* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is

not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,

and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value

consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

August 16, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

DENNIS R. FRANKE,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

ARUP LABORATORIES, INC.,

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 10-4045

(D.C. No. 2:07-CV-00073-DAK)

(D. Utah)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, HOLLOWAY, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

Plaintiff Dennis Franke, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s

order granting summary judgment in favor of his former employer, defendant

ARUP Laboratories, Inc. (ARUP), on his wrongful termination claims under Title

VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act

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1 In the proceedings before the district court, Mr. Franke also claimed that

ARUP violated his rights under federal law when it failed to promote him in 2003

and failed to transfer him in 2004. In his opening brief, however, Mr. Franke

makes no reference to his failure to promote and transfer claims. Mr. Franke has

therefore waived those claims, and we do not need to consider them. See Bronson

v. Swenson, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[T]he omission of an issue in

an opening brief generally forfeits appellate consideration of that issue.”); Drake

v. City of Fort Collins, 927 F.2d 1156, 1159 (10th Cir. 1991) (“[O]ur jurisdiction

does not extend to matters omitted on appeal.”).

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(ADEA), and the Fourteenth Amendment.1

 Mr. Franke also appeals the district

court’s order denying his motion for relief from judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P.

60(b). Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

I. Factual Background.

In his amended complaint, Mr. Franke alleged that ARUP unlawfully

discriminated against him by terminating him based on his gender and his age

(forty years old at time of termination). Mr. Franke further alleged that ARUP

violated his right to procedural due process under the Fourteenth Amendment by

terminating him without prior notice and a hearing.

In his report and recommendation to the district court regarding ARUP’s

motion for summary judgment, the magistrate judge did an extremely thorough

job setting forth the factual background pertaining to Mr. Franke’s claims, 

see R., Doc. 113 at 2-16, and we do not need to repeat that detailed background

here. Instead, we will assume a working familiarity with the facts set forth by the

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magistrate judge pertaining to: (1) Mr. Franke’s employment history with ARUP,

id. at 2-3; (2) Mr. Franke’s letter-writing campaign while employed by ARUP, 

id. at 6-9; (3) ARUP’s receipt of a threatening anonymous letter and its

determination, based on an investigation conducted by Leslie Hamilton, ARUP’s

Senior Vice President and Director of Technical Operations, and Von Madsen,

ARUP’s Assistant Vice President, Human Resources Manager, that Mr. Franke

wrote or was involved in writing or creating the anonymous letter and two

additional anonymous letters, id. at 10-13; and (4) ARUP’s termination of

Mr. Franke on February 28, 2006, id. at 13-14.

II. Proceedings Below.

In his report and recommendation, the magistrate judge recommended to

the district court that it grant summary judgment in favor of ARUP on

Mr. Franke’s wrongful termination claims under Title VII and the ADEA,

reasoning as follows:

Defendant’s proffered reason for terminating Plaintiff was that

Hamilton and Madsen honestly believed that Plaintiff wrote or was

involved in writing or creating the Anonymous letter and the

Additional Anonymous Letters, which Hamilton and Madsen found

threatening. The burden now shifts to Plaintiff to attempt to

demonstrate that Defendant’s reasons for releasing him were a

pretext for discrimination. To show pretext, Plaintiff must now

attempt to show “that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of

credence.” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143

(2000) (citations omitted). In this pretext analysis, “[t]he relevant inquiry is not

whether [the defendant’s] proffered reasons were wise, fair or correct, but

whether [it] honestly believed those reasons and acted in good faith upon those

beliefs.” Exum v. U.S. Olympic Comm., 389 F.3d 1130, 1138 (10th Cir. 2004)

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-4-

(quotation omitted). There is no dispute that Hamilton and Madsen “honestly

believed” that Plaintiff drafted or was involved in drafting the Anonymous Letter

and the Additional Anonymous Letters, and that they found the letters, with

references to slit wrists, rage, horror, personal liability insurance and death, to be

threatening. Indeed, Hamilton’s and Madsen’s conclusions regarding Plaintiff’s

association with the letters [were] fully supported by the facts available to them at

the time. . . . 

Even if Hamilton and Madsen were incorrect in concluding

that Plaintiff wrote or was involved in writing the letters, summary

judgment is still warranted. Whether Plaintiff was in fact the author

of the letters “is largely beside the point: what counts is whether the

decisionmaker . . . believed the plaintiff to be the author and, if so,

whether he acted on that belief in deciding to send the plaintiff

packing.” Bennet v. Saint-Gobain Corp., 507 F.3d 23, [31] (1st Cir.

2007) (upholding termination of employee believed to have sent

anonymous poems) (emphasis in original); see also Young v. Dillon

Companies, Inc., 468 F.3d 1243, 1250 (10th Cir. 2006) (The court’s

role “is to prevent intentional discriminatory . . . practices, not to act

as a ‘super personnel department,’ second guessing employers’

honestly held (even if erroneous) business judgments.”) (Citation

omitted). Accordingly, even if Plaintiff were to vigorously deny his

involvement in the letters (which he did not do at his deposition), his

denial does not dispute Hamilton’s and Madsen’s honestly held belief

that he authored or was involved in writing the letters. As such,

Defendant should be granted summary judgment as to [Plaintiff’s

wrongful termination claims under Title VII and the ADEA].

R., Doc. 113 at 28-30 (footnotes omitted; first three alterations in original). 

The magistrate judge also recommended that summary judgment be entered

in favor of ARUP on Mr. Franke’s procedural due process claim, finding that the

claim “fails as a matter of law.” Id. at 33. As the magistrate judge explained:

In order to determine whether an employee was denied

procedural due process, “courts must engage in a two step inquiry:

(1) did the employee possess [a] protected property interest such that

due process protections were applicable; and, if so, then (2) was the

individual afforded an appropriate level of process.” BrammerAppellate Case: 10-4045 Document: 01018477611 Date Filed: 08/16/2010 Page: 4 
2 Although the magistrate judge did not specifically address the issue in his

report and recommendation, it appears that the magistrate judge treated ARUP as

a public employer because Mr. Franke alleged that ARUP is affiliated with the

University of Utah and thus the State of Utah.

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Hoelter v. Twin Peaks Charter Acad., 492 F.3d 1192, 1209 (10th Cir.

2007). Plaintiff’s due process claim fails because Plaintiff cannot

establish that he possessed a protected property interest in his

employment at ARUP. “[A]n employee may possess a property

interest in public employment2

 if she has tenure, a contract for a

fixed term, an implied promise of continued employment, or if state

law allows dismissal only for cause or its equivalent.” Darr v. Town

of Telluride, Colo., 495 F.3d 1243, 1251 (10th Cir. 2007).

Plaintiff cannot establish any of these factors. Plaintiff was

not a tenured employee, he had no contract for a fixed term, nor can

he point to any promise of continued employment. Plaintiff was an

at-will employee who could be terminated at any time for any lawful

reason, and he was not entitled to any procedural protection before

his termination. It is undisputed that on seven separate occasions

Plaintiff signed statements confirming his status as an at-will

employee at ARUP throughout his employment there. (At-Will

Acknowledgment Forms.) “At-will employees lack a property

interest in continued employment.” Id. at 1252. Plaintiff also has

not pointed to, and cannot point to, any state statute, regulation or

rule that affords him a property interest in his position at ARUP. As

such, there is simply no statutory, regulatory, rule-based or

contractual source for a property interest in Plaintiff’s job.

Id. at 33-34 (footnote added).

After reviewing Mr. Franke’s extensive objections to the magistrate judge’s

report and recommendation, the district court entered an order and a related

judgment adopting the report and recommendation in its entirety and granting

ARUP’s motion for summary judgment. Id., Doc. 122 at 2-4; Doc. 123.

Specifically, with regard to Mr. Franke’s wrongful termination claim, the district

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court agreed with the magistrate judge that Mr. Franke had failed to “demonstrate

any issue of material fact as to ARUP’s legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for

terminating [his] employment.” Id., Doc. 122 at 3. Further, with regard to Mr.

Franke’s procedural due process claim, the district court agreed with the

magistrate judge that Mr. Franke had failed to “demonstrate[] that he had a

property interest in his employment with ARUP.” Id.

Mr. Franke subsequently filed a motion for relief from judgment under Fed.

R. Civ. P. 60(b). The district court denied the motion, concluding that “Plaintiff’s

motion merely rehashes his previous arguments, . . . [and] Plaintiff has not

demonstrated any mistake or error in law in the court’s prior ruling.” Id., 

Doc. 127 at 2. This appeal timely followed.

III. Standards of Review.

A. Summary Judgment.

“We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same

standard as the district court pursuant to Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure.” Gwinn v. Awmiller, 354 F.3d 1211, 1215 (10th Cir. 2004). Under

Rule 56(c)(2), summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, the discovery

and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2). “In applying this standard, we view the

evidence and draw reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to

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the nonmoving party.” Burke v. Utah Transit Auth. & Local 382, 462 F.3d 1253,

1258 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotation omitted). 

“In addition, we must construe a pro se appellant’s complaint liberally.”

Kay v. Bemis, 500 F.3d 1214, 1218 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). But

“[t]his liberal treatment is not without limits, and this court has repeatedly

insisted that pro se parties follow the same rules of procedure that govern other

litigants.” Id. (quotation omitted). As a result, a pro se plaintiff must strictly

comply with the requirements of Rule 56 in order to properly contest a motion for

summary judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2) (providing that a party opposing

summary judgment “may not rely merely on allegations or denials in its own

pleading; rather, its response must–by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this

rule–set out specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial”).

B. Motion for Relief From Judgment.

We review the denial of a motion for relief from judgment under Fed. R.

Civ. P. 60(b) for an abuse of discretion. Manning v. Astrue, 510 F.3d 1246, 1249

(10th Cir. 2007). Relief under Rule 60(b) is “extraordinary and may only be

granted in exceptional circumstances.” Allender v. Raytheon Aircraft Co.,

439 F.3d 1236, 1242 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotations omitted). Rule 60(b) permits a

district court to relieve a party from a final judgment for the following reasons: 

(1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly

discovered evidence . . .; (3) fraud . . ., misrepresentation, or

misconduct by an opposing party; (4) the judgment is void; (5) the

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3 ARUP actually mistakenly cited “Fed. R. App. P. 28(9),” see Aplee. Br. at

15, but it is clear that ARUP intended to cite Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(9)(A), which

provides that “[appellant’s] argument . . . must contain . . . appellant’s

contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities and parts of

the record on which the appellant relies.”).

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judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged . . .; or (6) any

other reason that justifies relief.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(1)-(6). “A litigant demonstrates exceptional circumstances

by satisfying at least one of Rule 60(b)’s six grounds for relief.” Allender,

439 F.3d at 1242.

IV. Analysis.

Although we are mindful of Mr. Franke’s pro se status, we agree with

ARUP that this court can “reject [Mr.] Franke’s appeal for the simple reason that

[he] has failed to advance a ‘reasoned argument’ in favor of his position.” Aplee.

Br. at 15 (citing Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(9)(A)3

 and United States v. Edwards,

69 F.3d 419, 430 (10th Cir. 1995)); see also id. at 17-20 (outlining additional

reasons why Mr. Franke’s appellate brief violates the requirements in Fed. R.

App. P. 28). Simply put, “[d]espite fifty-nine pages of briefing, it is impossible to

determine exactly what [Mr.] Franke is arguing.” Id. This glaring shortcoming is

succinctly described by ARUP in its response brief:

One would expect . . . that [Mr.] Franke’s briefing would discuss

with some clarity the District Court’s decision denying the motion

for reconsideration and the relevant Rule 60(b) factors. It would also

be natural for [Mr.] Franke to challenge in some coherent fashion the

central reasons that the District Court granted summary judgment,

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i.e., that [Mr.] Franke failed to dispute the “honestly held belief that

[he] authored or was involved in writing the [anonymous] letters.” 

[Mr.] Franke, however, never analyzes the Rule 60(b) factors

or makes a reasoned argument on the question of ARUP’s honestlyheld belief that [he] was involved in some way in the letters. 

Instead, [Mr.] Franke advances a series of irrational attacks on ARUP

as a “corrupt organization,” or “a clear and present danger” to the

nation. He goes on to complain that ARUP may be guilty of

“blacklisting,” and to advocate that this Court should pierce ARUP’s

“corporate veil” and give [Mr.] Franke’s single-plaintiff lawsuit

“class action status.” In short, [Mr.] Franke prevaricates about

countless irrelevant issues, but never coherently challenges the

reasons the District Court denied reconsideration and dismissed [his]

claims.

Id. at 15-16 (footnote and citations omitted); see also Garrett v. Selby Connor

Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005) (affirming judgment below

because appellant’s pro se briefs contained no argument of substance); Adler v.

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 679 (10th Cir. 1998) (“Arguments

inadequately briefed in the opening brief are waived[.]”); Wilburn v. Mid-South

Health Dev., Inc., 343 F.3d 1274, 1281 (10th Cir. 2003) (“We . . . will not

consider issues that are raised on appeal but not adequately addressed.”).

 Because of his inadequate briefing, Mr. Franke has utterly failed to

demonstrate that: (1) the district court overlooked a genuine issue of material fact

on the question of whether ARUP’s proffered reason for his termination was a

pretext for discrimination; and/or (2) the district court abused its discretion in

denying his Rule 60(b) motion for relief from judgment. We therefore affirm the

entry of summary judgment on Mr. Franke’s wrongful termination claims under

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Title VII and the ADEA and the denial of his Rule 60(b) motion for substantially

the same reasons relied on by the district court. 

Mr. Franke has likewise failed to show that the district court erred in

granting summary judgment in favor of ARUP on his procedural due process

claim. Most importantly, he has failed to set forth specific facts showing a

genuine issue for trial on the question of whether he possessed a property interest

in his employment with ARUP. In addition, Mr. Franke has not cited a single

record fact to support his apparent attempt to expand his Fourteenth Amendment

claim to include a violation of his Second Amendment right to bear arms, and his

unsupported arguments regarding the Second Amendment are basically

incomprehensible. See Aplt. Br. at 13-16. Accordingly, we affirm the entry of

summary judgment on Mr. Franke’s Fourteenth Amendment claim for

substantially the same reasons relied on by the district court. 

As ARUP has pointed out, we also note that Mr. Franke “makes several

vague references to a claim for retaliation,” Aplee. Br. at 27, and he claims that

he informed ARUP about violations of company policies, dangerous work

conditions, and employee abuse, see Aplt. Br. at 27. We agree with ARUP,

however, that Mr. Franke has failed to “connect these allegations with some

legally-recognized claim for retaliation. As such, [he] cannot show the required

causal connection between some kind of protected activity and an adverse

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employment action.” Aplee. Br. at 27 (citing Pinkerton v. Colorado Dept. of

Transp., 563 F.3d 1052, 1064 (10th Cir. 2009)).

Finally, as ARUP has also recognized, Mr. Franke “appears to contend the

District Court improperly denied his motion to amend [his amended complaint] to

add a claim for hostile work environment.” Id. at 25; see also R., Docs. 81 

(motion for leave to amend) and 97 (magistrate judge’s order denying motion).

Mr. Franke’s motion to amend was a nondispositive pretrial matter that the

magistrate judge was authorized to decide pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A),

see Hall v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 469 F.3d 590, 595 (7th Cir. 2006), and “[i]t is a

well established rule that the court of appeals cannot review a magistrate judge’s

order under . . . § 636(b)(1)(A) unless the party requesting review objected to the

order within ten days of receiving a copy of the order,” Pippinger v. Rubin, 129

F.3d 519, 533 (10th Cir. 1997) (citing Hutchinson v. Pfeil, 105 F.3d 562, 566

(10th Cir. 1997) (“Properly filed objections resolved by the district court are a

prerequisite to our review of a magistrate judge’s order under § 636(b)(1)(A).”)

and Niehaus v. Kansas Bar Ass’n, 793 F.2d 1159, 1164-65 (10th Cir. 1986) (“In

examining the right to appeal from a magistrate’s order, federal court of appeals

have held that appeals from magistrates’ rulings must be to the district courts and

that appellate courts are without power to hear appeals directly from orders of

federal magistrates.”)). “Moreover, Rule 72(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure requires parties to file written objections to a magistrate judge’s order

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4 Effective December 1, 2009, the time period for filing objections under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a) was extended from ten to fourteen days. This case is

governed by the prior ten-day period, however, because the magistrate judge

denied Mr. Franke’s motion to amend in March 2009.

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[under § 636(a)(1)(A)] with the district court within ten days,”4 Pippinger,

129 F.3d at 533-534, and “[a] party may not assign as error a defect in the

[magistrate judge’s] order not timely objected to,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a).

Mr. Franke did not file any objections, timely or otherwise, with the district

court to the magistrate judge’s order denying his motion to amend his amended

complaint. Consequently, “we may not consider the issues decided in that order

on appeal.” Pippinger, 129 F.3d 534. Further, in contrast to the notice/warning

requirement that exists for pro se cases in the situation where a magistrate judge

issues a report and recommendation regarding a dispositive matter under

28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B)-(C), see Moore v. United States, 950 F.2d 656, 658-59

(10th Cir. 1991), it is immaterial that the magistrate judge’s order did not warn

Mr. Franke of the consequences of failing to file objections with the district court,

see Caidor v. Onondaga County, 517 F.3d 601, 604-05 (2nd Cir. 2008) (noting

that, in contrast to Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2), Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(a) contains an

express waiver provision that pro se litigants should be aware of, and holding that

“a pro se litigant who fails to object timely to a magistrate judge’s order on a

nondispositive matter waives the right to appellate review of that order, even

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-13-

absent express notice from the magistrate judge that failure to object within ten

days will preclude appellate review”).

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

William J. Holloway, Jr.

Circuit Judge

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