FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

March 30, 2016

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

LISA LEDERHOS SWEESY, Trustee

and Conservator of the El Dean

Lederhos Living Trust, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

SUN LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY

OF CANADA (USA); FIDELITY &

GUARANTY LIFE INSURANCE

COMPANY, f/k/a Americom Life and

Annuity Insurance Company, 

Defendants-Appellees,

and

LAURA GENIEVA DAVALOS;

JACKSON NATIONAL LIFE

INSURANCE COMPANY, d/b/a

Jackson National Life Distributors,

LLC; DOES 1–3,

Defendants.

Nos. 14-2016; 14-2094

(D.C. No. 1:13-CV-01027-WJ-LAM)

(D.N.M.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, GORSUCH and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

* This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,

however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate

Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.

Appellate Case: 14-2016 Document: 01019594591 Date Filed: 03/30/2016 Page: 1 
Plaintiff-Appellant Lisa Lederhos Sweesy appeals from the district court’s

orders granting motions to dismiss filed by Defendants-Appellees Sun Life

Assurance Company (“Sun Life”) and Fidelity & Guaranty Life Insurance

Company (“FG”). Ms. Sweesy brought claims of fraud, elder abuse, unjust

enrichment, and breach of fiduciary duty in her role as the conservator and

successor trustee of the El Dean Lederhos Living Trust (“Lederhos Trust”). On

appeal, Ms. Sweesy argues that the district court erred in dismissing her claims as

time-barred under the four-year limitations period specified in N.M. Stat. Ann.

§ 37-1-4. She also contends that the district court erred in declining to afford her

the benefit of the doctrine of equitable tolling. Exercising jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Ms. Sweesy’s claims.

I

In the early 2000s, Defendant Laura Davalos commenced a series of

business transactions with Ms. Sweesy’s sixty-six-year-old father, El Dean

Lederhos. Mr. Lederhos was apparently the original trustee of the Lederhos

Trust.1

 Ms. Davalos, duly licensed as an insurance agent in California and New

1 The amended complaint—i.e., the operative pleading here—is not

clear regarding the structure of the Lederhos Trust or the precise circumstances

under which Ms. Sweesey came to be the successor Trustee. However, the

district court inferred from the amended complaint’s averments that Mr. Lederhos

was the original trustee of the Lederhos Trust. Ms. Sweesey has not disputed this

inference. Accordingly, we accept this inference as well.

2

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Mexico, held herself out to Mr. Lederhos as a representative of Sun Life, FG, and

Jackson National Life Insurance Company (“Jackson National”). Purporting to

act in that capacity, Ms. Davalos sold Mr. Lederhos several annuities issued by

these insurers. Mr. Lederhos was relatively financially secure at the outset of

their business relationship; in this regard, he had “fully paid for” his California

home and “had sufficient personal funds for retirement.” Aplt. App. at 24 (First

Am. Compl., filed Oct. 23, 2013).

Over the next several years, Ms. Davalos allegedly “solicited, induced and

accepted loans [and] monetary gifts . . . in the form of personal checks” from Mr.

Lederhos, “all while [he] was suffering from the onset of dementia and

Alzheimer’s [D]isease.” Id. at 26. She relocated to New Mexico during that time

period and allegedly used “proceeds that she had received from churning the

Lederhos accounts” to purchase property. Id. at 27. Ms. Davalos continued to

accept wire-transferred funds from Mr. Lederhos until approximately May of

2008. According to Ms. Sweesy, by that point, Mr. Lederhos had lost his home

and most of his savings.

On June 19, 2008, Philip Sweesy (Ms. Sweesy’s husband) filed a “Report

of Suspected Violation” on Mr. Lederhos’s behalf with the California Department

of Insurance (“CDOI”), citing the following problems:

The agent [i.e., Ms. Davalos] has methodically defrauded the

complainant [i.e., Mr. Lederhos] of over $600,000 beginning in

2001. Complainant is 73 years old, the agent has charged to the

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complainant[’]s charge card without authorization, has filled out

withdraw paperwork from the insurance annuities she wrote and

taken the money as “loans.” Helped the complainant obtain a

home loan on his free and clear home and took the money as a

“loan[.]” Has had the complainant wire over $83,000 to her bank

in [New Mexico] over the last year over and above the $250,000

she obtained from the complainant[’]s home loan. . . . At this

time we only know of about $600,000 that is missing[;] it looks

like there may be more.

Id. at 121 (Report of Suspected Violation, filed June 19, 2008); see also id. at 120

(providing complainant name of Dean Lederhos). In addition, the report urged

that the insurers “should be held responsible for [Ms. Davalos’s] actions.” Id. at

121. The CDOI investigated the Davalos-Lederhos transactions and, based on its

findings, revoked Ms. Davalos’s California insurance license in October of 2010.

During the pendency of the CDOI’s investigation—specifically, on July 30,

2009—Mr. Lederhos passed away. His death certificate specified the cause of

death as acute hemorrhagic stroke. Ms. Sweesy later became the conservator of

the Lederhos Trust. 

On May 21, 2013, Ms. Sweesy filed a complaint in New Mexico state court,

bringing several claims against Ms. Davalos, the three insurers (i.e., Sun Life,

FG, and Jackson National), and “Does 1 through 3.” Id. at 10 (Compl., filed May

21, 2013). Her lawsuit was predicated on the notion that Ms. Davalos swindled

Mr. Lederhos into purchasing annuities from the insurers. While still in state

court, Ms. Sweesey amended her complaint. Several months later, Sun Life

removed the action to federal court on diversity grounds, and then sought

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dismissal of the action on November 7, 2013. 

In support of its motion to dismiss, Sun Life argued that Ms. Sweesy’s

claims were barred by New Mexico’s four-year limitations period. See N.M. Stat.

Ann. § 37-1-4. Sun Life contended that Mr. Lederhos should have discovered the

basis for any claim against Sun Life by 2008 “at the latest,” Aplt. App. at 74 (Sun

Life Mot. to Dismiss, filed Nov. 7, 2013), and that the May 21, 2013, filing of her

lawsuit postdated New Mexico’s limitations deadline. Shortly thereafter, FG also

moved to dismiss for substantially the same reasons. 

In 2014, the district court granted the dismissal motions filed by Sun Life

and FG. The court applied New Mexico’s discovery rule for claim accrual (which

we discuss below) by inquiring into Mr. Lederhos’s knowledge of the pertinent

facts; it observed that Ms. Sweesy—who was prosecuting the suit in a

representative capacity, as successor trustee and conservator of her father’s

trust—had “provide[d] no binding precedent which demonstrate[d] that her

personal knowledge of the claims [wa]s the proper standard.” Id. at 192 (Mem.

Op. & Order on Sun Life Mot., filed Jan. 6, 2014) (emphasis added); see id. at

231 (Mem. Op. & Order on FG Mot., filed Mar. 12, 2014) (“[T]he Court has

already ruled that for the purposes of the discovery rule, Mr. Lederhos’

knowledge not Plaintiff’s knowledge is the relevant consideration . . . .”). 

Viewing the limitations issue thusly, the court ruled that all claims against Sun

Life and FG for injuries to the Lederhos Trust accrued by December 31, 2008, at

5

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the very latest; therefore, Ms. Sweesy’s failure to file suit by December 31, 2012

(i.e., four years later) rendered the action untimely. The court also determined

that equitable tolling was unavailable to Ms. Sweesy under the circumstances of

this case. 

Ms. Sweesy filed timely notices of appeal to challenge both dismissal

orders. We consolidated the two appeals for our review.2

 

2 It is axiomatic that, without a proper certification under Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 54(b), “any order, however designated, which adjudicates

fewer than all of the claims or the liabilities of all of the parties, is not a final

appealable order.” Atiya v. Salt Lake Cty., 988 F.2d 1013, 1016 (10th Cir. 1993). 

Regrettably, Ms. Sweesy did not initially take heed of this proposition; her efforts

at piecemeal appellate litigation engendered a jurisdictional imbroglio. For

clarity’s sake, we pause to very briefly summarize the procedural circumstances

that gave rise to our jurisdictional concerns and the basis for our appellate

jurisdiction. Sun Life’s motion to dismiss was the first filed and granted by the

district court. In response, Ms. Sweesy initially sought to appeal from the court’s

dismissal order involving only Sun Life. In contemplation of filing this appeal,

Ms. Sweesy had moved the court to dismiss Jackson National without prejudice,

and the court had granted the motion. FG, however, remained a defendant in the

action. On the other hand, nominal defendants Ms. Davalos and the Does 1–3 had

not been served; Ms. Sweesy filed a notice of voluntary dismissal without

prejudice with respect to them. FG subsequently filed a motion to dismiss on

statute-of-limitations grounds, and the court granted the motion. The court then

purported to enter final judgment.

From the beginning, the posture of the district court litigation caused our

court to question the foundation for appellate jurisdiction. Indeed, shortly after

Ms. Sweesy filed her notice of appeal relative to only the district court’s

disposition of Sun Life’s motion to dismiss, our clerk’s office expressed

concern—through a show-cause order—regarding this court’s jurisdiction over

Ms. Sweesy’s appeal; the appeal clearly did not appear to arise from a district

court adjudication of all claims regarding all parties, given that FG was still

litigating before the district court. Then, after the district court ruled on FG’s

motion to dismiss and purported to enter a final judgment, our clerk’s office again

(continued...)

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II

We review Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal orders de novo, employing the same

standard used by the district court. See Corder v. Lewis Palmer Sch. Dist. No. 38,

566 F.3d 1219, 1223 (10th Cir. 2009); Teigen v. Renfrow, 511 F.3d 1072, 1078

(10th Cir. 2007). “We can affirm on any grounds supported by the record.” Stan

2

(...continued)

(through another show-cause order) sounded a jurisdictional alarm. In particular,

it noted that the court’s dismissal of Jackson Life—a served party—had been

without prejudice. In this regard, our caselaw is clear that “when a plaintiff

voluntarily requests dismissal of her remaining claims without prejudice in order

to appeal from an order that dismisses another claim with prejudice, . . . the order

is not ‘final’ for purposes of [28 U.S.C.] § 1291.” Cook v. Rocky Mountain Bank

Note Co., 974 F.2d 147, 148 (10th Cir. 1992); accord Heimann v. Snead, 133 F.3d

767, 769 (10th Cir. 1998) (per curiam); see also Eastom v. City of Tulsa, 783 F.3d

1181, 1184 (10th Cir. 2015). 

Ultimately, the district court did enter a Rule 54(b) certification. See Aplt.

App. at 252–53 (54(b) J., filed May 6, 2014) (noting, inter alia, that “there is

nothing further that can be done by the District Court in this case,” and “the most

expeditious manner of bringing this case to a complete and full resolution is to

allow Plaintiff the opportunity to appeal . . . the District Court’s ruling on the

statute of limitations issue”; and, in conclusion, stating, “the Court expressly

determines that there is no just reason to delay an appeal of the Court’s orders

dismissing Defendants Sun Life and [FG] with prejudice”). And we conclude that

the district court’s rulings have “put[ ] the litigants ‘effectively out of court’” on

the limitations issue, St. John v. Int’l Ass’n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers,

139 F.3d 1214, 1217 (8th Cir. 1998) (quoting Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co.,

517 U.S. 706, 713 (1996)); accord Hyde Park Co. v. Santa Fe City Council, 226

F.3d 1207, 1209 n.1 (10th Cir. 2000), and that “the practical effect of the District

Court’s dismissal order[s] [on time-bar grounds] is the termination of the entire

case in Federal District Court,” Jicarilla Apache Tribe v. United States, 601 F.2d

1116, 1124 (10th Cir. 1979); accord Moya v. Schollenbarger, 465 F.3d 444, 453

(10th Cir. 2006). Ms. Sweesey thereafter filed a notice of appeal from the court’s

Rule 54(b) judgment—putting properly before us for the first time the court’s

disposition of FG’s motion to dismiss. Her two pending appeals were

consolidated for procedural purposes.

7

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Lee Media, Inc. v. Walt Disney Co., 774 F.3d 1292, 1296 (10th Cir. 2014); accord

Elwell v. Byers, 699 F.3d 1208, 1213 (10th Cir. 2012); see also Farmer v. Banco

Popular of N. Am., 791 F.3d 1246, 1250 (10th Cir. 2015).

In our review, “[a]ll well-pleaded facts, as distinguished from conclusory

allegations, are accepted as true and viewed in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party.” Teigen, 511 F.3d at 1078. We ultimately ask whether the

complaint is facially plausible—that is, whether it “contain[s] sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)); accord Rosenfield v. HSBC Bank, USA, 681 F.3d

1172, 1178 (10th Cir. 2012). Our function at this stage “is not to weigh potential

evidence that the parties might present at trial, but to assess whether the

plaintiff’s amended complaint alone is legally sufficient to state a claim for which

relief may be granted.” Peterson v. Grisham, 594 F.3d 723, 727 (10th Cir. 2010)

(quoting Miller v. Glanz, 948 F.2d 1562, 1565 (10th Cir. 1991)); accord Brokers’

Choice of Am., Inc. v. NBC Universal, 757 F.3d 1125, 1135–36 (10th Cir. 2014).

“Generally, a district court must convert a motion to dismiss into a motion

for summary judgment when matters outside the pleadings are relied upon.” Utah

Gospel Mission v. Salt Lake City Corp., 425 F.3d 1249, 1253 (10th Cir. 2005);

accord Burnett v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 706 F.3d 1231, 1235 (10th

Cir. 2013). However, as relevant here, “[a] district court may consider documents

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(1) referenced in a complaint that are (2) central to a plaintiff’s claims, and (3)

indisputably authentic when resolving a motion to dismiss without converting the

motion to one for summary judgment.” Thomas v. Kaven, 765 F.3d 1183, 1197

(10th Cir. 2014); accord Alvarado v. KOB-TV, LLC, 493 F.3d 1210, 1215 (10th

Cir. 2007). Matters of which the court is entitled to take judicial notice, such as

certain documents contained in the public record, may also be reviewed at the

motion-to-dismiss juncture without converting the filing into a motion for

summary judgment. See In re Gold Res. Corp. Sec. Litig., 776 F.3d 1103, 1108

(10th Cir. 2015); Binford v. United States, 436 F.3d 1252, 1256 n.7 (10th Cir.

2006).

III

A

In our view, the district court properly analyzed whether Ms. Sweesy’s

claims against Sun Life and FG are time-barred and correctly determined that they

are. We conclude, therefore, that Ms. Sweesy’s action was appropriately

dismissed for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). 

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1

New Mexico supplies the operative statute of limitations,3

 and we begin by

examining its terms. In New Mexico, actions founded upon “injuries to property

or for the conversion of personal property or for relief upon the ground of fraud”

must be brought within four years.4

 N.M. Stat. Ann. § 37-1-4. The question of

“when a cause of action accrues under a statute of limitations is a judicial

3 “A federal court sitting in diversity applies state law for statute of

limitations purposes.” Burnham v. Humphrey Hosp. Reit Tr., Inc., 403 F.3d 709,

712 (10th Cir. 2005); accord Elm Ridge Expl. Co. v. Engle, 721 F.3d 1199, 1210

(10th Cir. 2013). Consequently, we apply New Mexico law to the limitations

question raised in this appeal.

4 In her Opening Brief, Ms. Sweesy intimates that, if the district court

properly focused its analysis under the discovery rule on her father’s knowledge,

it should have given her the benefit of New Mexico’s six-year statute of

limitations for written contracts, see N.M. Stat. Ann. § 37-1-3, “given that [her

father] had privity of contract with each and every Defendant,” Aplt. Opening Br.

at 20. This contention is, to say the least, puzzling since Ms. Sweesy has never

asserted any contractual claims in this litigation and her claims sound in tort. 

However, we need not explore this matter further because, for at least two

reasons, this argument is waived. First, Ms. Sweesy expressly and intentionally

acknowledged that the four-year statute of limitations of § 37-1-4 is the operative

one. See Aplt. App. 204 (“Plaintiff concedes the application of a four (4) year

statute of limitations . . . .”); see, e.g., United States v. Cruz Rodriguez, 570 F.3d

1179, 1182, 1184 (10th Cir. 2009) (where defendant “intentionally adopted a

litigation position [in the district court] that was fundamentally inconsistent with”

his appellate challenge, “conclud[ing] that [the defendant] waived appellate

review of this argument by his intentional litigation decisions before the district

court.”). Second, Ms. Sweesy’s contention is skeletal and conclusory—relying on

no legal authority—and, consequently, is waived through inadequate briefing. 

See, e.g., United States v. Gordon, 710 F.3d 1124, 1144 n.22 (10th Cir. 2013)

(“As a general matter, his briefing on this issue is skeletal at best. We would be

justified in refusing to address it on that grounds alone.”); United States v.

Wilfong, 551 F.3d 1182, 1188 (10th Cir. 2008) (“We find that Mr. Wilfong has

waived his arguments due to inadequate briefing.”). 

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determination.” Roberts v. Sw. Cmty. Health Servs., 837 P.2d 442, 446 (N.M.

1992). “Because New Mexico follows the ‘discovery rule,’ the cause of action

does not accrue [for purposes of § 37-1-4] until the plaintiff discovers the fraud or

conversion.” Wilde v. Westland Dev. Co., 241 P.3d 628, 635 (N.M. Ct. App.

2010); see Gerke v. Romero, 237 P.3d 111, 114–15 (N.M. Ct. App. 2010)

(collecting cases). “Discovery,” in this context, means the point at which the

aggrieved party “discovers or with reasonable diligence should have discovered

that a claim exists.” Roberts, 837 P.2d at 449; see Salopek v. Friedman, 308 P.3d

139, 156 (N.M. Ct. App. 2013).

A court’s prime consideration in applying the discovery rule “is the factual,

not the legal, basis for the cause of action.” Christus St. Vincent Reg’l Med. Ctr.

v. Duarte-Afara, 267 P.3d 70, 77 (N.M. Ct. App. 2011) (quoting Coslett v. Third

St. Grocery, 876 P.2d 656, 664 (N.M. Ct. App. 1994)). “This means that ‘the

statute of limitations is not tolled because a claimant does not have knowledge of

the full extent of injury, but that the time period begins to run when the claimant

has knowledge of sufficient facts to constitute a cause of action.’” Yurcic v. City

of Gallup, 298 P.3d 500, 503 (N.M. Ct. App. 2013) (emphasis added) (quoting

Gerke, 237 P.3d at 115). Thus, New Mexico’s discovery rule “carries an inquiry

obligation.” Williams v. Stewart, 112 P.3d 281, 285 (N.M. Ct. App. 2005).

2

As pertinent here, in determining that Ms. Sweesy’s claims against Sun

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Life were barred by the statutory limitations period, the district court opined that

New Mexico’s claim-accrual jurisprudence required it to ask “when Mr. Lederhos

‘discovered’ the claim.” Aplt. App. at 191. It likewise found that Ms. Sweesy’s

knowledge (as opposed to Mr. Lederhos’s knowledge) was not the appropriate

touchstone for its analysis. Ms. Sweesy was not suing in her own right (i.e., for

some alleged personal injury) but rather as the successor trustee and conservator

of the Lederhos Trust; consequently, according to the court, she was standing in

the shoes of Mr. Lederhos for purposes of the litigation. In this regard, the court

noted that “at least some of the claims accrued while Mr. Lederhos was still alive

and acting as the trustee.” Id. at 191–92. And it further explained, “New Mexico

courts have held that where a party’s right to recovery is based upon ‘standing in

the shoes’ of another party, the statute of limitations for the party with the

derivative right to recovery begins to run when the first party’s claim accrues.” 

Id. at 192. On the record before it—with an eye toward the amended complaint’s

allegation that Mr. Lederhos had lost his home and a large portion of his savings

“[b]y 2008,” id. at 27—the court ruled that any cause of action against Sun Life

for injuries to Mr. Lederhos (i.e., the Lederhos Trust) “accrued no later than

December 31, 2008,” id. at 193. Consequently, the court concluded, the four-year

limitations period set forth in § 37-1-4 expired on December 31, 2012—more than

five months prior to the filing of Ms. Sweesy’s complaint.

Later, the court applied a like rationale in deeming Ms. Sweesy’s claims

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against FG time-barred under the same statute. Specifically, it rejected Ms.

Sweesy’s contention that “she . . . did not have sufficient knowledge” to trigger

the running of the limitations clock “until after the [CDOI] completed its

investigation [of] Ms. Davalos in 2010.” Id. at 231. The court reiterated its

previous ruling that “for the purposes of the discovery rule, Mr. Lederhos’

knowledge not [Ms. Sweesy’s] knowledge is the relevant consideration.” Id. 

Moreover, it did not deviate from its earlier stance that the end of 2008

commenced the four-year accrual period, stating in that respect that “New Mexico

law is clear that a plaintiff need not know the full extent of her injuries . . . for

her claims to accrue.” Id.

The district court then acknowledged Ms. Sweesy’s late-blooming argument

that Mr. Lederhos’s dementia called for an atypical discovery-rule analysis. In

rebutting FG’s motion to dismiss, Ms. Sweesy had averred for the first time that it

was “clear . . . during the[ ] critical times”—i.e., “between April 21, 2006 and

May 29, 2008”—that Mr. Lederhos “was mentally incapacitated so much so that it

would be impossible for anyone . . . to establish what kind of knowledge [he]

possessed to satisfy the applicable statute of limitations.” Id. at 210 (Pl.’s Resp.

to FG Mot., filed Feb. 18, 2014). But the court was not persuaded, and it

explained its reasoning as follows:

Plaintiff . . . makes the argument that because Mr. Lederhos was

suffering from dementia due to Alzheimer’s, no knowledge of

any claims can be imputed to him. However, that is simply not

the law on incapacitation. New Mexico law protects those who

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are incapacitated, and therefore may not “discover” a claim, by

tolling the statute of limitations for one year after the end of their

disability. New Mexico law, however, does not state that if one

is incapacitated to the point that [he] cannot discover a potential

claim[] that the statute of limitation does not begin to run until

[he is] no longer incapacitated. . . . Thus, Plaintiff’s arguments

regarding Mr. Lederhos’ Alzheimer’s even in the light most

favorable to Plaintiff do not make her claims timely. 

Id. at 231–32 (citations omitted).

3

On appeal, Ms. Sweesy reasons that the district court erred by focusing on

the facts and circumstances known to Mr. Lederhos (as opposed to the facts and

circumstances known to her) when it determined that the operative date of

discovery of the claims was the end of 2008. The dispositive inquiry under Ms.

Sweesy’s formulation of New Mexico’s discovery rule would be when “Lisa

Sweesy knew or should have known about possible allegations against the

[insurers],” Aplt. Opening Br. at 29 (emphasis added)—or, alternatively

(assuming arguendo that Mr. Lederhos’s awareness is the appropriate

touchstone), when a hypothetical reasonable person suffering from Alzheimer’s

Disease knew or should have known of the factual basis for filing suit, see id. at

22 (“[T]he standard isn’t just a ‘reasonable person’[;] it is a reasonable person

operating under the same conditions and circumstances which have never been

demonstrated in this case.”). 

During oral argument, relative to her alternative contention, Ms. Sweesy

explicitly characterized this case as one involving an issue of first impression: the

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correct application of New Mexico’s discovery rule under § 37-1-4 “in a situation

where the reasonable person is suffering from dementia.” Oral Arg. at 0:34. 

Reduced to its essence, her position is that New Mexico’s discovery rule requires

a court to utilize a subjective, not an objective, inquiry when determining if § 37-

1-4’s four-year limitations period has expired. 

We reject Ms. Sweesy’s contentions for the reasons explicated below.

4

a

To reprise, the statute of limitations for Ms. Sweesy’s claims against Sun

Life and FG instructs that “[actions] . . . brought for injuries to property or for the

conversion of personal property or for relief upon the ground of fraud . . . [must

be brought] within four years.” N.M. Stat. Ann. § 37-1-4. This provision is

considered a “catch-all statute of limitations.” Polaco v. Prudencio, 242 P.3d

439, 440 (N.M. Ct. App. 2010). 

New Mexico courts have long espoused the view that “[s]tatutes of

limitation begin to run against everyone . . . when the cause of action accrues.” 

Slade v. Slade, 468 P.2d 627, 631 (N.M. 1970) (emphasis added); accord Gomez

v. Chavarria, 206 P.3d 157, 160 (N.M. Ct. App. 2009). Ms Sweesy filed suit in

the course of “administer[ing] the estate of a[n] . . . adult individual,” N.M. Stat.

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Ann. § 46A-1-103(E) (defining “conservator”)—namely, Mr. Lederhos.5

 Thus, as

the district court properly observed, Ms. Sweesy “stands in the shoes of Mr.

Lederhos for the purposes of this lawsuit.” Aplt. App. at 192; see Garcia v.

Underwriters at Lloyd’s London, 156 P.3d 712, 714 (N.M. Ct. App. 2007)

(“Standing in the shoes of the . . . Estate by virtue of an assignment of rights,

Plaintiff sued Underwriters . . . for . . . violations of the [New Mexico] Unfair

Insurance Practices Act . . . .”); see also Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 280

cmt. h (1959) (noting that a trustee “can proceed in [an] action [against a third

party] as though [s]he were the owner of the claim which [s]he is enforcing”).

Surveying “decisions of [New Mexico] courts,” In re Dittmar, 618 F.3d

1199, 1204 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting Boehme v. U.S. Postal Serv., 343 F.3d 1260,

1264 (10th Cir. 2003)), resolving derivative (i.e., stands-in-the-shoes) claims, we

are guided by New Mexico’s insurance jurisprudence, where it is commonplace

for litigants to be deemed standing in the shoes of others, see Health Plus of

N.M., Inc. v. Harrell, 958 P.2d 1239, 1243 (N.M. Ct. App. 1998) (“By standing in

the shoes of the insured, the insurance company has the same rights . . . as the

insured.”); accord Salas v. Mountain States Mut. Cas. Co., 173 P.3d 35, 41 (N.M.

Ct. App. 2007); see also Am. Gen. Fire & Cas. Co. v. J.T. Constr. Co., 740 P.2d

1179, 1181 (N.M. Ct. App. 1987) (“[P]laintiff received an assignment of, and its

5 A trustee “includes an original trustee, an additional trustee, a

successor trustee and a co-trustee.” N.M. Stat. Ann. § 46A-1-103(T).

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complaint relies on, the worker’s [i.e., the insured’s] cause of action.”). In this

milieu, the discovery rule operates such that “[t]he statute of limitations begins to

run on [the subrogee’s] action against the third party tortfeasor when the

insured’s cause of action arises.” Health Plus, 958 P.2d at 1243 (emphasis

added); accord Salas, 173 P.3d at 43. The insured’s knowledge (not the subrogee

insurer’s knowledge) of the factual basis for a lawsuit is therefore the critical

focus of the limitations inquiry. 

The decisions in this analogous context militate toward the view that Ms.

Sweesy has no rights except for those that originally inured to the benefit of Mr.

Lederhos; the financial injuries she now asserts resulted from conduct that

allegedly deceived another, Mr. Lederhos. The insurance-law reference point

therefore appears wholly appropriate in this situation, and it counsels in favor of

calculating § 37-1-4’s limitations period in light of Mr. Lederhos’s awareness of

the salient facts. Accordingly, the district court properly focused on Mr.

Lederhos in determining when the limitations clock began to run.

b 

Ms. Sweesy suggests that even if the district court was correct in focusing

on Mr. Lederhos’s knowledge, the discovery rule should operate differently

where, as here, the aggrieved party was allegedly incapacitated by mental disease. 

The parties have identified no controlling New Mexico authority that speaks

directly to these circumstances, and we likewise have unearthed none. However,

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“we will not trouble our sister state courts every time” an appeal implicates a

colorably novel question of state law. Pino v. United States, 507 F.3d 1233, 1236

(10th Cir. 2007). Our customary practice, especially when the parties have not

asked us to certify a question of state law—which the litigants here have not—“is

to predict how that court would rule on the issue.” Lampkin v. Little, 286 F.3d

1206, 1210 (10th Cir. 2002); accord Cornhusker Cas. Co. v. Skaj, 786 F.3d 842,

852 (10th Cir. 2015); see also Roberts, 837 P.2d at 446 (“In the absence of

explicit instructions from the legislature, when a cause of action accrues under a

statute of limitations is a judicial determination.”). “The decision of an

intermediate appellate state court ‘is a datum for ascertaining state law which is

not to be disregarded by a federal court unless it is convinced by other persuasive

data that the highest court of the state would decide otherwise.’” Stickley v. State

Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 505 F.3d 1070, 1077 (10th Cir. 2007) (quoting West v.

Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 311 U.S. 223, 237 (1940)); accord Kokins v. Teleflex, Inc.,

621 F.3d 1290, 1297 (10th Cir. 2010). 

We predict that, under these factual circumstances, the New Mexico

Supreme Court would adopt an objective standard for the application of the

discovery rule under § 37-1-4—specifically, one that does not take into account

the subjective circumstances, including mental incapacity, of Mr. Lederhos. In

this regard, the New Mexico Court of Appeals in Williams has stated, “The

standard of ‘reasonable diligence’ [inherent in the discovery rule] imports an

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analysis of objectivity.” Williams, 112 P.3d at 285; see Yurcic, 298 P.3d at 506

(relying on authorities employing an objective standard in assessing when the

limitations period commenced); see also ABC v. Archdiocese of St. Paul &

Minneapolis, 513 N.W.2d 482, 488 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994) (applying “an

objective, reasonable person standard”); Dalrymple v. Brown, 701 A.2d 164, 167

(Pa. 1997) (“The standard of reasonable diligence is objective, not subjective. It

is not a standard of reasonable diligence unique to a particular plaintiff, but

instead, a standard of reasonable diligence as applied to a ‘reasonable person.’”

(quoting Rendenz by Rendenz v. Rosenberg, 520 A.2d 883, 886 (1987)).6

 

 In urging that New Mexico alters its discovery rule when the aggrieved

party has “psychological difficulties,” Aplt. Opening Br. at 22, Ms. Sweesy relies

on the following text from the New Mexico Court of Appeals’s decision in

Martinez-Sandoval v. Kirsch:

The reasonable person who serves as the standard in this

evaluation . . . is not a detached outside observer assessing the

situation without being affected by it. Rather, it is a reasonable

person who has been subjected to the conduct which forms the

basis for the plaintiff’s complaint. . . . [W]e look at a

“reasonable person in the position of the Plaintiff [.]” . . . 

Accrual of the cause of action occurs when the ordinary

6 An intermediate appellate court in Pennsylvania had previously

reached a similar conclusion. See E.J.M. v. Archdiocese of Phila., 622 A.2d

1388, 1393–94 (Pa. Super. 1993) (“[U]nder Pennsylvania law, [the] standard of

reasonable diligence is an objective or external one that is the same for all

individuals. It is not a subjective one. . . . For example,

Pennsylvania . . . specifically does not permit tolling during a period of

insanity . . . .” (citations omitted)). 

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reasonable person who had been subject to the experience would

have discovered that the injury was caused by that experience.

884 P.2d 507, 512 (N.M. Ct. App. 1994) (alterations in original) (first and second

omissions in original) (quoting Riley v. Presnell, 565 N.E.2d 780, 785–86 (Mass.

1991)). While this language at first blush could conceivably suggest that New

Mexico might be amenable to a subjective, personalized variant of the discovery

rule, we are satisfied that such a reading of Martinez-Sandoval and, more

generally, New Mexico law would be misguided. 

The foregoing excerpt stems from a portion of the opinion leading up to the

court’s articulation of New Mexico’s version of the discovery rule; notably, in

this section, the court discussed the approach of Massachusetts’s highest court in

Riley. In that regard, the court explicitly noted the following: “Our discussion [of

Massachusetts’s rule in Riley, inter alia,] serves the purpose of clarifying what we

are not deciding in this opinion.” Id. at 511. The court explained that it was

“discuss[ing this rule and] several others without adopting or rejecting the

underlying legal theory.” Id. After examining various approaches to the

discovery rule, the court concluded that claim accrual “[could not] be delayed

beyond the [applicable statutory deadline] on the ground that Plaintiff still may

not have appreciated, in some sense, that [the defendant’s] conduct was

wrongful,” id. at 513, due to incapacitation. Therefore, placed in proper context,

the text of Martinez-Sandoval upon which Ms. Sweesy relies does not avail her

and, more specifically, does not indicate that New Mexico has adopted a

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subjective discovery rule. And Ms. Sweesy offers nothing more than barebones,

conclusory arguments to the contrary. 

For the first time in her reply brief, Ms. Sweesy suggests that the

discovery-rule inquiry is resolved by our recent decision in Bayless v. United

States, 767 F.3d 958 (10th Cir. 2014). See Aplt. Reply Br. at 7. We reject this

argument for at least two reasons. First, given Bayless’s September 2014 date of

issuance—one month before Ms. Sweesy filed her opening brief—it is beyond

peradventure that any argument concerning this case was available to Ms. Sweesy

at the inception of this appeal. Thus, “[b]ecause th[is] point[ ] w[as not] raised

until the reply brief, we deem [it] waived for purposes of this appeal.” Howard v.

Ferrellgas Partners, L.P., 748 F.3d 975, 981 n.1 (10th Cir. 2014). Second,

notwithstanding that preservation foible, Bayless patently does not benefit Ms.

Sweesy based on its facts: that case concerned a litigant’s prolonged,

unsuccessful attempt to find “objective medical results” pertaining to her

mystifying illness. 767 F.3d at 968–69. Bayless specifically addressed the

challenges of applying limitations periods in the face of contradictory scientific

evidence—which we lack on this record—and it expressly “only opine[d] with

respect to the facts of Ms. Bayless’ case.” Id. at 970. It “d[id] not upend

precedent . . . that ‘compelling’ or ‘certain’ proof of a cause is not a requirement

before accrual may begin.” Id. (emphasis added). And Bayless spoke only to the

quantum of knowledge necessary to trigger the limitations clock in that particular

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setting. In other words, Bayless does not shake our confidence in the district

court’s conclusion that Mr. Lederhos’s factual knowledge, viewed through a lens

of objective reasonableness, started the clock in 2008—and it ended no later than

December 31, 2012.

In sum, none of Ms. Sweesy’s arguments persuade us that the New Mexico

Supreme Court would employ a subjective test when applying the discovery rule

to § 37-1-4.7

 

c

i

Bearing in mind that New Mexico’s discovery rule does not ask when Mr.

Lederhos became aware of the legal basis for any claims, we survey the pleadings

to extract the key factual considerations. The amended complaint and associated

public-record materials (of which we take judicial notice) reveal that (1) in the

7 We observe that New Mexico has chosen to address any inequities

related to application of the statute of limitations to incapacitated persons through

the specific tolling statutes that extend the limitations period by one year “after

the termination of . . . incapacity,” N.M. Stat. Ann. § 37-1-10, or by one year

after the death of “the person entitled to a cause of action,” id. § 37-1-11. These

exceptions do not readily illuminate our threshold claim-accrual inquiry. That is

because the exceptions speak to the point at which the limitations period for a

claim ends under the circumstances of incapacitation or death, not the point at

which the limitations period begins—that is, when the claim accrues—under such

circumstances. See Slade, 468 P.2d at 631 (“Statutes of limitation begin to run

against everyone, including minors, when the cause of action accrues, and tolling

statutes only extend the time for completing the bar of the statute so that the

minor shall have an opportunity to act for himself after the disability caused by

his minority has been removed.”). 

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early 2000s, Mr. Lederhos began purchasing Sun Life and FG insurance products

through Ms. Davalos; (2) at that time (in 2001), his residence was fully paid for;

(3) also at that time, he presumably knew that he possessed sufficient funds to

sustain himself in retirement; (4) by 2008, he had somehow lost his home and

most of his savings; and (5) by June 19, 2008, the nexus of such financial losses

to Ms. Davalos’s alleged fraudulent conduct was so patent that Mr. Lederhos’s

son-in-law requested on Mr. Lederhos’s behalf that the CDOI investigate the

matter. These facts leave no room for doubt that Mr. Lederhos experienced a

profound change in financial status between the early 2000s and 2008—indeed,

one so severe as to deprive him of his family home. They likewise clearly show

that the connection between Ms. Davalos’s alleged fraudulent conduct and this

financial status change was sufficiently clear that it would have prompted a

reasonable person to conduct an inquiry—in fact, it prompted Mr. Lederhos’s sonin-law to seek relief from the California insurance authorities on his behalf. 

At bottom, we conclude that Mr. Lederhos had or should have had

sufficient knowledge by the end of 2008 to commence the running of the

limitations clock. And we deem eminently reasonable the district court’s

observation that an objectively reasonable person “would begin an inquiry into

why his investments failed so miserably that he was forced to sell his house.” 

Aplt. App. at 194. Accordingly, we, too, would place the “start date” for the

running of the limitations clock at the conclusion of 2008 at the latest. It follows

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ineluctably that the statute of limitations expired four years thereafter, on

December 31, 2012, which pre-dates the 2013 filing of the complaint in this

lawsuit by more than five months. 

ii

Next, we consult the two potentially applicable tolling statutes. Under

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 37-1-10, an incapacitated party is permitted one year after the

end of his incapacitation to file suit. “It is quite clear from a plain reading of

Section 37-1-10 that, when the . . . limitations period in Section 37-1-[4] runs its

full course during [incapacitation], Section 37-1-10 gives the [party] a year from

[the end of incapacitation] within which to sue.” Gomez, 206 P.3d at 160. If the

four-year period specified in § 37-1-4 has not expired when incapacitation ends,

he is afforded either up to “one year after” the end of incapacitation “or until

[four] years after the [injury]—whichever computation of time gives [him] the

most time to act.” Gomez, 206 P.3d at 161. 

Mr. Lederhos’s alleged incapacitation—dementia and Alzheimer’s—ended

upon his death on July 30, 2009. Consequently, under § 37-1-10, the statute of

limitations would extend to July 30, 2010. In assessing the “computation of time

[that would] give[] the [party] the most time to act,” Gomez, 206 P.3d at 161, the

choice was between July 30, 2010, and December 31, 2012 (the default four-year

period noted above). The latter option obviously provided more time. Yet, as

noted, even if that were the operative date, Ms. Sweesy’s claim would be time24

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barred. 

Looking to § 37-1-11, which applies when the claimant dies before the

applicable statute of limitations has stopped running, we conclude that it does not

alter our determination. It is clear that this statute only extends the period within

which to file suit for “one year after such death.” Gallagher v. Santa Fe Fed.

Emps.’ Fed. Credit Union, 52 P.3d 412, 417 n.3 (N.M. Ct. App. 2002) (quoting

N.M. Stat. Ann. § 37-1-11). Thus, once again, the choice is between July 30,

2010, and December 31, 2012—and the 2012 date controls, with the consequence

being that Ms. Sweesy’s action was time-barred. In sum, even after consulting

the two tolling statutes through which New Mexico has chosen to account for

incapacitation or death, we conclude that the limitations period ended on

December 31, 2012, and that Ms. Sweesy’s subsequent filing of this lawsuit was

untimely. 

B

Ms. Sweesy contends that her otherwise tardy filing should have been

excused by the doctrine of equitable tolling. “We review the district court’s

refusal to apply equitable tolling for an abuse of discretion.” Alexander v.

Oklahoma, 382 F.3d 1206, 1215 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting Garrett v. Fleming,

362 F.3d 692, 695 (10th Cir. 2004)); accord Barnes v. United States, 776 F.3d

1134, 1148–49 (10th Cir. 2015). Under the abuse-of-discretion standard, we will

not disturb the district court’s decision unless we have “a definite and firm

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conviction that the [district] court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the

bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances.” Lorillard Tobacco Co. v.

Engida, 611 F.3d 1209, 1213 (10th Cir. 2010) (quoting FDIC v. Rocket Oil Co.,

865 F.2d 1158, 1160 n.1 (10th Cir. 1989)); see Davis v. Mineta, 302 F.3d 1104,

1111 (10th Cir. 2002) (“A district court abuses its discretion where it commits a

legal error or relies on clearly erroneous factual findings, or where there is no

rational basis in the evidence for its ruling.” (citation omitted)). 

Although we use a different analytical approach than the one employed by

the district court,8 see Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1130 (10th

Cir. 2011) (noting this court’s longstanding view that “we may affirm on any

basis supported by the record”), we are satisfied that the court did not abuse its

8 More specifically, the district court resolved this issue by consulting

“two tolling statutes that may apply to Mr. Lederhos,” Aplt. App. at 195—that is,

the two discussed above, N.M. Stat. Ann. § 37-1-10 and § 37-1-11. Applying

these statutes to Mr. Lederhos’s circumstances, the court found that neither one

could extend the filing deadline beyond 2010. See Aplt. App. at 196 (“Neither of

the equitable tolling doctrines arguably applicable to Plaintiff’s claims extends to

May 2013 . . . .”). 

Because New Mexico has defined equitable tolling as “a nonstatutory

tolling theory which suspends a limitations period,” Ocana v. Am. Furniture Co.,

91 P.3d 58, 66 (N.M. 2004) (emphasis added); accord Gathman-Matotan

Architects & Planners, Inc. v. Dep’t of Fin. & Admin., 787 P.2d 411, 413 (N.M.

1990), we have approached the issue by conducting a nonstatutory, case-specific

assessment. In other words, we have considered whether this case qualifies as a

“situation[ ] where circumstances beyond a plaintiff’s control prevented the

plaintiff from filing in a timely manner.” Slusser v. Vantage Builders, Inc., 306

P.3d 524, 528 (N.M. Ct. App. 2013). We ultimately conclude that the case does

not qualify and, for that reason, affirm the district court’s refusal to equitably toll

the statute of limitations. 

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discretion in rebuffing Ms. Sweesy’s equitable-tolling arguments. 

We must follow New Mexico’s tolling rules because “they are ‘an integral

part of the several policies served by the statute of limitations.’” State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co. v. Boellstorff, 540 F.3d 1223, 1228 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Cook

v. G.D. Searle & Co., 759 F.2d 800, 802 (10th Cir. 1985)). Among other things,

in New Mexico, “[t]he purpose of equitable tolling is to give ‘the plaintiff extra

time if [s]he needs it. If [s]he doesn’t need it[,] there is no basis for depriving the

defendant of the protection of the statute of limitations.’” Slusser, 306 P.3d at

530 (quoting Cada v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 920 F.2d 446, 452 (7th Cir.

1990)). New Mexico places the onus of justifying equitable tolling squarely on

the plaintiff’s shoulders. See id. at 528 (noting that “the party claiming that a

statute of limitation should be tolled has the burden of alleging sufficient facts

that if proven would toll the statute” (quoting Ocana, 91 P.3d at 65)); accord

Stringer v. Dudoich, 583 P.2d 462, 463 (N.M. 1978). Therefore, even where

tolling is available in principle, the plaintiff must convince the court that tolling

should apply to the unique facts and circumstances of her lawsuit. The court

undertakes a “case-by-case” inquiry as to whether the plaintiff has established

“(1) that [s]he has been pursuing h[er] rights diligently, and (2) that some

extraordinary circumstance stood in h[er] way.” Slusser, 306 P.3d at 531. 

Because Ms. Sweesy cannot prevail on the second prong of New Mexico’s

equitable-tolling standard—i.e., extraordinary circumstances—our analysis begins

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and ends with it. See Yang v. Archuleta, 525 F.3d 925, 928 (10th Cir. 2008)

(“[E]quitable tolling requires a litigant to establish two elements . . . .” (emphasis

added)); see also Sigala v. Bravo, 656 F.3d 1125, 1129 (10th Cir. 2011) (rejecting

equitable-tolling arguments based upon a litigant’s “fail[ure] to meet his burden”

on the second prong). At the outset, we note that Ms. Sweesey does not offer us

any New Mexico legal authority that would permit us to take into account her

personal circumstances in the equitable-tolling calculus, rather than those of Mr.

Lederhos, despite the fact that she brings this action in a representative (not

personal) capacity. However, even assuming arguendo that we may consider her

circumstances, we conclude that Ms. Sweesy has not adduced sufficient facts to

show that any “extraordinary event beyond . . . her control,” Slusser, 306 P.3d at

530, precluded her from timely filing suit against Sun Life and FG. Accordingly,

we hold that the district court properly declined to afford her the unusual relief of

“suspend[ing] the statute of limitations.” Id. at 528. 

Ms. Sweesy contends that her tardiness should have been excused by the

fact that she was called upon to “deal[ ] with both the collapse of her father’s

health and estate.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 32. But she identifies no caselaw in

support of the proposition that a New Mexico court might plausibly consider her

personal circumstances “extraordinary”—nor, for that matter, does she expand her

argument much beyond the admonition that “rigid application” of New Mexico’s

equitable-tolling standard “to this unusual set of facts . . . will establish a

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precarious precedent.” Id. at 33.

Having completed our study of the applicable equitable-tolling

jurisprudence, we conclude that, while unfortunate and taxing, deaths in the

family (and events incident thereto) do not qualify as “extraordinary” under New

Mexico law. Examples of situations that have satisfied New Mexico’s standard

include, inter alia: (1) “caus[ing] the plaintiff to refrain from filing an action

during the applicable period” by denying access to a prison’s law library, Roberts

v. Barreras, 484 F.3d 1236, 1241 (10th Cir. 2007) (applying New Mexico law);

(2) causing a plaintiff to rely upon “offers or promises of settlement, in

connection with other conduct of defendants,” Molinar v. City of Carlsbad, 735

P.2d 1134, 1137 (N.M. 1987); and (3) falsely assuring plaintiffs “that their

invoice would be paid from . . . loan proceeds and the[y] had no reason to suspect

otherwise,” Chase Manhattan Mortg. Corp. v. Caraway, 62 P.3d 748, 752 (N.M.

Ct. App. 2002). In contrast, prosaic circumstances such as confusion regarding

the applicable filing deadlines do not meet New Mexico’s equitable-tolling

standard. See Arasim v. Martinez, No. 30,160, 2010 WL 4160977, at *1-2 (N.M.

Ct. App. Apr. 23, 2010). These decisions lead us to adopt the view that equity

does not require tolling in Ms. Sweesy’s case.

Without intending to minimize either the grief that typically accompanies

the loss of a parent or the allegedly burgeoning problem of elder abuse, we cannot

say that the factual scenario detailed in Ms. Sweesy’s amended complaint—as

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relevant to the tolling question—is extraordinary. We discern no obstacles

beyond Ms. Sweesy’s control that can fairly be deemed “most unusual,” “rarely

equaled,” “singular,” or “phenomenal”—i.e., extraordinary. See Extraordinary,

WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY (2002) (capitalization

altered). Thus, we uphold the district court’s denial of the remedy of equitable

tolling.

IV

For the reasons detailed above, we hold that the district court correctly

found that Ms. Sweesy’s claims were time-barred under the applicable New

Mexico statute and that the doctrine of equitable tolling cannot avail Ms. Sweesy. 

We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Ms. Sweesy’s action for

failure to state a legally actionable claim. 

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Jerome A. Holmes

Circuit Judge

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