo. Legis. Serv. H.B. 97-1209, § 8 (West).

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limitations on medical expense claims and allowed for greater wage loss reimbursements. 

See id. § 10-4-710 (repealed 2003). 

Notwithstanding CAARA, a number of insurance companies—including State 

Farm—did not offer or pay enhanced PIP benefits to injured pedestrians, even if the 

policyholder had selected enhanced PIP benefits for the policy generally. In 1998, the 

Colorado Court of Appeals deemed this exception—the “Pedestrian Limitation”—

impermissible under the statute. See Brennan v. Farmers Alliance Mut. Ins. Co., 961 

P.2d 550, 553-54 (Colo. App.), cert. denied (Colo. 1998). In response to Brennan, State 

Farm eliminated its Pedestrian Limitation, but lawsuits followed seeking recovery of 

enhanced PIP benefits.5

On April 4, 1998, Ms. Folks was standing in a parking lot when the side mirror of 

a vehicle struck and injured her. The driver had a State Farm policy, issued before 

Brennan, which did not extend enhanced PIP benefits to pedestrians. Before the statute 

of limitations ran on her claim, Ms. Folks became part of the putative class in a related 

class action suit—Clark v. State Farm—which tolled her claims. 

In 2000, Ricky Clark, another pedestrian who was struck and injured by a State 

Farm-insured vehicle, filed a putative class action against State Farm, which removed the 

case to the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado. Mr. Clark argued State Farm 

 5

 Ms. Folks was injured after Brennan was issued but before the Colorado 

Supreme Court denied certiorari and the judgment became final. 

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had routinely failed to offer or pay enhanced PIP benefits under § 10-4-710 and Brennan. 

The district court granted State Farm’s motion to dismiss that claim. In Clark I, we 

decided Brennan applied retroactively and Mr. Clark was entitled to reformation of his 

insurance policy, and reversed the district court. See Clark v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. 

Co. (Clark I), 319 F.3d 1234, 1237-38, 1242 (10th Cir. 2003).6

 

On remand, the district court determined the proper date of reformation would be 

December 19, 2003—the date its post-remand order was entered. Clark v. State Farm 

Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. (Clark II), 292 F. Supp. 2d 1252, 1270 (D. Colo. 2003). In the 

ensuing appeal, we affirmed that (1) Mr. Clark should be awarded the extended PIP 

benefits State Farm was supposed to offer to its insureds, (2) State Farm could cap those 

benefits at $200,000, (3) the date of the district court’s order was appropriate as a date of 

reformation, and (4) the policy could be reformed to provide extended PIP benefits only 

to injured pedestrians and not other potential claimants. Clark v. State Farm Mut. Auto. 

Ins. Co. (Clark III), 433 F.3d 703, 714 (10th Cir. 2005). 

Shortly after Clark III, State Farm undertook a voluntary payment program 

(“VPP”) to pay extended PIP benefits to individuals who were potentially entitled to 

reformation under the Clark litigation. The VPP identified potential claimants, notified 

 6

 Reformation is a court-ordered retroactive remedy to correct a deficient policy so 

that it expresses the actual or legally required agreement between the parties. See Clark 

I, 319 F.3d at 1241. 

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them they may be entitled to additional PIP benefits, invited them to contact State Farm, 

and in some instances sent them a check accompanying the notice. 

After Clark III was remanded, the district court addressed Mr. Clark’s attempt to 

certify a class of: 

All pedestrians who received No-Fault benefits under a Colorado State 

Farm automobile insurance policy where the governing policy documents 

at the time of the accident were issued prior to January 1, 1999. Excluded 

from the Class are all State Farm executives, their legal counsel, and their 

immediate family members, the Court and its staff, and all employees of 

proposed Class Counsel. 

Clark v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. (Clark IV), 245 F.R.D. 478, 480 (D. Colo. 2007). 

The district court denied Mr. Clark’s motion for class certification on multiple alternative 

grounds, including failure to establish numerosity under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 

23(a)(1) and failure to satisfy either Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2) or (b)(3). 

Id. at 481-83, 485-89.7

 The district court also determined that, because State Farm’s VPP 

 7

 A plaintiff who seeks class certification must satisfy the four requirements of 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a): 

(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; 

(2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or 

defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses 

of the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately 

protect the interests of the class. 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). 

The plaintiff also must satisfy the requirements for one of the three types of class 

actions detailed in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b). On appeal, Ms. Folks seeks to 

certify a class under Rule 23(b)(2) and therefore she must demonstrate that State Farm 

“has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final 

Continued . . . 

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resolved Mr. Clark’s individual claims, his claims were moot and he was neither typical 

nor adequate as a class representative. Id. at 490. The Tenth Circuit affirmed the district 

court’s denial of class certification on the mootness ground and declined to reach the 

district court’s alternative grounds. Clark v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. (Clark V), 

590 F.3d 1134, 1141 (10th Cir. 2009). 

B. Procedural History 

In May 2004, Ms. Folks joined as a named plaintiff a lawsuit Kim Nguyen brought 

against State Farm. The suit asserted class action claims for declaratory relief and 

reformation, breach of contract and failure to pay PIP benefits, violation of the No Fault 

Act, statutory willful and wanton breach of contract, and breach of the duty of good faith 

and fair dealing.8

State Farm moved for summary judgment, arguing Ms. Nguyen was not entitled to 

reformation because she was injured as a passenger, not a pedestrian, and Ms. Folks’s 

claims were time-barred because they were filed after the three-year statute of limitations 

expired. The district court granted the motion. We affirmed the district court’s 

determination that Ms. Nguyen was not entitled to reformation, but reversed the district 

______________________________________ 

Cont. 

injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as 

a whole.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2). 

8

 Ms. Nguyen commenced her action on January 9, 2004. She was permitted to 

file an amended complaint adding Ms. Folks as a plaintiff in May 2004. See Folks, 299 

F. App’x at 752. 

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court on Ms. Folks’s claims. Folks v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co., 299 F. App’x 748, 756, 

758-59 (10th Cir. 2008) (unpublished).9

 We relied on State Farm Mutual Automobile 

Insurance Co. v. Boellstorff, 540 F.3d 1223 (10th Cir. 2008), which said a member of a 

putative class may pursue his or her own claims before the district court decides the class 

certification issue even after the otherwise non-tolled statute of limitations would have 

run. See Folks, 299 F. App’x at 749. Because Ms. Folks belonged to the putative class in 

Clark and joined Ms. Nguyen’s lawsuit before class certification was denied in Clark, we 

concluded her claims were timely. Id. at 756.10

 9

 Ms. Nguyen was a passenger, not a pedestrian, and was not subject to the 

Pedestrian Limitation. The pending class action litigation in Clark did not toll her claims. 

See Folks, 299 F. App’x 757-58. 

10 Key dates help to understand why we are considering Ms. Folks’s claims in 

2015. Ms. Folks was injured on April 4, 1998. We determined the three-year statute of 

limitations began to run for Ms. Folks on April 16, 1998. Folks, 299 F. App’x at 755. 

Mr. Clark brought his class action on August 24, 2000, which tolled the statute of 

limitations for Ms. Folks. Id. at 753 n.8, 755-56. On January 9, 2004, Ms. Nguyen filed 

her suit—which Ms. Folks joined—when the class action in Clark was pending. Id. at 

752. On September 18, 2007, the district court denied class certification in Clark on Rule 

23 and mootness grounds. Clark IV, 245 F.R.D. at 481-90. On December 29, 2009, we 

affirmed the denial of class certification in Clark IV solely on mootness grounds, and did 

not reach the Rule 23 analysis. Clark V, 590 F.3d at 1141. At that time, Ms. Folks’s 

litigation in this case was ongoing. On March 8, 2011, Ms. Folks moved for class 

certification in her case. On March 29, 2012, the district court denied the motion for 

class certification. On September 30, 2012, the district court entered judgment on Ms. 

Folks’s individual claims. The parties moved to alter or amend the final judgment, and 

the district court resolved those claims on September 23, 2013. The district court entered 

an amended final judgment on September 24, 2013. On October 24, 2013, Ms. Folks 

timely filed a notice of appeal regarding her motion for class certification and the district 

court’s final order and amended judgment. 

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After her case was remanded to the district court, Ms. Folks filed another motion 

for class certification. Because her proposed class was virtually identical to the putative 

class in Clark, and because Clark IV was then on appeal to the Tenth Circuit, the district 

court determined the eventual ruling in Clark V would determine Ms. Folks’s class-based 

claims. The court denied her motion for class certification without prejudice. 

As it happened, however, Clark V neither upheld the denial of class certification 

nor reversed the denial. Instead, we decided the case on the limited ground that the 

claims of the class representative, Mr. Clark, were moot. Thus, about one year after 

Clark V, Ms. Folks again moved for class certification, seeking to certify a class of: 

All pedestrian insureds who received No-Fault benefits under a Colorado 

State Farm automobile insurance policy where the policy documents in 

place at the time of the accident were issued prior to January 1, 1999, and 

whose claims accrued on or after August 1, 1997. Excluded from the Class 

are all State Farm executives, their legal counsel, and their immediate 

family members, the Court and its staff, and all employees of proposed 

Class Counsel. 

Aplt. App. at 66 (footnote omitted). 

This proposed class is virtually identical to the class Mr. Clark proposed in Clark 

IV.

11 State Farm contested the proposed class, arguing it did not satisfy Federal Rule of 

 11 As State Farm notes, the only differences are that Ms. Folks’s proposed class: 

(1) excludes non-pedestrians, who lack standing; (2) excludes individuals whose policies 

did not contain the Pedestrian Limitation when they were injured, who lack a viable 

claim, and (3) excludes individuals whose claims would be time-barred because they 

were injured before August 1, 1997, which is three years before the Clark litigation 

commenced. 

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Civil Procedure 23 and the putative class claims were time-barred because class action 

tolling protected only individual claims. A magistrate judge considered the motion for 

class certification, recommended the putative class claims were time-barred, and did not 

reach the Rule 23 issues. Ms. Folks objected, and the district court determined the Rule 

23 issues should be resolved before considering whether the claims were timely.12

The district court concluded Ms. Folks’s proposed class did not satisfy Rule 23.13

First, the court considered Rule 23(a)’s requirements and determined the proposed class 

was not sufficiently numerous to make joinder of individual claims impracticable. 

Second, the court considered Rule 23(b)’s requirements, and determined (1) the class 

would require individual determinations and relief such that it could not be certified 

under Rule 23(b)(2), and (2) individual questions predominated over class questions and 

a class action was not superior to individual litigation such that the class could not be 

certified under Rule 23(b)(3). On March 29, 2012, the district court denied the motion 

for class certification. 

Ms. Folks’s individual claims proceeded to trial. A jury decided in her favor on 

 12 When a party timely objects to a magistrate judge’s recommendation on a 

dispositive motion, the district court makes a de novo determination on the portions of 

the recommendation to which the party objects. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). 

13 To certify a class under Rule 23, both Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b) must be 

satisfied. For this reason, the district court’s determinations on Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b) 

constitute alternative grounds on which Ms. Folks’s motion for class certification could 

be denied. 

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September 28, 2012. The jury awarded Ms. Folks $40,000 in actual damages under Colo. 

Rev. Stat. § 10-4-708(1) (repealed 2003) and $96,000 for willful and wanton conduct 

under Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-708(1.8) (repealed 2003).14 Any pre-judgment interest 

award was left to the court’s determination. Judgment was entered on September 30, 

2012. Relevant to the issues on appeal, both parties moved to alter or amend the final 

judgment. 

In her motion, Ms. Folks argued she was entitled to an award of pre-judgment 

interest under § 10-4-708(1.8), and contended that interest accrued from July 11, 2002 to 

the date of judgment. Ms. Folks also argued § 10-4-708(1.8) required the court to treble 

the $96,000 jury award for willful and wanton conduct, for a total of $288,000. She 

contended that the court should award the trebled damages in addition to the $40,000 in 

actual damages she recovered in the proceeding. 

In response to Ms. Folks’s motion, State Farm argued it was liable for prejudgment interest only after Ms. Folks had submitted additional medical bills to State 

Farm on May 13, 2009, and that pre-judgment interest began to accrue when payment for 

those bills was due on June 12, 2009. State Farm’s own motion argued the jury’s finding 

of willful and wanton conduct could only treble the $40,000 in actual damages under 

§ 10-4-708(1.8) for a total of $120,000 in damages, and could not support a separate 

additional award of $96,000. 

 14 The jury did not determine whether Ms. Folks was entitled to pre-judgment 

interest under § 10-4-708(1.8). 

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The district court amended the judgment based on the parties’ motions. First, the 

court considered the text of § 10-4-708(1.8), trebled the $40,000 in actual damages 

because of State Farm’s willful and wanton conduct, and awarded Ms. Folks a total of 

$120,000. Second, the court determined Ms. Folks established her entitlement to benefits 

when she submitted bills to State Farm on May 13, 2009, and awarded Ms. Folks prejudgment interest from June 12, 2009, which amounted to $23,769.86. The court entered 

its amended final judgment on September 24, 2013. Ms. Folks filed a timely appeal. 

II. DISCUSSION 

On appeal, Ms. Folks challenges the district court’s denial of class certification, 

calculation of treble damages for willful and wanton conduct, and calculation of prejudgment interest.15 We first analyze the motion for class certification and determine Ms. 

Folks forfeited her class certification arguments on appeal because she relies on a 

different basis for certification here than she did before the district court. We then turn to 

Ms. Folks’s individual claims and conclude the district court properly calculated treble 

damages and Ms. Folks is not entitled to additional pre-judgment interest. We therefore 

affirm the district court’s ruling. 

A. Class Certification 

Ms. Folks seeks to appeal the district court’s Rule 23 ruling, but we must initially 

 15 Ms. Folks appeals the district court’s decision not to certify a declaratory or 

injunctive class under Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(2). She does not appeal the decision not 

to certify a damages class under Rule 23(b)(3). 

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determine whether she has properly preserved the argument she makes here. Ms. Folks’s 

motion for class certification focused on reformation and damages. She proposed a twostage litigation structure to establish equitable relief as the basis for a damages class.16 

The district court determined class-wide reformation and a date for that 

 16 Ms. Folks’s motion for class certification stated: 

The class seeks equitable relief consisting of a declaration reforming the 

relevant insurance contracts to include the statutory extended PIP benefits 

and injunctive relief requiring State Farm to notify all affected insureds of 

the availability of extended PIP benefits and the true scope of those 

benefits. If that equitable relief is secured, the class will also seek payment 

of past enhanced PIP benefits in accordance with the reformed contracts; 

and, conditionally depending on the Court’s determination of the effective 

date of reformation, statutory interest, treble damages for statutory willful 

and wanton breach of contract pursuant to Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-708(1), 

and punitive damages. 

These claims would ideally be analyzed in separate phases, the first 

to address equitable relief and the second to address damages and other 

relief. In the first phase, the Court would determine if reformation of class 

members’ policies is warranted. This is a purely equitable decision and can 

be made on the basis of the flaw in the insurance policy alone. Along with 

that determination, the Court should determine an effective date of 

reformation for the class, also an equitable remedy. Plaintiff would request 

that, though it is not required under the rule, notice be given to class 

members at that stage as that is one of the primary goals of this litigation. 

. . . . 

The second phase of this case would be the determination of money 

damages, including all due and overdue benefits, and any additional 

damages stemming from the determination of the effective date of 

reformation. 

Aplt. App. at 75-76, 78 (citations omitted). 

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reformation required intensive and fact-dependent determinations for each class member, 

and thus Ms. Folks had not demonstrated “final injunctive relief or corresponding 

declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

23(b)(2). On appeal, Ms. Folks does not challenge the district court’s determination that 

class certification was not warranted on the issues of reformation and damages. Aplt. Br. 

17 n.3 & 21-22. By declining to do so, she has “intentionally relinquished or abandoned” 

her arguments regarding reformation and damages, and we deem them waived and do not 

consider them. Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1127 (10th Cir. 2011). 

Instead, Ms. Folks now “seeks (1) a classwide declaration that State Farm’s policy 

limitation is invalid, and (2) notice to class members that will correct misleading 

statements by State Farm and enable them to protect their rights.” Aplt. Br. at 21-22.17 

She presents overlapping arguments that she preserved these bases for class certification. 

She cites places in the record where she believes she called for notice and argues the 

declaratory relief she requested in the district court regarding reformation has always 

necessarily included some form of notice. State Farm counters that the declaratory and 

injunctive relief Ms. Folks sought before this appeal was reformation of insurance 

 17 Both Clark I, 319 F.3d at 1241, and Brennan, 961 P.2d at 554, determined State 

Farm’s policy limitation is invalid. Class certification is unnecessary to reiterate the 

conclusions of those opinions. Ms. Folks argues that class members should nevertheless 

receive a notice describing their rights and correcting aspects of the VPP she considers 

misleading. Our analysis therefore focuses on whether she has preserved the argument 

that such a notice constitutes a basis for class certification. 

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policies and the establishment of a class-wide date for reformation, not notice as a form 

of relief. Further, Ms. Folks’s complaint—which was filed before State Farm created the 

VPP and was not amended to include allegations regarding the program—obviously 

could not and did not allege the VPP caused injury to the class, nor is this allegation in 

Ms. Folks’s motion for class certification.18 State Farm therefore contends Ms. Folks’s 

argument for corrective notice is new on appeal and has been forfeited.19

“The matter of what questions may be taken up and resolved for the first time on 

appeal is one left primarily to the discretion of the courts of appeals . . . .” Singleton v. 

Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 121 (1976). After careful consideration of the record, we conclude 

Ms. Folks has forfeited any argument that the district court erred in failing to consider 

whether notice would provide a basis to certify a class. In the introduction to her motion 

for class certification, Ms. Folks stated, “The only questions that remain to be decided are 

which insureds are entitled to reformation and the subsequent damages, and whether 

 18 Ms. Folks has only argued the VPP failed to fully redress the injury caused by 

the lack of class-wide contract reformation she identified in her complaint. She has not 

argued the VPP itself caused injury. See Aplt. App. at 74 (“Each [class member] has 

suffered the same harm in not being afforded enhanced PIP benefits. In addition, none of 

these individuals’ harm or damages have been fully addressed by the VPP, even those 

who received checks through that program, due to the fundamental inadequacies in the 

program itself.”). 

19 Although State Farm uses the term “waiver,” they in fact argue Ms. Folks’s 

argument has been forfeited on appeal. See Richison, 634 F.3d at 1128 (“Waiver is 

accomplished by intent, but forfeiture comes about through neglect.” (quotations 

omitted)). 

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these remedies can be achieved in one action.” Aplt. App. at 66. The motion accordingly 

sought class-wide contract reformation, a class-wide date of reformation, and damages. 

Ms. Folks did not argue notice would merit certification of a class, consistently 

indicated notice would be optional and class-wide reformation would be necessary to 

remedy the alleged class-wide injuries, and did not argue for notice with sufficient 

specificity. She may not argue a different ground for class certification for the first time 

on appeal. The overlapping reasons Ms. Folks gives to preserve her notice argument are 

not convincing. 

1. Notice as a Basis for Certification 

Ms. Folks insists that, in addition to reformation and damages, she also sought 

class-wide notice.20 For support, Ms. Folks points to seven places in her filings where 

she believes she indicated “the need for notice was a central theme of Plaintiff’s request,” 

which we take to mean a basis for class certification. Aplt. Reply Br. at 16-18.21 This 

 20 Ms. Folks’s attempts to recast her motion for class certification on appeal are 

unconvincing. She argues, “Plaintiff requested certification on reformation and damages 

issues in addition to notice, but the need for notice was a central theme of Plaintiff’s 

request.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 16. But this attempt to foreground notice and downplay 

reformation is belied by the motion for class certification itself, which specified “the 

main purpose of this lawsuit is to secure for all class members a declaration that their 

State Farm policy is unlawful and must be reformed, as well as a declaration of the 

effective date of reformation for all the policies at issue.” Aplt. App. at 88. 

21 As we detail in the following paragraphs, none of these references actually 

indicate that notice would provide a basis for class certification. The first and fifth say 

notice is not mandatory; the third alleges only deficiencies in the VPP; and the second, 

fourth, sixth, and seventh specifically refer to notice in the context of judicial 

Continued . . . 

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argument fails for two reasons. 

First, Ms. Folks’s references to “notice” in her filings concern two different forms 

of notice under Rule 23. Notice may constitute a form of relief under Rule 23—for 

example, when class members have been injured and the relief sought is notification of 

the rights and entitlements available to them. See, e.g., Wigton v. Kaplan, No. 2:10-cv01768, 2014 WL 4272791, at *5 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 29, 2014); Wigton v. Berry, 949 F. 

Supp. 2d 616, 641-42 (W.D. Pa. 2013). But notice may also keep class members 

apprised of a lawsuit as it progresses. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2), (d)(1)(B), (e)(1), & 

(h)(1); William B. Rubenstein, Newberg on Class Actions § 8:1 (5th ed. 2011) 

(describing four types of notice in class action litigation). The latter type of notice is 

derivative of a class certification that satisfies Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) and 

(b), and is not itself a basis to certify a class. See Wal-Mart Stores v. Dukes, 131 S. Ct. 

2541, 2548-49 (2011) (observing a party seeking class certification must satisfy Rule 

23(a) and one of the three requirements in Rule 23(b)). 

Although Ms. Folks cites to various places where “notice” was invoked in her 

filings, the majority of these references do not demonstrate she sought the first type of 

notice as a basis for class certification. They illustrate instead Ms. Folks wished to notify 

______________________________________ 

Cont. 

reformation, and never indicate notice without reformation would remedy the injury 

suffered by members of the putative class or justify class certification. 

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the class of the pending litigation—the second type of notice—and often expressly refer 

to the relevant sections of Rule 23 that deal with this type of notice. In particular, Ms. 

Folks’s argument that the class satisfied Rule 23(b)(2) specified “the main purpose of this 

lawsuit is to secure for all class members a declaration that their State Farm policy is 

unlawful and must be reformed, as well as a declaration of the effective date of 

reformation for all the policies at issue,” and indicated notice was optional under Rule 

23(c). See, e.g., Aplt. App. at 86 n.13 (“If the Court certifies a class only pursuant to Fed. 

R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2), under which notice to class members is not mandatory, Plaintiff 

requests that the Court exercise its discretion to order ‘appropriate notice to the class.’ 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2)(A).”); Aplt. App at 87 (“Plaintiff believes that the hybrid 

procedure is most appropriate here, as the 23(b)(2) injunctive relief is essential, but the 

notice and opt out provisions of 23(b)(3) would also be beneficial to the class. Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 23(c)(1)-(2).”); see also Aplt. Reply Br. at 13-16 (invoking the discretionary 

notice provisions of Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(d)(1)(B) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(c)(2)(A)).22 Ms. 

Folks’s requests for the class to be notified about the class-wide suit to obtain reformation 

and damages do not preserve the argument she makes on appeal, which specifically seeks 

 22 Ms. Folks cites Kyriazi v. Western Electric Co., 647 F.2d 388, 395 (3d Cir. 

1981), to argue she did not need to amend her complaint to seek notice as a form of relief. 

In Kyriazi, the trial court ordered notice of a pending class-action lawsuit, not notice as a 

form of class-wide relief. Id. at 391. The court of appeals indicated that when liability 

against the defendant was established, the class should be notified under Rule 23(d)(2). 

Id. at 395. Kyriazi does not support the contention that, where notice is the relief sought, 

a plaintiff need not seek that relief in the complaint or motion for class certification. 

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notice as a form of relief. 

Second, to preserve her argument on appeal, Ms. Folks must not only show she 

identified the issue for the district court, but also that she sought a ruling on it. Our test 

for forfeiture requires that a party “alerts the district court to the issue and seeks a 

ruling.” Somerlott v. Cherokee Nation Distribs., Inc., 686 F.3d 1144, 1150 (10th Cir. 

2012) (quotations omitted) (emphasis added). “[W]e have held that where an issue is 

raised but not pursued in the trial court, it cannot be the basis for the appeal.” Lyons v. 

Jefferson Bank & Trust, 994 F.2d 716, 722 (10th Cir. 1993) (emphasis added). 

Ms. Folks did not seek a certification ruling on class-wide notice. Instead, the 

motion for class certification plainly sought reformation and damages to remedy the 

alleged class-wide injury caused by the application of the Pedestrian Limitation. Ms. 

Folks requested that the court notify the class after it had reformed their contracts and 

established a date of reformation, but forthrightly acknowledged such notice “is not 

required under [Rule 23].” Aplt. App. at 76. Here, as elsewhere, Ms. Folks indicated 

notice was discretionary. See id. at 76, 86 n.13, 87. 

Indeed, Ms. Folks’s motion for certification repeatedly indicated notice would not 

suffice to provide meaningful relief to the class, and emphasized contract reformation 

was essential. The class-wide injury Ms. Folks alleged—that each class member “has 

suffered the same harm in not being afforded enhanced PIP benefits”—cannot be cured 

by notice, which would not reform the class members’ contracts to provide enhanced PIP 

benefits. Id. at 74. Without reformation, the insurer would not be required to pay the 

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additional benefits under Brennan, which Ms. Folks herself pointed out in her filings. 

See id. at 76, 517, 524.23 As Ms. Folks noted, “[T]he declaratory relief of the first phase 

must be addressed before any other issues may be considered, as judicial action on 

reformation is necessary to require the insurer to pay the additional benefits.” Aplt. App. 

at 76. Ms. Folks cannot argue before the district court that notice is optional and 

reformation is necessary to relieve class-wide injury, and then argue for the first time on 

appeal that the district court should have considered notice as a basis for class 

certification. 

2. Notice as an Implicit Basis for Certification

Ms. Folks suggests that, “[b]ecause injured pedestrians are third-party insureds 

 23 For example, in reply to State Farm’s response to her motion for class 

certification, Ms. Folks observed: 

Without reformation, the contracts at issue all contain only the lower level 

of benefits written into the policy. State Farm, in its Voluntary Payment 

Program (“VPP”), has taken advantage of this fact by failing to accurately 

describe what additional benefits and coverage class members are entitled 

to receive under a properly-reformed policy. Thus, reformation—and 

setting an effective date of reformation—is essential to securing the legal 

rights to coverage for all class members, properly notifying all class 

members of the actual terms of the reformed policies, and providing a 

mechanism to enforce State Farm’s obligations to pay additional overdue 

benefits. 

Aplt. App. at 517-18. On that basis, Ms. Folks characterized the declaratory relief of 

reformation as “essential.” Aplt. App. at 519. We fail to see how the district court or 

State Farm could have understood Ms. Folks to be saying notice without reformation 

would merit class certification. 

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and generally unaware of their rights, notice was always a necessary incident of the 

requested declaration.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 16. We find this attempt to deduce a request 

for notice unconvincing. We have previously rejected attempts to present vague or 

ambiguous claims for relief to the district court and then introduce a new, specific theory 

for relief on appeal, deeming the latter argument improperly preserved. See Bancamerica 

Commercial Corp. v. Mosher Steel of Kan., Inc., 100 F.3d 792, 798-99 (10th Cir. 1996); 

Cnty. Line Inv. Co. v. Tinney, 933 F.2d 1508, 1515 (10th Cir. 1991). “Where a litigant 

changes to a new theory on appeal that falls under the same general category as an 

argument presented at trial or presents a theory that was discussed in a vague and 

ambiguous way the theory will not be considered on appeal.” Bancamerica, 100 F.3d at 

798-99 (quotations and alteration omitted); see also Carpenter v. Boeing Co., 456 F.3d 

1183, 1198 n.2 (10th Cir. 2006) (applying this principle in the class action context). Ms. 

Folks’s demand for reformation and damages does not provide cover for her to 

extrapolate a new, specific demand for corrective notice on appeal, especially when—as 

we describe above—she expressly indicated to the district court that reformation was 

required to provide relief to the class.24 

3. Sufficiency of Ms. Folks’s District Court Arguments

Finally, if Ms. Folks’s passing references to “notice” or implicit demands for 

 24 In her motion for class certification, Ms. Folks recognized the type of notice 

provided in the VPP was separate from contract reformation and would not reform the 

contracts of the putative class. Aplt. App. at 70 & n.5. 

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notice could conceivably constitute relief for the class and a basis for class certification, 

she has not made that argument with sufficient clarity and specificity to preserve it for 

appeal. “The touchstone on this issue is that vague, arguable references to a point in the 

district court proceedings do not preserve the issue on appeal.” Lyons, 994 F.2d at 721 

(quotations and alterations omitted). This is because such “perfunctory presentation” 

deprives the trial court of its opportunity to consider and rule on an issue in any detail. 

Tele-Commc’ns, Inc. v. Comm’r, 104 F.3d 1229, 1233-34 (10th Cir. 1997). As we have 

warned, such “minimal development of an issue in the district court could well result in 

forfeiture . . . given the institutional interest of a court of appeals in not resolving issues 

in the first instance.” Ark Initiative v. U.S. Forest Serv., 660 F.3d 1256, 1263 (10th Cir. 

2011). 

Because Ms. Folks did not argue the district court should certify a class for the 

purpose of delivering notice, the district court did not pass on the viability of notice as a 

basis for class certification or as a form of relief. The court only considered whether “the 

case be certified as a Rule 23(b)(2) case for the purposes of the declaratory relief 

regarding the reformation of the underlying policies and a Rule 23(b)(3) class for the 

purposes of damages arising from the reformation.” Folks v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. 

Co., 281 F.R.D. 608, 618 (D. Colo. 2012). “In order to preserve the integrity of the 

appellate structure, we should not be considered a ‘second-shot’ forum, a forum where 

secondary, back-up theories may be mounted for the first time.” Tele-Commc’ns, 104 

F.3d at 1233. Without the benefit of the trial court’s determination, we decline to reach 

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the issue for the first time on appeal. 

* * *

Ms. Folks seeks only a declaration that State Farm’s policy limitation is invalid—a 

point settled by Clark I and Brennan—and corrective notice to class members. We deem 

this novel argument on appeal for class certification forfeited. We may “entertain 

forfeited theories on appeal, but we will reverse a district court’s judgment on the basis of 

a forfeited theory only if failing to do so would entrench a plainly erroneous result.” 

Richison, 634 F.3d at 1127. Here, Ms. Folks has failed to argue plain error, which 

“surely marks the end of the road for an argument for reversal not first presented to the 

district court.” Id. at 1131. 

Having determined Ms. Folks has forfeited her class certification arguments, we 

need not address the district court’s conclusions regarding Rule 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(2) 

and affirm the district court. 

B. Individual Claims 

In addition to her class claims, Ms. Folks appeals the district court’s calculation of 

damages in her own case. We determine the district court properly calculated damages 

and affirm its judgment. 

1. Treble Damages

The parties dispute whether the district court correctly interpreted § 10-4-708(1.8). 

We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. United States v. Nacchio, 573 

F.3d 1062, 1087 (10th Cir. 2009). 

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At trial, the jury awarded Ms. Folks $40,000 in unpaid benefits under § 10-4-

708(1) and found State Farm acted willfully and wantonly when it denied payment of 

insurance benefits to Ms. Folks.25 The district court calculated damages for willful and 

wanton conduct under § 10-4-708(1.8), which awards “an amount which is three times 

the amount of unpaid benefits recovered.”26 It interpreted § 10-4-708(1.8) to entitle Ms. 

Folks to an award totaling $120,000—three times the $40,000 in unpaid benefits found 

 25 In relevant part, § 10-4-708(1) states: 

Benefits for any period are overdue if not paid within thirty days after the 

insurer receives reasonable proof of the fact and amount of expenses 

incurred during that period; except that an insurer may accumulate claims 

for periods not exceeding one month and benefits are not overdue if paid 

within fifteen days after the period of accumulation. If reasonable proof is 

not supplied as to the entire claim, the amount supported by reasonable 

proof is overdue if not paid within thirty days after such proof is received 

by the insurer. Any part or all of the remainder of the claim that is later 

supported by reasonable proof is overdue if not paid within thirty days after 

such proof is received by the insurer. In the event that the insurer fails to 

pay such benefits when due, the person entitled to such benefits may bring 

an action in contract to recover the same. 

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-708(1). 

26 In relevant part, § 10-4-708(1.8) states: 

The insurer shall pay interest to the insured on the benefits recovered at a 

rate of eighteen percent per annum, with interest commencing from the date 

the benefits recovered were due. In addition, in the event of willful and 

wanton failure of the insurer to pay such benefits when due, the insurer 

shall pay to the insured, in addition to any other amounts due to the insured 

under this subsection (1.8), an amount which is three times the amount of 

unpaid benefits recovered in the proceeding. 

Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-708(1.8). 

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by the jury.27 The court therefore decided the jury’s award of $40,000 in damages 

entitled Ms. Folks to a total of $120,000 for both breach of contract under § 10-4-708(1) 

and willful and wanton failure to pay benefits under § 10-4-708(1.8). 

Ms. Folks argues the plain language of § 10-4-708(1.8) mandates payment of 

treble damages independent of and in addition to underlying benefits, that is, $160,000—

the $40,000 in unpaid benefits plus $120,000 in treble damages.28 She argues we should 

construe the CAARA in its entirety, and contends § 10-4-708(1.8), which awards prejudgment interest as well as treble damages, does not purport to include the unpaid 

benefits recoverable under § 10-4-708(1). She also contends the repetition in § 10-4-

708(1.8) of the word “amount” in the phrase “an amount which is three times the amount 

of unpaid benefits recovered in the proceeding” makes clear the court is to award two 

amounts, and the word “recovered” must refer to the amount of unpaid benefits or it 

 27 The Colorado Court of Appeals reached the same result in Tait ex rel. Tait v. 

Hartford Underwriters Insurance Co., 49 P.3d 337 (Colo. App. 2001). The Tait court 

said, “[T]he phrase ‘in addition to any other amounts due’ mandates that the original 

amount of unpaid benefits (‘other amounts due’) is necessarily included in the amount 

trebled” in § 10-4-708(1.8). Id. at 342. In the instant case, the district court disagreed 

with this logic, but agreed with the ultimate result. Like the district court, we do not find 

the logic of Tait persuasive. The full phrase is “in addition to any other amounts due to 

the insured under this subsection (1.8),” which refers to the prejudgment interest due 

under subsection 1.8, and not to unpaid benefits generally, which are awarded under other 

portions of CAARA. 

28 On appeal, Ms. Folks only argues the $40,000 and $120,000 awards should be 

additive. She does not contest the district court’s nullification of the additional $96,000 

awarded by the jury. 

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would be surplusage. Ms. Folks finally notes Williams v. Farmers Insurance Group, 

Inc., 781 P.2d 156, 160 (Colo. App. 1989), affirmed an award of treble damages in 

addition to underlying benefits. 

The district court correctly construed § 10-4-708(1.8) when it calculated treble 

damages. The text provides for two types of payments. The first sentence of the 

subsection states: “The insurer shall pay interest to the insured on the benefits recovered 

at a rate of eighteen percent per annum, with interest commencing from the date the 

benefits recovered were due.” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-708(1.8). The second sentence of 

the subsection states: “In addition, in the event of willful and wanton failure of the 

insurer to pay such benefits when due, the insurer shall pay to the insured, in addition to 

any other amounts due to the insured under this subsection (1.8), an amount which is 

three times the amount of unpaid benefits recovered in the proceeding.” Id.

First, the district court’s calculations follow the plain meaning of the statute. The 

statute specifies the trebled damages are in addition to other amounts due “under this 

subsection (1.8),” and not in addition to other amounts due under other sections of 

CAARA. The only other amount due under subsection (1.8) is pre-judgment interest, not 

the unpaid benefits under the policy, which are due under subsection (1). Nothing in the 

statutory text indicates a court is supposed to add the trebled amount to the amount of 

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actual damages awarded.29

Second, precedent supports this reading. In addition to Tait, other cases have 

regarded treble damages under § 10-4-708(1.8) as non-additive. See, e.g., Mid-Century 

Ins. Co. v. Travelers Indem. Co. of Ill., 982 P.2d 310, 313 n.6 (Colo. 1999) (“Statutory 

treble damages are calculated by taking the amount of benefits recovered, then 

multiplying that amount by three. See [Colo. Rev. Stat.] § 10-4-708(1.8). Treble 

damages awarded in this case amounted to $172,167.27.”); Answer Brief at 6, MidCentury Ins. Co., 982 P.2d 310 (No. 98SC26), 1998 WL 34193699 (specifying the 

underlying damages in the Mid-Century case were $57,389.09); Brief of PlaintiffAppellant at 8, 19, Potter v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 21 P.3d 874 (Colo. App. 

2001) (No. 1999CA1995), 2000 WL 35537365 (observing the trial court “awarded the 

Plaintiff a sum equal to the amount of unpaid PIP benefits . . . plus two times that amount 

for total damages recoverable under the PIP statute,” rejected the argument that treble 

damages are to be added to the underlying damages award, and “ruled, as a matter of law, 

that ‘you treble the amount of unpaid benefits and that is all you get’”).30 

 29 We find Ms. Folks’s statutory arguments unavailing. Repeating the word 

“amount” does not give any indication the amounts are to be separate and independent 

awards, and the word “recovered” merely means courts should treble the amount of 

actual damages the plaintiff recovers rather than other amounts alleged during the course 

of the litigation. 

30 The appellate decisions in these cases do not specify how the trial court 

calculated damages, but the parties’ briefs detail how the trial court trebled the actual 

damages to calculate the total damage award. 

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Furthermore, the Colorado Supreme Court and Colorado Court of Appeals have 

consistently treated other statutory treble damages provisions as non-additive. See Gen. 

Steel Domestic Sales, LLC v. Bacheller, 291 P.3d 1, 5 (Colo. 2012) (en banc) (illustrating 

treble damages under Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-21-102 are non-additive); Mishkin v. Young, 

107 P.3d 393, 395-96 (Colo. 2005) (en banc) (illustrating treble damages under Colo. 

Rev. Stat. § 38-12-103 are non-additive); Hall v. Walter, 969 P.2d 224, 228 (Colo. 1998) 

(en banc) (illustrating treble damages under Colo. Rev. Stat. § 6-1-113(2) are nonadditive); Heritage Vill. Owners Ass’n, Inc. v. Golden Heritage Investors, Ltd., 89 P.3d 

513, 514 (Colo. App. 2004) (same). The Supreme Court of Colorado has not treated 

treble damages as additive even in statutes where they are intended to act as a punitive 

measure. See Hall, 969 P.2d at 229. It would be inconsistent to treat them as a harsher 

additive sanction in a context where Colorado courts have indicated they are not intended 

to be punitive. See Farmers Grp., Inc. v. Williams, 805 P.2d 419, 427 (Colo. 1991) (en 

banc). 

This reading of Colorado law accords with our cases and those of Colorado courts. 

See, e.g., Wilson v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 934 F.2d 261, 266 (10th Cir. 1991) 

(instructing the district court “to treble the damages, if any, determined under the gross 

income claim” but not specifying these were to be awarded separately); Munoz v. State 

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 968 P.2d 126, 128 (Colo. App. 1998) (noting “the trial court 

invoked § 10-4-708(1.8) . . . and trebled plaintiff’s damage award on her statutory 

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claim”).31 The plain meaning of the statute and existing precedent indicate treble 

damages are not additive, and we affirm the district court. 

2. Pre-Judgment Interest

Because the district court’s calculation of interest was based on a legal conclusion 

regarding the date of breach, we review the district court’s determination de novo. See 

AE, Inc. v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 576 F.3d 1050, 1055 (10th Cir. 2009) 

(“Although an award of prejudgment interest is generally reviewed for abuse of 

discretion, any statutory interpretation or legal analysis underlying such an award is 

reviewed de novo.” (quotations omitted)). 

Colorado law obligated State Farm to pay benefits within 30 days after Ms. Folks 

demonstrated an entitlement to enhanced PIP benefits. See Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-

708(1.8) (requiring the insurer to “pay interest to the insured on the benefits recovered at 

the rate of eighteen percent per annum, with interest commencing from the date the 

benefits recovered were due”); id. § 10-4-708(1) (explaining benefits are overdue “if not 

 31 Ms. Folks cites Murphy v. Leon, No. 12-CV-02758-LTB, 2013 WL 2383000 (D. 

Colo. May 30, 2013), and Williams, 781 P.2d 156, but these decisions are not instructive. 

Neither opinion specifies whether the court added the damage and treble damage amounts 

together or ultimately awarded only the amount of treble damages. 

When Williams reached the Colorado Supreme Court, its analysis invoked a 

California decision which treated treble damages as non-additive, see Farmers Grp., Inc., 

805 P.2d at 427 (citing Kelly v. Yee, 213 Cal. App. 3d 336, 341 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989)), and 

likened the statute to the treble damages provision in antitrust law, id., which is also nonadditive. See, e.g., Am. Soc’y of Mech. Eng’rs, Inc. v. Hydrolevel Corp., 456 U.S. 556, 

575-76 (1982) (affirming the award of non-additive treble damages under federal 

antitrust law). 

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paid within thirty days after the insurer receives reasonable proof of the fact and amount 

of expenses”). Ms. Folks submitted a small bill for $64.73 on June 16, 2002. State Farm 

did not pay the bill, and notified Ms. Folks in a letter dated July 11, 2002, that she had 

exhausted medical benefits and that any additional bills should be sent to her health 

carrier. On September 14, 2012, the district court reformed Ms. Folks’s policy to provide 

enhanced PIP benefits as of July 11, 2002. The court determined State Farm was not 

obligated to pay benefits until Ms. Folks submitted documentation establishing she was 

entitled to benefits, which first occurred on May 13, 2009. It concluded the benefits were 

due to Ms. Folks 30 days later on June 12, 2009. 

Ms. Folks argues she is entitled to interest on medical expenses starting from the 

date State Farm breached the contract. See Vento v. Colo. Nat’l Bank-Pueblo, 907 P.2d 

642, 647-48 (Colo. App. 1995) (concluding pre-judgment interest under a different 

statute is assessed beginning from the date of injury). She argues that because State Farm 

wrongly instructed her on July 11, 2002 that coverage was exhausted and deterred her 

from submitting additional medical claims, she had a claim for total breach of contract as 

of that date and was excused from future performance. 

Under the Colorado statute, Ms. Folks is not entitled to additional pre-judgment 

interest. Even if anticipatory repudiation occurred on July 11, 2002 and Ms. Folks can 

demonstrate a breach of contract, this does not entitle her to statutory pre-judgment 

interest. The district court relied on the plain language of § 10-4-708(1.8), which 

obligated State Farm to pay interest to Ms. Folks “from the date the benefits recovered 

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were due.” Colo. Rev. Stat. § 10-4-708(1.8). Under another subsection of the statute, the 

benefits were due “thirty days after the insurer receives reasonable proof of the fact and 

amount of expenses incurred.” Id. § 10-4-708(1). The statute neither references nor 

depends on whether the contract had been breached. It establishes its own prerequisites 

for the payment of interest. State Farm was liable only for bills received after the 

reformed contract with Ms. Folks took effect on July 11, 2002, and was not liable for 

bills sent before then when it had no obligation to refund Ms. Folks beyond the amount it 

had already provided. 

Whether Ms. Folks may recover for breach of contract and for willful and wanton 

breach does not factor into the statutory determination of pre-judgment interest. The 

district court correctly calculated Ms. Folks’s pre-judgment interest based on the plain 

meaning of the statute. 

III.CONCLUSION 

We affirm the district court’s denial of class certification, calculation of treble 

damages, and calculation of pre-judgment interest. 

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